The history of the triumvirates, the first that of Julius Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, the second that of Augustus, Anthony and Lepidus being a faithfull collection from the best historians and other authours, concerning that revolution of the Roman government which hapned [sic] under their authority / written originally in French, and made English by Tho. Otway ...
         Histoire du premier et du second triumvirat. English
         Broë, S. de, seigneur de Citry et de La Guette, 17th cent.
      
       
         
           1686
        
      
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         52240
         
           
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             The history of the triumvirates, the first that of Julius Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, the second that of Augustus, Anthony and Lepidus being a faithfull collection from the best historians and other authours, concerning that revolution of the Roman government which hapned [sic] under their authority / written originally in French, and made English by Tho. Otway ...
             Histoire du premier et du second triumvirat. English
             Broë, S. de, seigneur de Citry et de La Guette, 17th cent.
             Otway, Thomas, 1652-1685.
          
           2 v. ([37], 655 p.)
           
             Printed for Charles Brome ...,
             London :
             1686.
          
           
             Translation of: Histoire du premier et du second triumvirat.
             Written by S. de Broë. Cf. BM.
             "Licensed Jan. 11th, 1685/6. Ro. L'Estrange"--p. [1].
             Reproduction of original in Yale University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Rome -- History -- Republic, 265-30 B.C.
        
      
    
     
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           Licensed
        
         
           
             
               Ian.
               11
               th
               .
               1685
               /
               6.
               
            
          
           
             Ro.
             L'Estrange
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           HISTORY
           OF
           THE
           TRIVMVIRATES
           .
        
         
           The
           First
           that
           of
           
             Iulius
             Caesar
             ,
             Pompey
          
           and
           Crassus
           .
        
         
           The
           Second
           that
           of
           
             Augustus
             ,
             Anthony
          
           and
           Lepidus
           .
        
         
           BEING
           A
           faithfull
           Collection
           from
           the
           best
           Historians
           ,
           and
           other
           Authours
           ;
           concerning
           that
           Revolution
           of
           the
           Roman
           Government
           which
           hapned
           under
           their
           Authority
           .
        
         
           Written
           originally
           in
           French
           ,
           AND
           Made
           English
           by
           
             Tho.
             Otway
          
           ,
           lately
           deceased
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             Charles
             Brome
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Gun
           ,
           at
           the
           West
           end
           of
           St.
           Paul's
           .
           1686.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           FRENCH
           PREFACE
           .
        
         
           EVery
           one
           has
           a
           different
           tast
           as
           well
           in
           reading
           as
           in
           other
           things
           ;
           some
           read
           for
           Instruction
           ,
           others
           onely
           to
           divert
           themselves
           ,
           and
           each
           have
           their
           Reasons
           for
           what
           they
           doe
           .
           This
           however
           we
           may
           truly
           affirm
           ,
           that
           History
           alone
           is
           able
           to
           satisfie
           both
           ,
           since
           in
           that
           onely
           Pleasure
           is
           so
           naturally
           joined
           to
           Instruction
           .
        
         
           Treatises
           of
           Philosophy
           and
           other
           Sciences
           contain
           onely
           Precepts
           and
           Axiomes
           without
           delight
           .
           On
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           the
           Poets
           have
           onely
           Pleasure
           that
           is
           natural
           to
           them
           ,
           for
           what
           moral
           notions
           we
           find
           in
           them
           they
           are
           not
           properly
           theirs
           ,
           but
           are
           borrowed
           
           from
           Philosophy
           .
           The
           like
           may
           be
           said
           of
           Romances
           ,
           and
           even
           of
           those
           Historical
           Novels
           which
           of
           late
           are
           so
           much
           in
           vogue
           for
           the
           Purity
           of
           their
           style
           and
           the
           Delicacy
           of
           thoughts
           ;
           and
           though
           some
           of
           them
           have
           justly
           deserved
           approbation
           ,
           yet
           it
           is
           plain
           ,
           they
           were
           not
           made
           for
           Instruction
           ,
           since
           they
           throw
           us
           into
           the
           same
           confusion
           and
           perplexity
           of
           the
           first
           Greek
           Historians
           ,
           where
           Truth
           and
           Fables
           are
           so
           mixed
           and
           entangled
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           almost
           impossible
           to
           distinguish
           them
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           true
           indeed
           ,
           that
           in
           this
           kind
           of
           writing
           there
           is
           an
           opportunity
           of
           employing
           all
           the
           Ornaments
           of
           Eloquence
           ;
           but
           it
           is
           certain
           too
           ,
           that
           History
           has
           her
           natural
           graces
           which
           she
           takes
           from
           Truth
           it self
           :
           she
           may
           besides
           borrow
           Beauty
           of
           Art
           ;
           nor
           is
           it
           improper
           sometimes
           for
           her
           to
           adorn
           her self
           ,
           especially
           when
           fiction
           pretends
           to
           outshine
           her
           in
           charms
           .
        
         
           In
           History
           we
           find
           a
           thousand
           pleasant
           passages
           where
           Truth
           is
           capable
           of
           all
           kind
           of
           embellishments
           ,
           and
           yet
           keep
           its
           character
           ;
           but
           more
           particularly
           
           when
           the
           subject
           is
           limited
           .
           This
           is
           Salust's
           manner
           ,
           who
           has
           by
           it
           made
           himself
           inimitable
           .
           The
           best
           Greek
           Historians
           gave
           him
           that
           Example
           ,
           which
           Appian
           also
           has
           followed
           ;
           and
           it
           is
           from
           this
           last
           Authour
           that
           this
           design
           of
           an
           Essay
           of
           the
           Roman
           History
           is
           taken
           ,
           which
           contains
           the
           Story
           of
           the
           two
           Triumvirates
           .
        
         
           Without
           doubt
           these
           great
           Men
           considered
           ,
           that
           the
           design
           of
           a
           General
           History
           was
           a
           thing
           of
           too
           great
           an
           extent
           to
           leave
           any
           clear
           or
           distinct
           Idea's
           of
           the
           subject
           of
           them
           :
           for
           if
           the
           sense
           of
           the
           Authour
           is
           not
           confused
           ,
           yet
           the
           mind
           and
           attention
           of
           the
           Reader
           is
           often
           tired
           and
           confounded
           by
           the
           multitude
           of
           different
           actions
           and
           the
           long
           succession
           of
           years
           .
           There
           is
           an
           absolute
           necessity
           of
           retrenching
           all
           the
           ornamental
           parts
           of
           it
           ,
           shunning
           particularities
           and
           omitting
           several
           circumstances
           which
           are
           indeed
           the
           pleasantest
           part
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           very
           often
           are
           the
           causes
           and
           very
           hinges
           of
           the
           greatest
           turns
           in
           a
           History
           .
           In
           short
           ,
           It
           is
           for
           this
           kind
           of
           writing
           that
           the
           severe
           Laws
           of
           the
           historical
           style
           are
           made
           .
           
           These
           constraints
           are
           not
           found
           in
           particular
           relations
           ;
           there
           one
           may
           study
           ornament
           ,
           relate
           conversations
           ,
           give
           an
           account
           of
           letters
           ,
           draw
           the
           characters
           of
           the
           most
           remarkable
           personages
           ,
           and
           even
           descend
           into
           the
           particularities
           of
           their
           private
           lives
           ,
           and
           exalt
           or
           humble
           the
           style
           as
           the
           subject
           requires
           .
           To
           these
           other
           Reasons
           may
           be
           added
           ,
           but
           we
           find
           that
           in
           all
           excellent
           writings
           Men
           of
           understanding
           consult
           onely
           their
           own
           fancy
           ,
           and
           when
           the
           manner
           pleases
           ,
           none
           much
           cares
           whether
           it
           be
           that
           of
           
             Herodotus
             ,
             Thucydides
          
           or
           Salust
           .
        
         
           However
           ,
           notwithstanding
           all
           this
           liberty
           ,
           we
           have
           yet
           endeavoured
           to
           make
           use
           of
           no
           ornamental
           flourishes
           ,
           but
           what
           the
           very
           subject
           it self
           affords
           ;
           and
           for
           this
           reason
           Descriptions
           of
           Provinces
           and
           Cities
           are
           avoided
           ,
           and
           many
           Speeches
           are
           shortned
           :
           very
           often
           instead
           of
           instructing
           they
           are
           tedious
           ,
           and
           serve
           rather
           to
           shew
           the
           eloquence
           of
           the
           Authour
           ,
           than
           explain
           the
           matter
           they
           treat
           of
           .
           The
           subject
           of
           this
           ensuing
           Discourse
           every
           where
           gives
           opportunities
           of
           making
           remarks
           .
           But
           
           this
           in
           a
           great
           measure
           is
           the
           Reader
           's
           privilege
           ,
           which
           he
           is
           unjustly
           deprived
           of
           by
           the
           Authour
           's
           own
           reflexions
           .
           If
           here
           there
           be
           any
           by
           chance
           ,
           they
           are
           onely
           in
           such
           places
           where
           they
           are
           necessary
           to
           enlighten
           the
           Story
           ,
           and
           oppose
           some
           errour
           of
           Antiquity
           .
        
         
           Perhaps
           it
           may
           be
           objected
           ,
           that
           the
           Portraictures
           and
           Descriptions
           of
           Persons
           are
           superfluous
           and
           not
           to
           the
           purpose
           ;
           but
           though
           the
           example
           of
           several
           the
           best
           Writers
           of
           that
           time
           should
           not
           justifie
           it
           ,
           yet
           certainly
           that
           of
           Salust
           would
           authorize
           it
           ;
           he
           who
           described
           persons
           that
           were
           living
           in
           his
           time
           ,
           and
           which
           every
           body
           should
           know
           .
           In
           these
           draughts
           we
           have
           endeavoured
           not
           to
           flatter
           ;
           and
           if
           we
           have
           not
           with
           some
           Authours
           as
           well
           ancient
           as
           modern
           agreed
           in
           the
           Praises
           they
           have
           given
           Brutus
           and
           Cato
           ,
           it
           is
           because
           they
           proposed
           to
           themselves
           a
           strange
           Idea
           of
           Vertue
           ,
           which
           since
           is
           much
           amended
           by
           the
           Principles
           of
           Christianity
           :
           and
           it
           may
           be
           we
           have
           been
           too
           severe
           upon
           the
           Fact
           of
           Brutus
           against
           Caesar
           ;
           but
           if
           this
           be
           an
           offence
           against
           the
           Rules
           of
           History
           ,
           
           it
           is
           none
           against
           the
           Laws
           of
           Honour
           and
           Religion
           .
        
         
           That
           which
           is
           added
           concerning
           the
           Dignities
           and
           the
           Offices
           of
           old
           Rome
           is
           not
           performed
           with
           very
           great
           exactness
           ,
           nor
           is
           it
           here
           pretended
           to
           ,
           but
           onely
           what
           is
           necessary
           to
           avoid
           being
           obscure
           :
           and
           for
           this
           reason
           have
           we
           been
           obliged
           to
           end
           this
           Discourse
           with
           some
           remarks
           upon
           the
           proper
           Names
           of
           the
           Romans
           ,
           and
           those
           of
           their
           Families
           ;
           in
           like
           manner
           have
           we
           done
           with
           the
           Roman
           Monies
           and
           their
           manner
           of
           making
           War.
           
        
         
           There
           were
           three
           kinds
           of
           Families
           in
           Rome
           .
           The
           Patricians
           ,
           who
           were
           descended
           from
           those
           of
           whom
           Romulus
           and
           the
           Kings
           who
           succeeded
           him
           composed
           the
           Senate
           ;
           they
           called
           them
           Patres
           ,
           Fathers
           ,
           from
           whence
           came
           the
           word
           Patricii
           .
           Such
           were
           the
           Iulii
           ,
           the
           Clodii
           ,
           the
           
             Valerii
             ,
             Cornelii
          
           ,
           the
           Iunii
           and
           Fabii
           ,
           and
           divers
           others
           .
           The
           second
           order
           was
           that
           of
           the
           Knights
           ,
           who
           composed
           the
           body
           of
           the
           Roman
           Cavalry
           .
           The
           third
           was
           that
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           but
           here
           we
           must
           understand
           
           that
           by
           the
           word
           People
           is
           not
           understood
           the
           Rabble
           or
           Mobile
           ,
           but
           onely
           those
           civil
           substantial
           Citizens
           that
           had
           some
           estate
           and
           a
           right
           of
           Voting
           in
           the
           election
           of
           Magistrates
           .
        
         
           The
           Patrician
           Families
           were
           Noble
           by
           their
           original
           alone
           .
           Those
           of
           the
           two
           other
           orders
           became
           so
           too
           when
           after
           several
           long
           Contests
           ,
           Divisions
           and
           Seditions
           ,
           the
           People
           obtained
           to
           have
           their
           share
           in
           Honours
           and
           Offices
           ;
           then
           many
           of
           the
           gentilest
           Persons
           among
           the
           People
           raised
           their
           Families
           by
           their
           merit
           and
           gallant
           actions
           .
           Such
           were
           the
           Livii
           ,
           of
           which
           was
           Livia
           Wife
           of
           Augustus
           ,
           the
           popular
           Clodii
           different
           from
           the
           former
           ,
           the
           
             Decii
             ,
             Drusii
          
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           later
           days
           of
           the
           Republick
           the
           Portian
           Family
           ,
           of
           which
           where
           the
           two
           Cato's
           ;
           the
           Tullian
           ,
           of
           which
           was
           Cicero
           ;
           the
           Pompeii
           ,
           and
           many
           others
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           Names
           of
           the
           Romans
           (
           at
           least
           those
           of
           Quality
           )
           they
           usually
           had
           three
           ;
           as
           
             Caius
             Iulius
             Caesar
             ,
             Marcus
             Iunius
             Brutus
             ,
          
           almost
           as
           we
           have
           in
           France
           .
           The
           difference
           was
           that
           the
           
           Proper
           or
           Christian
           Name
           which
           we
           receive
           in
           Baptism
           was
           given
           them
           from
           the
           time
           or
           order
           of
           their
           birth
           ;
           as
           for
           example
           ,
           they
           called
           him
           Lucius
           that
           was
           born
           at
           break
           of
           day
           ,
           
             à
             luce
          
           ;
           him
           that
           was
           born
           at
           the
           declining
           of
           the
           day
           
             Caius
             ,
             à
             die
             cadente
          
           ;
           or
           
             Gaius
             ,
             à
             gaudio
          
           ,
           from
           the
           Joy
           of
           his
           Parents
           at
           his
           birth
           ;
           Marcus
           ,
           from
           the
           month
           of
           
             March
             ,
             &c.
          
           
           So
           likewise
           from
           the
           order
           of
           their
           being
           born
           ;
           as
           Quintus
           ,
           the
           Fifth
           ;
           Sextus
           ,
           the
           Sixth
           ;
           Decimus
           ,
           the
           Tenth
           ;
           and
           so
           of
           others
           .
           The
           second
           name
           was
           that
           of
           the
           Family
           ;
           as
           
             Iulius
             ,
             Clodius
             ,
             Portius
             ,
             Tullius
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           The
           third
           was
           derived
           from
           some
           Imperfection
           ;
           as
           Scaevola
           ,
           Left-handed
           ;
           Strabo
           ,
           Purblind
           ;
           or
           from
           some
           Vertue
           ,
           as
           Pius
           ,
           Holy
           ;
           Scipio
           ,
           the
           Staff
           ,
           because
           he
           led
           and
           bore
           his
           Father
           when
           he
           walked
           ;
           or
           else
           from
           some
           advantage
           and
           perfection
           of
           body
           ;
           as
           Celer
           ,
           the
           Swift
           ;
           Pulcher
           ,
           the
           Handsome
           ;
           and
           from
           these
           Instances
           we
           may
           easily
           find
           out
           the
           reason
           of
           the
           rest
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           what
           concerns
           the
           Money
           and
           Manner
           of
           counting
           among
           the
           Romans
           ,
           we
           have
           consulted
           Budaeus
           and
           Vigenere
           
           who
           are
           the
           most
           exact
           French
           Authours
           that
           have
           handled
           this
           Subject
           ;
           but
           as
           Budaeus
           is
           the
           older
           ,
           and
           the
           difference
           between
           his
           calculation
           and
           that
           of
           this
           present
           age
           is
           considerable
           ,
           we
           have
           rather
           followed
           Vigenere
           ,
           whose
           computations
           agree
           more
           with
           the
           modern
           accompts
           .
           The
           Coins
           of
           the
           ancient
           Romans
           were
           the
           As
           of
           Copper
           ,
           and
           that
           of
           Silver
           called
           Libella
           ,
           the
           Sesterce
           ,
           or
           Nummus
           ,
           the
           Denarius
           and
           the
           Drachma
           .
           The
           As
           which
           is
           generally
           wrong
           taken
           for
           a
           Sol
           or
           Penny
           ,
           according
           to
           Vigenere
           ,
           was
           worth
           six
           Deniers
           of
           France
           ,
           and
           the
           Libella
           as
           much
           .
           The
           Sesterce
           ,
           or
           Nummus
           ,
           which
           is
           also
           improperly
           translated
           
             a
             Crown
          
           ,
           was
           equivalent
           to
           two
           As
           and
           a
           half
           ,
           which
           is
           fifteen
           Deniers
           of
           France
           ;
           and
           four
           Sesterces
           being
           ten
           As
           or
           five
           Soulz
           ,
           was
           the
           value
           of
           the
           
             Roman
             Denarius
          
           ,
           and
           the
           Drachma
           was
           the
           same
           .
        
         
           They
           usually
           reckoned
           either
           by
           Sesterces
           or
           by
           Talents
           ,
           the
           Talent
           was
           not
           the
           name
           of
           a
           Coin
           ,
           but
           of
           a
           certain
           Sum
           ,
           Budée
           and
           Vigenere
           both
           esteem
           a
           Talent
           at
           six
           hundred
           Crowns
           ;
           but
           as
           Vigenere
           well
           observes
           ,
           the
           Crown
           
           in
           Budaeus
           his
           time
           was
           worth
           but
           thirty
           five
           Sols
           ;
           at
           this
           rate
           the
           Talent
           will
           amount
           but
           to
           a
           thousand
           and
           fifty
           Livres
           ;
           and
           the
           most
           part
           of
           the
           modern
           Authours
           have
           stated
           the
           Talent
           at
           a
           thousand
           eight
           hundred
           Livres
           :
           but
           Vigenere
           in
           his
           remarks
           upon
           Livy
           has
           not
           followed
           this
           text
           ;
           but
           tells
           you
           that
           the
           Crown
           he
           means
           is
           fifty
           Sols
           ;
           so
           that
           at
           this
           estimation
           the
           Talent
           amounts
           to
           a
           thousand
           five
           hundred
           Livres
           of
           our
           Money
           :
           this
           is
           easie
           enough
           ,
           but
           the
           reducing
           the
           computation
           of
           Sesterces
           is
           much
           more
           difficult
           .
           There
           was
           Sestercius
           of
           the
           masculine
           gender
           and
           Sestercium
           in
           the
           neuter
           ;
           the
           difference
           between
           them
           was
           considerable
           :
           our
           two
           Authours
           explain
           them
           by
           greater
           and
           less
           Sesterces
           .
           The
           Sestercius
           ,
           or
           lesser
           ,
           is
           before-mentioned
           and
           valued
           at
           fifteen
           
             Deniers
             French
          
           ;
           but
           the
           Sestercium
           ,
           or
           greater
           ,
           was
           as
           much
           as
           a
           thousand
           small
           ones
           ,
           and
           makes
           sixty
           two
           Livres
           ,
           ten
           Sols
           ;
           and
           in
           this
           manner
           of
           reckoning
           they
           had
           three
           ways
           ,
           which
           must
           be
           explained
           from
           the
           Latine
           words
           ,
           
             decem
             Sestercii
          
           ,
           or
           ten
           little
           Sesterces
           ,
           made
           twelve
           Sols
           and
           a
           half
           ,
           
           and
           the
           rest
           in
           proportion
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           the
           first
           way
           of
           counting
           .
           
             Decem
             Sestercia
          
           ,
           or
           ten
           great
           Sesterces
           ,
           was
           six
           hundred
           twenty
           five
           Livres
           ;
           and
           this
           was
           the
           second
           way
           :
           But
           
             Decies
             Sesterciûm
          
           was
           an
           abbreviated
           way
           of
           multiplying
           either
           in
           speaking
           or
           writing
           ,
           which
           the
           two
           forenamed
           Writers
           call
           ten-fold
           Sesterces
           ,
           which
           is
           ten
           times
           a
           hundred
           ;
           that
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           a
           hundred
           great
           Sesterces
           which
           makes
           sixty
           two
           thousand
           five
           hundred
           
             Livres
             tournois
          
           .
           After
           this
           manner
           all
           the
           Sums
           were
           multiplied
           vicies
           ,
           twenty
           times
           ;
           tricies
           ,
           thirty
           times
           ,
           &c.
           to
           centies
           ,
           a
           hundred
           times
           ,
           and
           millies
           ,
           a
           thousand
           times
           ;
           and
           so
           on
           ,
           still
           augmenting
           .
           Those
           that
           have
           any
           knowledge
           of
           the
           Latine
           know
           that
           here
           in
           this
           place
           Sesterciûm
           is
           put
           for
           Sesterciorum
           ,
           the
           genitive
           plural
           ;
           and
           in
           writing
           the
           Abbreviation
           of
           it
           is
           by
           this
           mark
           
             decies
             H
             S.
          
           
        
         
           There
           now
           remains
           something
           to
           be
           said
           of
           the
           Romans
           way
           of
           Fighting
           and
           Marshalling
           their
           Armies
           .
           It
           is
           very
           difficult
           to
           know
           this
           from
           Livy
           ,
           who
           was
           no
           Souldier
           himself
           ;
           all
           that
           he
           
           tells
           us
           is
           ,
           that
           they
           left
           the
           Macedonian
           way
           ,
           which
           was
           to
           draw
           all
           their
           Foot
           into
           one
           Battalion
           ,
           which
           the
           Greeks
           called
           Phalanx
           ,
           which
           was
           a
           Figure
           very
           inconvenient
           any
           where
           unless
           upon
           a
           large
           Plain
           .
           The
           Romans
           therefore
           ,
           to
           avoid
           this
           inconvenience
           ,
           as
           that
           Historian
           says
           ,
           drew
           their
           Troops
           into
           
             Manipuli
             ,
             Pelottons
          
           ,
           or
           small
           bodies
           :
           but
           the
           Description
           he
           gives
           of
           it
           being
           very
           confused
           ,
           we
           must
           seek
           for
           a
           clearer
           from
           other
           Authours
           .
           Their
           Infantry
           they
           distinguished
           into
           heavy
           and
           light
           armed
           ;
           the
           former
           of
           these
           too
           had
           some
           difference
           according
           to
           their
           Wealth
           and
           Dignity
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           regulated
           by
           
             Servius
             Tullus
          
           the
           sixth
           King
           of
           Rome
           ;
           the
           richest
           of
           them
           ,
           had
           their
           Helmet
           ,
           their
           Cuirass
           ,
           or
           Armour
           ,
           for
           Back
           and
           Breast
           ,
           their
           Buskins
           or
           Greaves
           and
           Buckler
           of
           Copper
           or
           Brass
           :
           And
           for
           offensive
           Arms
           ,
           the
           Pike
           and
           Sword.
           Those
           of
           a
           meaner
           degree
           had
           the
           same
           Arms
           ,
           except
           the
           Cuirass
           ,
           but
           their
           Shield
           was
           made
           of
           Leather
           large
           enough
           to
           cover
           almost
           their
           whole
           body
           .
           Those
           of
           the
           third
           order
           had
           no
           Buskins
           or
           Greaves
           ,
           and
           these
           were
           their
           heavy
           armed
           Foot.
           In
           
           the
           later
           times
           they
           had
           besides
           Javelins
           or
           Darts
           five
           foot
           long
           with
           three
           square
           heads
           ,
           which
           they
           called
           Pila
           ,
           and
           these
           they
           threw
           at
           their
           first
           approaches
           .
           The
           light
           armed
           Foot
           wore
           no
           defensive
           Armour
           ;
           and
           had
           onely
           Slings
           or
           Bows
           ,
           with
           a
           Dagger
           by
           their
           sides
           .
           Of
           the
           former
           Infantry
           they
           formed
           bodies
           called
           Legions
           ,
           consisting
           of
           four
           ,
           five
           or
           six
           thousand
           men
           ,
           (
           for
           the
           number
           sometime
           altered
           )
           and
           three
           or
           four
           hundred
           Horse
           .
           These
           Legions
           were
           divided
           into
           Centuries
           ,
           Manipuli
           and
           Cohorts
           ,
           as
           Gellius
           relates
           ,
           who
           wrote
           in
           the
           time
           of
           the
           Emperours
           :
           the
           Legion
           ,
           says
           he
           ,
           consists
           of
           sixty
           Centuries
           ,
           thirty
           Manipuli
           ,
           and
           fifteen
           Cohorts
           ,
           by
           which
           we
           may
           know
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           wrote
           ,
           the
           Legion
           was
           six
           thousand
           men
           .
           And
           this
           may
           be
           easily
           known
           too
           by
           Caesar's
           counting
           Pompey's
           Cohorts
           at
           the
           Battel
           of
           Pharsalia
           .
           The
           Officer
           or
           Colonel
           who
           commanded
           the
           Legion
           was
           called
           Legatus
           ,
           and
           he
           had
           under
           him
           Tribunes
           who
           commanded
           Cohorts
           ,
           and
           Centurions
           ,
           Centuries
           .
           As
           to
           their
           order
           of
           Battel
           ,
           Caesar
           drew
           his
           men
           up
           always
           in
           two
           or
           three
           Lines
           ,
           
             duplici
             
             aut
             triplici
             acie
          
           ,
           even
           when
           he
           speaks
           of
           single
           Legions
           ,
           which
           we
           cannot
           conceive
           without
           imagining
           they
           made
           two
           or
           three
           distinct
           bodies
           of
           one
           Legion
           ,
           as
           now
           we
           form
           one
           Regiment
           into
           several
           Battalions
           .
           'T
           is
           true
           indeed
           some
           Writers
           explain
           this
           after
           another
           manner
           ;
           but
           without
           disputing
           their
           opinion
           ,
           we
           will
           follow
           this
           method
           as
           the
           most
           probable
           ,
           and
           having
           most
           resemblance
           to
           the
           modern
           Discipline
           .
           The
           Romans
           therefore
           formed
           their
           first
           Battalions
           of
           their
           youngest
           raw
           Souldiers
           ,
           which
           they
           called
           Bo-Hastati
           ;
           the
           second
           were
           those
           who
           had
           served
           some
           years
           ,
           and
           were
           named
           Principes
           :
           the
           old
           Souldiers
           were
           in
           the
           rere
           ,
           and
           there
           was
           the
           Post
           of
           the
           Eagles
           ,
           which
           were
           the
           Ensigns
           Colonel
           and
           the
           other
           Ensigns
           of
           the
           Legions
           .
           These
           old
           Souldiers
           ,
           called
           Triarii
           ,
           waited
           the
           Success
           of
           the
           first
           Battalions
           ,
           with
           one
           Knee
           upon
           the
           ground
           ,
           and
           leaning
           upon
           their
           Bucklers
           :
           and
           still
           as
           the
           first
           bodies
           were
           broke
           or
           gave
           way
           ,
           they
           retired
           into
           the
           intervals
           in
           the
           rere
           ;
           and
           then
           the
           third
           line
           rose
           up
           ,
           and
           closing
           the
           ranks
           ,
           the
           Battalions
           left
           no
           interval
           at
           all
           ,
           
           but
           marched
           up
           to
           the
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           charged
           in
           one
           continued
           front
           .
           In
           all
           these
           occasions
           the
           Horse
           always
           acted
           separate
           detaches
           from
           the
           Legions
           ,
           and
           with
           the
           light-armed
           Foot
           was
           posted
           on
           the
           Wings
           ,
           or
           right
           and
           left
           of
           the
           Army
           ;
           they
           were
           armed
           almost
           like
           the
           legionary
           Foot
           ,
           onely
           their
           Javelins
           were
           longer
           ,
           and
           their
           Shields
           were
           lighter
           .
        
         
           This
           is
           what
           hath
           been
           thought
           fit
           to
           be
           explained
           ,
           but
           here
           the
           Reader
           is
           desired
           to
           be
           so
           charitable
           as
           not
           to
           think
           it
           done
           to
           make
           any
           vain
           shew
           of
           reading
           or
           learning
           ,
           for
           every
           one
           knows
           these
           things
           are
           but
           trifles
           ,
           and
           very
           common
           amongst
           the
           learned
           :
           what
           is
           done
           here
           is
           onely
           for
           the
           information
           of
           those
           whose
           business
           and
           emploiments
           will
           not
           permit
           them
           to
           make
           enquiry
           themselves
           among
           Books
           of
           this
           nature
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           TO
           The
           First
           Volume
           .
        
         
           
             
               CHap.
               I.
            
             The
             estate
             of
             the
             Roman
             Common-wealth
             after
             Cataline's
             Conspiracy
             ,
          
           
             
               Pag.
               1.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             design
             upon
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             Cicero's
             reply
             to
             
               Metellus
               Nepos
            
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               9.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               III.
            
             Concerning
             Clodius
             ,
             and
             the
             return
             of
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               14.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               IV.
               Pompey
            
             makes
             the
             Consuls
             :
             He
             ruffles
             the
             Senate
             .
             The
             Vnion
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               21.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             Consulship
             ,
             and
             what
             follow'd
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               25.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VI.
            
             The
             pursuit
             of
             Caesar's
             Consulship
             .
             The
             Affair
             of
             
               Vettius
               ;
               Clodius
            
             admitted
             into
             the
             popular
             Order
             .
             The
             Banishment
             of
             Cicero
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               29.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VII
            
             .
             The
             Departure
             of
             Caesar
             for
             the
             Gallick
             War
             ,
             and
             the
             return
             of
             Cicero
             ,
          
           
             p.
             35.
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VIII
               .
               Cicero
            
             unites
             himself
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             is
             chosen
             Consul
             with
             Crassus
             .
             
             Their
             union
             with
             Caesar
             after
             his
             first
             Triumvirate
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               40.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               IX
               .
               Pompey
            
             and
             Crassus
             get
             themselves
             invested
             in
             Governments
             .
             The
             Cause
             of
             Division
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p
               46.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               X.
            
             The
             Death
             of
             Pompey's
             Wife
             Julia
             .
             The
             Magnificent
             Shews
             he
             gave
             the
             People
             .
             The
             Death
             of
             Clodius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               49.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XI
               .
               Pompey
            
             sole
             Consul
             .
             Caesar
             secures
             himself
             of
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             Roman
             People
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               54.
            
             
          
           
             Pompey's
             Laws
             .
             Curio
             goes
             over
             to
             Caesar's
             Interest
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               59.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIII
               .
               Curio
            
             declareth
             himself
             against
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             returns
             the
             Legion
             that
             Pompey
             had
             lent
             him
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               63.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIV
               .
               Caesar
            
             sends
             a
             Letter
             to
             the
             Senate
             ;
             They
             declare
             War
             against
             him
             .
             Anthony
             and
             Curio
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             go
             to
             find
             out
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               66.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XV.
            
             The
             Passage
             of
             the
             Rubicon
             ,
             and
             the
             taking
             of
             Rimini
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               70.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVI
            
             .
             The
             amazement
             of
             the
             Senatours
             :
             They
             leave
             Rome
             ,
             and
             retire
             to
             Capua
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               73.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVII
            
             .
             Some
             Propositions
             of
             Peace
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             but
             without
             any
             success
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               76.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVIII
            
             .
             The
             Progress
             of
             Caesar.
             He
             seizes
             upon
             the
             March
             of
             Ancona
             .
             The
             siege
             of
             Corfinium
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               79.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIX
            
             .
             The
             taking
             of
             
               Corfinium
               ,
               Caesar
            
             gives
             Domitius
             and
             the
             other
             Senatours
             their
             liberty
             ;
             He
             writes
             to
             Cicero
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               83.
            
             
          
           
             
             
               Chap.
               XX.
            
             New
             Propositions
             for
             Peace
             .
             Caesar
             besieges
             Pompey
             in
             
               Brundusium
               .
               Pompey
            
             retires
             by
             Sea
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               87.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXI
               .
               Caesar
            
             goes
             to
             Rome
             ,
             by
             the
             way
             sees
             Cicero
             .
             He
             seizes
             upon
             the
             money
             of
             the
             publick
             Treasury
             ,
             and
             goes
             into
             Spain
             .
             The
             Siege
             of
             Marseilles
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               92.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXII
               .
               Pompey
            
             gathers
             together
             great
             Forces
             .
             Fabius
             enters
             Spain
             with
             the
             Troops
             belonging
             to
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               96.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIII
               .
               Caesar
            
             joins
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             marches
             against
             Petreius
             and
             Afranius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               99.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIV
            
             .
             The
             Battel
             of
             Lerida
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               101.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             Army
             reduced
             to
             great
             extremities
             by
             the
             overflowing
             of
             two
             Rivers
             .
             Cicero
             and
             a
             great
             many
             other
             Senatours
             go
             to
             find
             out
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               104.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVI
               .
               Caesar
            
             passes
             the
             Segre
             ,
             and
             pursues
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               108.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVII
            
             .
             Different
             motions
             of
             the
             two
             Armies
             .
             Caesar
             besieges
             the
             Enemies
             two
             Generals
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               111.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVIII
               .
               Petreius
            
             causes
             several
             of
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             to
             be
             slain
             .
             He
             decampeth
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             follows
             him
             ,
             but
             without
             a
             design
             of
             defeating
             him
             utterly
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               116.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIX
               .
               Afranius
            
             and
             Petreius
             pressed
             for
             want
             of
             Provision
             ,
             surrender
             themselves
             to
             Caesar
             with
             all
             their
             Army
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               120.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXX
            
             .
             The
             Continuation
             of
             the
             Siege
             of
             Marseilles
             ,
             and
             the
             taking
             of
             that
             City
             .
             Caesar
             chosen
             Dictatour
             .
             The
             Defeat
             and
             
             Death
             of
             Curio
             in
             Africa
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               123.
            
             
          
           
             Pompey's
             Forces
             .
             The
             Defeat
             of
             Dolabella
             and
             Caesar's
             Lieutenants
             ,
             Brutus
             goes
             to
             find
             out
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               127.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXII
            
             .
             A
             Mutiny
             amongst
             Caesar's
             Troops
             .
             He
             reduces
             them
             to
             their
             Duty
             by
             his
             Eloquence
             and
             Resolution
             .
             He
             is
             chosen
             Consul
             with
             Servilius
             ,
             and
             makes
             new
             Laws
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               130.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXIII
               .
               Caesar
            
             with
             part
             of
             his
             Army
             goes
             into
             Greece
             :
             some
             Discourse
             of
             Peace
             ,
             but
             to
             no
             purpose
             .
             Two
             Armies
             draw
             towards
             one
             another
             near
             Durazzo
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               133.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXIV
               .
               Caesar
            
             exposes
             himself
             alone
             in
             a
             Skiff
             to
             go
             and
             find
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               137.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXV
            
             .
             The
             happy
             arrival
             of
             Caesar's
             Troops
             in
             
               Greece
               .
               Caelius
            
             and
             Milo
             raising
             disturbances
             in
             Italy
             ,
             are
             slain
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               140.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXVI
               .
               Marcus
               Antonius
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             Caesar
             in
             spight
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             retreats
             to
             Aspargua
             near
             Durazzo
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               143.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXVII
               .
               Caesar
            
             offers
             Battel
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             refuses
             it
             .
             They
             both
             post
             themselves
             near
             
               Durazzo
               .
               Caesar
            
             hemmed
             in
             by
             the
             lines
             of
             Pompey's
             Camp
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               146.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXVIII
            
             .
             A
             fight
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey's
             Troops
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               150.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXIX
               .
               Pompey
            
             attacks
             Caesar's
             Fortifications
             .
             The
             Valour
             of
             
               Sceva
               .
               Pompey
            
             quits
             his
             Camp
             ;
             the
             Treason
             of
             Roscillus
             and
             Aegus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               154.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XL.
               Pompey
            
             attacks
             Caesar's
             Trenches
             :
             
             great
             disorder
             amongst
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ;
             he
             confirms
             them
             by
             his
             Presence
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               158.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLI
               .
               Caesar
            
             ,
             in
             a
             great
             Battel
             ,
             is
             overthrown
             :
             Pompey
             loses
             the
             opportunity
             of
             totally
             routing
             him
             .
             Caesar's
             opinion
             upon
             that
             occasion
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               161.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             Discourse
             to
             his
             Troops
             to
             confirm
             them
             .
             He
             decamps
             to
             march
             toward
             
               Thessaly
               .
               Pompey
            
             follows
             him
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               165.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLIII
               .
               Caesar
            
             goes
             into
             
               Apolonia
               ,
               Domitius
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             him
             .
             The
             taking
             of
             Gomphes
             and
             Metropolis
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               169.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLIV
               .
               Scipio
            
             joins
             his
             Troops
             with
             those
             of
             Pompey's
             .
             They
             post
             themselves
             in
             the
             Plains
             of
             Pharsalia
             .
             The
             approach
             of
             the
             two
             Armies
             .
             Pompey's
             uneasiness
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               172.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLV
               .
               Pompey
            
             forced
             to
             fight
             against
             his
             Opinion
             .
             His
             Discourse
             with
             Labienus
             .
             Some
             Presages
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               175.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLVI
            
             .
             The
             order
             of
             the
             two
             Armies
             .
             The
             two
             Generals
             speak
             to
             their
             Souldiers
             to
             encourage
             them
             to
             the
             Fight
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               178.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLVII
            
             .
             The
             Battel
             of
             Pharsalia
             .
             The
             Fierceness
             of
             Crastinus
             .
             The
             Flight
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             overthrow
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               181.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLVIII
            
             .
             Some
             other
             Presages
             reported
             to
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               187.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLIX
               .
               Pompey
            
             puts
             to
             Sea
             ,
             and
             takes
             in
             King
             Dejotarus
             ,
             and
             goes
             to
             Amphipolis
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               189.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               L.
               Pompey
            
             goes
             to
             meet
             his
             Wife
             at
             Lesbos
             :
             he
             resolves
             to
             retire
             into
             
               Aegypt
               .
               Achillas
               ,
               Photinus
            
             and
             Theodotus
             advised
             
             the
             King
             to
             put
             him
             to
             Death
             ,
             Pompey
             slain
             by
             a
             Roman
             called
             Septinius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               192.
            
             
          
           
             Pompey's
             Freed
             man
             ,
             pays
             him
             his
             last
             Rites
             of
             Funeral
             .
             The
             Misfortune
             of
             Lentulus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               197.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LII
               .
               Caesar
            
             pursues
             his
             Victory
             .
             Cassius
             surrenders
             himself
             to
             him
             with
             all
             his
             Fleet.
             Caesar
             lands
             in
             Aegypt
             .
             The
             Insolence
             of
             Photinus
             and
             Achillas
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               199.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LIII
               .
               Caesar
            
             fortifies
             himself
             in
             Alexandria
             .
             He
             is
             attacked
             by
             Achillas
             .
             He
             seizes
             upon
             Pharos
             .
             Falls
             in
             love
             with
             Cleopatra
             .
             He
             is
             besieged
             by
             the
             Aegyptians
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               204.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LIV.
               Caesar
            
             receives
             succours
             .
             A
             Sea
             Fight
             .
             A
             disorder
             amongst
             Caesar's
             Troops
             upon
             the
             Peer
             .
             He
             saves
             himself
             by
             swimming
             .
             He
             restores
             the
             Aegyptians
             their
             King
             ,
             who
             declares
             War
             against
             him
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               209.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LV.
               Mithridates
            
             defeats
             the
             Aegyptians
             .
             He
             joins
             himself
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             attacks
             Ptolemy's
             Camp.
             The
             Aegyptians
             routed
             .
             Their
             King
             is
             drowned
             .
             Caesar
             establishes
             Cleopatra
             Queen
             of
             Aegypt
             with
             her
             Brother
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               213.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LVI
               .
               Cato
            
             retires
             into
             Africa
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             into
             Italy
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             Pardons
             him
             .
             Pompey●s
             ●s
             Sons
             go
             into
             
               Spain
               ;
               Cato
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             Scipio
             and
             Juba
             .
             Some
             broils
             at
             Rome
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               216.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LVII
               .
               Caesar
            
             goes
             into
             Asia
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               220.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LVIII
               .
               Caesar
            
             returns
             into
             Italy
             .
             His
             Troops
             mutiny
             ,
             he
             appeases
             them
             ,
             and
             returns
             into
             Africa
             .
             More
             Battels
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               224.
            
             
          
           
             
             
               Chap.
               LIX
               .
               Caesar
            
             chastiseth
             some
             Mutineers
             ,
             and
             after
             several
             movements
             defeats
             Scipio
             and
             Juba
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               234.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LX.
            
             The
             Death
             of
             Scipio
             and
             
               Juba
               .
               Caesar
            
             marches
             towards
             Utica
             .
             The
             Death
             of
             Cato
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               240.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LXI
               .
               Caesar
            
             returns
             to
             Rome
             .
             The
             Pomp
             and
             Magnificence
             of
             his
             Triumphs
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               247.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LXII
               .
               Caesar
            
             goes
             into
             Spain
             ,
             where
             he
             defeats
             the
             two
             Sons
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             the
             oldest
             whereof
             is
             slain
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               251.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             return
             to
             Rome
             .
             He
             makes
             several
             Laws
             .
             The
             extreme
             Honours
             which
             were
             done
             him
             ,
             draw
             upon
             him
             the
             Envy
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               257.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LXIV
            
             .
             A
             Conspiracy
             against
             Caesar.
             Presages
             of
             his
             Death
             .
             He
             is
             murthered
             in
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               264.
            
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           TO
           The
           Second
           Volume
           .
        
         
           
             
               CHap.
               I.
            
             The
             Troubles
             and
             Fears
             of
             the
             Senate
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             after
             the
             Death
             of
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               Pag.
               271.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               II.
               Brutus
            
             and
             Cassius
             indeavour
             to
             justifie
             what
             they
             have
             done
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             rise
             upon
             them
             .
             They
             retire
             to
             the
             Capitol
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               275.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               III.
               Antonius
            
             and
             Lepidus
             rally
             Caesar's
             Friends
             .
             Some
             Propositions
             of
             Accommodation
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               279.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               IV.
            
             The
             Senate
             assembles
             .
             Diversity
             of
             Opinions
             amongst
             the
             Senatours
             .
             Caesar's
             Ordinances
             ratified
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               283.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               V.
            
             New
             Divisions
             occasioned
             by
             Caesar's
             Will.
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             speak
             to
             the
             People
             in
             their
             own
             justification
             .
             They
             come
             to
             an
             agreement
             with
             Anthony
             and
             Lepidus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               287.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             Will
             read
             publickly
             .
             Antonius
             makes
             his
             Funeral
             Oration
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               291.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VII
            
             .
             The
             Pomp
             of
             Caesar's
             Funeral
             .
             
             The
             Rising
             of
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             their
             Fury
             against
             the
             Conspirators
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               296.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VIII
            
             .
             The
             Artifices
             of
             Antonius
             .
             He
             procures
             himself
             Guards
             .
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             withdraw
             from
             
               Rome
               .
               Antonius
            
             gets
             the
             Government
             of
             Macedonia
             for
             his
             Brother
             .
             Cyrene
             is
             given
             to
             Cassius
             ,
             and
             Bithynia
             to
             Brutus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               299.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               IX
               .
               Octavius
            
             the
             grand
             Nephew
             of
             Caesar
             comes
             to
             Rome
             against
             the
             Opinion
             of
             his
             Kindred
             ,
             he
             declares
             himself
             Caesar's
             Heir
             ,
             and
             takes
             upon
             him
             his
             Name
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               305.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               X.
               Octavius
            
             visits
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             receives
             him
             very
             ill
             .
             His
             Demands
             and
             Antonius
             his
             Answer
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               308.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XI
               .
               Octavius
            
             falls
             out
             with
             Antonius
             .
             He
             gains
             the
             affections
             of
             the
             People
             .
             Antonius
             sends
             for
             the
             Macedonian
             Army
             into
             Italy
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               311.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XII
               .
               Antonius
            
             demands
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             Cis-alpine
             Gaul
             .
             He
             offends
             young
             Caesar.
             The
             Souldiers
             oblige
             him
             to
             an
             agreement
             with
             him
             .
             Antonius
             gets
             the
             Government
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               315.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIII
            
             .
             New
             Quarrels
             between
             Antonius
             and
             
               Caesar.
               Cicero
            
             declares
             himself
             for
             Caesar.
             He
             offends
             Antonius
             in
             his
             Orations
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               319.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIV
               .
               Antonius
            
             and
             Caesar
             meet
             at
             the
             Capitol
             .
             They
             fall
             out
             again
             .
             Caesar
             raises
             Troop●
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               323.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XV.
               Antonius
            
             joins
             his
             Army
             ;
             but
             is
             not
             well
             received
             .
             He
             returns
             to
             Rome
             .
             Two
             of
             his
             Legions
             des●rt
             him
             ,
             and
             go
             to
             
             Caesar's
             Army
             .
             Antonius's
             force
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               327.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             force
             .
             He
             assures
             himself
             of
             the
             affections
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               331.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVII
               .
               Antonius
            
             besieges
             
               Decimus
               Brutus
            
             in
             Modena
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               333.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVIII
               .
               Hirtius
            
             and
             Pansa
             chosen
             Consuls
             .
             The
             Decreee
             of
             the
             Senate
             against
             Antonius
             .
             The
             death
             of
             
               Trebonius
               .
               Dolabella
            
             declared
             an
             Enemy
             to
             the
             Republick
             .
             Honours
             and
             Offices
             allotted
             to
             Cassius
             and
             Brutus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               335.
            
             
          
           
             Antonius's
             Letter
             to
             Hirtius
             and
             young
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               340.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XX.
            
             The
             Consuls
             raise
             Troops
             for
             the
             relief
             of
             Decimus
             ,
             which
             was
             but
             one
             Legion
             .
             The
             manner
             of
             laying
             sieges
             in
             those
             times
             .
             Ventidius
             raises
             Troops
             for
             Antonius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               344.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXI
            
             .
             A
             Battel
             between
             Antonius's
             Troops
             and
             Caesar's
             ,
             joined
             with
             the
             Consuls
             .
             Pansa
             mortally
             wounded
             .
             Caesar's
             Troops
             are
             beaten
             .
             Hirtius
             comes
             to
             their
             relief
             ,
             and
             defeats
             Antonius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               348.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXII
               .
               Antonius
            
             defeated
             by
             Hirtius
             and
             Caesar.
             The
             death
             of
             Hirtius
             .
             The
             raising
             of
             the
             siege
             of
             
               Modena
               .
               Brutus
            
             writes
             to
             Cicero
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               353.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIII
               .
               Decimus
            
             speaks
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             treats
             him
             ill
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Pansa
             .
             His
             dying
             words
             to
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               355.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIV
               .
               Cassius
            
             in
             Syria
             .
             He
             raises
             great
             Forces
             .
             The
             Conduct
             of
             
               Cleopatra
               .
               Brutus
            
             defeats
             Antonius's
             Brother
             ,
             and
             takes
             him
             Prisoner
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               358.
            
             
          
           
             
             
               Chap.
               XXV
               .
               Caesar
            
             demands
             the
             Honour
             of
             Triumph
             ,
             which
             is
             refused
             him
             .
             He
             attempts
             the
             Consulship
             by
             Cicero's
             interference
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               361.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVI
               .
               Antonius
            
             makes
             his
             retreat
             into
             Gall.
             He
             makes
             himself
             Master
             of
             Lepidus's
             Army
             .
             He
             returns
             into
             Italy
             with
             seventeen
             Legions
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               363.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVII
               .
               Caesar
            
             pursues
             the
             Consulship
             .
             He
             speaks
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             .
             He
             marches
             towards
             Rome
             .
             The
             fright
             the
             Senate
             were
             in
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               365.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVIII
            
             .
             The
             Senates
             want
             of
             resolution
             .
             Caesar
             enters
             into
             the
             City
             .
             He
             treats
             Cicero
             ill
             ,
             and
             is
             declared
             Consul
             with
             Pedius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               368.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIX
               .
               Caesar
            
             causes
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             to
             be
             Condemned
             ,
             with
             all
             those
             who
             had
             murthered
             his
             Vncle.
             Antonius
             persues
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             is
             at
             last
             slain
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               373.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXX
            
             .
             Presages
             which
             were
             before
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             The
             Alliance
             of
             
               Caesar
               ,
               Antonius
            
             and
             Lepidus
             ,
             called
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             They
             meet
             in
             a
             certain
             Island
             .
             Their
             Ordinances
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               377.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXI
            
             .
             The
             Decree
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             The
             Proscription
             .
             Murthers
             up
             and
             down
             the
             City
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               382.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXII
            
             .
             The
             entry
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             into
             Rome
             .
             Murthers
             committed
             ,
             and
             the
             sad
             condition
             which
             that
             City
             was
             in
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               385.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXIII
            
             .
             Some
             stirs
             amongst
             the
             People
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Cicero
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               388.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXIV
            
             .
             The
             Triumph
             of
             Lepidus
             .
             
             The
             Goods
             of
             the
             Proscripts
             set
             to
             Sale.
             Attacks
             upon
             the
             Roman
             Ladies
             .
             Their
             speech
             to
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               392.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXV
            
             .
             Several
             of
             the
             Proscripts
             escape
             into
             Sicily
             to
             Sextus
             ,
             the
             Son
             of
             Pompey
             .
             Some
             extraordinary
             Adventures
             during
             the
             Proscription
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               397.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXVI
            
             .
             The
             Examples
             of
             Several
             remarkable
             changes
             of
             Fortune
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               402.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXVII
            
             .
             The
             end
             of
             the
             Proscription
             .
             War
             in
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             overthrows
             Cornificius
             ,
             the
             Lieutenant
             of
             Brutus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               405.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXVIII
               .
               Dolabella
            
             is
             defeated
             and
             slain
             by
             Cassius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               407.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXIX
               .
               Cassius
            
             lays
             waste
             the
             City
             of
             Tharsus
             .
             He
             joins
             himself
             with
             Brutus
             .
             They
             take
             measures
             for
             carrying
             on
             the
             War
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               410.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XL.
               Cassius
            
             attacks
             Rhodes
             .
             The
             siege
             of
             that
             City
             .
             The
             taking
             and
             desolation
             of
             Rhodes
             by
             Cassius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               413.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLI
               .
               Brutus
            
             enters
             into
             Lycia
             .
             He
             besieges
             the
             City
             Xanthus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               417.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLII
            
             .
             The
             taking
             of
             Xanthus
             .
             The
             fury
             and
             despair
             of
             the
             Xanthians
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               420.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLIII
               .
               Caesar
            
             and
             Antonius
             caused
             their
             Troops
             to
             pass
             into
             
               Macedonia
               .
               Cassius
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             Brutus
             .
             Their
             interview
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               424.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLIV
               .
               Brutus
            
             sees
             a
             Ghost
             .
             Cassius
             satisfies
             him
             by
             his
             Reasons
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               426.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLV
            
             .
             The
             Forces
             of
             Cassius
             and
             Brutus
             .
             Those
             of
             Antonius
             and
             
               Caesar.
               Cassius
            
             
             speaks
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               429.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLVI
            
             .
             The
             two
             Armies
             draw
             near
             each
             other
             .
             A
             description
             of
             the
             City
             of
             Philippi
             and
             its
             out-works
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               432.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLVII
            
             .
             The
             two
             Armies
             retrench
             themselves
             .
             Their
             different
             movements
             ,
             and
             some
             skirmishes
             .
             The
             uneasiness
             of
             Cassius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               434.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLVIII
               .
               Antonius
            
             possesses
             himself
             of
             a
             Post
             behind
             the
             Enemies
             Camp.
             Brutus
             resolves
             to
             fight
             contrary
             to
             the
             Opinion
             of
             Cassius
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               437.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XLIX
            
             .
             The
             Battel
             of
             
               Philippi
               .
               Brutus
            
             overthrows
             Caesar's
             Troops
             .
             Cassius
             being
             defeated
             by
             Antonius
             ,
             in
             despair
             kills
             himself
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               439.
            
             
          
           
             Brutus's
             Melancholy
             .
             His
             Fleet
             defeats
             that
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             Brutus
             knows
             not
             of
             it
             .
             He
             speaks
             to
             his
             Troops
             to
             confirm
             them
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               444.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               LI.
               Brutus
            
             utterly
             defeated
             by
             Antonius
             and
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               447.
            
             
          
           
             Brutus's
             last
             Words
             and
             Death
             .
             Messala
             goes
             over
             to
             Caesar
             with
             all
             his
             Forces
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               452.
            
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           TO
           THE
           CONTINUATION
           .
        
         
           
             
               CHap.
               I.
            
             After
             the
             Battel
             of
             
               Philippi
               ,
               Anthony
            
             and
             Caesar
             bring
             their
             Enemies
             to
             punishment
             .
             They
             part
             the
             Forces
             of
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             goes
             into
             Italy
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               457.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               II.
               Anthony
            
             goes
             into
             Grecia
             ,
             he
             stays
             at
             Athens
             ,
             he
             goes
             into
             Asia
             ,
             where
             he
             is
             honourably
             received
             ,
             his
             Speech
             to
             the
             Deputies
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               463.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               III.
               Cleopatra
            
             Queen
             of
             Aegypt
             her
             Character
             ,
             she
             comes
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             their
             interview
             ,
             Anthony
             puts
             Arsinoe
             the
             Sister
             of
             Cleopatra
             to
             death
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               470.
            
             
          
           
             Caesar's
             Sickness
             .
             He
             comes
             to
             Rome
             .
             His
             difficulties
             in
             distributing
             Rewards
             .
             The
             dangers
             he
             run
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               475.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               V.
            
             Misunderstandings
             between
             
               Caesar
               ,
               Fulvia
            
             and
             Lucius
             ;
             They
             come
             to
             open
             War.
             The
             Negligence
             of
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               485.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VI.
               Fagius
            
             ,
             Lieutenant
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             is
             overthrown
             in
             Africa
             by
             Anthony's
             
             Lieutenant
             .
             Caesar
             and
             Lucius
             make
             preparations
             of
             war
             against
             each
             other
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               491.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VII
            
             .
             The
             Forces
             of
             the
             two
             Parties
             .
             The
             Characters
             of
             the
             principal
             Officers
             ,
             as
             
               Agrippa
               ,
               Salvidienus
               ,
               Ventidius
            
             and
             
               Pollio
               .
               Lucius
            
             is
             besieged
             in
             Perusia
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               496.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               VIII
            
             .
             The
             Siege
             of
             
               Perusia
               .
               Caesar
            
             in
             danger
             .
             The
             extreme
             misery
             of
             the
             besieged
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               501.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               IX
               .
               Lucius
            
             resolves
             to
             treat
             with
             Caesar
             .
             He
             Harangues
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             sends
             Deputies
             to
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               507.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               X.
               Lucius
            
             Speech
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             his
             Answer
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               511.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XI
               .
               Lucius
            
             and
             Caesar
             part
             .
             Lucius
             delivers
             up
             the
             Town
             .
             Caesar
             speaks
             to
             the
             besieged
             Souldiers
             with
             indignation
             ,
             he
             punishes
             the
             Senatours
             of
             Perusia
             ,
             the
             Town
             is
             pillaged
             and
             by
             accident
             burnt
             .
             Tiberius
             continues
             the
             War
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Naples
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             is
             driven
             by
             Caesar
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               516.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XII
            
             .
             The
             diversions
             of
             Anthony
             and
             Cleopatra
             .
             The
             Prodigality
             of
             their
             Entertainments
             .
             The
             ingenuity
             of
             Cleopatra
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               521.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIII
               .
               Anthony
            
             receives
             the
             news
             of
             his
             Brother's
             defeat
             .
             He
             resolves
             for
             War
             ,
             and
             makes
             an
             alliance
             with
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             marries
             Scribonia
             .
             The
             death
             of
             
               Fulvia
               .
               Anthony
            
             is
             Master
             of
             Domitius
             his
             Fleet
             which
             yields
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               526.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIV
               .
               Anthony
            
             arrives
             at
             Brundusium
             .
             He
             is
             refused
             entrance
             .
             The
             Veterans
             
             force
             Caesar
             and
             him
             to
             agree
             .
             They
             come
             to
             a
             Treaty
             by
             the
             mediation
             of
             
               Cocceius
               .
               Anthony
            
             marries
             Octavia
             .
             The
             punishment
             and
             Death
             of
             Salvidienus
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               531.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XV.
               Rome
            
             afflicted
             with
             Famine
             ;
             the
             People
             mutiny
             against
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             ;
             they
             agree
             with
             Pompey
             ;
             his
             Generosity
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               541.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVI
            
             .
             The
             People's
             Ioy
             upon
             the
             first
             News
             of
             the
             Peace
             .
             Caesar
             goes
             into
             Gaul
             ,
             and
             Anthony
             stays
             at
             Athens
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               548.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVII
            
             .
             New
             Causes
             of
             breach
             between
             Caesar
             and
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             marries
             Livia
             .
             Several
             Fights
             between
             the
             Lieutenants
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               552.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XVIII
            
             .
             The
             wreck
             of
             Caesar's
             Fleet.
             The
             arrival
             of
             Anthony
             at
             Brundusium
             .
             He
             agreed
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             by
             means
             of
             Octavia
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               561.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XIX
               .
               Caesar
            
             puts
             a
             powerfull
             Fleet
             to
             Sea
             ,
             commanded
             by
             Agrippa
             .
             He
             attacks
             Pompey
             in
             
               Sicilia
               .
               Lepidus
            
             comes
             to
             Caesar's
             assistence
             .
             Several
             Actions
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               568.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XX.
            
             The
             Actions
             of
             Agrippa
             against
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             beats
             Caesar's
             Fleet
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               574.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXI
               .
               Caesar
            
             gives
             new
             Orders
             for
             the
             fighting
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             in
             a
             general
             battel
             is
             entirely
             defeated
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               580.
            
             
          
           
             Pompey's
             flight
             .
             Lepidus
             endeavours
             to
             make
             himself
             Master
             of
             Sicily
             .
             His
             Souldiers
             forsake
             him
             to
             serve
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             orders
             the
             Affairs
             of
             Rome
             with
             great
             prudence
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               585.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIII
               .
               Pompey
            
             goes
             into
             Asia
             ,
             where
             
             he
             makes
             War.
             The
             Lieutenants
             of
             Anthony
             fight
             and
             take
             him
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Pompey
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               593.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXIV
            
             .
             The
             causes
             of
             the
             division
             between
             Anthony
             and
             Anthony's
             unfortunate
             expedition
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ;
             his
             return
             to
             Alexandria
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               599.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXV
               .
               Caesar
            
             accuses
             Anthony
             in
             the
             Senate
             .
             He
             declares
             War
             against
             Anthony
             .
             His
             Forces
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               605.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVI
               .
               Anthony
            
             (
             with
             Cleopatra
             )
             goes
             to
             
               Athens
               .
               Plancus
            
             and
             several
             others
             of
             his
             Friends
             forsake
             him
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               611.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVII
            
             .
             The
             Forces
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             .
             They
             write
             sharp
             Letters
             to
             each
             other
             .
             Caesar
             approaches
             Anthony's
             Army
             which
             lay
             at
             Actium
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               617.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXVIII
            
             .
             The
             battel
             of
             Actium
             .
             The
             retreat
             of
             Cleopatra
             .
             The
             flight
             of
             
               Anthony
               .
               Caesar
            
             makes
             himself
             Master
             of
             Anthony's
             Navy
             and
             his
             Land-forces
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               623.
            
             
          
           
             Anthony's
             displeasure
             against
             Cleopatra
             .
             He
             retires
             into
             Libya
             ,
             and
             returns
             into
             Aegypt
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               630.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXX
               .
               Caesar
            
             goes
             into
             Italy
             .
             He
             pacifies
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             besieges
             Alexandria
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               635.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXI
               .
               Anthony
            
             defeats
             Caesar
             ▪
             s
             Cavalry
             .
             He
             is
             forsaken
             by
             his
             men
             .
             His
             Despair
             .
             He
             wounds
             himself
             .
             Is
             carried
             to
             Cleopatra
             .
             His
             Death
             ,
          
           
             
               p.
               639.
            
             
          
           
             
               Chap.
               XXXII
               .
               Caesar
            
             enters
             into
             Alexandria
             .
             He
             visits
             Cleopatra
             .
             Her
             Death
             .
             The
             Posterity
             of
             Anthony
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               663.
            
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           THE
           HISTORY
           Of
           the
           first
           TRIVMVIRATE
           .
           Volume
           I.
           
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             The
             estate
             of
             the
             Roman
             Commonwealth
             after
             Catiline's
             Conspiracy
             .
          
           
             NEVER
             was
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             in
             such
             danger
             since
             its
             being
             sack'd
             and
             burnt
             by
             the
             Gauls
             ,
             as
             it
             appeared
             to
             be
             in
             the
             Conspiracy
             of
             Catiline
             .
             It
             is
             impossible
             ,
             in
             the
             account
             Salust
             gives
             of
             it
             ,
             without
             horrour
             to
             
             reade
             of
             the
             Rage
             ,
             the
             Madness
             ,
             the
             Debauchery
             and
             Ambition
             of
             that
             Man
             ,
             and
             yet
             at
             the
             same
             time
             his
             Address
             in
             managing
             a
             design
             that
             was
             to
             carry
             fire
             and
             sword
             ev'n
             into
             the
             very
             Bowels
             of
             his
             Countrey
             .
             But
             the
             wisedom
             and
             vigilancy
             of
             Cicero
             hindred
             its
             taking
             effect
             ,
             and
             Catiline
             was
             slain
             at
             the
             Head
             of
             those
             Troops
             he
             was
             leading
             against
             the
             City
             :
             But
             neither
             this
             man's
             defeat
             or
             death
             was
             sufficient
             to
             settle
             so
             firm
             a
             peace
             in
             that
             City
             ,
             but
             that
             still
             she
             lay
             exposed
             to
             the
             enterprises
             which
             some
             more
             Ambitious
             Senatours
             than
             the
             rest
             were
             always
             forming
             against
             her
             Liberty
             .
             Nor
             could
             their
             Inclinations
             of
             that
             kind
             meet
             any
             where
             with
             greater
             temptation
             ,
             since
             the
             Conquest
             of
             that
             onely
             City
             must
             carry
             with
             it
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             Universe
             :
             In
             short
             ,
             after
             the
             War
             of
             the
             Confederates
             ,
             in
             which
             all
             the
             Armies
             of
             Italy
             ,
             jealous
             of
             the
             power
             and
             greatness
             of
             Rome
             ,
             had
             been
             in
             a
             great
             many
             Battels
             defeated
             ,
             that
             part
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             came
             to
             an
             absolute
             submission
             :
             Half
             of
             Gaul
             ,
             and
             all
             Spain
             received
             quietly
             the
             Pretors
             which
             were
             sent
             to
             govern
             them
             ;
             the
             Coast
             of
             Africk
             as
             far
             as
             Aegypt
             ,
             became
             subject
             to
             the
             Romans
             ;
             and
             Aegypt
             her self
             preserved
             its
             Monarchy
             onely
             by
             the
             profession
             which
             her
             Kings
             made
             to
             respect
             in
             all
             matters
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             Syria
             was
             reduced
             to
             a
             Province
             ,
             and
             governed
             by
             Roman
             Officers
             ,
             
             and
             after
             the
             defeat
             and
             death
             of
             Mithridates
             ,
             all
             the
             Princes
             of
             the
             lesser
             Asia
             became
             Tributaries
             ,
             and
             thought
             themselves
             very
             happy
             to
             be
             supported
             by
             the
             credit
             of
             some
             of
             the
             Senatours
             .
             Greece
             ,
             though
             it
             retained
             some
             appearance
             of
             liberty
             became
             yet
             more
             reduced
             ,
             for
             besides
             the
             rights
             of
             Conquest
             ,
             she
             found
             her self
             under
             the
             obligations
             of
             Acknowledgment
             and
             Allegiance
             :
             In
             short
             ,
             all
             that
             Coast
             ,
             which
             stretches
             it self
             along
             the
             Adriatick
             Gulph
             up
             a
             good
             way
             into
             Germany
             ,
             was
             filled
             with
             those
             powerfull
             Armies
             that
             made
             head
             against
             the
             Barbarians
             .
             And
             the
             defeat
             of
             the
             Corsaires
             which
             Pompey
             had
             driven
             into
             the
             Mountains
             of
             Cilicia
             established
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             over
             all
             the
             Mediterranean
             Sea
             :
             These
             Conquests
             had
             brought
             into
             Rome
             daintiness
             and
             plenty
             ,
             and
             all
             curious
             Arts
             soon
             followed
             ;
             Learning
             became
             an
             ordinary
             Accomplishment
             even
             amongst
             men
             of
             the
             highest
             Quality
             .
             And
             almost
             all
             the
             Wits
             of
             that
             time
             were
             polished
             and
             pure
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             that
             City
             never
             afforded
             so
             great
             men
             for
             War
             ,
             Eloquence
             ,
             Law
             ,
             Poetry
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             fine
             knowledge
             as
             at
             this
             time
             ;
             so
             that
             it
             was
             the
             more
             unlikely
             that
             Ambition
             should
             not
             find
             an
             opportunity
             to
             mingle
             her self
             among
             so
             many
             extraordinary
             Qualities
             .
             Those
             men
             who
             upon
             quitting
             the
             Charges
             they
             had
             exercised
             in
             Rome
             ,
             went
             to
             receive
             those
             Honours
             in
             
             the
             Provinces
             which
             used
             onely
             to
             be
             allowed
             to
             Sovereigns
             that
             commanded
             great
             Armies
             ,
             and
             disposed
             of
             Kingdoms
             ,
             found
             it
             very
             hard
             upon
             their
             return
             home
             to
             reduce
             themselves
             to
             the
             level
             of
             a
             private
             life
             ,
             and
             forget
             the
             sweetness
             of
             Command
             and
             Power
             .
             Envy
             ,
             as
             dangerous
             as
             it
             is
             common
             to
             all
             Republicks
             ,
             ever
             took
             care
             to
             make
             way
             for
             it self
             upon
             these
             occasions
             ,
             and
             trouble
             the
             Quiet
             even
             of
             those
             who
             thought
             of
             nothing
             but
             peaceably
             enjoying
             the
             Honours
             they
             had
             gotten
             :
             It
             appeared
             for
             the
             most
             part
             amongst
             those
             who
             had
             less
             Desert
             ,
             less
             Fortune
             ,
             but
             more
             Ambition
             than
             the
             others
             ;
             and
             their
             pretence
             was
             always
             the
             publick
             Good
             ,
             when
             they
             had
             often
             no
             other
             end
             than
             the
             destruction
             of
             every
             thing
             that
             hindered
             their
             own
             elevation
             .
             A
             noble
             Reputation
             ,
             great
             Riches
             ,
             and
             acquired
             Honours
             passed
             always
             amongst
             them
             for
             Qualities
             dangerous
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             :
             And
             these
             Persecutions
             may
             have
             contributed
             as
             much
             to
             kindling
             the
             fire
             of
             Civil
             Wars
             ,
             as
             that
             Ambition
             which
             *
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             himself
             have
             been
             so
             much
             reproached
             withall
             ,
             who
             never
             could
             have
             put
             themselves
             at
             the
             head
             of
             their
             different
             Parties
             ,
             but
             that
             they
             had
             really
             and
             indeed
             more
             merit
             than
             the
             rest
             .
             They
             were
             both
             of
             goodly
             Personage
             ,
             Valiant
             ,
             and
             equally
             desirous
             of
             Glory
             .
             Caesar
             had
             the
             advantage
             of
             Pompey
             in
             Birth
             ,
             being
             of
             the
             most
             
             Illustrious
             Family
             in
             Rome
             ;
             he
             disputed
             already
             the
             prize
             of
             Eloquence
             with
             the
             most
             famous
             Oratours
             ,
             and
             there
             was
             nothing
             that
             appeared
             impossible
             for
             his
             great
             Genius
             to
             undertake
             .
             Pompey
             had
             great
             Riches
             ,
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             an
             established
             Reputation
             :
             He
             had
             been
             a
             General
             ,
             as
             soon
             as
             he
             was
             a
             Souldier
             ,
             and
             although
             he
             had
             never
             obey'd
             ,
             was
             not
             to
             seek
             in
             the
             Art
             of
             giving
             Command
             ;
             he
             had
             won
             Battels
             ,
             and
             deserved
             the
             Honour
             of
             Triumph
             at
             an
             Age
             when
             others
             onely
             begin
             to
             make
             themselves
             taken
             notice
             of
             .
             It
             is
             impossible
             to
             tell
             exactly
             which
             of
             the
             two
             had
             the
             most
             repugnancy
             to
             Obey
             ,
             Caesar
             would
             have
             no
             Superiour
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             could
             not
             bear
             an
             Equal
             .
             The
             latter
             supported
             himself
             upon
             his
             extraordinary
             good
             Fortune
             ,
             the
             other
             by
             his
             very
             great
             Merit
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             they
             were
             both
             Brave
             ,
             Generous
             and
             Magnificent
             .
             But
             the
             lustre
             of
             those
             many
             Triumphs
             which
             Pompey
             had
             obtained
             ,
             was
             no
             inconsiderable
             addition
             to
             his
             other
             great
             Qualities
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             passed
             without
             contradiction
             at
             that
             time
             for
             the
             first
             man
             in
             
               Rome
               .
               Crassus
            
             onely
             found
             himself
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             dispute
             it
             with
             him
             as
             well
             by
             the
             Nobility
             and
             the
             desert
             of
             his
             Ancestours
             ,
             as
             by
             his
             great
             estate
             ,
             which
             accumulated
             to
             him
             the
             sirname
             of
             Rich.
             Of
             which
             some
             Judgment
             may
             be
             given
             from
             what
             he
             himself
             once
             said
             ,
             that
             he
             ought
             not
             to
             be
             esteemed
             
             a
             wealthy
             man
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             entertain
             an
             Army
             out
             of
             his
             own
             Revenue
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             his
             own
             Estate
             amounted
             not
             to
             above
             *
             six
             thousand
             Talents
             ,
             but
             that
             brought
             him
             in
             a
             very
             considerable
             profit
             by
             the
             means
             of
             his
             Slaves
             ,
             which
             some
             Authours
             say
             amounted
             in
             number
             to
             40000.
             
             He
             had
             besides
             all
             this
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Wit
             ,
             and
             was
             very
             Eloquent
             :
             His
             good
             humour
             and
             Compliasance
             were
             perhaps
             the
             effect
             of
             his
             Policy
             .
             For
             when
             that
             Pompey
             ,
             puff'd
             up
             by
             his
             Victories
             ,
             fansied
             that
             it
             was
             necessary
             to
             his
             Grandeur
             to
             take
             upon
             him
             a
             haughty
             behaviour
             ,
             and
             to
             communicate
             himself
             to
             very
             few
             ;
             Crassus
             on
             the
             contrary
             was
             familiar
             with
             all
             the
             world
             ,
             and
             employed
             his
             Reputation
             and
             his
             Eloquence
             at
             the
             Bar
             in
             the
             behalf
             of
             all
             such
             as
             would
             apply
             themselves
             to
             him
             :
             From
             whence
             arose
             that
             *
             judicious
             and
             excellent
             Observation
             ,
             That
             by
             the
             lustre
             of
             his
             Actions
             ,
             Pompey
             ,
             when
             he
             was
             absent
             ,
             had
             the
             advantage
             of
             Crassus
             ;
             but
             so
             soon
             as
             he
             returned
             to
             Rome
             ,
             he
             lost
             it
             again
             by
             his
             manners
             .
             Nor
             was
             it
             onely
             Emulation
             which
             caused
             so
             great
             a
             misunderstanding
             between
             them
             .
             Crassus
             had
             other
             reasons
             to
             complain
             of
             Pompey
             in
             relation
             to
             the
             affair
             of
             Spartacus
             .
             This
             Spartacus
             was
             a
             Gladiatour
             or
             Fencer
             that
             had
             appeared
             against
             the
             Romans
             at
             the
             head
             of
             forty
             thousand
             of
             his
             Companions
             ,
             and
             had
             beaten
             three
             of
             their
             Armies
             .
             At
             last
             
             Crassus
             had
             the
             advantage
             to
             rout
             him
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             hazard
             .
             Spartacus
             was
             killed
             in
             the
             fight
             ,
             and
             six
             thousand
             Gladiatours
             escaping
             from
             the
             Battel
             fell
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             returning
             with
             his
             Army
             out
             of
             Spain
             ;
             who
             slew
             them
             all
             ▪
             and
             then
             sent
             word
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             cut
             up
             the
             very
             roots
             of
             that
             War.
             This
             hinder'd
             Crassus
             from
             Triumphing
             ,
             and
             forced
             him
             to
             sit
             down
             contented
             with
             the
             honours
             of
             the
             Ovation
             ,
             much
             inferiour
             to
             those
             of
             the
             Triumph
             :
             This
             Injury
             touched
             him
             very
             sharply
             ,
             and
             though
             outwardly
             matters
             were
             brought
             to
             some
             Accommodation
             between
             them
             ,
             and
             Crassus
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             the
             people
             made
             the
             first
             step
             towards
             it
             ,
             by
             saying
             he
             thought
             it
             no
             shame
             to
             seek
             that
             man
             whom
             they
             had
             honoured
             with
             the
             Title
             of
             Great
             ,
             the
             reconciliation
             was
             far
             from
             sincerity
             ;
             for
             Crassus
             could
             not
             hide
             his
             regret
             ,
             nor
             whenever
             Pompey
             was
             named
             in
             his
             hearing
             with
             the
             Title
             of
             Great
             ,
             forbear
             asking
             in
             a
             scoffing
             manner
             ,
             how
             much
             he
             was
             taller
             than
             himself
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             thought
             himself
             at
             this
             time
             too
             young
             to
             become
             the
             head
             of
             a
             Party
             ,
             embarqued
             himself
             in
             Crassus
             his
             interest
             ,
             as
             well
             to
             balance
             the
             Credit
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             as
             to
             assist
             himself
             with
             that
             of
             Crassus
             against
             his
             own
             Creditours
             ,
             who
             at
             this
             time
             began
             to
             be
             importunate
             ,
             and
             yet
             for
             all
             this
             there
             was
             little
             resemblance
             between
             their
             Inclinations
             .
             
             Crassus
             was
             a
             good
             Husband
             ,
             even
             to
             Avarice
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             liberal
             to
             Prodigality
             .
             Either
             his
             love
             ,
             or
             his
             State-Intrigues
             had
             already
             ruined
             him
             ,
             and
             we
             may
             judge
             of
             his
             other
             Expences
             by
             the
             Present
             he
             once
             made
             to
             Servilia
             the
             Mother
             of
             Brutus
             ,
             of
             a
             Pearl
             that
             cost
             six
             thousand
             Sesterces
             .
             These
             three
             men
             already
             began
             to
             give
             suspicion
             and
             jealousie
             to
             all
             the
             other
             Senatours
             ,
             such
             as
             were
             *
             Catulus
             ,
             †
             Bibulus
             ,
             and
             ‖
             Marcellus
             ,
             but
             above
             all
             the
             rest
             *
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             endeavoured
             as
             much
             as
             any
             to
             signalize
             his
             Zeal
             for
             the
             Commonwealth
             ;
             and
             though
             he
             could
             pretend
             no
             great
             Authority
             from
             his
             Extraction
             ,
             nor
             was
             much
             Ambitious
             to
             be
             thought
             a
             very
             great
             Souldier
             ;
             yet
             the
             advantages
             of
             his
             Wit
             ,
             the
             Charms
             of
             his
             Eloquence
             ,
             and
             the
             happy
             discovery
             which
             he
             had
             made
             of
             Catiline's
             Conspiracy
             in
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Consulship
             ,
             brought
             him
             into
             very
             great
             consideration
             :
             But
             besides
             that
             ,
             this
             Action
             (
             of
             which
             he
             always
             in
             his
             Harangues
             took
             occasion
             to
             make
             mention
             ,
             and
             very
             often
             too
             to
             very
             little
             purpose
             had
             occasioned
             some
             railery
             upon
             his
             Vanity
             :
             the
             Punishment
             of
             *
             Lentulus
             and
             other
             great
             Ones
             concerned
             in
             the
             Conspiracy
             ,
             had
             created
             him
             many
             powerfull
             Enemies
             .
             And
             it
             may
             be
             upon
             that
             occasion
             the
             Troubles
             of
             Rome
             were
             renew'd
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             Caesar's
             design
             upon
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             Cicero's
             reply
             to
             
               Metellus
               Nepos
            
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             had
             had
             very
             strait
             Alliances
             with
             many
             of
             Catiline's
             Accomplices
             ,
             which
             made
             him
             not
             altogether
             unsuspected
             :
             But
             Cicero
             thought
             it
             not
             fit
             to
             insist
             much
             upon
             that
             point
             ,
             lest
             his
             Credit
             might
             become
             an
             Argument
             in
             favour
             of
             the
             other
             Offenders
             .
             Caesar
             had
             other
             Causes
             to
             be
             angry
             with
             the
             Senate
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             some
             dispute
             he
             had
             with
             them
             during
             the
             time
             of
             his
             being
             Pretor
             :
             He
             consulted
             with
             Metellus
             *
             Nepos
             ,
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             to
             bring
             Cicero
             to
             an
             account
             of
             his
             Conduct
             ;
             and
             Nepos
             ,
             seconded
             by
             †
             Bestia
             ,
             the
             other
             Tribune
             ,
             declared
             aloud
             ;
             that
             he
             could
             not
             suffer
             that
             Cicero
             should
             have
             the
             liberty
             of
             speaking
             to
             the
             people
             in
             quitting
             his
             Consulship
             ,
             in
             regard
             that
             he
             himself
             had
             Condemned
             Senatours
             without
             hearing
             their
             Defences
             .
             It
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             Cicero
             had
             done
             so
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             present
             danger
             ,
             but
             it
             is
             true
             too
             ,
             that
             he
             did
             it
             with
             the
             advice
             of
             the
             Senate
             :
             Nevertheless
             ,
             when
             he
             presented
             himself
             to
             speak
             ,
             the
             Tribunes
             opposed
             him
             ,
             and
             onely
             would
             permit
             him
             to
             take
             the
             usual
             Oath
             ;
             which
             was
             ,
             That
             he
             had
             never
             done
             any
             thing
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             
             the
             Commonwealth
             :
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             upon
             that
             occasion
             was
             very
             present
             to
             himself
             ,
             contrived
             to
             turn
             all
             that
             Indignity
             they
             designed
             him
             ,
             to
             his
             Honour
             ,
             and
             swore
             that
             he
             not
             onely
             had
             not
             prejudiced
             the
             Common-wealth
             ,
             but
             had
             saved
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             .
             All
             the
             Assembly
             Applauded
             the
             thing
             ;
             and
             the
             next
             day
             Cicero
             complained
             to
             the
             Senate
             of
             the
             insolency
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             .
             To
             this
             Nepos
             made
             his
             reply
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             heat
             of
             the
             dispute
             ,
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             never
             wanted
             an
             Answer
             ,
             had
             an
             occasion
             of
             making
             a
             very
             good
             one
             :
             For
             Nepos
             ,
             who
             mistook
             the
             extraction
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             demanded
             of
             him
             very
             often
             ,
             who
             was
             his
             Father
             ?
             To
             which
             he
             replyed
             ;
             
               If
               any
               Credit
               may
               be
               given
               to
               the
               behaviour
               of
               your
               Mother
               ,
               that
               were
               a
               harder
               Question
               for
               you
               to
               answer
               than
               me
               .
            
             Afterwards
             ,
             when
             the
             matter
             was
             put
             to
             a
             debate
             ,
             the
             Senate
             judged
             that
             for
             the
             reputation
             of
             their
             Authority
             ,
             they
             ought
             to
             stand
             by
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             so
             made
             a
             Decree
             that
             no
             body
             should
             be
             called
             henceforward
             to
             account
             for
             the
             death
             of
             any
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             who
             should
             presume
             to
             speak
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             should
             be
             looked
             upon
             as
             Enemies
             to
             their
             Countrey
             :
             The
             Tribunes
             provoked
             by
             that
             Decree
             ,
             which
             ty'd
             up
             their
             mouths
             ,
             and
             established
             ,
             as
             they
             said
             ,
             the
             Tyranny
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             proposed
             to
             the
             People
             by
             the
             advice
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             to
             recall
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             at
             that
             
             time
             Commanded
             a
             powerfull
             Army
             in
             Asia
             ;
             the
             pretence
             was
             to
             put
             into
             his
             care
             the
             interests
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             which
             this
             new
             growing
             Tyranny
             seem'd
             to
             threaten
             .
             But
             Caesar's
             secret
             designs
             indeed
             were
             to
             unite
             himself
             with
             him
             :
             This
             Proposition
             entangled
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             many
             of
             whom
             were
             Pompey's
             Friends
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             afraid
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             durst
             not
             openly
             oppose
             it
             ;
             but
             were
             for
             finding
             out
             some
             one
             man
             ,
             who
             upon
             that
             occasion
             would
             for
             their
             interests
             sacrifice
             himself
             to
             the
             hatred
             of
             Pompey
             :
             *
             Cato
             offered
             himself
             very
             frankly
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             was
             drawn
             into
             it
             by
             the
             cunning
             of
             
               Cicero
               .
               Cato
            
             had
             been
             bred
             up
             in
             the
             Austere
             Maximes
             of
             his
             great
             Grand-father
             ,
             Cato
             the
             Censor
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             rigid
             Opinions
             of
             the
             Stoicks
             :
             Cicero
             knew
             his
             Character
             very
             well
             ,
             and
             has
             defined
             it
             very
             pleasantly
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             severe
             in
             his
             Manners
             ,
             steady
             in
             his
             Conduct
             ,
             unalterable
             in
             his
             Opinions
             ,
             pitiless
             towards
             Offenders
             ,
             and
             no
             mincer
             of
             faults
             ,
             believing
             that
             a
             wise
             man
             could
             never
             be
             deceived
             ,
             and
             therefore
             never
             repented
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Vertuous
             onely
             were
             really
             happy
             ,
             rich
             and
             handsome
             ;
             in
             a
             word
             ,
             of
             an
             excellent
             disposition
             ,
             but
             seldom
             thought
             right
             ,
             and
             one
             that
             spoke
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             had
             been
             in
             the
             Commonwealth
             of
             Plato
             ,
             when
             he
             was
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             the
             corruptions
             of
             Rome
             .
             To
             speak
             truth
             ,
             he
             was
             the
             onely
             man
             amongst
             
             them
             that
             heartily
             designed
             the
             real
             good
             of
             the
             Republick
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             by
             that
             he
             justly
             acquired
             the
             reputation
             of
             his
             Vertue
             .
             He
             was
             at
             that
             time
             Tribune
             of
             the
             people
             with
             Nepos
             and
             Bestia
             ;
             the
             principal
             Authority
             of
             which
             charge
             consisted
             in
             putting
             stop
             to
             any
             thing
             which
             other
             Magistrates
             might
             propose
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             the
             people
             :
             So
             he
             opposed
             in
             the
             Senate
             the
             Opinion
             of
             Nepos
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             when
             that
             Tribune
             brought
             the
             matter
             before
             the
             people
             ,
             and
             had
             gathered
             together
             a
             great
             many
             Souldiers
             in
             Arms
             to
             make
             the
             Law
             pass
             .
             Cato
             onely
             presented
             himself
             with
             *
             Thermus
             one
             of
             his
             Acquaintance
             ,
             and
             looking
             upon
             those
             that
             threatned
             him
             ,
             with
             an
             undaunted
             air
             ,
             he
             went
             and
             seated
             himself
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Nepos
             .
             He
             told
             Nepos
             ,
             That
             it
             argued
             very
             little
             Courage
             in
             him
             to
             Assemble
             together
             so
             many
             men
             in
             Arms
             against
             one
             single
             ,
             and
             without
             any
             ;
             and
             afterwards
             when
             the
             Register
             would
             have
             read
             the
             Edict
             ,
             he
             tore
             it
             out
             of
             his
             hand
             .
             Nepos
             ,
             who
             knew
             it
             by
             heart
             ,
             would
             have
             pronounced
             it
             ,
             but
             Thermus
             laid
             his
             hand
             upon
             his
             mouth
             .
             At
             which
             ,
             Nepos
             gave
             the
             sign
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             when
             instantly
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             moments
             time
             ,
             Vollies
             of
             Clubs
             and
             Stones
             were
             flying
             round
             the
             place
             ,
             the
             people
             ran
             away
             ,
             and
             Cato
             had
             certainly
             been
             slain
             ,
             had
             not
             *
             Murena
             covered
             him
             with
             his
             Robe
             ,
             and
             Conducted
             him
             into
             the
             Temple
             of
             Castor
             
             and
             Pollux
             :
             Upon
             which
             occasion
             this
             Action
             of
             Murena
             appeared
             the
             more
             generous
             in
             that
             he
             exposed
             his
             life
             for
             a
             man
             who
             not
             long
             before
             had
             accused
             him
             of
             Crimes
             to
             take
             it
             away
             .
             The
             people
             enraged
             ,
             returned
             a
             moment
             after
             in
             great
             numbers
             ,
             and
             drove
             away
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             
               Nepos
               .
               Cato
            
             came
             back
             again
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             and
             exhorted
             the
             Romans
             ,
             if
             they
             would
             ever
             ,
             now
             to
             give
             Testimony
             of
             their
             Courage
             :
             In
             fine
             ,
             the
             Law
             did
             not
             pass
             ;
             and
             Nepos
             after
             a
             great
             many
             Threatnings
             thought
             fit
             to
             withdraw
             himself
             from
             Rome
             ,
             and
             went
             to
             find
             out
             Pompey
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             Concerning
             Clodius
             ,
             and
             the
             return
             of
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             LOve
             ,
             or
             rather
             that
             Debauchery
             which
             reigned
             in
             Rome
             ,
             even
             to
             excess
             ,
             came
             at
             last
             (
             as
             it
             usually
             does
             )
             to
             increase
             disorders
             ,
             and
             furnish
             out
             new
             matter
             for
             the
             Spirit
             of
             Sedition
             and
             Revenge
             to
             work
             upon
             .
             Clodius
             a
             young
             man
             of
             a
             Noble
             Family
             ,
             rich
             ,
             and
             well
             accomplished
             ,
             was
             one
             of
             those
             that
             affected
             to
             be
             thought
             well
             with
             the
             Ladies
             ;
             and
             manag'd
             matters
             with
             so
             little
             discretion
             ,
             that
             the
             scandal
             of
             the
             times
             did
             not
             spare
             him
             even
             in
             relation
             to
             his
             own
             Sisters
             ,
             whereof
             he
             had
             three
             Married
             to
             Men
             of
             the
             best
             Quality
             ,
             Martius
             sirnamed
             Rex
             ,
             *
             
               Metellus
               Celer
            
             ,
             Brother
             to
             Nepos
             ,
             and
             Lucullus
             .
             He
             was
             at
             that
             time
             in
             love
             with
             Caesar's
             Wife
             ,
             but
             that
             Lady
             was
             too
             closely
             guarded
             under
             the
             Conduct
             of
             Aurelia
             ,
             a
             Woman
             of
             untainted
             Vertue
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Mother
             :
             Now
             the
             Romans
             observed
             a
             certain
             Festival
             ,
             which
             they
             called
             the
             Feast
             of
             the
             Good
             Goddess
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             Nymph
             ,
             espoused
             of
             Faunus
             ,
             wherein
             the
             Women
             onely
             had
             right
             of
             assisting
             at
             the
             Sacrifices
             ,
             which
             they
             performed
             every
             year
             in
             the
             house
             of
             one
             of
             the
             Magistrates
             ,
             from
             whence
             the
             men
             were
             obliged
             to
             withdraw
             
             themselves
             ;
             one
             onely
             being
             enough
             to
             profane
             the
             Mysteries
             ,
             should
             he
             be
             present
             :
             Clodius
             thought
             this
             opportunity
             might
             be
             favourable
             to
             him
             for
             the
             obtaining
             some
             moments
             conversation
             with
             Pompeia
             ,
             who
             then
             presided
             at
             the
             Ceremony
             ,
             the
             Feast
             being
             kept
             at
             her
             House
             ,
             by
             reason
             her
             Husband
             was
             Pretor
             .
             He
             disguised
             himself
             in
             the
             habit
             of
             a
             Woman
             ,
             and
             was
             introduced
             by
             a
             Slave
             ,
             who
             immediately
             ran
             to
             give
             her
             Mistress
             notice
             .
             But
             she
             not
             returning
             so
             soon
             as
             was
             expected
             ,
             Clodius
             rash
             and
             impatient
             ,
             venturing
             farther
             into
             the
             House
             ,
             was
             stopt
             upon
             the
             stairs
             by
             a
             Woman
             that
             belonged
             to
             Aurelia
             ,
             who
             knowing
             him
             by
             his
             voice
             ,
             gave
             a
             great
             shriek
             ,
             and
             Allarum'd
             the
             Company
             .
             The
             Feast
             was
             disturbed
             ,
             the
             Mysteries
             presently
             shut
             up
             and
             concealed
             ,
             and
             the
             Women
             immediately
             upon
             search
             for
             Clodius
             ,
             who
             having
             made
             his
             escape
             out
             of
             her
             hands
             who
             discovered
             him
             ,
             had
             concealed
             himself
             in
             the
             Chamber
             of
             the
             Slave
             that
             first
             brought
             him
             thither
             ,
             where
             at
             last
             he
             was
             found
             ,
             and
             driven
             out
             of
             the
             House
             with
             Reproaches
             and
             Infamy
             .
             This
             adventure
             became
             the
             next
             days
             publick
             discourse
             ,
             and
             every
             body
             was
             asham'd
             at
             the
             story
             .
             But
             Caesar
             resolv'd
             to
             take
             the
             wisest
             and
             most
             honourable
             course
             he
             could
             ,
             and
             being
             unwilling
             ,
             (
             as
             his
             Affairs
             then
             stood
             ,
             )
             to
             make
             any
             man
             his
             Enemy
             ,
             was
             contented
             ,
             without
             declaring
             against
             
             his
             Wife
             ,
             to
             put
             her
             away
             privately
             ,
             and
             being
             afterwards
             asked
             the
             Reason
             ,
             said
             ,
             he
             did
             not
             believe
             her
             guilty
             .
             But
             that
             the
             Wife
             of
             Caesar
             ought
             to
             have
             preserved
             her self
             from
             the
             suspicion
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Crime
             .
             Cornificius
             made
             a
             report
             of
             this
             matter
             in
             an
             Assembly
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             referring
             it
             to
             the
             consideration
             of
             the
             Vestals
             and
             chief
             Priests
             ,
             they
             declared
             their
             Opinion
             that
             it
             was
             an
             Offence
             of
             the
             highest
             nature
             against
             the
             Gods
             and
             their
             Religion
             :
             It
             was
             then
             put
             to
             the
             Question
             for
             the
             exhibiting
             of
             Informations
             ,
             and
             appointing
             Judges
             ;
             Upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             the
             whole
             City
             became
             divided
             ,
             and
             the
             Animosities
             of
             the
             Factions
             were
             renewed
             .
             Caesar
             upon
             the
             expiration
             of
             his
             Pretorship
             was
             to
             go
             and
             take
             possession
             of
             the
             Government
             of
             Spain
             ,
             but
             was
             retarded
             by
             the
             Prosecution
             of
             his
             Creditours
             .
             Crassus
             who
             was
             his
             Friend
             ,
             and
             wrought
             upon
             by
             the
             importunities
             of
             his
             Wife
             Tertulla
             ,
             who
             no
             less
             loved
             Caesaer
             than
             Clodius
             did
             Pompeia
             ,
             became
             security
             for
             him
             in
             the
             sum
             of
             Eight
             hundred
             and
             thirty
             Talents
             .
             It
             was
             in
             this
             Government
             that
             Caesar
             viewing
             the
             statue
             of
             Alexander
             ▪
             wept
             to
             think
             that
             he
             had
             done
             nothing
             great
             and
             memorable
             ,
             at
             an
             Age
             wherein
             that
             Prince
             had
             Conquered
             almost
             all
             the
             World.
             And
             he
             gave
             indeed
             sufficient
             marks
             and
             evidences
             of
             his
             Bravery
             and
             desire
             of
             Glory
             ,
             for
             he
             reduced
             all
             those
             Nations
             to
             be
             Tributaries
             to
             
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             collected
             together
             so
             vast
             a
             Treasure
             to
             himself
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             name
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             as
             enabled
             him
             afterwards
             to
             imitate
             that
             
               Alexander
               .
               Pompey
            
             was
             now
             returned
             home
             to
             Rome
             ,
             covered
             with
             Glories
             for
             the
             defeat
             of
             Mithridates
             ,
             and
             the
             Conquest
             of
             the
             greater
             part
             of
             Asia
             :
             He
             had
             upon
             his
             arrival
             in
             Italy
             ,
             sent
             back
             his
             Troops
             to
             prevent
             such
             suspicions
             as
             might
             arise
             from
             his
             coming
             at
             the
             head
             of
             an
             Army
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             obtained
             the
             honour
             of
             Triumph
             with
             a
             general
             Applause
             ,
             and
             with
             so
             much
             more
             Splendour
             ,
             in
             regard
             that
             he
             now
             Triumphed
             over
             another
             third
             part
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             after
             having
             received
             the
             same
             Honour
             for
             the
             Conquest
             of
             two
             parts
             before
             .
             The
             Triumph
             lasted
             two
             days
             ,
             wherein
             were
             exposed
             the
             names
             of
             fifteen
             Conquer'd
             Provinces
             ,
             eight
             hundred
             Cities
             ,
             and
             a
             thousand
             Castles
             .
             The
             Gold
             ,
             the
             Silver
             ,
             and
             the
             Jewels
             that
             made
             up
             part
             of
             this
             publick
             Pomp
             ,
             amounted
             to
             the
             value
             of
             two
             Millions
             of
             Gold
             :
             He
             made
             it
             appear
             by
             an
             account
             plainly
             stated
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             improved
             the
             revenue
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             twelve
             Millions
             ,
             without
             mentioning
             what
             he
             had
             distributed
             amongst
             his
             Men
             of
             War
             ,
             whereof
             the
             meanest
             Souldiers
             share
             was
             a
             hundred
             and
             fifty
             Crowns
             .
             Amongst
             his
             Prisoners
             appeared
             the
             Son
             of
             Tygranes
             ,
             the
             King
             of
             Armenia
             ,
             with
             his
             Wife
             and
             Daughter
             .
             Zozima
             the
             Wife
             of
             
             King
             Tygranes
             himself
             .
             Aristobulus
             King
             of
             the
             Jews
             .
             The
             Sister
             of
             Mithridates
             ,
             with
             five
             of
             her
             Children
             .
             The
             Ladies
             of
             Scythia
             ,
             and
             the
             *
             Hyberian
             ,
             and
             †
             Albanian
             Hostages
             ,
             with
             those
             of
             the
             King
             of
             ‖
             Comagena
             .
             But
             one
             disgustfull
             thing
             in
             his
             Family
             ,
             troubled
             all
             the
             Joy
             which
             the
             lustre
             of
             so
             much
             glory
             might
             else
             have
             given
             him
             ;
             his
             Wife
             Mutia
             had
             not
             seen
             Caesar
             with
             altogether
             somuch
             Caution
             as
             was
             requisite
             ,
             and
             some
             people
             more
             officious
             than
             was
             necessary
             ,
             had
             taken
             pains
             to
             give
             him
             notice
             of
             it
             upon
             his
             first
             coming
             down
             into
             Italy
             ,
             so
             that
             immediately
             after
             his
             Arrival
             at
             Rome
             ,
             he
             put
             her
             away
             .
             Besides
             ,
             Pompey
             found
             an
             occasion
             not
             to
             be
             very
             well
             pleased
             with
             the
             Senate
             ,
             for
             (
             in
             regard
             that
             those
             who
             demanded
             the
             Triumph
             ,
             were
             not
             permitted
             to
             enter
             the
             City
             ,
             )
             he
             had
             desired
             the
             Election
             of
             Consuls
             might
             be
             deferred
             till
             after
             his
             Triumph
             was
             over
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             be
             present
             to
             assist
             the
             Pretensions
             of
             Piso
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             Cato
             opposed
             it
             ,
             and
             persuaded
             the
             Senate
             to
             reject
             the
             demand
             .
             But
             the
             People
             resolved
             to
             maintain
             the
             Authority
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             Piso
             was
             chosen
             Consul
             with
             *
             
               Messalla
               :
               Pompey
            
             afterwards
             solicited
             that
             all
             things
             done
             by
             him
             in
             Asia
             and
             elsewhere
             ,
             might
             be
             confirmed
             and
             approved
             of
             .
             But
             all
             other
             matters
             were
             now
             set
             aside
             for
             the
             dispatching
             the
             business
             of
             Clodius
             ,
             who
             desiring
             to
             know
             
             if
             the
             choice
             of
             the
             Judges
             were
             in
             the
             Pretor
             or
             the
             People
             :
             Pompey
             avoided
             the
             declaring
             himself
             upon
             that
             Point
             :
             but
             
               Messala
               ,
               Crassus
               ,
               Cato
               ,
               Cicero
               ,
               Lucullus
               ,
            
             and
             all
             the
             honest
             Party
             were
             for
             the
             Pretor
             .
             Piso
             the
             Consul
             assisted
             by
             Curio
             at
             the
             head
             of
             all
             the
             young
             Men
             ,
             appeared
             on
             the
             other
             side
             .
             And
             the
             matter
             was
             debated
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             sharpness
             .
             Cato
             inveighed
             against
             the
             Consul
             ;
             Clodius
             ,
             who
             was
             present
             ,
             answered
             him
             with
             Anger
             ,
             and
             in
             his
             speeches
             uttered
             reproachfull
             Language
             against
             
               Lucullus
               ,
               Hortensius
            
             ,
             and
             Messala
             himself
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             after
             a
             high
             and
             hot
             Contest
             both
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             Hortensius
             a
             Noble
             Senatour
             ,
             and
             one
             not
             inferiour
             for
             Eloquence
             to
             Cicero
             himself
             ,
             proposed
             the
             Publishing
             of
             the
             Edict
             by
             Fusius
             the
             Tribune
             .
             The
             People
             insisted
             upon
             their
             Right
             of
             chusing
             the
             Judges
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             underhand
             management
             of
             Clodius
             ,
             at
             last
             they
             were
             named
             .
             He
             alledged
             ,
             that
             upon
             the
             day
             of
             the
             Festival
             of
             the
             Good
             Goddess
             he
             was
             not
             in
             Rome
             ;
             and
             offered
             to
             prove
             it
             .
             Now
             Cicero
             had
             had
             an
             Intrigue
             with
             one
             of
             Clodius
             his
             Sisters
             ,
             who
             thought
             to
             have
             Married
             him
             .
             But
             his
             Wife
             Terentia
             ,
             a
             haughty
             and
             jealous
             Woman
             ,
             quickly
             broke
             off
             that
             Correspondence
             ,
             and
             made
             her
             Husband
             depose
             ,
             that
             upon
             the
             very
             same
             day
             whereon
             Clodius
             pretended
             not
             to
             have
             been
             in
             Rome
             ,
             he
             made
             him
             a
             visit
             
             at
             his
             House
             .
             This
             Action
             ,
             the
             effect
             of
             a
             Womans
             Jealousie
             ,
             was
             the
             Fountain
             of
             all
             that
             hatred
             which
             Clodius
             afterwards
             conceived
             against
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             which
             ,
             upon
             the
             rebound
             ,
             affected
             ,
             even
             the
             Republick
             it self
             ,
             in
             obliging
             him
             to
             contribute
             so
             much
             as
             he
             did
             to
             the
             union
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             .
             Now
             then
             ,
             his
             Evidence
             being
             received
             with
             Honour
             ;
             and
             the
             Judges
             demanding
             Guards
             for
             their
             safety
             ,
             Clodius
             by
             his
             Cunning
             and
             Money
             carried
             the
             Cause
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             fifty
             Judges
             that
             were
             appointed
             ,
             thirty
             appeared
             and
             declared
             for
             him
             :
             Upon
             which
             occasion
             ,
             Cicero
             told
             Clodius
             (
             who
             reproached
             him
             ,
             for
             that
             the
             Judges
             would
             not
             credit
             him
             )
             
               they
               are
               the
               thirty
               who
               took
               your
               Money
               when
               they
               would
               not
               take
               your
               word
               ,
               the
               other
               twenty
               were
               satisfied
               with
               mine
               :
            
             And
             Catulus
             seeing
             them
             returning
             from
             the
             place
             where
             they
             gave
             Judgment
             ,
             Rallied
             them
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               They
               had
               done
               wisely
               to
               desire
               Cuards
               ,
               they
               might
               else
               have
               been
               robb'd
               of
               the
               Money
               they
               had
               gotten
               .
            
             This
             Decree
             of
             Judgment
             offended
             all
             the
             honester
             sort
             in
             Rome
             ;
             and
             Cicero
             above
             the
             rest
             ,
             who
             had
             rashly
             drawn
             upon
             himself
             the
             hatred
             of
             a
             Man
             ,
             of
             so
             great
             Credit
             ,
             and
             one
             rash
             and
             violent
             ,
             even
             to
             madness
             ;
             so
             that
             from
             that
             time
             he
             thought
             to
             assist
             himself
             ,
             by
             making
             a
             friendship
             with
             Pompey
             against
             Clodius
             ,
             who
             meditated
             nothing
             but
             Revenge
             ,
             and
             to
             
             bring
             it
             in
             some
             measure
             about
             ,
             had
             contrived
             under-hand
             to
             get
             himself
             the
             Tribuneship
             .
             But
             considering
             he
             was
             of
             one
             of
             the
             first
             Families
             of
             the
             Patricians
             ,
             who
             never
             were
             wont
             to
             be
             received
             into
             those
             charges
             ,
             Metellus
             his
             own
             Brother-in-Law
             opposed
             his
             Design
             ,
             and
             he
             lost
             it
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             Pompey
             makes
             the
             Consuls
             :
             He
             ruffles
             the
             Senate
             .
             The
             union
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             AFter
             this
             ,
             Pompey
             again
             began
             to
             solicite
             the
             Confirmation
             of
             all
             that
             he
             had
             done
             in
             Asia
             ,
             and
             a
             reward
             for
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             for
             which
             he
             demanded
             the
             setting
             apart
             of
             certain
             Lands
             :
             He
             had
             already
             prevailed
             by
             his
             Credit
             in
             the
             Election
             of
             two
             Consuls
             ,
             
               Metellus
               Celer
            
             ,
             and
             *
             Afranius
             ,
             but
             quickly
             found
             himself
             mistaken
             in
             his
             Choice
             :
             Afranius
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             man
             wholly
             given
             over
             to
             his
             Pleasure
             ,
             never
             acquired
             to
             himself
             any
             Authority
             in
             the
             Senate
             ;
             and
             Metellus
             drowned
             every
             thought
             of
             any
             new
             obligation
             he
             had
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             in
             remembrance
             of
             the
             Disgrace
             done
             to
             his
             Sister
             
               Mutia
               .
               Cato
            
             on
             the
             other
             side
             set
             all
             his
             Power
             against
             the
             Interests
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             Lucullus
             was
             for
             being
             revenged
             of
             him
             ,
             for
             that
             he
             had
             
             deprived
             him
             of
             the
             Honour
             of
             Triumphing
             over
             Mithridates
             :
             The
             ordinary
             methods
             upon
             these
             Occasions
             ,
             was
             the
             gaining
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             .
             The
             People
             being
             always
             managed
             and
             guided
             by
             those
             Magistrates
             set
             over
             them
             for
             the
             defence
             of
             their
             Privileges
             against
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             upon
             this
             pretence
             the
             Tribunes
             usually
             supported
             themselves
             ,
             their
             Authority
             well
             managed
             ,
             being
             so
             highly
             respected
             ,
             that
             they
             had
             power
             of
             Imprisoning
             even
             the
             Consuls
             themselves
             .
             Flavius
             one
             of
             these
             Tribunes
             ,
             proposed
             the
             Edict
             or
             Law
             for
             the
             reward
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             .
             Metellus
             interposed
             with
             his
             Authority
             for
             the
             hindrance
             of
             it
             ,
             till
             the
             Contest
             rising
             even
             to
             blows
             and
             bloudshed
             ,
             the
             Tribune
             caused
             the
             Consul
             to
             be
             Arrested
             ;
             and
             when
             the
             Senate
             in
             a
             whole
             body
             would
             have
             made
             themselves
             Prisoners
             with
             him
             ,
             placed
             his
             Tribunal
             at
             the
             Prison
             door
             ,
             and
             forbad
             them
             entrance
             .
             Upon
             which
             the
             Senate
             caused
             in
             another
             place
             the
             walls
             to
             be
             broken
             down
             ,
             so
             that
             by
             these
             means
             it
             came
             to
             pass
             that
             private
             hatred
             ,
             interest
             ,
             and
             each
             particular
             passion
             ,
             began
             dayly
             to
             mingle
             themselves
             in
             Rome
             ,
             disguised
             in
             the
             business
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             .
             And
             by
             this
             example
             we
             may
             reasonably
             judge
             of
             all
             other
             such
             Quarrels
             ;
             The
             constancy
             of
             the
             Senate
             began
             to
             shake
             the
             resolutions
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             evermore
             judge
             of
             all
             extraordinary
             Actions
             by
             their
             
             outward
             appearances
             .
             This
             Pompey
             quickly
             perceived
             ,
             and
             made
             it
             his
             request
             to
             the
             Tribune
             ,
             that
             matters
             might
             be
             accommodated
             ,
             pretending
             Commission
             from
             Metellus
             for
             his
             so
             doing
             ,
             which
             he
             that
             well
             understands
             the
             firmness
             and
             resolution
             of
             that
             Consul
             will
             find
             very
             hard
             to
             believe
             .
             Now
             Caesar
             had
             very
             good
             intelligence
             of
             all
             these
             disturbances
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             reasons
             Pompey
             had
             to
             be
             dissatisfied
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             now
             resolved
             either
             to
             improve
             his
             own
             Authority
             with
             the
             Senate
             ,
             or
             take
             some
             handsome
             opportunity
             to
             quit
             their
             interest
             :
             His
             services
             in
             Spain
             had
             deserved
             the
             Honour
             of
             Triumph
             ,
             since
             it
             had
             been
             often
             allowed
             upon
             less
             occasions
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             he
             demanded
             it
             ,
             and
             declared
             at
             the
             same
             time
             his
             design
             was
             to
             pursue
             also
             the
             Consulship
             .
             Now
             these
             demands
             were
             inconsistent
             ,
             for
             that
             the
             Law
             forbids
             any
             one
             that
             demanded
             the
             Triumph
             entrance
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             required
             that
             whosoever
             sued
             for
             the
             Consulship
             ,
             must
             doe
             it
             in
             his
             proper
             Person
             .
             Caesar
             therefore
             sent
             his
             Letters
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             desiring
             that
             he
             might
             be
             dispensed
             withall
             in
             respect
             of
             those
             Formalities
             .
             But
             Cato
             in
             his
             usual
             manner
             stood
             up
             for
             the
             maintaining
             of
             the
             Laws
             to
             their
             utmost
             rigour
             ,
             and
             his
             Opinion
             prevailed
             above
             all
             others
             ,
             so
             that
             then
             Caesar
             without
             any
             farther
             consideration
             resolved
             to
             renounce
             the
             Triumph
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             Rome
             to
             solicite
             the
             
             Consulship
             .
             And
             as
             he
             very
             well
             understood
             the
             Credit
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             was
             not
             ignorant
             of
             his
             Quarrel
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             this
             appeared
             no
             unfavourable
             juncture
             for
             him
             to
             engage
             himself
             into
             his
             Interests
             .
             Pompey
             on
             the
             other
             side
             was
             no
             less
             glad
             to
             gain
             a
             man
             of
             such
             extraordinary
             Merit
             ,
             and
             the
             Friends
             of
             both
             Parties
             began
             to
             promise
             themselves
             no
             small
             advantages
             from
             the
             union
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             was
             easily
             brought
             about
             ,
             and
             their
             Alliance
             confirmed
             by
             mutual
             Oaths
             .
             When
             this
             was
             done
             ,
             Caesar
             made
             it
             his
             business
             to
             bring
             Crassus
             into
             the
             League
             ,
             who
             seeing
             his
             interest
             too
             weak
             to
             dispute
             it
             with
             two
             such
             Men
             ,
             was
             easily
             persuaded
             to
             strengthen
             it
             by
             joining
             with
             theirs
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             being
             made
             Judge
             of
             the
             Dispute
             between
             Pompey
             and
             him
             ,
             managed
             the
             matter
             so
             well
             ,
             that
             a
             perfect
             Reconciliation
             was
             established
             between
             them
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Subjects
             of
             their
             former
             differences
             utterly
             forgotten
             .
             Now
             nothing
             could
             appear
             outwardly
             an
             Action
             of
             more
             Honour
             ,
             than
             the
             reconciling
             of
             two
             men
             ,
             whose
             hatred
             might
             have
             produced
             so
             terrible
             effects
             as
             theirs
             :
             But
             that
             League
             which
             was
             called
             afterwards
             the
             Triumvirate
             was
             the
             first
             power
             that
             ever
             broke
             in
             upon
             the
             Liberty
             of
             Rome
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             Caesar's
             Consulship
             ,
             and
             what
             follow'd
             .
          
           
             THE
             first
             effect
             of
             it
             was
             the
             promotion
             of
             Caesar
             to
             the
             Consulship
             :
             he
             had
             two
             that
             stood
             against
             him
             ;
             Luceius
             who
             was
             very
             Covetous
             ,
             and
             very
             Rich
             ,
             and
             
               Bibulus
               :
               Luceius
            
             was
             taken
             off
             by
             great
             Promises
             ,
             and
             bribed
             to
             bring
             what
             voices
             he
             could
             for
             Caesar
             :
             The
             Senatours
             who
             supported
             Bibulus
             ,
             made
             a
             voluntary
             Collection
             among
             themselves
             ,
             and
             gave
             as
             much
             on
             their
             side
             :
             So
             that
             Bibulus
             was
             chosen
             with
             
               Caesar.
               Cato
            
             himself
             being
             persuaded
             to
             believe
             that
             the
             Law
             which
             forbad
             all
             manner
             of
             Bribery
             on
             these
             occasions
             ,
             ought
             nevertheless
             at
             that
             time
             to
             give
             place
             to
             the
             interest
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             In
             a
             word
             ,
             Caesar
             was
             chosen
             one
             ,
             and
             from
             that
             time
             wholly
             apply'd
             himself
             to
             win
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             the
             Argument
             he
             wrought
             by
             ,
             was
             the
             Agrarian
             Law
             ;
             this
             Law
             was
             a
             Proposition
             for
             the
             disposal
             of
             such
             Lands
             as
             belong'd
             to
             the
             Republick
             in
             common
             ,
             in
             favour
             of
             the
             poor
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             such
             of
             the
             People
             as
             had
             more
             than
             three
             Children
             .
             The
             People
             it
             is
             to
             be
             imagined
             were
             always
             very
             well
             pleased
             with
             this
             Proposition
             .
             For
             the
             most
             violent
             Mutinies
             that
             had
             
             ever
             hapned
             in
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             ,
             (
             such
             as
             those
             of
             the
             *
             Gracchi
             ,
             and
             others
             )
             had
             been
             made
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             and
             Examples
             are
             to
             be
             found
             of
             the
             like
             nature
             in
             all
             the
             Roman
             History
             .
             Caesar
             had
             besides
             taken
             very
             proper
             methods
             ;
             for
             the
             Law
             was
             drawn
             in
             Terms
             so
             very
             just
             ,
             that
             no
             Censure
             could
             find
             fault
             with
             it
             .
             He
             declared
             to
             the
             Senatours
             that
             he
             would
             think
             of
             doing
             nothing
             without
             their
             Authority
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             not
             propose
             any
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             or
             any
             body
             else
             that
             might
             be
             liable
             to
             suspicion
             as
             Commissioners
             for
             the
             disposal
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             that
             they
             should
             be
             all
             Persons
             of
             Condition
             ,
             such
             as
             had
             well
             discharged
             themselves
             of
             great
             Employments
             ,
             and
             were
             of
             known
             Reputation
             and
             Ability
             :
             This
             fair
             and
             cautious
             way
             of
             dealing
             left
             hardly
             any
             room
             for
             contradiction
             .
             But
             all
             this
             while
             the
             Senate
             had
             it
             in
             their
             Power
             ,
             if
             they
             thought
             fitting
             to
             oppose
             this
             Law.
             So
             that
             from
             day
             to
             day
             the
             affair
             was
             adjourned
             :
             Till
             at
             last
             Cato
             pulling
             off
             the
             Mask
             ,
             declared
             how
             it
             was
             not
             to
             be
             suffered
             that
             any
             thing
             of
             the
             present
             Estate
             should
             be
             changed
             ,
             the
             Senatours
             all
             pronounced
             their
             Opinion
             to
             be
             the
             same
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             complaining
             of
             the
             injustice
             and
             stubborness
             of
             the
             Senate
             remitted
             the
             affair
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             taking
             with
             him
             Pompey
             and
             Crassus
             ,
             whose
             advice
             he
             asked
             concerning
             this
             Law
             :
             They
             both
             of
             them
             approved
             
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             declared
             that
             if
             those
             who
             opposed
             it
             should
             come
             with
             their
             Swords
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             he
             would
             oppose
             his
             Sword
             and
             his
             Shield
             against
             them
             ,
             so
             a
             day
             was
             appointed
             for
             the
             publishing
             of
             this
             Law.
             The
             People
             gathered
             together
             in
             great
             numbers
             ,
             and
             spight
             of
             all
             opposition
             to
             the
             company
             ,
             drove
             Cato
             and
             Bibulus
             himself
             with
             stones
             and
             clubs
             from
             off
             the
             place
             ;
             the
             Consuls
             Axes
             were
             broken
             in
             pieces
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             approving
             the
             Ordinance
             ,
             declared
             they
             would
             have
             all
             the
             Senatours
             swear
             to
             the
             observation
             of
             it
             .
             Almost
             all
             of
             them
             took
             the
             Oath
             except
             
               Cato
               ,
               Metellus
            
             and
             Favonius
             ,
             who
             nevertheless
             made
             shift
             to
             swallow
             it
             at
             last
             ,
             to
             save
             the
             Fines
             that
             were
             setting
             on
             their
             heads
             :
             From
             this
             time
             Bibulus
             never
             durst
             venture
             to
             appear
             in
             publick
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             declared
             that
             he
             would
             not
             call
             the
             Senate
             any
             more
             that
             year
             :
             He
             nevertheless
             proceeded
             to
             pass
             several
             Edicts
             before
             the
             People
             in
             spight
             of
             those
             which
             Bibulus
             had
             caused
             to
             be
             fixed
             up
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             whom
             he
             already
             had
             by
             his
             discourse
             brought
             into
             an
             ill
             Opinion
             with
             the
             People
             ,
             as
             did
             appear
             from
             the
             Games
             which
             were
             celebrated
             in
             the
             honour
             of
             Apollo
             ,
             where
             an
             excellent
             Comedian
             called
             Diphilus
             ,
             speaking
             these
             Verses
             ,
             
               
               
                 By
                 our
                 misfortunes
                 thou
                 dost
                 great
                 appear
                 ,
              
               
                 That
                 Title
                 once
                 may
                 chance
                 to
                 cost
                 thee
                 dear
                 .
              
            
             The
             People
             gave
             a
             general
             Applause
             ,
             and
             made
             the
             Player
             repeat
             it
             over
             and
             over
             Now
             this
             made
             Pompey
             think
             it
             convenient
             to
             enter
             into
             a
             stricter
             union
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             by
             the
             Alliances
             of
             Consanguinity
             .
             So
             he
             Wedded
             Iulia
             the
             Daughter
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             was
             very
             Beautifull
             ,
             very
             Vertuous
             ,
             and
             lived
             very
             well
             with
             him
             ;
             Caesar
             took
             also
             to
             Wife
             Calphurnia
             ,
             the
             Daugher
             of
             
               Lucius
               Piso
            
             ,
             whom
             they
             designed
             Consul
             for
             the
             year
             ensuing
             ,
             with
             Gabinius
             a
             Creature
             of
             Pompey's
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             all
             that
             Pompey
             had
             done
             in
             Asia
             was
             confirmed
             and
             approved
             of
             ,
             and
             the
             Government
             of
             all
             Gaul
             and
             Illyria
             was
             given
             to
             Caesar
             for
             five
             years
             ,
             with
             the
             command
             of
             four
             Legions
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             The
             pursuit
             of
             Caesar's
             Consulship
             .
             The
             Affair
             of
             
               Vettius
               ;
               Clodius
            
             admitted
             into
             the
             popular
             Order
             .
             The
             Banishment
             of
             Cicero
             .
          
           
             THIS
             manner
             of
             proceeding
             extremely
             Allarum'd
             the
             Senate
             ,
             every
             one
             laught
             at
             them
             publickly
             for
             their
             idleness
             ,
             and
             negligence
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             head
             of
             those
             Acts
             where
             used
             to
             be
             inscribed
             the
             names
             of
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             some
             body
             or
             other
             instead
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Bibulus
             ,
             wrote
             onely
             
               Caius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             and
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             which
             were
             onely
             two
             names
             ,
             belonging
             to
             one
             man
             ;
             besides
             the
             Affair
             of
             Vettius
             appeared
             greatly
             to
             increase
             suspicion
             ,
             which
             was
             thus
             .
             He
             declared
             that
             
               Bibulus
               ,
               Lucullus
               ,
               Domitius
            
             and
             Curio
             had
             endeavour'd
             the
             persuading
             of
             him
             to
             murther
             Pompey
             ;
             indeed
             he
             did
             not
             name
             Cicero
             ,
             but
             gave
             very
             shrewd
             signs
             of
             him
             ,
             by
             saying
             ,
             That
             a
             certain
             man
             of
             consular
             Dignity
             ,
             very
             Eloquent
             ,
             and
             a
             Neighbour
             to
             Bibulus
             ,
             had
             told
             him
             that
             they
             never
             stood
             in
             more
             need
             than
             now
             of
             a
             man
             bold
             and
             enterprising
             as
             *
             Hala
             ,
             or
             the
             †
             Ancient
             Brutus
             .
             Adding
             moreover
             ,
             that
             Bibulus
             had
             given
             him
             a
             Dagger
             .
             This
             last
             deposition
             appear'd
             but
             as
             a
             mere
             jeast
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             as
             if
             Daggers
             had
             been
             so
             very
             scarce
             at
             Rome
             ,
             that
             no
             
             man
             could
             furnish
             himself
             with
             one
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             hands
             of
             a
             Consul
             :
             Besides
             ,
             Bibulus
             himself
             had
             given
             Pompey
             notice
             to
             beware
             of
             some
             Treason
             which
             threatned
             him
             ;
             it
             came
             to
             pass
             too
             ,
             afterwards
             ,
             that
             Vettius
             named
             Paulus
             ,
             for
             the
             chief
             of
             the
             Conspiracy
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             very
             much
             to
             be
             believed
             that
             there
             were
             some
             more
             particular
             reasons
             than
             ordinary
             that
             moved
             him
             to
             it
             .
             Cicero
             says
             it
             was
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             mind
             to
             bring
             a
             reproach
             upon
             Curio
             ,
             a
             young
             man
             of
             great
             expectations
             ,
             but
             utterly
             opposite
             to
             his
             interest
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             the
             Senate
             committed
             Vettius
             to
             Prison
             ,
             upon
             pretence
             that
             he
             had
             worn
             Arms
             contrary
             to
             the
             Law
             in
             that
             case
             provided
             .
             So
             that
             every
             body
             according
             to
             their
             own
             inclination
             gave
             their
             particular
             account
             of
             this
             business
             :
             But
             all
             disputes
             of
             that
             nature
             were
             quickly
             ended
             by
             the
             fate
             of
             Vettius
             ,
             who
             died
             in
             Prison
             ,
             and
             being
             one
             of
             but
             obscure
             condition
             ,
             there
             was
             no
             body
             who
             took
             very
             great
             pains
             to
             enquire
             how
             he
             came
             by
             his
             end
             .
             The
             management
             of
             Cicero
             in
             all
             this
             business
             began
             to
             render
             him
             very
             much
             suspected
             to
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             and
             he
             had
             lost
             his
             reputation
             with
             them
             utterly
             by
             a
             discourse
             which
             he
             made
             against
             Caesar
             in
             pleading
             for
             
               Caius
               Antonius
            
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             his
             Collegue
             in
             the
             Consulship
             .
             Caesar
             thought
             it
             not
             by
             any
             means
             worth
             his
             while
             to
             contend
             with
             Cicero
             in
             ill
             Language
             and
             Railing
             ,
             and
             therefore
             
             took
             another
             way
             to
             revenge
             himself
             ,
             and
             the
             very
             same
             day
             wrought
             the
             People
             to
             give
             their
             consent
             for
             the
             Adoption
             of
             Clodius
             .
             This
             man
             who
             laboured
             by
             all
             means
             imaginable
             for
             the
             ruine
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             aspired
             (
             as
             was
             said
             before
             )
             to
             the
             charge
             of
             the
             Tribuneship
             ,
             and
             to
             take
             away
             the
             objection
             against
             that
             pretence
             ,
             of
             his
             being
             of
             the
             Family
             of
             the
             Patricians
             ,
             had
             procured
             himself
             to
             be
             Adopted
             by
             a
             man
             among
             the
             People
             ,
             called
             Flavius
             .
             Now
             it
             was
             necessary
             that
             the
             People
             should
             confirm
             this
             Adoption
             by
             their
             Approbation
             ,
             and
             this
             was
             brought
             to
             pass
             wholly
             by
             the
             Authority
             of
             
               Caesar.
               Cicero
            
             was
             too-sharp
             sighted
             not
             to
             discern
             easily
             whither
             this
             matter
             tended
             ;
             but
             was
             sufficiently
             convinced
             when
             he
             saw
             Clodius
             made
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             :
             He
             appealed
             for
             Protection
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             laboured
             underhand
             among
             the
             order
             of
             Knights
             ,
             with
             whom
             he
             was
             in
             very
             great
             esteem
             ,
             in
             regard
             that
             he
             had
             once
             fallen
             out
             with
             Cato
             himself
             ,
             for
             the
             supporting
             of
             the
             Farmers
             in
             their
             Rights
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             ,
             who
             were
             almost
             all
             of
             them
             belonging
             to
             that
             order
             .
             But
             his
             strongest
             hope
             was
             in
             the
             Friendship
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             with
             whom
             he
             had
             always
             preserved
             a
             very
             strict
             Alliance
             :
             But
             Pompey
             had
             already
             sacrificed
             every
             thing
             of
             that
             kind
             to
             the
             inclinations
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Crassus
             ,
             whom
             Cicero
             had
             mortally
             offended
             by
             
             that
             eternal
             itch
             which
             he
             had
             to
             be
             jeasting
             .
             Pompey
             assured
             him
             nevertheless
             of
             his
             Protection
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             offered
             to
             make
             him
             his
             Lieutenant
             General
             :
             't
             is
             true
             ,
             he
             had
             a
             very
             good
             stomach
             to
             that
             employment
             :
             But
             Pompey
             advised
             him
             not
             to
             leave
             Rome
             ,
             and
             Clodius
             found
             too
             a
             device
             now
             to
             delude
             him
             with
             false
             hopes
             of
             Reconcilement
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             his
             Sister
             ,
             (
             whom
             some
             of
             Cicero's
             Friends
             entirely
             governed
             )
             to
             the
             end
             that
             he
             might
             be
             confounded
             ,
             and
             born
             down
             ,
             e'er
             he
             could
             think
             of
             any
             measures
             for
             his
             defence
             :
             In
             short
             ,
             all
             the
             world
             conspired
             to
             deceive
             him
             ,
             the
             piercing
             judgment
             and
             delicacy
             of
             Apprehension
             ,
             upon
             which
             he
             was
             wont
             so
             much
             to
             value
             himself
             ,
             became
             absolutely
             unserviceable
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             and
             he
             knew
             not
             what
             was
             contrived
             against
             him
             till
             it
             was
             too
             late
             ,
             and
             impossible
             to
             avoid
             it
             .
             Clodius
             by
             the
             distributions
             of
             Corn
             ,
             which
             he
             made
             of
             his
             own
             free
             gift
             among
             the
             Poor
             ,
             began
             to
             get
             ground
             in
             the
             good
             Opinion
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             forbad
             the
             Censors
             to
             set
             the
             mark
             of
             Infamy
             upon
             any
             man
             ,
             without
             the
             consent
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             and
             Roman
             Knights
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             principal
             movement
             of
             all
             ,
             he
             proposed
             the
             Law
             for
             enquiring
             into
             all
             such
             as
             had
             caused
             any
             Roman
             Citizen
             to
             be
             put
             to
             death
             ,
             without
             having
             time
             given
             him
             to
             make
             his
             defence
             .
             And
             now
             every
             one
             began
             to
             see
             the
             danger
             
             which
             threatned
             Cicero
             ;
             all
             his
             wonted
             constancy
             forsook
             him
             ,
             and
             he
             went
             up
             and
             down
             the
             City
             ,
             soliciting
             his
             Cause
             from
             House
             to
             House
             in
             a
             mourning
             Robe
             ,
             with
             his
             Beard
             grown
             long
             ,
             and
             his
             hair
             unregarded
             ,
             attended
             by
             Roman
             Knights
             ,
             to
             the
             number
             of
             twenty
             thousand
             ,
             all
             bearing
             him
             company
             ,
             and
             beseeching
             in
             his
             behalf
             :
             Besides
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             young
             men
             of
             Noble
             Families
             ,
             who
             had
             learnt
             of
             him
             the
             rules
             of
             Eloquence
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             the
             very
             Sons
             of
             Crassus
             .
             But
             Clodius
             ,
             followed
             by
             a
             number
             of
             armed
             Souldiers
             ,
             insulted
             over
             him
             ,
             and
             reproached
             him
             with
             the
             meanness
             of
             his
             behaviour
             ,
             till
             it
             almost
             came
             to
             the
             throwing
             of
             stones
             and
             dirt
             at
             each
             other
             .
             But
             the
             respect
             which
             was
             always
             had
             to
             the
             Office
             of
             Tribunes
             ,
             their
             Persons
             being
             held
             as
             Sacred
             ,
             hindred
             any
             of
             Cicero's
             side
             from
             returning
             the
             injuries
             that
             were
             offered
             ,
             yet
             nevertheless
             the
             Senatours
             were
             of
             Opinion
             to
             order
             a
             general
             habit
             of
             mourning
             ;
             but
             Piso
             and
             Gabinius
             ,
             who
             were
             Consuls
             ,
             hindered
             the
             debate
             from
             coming
             to
             any
             conclusion
             ,
             and
             Clodius
             summoning
             them
             to
             appear
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             all
             that
             Piso
             said
             ,
             was
             ,
             That
             he
             took
             no
             delight
             in
             Cruelty
             ,
             but
             Gabinius
             condemned
             the
             Consulship
             of
             Cicero
             .
             His
             onely
             retreat
             now
             was
             to
             the
             favour
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             was
             indeed
             able
             to
             have
             done
             him
             good
             service
             ,
             as
             well
             by
             the
             Alliance
             he
             had
             with
             Clodius
             ,
             as
             also
             by
             his
             Authority
             with
             Gabinius
             ,
             who
             depended
             absolutely
             upon
             him
             :
             But
             Pompey
             would
             
             have
             nothing
             to
             doe
             in
             the
             matter
             ,
             and
             when
             Cicero
             came
             to
             prefer
             his
             Cause
             to
             him
             ,
             made
             his
             escape
             by
             a
             back
             door
             to
             avoid
             seeing
             of
             him
             .
             He
             found
             himself
             now
             reduced
             to
             the
             last
             necessity
             of
             taking
             up
             Arms
             for
             the
             defence
             of
             his
             life
             ,
             which
             he
             might
             easily
             have
             done
             ,
             and
             would
             have
             found
             a
             great
             many
             followers
             .
             But
             War
             was
             not
             his
             Province
             ,
             or
             as
             he
             said
             himself
             ,
             Not
             being
             able
             to
             bear
             the
             bloudshed
             of
             his
             Countrey-men
             ,
             and
             Fellow-Citizens
             ,
             he
             resolved
             upon
             the
             advice
             of
             Cato
             and
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             to
             withdraw
             himself
             :
             so
             taking
             a
             little
             statue
             of
             Minerva
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             in
             his
             House
             ,
             he
             carried
             it
             to
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             and
             made
             a
             Dedication
             of
             it
             there
             ,
             with
             this
             Inscription
             ,
             To
             Minerva
             
               the
               Guardian
               of
               the
               City
            
             .
             So
             immediately
             left
             Rome
             ,
             and
             went
             into
             Sicily
             .
             After
             this
             retreat
             ,
             Clodius
             caused
             Cicero
             to
             be
             banished
             by
             the
             Votes
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             forbidding
             any
             one
             to
             receive
             ,
             or
             give
             him
             entertainment
             within
             five
             hundred
             miles
             of
             the
             City
             .
             After
             this
             he
             caused
             his
             Palaces
             both
             in
             the
             City
             and
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             to
             be
             demolished
             ,
             and
             Dedicated
             the
             ground
             whereon
             that
             in
             the
             City
             stood
             ,
             to
             the
             Goddess
             Concordia
             ,
             which
             was
             a
             proceeding
             never
             till
             then
             used
             towards
             any
             man
             ,
             who
             had
             not
             been
             declared
             a
             Traitor
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             he
             omitted
             nothing
             which
             might
             express
             all
             that
             it
             was
             possible
             for
             hatred
             and
             revenge
             to
             inspire
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
             The
             departure
             of
             Caesar
             for
             the
             Gallick
             War
             ,
             and
             the
             return
             of
             Cicero
             .
          
           
             AS
             we
             may
             justly
             call
             these
             Proceedings
             the
             Preludes
             of
             Civil
             War
             ,
             in
             regard
             they
             were
             effects
             of
             the
             Union
             of
             Pompey
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             according
             to
             the
             Opinion
             of
             Cato
             ,
             ruined
             the
             Foundations
             of
             the
             Roman
             Liberty
             .
             It
             will
             be
             necessary
             that
             we
             now
             come
             to
             particulars
             .
             Caesar
             left
             Rome
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             and
             indeed
             with
             something
             more
             haste
             than
             was
             ordinary
             .
             In
             regard
             he
             was
             threatned
             to
             be
             called
             to
             an
             account
             of
             his
             Conduct
             during
             his
             Consulship
             ;
             some
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             whom
             he
             had
             gained
             to
             his
             Party
             ,
             opposed
             the
             business
             ,
             in
             regard
             he
             was
             then
             absent
             upon
             the
             Service
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             yet
             could
             not
             carry
             it
             so
             ,
             but
             that
             his
             Questor
             or
             Treasurer
             was
             condemned
             .
             Caesar
             was
             then
             beginning
             the
             War
             against
             the
             Gauls
             ,
             whom
             he
             afterwards
             Conquered
             ,
             Pompey
             remaining
             alone
             at
             Rome
             with
             an
             absolute
             Authority
             ,
             for
             Crassus
             appeared
             wholly
             taken
             up
             with
             increasing
             his
             own
             private
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             improving
             its
             Revenues
             ;
             Cicero
             was
             Banished
             ,
             and
             Lucullus
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             onely
             man
             capable
             of
             disputing
             the
             first
             Post
             ,
             by
             his
             merit
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             Actions
             he
             had
             done
             ,
             had
             setled
             himself
             in
             a
             private
             retreat
             ,
             where
             he
             enjoyed
             all
             those
             pleasures
             of
             Magnificence
             ,
             
             and
             perfect
             living
             ,
             upon
             which
             the
             Proverb
             was
             afterwards
             grounded
             of
             Lucullus
             his
             Meal
             .
             Now
             this
             opportunity
             put
             it
             into
             Clodius's
             head
             (
             who
             was
             as
             vain
             and
             extravagant
             as
             was
             necessary
             for
             such
             a
             Project
             )
             to
             establish
             his
             Reputation
             upon
             the
             Ruine
             of
             Pompey's
             .
             The
             happy
             success
             of
             his
             Designs
             hitherto
             ,
             and
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             made
             nothing
             appear
             impossible
             to
             his
             hopes
             .
             So
             he
             immediately
             took
             off
             Cato
             upon
             pretence
             of
             sending
             him
             against
             Ptolemy
             King
             of
             
               Cyprus
               .
               Claudius
            
             thought
             himself
             injured
             by
             that
             Prince
             ;
             because
             ,
             when
             he
             was
             a
             Prisoner
             among
             the
             Corsaires
             ,
             he
             sent
             him
             onely
             two
             Talents
             to
             pay
             his
             Ransome
             :
             This
             Ptolemy
             was
             very
             rich
             ,
             and
             having
             gotten
             intelligence
             that
             the
             Romans
             would
             declare
             War
             against
             him
             ,
             put
             himself
             to
             Sea
             with
             the
             best
             part
             of
             his
             Treasure
             .
             Clodius
             apply'd
             himself
             next
             to
             the
             business
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             setting
             the
             Sons
             of
             Tygranes
             ,
             over
             whom
             Pompey
             had
             Triumphed
             ,
             out
             of
             Prison
             .
             Gabinius
             would
             needs
             oppose
             this
             mad
             proceeding
             ,
             but
             Clodius
             guarded
             by
             armed
             Slaves
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             drawn
             out
             of
             the
             Mountains
             of
             Tuscany
             ,
             attack'd
             him
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             broke
             the
             Axes
             which
             were
             carry'd
             before
             him
             ,
             as
             Consul
             ,
             and
             wounded
             a
             great
             many
             of
             those
             that
             followed
             him
             .
             Now
             Pompey
             saw
             by
             this
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             high
             time
             for
             him
             to
             take
             other
             measures
             ,
             and
             upon
             consideration
             could
             think
             of
             no
             man
             so
             fit
             for
             the
             purpose
             ,
             as
             Milo
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             too
             Tribune
             ,
             a
             man
             fond
             of
             any
             
             undertaking
             ,
             wherein
             there
             appeared
             a
             prospect
             of
             Preferment
             ;
             besides
             ,
             he
             was
             Cicero's
             Friend
             ,
             and
             stout
             to
             the
             last
             extremity
             :
             Pompey
             resolved
             too
             to
             have
             Cicero
             recalled
             ,
             and
             to
             that
             end
             used
             his
             best
             interest
             with
             his
             Friends
             :
             To
             this
             design
             ,
             Clodius
             opposed
             himself
             ,
             and
             was
             seconded
             in
             it
             by
             his
             Brother
             Appius
             ,
             and
             
               Metellus
               Nepos
            
             ,
             who
             was
             chosen
             Consul
             for
             a
             little
             while
             ,
             and
             had
             been
             an
             ancient
             Enemy
             of
             Cicero's
             :
             The
             other
             Consul
             Lentulus
             ,
             whom
             Clodius
             hated
             ;
             for
             that
             he
             had
             been
             against
             him
             in
             the
             affair
             of
             Pompeia
             ,
             declared
             himself
             openly
             for
             Cicero
             ,
             as
             did
             all
             the
             Senate
             .
             Upon
             this
             ,
             Quintus
             follows
             with
             all
             diligence
             the
             calling
             home
             of
             Cicero
             his
             Brother
             ,
             and
             Milo
             was
             to
             publish
             the
             Proclamation
             :
             Therefore
             as
             each
             of
             these
             two
             Parties
             supported
             themselves
             under
             the
             Authority
             of
             one
             of
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             the
             Sedition
             grew
             to
             be
             very
             terrible
             .
             Now
             the
             Romans
             were
             wont
             to
             be
             very
             expensive
             in
             the
             Pomp
             of
             their
             Funerals
             ,
             and
             amongst
             many
             other
             shews
             ,
             used
             to
             exhibite
             those
             which
             were
             called
             the
             
               Funeral
               Sports
            
             ,
             where
             after
             a
             barbarous
             manner
             the
             Gladiatours
             fought
             to
             the
             utmost
             earnest
             ,
             and
             slew
             one
             another
             in
             honour
             of
             the
             dead
             person
             ,
             whose
             Memory
             they
             Celebrated
             :
             Appius
             had
             upon
             this
             occasion
             a
             great
             number
             of
             these
             to
             pay
             those
             last
             Offices
             of
             Duty
             to
             one
             of
             his
             dead
             Relations
             .
             Clodius
             assisted
             by
             these
             Gladiatours
             ,
             threw
             himself
             among
             the
             People
             that
             were
             gathered
             together
             for
             the
             recalling
             of
             Cicero
             :
             Upon
             which
             
             arose
             the
             most
             horrid
             disorders
             imaginable
             :
             many
             of
             the
             People
             were
             killed
             ,
             the
             Tribunes
             were
             wounded
             ,
             and
             Quintus
             was
             almost
             overwhelmed
             with
             the
             bodies
             of
             the
             dead
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             People
             ,
             unprepared
             for
             such
             a
             surprisal
             ,
             separated
             themselves
             and
             fled
             .
             But
             after
             a
             day
             or
             two
             Milo
             seised
             upon
             Clodius
             ,
             and
             carried
             him
             before
             the
             Pretors
             ,
             to
             answer
             for
             those
             violences
             ,
             Metellus
             forbad
             the
             Pretors
             to
             take
             any
             cognisance
             of
             the
             matter
             ,
             so
             that
             at
             last
             Milo
             gathering
             together
             the
             trustiest
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             being
             guarded
             by
             the
             Gladiatours
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             fiercely
             Conducted
             Cicero's
             Brother
             into
             the
             publick
             place
             .
             This
             Tribune
             indeed
             seemed
             as
             if
             made
             on
             purpose
             for
             the
             opposing
             of
             Clodius
             ,
             for
             he
             was
             every
             way
             as
             mutinous
             as
             he
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             bottom
             was
             stouter
             ,
             Clodius
             upon
             this
             returns
             ,
             where
             it
             wanted
             but
             a
             hairs
             breadth
             of
             coming
             to
             a
             downright
             Battel
             ,
             but
             that
             after
             a
             little
             bloud
             drawn
             as
             well
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             as
             the
             other
             ,
             Clodius
             was
             beaten
             off
             ,
             and
             
               Mark
               Anthony
            
             ,
             who
             was
             young
             ,
             and
             at
             that
             time
             in
             Cicero's
             Party
             follow'd
             him
             with
             his
             Sword
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             and
             had
             certainly
             killed
             him
             ,
             had
             he
             not
             made
             his
             escape
             into
             the
             house
             of
             a
             certain
             Bookseller
             ,
             who
             concealed
             him
             under
             his
             Books
             .
             So
             that
             Cicero's
             Friends
             remaining
             Masters
             of
             the
             Field
             ,
             caused
             a
             Decree
             to
             be
             passed
             for
             his
             return
             ,
             and
             there
             appeared
             at
             that
             time
             so
             good
             an
             understanding
             between
             the
             Senate
             and
             the
             People
             ,
             that
             of
             four
             hundred
             Senatours
             ,
             there
             was
             
             none
             but
             Clodius
             ,
             who
             was
             not
             for
             him
             ;
             we
             may
             see
             in
             his
             works
             the
             Glory
             and
             Pomp
             of
             his
             return
             ,
             with
             what
             an
             Air
             he
             spoke
             ,
             and
             after
             what
             manner
             he
             treated
             those
             that
             had
             injured
             him
             ,
             how
             he
             transported
             himself
             against
             
               Piso
               ,
               Gabinius
            
             ,
             and
             even
             poor
             Clodia
             too
             ,
             whose
             Reputation
             he
             Massacred
             after
             a
             most
             merciless
             manner
             in
             the
             defence
             of
             Caelius
             .
             But
             this
             being
             little
             to
             our
             present
             purpose
             ,
             let
             it
             suffice
             to
             say
             ,
             that
             as
             he
             had
             too
             much
             wit
             not
             to
             take
             warning
             by
             Examples
             past
             ,
             he
             took
             care
             to
             reform
             his
             Conduct
             and
             his
             Manners
             ;
             he
             therefore
             applyed
             himself
             wholly
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             whom
             he
             finding
             leagued
             so
             absolutely
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             durst
             not
             attempt
             the
             breach
             of
             their
             Alliance
             ,
             judging
             very
             well
             (
             as
             he
             himself
             has
             expressed
             it
             )
             that
             it
             would
             have
             been
             but
             folly
             to
             have
             hoped
             it
             ,
             and
             insolence
             to
             have
             proposed
             it
             ;
             He
             therefore
             sent
             his
             Brother
             into
             Caesar's
             service
             ,
             and
             maintain'd
             that
             way
             an
             honest
             and
             fair
             Correspondency
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             he
             took
             all
             the
             measures
             of
             an
             exact
             Courtier
             ,
             as
             well
             (
             as
             he
             himself
             afterwards
             acknowledged
             )
             in
             respect
             of
             their
             present
             Union
             ,
             as
             of
             the
             Division
             that
             might
             in
             time
             happen
             between
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VIII
             .
             Cicero
             unites
             himself
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             is
             chosen
             Consul
             with
             Crassus
             .
             Their
             union
             with
             Caesar
             after
             the
             first
             Triumvirate
             .
          
           
             UPon
             this
             return
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             there
             arose
             so
             great
             a
             want
             and
             scarcity
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             especially
             of
             Corn
             ,
             that
             the
             People
             were
             gathered
             together
             twice
             ,
             and
             almost
             ready
             to
             stone
             the
             Consul
             ,
             threatning
             to
             fire
             the
             Temple
             of
             Concord
             where
             the
             Senate
             was
             assembled
             ;
             Clodius
             besides
             exaggerated
             their
             madness
             ,
             by
             laying
             all
             to
             Cicero's
             charge
             ,
             so
             that
             that
             night
             they
             demanded
             the
             distribution
             of
             Corn
             from
             Cicero
             ,
             with
             great
             noise
             and
             clamour
             ,
             and
             the
             next
             day
             again
             at
             the
             very
             door
             of
             the
             Senate-house
             ,
             which
             obliged
             him
             to
             propose
             ,
             that
             Pompey
             might
             be
             Commissionated
             to
             manage
             the
             Provisions
             of
             Rome
             ,
             with
             an
             absolute
             Authority
             ,
             both
             by
             Land
             and
             Sea
             for
             the
             space
             of
             five
             years
             .
             Nor
             could
             he
             better
             acquit
             himself
             of
             the
             obligations
             he
             had
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             than
             by
             putting
             into
             his
             hands
             the
             whole
             strength
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             ,
             and
             in
             consideration
             of
             the
             present
             exigency
             ,
             his
             advice
             was
             approved
             of
             .
             But
             it
             was
             believed
             ,
             and
             Clodius
             took
             upon
             him
             to
             declare
             it
             publickly
             ,
             that
             the
             want
             of
             Corn
             was
             no
             better
             than
             a
             design
             contrived
             betwixt
             them
             both
             ,
             for
             the
             bringing
             about
             that
             purpose
             ,
             since
             immediately
             ,
             upon
             putting
             the
             business
             into
             Pompey's
             hands
             ,
             there
             appeared
             
             all
             the
             Plenty
             imaginable
             ,
             and
             the
             Authority
             remained
             in
             him
             five
             years
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             as
             Caesar's
             Conquests
             established
             him
             great
             reputation
             at
             Rome
             ,
             so
             his
             Humanity
             ,
             and
             other
             excellent
             qualities
             ,
             absolutely
             gain'd
             to
             him
             the
             hearts
             and
             affections
             of
             the
             Souldiery
             under
             his
             Command
             ;
             neither
             did
             the
             business
             of
             his
             Wars
             abroad
             employ
             him
             so
             much
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             had
             an
             eye
             too
             towards
             his
             affairs
             at
             home
             .
             He
             took
             care
             to
             send
             Magnificent
             Presents
             to
             the
             Ladies
             ,
             and
             all
             those
             that
             were
             in
             any
             Authority
             ;
             the
             Voluntiers
             ,
             who
             went
             with
             him
             into
             Gaul
             ,
             were
             entertained
             by
             him
             with
             a
             thousand
             obligations
             ,
             and
             returned
             home
             full
             of
             the
             Praises
             of
             his
             Generosity
             .
             He
             returned
             afterwards
             to
             Winter
             in
             Italy
             ,
             a
             great
             part
             whereof
             ,
             by
             the
             name
             of
             the
             
               Cisalpine
               Gaul
            
             ,
             was
             under
             his
             command
             ,
             which
             is
             at
             present
             all
             Lombardy
             entire
             ,
             comprehending
             
               Piedmont
               ,
               Milain
            
             ,
             the
             State
             of
             Venice
             in
             Italy
             ;
             in
             short
             ,
             all
             as
             far
             as
             the
             River
             
               Rubicon
               .
               Pompey
               ,
               Crassus
            
             ,
             and
             almost
             all
             the
             Magistracy
             of
             Rome
             went
             to
             visit
             him
             at
             Lucca
             ,
             where
             he
             then
             resided
             .
             They
             went
             attended
             with
             *
             Lictors
             ,
             to
             the
             number
             of
             Six
             and
             twenty
             ;
             Twelve
             whereof
             carried
             the
             Axes
             before
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             waited
             upon
             the
             other
             Magistrates
             according
             to
             their
             quality
             and
             rank
             .
             It
             was
             in
             this
             place
             that
             the
             Triumvirate
             took
             new
             measures
             for
             their
             more
             strict
             union
             ,
             and
             the
             strengthning
             their
             Authority
             :
             They
             resolved
             that
             Pompey
             and
             Crassus
             should
             demand
             the
             Consulship
             for
             the
             
             following
             year
             ,
             and
             that
             Caesar
             should
             hold
             his
             Government
             five
             years
             longer
             .
             So
             that
             this
             Union
             ,
             which
             they
             disguised
             under
             the
             name
             of
             Friendship
             ,
             was
             ,
             in
             effect
             ,
             no
             other
             thing
             ,
             than
             each
             Man
             's
             private
             Ambition
             ;
             and
             therefore
             we
             ought
             the
             less
             to
             wonder
             ,
             if
             the
             same
             reasons
             that
             united
             them
             now
             ,
             were
             now
             the
             causes
             of
             their
             division
             afterwards
             ,
             when
             each
             of
             them
             began
             to
             think
             he
             was
             strong
             enough
             to
             set
             up
             for
             himself
             .
             Now
             this
             resolution
             of
             theirs
             alarm'd
             all
             those
             of
             the
             Senate
             who
             wished
             well
             to
             the
             Publick
             ;
             and
             *
             Marcellinus
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             new
             Consuls
             ,
             talked
             very
             highly
             upon
             the
             occasion
             ,
             demanding
             of
             Pompey
             and
             Crassus
             ,
             in
             presence
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             if
             they
             pretended
             to
             the
             Consulship
             ,
             to
             which
             Pompey
             reply'd
             fiercely
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             doe
             as
             he
             himself
             thought
             best
             ;
             but
             Crassus
             answer'd
             in
             more
             modest
             terms
             ,
             saying
             ,
             That
             he
             should
             proceed
             according
             to
             what
             he
             judged
             most
             for
             the
             advantage
             of
             the
             Republick
             .
             This
             Dispute
             (
             as
             was
             usual
             on
             the
             like
             occasions
             )
             was
             improved
             almost
             to
             blows
             .
             And
             the
             Senate
             gave
             orders
             for
             a
             common
             habit
             of
             Mourning
             to
             be
             worn
             ,
             as
             in
             cases
             of
             a
             Publick
             calamity
             ,
             and
             the
             reason
             they
             gave
             for
             it
             was
             ,
             that
             the
             Proceedings
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             were
             dangerous
             to
             the
             Government
             Established
             ,
             and
             contrary
             to
             Law.
             Indeed
             ,
             as
             for
             Pompey
             ,
             he
             found
             out
             a
             way
             to
             give
             sufficient
             marks
             of
             the
             Nature
             of
             his
             Ambition
             .
             He
             had
             been
             affronted
             ,
             to
             the
             last
             degree
             ,
             by
             Clodius
             ,
             in
             the
             business
             of
             Ptolemy
             King
             of
             
             Aegypt
             .
             This
             Prince
             having
             been
             driven
             out
             of
             his
             Kingdom
             by
             the
             Rebellion
             of
             his
             Subjects
             ,
             was
             come
             to
             Rome
             to
             demand
             assistence
             ,
             and
             great
             Intrigues
             were
             set
             on
             foot
             for
             the
             Command
             of
             such
             an
             Expedition
             ,
             for
             Ptolemy
             offer'd
             very
             large
             Capitulations
             ;
             Lentulus
             ,
             the
             then
             Consul
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             were
             those
             who
             pursued
             it
             most
             warmly
             ,
             and
             seemed
             to
             have
             the
             strongest
             Interest
             :
             But
             Clodius
             ,
             who
             loved
             neither
             the
             one
             nor
             the
             other
             ,
             opposed
             them
             both
             .
             So
             that
             when
             the
             People
             were
             assembled
             upon
             that
             occasion
             ,
             he
             appeared
             ,
             follow'd
             by
             those
             sort
             of
             Men
             ,
             who
             Cicero
             call'd
             Clodius's
             Working-tools
             ,
             (
             it
             may
             be
             ,
             because
             they
             had
             helped
             him
             to
             demolish
             his
             Palace
             )
             and
             there
             interrupted
             the
             discourse
             of
             Pompey
             with
             shoutings
             and
             clamours
             ;
             and
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             when
             ever
             Clodius
             offer'd
             to
             speak
             ,
             Pompey's
             party
             were
             as
             noisie
             as
             their
             neighbours
             ,
             and
             sung
             out
             lewd
             Lampoons
             against
             Clodius
             and
             his
             Sister
             .
             This
             Clodius
             took
             occasion
             to
             revenge
             ,
             not
             unpleasantly
             ;
             for
             ,
             turning
             about
             to
             those
             who
             were
             of
             his
             side
             ,
             he
             begun
             to
             ask
             of
             them
             ,
             Who
             was
             the
             most
             effeminate
             Commander
             in
             Rome
             ?
             they
             answered
             ,
             Pompey
             .
             Who
             was
             the
             Ladies
             Captain
             ?
             Pompey
             .
             Who
             starved
             the
             People
             ?
             Pompey
             .
             And
             yet
             ,
             Who
             had
             a
             mind
             to
             go
             into
             
               Aegypt
               ?
               Pompey
            
             .
             And
             then
             ,
             when
             he
             demanded
             of
             them
             ,
             Who
             they
             would
             send
             ?
             they
             answer'd
             ,
             Crassus
             :
             who
             indeed
             ,
             for
             all
             the
             friendship
             between
             him
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             had
             privately
             managed
             his
             own
             Interest
             that
             
             way
             having
             Clodius
             for
             him
             among
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             Cato
             in
             the
             Senate
             .
             Clodius
             indeed
             took
             care
             to
             be
             well
             paid
             for
             his
             pains
             ;
             but
             Cato
             proceeded
             out
             of
             down-right
             honesty
             ,
             and
             opposed
             Pompey
             for
             no
             other
             reason
             ,
             than
             that
             a
             Sybill
             had
             Prophesied
             ,
             That
             there
             should
             come
             a
             King
             of
             Aegypt
             to
             ask
             assistence
             of
             the
             Romans
             ;
             That
             they
             ought
             to
             receive
             him
             as
             a
             Friend
             ,
             but
             not
             to
             send
             him
             back
             with
             any
             Troops
             .
             Cato
             had
             a
             high
             dispute
             with
             Pompey
             upon
             this
             subject
             ;
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             after
             having
             hinted
             at
             Crassus
             ,
             without
             naming
             him
             ,
             declared
             ,
             That
             there
             were
             those
             who
             designed
             against
             his
             life
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             should
             take
             care
             to
             guard
             himself
             better
             than
             young
             Scipio
             had
             done
             ,
             who
             was
             put
             to
             death
             by
             Carbo
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             Pompey
             ,
             through
             all
             this
             business
             ,
             managed
             himself
             but
             very
             indifferently
             ,
             and
             was
             outragious
             against
             Clodius
             .
             These
             things
             happened
             before
             the
             Interview
             at
             Lucca
             .
             But
             Pompey
             seeing
             he
             had
             need
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             Clodius
             having
             a
             design
             upon
             the
             Office
             of
             Edilis
             ,
             their
             particular
             Interests
             brought
             them
             soon
             to
             a
             better
             understanding
             ;
             Pompey
             promised
             Clodius
             to
             assist
             him
             in
             his
             pretensions
             ,
             and
             Clodius
             ,
             in
             favour
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             hinder'd
             the
             holding
             of
             the
             Comitia
             ,
             for
             the
             Election
             of
             Magistrates
             (
             for
             so
             the
             Assemblies
             of
             the
             People
             were
             called
             .
             )
             The
             design
             was
             to
             reduce
             the
             State
             of
             Rome
             to
             that
             which
             we
             call
             an
             Interregnum
             ,
             which
             is
             that
             ,
             when
             the
             choice
             of
             Consuls
             failed
             ,
             the
             most
             Illustrious
             of
             the
             Senatours
             should
             take
             the
             charge
             of
             the
             Government
             
             by
             turns
             ,
             each
             whereof
             had
             the
             power
             of
             naming
             Consuls
             when
             it
             was
             his
             day
             ;
             and
             as
             the
             manner
             was
             extraordinary
             ,
             the
             usual
             course
             of
             the
             Law
             was
             herein
             often
             dispensed
             withall
             .
             The
             business
             succeeded
             according
             to
             their
             wishes
             ;
             Domitius
             ,
             onely
             assisted
             by
             Cato
             his
             Brother-in-law
             ,
             presented
             himself
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             in
             competition
             with
             the
             two
             Triumviri
             ,
             but
             they
             having
             filled
             the
             place
             with
             those
             Souldiers
             which
             the
             young
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             had
             brought
             on
             purpose
             out
             of
             Gaul
             ,
             a
             slave
             of
             Domitius
             ,
             that
             carried
             a
             Flambeaux
             before
             him
             ,
             was
             killed
             upon
             the
             spot
             ,
             the
             Master
             himself
             hardly
             escaping
             ,
             and
             Cato
             received
             a
             wound
             in
             his
             Arm
             :
             
             so
             Pompey
             and
             Crassus
             were
             chosen
             ,
             but
             Pompey
             onely
             stood
             charged
             with
             the
             hatred
             which
             so
             unjust
             and
             violent
             a
             proceeding
             did
             really
             deserve
             .
          
           
           
           
           
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             IX
             .
             Pompey
             and
             Crassus
             get
             themselves
             Invested
             in
             Governments
             .
             The
             Cause
             of
             Division
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             TO
             pass
             over
             the
             variety
             of
             matters
             which
             happen'd
             at
             Rome
             ,
             during
             the
             five
             last
             years
             of
             Caesar's
             Government
             ,
             and
             which
             have
             no
             relation
             to
             the
             subject
             in
             hand
             ;
             besides
             ,
             that
             the
             repetition
             would
             be
             tedious
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             may
             be
             ,
             in
             some
             measure
             ,
             guessed
             at
             ,
             by
             what
             we
             have
             said
             of
             the
             Intrigues
             about
             Elections
             ,
             the
             struglings
             and
             hostilities
             before
             :
             It
             seemeth
             enough
             at
             present
             in
             gross
             ,
             and
             without
             the
             order
             of
             time
             ,
             to
             take
             notice
             ,
             that
             Pompey
             acquitted
             himself
             in
             what
             he
             promised
             Clodius
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             hazard
             of
             his
             life
             .
             Since
             in
             the
             Assembly
             for
             the
             Election
             of
             Ediles
             ,
             he
             had
             a
             Man
             killed
             so
             near
             him
             ,
             that
             his
             Mantle
             was
             cover'd
             with
             the
             bloud
             .
             He
             revenged
             himself
             signally
             upon
             Cato
             ,
             who
             ,
             when
             he
             demanded
             the
             Pretorship
             ,
             Pompey
             caused
             his
             pretensions
             to
             be
             thrown
             out
             ;
             and
             named
             ,
             in
             prejudice
             of
             him
             ,
             one
             Vatinius
             ,
             who
             was
             one
             of
             the
             worst
             and
             most
             obnoxious
             Men
             of
             that
             time
             .
             And
             in
             process
             of
             time
             too
             he
             brought
             it
             about
             ,
             that
             Ptolemy
             was
             established
             in
             his
             Kingdom
             by
             Gabinius
             ,
             with
             a
             powerfull
             Army
             ,
             and
             all
             this
             merely
             by
             his
             own
             Authority
             ,
             in
             spight
             of
             the
             Sybills
             Prophecy
             .
             Gabinius
             was
             afterwards
             called
             
             to
             an
             account
             for
             it
             when
             he
             came
             back
             to
             Rome
             ,
             but
             by
             his
             Money
             and
             Pompey's
             favour
             ,
             he
             escaped
             a
             Condemnation
             ,
             which
             he
             could
             never
             have
             avoided
             ,
             had
             his
             miscarriages
             been
             severely
             prosecuted
             .
             These
             things
             〈◊〉
             now
             may
             see
             plainly
             have
             no
             relation
             to
             the
             Civil
             War
             ,
             otherwise
             than
             as
             they
             discover
             the
             Power
             and
             Ambition
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             which
             will
             much
             more
             appear
             in
             what
             is
             to
             follow
             ,
             and
             belongs
             to
             the
             subject
             in
             hand
             .
             Now
             Crassus
             and
             he
             seemed
             to
             affect
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             moderation
             ,
             in
             regard
             of
             those
             Governments
             ,
             which
             ,
             according
             to
             Custome
             ,
             were
             to
             be
             allotted
             them
             ,
             upon
             the
             expiration
             of
             their
             Consulship
             ;
             but
             yet
             ,
             nevertheless
             ,
             manag'd
             matters
             otherwise
             under-hand
             ,
             by
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             were
             to
             propose
             for
             them
             Syria
             and
             Spain
             ,
             with
             Africk
             or
             Libya
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             then
             called
             .
             To
             each
             of
             these
             Governments
             Armies
             were
             to
             be
             added
             ,
             with
             full
             power
             and
             authority
             to
             make
             Peace
             and
             War
             at
             discretion
             ;
             which
             gave
             opportunity
             too
             to
             Caesar's
             Friends
             to
             mention
             his
             five
             years
             .
             The
             whole
             affair
             ,
             being
             privately
             agreed
             upon
             between
             the
             Triumviri
             ,
             passed
             against
             all
             objection
             ;
             Pompey
             got
             Libya
             and
             Spain
             ,
             and
             
               Crassus
               ,
               Syria
            
             ,
             with
             power
             to
             make
             War
             upon
             the
             Parthians
             ;
             so
             that
             their
             Union
             did
             still
             support
             it self
             ,
             in
             appearance
             ,
             though
             it
             were
             really
             already
             ruined
             in
             the
             foundation
             ,
             at
             least
             between
             Pompey
             and
             Caesar
             ;
             nor
             need
             we
             seek
             for
             other
             reasons
             for
             it
             ,
             than
             the
             Jealousie
             ,
             which
             the
             Emulation
             ,
             of
             those
             two
             great
             Men
             ,
             raised
             of
             each
             other
             .
             Pompey
             
             had
             seen
             himself
             ,
             for
             many
             years
             ,
             at
             the
             head
             of
             the
             rank
             of
             Romans
             ,
             and
             ,
             to
             give
             him
             his
             due
             ,
             it
             was
             not
             without
             Justice
             ,
             for
             he
             had
             enlarged
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             farther
             than
             any
             other
             had
             done
             before
             him
             .
             He
             had
             Triumphed
             over
             three
             parts
             of
             the
             World
             ;
             over
             Africk
             ,
             by
             the
             defeat
             of
             Domitius
             in
             Libya
             ;
             over
             Europe
             ,
             by
             that
             of
             Perpenna
             in
             Spain
             ,
             and
             over
             Asia
             ,
             after
             having
             vanquished
             King
             Mithridates
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             most
             formidable
             Enemies
             Rome
             ever
             had
             ,
             and
             all
             this
             too
             without
             the
             least
             disgrace
             .
             From
             this
             high
             degree
             of
             Glory
             he
             lookt
             down
             upon
             all
             other
             Romans
             as
             his
             Inferiours
             .
             And
             therefore
             ,
             as
             he
             knew
             the
             Merits
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             the
             advantages
             which
             accrued
             to
             him
             from
             his
             Illustrious
             Birth
             and
             Education
             .
             He
             could
             not
             ,
             without
             much
             regret
             ,
             see
             ,
             that
             his
             great
             actions
             in
             the
             Gallick
             War
             began
             to
             put
             him
             in
             a
             condition
             of
             disputing
             ,
             even
             with
             himself
             ,
             for
             Glory
             gotten
             in
             Arms.
             On
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             Caesar
             having
             received
             ,
             both
             by
             Nature
             and
             Education
             ,
             all
             those
             qualifications
             that
             go
             to
             the
             Composition
             of
             a
             Great
             Man
             ,
             had
             too
             much
             fire
             ,
             to
             hear
             with
             patience
             ,
             any
             Man's
             Pride
             ,
             that
             affected
             to
             appear
             above
             him
             ,
             and
             therefore
             ,
             whenever
             he
             had
             an
             occasion
             of
             shewing
             his
             abilities
             ,
             he
             made
             so
             good
             use
             of
             it
             ,
             that
             he
             quickly
             found
             himself
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             ease
             Pompey
             of
             that
             advantage
             ,
             by
             which
             he
             thought
             he
             deserved
             so
             very
             much
             above
             all
             other
             Romans
             .
             And
             Fortune
             too
             was
             as
             indulgent
             to
             him
             now
             ,
             as
             she
             had
             been
             to
             Pompey
             before
             ;
             but
             she
             utterly
             
             abandoned
             Crassus
             ,
             who
             could
             never
             rise
             up
             to
             the
             least
             pretensions
             ,
             for
             he
             was
             defeated
             ,
             and
             lost
             his
             life
             in
             the
             Parthian
             War
             ;
             and
             the
             death
             of
             that
             Triumvir
             ,
             who
             ,
             while
             he
             lived
             ,
             was
             as
             a
             check
             upon
             the
             other
             two
             ,
             left
             them
             now
             an
             open
             field
             for
             their
             Ambition
             and
             Emulation
             to
             work
             in
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             X.
             The
             death
             of
             Pompey's
             Wife
             Julia.
             The
             Magnificent
             Shews
             he
             gave
             the
             People
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Clodius
             .
          
           
             POmpey
             had
             now
             for
             some
             time
             done
             all
             that
             was
             in
             his
             power
             to
             diminish
             the
             reputation
             of
             Caesar's
             Conquests
             ,
             obliging
             the
             Magistrates
             not
             to
             publish
             any
             Letters
             they
             received
             ,
             till
             he
             had
             fore-stalled
             the
             credit
             of
             them
             ,
             by
             spreading
             false
             and
             disadvantageous
             reports
             .
             This
             gave
             great
             cause
             of
             trouble
             to
             all
             those
             who
             foresaw
             the
             miseries
             that
             must
             attend
             a
             Rupture
             between
             two
             so
             extraordinary
             Men
             ;
             and
             what
             augmented
             their
             fears
             more
             ,
             was
             the
             death
             of
             Pompey's
             Wife
             ,
             which
             happen'd
             at
             the
             same
             time
             :
             Pompey
             loved
             her
             even
             with
             passion
             ,
             which
             one
             would
             have
             thought
             might
             have
             been
             of
             consideration
             enough
             to
             have
             healed
             differences
             between
             the
             Father
             and
             the
             Son-in-law
             .
             For
             Iulia
             had
             Wit
             as
             well
             as
             Virtue
             ,
             and
             always
             a
             great
             ascendant
             over
             both
             their
             dispositions
             .
             The
             People
             of
             Rome
             gave
             sufficient
             testimony
             
             of
             the
             respect
             they
             bore
             her
             ,
             by
             publick
             demonstrations
             of
             their
             sorrow
             ;
             and
             when
             Pompey
             would
             have
             carried
             her
             Body
             to
             one
             of
             his
             houses
             near
             Alba
             ,
             the
             People
             opposed
             it
             ,
             and
             bore
             it
             into
             the
             Field
             of
             Mars
             ,
             where
             they
             paid
             it
             the
             last
             Rites
             of
             Funeral
             with
             all
             Magnificence
             :
             From
             this
             moment
             Pompey
             resolved
             to
             think
             of
             nothing
             but
             his
             own
             particular
             advancement
             ;
             and
             ,
             for
             the
             restoring
             of
             himself
             to
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             caused
             a
             stately
             Theatre
             to
             be
             builded
             ,
             which
             he
             dedicated
             to
             them
             by
             Plays
             ,
             and
             other
             magnificent
             Shews
             ;
             which
             were
             not
             at
             all
             pleasing
             to
             Cicero
             ,
             as
             appears
             from
             one
             of
             his
             Epistles
             :
             It
             was
             reported
             too
             afterwards
             at
             Rome
             ,
             That
             that
             Theatre
             was
             not
             built
             at
             the
             expences
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             but
             that
             Demetrius
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Freed-men
             had
             defray'd
             the
             charge
             of
             it
             ,
             as
             a
             piece
             of
             gratitude
             and
             acknowledgment
             for
             the
             Immense
             fortune
             he
             had
             raised
             under
             his
             Master
             ,
             so
             that
             Pompey
             himself
             reap'd
             little
             advantage
             from
             that
             undertaking
             .
             The
             spirits
             of
             the
             People
             too
             were
             sharpened
             against
             him
             ,
             by
             the
             extreme
             violence
             which
             he
             used
             ,
             in
             raising
             those
             Troops
             which
             were
             to
             follow
             Crassus
             ,
             at
             the
             time
             when
             that
             General
             departed
             upon
             his
             unfortunate
             Expedition
             against
             the
             Parthians
             :
             For
             it
             was
             a
             thing
             disapproved
             of
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             approved
             by
             one
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             who
             ,
             when
             he
             could
             not
             hinder
             it
             ,
             uttered
             such
             horrible
             Cursts
             and
             Imprecations
             against
             Crassus
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             believed
             called
             down
             that
             misfortune
             upon
             his
             head
             ,
             which
             cost
             the
             
             Romans
             ,
             a
             Hundred
             thousand
             Men
             ,
             and
             Crassus
             himself
             his
             own
             life
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             his
             Son
             ,
             whom
             Cicero
             takes
             occasion
             to
             mention
             with
             an
             extraordinary
             Character
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Pompey
             ,
             whose
             Government
             was
             now
             expired
             ,
             took
             other
             measures
             ,
             and
             pretended
             ,
             upon
             the
             disgusts
             he
             had
             received
             ,
             to
             withdraw
             himself
             from
             any
             Administration
             in
             the
             Republick
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Government
             fell
             into
             horrible
             disorders
             .
             And
             the
             pretensions
             to
             publick
             Offices
             grew
             to
             such
             excess
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             apparent
             ,
             upon
             the
             creation
             of
             Ediles
             ,
             there
             were
             deposited
             Eight
             hundred
             Talents
             for
             the
             packing
             of
             Suffrages
             ,
             and
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             was
             eight
             entire
             months
             without
             any
             Magistrates
             .
             The
             fury
             of
             those
             Factions
             ,
             under
             the
             names
             of
             Clodius
             and
             Milo
             ,
             produced
             nothing
             but
             daily
             Murthers
             ,
             till
             no
             body
             durst
             walk
             the
             streets
             but
             Armed
             ;
             which
             gave
             occasion
             to
             those
             of
             Pompey's
             party
             to
             insinuate
             ,
             that
             his
             retirement
             was
             prejudicial
             ,
             and
             a
             loss
             to
             the
             Publick
             ;
             and
             ,
             at
             the
             same
             time
             proposed
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             be
             sent
             for
             back
             ,
             and
             made
             Dictatour
             :
             Pompey
             explained
             himself
             very
             modestly
             upon
             the
             matter
             ;
             and
             when
             the
             business
             was
             mentioned
             to
             him
             ,
             onely
             said
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             his
             opinion
             the
             Republick
             stood
             in
             need
             of
             the
             Authority
             of
             some
             wise
             and
             moderate
             Man.
             And
             such
             an
             Authority
             appeared
             indeed
             the
             more
             necessary
             upon
             the
             death
             of
             Clodius
             ,
             which
             happened
             too
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ;
             which
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             a
             matter
             has
             been
             variously
             reported
             ,
             and
             which
             Cicero
             has
             endeavour'd
             to
             disguise
             ,
             
             with
             all
             the
             arts
             of
             his
             Eloquence
             ,
             we
             shall
             here
             give
             such
             an
             account
             of
             ,
             as
             seems
             to
             come
             impartially
             nearest
             the
             truth
             .
             Milo
             pretended
             to
             the
             Consulship
             ,
             and
             Clodius
             to
             be
             made
             Pretor
             ,
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ;
             and
             as
             they
             were
             two
             Men
             ,
             whose
             Interests
             were
             Incompatible
             ,
             they
             always
             sought
             ,
             by
             the
             best
             means
             they
             could
             invent
             ,
             or
             lay
             hold
             on
             ,
             to
             ruine
             one
             another
             .
             Milo
             was
             to
             take
             a
             Journey
             to
             *
             Lavinium
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             Dictatour
             ,
             and
             he
             departed
             from
             Rome
             in
             his
             Chariot
             ,
             with
             his
             Wife
             and
             Family
             ,
             but
             well
             guarded
             by
             a
             great
             number
             of
             his
             slaves
             .
             In
             his
             way
             ,
             he
             was
             to
             pass
             by
             a
             Countrey-house
             that
             belonged
             to
             Clodius
             ;
             near
             this
             house
             they
             both
             met
             Clodius
             on
             horseback
             and
             well
             attended
             .
             The
             Quarrel
             was
             begun
             on
             both
             sides
             by
             the
             slaves
             ,
             who
             ,
             having
             exchanged
             several
             blows
             with
             each
             other
             .
             Milo
             alighted
             out
             of
             his
             Chariot
             ,
             and
             with
             his
             Sword
             in
             his
             hand
             defended
             himself
             vigorously
             ;
             Clodius
             in
             the
             scuffle
             received
             a
             wound
             upon
             his
             head
             ,
             which
             brought
             him
             to
             the
             ground
             .
             He
             was
             quickly
             taken
             up
             by
             his
             slaves
             ,
             and
             carried
             into
             his
             house
             ,
             whither
             Milo
             followed
             him
             :
             Appian
             says
             ,
             it
             was
             to
             excuse
             himself
             to
             him
             ,
             but
             that
             were
             ridiculous
             to
             believe
             ,
             considering
             the
             violent
             hatred
             that
             had
             long
             been
             between
             them
             ;
             it
             may
             be
             more
             reasonably
             conjectured
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             to
             satisfie
             himself
             of
             the
             condition
             of
             his
             wounds
             ,
             or
             to
             give
             him
             more
             if
             he
             thought
             them
             not
             enough
             :
             In
             conclusion
             ,
             when
             he
             found
             him
             expiring
             ,
             he
             went
             back
             to
             Rome
             ,
             to
             prevent
             what
             might
             be
             aggravated
             
             to
             his
             prejudice
             .
             The
             People
             all
             entertained
             the
             news
             with
             unexpressible
             sorrow
             ,
             for
             Clodius
             was
             extremely
             beloved
             by
             them
             .
             So
             that
             when
             his
             Brother
             Appius
             caused
             his
             Body
             to
             be
             brought
             to
             Rome
             ,
             and
             *
             Rufus
             and
             †
             Plancus
             ,
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             exposed
             it
             all
             bloudy
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             in
             the
             publick
             place
             ,
             there
             arose
             an
             implacable
             Mutiny
             ;
             They
             ran
             to
             Milo's
             house
             to
             set
             it
             on
             fire
             ,
             but
             he
             repulsed
             and
             killed
             several
             of
             the
             Assailants
             ;
             the
             rest
             returned
             back
             to
             the
             place
             ,
             where
             they
             pulled
             to
             pieces
             all
             the
             Seats
             of
             the
             Magistrates
             ,
             made
             a
             *
             Funeral
             Pile
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             set
             fire
             to
             it
             with
             so
             much
             fury
             ,
             that
             all
             that
             stately
             building
             where
             the
             Senate
             used
             to
             assemble
             ,
             was
             burned
             with
             the
             Body
             of
             Clodius
             ;
             after
             this
             the
             Mutineers
             dispersed
             themselves
             all
             over
             the
             City
             ,
             where
             ,
             under
             pretence
             of
             searching
             for
             the
             Friends
             of
             Milo
             ,
             they
             committed
             the
             most
             insupportable
             Violences
             .
             Milo
             behaved
             himself
             in
             all
             this
             affair
             with
             his
             usual
             fierceness
             .
             He
             sent
             for
             a
             great
             number
             of
             his
             slaves
             out
             of
             the
             Countrey
             for
             the
             Guard
             of
             his
             Person
             ,
             and
             had
             the
             boldness
             to
             offer
             himself
             to
             the
             People
             to
             be
             Judged
             .
             Caecilius
             the
             Tribune
             ,
             by
             consent
             ,
             was
             to
             be
             his
             Accuser
             ,
             and
             he
             had
             well
             assured
             himself
             of
             his
             Judges
             .
             But
             the
             People
             ,
             more
             transported
             than
             ever
             ,
             fell
             upon
             the
             followers
             of
             Milo
             ,
             who
             had
             much
             adoe
             to
             save
             himself
             ,
             with
             Caecilius
             ,
             and
             Murthers
             were
             renew'd
             again
             all
             over
             the
             City
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XI
             .
             Pompey
             sole
             Consul
             .
             Caesar
             secures
             himself
             of
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             Roman
             People
             .
          
           
             THese
             things
             happened
             under
             the
             Consulship
             of
             *
             
               Domitius
               Calvinus
            
             ,
             and
             
               Valerius
               Messala
            
             .
             For
             Pompey
             perceiving
             the
             name
             of
             Dictatour
             to
             be
             very
             odious
             ,
             had
             caused
             them
             two
             to
             be
             chosen
             ,
             and
             fortifi'd
             himself
             with
             that
             Authority
             which
             the
             Senate
             had
             given
             him
             ,
             to
             defend
             the
             Magistrates
             and
             their
             Judgments
             with
             Troops
             allotted
             him
             for
             that
             purpose
             ;
             Nevertheless
             this
             appeased
             not
             the
             publick
             disorders
             .
             †
             
               Scipio
               ,
               Hypseus
            
             and
             Milo
             ,
             pretended
             all
             at
             the
             same
             time
             to
             the
             Consulship
             ,
             and
             carried
             on
             their
             respective
             Interests
             with
             a
             strong
             hand
             ;
             so
             that
             there
             was
             every
             day
             to
             be
             seen
             three
             Armies
             upon
             the
             place
             :
             Milo
             ,
             whose
             violent
             proceeding
             had
             accumulated
             to
             him
             the
             publick
             hatred
             ,
             was
             ,
             at
             last
             ,
             accused
             by
             Appius
             ;
             and
             although
             Cicero
             himself
             undertook
             to
             defend
             him
             ,
             his
             fear
             of
             Pompey's
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             surrounded
             him
             as
             he
             was
             pleading
             ,
             put
             him
             out
             of
             his
             Oration
             :
             And
             the
             Insolence
             of
             Milo
             ,
             who
             came
             before
             the
             Judges
             with
             a
             face
             full
             of
             Threatnings
             and
             Menaces
             ,
             caused
             him
             to
             be
             condemned
             ;
             so
             he
             was
             Banish'd
             :
             and
             when
             Cicero
             afterwards
             sent
             him
             that
             Discourse
             of
             his
             ,
             which
             we
             now
             have
             amongst
             us
             ,
             and
             which
             passes
             for
             the
             choicest
             of
             his
             Works
             :
             his
             Answer
             was
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               happy
               
               for
               him
               that
            
             Cicero
             
               was
               out
               in
               his
               harangue
               ,
               for
               that
               he
               had
               not
               else
               fared
               so
               well
               at
            
             Marseiles
             ▪
             for
             that
             was
             the
             place
             of
             his
             Exile
             .
             Now
             the
             Friends
             of
             Pompey
             took
             upon
             them
             afresh
             to
             solicite
             his
             pretensions
             ;
             And
             those
             necessities
             which
             the
             State
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             then
             lay
             under
             ,
             appeared
             no
             small
             argument
             for
             him
             with
             the
             Senate
             ;
             but
             the
             name
             of
             a
             Dictatour
             would
             not
             be
             heard
             of
             :
             So
             that
             Cato
             thought
             fit
             to
             propose
             an
             expedient
             ,
             which
             was
             ,
             That
             the
             power
             of
             a
             Dictatour
             might
             be
             conferred
             upon
             him
             ,
             but
             under
             some
             gentler
             Title
             ;
             so
             Pompey
             was
             declared
             sole
             Consul
             :
             New
             Troops
             were
             allotted
             him
             ,
             and
             a
             Thousand
             Talents
             yearly
             for
             the
             maintenance
             of
             them
             ;
             the
             Government
             of
             Spain
             was
             continued
             to
             him
             for
             four
             years
             longer
             ,
             and
             he
             sent
             Deputies
             thither
             to
             Rule
             in
             his
             stead
             .
             He
             strengthned
             himself
             too
             with
             the
             Illustrious
             Alliance
             of
             the
             House
             of
             Scipio
             ,
             by
             Marrying
             Cornelia
             ,
             a
             Lady
             of
             no
             less
             Accomplishments
             than
             Beauty
             ;
             she
             understood
             ,
             even
             to
             excellent
             performance
             ,
             all
             manner
             of
             Musick
             ;
             nor
             was
             a
             stranger
             to
             Learning
             and
             Philosophy
             ,
             being
             Mistress
             of
             Geometry
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             parts
             of
             the
             Mathematicks
             ;
             and
             all
             this
             too
             without
             the
             least
             Impertinence
             ,
             or
             Womanish
             affectation
             .
             So
             that
             Pompey
             thought
             he
             had
             nothing
             now
             more
             to
             be
             afraid
             of
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             would
             be
             henceforth
             an
             easie
             work
             to
             overthrow
             the
             Fortunes
             of
             Caesar
             ;
             who
             ,
             on
             his
             side
             ,
             was
             by
             no
             means
             negligent
             of
             what
             so
             nearly
             concerned
             him
             .
             Some
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             had
             proposed
             ,
             the
             causing
             of
             him
             
             to
             be
             elected
             Consul
             with
             Pompey
             ;
             but
             he
             desired
             them
             ,
             by
             Letters
             ,
             to
             reserve
             their
             good
             Inclinations
             of
             that
             kind
             for
             a
             design
             he
             had
             to
             demand
             a
             second
             Consulship
             ,
             when
             the
             employ
             he
             was
             at
             present
             in
             should
             be
             expired
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             to
             gain
             the
             good
             will
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             he
             caused
             a
             new
             Market
             to
             be
             set
             up
             at
             Rome
             ,
             the
             place
             whereof
             cost
             him
             a
             Hundred
             thousand
             Sesterces
             :
             He
             gave
             also
             to
             the
             Romans
             certain
             Plays
             ,
             and
             a
             Publick
             Feast
             ,
             in
             acknowledgment
             of
             the
             Honours
             they
             had
             done
             to
             his
             Daughter
             Iulia.
             He
             desired
             the
             Knights
             ,
             and
             such
             of
             the
             Senatours
             as
             were
             his
             Friends
             ,
             that
             they
             themselves
             would
             Exercise
             and
             Instruct
             the
             Gladiatours
             ,
             and
             sent
             them
             Rules
             and
             Directions
             accordingly
             .
             Giving
             order
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             that
             those
             Gladiatours
             ,
             who
             pleased
             not
             the
             People
             in
             their
             Combats
             ,
             should
             be
             turned
             out
             ,
             and
             others
             ,
             more
             agreeable
             ,
             put
             in
             their
             places
             :
             The
             Grandeur
             of
             his
             Mein
             ,
             his
             extraordinary
             Generosity
             ,
             and
             the
             greatness
             of
             his
             Actions
             ,
             had
             entirely
             engaged
             to
             him
             the
             affections
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             all
             loved
             him
             ,
             even
             to
             adoration
             ;
             he
             caused
             their
             Pay
             to
             be
             doubled
             ,
             and
             the
             Corn
             which
             used
             to
             be
             distributed
             among
             the
             Troops
             ,
             by
             regulated
             proportions
             ,
             was
             now
             given
             to
             them
             without
             stint
             or
             measure
             .
             Again
             ,
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             of
             the
             Senatours
             stood
             obliged
             to
             him
             for
             considerable
             Sums
             of
             Money
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             lent
             them
             without
             any
             Interest
             ;
             he
             entertained
             ,
             with
             Magnificence
             ,
             all
             such
             as
             served
             under
             him
             ,
             even
             to
             those
             
             slaves
             whom
             he
             loved
             :
             and
             his
             Army
             was
             a
             perfect
             refuge
             to
             all
             manner
             of
             Criminals
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             were
             burthened
             with
             Debts
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             whereof
             he
             discharged
             at
             his
             own
             proper
             expence
             ;
             but
             to
             those
             who
             stood
             engaged
             for
             mighty
             sums
             indeed
             ,
             he
             used
             to
             say
             ,
             That
             one
             Civil
             War
             would
             make
             all
             even
             .
             In
             a
             word
             ,
             all
             stranger
             Princes
             ,
             and
             the
             best
             Cities
             tasted
             of
             his
             Munificence
             by
             considerable
             Presents
             .
             And
             all
             this
             done
             at
             the
             expence
             of
             the
             Gauls
             .
             So
             that
             it
             was
             not
             improperly
             observed
             by
             one
             ,
             who
             said
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             conquer'd
             the
             Gauls
             with
             the
             Roman
             Steel
             ,
             and
             the
             Romans
             with
             the
             Gallick
             Gold.
             Pompey's
             Friends
             ,
             to
             be
             sure
             ,
             were
             not
             now
             backward
             to
             make
             their
             reflexions
             upon
             the
             occasion
             of
             these
             Liberalities
             ,
             and
             to
             exaggerate
             the
             danger
             that
             might
             thence
             threaten
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             Caesar
             resolved
             once
             more
             to
             try
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             possible
             ,
             to
             preserve
             the
             Friendship
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             before
             his
             last
             Marriage
             offered
             him
             his
             Neice
             Octavia
             ,
             and
             demanded
             Pompey's
             Daughter
             for
             himself
             ,
             but
             Pompey
             thought
             fitting
             to
             make
             choice
             of
             an
             Alliance
             with
             Scipio
             ,
             whom
             he
             caused
             afterwards
             to
             be
             joined
             with
             him
             in
             the
             Consular
             dignity
             for
             the
             last
             five
             Months
             ;
             and
             as
             he
             very
             well
             knew
             that
             Caesar
             was
             beloved
             by
             the
             People
             ,
             his
             business
             was
             to
             establish
             his
             Interest
             among
             the
             Senatours
             .
             These
             two
             Factions
             have
             been
             always
             opposite
             ,
             under
             the
             Title
             of
             the
             Nobility
             and
             the
             Populace
             ;
             And
             their
             division
             had
             produced
             very
             terrible
             effects
             ,
             
             especially
             in
             the
             Sedition
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             in
             the
             Wars
             between
             *
             Marius
             and
             †
             Sylla
             :
             The
             People
             usually
             prevailed
             by
             their
             Numbers
             ,
             but
             the
             Senate
             by
             their
             Authority
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             ,
             without
             doubt
             ,
             that
             Union
             of
             Pompey
             with
             the
             Senate
             ,
             which
             has
             caused
             Caesar's
             Party
             to
             be
             so
             much
             decry'd
             ;
             and
             the
             advantages
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             in
             all
             Writings
             ,
             to
             be
             celebrated
             with
             so
             much
             Passion
             ;
             that
             ,
             under
             the
             Reign
             of
             one
             of
             the
             most
             terrible
             of
             Caesar's
             *
             Successours
             ,
             there
             lived
             an
             †
             Authour
             ,
             who
             durst
             publish
             a
             Work
             ,
             which
             we
             have
             now
             amongst
             us
             ,
             wherein
             he
             has
             most
             barbarously
             violated
             the
             memory
             of
             that
             Great
             Man.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XII
             .
             Pompey's
             Laws
             .
             Curio
             goes
             over
             to
             Caesar's
             Interest
             .
          
           
             THE
             first
             appearance
             of
             Division
             began
             from
             Pompey
             ,
             by
             the
             two
             Laws
             which
             he
             published
             during
             his
             Consulship
             ,
             the
             first
             whereof
             was
             for
             an
             enquiry
             into
             the
             miscarriages
             of
             Officers
             in
             the
             executing
             their
             Charges
             ,
             for
             the
             twenty
             years
             last
             past
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             from
             his
             first
             Consulship
             ,
             down
             to
             that
             which
             he
             then
             held
             .
             Hereupon
             Caesar's
             Friends
             remonstrated
             that
             a
             Law
             of
             that
             kind
             might
             be
             injurious
             to
             several
             illustrious
             Men
             ;
             and
             more
             particularly
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             within
             that
             time
             been
             Consul
             .
             At
             that
             name
             he
             cryed
             out
             that
             it
             was
             shamefull
             for
             them
             to
             imagine
             that
             such
             an
             Ordinance
             could
             in
             any
             manner
             have
             regard
             to
             a
             man
             of
             Caesar's
             Merits
             and
             Vertue
             ,
             and
             that
             his
             Friends
             did
             him
             the
             greatest
             injury
             to
             suspect
             it
             ,
             so
             that
             no
             alteration
             of
             that
             Law
             could
             be
             admitted
             ,
             and
             many
             persons
             were
             condemned
             upon
             it
             ,
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             
               Hypseus
               ,
               Memmius
               ,
               Sextus
            
             ,
             and
             Gabinius
             himself
             :
             yet
             afterwards
             when
             Memmius
             in
             his
             turn
             accused
             Pompey's
             Brother-in-Law
             ,
             Pompey
             was
             not
             ashamed
             himself
             openly
             to
             appear
             against
             that
             very
             Law
             of
             his
             own
             making
             to
             bring
             off
             Scipio
             by
             his
             Authority
             .
             The
             other
             Law
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             or
             rather
             an
             Article
             of
             the
             Precedent
             was
             ,
             That
             no
             man
             
             being
             absent
             ,
             should
             be
             admitted
             to
             demand
             any
             Employment
             ,
             these
             Laws
             being
             approved
             of
             ,
             were
             forthwith
             engraved
             upon
             Copper
             Tables
             ,
             and
             carried
             to
             the
             publick
             Treasury
             ,
             after
             which
             formality
             ,
             no
             change
             or
             alteration
             in
             them
             was
             to
             be
             admitted
             ;
             Pompey
             was
             for
             an
             exception
             in
             favour
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             but
             in
             regard
             that
             it
             was
             contrary
             to
             Form.
             
               Marcus
               Marcellus
            
             ,
             who
             had
             succeeded
             Pompey
             in
             his
             Consulship
             ,
             no
             way
             respecting
             any
             such
             exception
             ,
             after
             giving
             notice
             that
             he
             had
             matters
             to
             communicate
             of
             the
             highest
             importance
             ,
             proposed
             ,
             that
             since
             the
             Conquest
             of
             Gaul
             was
             now
             completed
             ,
             some
             body
             might
             be
             sent
             to
             succeed
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             he
             might
             be
             excluded
             from
             demanding
             the
             Consulship
             ;
             This
             Declaration
             allarum'd
             all
             Caesar's
             Friends
             ;
             
               Servius
               Sulpitius
            
             the
             other
             Consul
             ,
             declared
             himself
             of
             the
             contrary
             Opinion
             ,
             and
             the
             Tribunes
             
               Caius
               Caelius
            
             ,
             and
             
               Vibius
               Pansa
            
             opposed
             the
             Decree
             .
             Pompey
             too
             was
             at
             a
             loss
             how
             to
             distinguish
             handsomely
             upon
             this
             Subject
             .
             He
             said
             indeed
             it
             was
             great
             Injury
             to
             Caesar
             to
             propose
             a
             thing
             of
             that
             Nature
             ,
             at
             least
             before
             the
             Kalends
             of
             March
             ,
             since
             till
             that
             time
             came
             his
             Government
             of
             Gaul
             was
             not
             expired
             ,
             upon
             which
             ,
             when
             it
             was
             asked
             of
             him
             what
             was
             to
             be
             done
             ,
             if
             they
             met
             with
             opposition
             ,
             it
             signifies
             nothing
             says
             he
             ,
             whether
             or
             no
             Caesar
             obey
             the
             Decrees
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             since
             he
             will
             find
             those
             that
             shall
             oppose
             him
             ;
             but
             it
             was
             answered
             again
             ,
             if
             he
             will
             be
             Consul
             ,
             if
             he
             
             will
             keep
             his
             Army
             ?
             To
             which
             Pompey
             reply'd
             ,
             If
             my
             Son
             should
             provoke
             and
             rebell
             against
             me
             ,
             what
             would
             you
             advise
             me
             to
             ?
             This
             discourse
             sufficiently
             discovered
             how
             Pompey
             stood
             affected
             as
             to
             Caesar's
             Interest
             :
             For
             all
             this
             ,
             matters
             were
             managed
             with
             all
             Artfull
             and
             fair
             Conduct
             and
             Intrigue
             ,
             till
             the
             Election
             of
             the
             new
             Consuls
             ,
             who
             were
             
               Emilius
               Paulus
            
             ,
             and
             
               Calidius
               Marcellus
            
             ,
             a
             Kinsman
             of
             Marcus.
             This
             affair
             at
             that
             time
             wholly
             employed
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             stopt
             the
             course
             of
             any
             other
             business
             .
             Every
             one
             expected
             with
             impatience
             how
             the
             two
             Consuls
             would
             declare
             themselves
             ;
             the
             first
             had
             been
             pretty
             well
             secured
             by
             a
             Present
             from
             Caesar
             of
             fifteen
             Talents
             ,
             with
             which
             he
             built
             himself
             a
             sumptuous
             Palace
             ,
             and
             called
             it
             after
             his
             own
             Name
             ,
             but
             Callidius
             was
             Caesar's
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             being
             carried
             on
             by
             the
             same
             Spirit
             with
             his
             Kinsman
             Marcus
             ,
             followed
             also
             his
             Methods
             ,
             and
             renewed
             the
             old
             Propositions
             .
             We
             have
             already
             taken
             frequent
             occasion
             to
             mention
             the
             privileges
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             were
             ten
             ,
             Curio
             and
             
               Marcus
               Anthonius
            
             were
             of
             the
             number
             for
             this
             year
             .
             Curio
             was
             in
             great
             esteem
             both
             for
             his
             Quality
             and
             his
             Abilities
             ,
             being
             one
             of
             the
             ablest
             men
             which
             Rome
             could
             at
             that
             time
             boast
             of
             for
             Eloquence
             and
             Pleadings
             at
             the
             Bar
             ,
             he
             had
             great
             Parts
             and
             equal
             resolution
             ,
             but
             stood
             charged
             with
             abundance
             of
             Debts
             ,
             both
             in
             his
             own
             Name
             ,
             and
             for
             many
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             among
             the
             rest
             for
             Anthony
             ,
             for
             whom
             he
             
             had
             entered
             into
             Securities
             .
             He
             had
             been
             one
             of
             the
             most
             violent
             against
             Caesar's
             Interest
             :
             But
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             knew
             well
             enough
             where
             his
             shoe
             wrung
             him
             ,
             quickly
             found
             the
             way
             to
             give
             him
             ease
             ,
             and
             bring
             him
             over
             by
             furnishing
             him
             with
             means
             to
             quit
             himself
             of
             those
             encumbrances
             .
             Curio
             afterwards
             made
             use
             of
             a
             management
             that
             was
             very
             refined
             ,
             forbearing
             to
             declare
             himself
             of
             Caesar's
             Party
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             the
             better
             enter
             into
             the
             Counsels
             and
             Designs
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             and
             after
             that
             ,
             he
             sought
             an
             opportunity
             to
             break
             with
             Pompey
             .
             For
             this
             Design
             he
             demanded
             that
             the
             charge
             of
             overseeing
             the
             reparation
             of
             the
             High-ways
             ,
             might
             be
             conferred
             upon
             him
             ,
             which
             he
             at
             the
             same
             time
             knew
             well
             enough
             would
             be
             deny'd
             ,
             so
             that
             upon
             the
             refusal
             of
             it
             ,
             he
             made
             known
             his
             resentment
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             when
             the
             Consul
             made
             his
             report
             to
             the
             Senate
             touching
             the
             Governments
             ,
             he
             praised
             his
             Zeal
             and
             his
             Opinion
             ,
             adding
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             but
             Justice
             that
             Pompey
             and
             Caesar
             should
             be
             called
             from
             their
             Governments
             both
             together
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XIII
             .
             Curio
             declareth
             himself
             against
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             returns
             the
             Legion
             that
             Pompey
             had
             lent
             him
             .
          
           
             THE
             Spirits
             of
             this
             Age
             were
             two
             refined
             not
             to
             apprehend
             at
             first
             sight
             the
             meaning
             of
             this
             Proposition
             .
             All
             that
             were
             Pompey's
             Friends
             began
             to
             grow
             very
             uneasie
             to
             
               Curio
               .
               Appius
            
             one
             of
             the
             Censors
             ,
             and
             who
             had
             been
             raised
             to
             his
             Authority
             by
             Pompey
             ,
             threatned
             to
             expell
             him
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             proposed
             it
             in
             one
             of
             the
             Assemblies
             .
             Curio
             submitted
             to
             every
             thing
             that
             might
             be
             Decreed
             particularly
             against
             himself
             ,
             but
             would
             abate
             nothing
             where
             Caesar's
             Interest
             seem'd
             to
             be
             struck
             at
             ,
             and
             the
             Consul
             Paulus
             withstood
             the
             Affront
             that
             was
             like
             to
             have
             been
             offered
             him
             .
             Curio
             imparted
             upon
             this
             his
             Proposition
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             received
             it
             so
             well
             ,
             and
             with
             such
             Joy
             ,
             that
             they
             covered
             him
             with
             flowers
             ,
             and
             in
             that
             manner
             accompanied
             him
             home
             to
             his
             House
             :
             He
             himself
             afterwards
             in
             an
             Assembly
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             when
             they
             ordered
             that
             Caesar
             ,
             though
             absent
             ,
             should
             have
             power
             to
             demand
             the
             Consulship
             .
             This
             obliged
             Pompey
             to
             leave
             Rome
             ,
             under
             pretence
             of
             going
             to
             his
             Government
             ,
             but
             he
             went
             no
             farther
             than
             to
             one
             of
             his
             Countrey
             houses
             ,
             where
             falling
             sick
             ,
             he
             wrote
             to
             the
             Senate
             that
             he
             was
             ready
             to
             give
             up
             all
             
             all
             his
             Employments
             when
             Caesar
             would
             ever
             consent
             to
             part
             with
             his
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             confirm
             this
             upon
             his
             return
             to
             
               Rome
               .
               Curio
            
             took
             him
             at
             his
             word
             ,
             and
             told
             him
             it
             was
             his
             duty
             to
             begin
             what
             he
             proposed
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             engage
             on
             Caesar's
             part
             ,
             that
             the
             Example
             should
             be
             followed
             .
             The
             business
             was
             then
             put
             into
             debate
             ,
             but
             came
             to
             no
             conclusion
             ,
             onely
             it
             was
             ordained
             that
             two
             Legions
             should
             be
             drawn
             out
             of
             the
             Troops
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             to
             go
             into
             Syria
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             this
             was
             onely
             done
             to
             weaken
             Caesar's
             Army
             ,
             for
             Pompey
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             War
             had
             lent
             him
             a
             Legion
             of
             his
             .
             Appius
             was
             sent
             into
             Gaul
             to
             draw
             out
             this
             Legion
             ,
             and
             to
             oblige
             Caesar
             to
             give
             another
             of
             his
             own
             ,
             who
             though
             he
             easily
             discerned
             the
             reason
             of
             this
             order
             ,
             by
             no
             means
             in
             the
             least
             opposed
             it
             ,
             but
             surrendred
             both
             the
             Legions
             to
             Appius
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ordered
             two
             hundred
             and
             fifty
             Drachma's
             to
             be
             given
             to
             every
             Souldier
             .
             Cicero
             at
             this
             time
             came
             back
             to
             Rome
             from
             his
             Government
             of
             Cilicia
             ,
             where
             he
             pretended
             for
             his
             great
             Exploits
             to
             have
             merited
             the
             Honour
             of
             Triumph
             .
             His
             absence
             had
             hindered
             him
             from
             taking
             either
             Party
             in
             these
             differences
             ,
             and
             his
             present
             Pretensions
             obliged
             him
             to
             be
             a
             Mediatour
             between
             both
             ,
             so
             he
             made
             some
             Propositions
             for
             an
             Accommodation
             ,
             but
             they
             would
             not
             be
             hearkned
             to
             ,
             for
             that
             Appius
             was
             returned
             ,
             and
             had
             published
             abroad
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             stood
             very
             ill
             in
             the
             Opinion
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             that
             he
             knew
             
             little
             or
             nothing
             of
             their
             Inclinations
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             would
             certainly
             come
             over
             to
             the
             Senates
             Party
             ,
             whenever
             they
             recovered
             this
             side
             of
             the
             Alpes
             .
             This
             relation
             gave
             Pompey
             great
             confidence
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             rejected
             all
             Projects
             of
             the
             least
             Accommodation
             ;
             Cicero
             could
             not
             be
             heard
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             afterwards
             asked
             him
             what
             Powers
             he
             had
             wherewith
             to
             oppose
             Pompey's
             answer
             was
             ,
             that
             he
             need
             onely
             to
             stamp
             with
             his
             foot
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Earth
             would
             bring
             him
             forth
             an
             Army
             .
             Many
             of
             the
             Senatours
             began
             already
             to
             talk
             very
             meanly
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             Cato
             himself
             haughtily
             declared
             that
             he
             would
             bring
             him
             to
             an
             account
             of
             his
             Actions
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             should
             be
             treated
             as
             Milo
             had
             been
             used
             before
             him
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XIV
             .
             Caesar
             sends
             a
             letter
             to
             the
             Senate
             ;
             They
             declare
             War
             against
             him
             .
             Anthony
             and
             Curio
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             go
             to
             find
             out
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             CAesar
             had
             written
             several
             times
             to
             the
             Senate
             to
             beg
             them
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             have
             some
             regard
             to
             the
             services
             he
             had
             done
             the
             Republick
             :
             He
             proposed
             alternately
             that
             he
             might
             either
             be
             continued
             in
             his
             Government
             as
             Pompey
             had
             been
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             might
             be
             permitted
             in
             his
             absence
             to
             demand
             the
             Dignity
             of
             Consul
             ,
             and
             when
             this
             Proposition
             was
             rejected
             ,
             he
             requested
             again
             that
             Curio's
             expedient
             might
             be
             admitted
             of
             ;
             but
             in
             these
             his
             last
             Letters
             he
             proposed
             the
             surrendring
             up
             the
             Government
             of
             Illyria
             ,
             with
             two
             Legions
             ,
             which
             Cicero
             urged
             afterwards
             in
             Argument
             for
             a
             Peace
             ;
             but
             as
             we
             observed
             before
             ,
             his
             endeavours
             ,
             became
             altogether
             unprofitable
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             upon
             the
             news
             he
             received
             of
             the
             ill
             success
             of
             his
             pretensions
             ,
             repassed
             the
             Alpes
             with
             the
             third
             Legion
             ,
             and
             marched
             to
             Ravenna
             ,
             from
             thence
             he
             sent
             Fabius
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             with
             Letters
             to
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             who
             were
             
               Cornelius
               Lentulus
            
             ,
             and
             
               Clodius
               Marcellus
            
             ,
             newly
             chosen
             :
             Lentulus
             refused
             to
             reade
             his
             Letters
             ,
             but
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             
               Quintus
               ,
               Cassius
               ,
               Longinus
            
             ,
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             obliged
             them
             to
             be
             read
             before
             the
             Senate
             ;
             they
             contained
             a
             Catalogue
             of
             Caesar's
             Services
             ,
             and
             an
             assurance
             
             that
             he
             would
             send
             back
             his
             Troops
             when
             ever
             Pompey
             should
             disarm
             .
             Lentulus
             would
             by
             no
             means
             admit
             of
             any
             deliberation
             upon
             these
             Letters
             ,
             onely
             told
             the
             Senate
             ,
             that
             upon
             condition
             they
             themselves
             would
             be
             vigorous
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             he
             was
             ready
             to
             serve
             the
             Republick
             with
             the
             utmost
             hazard
             of
             his
             life
             ,
             but
             if
             they
             suffered
             themselves
             to
             be
             remiss
             and
             negligent
             ,
             he
             knew
             very
             well
             there
             was
             another
             would
             take
             party
             with
             
               Caesar.
               Scipio
            
             declared
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             Pompey
             was
             ready
             to
             Sacrifice
             himself
             for
             the
             interests
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             if
             they
             would
             stand
             by
             him
             ,
             but
             if
             they
             once
             appeared
             to
             be
             slow
             or
             irresolute
             in
             their
             deliberations
             ,
             it
             would
             after
             that
             be
             vain
             to
             expect
             any
             assistence
             from
             him
             .
             And
             though
             Pompey
             were
             at
             this
             time
             not
             in
             Rome
             ,
             in
             regard
             those
             who
             had
             Military
             Commands
             ,
             were
             not
             admitted
             to
             stay
             in
             the
             Town
             .
             Caesar
             said
             ,
             That
             considering
             Scipio
             was
             his
             Brother-in-Law
             ,
             and
             altogether
             in
             his
             interests
             ;
             This
             advice
             seemed
             to
             come
             out
             of
             Pompey's
             own
             mouth
             .
             Some
             other
             of
             the
             Senatours
             made
             a
             more
             favourable
             Construction
             ,
             among
             the
             rest
             ,
             
               Marcus
               Marcellus
               ,
               Sulpitius
               Rufus
            
             ,
             and
             Calidius
             himself
             ,
             who
             was
             of
             Opinion
             that
             Pompey
             ought
             to
             go
             to
             his
             Government
             ,
             for
             the
             taking
             away
             all
             pretence
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             to
             believe
             that
             those
             two
             Legions
             retained
             at
             Rome
             ,
             were
             designed
             to
             prejudice
             him
             .
             Lentulus
             refused
             to
             make
             a
             report
             of
             this
             Opinion
             ,
             and
             exclaimed
             against
             Calidius
             and
             the
             rest
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             
             a
             Decree
             was
             formed
             upon
             the
             advice
             of
             Scipio
             in
             these
             Terms
             ;
             That
             Caesar
             should
             dismiss
             his
             Troops
             within
             a
             certain
             time
             ;
             and
             that
             if
             he
             refused
             Obedience
             ,
             he
             should
             be
             declared
             an
             Enemy
             to
             the
             Common-wealth
             .
             Anthony
             and
             Cassius
             opposed
             this
             Decree
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             raising
             fresh
             debates
             ,
             which
             were
             managed
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             sharpness
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Assembly
             did
             not
             separate
             untill
             it
             was
             very
             late
             .
             The
             night
             was
             employed
             in
             Pompey's
             private
             management
             amongst
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             Curio's
             among
             the
             other
             Tribunes
             .
             The
             next
             day
             Piso
             the
             Censor
             ,
             and
             Roscius
             the
             Pretor
             ,
             demanded
             five
             days
             time
             to
             go
             to
             find
             out
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             give
             him
             an
             account
             of
             the
             state
             of
             these
             matters
             ,
             which
             was
             refused
             them
             .
             Lentulus
             commanding
             the
             Tribunes
             to
             depart
             the
             Senate
             ,
             so
             that
             a
             Decree
             was
             published
             ,
             which
             never
             was
             usual
             ,
             but
             in
             cases
             of
             the
             utmost
             extremity
             ,
             that
             the
             Consuls
             and
             other
             Magistrates
             should
             take
             care
             that
             the
             Republick
             came
             to
             no
             damage
             ;
             in
             pursuance
             whereof
             ,
             Marcellus
             the
             other
             Consul
             took
             a
             Sword
             ,
             which
             he
             carry'd
             publickly
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             out
             of
             Town
             ,
             accosting
             him
             in
             these
             Terms
             ,
             I
             command
             you
             in
             the
             name
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             that
             you
             assist
             the
             Republick
             with
             the
             Troops
             now
             under
             your
             command
             ,
             and
             speedily
             levy
             more
             .
             From
             this
             moment
             there
             was
             a
             Successour
             ordered
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             was
             Domitius
             ,
             designed
             Consul
             for
             the
             year
             following
             .
             All
             his
             Governments
             were
             disposed
             of
             ,
             whereof
             Scipio
             had
             
             Syria
             ,
             and
             every
             body
             took
             arms
             in
             Rome
             ,
             and
             appeared
             in
             a
             habit
             of
             War.
             Caesar
             failed
             not
             of
             a
             speedy
             account
             of
             this
             from
             
               Curio
               ,
               Anthony
            
             and
             Longinus
             ,
             who
             retreated
             to
             him
             disguised
             in
             the
             habits
             of
             their
             Slaves
             ,
             in
             which
             condition
             he
             shewed
             them
             to
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             took
             that
             occasion
             which
             the
             indiscretion
             of
             his
             Enemies
             presented
             him
             withal
             ,
             to
             make
             appear
             the
             Injustice
             and
             Violence
             of
             their
             Proceedings
             :
             
               Ye
               see
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               these
               Sacred
               Persons
               forced
               to
               conceal
               themselves
               in
               the
               habit
               of
               Slavery
               ,
               to
               shun
               the
               fury
               of
               my
               Enemies
               ,
               and
               all
               for
               maintaining
               those
               Privileges
               which
               the
               Laws
               allowed
               them
               ,
               and
               which
            
             Sylla
             
               himself
               ,
               who
               spared
               nothing
               else
               ,
               never
               durst
               Violate
               :
               But
               now
            
             Pompey
             ,
             
               who
               boasts
               himself
               to
               have
               re-established
               these
               Privileges
               ,
               has
               deprived
               these
               Men
               of
               them
               ,
               and
               so
               much
               the
               more
               unjustly
               ,
               and
               ungratefully
               ,
               since
               it
               was
               for
               their
               supporting
               of
               my
               Interest
               ,
               who
               have
               always
               been
               true
               to
               his
               ,
               though
               he
               does
               not
               this
               of
               his
               own
               inclination
               ,
               but
               it
               may
               be
               easily
               seen
               is
               driven
               to
               it
               by
               malice
               of
               my
               Enemies
               .
            
             Adding
             moreover
             ,
             That
             their
             violence
             appeared
             sufficiently
             by
             that
             Decree
             which
             was
             never
             heard
             of
             ,
             but
             when
             the
             Commonwealth
             was
             in
             open
             danger
             from
             the
             fury
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             or
             the
             Seditions
             of
             the
             multitude
             ,
             which
             did
             not
             any
             ways
             appear
             at
             this
             time
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             tearing
             his
             Robe
             ,
             and
             falling
             even
             into
             tears
             ,
             he
             conjured
             all
             his
             Souldiers
             that
             they
             would
             defend
             his
             Honour
             and
             his
             Reputation
             ,
             after
             having
             served
             nine
             years
             under
             
             his
             Command
             with
             so
             much
             glory
             and
             success
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             with
             loud
             cries
             answered
             him
             ,
             That
             they
             were
             ready
             to
             revenge
             the
             Injuries
             done
             to
             their
             General
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             Tribunes
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XV.
             The
             passage
             of
             the
             Rubicon
             ,
             and
             the
             taking
             of
             Rimini
             .
          
           
             AMongst
             the
             many
             Warlike
             Qualities
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             his
             diligence
             to
             prevent
             an
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             pursue
             a
             Victory
             ,
             was
             the
             most
             admirable
             ;
             he
             had
             often
             surprised
             others
             ,
             but
             was
             never
             known
             to
             have
             been
             surprised
             himself
             .
             He
             never
             carried
             a
             Victory
             ,
             but
             he
             made
             himself
             Master
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Camp
             ,
             he
             knew
             well
             how
             necessary
             ,
             and
             of
             what
             importance
             such
             a
             diligence
             at
             this
             time
             was
             .
             And
             what
             impressions
             first
             Exploits
             make
             towards
             the
             Reputation
             of
             any
             Party
             .
             And
             to
             add
             moreover
             a
             secret
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             he
             sent
             some
             Centurions
             ,
             and
             chosen
             Men
             armed
             with
             Swords
             ,
             onely
             to
             to
             put
             themselves
             as
             secretly
             as
             possible
             into
             Rimini
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             chief
             Town
             on
             that
             side
             of
             his
             Government
             .
             For
             himself
             ,
             he
             spent
             the
             days
             in
             seeing
             publick
             Plays
             ,
             and
             the
             Combat
             of
             the
             Gladiatours
             at
             Ravenna
             ,
             and
             when
             night
             came
             ,
             sate
             himself
             at
             Table
             
             amongst
             his
             Friends
             ,
             but
             soon
             rose
             up
             again
             ,
             and
             desiring
             his
             Friends
             to
             make
             themselves
             welcome
             ,
             told
             them
             ,
             he
             would
             return
             in
             a
             moment
             ,
             but
             that
             was
             the
             least
             of
             his
             Designs
             ,
             for
             he
             had
             ordered
             some
             Mules
             to
             be
             taken
             out
             of
             a
             Neighbouring
             Mill
             ,
             and
             put
             into
             his
             Chariot
             ,
             in
             which
             Equipage
             he
             set
             forwards
             towards
             Rimini
             ,
             with
             some
             few
             of
             his
             particular
             Friends
             whom
             he
             had
             made
             privy
             to
             his
             Intention
             ,
             and
             one
             Troop
             of
             Souldiers
             ;
             it
             was
             a
             troublesome
             Journey
             ,
             but
             they
             resolv'd
             to
             undergoe
             it
             ,
             so
             that
             sometimes
             on
             foot
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             in
             his
             Chariot
             ,
             Caesar
             arrived
             upon
             the
             Banks
             of
             Rubicon
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             little
             River
             separating
             the
             
               Cisalpine
               Gaul
            
             ,
             from
             the
             rest
             of
             Italy
             .
             In
             this
             place
             all
             the
             misfortunes
             of
             that
             War
             which
             he
             was
             going
             to
             undertake
             ,
             presented
             themselves
             to
             his
             mind
             .
             Sometimes
             he
             had
             thoughts
             of
             going
             back
             again
             ,
             and
             turning
             himself
             to
             
               Asinius
               Pollio
            
             ;
             We
             have
             now
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             in
             our
             Power
             to
             return
             ,
             but
             if
             we
             pass
             the
             River
             ,
             our
             onely
             retreat
             must
             be
             to
             our
             Arms.
             Some
             Authours
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             Suetonius
             himself
             gives
             an
             account
             of
             a
             Miracle
             which
             happened
             to
             him
             upon
             this
             Occasion
             ,
             perhaps
             they
             have
             done
             it
             onely
             more
             particularly
             to
             signalize
             that
             famous
             passage
             of
             the
             Rubicon
             ,
             by
             something
             extraordinary
             ,
             but
             however
             it
             might
             be
             ,
             it
             will
             not
             be
             here
             improper
             to
             recount
             it
             .
             Not
             far
             from
             the
             place
             where
             he
             stood
             ,
             there
             appeared
             all
             of
             a
             sudden
             a
             man
             of
             an
             extraordinary
             stature
             ,
             who
             made
             very
             good
             Musick
             
             with
             a
             certain
             Flute
             or
             Reed
             which
             he
             plaid
             upon
             ;
             The
             Novelty
             of
             the
             sight
             drew
             together
             a
             great
             many
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             among
             the
             rest
             a
             Trumpet
             that
             belonged
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             so
             soon
             as
             they
             came
             near
             to
             the
             man
             ,
             he
             snatched
             away
             the
             Trumpet
             ,
             and
             sounding
             a
             Charge
             ,
             threw
             himself
             into
             the
             water
             ,
             and
             went
             over
             to
             the
             other
             side
             ;
             no
             mention
             is
             made
             what
             became
             of
             him
             ,
             onely
             that
             Caesar
             without
             farther
             consideration
             passed
             the
             River
             ,
             crying
             out
             aloud
             ,
             
               Let
               us
               go
               where
               the
               Gods
               so
               remarkably
               call
               ,
               and
               where
               the
               fury
               of
               our
               Enemies
               drives
               us
               ,
               the
               Lot
               is
               cast
               .
            
             From
             thence
             ,
             without
             making
             the
             least
             stay
             ,
             he
             marched
             directly
             up
             to
             Rimini
             ,
             and
             possessed
             himself
             of
             it
             without
             any
             resistence
             ,
             so
             with
             six
             thousand
             men
             onely
             he
             began
             that
             famous
             War.
             And
             after
             having
             secured
             himself
             of
             that
             place
             of
             Importance
             ,
             sent
             orders
             to
             his
             Troops
             to
             follow
             with
             all
             diligence
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XVI
             .
             The
             amazement
             of
             the
             Senatours
             :
             They
             leave
             Rome
             ,
             and
             retire
             to
             Capua
             .
          
           
             THIS
             sudden
             and
             unexpected
             enterprise
             gave
             most
             terrible
             apprehensions
             to
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             .
             They
             believed
             already
             that
             Caesar
             was
             at
             their
             Gates
             with
             all
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             an
             odd
             confusion
             to
             see
             the
             Countrey
             People
             come
             for
             safeguard
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             the
             Citizens
             flying
             into
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             no
             body
             knew
             which
             side
             to
             take
             ;
             and
             Cicero
             himself
             began
             to
             believe
             that
             Pompey
             had
             not
             made
             the
             least
             preparations
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             not
             in
             any
             condition
             to
             make
             head
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             had
             neither
             Troops
             ,
             nor
             place
             of
             retreat
             .
             For
             Cicero
             found
             himself
             under
             as
             difficult
             circumstances
             as
             any
             body
             ,
             and
             his
             uneasiness
             appeared
             in
             all
             the
             Epistles
             which
             he
             wrote
             upon
             this
             Occasion
             ,
             
               If
               I
               should
               stay
            
             ,
             (
             says
             he
             ,
             in
             one
             of
             them
             ,
             )
             
               I
               know
               not
               here
               whom
               I
               ought
               to
               be
               most
               ashamed
               to
               accompany
               ,
            
             Lepidus
             ,
             Volcatius
             or
             Sulpitius
             ,
             
               neither
               of
               these
               but
               is
               as
               silly
               as
            
             Domitius
             ,
             
               and
               as
               inconstant
               as
            
             Appius
             ,
             but
             Pompey
             
               engages
               me
               by
               the
               obligations
               which
               I
               owe
               him
               ,
               and
               not
               by
               his
               Authority
               ;
               for
               what
               Authority
               can
               a
               man
               deserve
               ,
               who
               could
               honour
            
             Caesar
             
               in
               the
               highest
               degree
               ,
               after
               we
               were
               all
               afraid
               of
               him
               ,
               and
               who
               believes
               now
               ,
               when
               he
               begins
               to
               fear
               him
               ,
               that
               all
               the
               
               world
               ought
               to
               declare
               against
               him
               ?
            
             Thus
             in
             few
             words
             Cicero
             gave
             a
             description
             of
             Pompey
             and
             his
             Party
             ,
             in
             the
             mean
             while
             making
             his
             interest
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             Dolabella
             and
             Caelius
             ,
             and
             other
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             to
             which
             purpose
             Caelius
             in
             one
             of
             his
             letters
             to
             him
             (
             wherein
             he
             shews
             himself
             a
             man
             of
             very
             pleasant
             observation
             )
             advises
             him
             this
             for
             a
             Maxime
             ,
             
               That
               in
               the
               Divisions
               of
               a
               Government
               ,
               while
               the
               matter
               is
               disputed
               by
               words
               onely
               ,
               every
               man
               ought
               to
               espouse
               that
               Party
               which
               he
               thinks
               is
               the
               Iustest
               ;
               but
               when
               once
               it
               comes
               to
               Arms
               ,
               te
               join
               evermore
               with
               the
               strongest
               ,
               and
               to
               believe
               that
               he
               who
               has
               the
               best
               Sword
               ,
               has
               the
               best
               Cause
               .
               Pompey
            
             underwent
             no
             small
             regret
             and
             discontentment
             during
             this
             Perplexity
             :
             His
             whole
             Party
             reproached
             him
             that
             he
             had
             deceived
             them
             ,
             demanding
             of
             him
             where
             his
             Troops
             were
             ,
             and
             Favonius
             ,
             who
             was
             grown
             crack-brained
             with
             Philosophical
             Projects
             ,
             and
             pretending
             to
             imitate
             Cato
             ,
             told
             him
             ,
             That
             it
             was
             now
             high
             time
             for
             him
             to
             stamp
             upon
             the
             Earth
             with
             his
             foot
             ,
             and
             bring
             forth
             the
             Souldiers
             which
             he
             had
             promised
             them
             .
             At
             the
             last
             Pompey
             was
             forced
             to
             tell
             them
             that
             they
             should
             not
             want
             Souldiers
             ,
             if
             they
             would
             but
             follow
             him
             and
             quit
             Rome
             ,
             or
             indeed
             Italy
             ,
             which
             they
             were
             not
             able
             to
             defend
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             neither
             their
             Houses
             nor
             their
             Provinces
             that
             could
             inspire
             them
             with
             the
             love
             of
             Vertue
             and
             of
             Liberty
             .
             But
             that
             Men
             of
             Honour
             would
             find
             it
             in
             all
             Retreats
             ,
             and
             
             that
             to
             unite
             themselves
             ,
             was
             the
             way
             to
             put
             them
             into
             a
             condition
             of
             returning
             back
             again
             to
             their
             Houses
             with
             Glory
             .
             This
             discourse
             ,
             and
             the
             affection
             which
             they
             bore
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             made
             them
             resolve
             at
             last
             to
             quit
             the
             City
             ,
             for
             though
             they
             blamed
             his
             Conduct
             ,
             they
             knew
             not
             how
             to
             hate
             him
             ,
             so
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             and
             almost
             all
             the
             Senate
             followed
             him
             to
             Capua
             ,
             where
             were
             the
             two
             Legions
             which
             Caesar
             had
             sent
             from
             Gaul
             .
             The
             behaviour
             of
             Labienus
             contributed
             at
             this
             time
             much
             to
             their
             assurance
             .
             This
             Man
             was
             one
             of
             Caesar's
             Lieutenants
             ,
             had
             served
             in
             Gaul
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Reputation
             ,
             and
             was
             therefore
             well
             esteemed
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             but
             afterwards
             ,
             when
             his
             Services
             ,
             and
             the
             Riches
             he
             had
             gotten
             in
             them
             ,
             began
             to
             make
             him
             vain
             ,
             Caesar
             thought
             fit
             to
             let
             him
             see
             he
             would
             be
             his
             General
             ,
             and
             not
             yet
             his
             Companion
             ;
             this
             caused
             Labienus
             to
             change
             his
             Party
             ,
             and
             his
             deserting
             made
             indeed
             a
             great
             shew
             ,
             but
             produced
             very
             little
             advantage
             .
             No
             brave
             Man
             thought
             the
             better
             of
             him
             for
             it
             ,
             and
             from
             that
             time
             he
             performed
             nothing
             that
             was
             considerable
             ,
             and
             though
             the
             Example
             might
             have
             been
             of
             dangerous
             Consequence
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             a
             War
             of
             that
             Nature
             ,
             yet
             Caesar
             either
             through
             his
             Wisdom
             ,
             or
             the
             greatness
             of
             his
             Mind
             ,
             seemed
             little
             to
             value
             or
             take
             notice
             of
             it
             ,
             for
             he
             sent
             Labienus
             all
             his
             Money
             after
             him
             ,
             and
             all
             his
             Equipage
             .
             From
             this
             time
             Pompey
             apply'd
             himself
             to
             take
             care
             of
             his
             business
             ,
             and
             put
             his
             affairs
             in
             some
             order
             ,
             
             and
             resolved
             to
             retire
             into
             *
             Pouille
             .
             He
             left
             
               Lucius
               Domitius
            
             in
             Corfinium
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             to
             command
             in
             Capua
             ,
             who
             received
             the
             Commission
             with
             some
             reluctancy
             ,
             but
             as
             he
             had
             left
             him
             neither
             Men
             nor
             Money
             ,
             he
             apprehended
             that
             that
             employment
             would
             not
             much
             injure
             his
             good
             Correspondence
             with
             Caesar.
             
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XVII
             .
             Some
             Propositions
             of
             Peace
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             but
             without
             any
             success
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             was
             still
             at
             Rimini
             ,
             where
             
               Lucius
               ,
               Caesar
            
             his
             Kinsman
             ,
             and
             whose
             Father
             served
             at
             that
             time
             in
             his
             Army
             ,
             came
             with
             Roscius
             to
             find
             him
             out
             .
             After
             some
             discourses
             about
             other
             Affairs
             ,
             Lucius
             told
             Caesar
             that
             Pompey
             had
             Commanded
             him
             to
             wait
             upon
             him
             ,
             and
             to
             beg
             of
             him
             that
             he
             would
             doe
             him
             Justice
             ,
             in
             regard
             of
             what
             had
             passed
             between
             them
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             think
             himself
             very
             unhappy
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             possible
             for
             Caesar
             to
             think
             himself
             injured
             by
             him
             ,
             in
             what
             he
             had
             done
             onely
             in
             consideration
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ;
             that
             it
             had
             always
             been
             his
             Maxime
             to
             prefer
             the
             Publick
             Good
             before
             his
             own
             particular
             Interests
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             would
             equally
             redound
             to
             Caesar's
             Glory
             also
             to
             sacrifice
             his
             resentments
             to
             the
             repose
             of
             his
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             not
             to
             drive
             things
             so
             
             far
             as
             by
             endeavouring
             to
             revenge
             himself
             upon
             his
             Enemies
             to
             give
             a
             wound
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             Roscius
             too
             entertained
             him
             with
             discourse
             much
             to
             this
             purpose
             :
             but
             these
             Civilities
             which
             were
             indeed
             but
             merely
             such
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             Teeth
             outward
             ,
             were
             of
             no
             great
             weight
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             nevertheless
             he
             resolved
             upon
             the
             dismissing
             of
             these
             Gentlemen
             ,
             to
             give
             them
             some
             taste
             of
             his
             sentiments
             ,
             so
             he
             told
             them
             ,
             That
             since
             they
             came
             in
             that
             manner
             Commissionated
             from
             Pompey
             ,
             it
             was
             his
             desire
             that
             they
             would
             charge
             themselves
             back
             again
             with
             some
             Propositions
             on
             his
             part
             ,
             especially
             if
             they
             desired
             to
             appease
             the
             present
             Troubles
             ,
             and
             quiet
             the
             fears
             of
             Italy
             .
             That
             he
             had
             evermore
             less
             considered
             his
             life
             than
             the
             honour
             and
             welfare
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             could
             not
             without
             extreme
             grief
             of
             mind
             see
             that
             his
             Enemies
             would
             take
             from
             him
             those
             favours
             which
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             thought
             fit
             to
             have
             allowed
             him
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             cut
             off
             six
             months
             from
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Government
             ,
             to
             force
             him
             to
             Rome
             in
             spight
             of
             the
             will
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             had
             ordained
             ,
             That
             although
             he
             were
             absent
             ,
             he
             should
             be
             considered
             as
             if
             he
             were
             actually
             present
             in
             the
             Assemblies
             for
             the
             Election
             of
             Consuls
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             nevertheless
             been
             content
             to
             put
             up
             that
             injury
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             the
             publick
             Peace
             .
             That
             he
             had
             desired
             by
             his
             Letters
             that
             all
             the
             Generals
             might
             quit
             their
             Armies
             at
             once
             ,
             but
             by
             no
             means
             possible
             could
             obtain
             it
             .
             
             But
             that
             on
             the
             contrary
             Troops
             were
             levied
             throughout
             all
             Italy
             .
             That
             they
             had
             retained
             the
             two
             Legions
             which
             were
             taken
             from
             him
             ,
             under
             a
             false
             pretence
             of
             going
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             and
             the
             whole
             City
             was
             up
             in
             Arms
             ,
             and
             therefore
             to
             what
             purpose
             was
             all
             this
             designed
             ,
             except
             for
             his
             ruine
             ?
             that
             for
             all
             this
             he
             was
             disposed
             to
             reduce
             himself
             to
             the
             last
             extremities
             ,
             and
             suffer
             every
             thing
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             the
             Republick
             ;
             That
             Pompey
             should
             retire
             to
             his
             Government
             ,
             that
             the
             Senatours
             should
             discharge
             their
             Troops
             ,
             and
             that
             every
             one
             should
             lay
             down
             his
             Arms
             throughout
             all
             Italy
             ,
             that
             Rome
             should
             be
             no
             more
             held
             in
             Awe
             ,
             but
             the
             Assemblies
             be
             left
             to
             their
             Ancient
             Liberty
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             that
             the
             full
             Authority
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             should
             be
             restored
             .
             To
             this
             discourse
             Caesar
             added
             ,
             that
             matters
             might
             be
             determined
             better
             by
             an
             enterview
             between
             him
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             whereby
             they
             might
             agree
             upon
             a
             method
             of
             putting
             this
             in
             Practice
             ,
             and
             take
             mutual
             Oaths
             of
             assurance
             from
             each
             other
             .
             Roscius
             and
             Lucius
             returned
             back
             to
             Capua
             with
             these
             Propositions
             ,
             and
             made
             report
             of
             them
             to
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             and
             to
             Pompey
             .
             They
             deliberated
             upon
             the
             matter
             ,
             and
             wrote
             back
             their
             answer
             in
             these
             Terms
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             should
             return
             into
             Gaul
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             abandon
             Rimini
             ,
             after
             which
             ,
             Pompey
             should
             depart
             for
             Spain
             ,
             that
             in
             the
             mean
             while
             they
             would
             continue
             their
             Levies
             till
             Caesar
             gave
             them
             assurances
             that
             this
             should
             be
             performed
             with
             all
             sincerity
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XVIII
             .
             The
             progress
             of
             Caesar.
             He
             seizes
             upon
             the
             March
             of
             Ancona
             .
             The
             siege
             of
             Corfinium
             .
          
           
             IT
             was
             not
             a
             desire
             of
             Peace
             which
             carried
             on
             this
             Correspondence
             ,
             matters
             were
             too
             far
             engaged
             ,
             and
             the
             Enmity
             too
             openly
             declared
             to
             leave
             any
             room
             for
             a
             sincere
             Accommodation
             .
             Pompey's
             business
             was
             but
             to
             gain
             time
             ,
             and
             had
             great
             relyance
             upon
             the
             assistence
             of
             the
             Forces
             of
             the
             East
             ,
             which
             were
             absolutely
             in
             his
             interest
             .
             Caesar
             too
             depending
             upon
             the
             valour
             and
             affections
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             had
             no
             design
             of
             quitting
             his
             Arms
             ,
             but
             onely
             to
             make
             it
             appear
             as
             fairly
             as
             he
             could
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             taken
             them
             up
             with
             Justice
             .
             His
             Propositions
             being
             but
             as
             so
             many
             Manifesto's
             or
             Remonstrances
             ,
             for
             as
             a
             Politician
             of
             those
             times
             observed
             ,
             they
             might
             easily
             have
             come
             to
             an
             agreement
             ,
             but
             that
             was
             none
             of
             their
             business
             ,
             for
             they
             both
             aimed
             at
             the
             Government
             .
             Caesar
             found
             he
             had
             no
             reason
             to
             obey
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             would
             have
             obliged
             him
             to
             retire
             ,
             and
             leave
             a
             good
             Garrison
             ,
             and
             disband
             his
             Troops
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             Pompey
             continued
             in
             Arms
             ,
             and
             making
             new
             Levies
             ,
             without
             any
             certain
             day
             fixt
             for
             his
             departure
             into
             Spain
             ;
             wherefore
             without
             loosing
             more
             time
             ,
             he
             resolved
             upon
             action
             ,
             and
             to
             that
             purpose
             sent
             Anthony
             to
             *
             Arezzo
             with
             five
             Cohorts
             to
             make
             new
             Levies
             .
             In
             the
             
             mean
             time
             he
             seized
             upon
             Pisaura
             ,
             and
             Fano
             ,
             and
             Ancona
             ,
             and
             upon
             advice
             received
             ,
             that
             Thermus
             the
             Pretor
             was
             at
             Fermo
             with
             five
             Cohorts
             belonging
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             he
             sent
             Curio
             thither
             with
             three
             of
             his
             ,
             upon
             whose
             arrival
             the
             Inhabitants
             revolted
             ,
             and
             obliged
             Thermus
             to
             depart
             ,
             whose
             Troops
             deserted
             him
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             all
             the
             *
             March
             of
             Ancona
             submitted
             voluntarily
             to
             Caesar
             :
             This
             Progress
             of
             his
             redoubled
             the
             fears
             at
             Rome
             ,
             whither
             Lentulus
             was
             come
             back
             to
             seize
             upon
             the
             publick
             Treasures
             ,
             but
             upon
             the
             report
             that
             Caesar
             was
             coming
             ,
             left
             the
             Treasury
             open
             ,
             and
             with
             Marcellus
             and
             several
             others
             ,
             betook
             himself
             to
             flight
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             the
             twelfth
             Legion
             came
             to
             join
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             marched
             to
             †
             Ascoli
             ,
             which
             Lentulus
             had
             possessed
             himself
             of
             with
             ten
             Cohorts
             ,
             he
             staid
             not
             there
             for
             C●sar's
             coming
             ,
             but
             retreated
             in
             confusion
             ,
             a
             great
             part
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             deserting
             him
             also
             ,
             the
             rest
             joined
             with
             
               Vibullius
               Rufus
            
             ,
             who
             was
             at
             that
             time
             too
             raising
             new
             recruits
             ,
             whereof
             he
             composed
             ten
             Cohorts
             ,
             and
             went
             to
             Corfinium
             to
             find
             out
             
               Domitius
               Aenobarsus
            
             ,
             of
             whom
             Cicero
             makes
             mention
             ,
             and
             who
             was
             designed
             to
             have
             succeeded
             Caesar.
             This
             man
             was
             of
             an
             illustrious
             Family
             ,
             though
             but
             of
             the
             order
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             but
             the
             Merits
             of
             his
             Ancestours
             had
             raised
             them
             to
             the
             dignity
             of
             Patricians
             ,
             he
             was
             of
             a
             fantastical
             inconstant
             spirit
             ,
             with
             a
             fiery
             and
             barbarous
             humour
             much
             like
             that
             of
             Nero
             after
             him
             ,
             whose
             great
             great
             Grandfather
             he
             
             was
             .
             He
             had
             with
             him
             twenty
             Cohorts
             of
             new
             raised
             Troops
             in
             Corfinium
             ,
             besides
             ,
             the
             twelve
             that
             belonged
             to
             Rufus
             ,
             with
             these
             Forces
             he
             resolved
             to
             expect
             Caesar.
             Now
             as
             that
             place
             was
             the
             first
             that
             durst
             undertake
             to
             make
             head
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             every
             body
             expected
             with
             impatience
             what
             would
             be
             the
             success
             of
             the
             enterprise
             .
             Caesar
             made
             his
             approaches
             with
             two
             Legions
             ,
             and
             was
             engaged
             by
             five
             Cohorts
             ,
             who
             defended
             a
             Bridge
             about
             three
             miles
             from
             the
             City
             .
             They
             were
             driven
             back
             even
             to
             the
             Gates
             of
             Corfinium
             ,
             which
             thereupon
             was
             immediately
             invested
             .
             Domitius
             prepared
             himself
             for
             a
             vigorous
             defence
             ,
             and
             wrote
             word
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             That
             there
             was
             now
             a
             fair
             opportunity
             to
             hem
             in
             Caesar
             ,
             if
             he
             would
             but
             come
             up
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             not
             be
             for
             his
             Reputation
             to
             abandon
             thirty
             Cohorts
             ,
             besides
             a
             great
             many
             Senatours
             and
             Knights
             of
             Pompey's
             answer
             was
             ,
             That
             he
             was
             not
             then
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             set
             the
             Forces
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             upon
             the
             hazard
             of
             a
             Battel
             that
             Domitius
             had
             engaged
             himself
             in
             Corfinium
             ,
             absolutely
             contrary
             to
             his
             Opinion
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             ought
             to
             think
             of
             making
             as
             fair
             and
             speedy
             a
             retreat
             as
             was
             possible
             ,
             and
             come
             to
             join
             himself
             with
             the
             Consuls
             and
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             It
             was
             upon
             this
             refusal
             that
             Cicero
             became
             so
             transported
             against
             Pompey
             ,
             in
             one
             of
             his
             Epistles
             to
             
               Atticus
               .
               I
               should
               have
               believed
            
             (
             said
             he
             )
             that
             Pompey
             
               would
               have
               had
               more
               regard
               to
               his
               Reputation
               ;
               He
               himself
               has
               nourished
               and
               made
            
             
             Caesar
             
               great
               ,
               and
               now
               all
               of
               a
               sudden
               is
               grown
               afraid
               of
               him
               .
               He
               will
               hearken
               to
               no
               Propositions
               of
               Peace
               ,
               and
               yet
               is
               in
               no
               preparation
               for
               War.
               He
               has
               lost
               the
               March
               of
            
             Ancona
             
               by
               his
               own
               fault
               ,
               has
               put
               himself
               into
            
             *
             Povilla
             ,
             
               and
               would
               go
               into
            
             Greece
             
               without
               thinking
               fitting
               to
               make
               us
               in
               the
               least
               acquainted
               with
               his
               Designs
               .
               In
               short
               ,
            
             Domitius
             
               presses
               him
               for
               relief
               ,
               and
               represents
               to
               him
               how
               much
               his
               Glory
               is
               concerned
               in
               it
               ,
               but
            
             Pompey
             
               renounces
               his
               Glory
               ,
               and
               retires
               to
            
             Brundusium
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XIX
             .
             The
             taking
             of
             
               Corfinium
               .
               Caesar
            
             gives
             Domitius
             and
             the
             other
             Senatours
             their
             liberty
             ;
             He
             writes
             to
             Cicero
             .
          
           
             Domitius
             thought
             it
             his
             wisest
             way
             to
             conceal
             this
             answer
             which
             he
             received
             from
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             that
             the
             General
             was
             upon
             his
             march
             to
             relieve
             them
             ,
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             contriving
             with
             the
             trustiest
             of
             his
             Friends
             how
             to
             make
             a
             private
             retreat
             .
             The
             secret
             could
             not
             be
             so
             nicely
             managed
             ,
             but
             that
             his
             very
             face
             and
             all
             his
             Actions
             discovered
             it
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Souldiers
             fell
             to
             Mutiny
             ,
             and
             proposed
             surrendring
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             now
             recruited
             his
             Army
             with
             the
             ninth
             Legion
             ,
             and
             two
             and
             twenty
             Cohorts
             raised
             in
             Gaul
             ,
             besides
             three
             hundred
             German
             Horse
             which
             a
             certain
             Petty
             King
             towards
             the
             side
             of
             Bavaria
             had
             sent
             him
             .
             Caesar
             pressed
             the
             place
             with
             those
             Troops
             he
             had
             put
             under
             the
             command
             of
             Curio
             ,
             so
             that
             no
             means
             of
             retreat
             being
             left
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             secured
             Domitius
             ,
             and
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             Caesar
             to
             certifie
             him
             ,
             That
             they
             were
             ready
             to
             open
             the
             Gates
             to
             him
             and
             surrender
             .
             This
             happened
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             night
             ,
             so
             that
             Caesar
             would
             not
             make
             his
             entry
             at
             that
             time
             ,
             fearing
             lest
             in
             the
             dark
             his
             Souldiers
             might
             be
             tempted
             to
             commit
             disorders
             ,
             and
             pillage
             the
             City
             ;
             Wherefore
             he
             onely
             caused
             his
             Guards
             to
             be
             doubled
             ,
             
             and
             kept
             his
             Army
             at
             their
             Arms
             all
             night
             .
             At
             break
             of
             day
             Lentulus
             called
             from
             the
             Rampart
             to
             one
             of
             Caesar's
             advanced
             Sentinels
             ,
             and
             demanded
             of
             him
             if
             he
             might
             have
             security
             to
             come
             and
             see
             
               Caesar.
               Caesar
            
             had
             notice
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             sent
             him
             his
             Parole
             ,
             Lentulus
             presently
             came
             forth
             conducted
             by
             Domitius
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             the
             presence
             of
             Caesar.
             He
             began
             his
             discourse
             with
             praying
             Caesar
             to
             forgive
             him
             ,
             in
             respect
             of
             their
             ancient
             Friendship
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             enlarged
             himself
             upon
             the
             favours
             Caesar
             had
             done
             him
             ;
             That
             he
             was
             indebted
             to
             him
             for
             all
             the
             Honours
             he
             enjoyed
             in
             the
             dignity
             of
             Pontifex
             ,
             in
             the
             Government
             of
             Spain
             ,
             in
             the
             Consulship
             .
             Here
             Caesar
             interrupted
             him
             ,
             saying
             ,
             That
             he
             was
             not
             come
             from
             Gaul
             to
             offend
             any
             body
             but
             onely
             to
             defend
             himself
             against
             the
             outrages
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             to
             restore
             the
             Honour
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             who
             had
             been
             ignominiously
             banished
             ,
             and
             to
             recover
             his
             own
             Liberty
             with
             that
             of
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             ,
             whom
             a
             Cabal
             of
             ill
             designing
             men
             had
             now
             enslaved
             .
          
           
             Lentulus
             taking
             heart
             at
             this
             discourse
             ,
             desired
             of
             him
             the
             liberty
             to
             return
             into
             the
             Town
             ,
             saying
             ,
             That
             the
             favour
             which
             Caesar
             had
             shewn
             him
             would
             be
             a
             great
             motive
             towards
             the
             assuring
             of
             the
             others
             ,
             many
             whereof
             had
             taken
             desperate
             resolutions
             against
             their
             own
             lives
             ,
             meaning
             by
             this
             Domitius
             ,
             who
             by
             a
             certain
             return
             of
             tenderness
             which
             Nature
             has
             for
             life
             ,
             was
             now
             seeking
             for
             remedy
             against
             some
             Poison
             
             which
             he
             imagined
             he
             had
             taken
             ,
             though
             he
             had
             no
             great
             need
             of
             it
             ,
             for
             his
             Physician
             ,
             had
             onely
             given
             him
             a
             Vomit
             ,
             which
             had
             its
             usual
             operation
             .
             Caesar
             ordered
             all
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Noble
             Romans
             that
             were
             there
             ,
             to
             come
             forth
             of
             the
             Town
             ,
             as
             
               Domitius
               ,
               Lentulus
               ,
               Spinther
               ,
               Vibullius
               ,
               Rufus
               ,
               Quintillius
               Varus
               ,
            
             and
             
               Lucius
               Rubrius
            
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             Sons
             of
             Domitius
             ,
             besides
             a
             great
             many
             young
             Gentlemen
             and
             Roman
             Knights
             .
             He
             forbad
             his
             Souldiers
             offering
             of
             them
             the
             least
             affront
             even
             in
             speech
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             told
             them
             in
             a
             few
             words
             ,
             that
             he
             never
             had
             till
             now
             great
             reason
             to
             value
             himself
             upon
             their
             acknowledgment
             of
             any
             obligations
             that
             they
             owed
             him
             ,
             he
             gave
             them
             all
             their
             liberty
             to
             go
             where
             they
             pleased
             ;
             and
             to
             shew
             that
             he
             as
             little
             valued
             the
             Money
             ,
             as
             the
             lives
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             he
             restored
             to
             Domitius
             six
             thousand
             Sesterces
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             deposited
             in
             the
             Bank
             of
             Corfinium
             ,
             though
             he
             could
             not
             be
             ignorant
             that
             it
             was
             the
             publick
             stock
             .
             As
             this
             action
             was
             diversly
             interpreted
             ,
             Caesar
             thought
             himself
             obliged
             to
             give
             some
             account
             of
             his
             reasons
             for
             it
             in
             a
             letter
             which
             he
             wrote
             to
             Cicero
             upon
             some
             praises
             he
             had
             given
             him
             for
             the
             business
             of
             Corfinium
             .
             The
             letter
             was
             in
             these
             Terms
             .
          
           
             
               
               
                 Caesar
                 the
                 Emperour
                 to
                 Cicero
                 the
                 Emperour
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 
                   Am
                   now
                   assured
                   that
                   you
                   know
                   me
                   ,
                   since
                   you
                   appear
                   to
                   be
                   satisfied
                   that
                   nothing
                   is
                   so
                   far
                   from
                   my
                   nature
                   as
                   Cruelty
                   ;
                   I
                   have
                   sought
                   nothing
                   in
                   this
                   proceeding
                   but
                   my
                   own
                   particular
                   satisfaction
                   ,
                   but
                   at
                   present
                   I
                   am
                   proud
                   to
                   find
                   that
                   it
                   deserves
                   your
                   Approbation
                   ,
                   and
                   I
                   am
                   no
                   longer
                   troubled
                   to
                   see
                   that
                   those
                   whom
                   I
                   have
                   spared
                   ,
                   should
                   be
                   returned
                   with
                   my
                   Enemies
                   to
                   fight
                   again
                   against
                   me
                   ,
                   since
                   I
                   wish
                   no
                   greater
                   advantage
                   than
                   to
                   let
                   them
                   know
                   that
                   they
                   will
                   be
                   always
                   like
                   themselves
                   ,
                   and
                   I
                   too
                   will
                   as
                   little
                   alter
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             name
             of
             Emperour
             was
             at
             this
             time
             no
             other
             than
             a
             Title
             of
             Honour
             which
             the
             Souldiers
             gave
             their
             Generals
             ,
             after
             some
             great
             Victory
             ,
             Caesar
             (
             the
             world
             knew
             )
             had
             well
             deserved
             it
             ;
             Cicero
             had
             gotten
             it
             by
             some
             little
             exploits
             of
             his
             done
             in
             his
             Government
             of
             Cilicia
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             onely
             to
             flatter
             him
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             gave
             it
             him
             in
             this
             Letter
             ,
             wherein
             he
             mentions
             
               Domitius
               ,
               Rufus
            
             and
             Varus
             ,
             for
             that
             they
             made
             so
             ungratefull
             use
             of
             the
             liberty
             he
             had
             given
             them
             ;
             for
             Domitius
             went
             to
             Marseilles
             to
             seduce
             that
             City
             from
             Caesar's
             Interest
             ,
             Rufus
             into
             Spain
             ,
             and
             Varus
             into
             Africk
             upon
             the
             same
             design
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XX.
             New
             Propositions
             for
             Peace
             .
             Caesar
             besieges
             Pompey
             in
             
               Brundusium
               .
               Pompey
            
             retires
             by
             Sea.
             
          
           
             DOmitius
             his
             Souldiers
             went
             all
             over
             to
             Caesar's
             side
             ,
             but
             as
             he
             could
             put
             no
             great
             confidence
             in
             them
             ,
             he
             sent
             them
             into
             Sicily
             ,
             and
             began
             to
             march
             with
             his
             whole
             Army
             ,
             which
             consisted
             of
             four
             Veteran
             ,
             and
             two
             new
             raised
             Legions
             .
             All
             the
             Towns
             opened
             him
             their
             Gates
             ,
             and
             their
             Governours
             fled
             ,
             being
             several
             of
             them
             deserted
             by
             their
             Souldiers
             who
             came
             over
             to
             
               Caesar.
               Pompey
            
             himself
             did
             not
             think
             fit
             to
             stay
             for
             him
             ,
             but
             retreated
             to
             Brundusium
             ,
             where
             the
             Consuls
             immediately
             embarked
             to
             go
             to
             *
             Durazzo
             with
             thirty
             Cohorts
             .
             Pompey
             remaining
             in
             the
             Town
             with
             twenty
             others
             ;
             Caesar
             soon
             after
             arrived
             ,
             but
             e'er
             he
             began
             to
             make
             any
             Attack
             ,
             resolved
             once
             more
             to
             endeavour
             an
             Accommodation
             :
             He
             had
             taken
             one
             Magius
             an
             Engineer
             ,
             belonging
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             set
             him
             at
             liberty
             ,
             with
             orders
             to
             tell
             his
             General
             ,
             That
             it
             might
             be
             for
             the
             common
             interest
             of
             them
             both
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             good
             of
             the
             Republick
             ,
             that
             they
             two
             might
             have
             a
             Meeting
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             might
             more
             fairly
             and
             easily
             hand
             to
             hand
             come
             to
             an
             agreement
             ,
             than
             by
             the
             means
             of
             any
             third
             Person
             :
             Magius
             brought
             him
             no
             answer
             back
             again
             ,
             which
             obliged
             Caesar
             uncertain
             
             of
             the
             designs
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             to
             endeavour
             the
             blocking
             up
             the
             entry
             of
             the
             Port
             of
             Brundusium
             .
             To
             this
             purpose
             he
             caused
             a
             Bank
             or
             dam
             to
             be
             raised
             on
             each
             side
             of
             the
             Port
             where
             it
             was
             narrowest
             ,
             and
             they
             could
             find
             ground
             ,
             and
             where
             no
             bottom
             could
             be
             reached
             ,
             he
             caused
             two
             Vessels
             to
             be
             fastened
             together
             thirty
             foot
             square
             every
             way
             ,
             and
             made
             them
             to
             advance
             over
             against
             the
             entry
             of
             the
             Haven
             ;
             they
             were
             moored
             with
             four
             Anchors
             ,
             one
             at
             every
             Corner
             ,
             and
             to
             these
             were
             joined
             two
             other
             Vessels
             of
             the
             same
             bulk
             ,
             with
             design
             to
             form
             a
             sort
             of
             stacade
             or
             chain
             ;
             the
             first
             bridge
             of
             these
             Vessels
             was
             covered
             with
             Earth
             and
             green
             Turf
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             those
             who
             were
             to
             defend
             them
             might
             have
             firm
             footing
             to
             fight
             upon
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             sides
             were
             furnished
             with
             Hurdles
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             Parapets
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             these
             Vessels
             carried
             from
             square
             to
             square
             ,
             a
             Tower
             containing
             two
             stories
             for
             defending
             of
             the
             work
             from
             Attacks
             ,
             and
             from
             fire
             .
             It
             was
             easie
             to
             judge
             for
             what
             design
             all
             this
             pains
             was
             undertaken
             .
             Pompey
             endeavoured
             to
             break
             it
             ,
             and
             to
             that
             purpose
             made
             use
             of
             several
             Merchant
             Ships
             of
             burthen
             that
             were
             in
             the
             Haven
             .
             He
             caused
             there
             to
             be
             raised
             Towers
             of
             three
             stories
             high
             ,
             which
             he
             furnished
             with
             Engines
             and
             all
             sorts
             of
             Darts
             ;
             with
             these
             he
             run
             against
             Caesar's
             Vessels
             ,
             hoping
             thereby
             to
             separate
             them
             ,
             and
             hinder
             the
             continuation
             of
             the
             work
             ,
             which
             occasioned
             dayly
             some
             little
             skirmishes
             with
             Darts
             and
             Arrows
             .
             All
             
             this
             time
             Caesar's
             design
             was
             to
             seek
             for
             a
             Peace
             ,
             and
             having
             received
             no
             news
             of
             Magius
             ,
             caused
             Caninius
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             to
             demand
             an
             enterview
             with
             
               Scribonius
               Libo
            
             his
             Friend
             ,
             and
             an
             Officer
             under
             Pompey
             .
             His
             orders
             were
             to
             exhort
             Libo
             to
             Peace
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             surest
             way
             to
             accomplish
             it
             would
             be
             an
             interview
             between
             Pompey
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             was
             assured
             matters
             might
             by
             that
             means
             be
             ordered
             with
             equal
             satisfaction
             to
             both
             Parties
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             glory
             would
             redound
             to
             Libo
             ,
             if
             by
             his
             care
             and
             mediation
             they
             should
             come
             to
             the
             laying
             down
             of
             Arms
             ;
             Caninius
             proceeded
             according
             to
             his
             Commission
             ,
             Libo
             made
             a
             report
             of
             it
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             returning
             back
             to
             his
             Friend
             ,
             told
             him
             ,
             That
             the
             Consuls
             being
             absent
             no
             Propositions
             of
             that
             kind
             could
             be
             received
             .
             From
             this
             time
             Caesar
             lost
             all
             hopes
             of
             an
             Accommodation
             ,
             and
             set
             his
             thoughts
             wholly
             upon
             the
             War
             ,
             half
             his
             business
             being
             already
             done
             to
             his
             hands
             ,
             by
             reason
             the
             Vessels
             which
             transported
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             and
             their
             Troops
             ,
             were
             returned
             from
             Durazzo
             ,
             which
             opportunity
             Pompey
             thought
             fit
             to
             make
             use
             of
             for
             withdrawing
             himself
             ,
             and
             to
             secure
             his
             retreat
             he
             immediately
             caused
             all
             the
             Gates
             of
             the
             City
             to
             be
             walled
             up
             ,
             and
             several
             Houses
             to
             be
             demolished
             in
             the
             Piazza's
             ,
             and
             cross
             streets
             .
             The
             Avenues
             of
             the
             Port
             were
             cut
             off
             by
             certain
             Pits
             which
             were
             filled
             with
             stakes
             ,
             and
             covered
             over
             with
             Hurdles
             and
             Earth
             ,
             besides
             ,
             two
             which
             were
             onely
             defended
             with
             Beams
             ,
             
             and
             Joysts
             made
             very
             sharp
             at
             the
             ends
             ,
             and
             planted
             after
             the
             manner
             of
             Fraize
             :
             After
             these
             Precautions
             ,
             he
             caused
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             embark
             with
             all
             silence
             imaginable
             ,
             leaving
             onely
             some
             Archers
             and
             Slingers
             upon
             the
             Walls
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             signal
             given
             them
             to
             retreat
             ,
             so
             soon
             as
             his
             Souldiers
             should
             be
             gotten
             on
             Board
             ,
             for
             he
             caused
             some
             Challops
             ,
             or
             small
             Boats
             to
             attend
             them
             in
             a
             convenient
             place
             for
             their
             Embarkment
             also
             .
             The
             Inhabitants
             of
             Brundusium
             dissatisfi'd
             with
             Pompey's
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             provoked
             by
             the
             ruine
             of
             their
             Houses
             ,
             advised
             Caesar
             of
             their
             retreat
             ,
             who
             immediately
             put
             his
             Troops
             into
             order
             ,
             and
             gave
             command
             for
             the
             planting
             of
             Ladders
             at
             the
             same
             moment
             of
             time
             that
             Pompey
             should
             give
             the
             signal
             to
             his
             Archers
             ,
             who
             yet
             easily
             secured
             their
             retreat
             by
             certain
             private
             paths
             that
             they
             were
             well
             acquainted
             with
             .
             So
             that
             Pompey
             got
             all
             this
             Troops
             on
             Board
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             night
             weighed
             Anchor
             ;
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             got
             over
             the
             Walls
             ,
             and
             had
             certainly
             fallen
             into
             the
             Pits
             which
             were
             prepared
             for
             them
             ,
             had
             not
             the
             People
             of
             the
             Town
             given
             them
             warning
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             were
             forced
             to
             take
             a
             large
             Circuit
             to
             come
             to
             the
             Port
             ;
             which
             nevertheless
             was
             not
             so
             great
             a
             hindrance
             to
             them
             ;
             but
             that
             they
             had
             time
             enough
             with
             Barks
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             small
             Vessels
             to
             seize
             upon
             two
             of
             Pompey's
             Ships
             ,
             who
             had
             run
             themselves
             a
             ground
             in
             going
             out
             of
             the
             Haven
             ,
             while
             the
             rest
             made
             all
             the
             Sail
             they
             could
             ,
             and
             saved
             themselves
             .
             
             Caesar
             seeing
             himself
             in
             sixty
             days
             Master
             of
             all
             Italy
             ,
             was
             now
             extremely
             desirous
             to
             attack
             his
             Enemies
             e'er
             yet
             the
             supplies
             they
             expected
             from
             Asia
             could
             come
             to
             join
             them
             .
             But
             wanting
             Shipping
             ,
             he
             resolved
             to
             go
             to
             Rome
             ,
             to
             settle
             there
             some
             sort
             of
             Government
             ,
             and
             then
             pass
             into
             Spain
             ,
             to
             drive
             thence
             those
             Troops
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             had
             taken
             possession
             of
             it
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             Affranius
             and
             Petreius
             .
             He
             sent
             orders
             to
             all
             his
             Officers
             Commanding
             upon
             that
             side
             ,
             to
             get
             together
             some
             Shipping
             ,
             and
             send
             them
             to
             Brundusium
             .
             He
             gave
             Valerius
             one
             Legion
             to
             go
             into
             Sardignia
             ,
             and
             three
             to
             Curio
             for
             Sicily
             ,
             with
             orders
             to
             go
             forward
             into
             Africk
             so
             soon
             as
             they
             had
             brought
             that
             Island
             to
             Submission
             ,
             Cato
             Commanded
             there
             for
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             
               Aurelius
               Cotta
            
             in
             Sardignia
             .
             They
             neither
             of
             them
             staid
             to
             attend
             the
             coming
             up
             of
             Caesar's
             Troops
             .
             And
             Cato
             after
             having
             publickly
             complained
             of
             Pompey's
             Conduct
             totally
             abandoned
             Sicily
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXI
             .
             Caesar
             goes
             to
             Rome
             ,
             by
             the
             way
             sees
             Cicero
             .
             He
             seizes
             upon
             the
             money
             of
             the
             publick
             Treasury
             ,
             and
             goes
             into
             Spain
             .
             The
             siege
             of
             Marseilles
             .
          
           
             NOW
             Caesar
             having
             put
             his
             Troops
             into
             good
             Quarters
             ,
             began
             his
             Journey
             towards
             Rome
             ,
             after
             having
             written
             to
             all
             those
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             had
             not
             already
             declared
             themselves
             to
             meet
             him
             there
             ,
             and
             assist
             him
             with
             their
             Councils
             :
             But
             above
             all
             ,
             he
             desired
             to
             see
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             pressed
             him
             to
             come
             by
             Oppius
             and
             Coelius
             ,
             who
             were
             Friends
             to
             them
             both
             ,
             and
             near
             his
             Person
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             the
             more
             to
             engage
             him
             to
             it
             ,
             took
             an
             opportunity
             to
             see
             him
             in
             his
             Journey
             .
             The
             Conversation
             that
             passed
             between
             two
             so
             extraordinary
             men
             as
             they
             were
             ,
             and
             moved
             each
             by
             different
             Considerations
             ,
             must
             needs
             have
             something
             in
             it
             very
             remarkable
             .
             Caesar
             complain'd
             to
             Cicero
             of
             his
             refusal
             to
             go
             to
             Rome
             ,
             and
             told
             him
             ;
             
               That
               by
               that
               repugnancy
               he
               would
               make
               it
               believed
               that
               he
               blamed
               his
               Conduct
               ,
               which
               might
               give
               ill
               impressions
               ,
               and
               be
               of
               bad
               Example
               to
               the
               other
               Senatours
               .
            
             To
             which
             Cicero
             replyed
             ,
             
               That
               the
               reasons
               he
               proceeded
               upon
               were
               very
               different
               from
               those
               of
               the
               others
               .
            
             But
             Caesar
             still
             pressed
             him
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               desired
               his
               presence
               at
            
             Rome
             
               for
               no
               other
               end
               than
               the
               proposing
               of
               some
               Accommodation
               ;
               Might
               I
            
             (
             replyed
             Cicero
             )
             
               here
               speak
               my
               Opinion
               ?
               
               I
               have
               nothing
               to
               prescribe
               you
               ,
               upon
               that
               occasion
               ;
               Then
            
             (
             says
             Caesar
             )
             
               I
               will
               tell
               you
               :
               You
               will
               tell
               me
            
             (
             answered
             Cicero
             )
             
               that
               the
               Spanish
               expedition
               does
               not
               please
               the
               Senate
               ,
               that
               the
               Army
               ought
               not
               to
               go
               into
            
             Greece
             ;
             
               In
               short
               ,
               I
               have
               much
               adoe
               to
               forbear
               discovering
               the
               Compassion
               I
               have
               for
               the
               present
               state
               of
            
             Pompey's
             
               Fortune
               ;
               Oh
            
             (
             replies
             Caesar
             )
             
               I
               cannot
               understand
               why
               things
               of
               this
               nature
               should
               be
               said
               to
               me
               ,
               whose
               duty
               it
               is
               to
               distrust
               my self
               .
               And
               that
               is
               one
               reason
               too
            
             (
             says
             Cicero
             )
             
               why
               I
               would
               not
               go
               to
            
             Rome
             ,
             
               for
               it
               is
               my
               duty
               also
               to
               speak
               my
               mind
               ,
               or
               else
               I
               ought
               not
               to
               appear
               in
               the
               Senate
               .
               Caesar
            
             left
             him
             to
             give
             him
             time
             for
             reflexion
             ,
             but
             Cicero
             could
             not
             resolve
             with
             himself
             to
             go
             to
             Rome
             .
             But
             Caesar
             arriving
             there
             ,
             composed
             a
             body
             of
             such
             Senatours
             as
             he
             found
             there
             ,
             and
             called
             them
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             when
             they
             were
             Assembled
             ,
             made
             them
             a
             speech
             in
             justification
             of
             his
             Conduct
             .
             The
             reasons
             he
             alledged
             may
             he
             easily
             imagined
             ,
             the
             most
             weighty
             of
             them
             having
             been
             already
             taken
             notice
             of
             .
             He
             proposed
             to
             the
             Senate
             the
             sending
             of
             Ambassadours
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             without
             bogling
             at
             the
             point
             of
             Honour
             ,
             which
             Pompey
             had
             laid
             down
             for
             a
             Maxime
             ,
             which
             was
             ,
             
               That
               in
               paying
               that
               respect
               to
               any
               one
               ,
               they
               attributed
               to
               him
               a
               Supreme
               Authority
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               was
               a
               mark
               of
               fear
               on
               their
               part
               who
               did
               it
               .
            
             But
             there
             was
             no
             body
             to
             be
             found
             who
             would
             undertake
             this
             Commission
             ,
             because
             Pompey
             by
             the
             advice
             of
             Domi●●u●
             ,
             had
             declared
             all
             such
             Senatours
             Enemies
             as
             should
             remain
             Neutrals
             .
             Caesar
             therefore
             would
             
             not
             insist
             upon
             this
             Proposition
             of
             an
             Embassy
             ,
             but
             began
             to
             think
             of
             providing
             himself
             with
             Money
             ,
             his
             recourse
             was
             to
             the
             publick
             Treasury
             which
             he
             would
             have
             had
             opened
             .
             But
             Metellus
             one
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             opposed
             him
             upon
             it
             ,
             alledging
             ,
             
               That
               the
               Laws
               forbad
               it
               ,
               that
               that
               money
               was
               sacred
               ,
               and
               that
               heretofore
               most
               horrible
               imprecations
               had
               been
               denounced
               upon
               those
               who
               should
               ever
               touch
               it
               for
               any
               other
               occasions
               than
               the
               Gallick
               War.
               Caesar
            
             told
             him
             ,
             
               He
               had
               removed
               the
               reasons
               of
               those
               maledictions
               by
               bringing
            
             Gaul
             
               under
               subjection
               to
               the
               Romans
            
             .
             And
             when
             the
             Tribune
             insisted
             still
             upon
             the
             Laws
             ;
             Caesar
             being
             something
             moved
             ,
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               Arms
               and
               Laws
               seldom
               agre●●
               very
               well
               together
               .
            
             Therefore
             adds
             he
             ,
             
               If
               you
               do
               not
               like
               my
               proceeding
               ,
               you
               may
               please
               to
               withdraw
               ,
               the
               War
               will
               not
               admit
               of
               this
               liberty
               of
               Contradiction
               ,
               but
               when
               Peace
               has
               once
               obliged
               us
               to
               lay
               down
               our
               Arms
               ,
               you
               may
               take
               your
               time
               to
               enlarge
               your self
               upon
               the
               power
               and
               virtue
               of
               the
               Laws
               ;
               I
               relinquish
               much
               of
               my
               right
               in
               vouchsafing
               to
               tell
               you
               this
               ;
               for
               you
               ought
               to
               know
               that
               you
               are
               now
               in
               my
               power
               ,
               with
               all
               those
               who
               have
               provoked
               the
               people
               against
               me
               .
            
             After
             this
             Discourse
             he
             went
             to
             the
             Doors
             of
             the
             Treasury
             ,
             the
             Keys
             whereof
             not
             being
             to
             be
             found
             ;
             Caesar
             sent
             for
             People
             to
             break
             open
             the
             Locks
             ,
             and
             when
             Metellus
             had
             still
             the
             boldness
             to
             dispute
             it
             with
             him
             ,
             in
             a
             rage
             laid
             his
             hand
             upon
             his
             Sword
             ,
             and
             threatned
             to
             kill
             him
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               Know
               young
               man
               ,
               that
               it
               is
               harder
               for
               me
               to
               say
               this
               than
               to
               doe
               it
               .
            
             These
             words
             and
             
             behaviour
             of
             Caesar
             so
             terrifi'd
             Metellus
             ,
             that
             he
             retired
             .
             Caesar
             took
             out
             of
             the
             Treasury
             3000
             pound
             weight
             of
             gold
             .
             And
             the
             example
             of
             Metellus
             was
             the
             reason
             ,
             that
             during
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             never
             any
             thing
             was
             refused
             him
             .
             After
             this
             he
             departed
             from
             Rome
             upon
             his
             Spanish
             expedition
             ;
             having
             first
             sent
             orders
             to
             all
             his
             Troops
             to
             come
             and
             join
             him
             ;
             he
             received
             news
             in
             Provence
             that
             Pompey
             had
             sent
             Rufus
             into
             Spain
             ,
             and
             that
             by
             Pompey's
             intriguing
             with
             their
             Ambassadours
             when
             they
             were
             at
             Rome
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             the
             People
             of
             Marseilles
             had
             resolved
             to
             refuse
             him
             entrance
             into
             their
             City
             ,
             that
             Domitius
             was
             gone
             thither
             with
             seven
             Gallies
             filled
             with
             the
             Slaves
             ,
             Libertines
             and
             Peasants
             that
             belonged
             to
             his
             Lands
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Marseillians
             had
             called
             down
             to
             their
             Succour
             all
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             Neighbouring
             Mountains
             .
             Caesar
             sent
             for
             fifteen
             of
             the
             chief
             Men
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             to
             desire
             of
             them
             ,
             
               That
               they
               would
               not
               begin
               a
               War
               with
               him
               ,
               but
               rather
               follow
               the
               example
               of
               all
            
             Italy
             
               and
               submit
            
             .
             They
             returned
             back
             to
             the
             City
             to
             advise
             upon
             the
             matter
             ,
             from
             whence
             they
             sent
             him
             this
             answer
             :
             
               That
               having
               understood
               that
               the
               People
               of
            
             Rome
             
               were
               divided
               ,
               and
               that
            
             Pompey
             and
             Caesar
             
               were
               the
               heads
               of
               the
               two
               Parties
               ,
               they
               had
               resolved
               to
               take
               neither
               part
               where
               two
               men
               were
               concerned
               ,
               to
               whom
               they
               had
               equal
               obligations
               .
            
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Domitius
             arriving
             ,
             was
             received
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             so
             declaring
             him
             General
             ,
             they
             put
             their
             Navy
             to
             Sea
             ;
             Caesar
             incensed
             at
             their
             
             proceeding
             ,
             besieged
             the
             Town
             with
             three
             Legions
             ,
             and
             ordered
             twelve
             Ships
             of
             War
             to
             be
             built
             at
             Arles
             ;
             which
             were
             completed
             in
             thirty
             days
             ,
             
               Decimus
               Brutus
            
             was
             appointed
             to
             command
             them
             ;
             and
             
               Caius
               Trebonius
            
             his
             Lieutenant
             General
             was
             left
             to
             continue
             the
             Siege
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXII
             .
             Pompey
             gathers
             together
             great
             Forces
             .
             Fabius
             enters
             Spain
             with
             the
             Troops
             belonging
             to
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             THough
             Pompey's
             design
             had
             at
             the
             first
             been
             ill
             interpreted
             .
             He
             had
             too
             much
             courage
             ,
             and
             was
             too
             great
             a
             Captain
             to
             have
             proceeded
             in
             that
             manner
             without
             being
             obliged
             by
             very
             powerfull
             reasons
             .
             He
             knew
             well
             the
             valour
             of
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             ,
             inured
             by
             ten
             years
             service
             against
             Warlike
             Nations
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             merit
             of
             their
             General
             .
             Besides
             ,
             he
             was
             willing
             to
             preserve
             his
             Reputation
             ,
             and
             not
             put
             himself
             to
             the
             hazard
             of
             being
             beaten
             without
             hopes
             of
             recovery
             ,
             with
             Troops
             but
             newly
             raised
             and
             unexperienced
             .
             Besides
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             assure
             himself
             of
             the
             fidelity
             of
             those
             two
             Legions
             which
             Caesar
             had
             surrendered
             him
             ,
             and
             who
             for
             several
             years
             had
             served
             under
             a
             Man
             who
             understood
             all
             the
             arts
             of
             making
             himself
             beloved
             .
             It
             was
             this
             which
             caused
             him
             to
             go
             
             into
             Greece
             ,
             there
             of
             such
             Succours
             as
             he
             could
             draw
             out
             of
             Asia
             ,
             which
             was
             wholly
             in
             his
             Interest
             to
             form
             a
             body
             that
             might
             be
             fit
             to
             make
             head
             against
             Caesar.
             In
             effect
             in
             a
             short
             time
             he
             found
             that
             he
             had
             a
             very
             considerable
             Army
             .
             He
             applyed
             himself
             therefore
             to
             exercise
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             with
             an
             able
             Fleet
             to
             make
             himself
             Master
             at
             Sea
             ,
             and
             to
             furnish
             himself
             with
             Darts
             ,
             Engines
             ,
             and
             all
             such
             Equipage
             as
             was
             necessary
             for
             him
             .
             He
             reckoned
             much
             too
             upon
             his
             Army
             that
             was
             in
             Spain
             ,
             composed
             all
             of
             very
             good
             Legions
             ,
             hoping
             that
             if
             Caesar
             lost
             not
             his
             Reputation
             ,
             he
             might
             at
             least
             lose
             there
             the
             best
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             which
             must
             indeed
             have
             succeeded
             as
             Pompey
             imagined
             ,
             had
             he
             himself
             been
             at
             the
             head
             of
             that
             Army
             ,
             or
             had
             he
             sent
             any
             of
             his
             best
             Officers
             to
             command
             it
             .
             But
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             knew
             the
             condition
             it
             was
             in
             ,
             said
             with
             his
             usual
             confidence
             that
             he
             went
             to
             find
             an
             Army
             without
             a
             General
             ;
             but
             that
             he
             should
             come
             back
             and
             find
             a
             General
             without
             an
             Army
             .
             
               Afranius
               ,
               Petreius
            
             ,
             and
             Varro
             commanded
             in
             Spain
             for
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             understanding
             by
             
               Vibullius
               Rufus
            
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             was
             upon
             his
             march
             to
             attack
             them
             ;
             upon
             this
             advice
             they
             resolved
             that
             Petreius
             should
             join
             with
             Afranius
             ,
             and
             that
             Varro
             with
             his
             Troops
             should
             guard
             the
             inner
             part
             of
             the
             Countrey
             .
             They
             making
             choice
             of
             Lerida
             for
             the
             Post
             where
             they
             would
             attend
             the
             coming
             of
             
               Caesar.
               Afranius
            
             had
             three
             Legions
             ,
             and
             Petreius
             two
             others
             ,
             with
             four
             and
             twenty
             Cohorts
             of
             
             the
             Natives
             of
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             five
             thousand
             Horse
             .
             Caesar
             had
             caused
             the
             passages
             of
             the
             Pyreneans
             to
             be
             possessed
             by
             three
             Legions
             ,
             Commanded
             by
             Fabius
             ,
             who
             after
             having
             put
             to
             flight
             some
             of
             Afranius
             his
             Troops
             that
             guarded
             those
             Defiles
             ,
             was
             advanced
             into
             
               Catalonia
               ,
               Caesar
            
             followed
             him
             with
             three
             other
             Legions
             ,
             three
             thousand
             Horse
             which
             had
             accompanied
             him
             all
             his
             Conquests
             ,
             and
             as
             many
             Gallick
             Cavalry
             ,
             composed
             all
             of
             the
             noblest
             and
             bravest
             Men
             of
             that
             Nation
             ,
             besides
             the
             Gascons
             and
             the
             Basques
             .
             There
             ran
             at
             this
             time
             a
             report
             ,
             that
             Pompey
             would
             come
             by
             Mauritania
             to
             put
             himself
             at
             the
             head
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             which
             caused
             Caesar
             to
             use
             extr●me
             diligence
             ,
             and
             to
             assure
             himself
             of
             his
             Troops
             by
             an
             extraordinary
             way
             of
             proceeding
             .
             For
             he
             borrow'd
             certain
             sums
             of
             Money
             of
             all
             his
             Officers
             ,
             which
             he
             distributed
             amongst
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             engaging
             his
             Officers
             by
             their
             own
             proper
             interests
             ,
             and
             his
             Souldiers
             by
             his
             liberality
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIII
             .
             Caesar
             joyns
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             marches
             against
             Petreius
             and
             Afranius
             .
          
           
             *
             LErida
             is
             a
             City
             of
             Catalonia
             ,
             within
             twenty
             miles
             of
             the
             Ebre
             ,
             situated
             upon
             an
             advanced
             ground
             between
             the
             Rivers
             Segre
             and
             
               Cinga
               .
               Fabius
            
             had
             advanced
             himself
             between
             these
             two
             Rivers
             ,
             and
             had
             caused
             two
             Bridges
             to
             be
             laid
             over
             the
             Segre
             four
             thousand
             paces
             distance
             from
             each
             other
             ,
             for
             the
             convenience
             of
             Forrage
             .
             The
             Enemies
             Generals
             had
             done
             the
             same
             thing
             for
             the
             same
             reason
             .
             So
             that
             the
             Cavalry
             of
             both
             Parties
             were
             every
             day
             engaged
             .
             There
             happened
             at
             the
             same
             time
             a
             fierce
             fight
             between
             two
             of
             Fabius's
             Legions
             ,
             and
             Afranius
             with
             four
             of
             his
             .
             The
             two
             Legions
             were
             commanded
             by
             Plancus
             ,
             and
             had
             certainly
             been
             put
             to
             the
             rout
             ,
             had
             not
             Fabius
             come
             up
             to
             their
             relief
             with
             all
             his
             Troops
             ;
             Caesar
             in
             the
             mean
             while
             marched
             to
             joyn
             him
             with
             eight
             hundred
             Horse
             ,
             and
             in
             two
             days
             made
             that
             Road
             which
             reaches
             from
             the
             Pyreneans
             down
             to
             the
             Segre
             .
             After
             that
             he
             had
             understood
             the
             disposition
             of
             the
             places
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Troops
             were
             arrived
             ,
             he
             gave
             orders
             for
             the
             repairing
             of
             one
             of
             those
             Bridges
             which
             the
             River
             had
             broken
             down
             ,
             and
             left
             six
             Cohorts
             with
             all
             his
             Baggage
             to
             guard
             the
             Bridge
             ,
             and
             his
             Camp.
             Marching
             emba●●elled
             in
             
             three
             Lines
             ,
             till
             he
             came
             within
             view
             of
             the
             Enemy
             .
             Afranius
             appeared
             with
             his
             Troops
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             upon
             an
             eminence
             where
             he
             was
             encamped
             ,
             and
             where
             Caesar
             could
             not
             attack
             him
             ,
             which
             oblig'd
             him
             to
             post
             himself
             four
             hundred
             paces
             onely
             from
             the
             foot
             of
             the
             Mountain
             .
             The
             Romans
             never
             used
             to
             encamp
             without
             retrenching
             themselves
             within
             a
             Ditch
             ,
             and
             a
             Palisade
             ,
             which
             the
             Legionary
             Souldiers
             could
             throw
             up
             in
             an
             instant
             ,
             every
             one
             of
             them
             besides
             his
             Arms
             carrying
             a
             stake
             upon
             his
             Shoulders
             for
             the
             making
             of
             the
             Palisade
             .
             This
             was
             their
             first
             work
             ;
             and
             this
             they
             supported
             with
             Earth
             and
             Turf
             for
             the
             forming
             of
             a
             Rampart
             .
             Caesar
             that
             he
             might
             not
             be
             disturbed
             in
             intrenching
             ,
             left
             his
             two
             foremost
             lines
             to
             remain
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             while
             the
             third
             wrought
             under
             the
             shelter
             of
             the
             two
             others
             ,
             and
             threw
             up
             a
             Ditch
             of
             fifteen
             foot
             breadth
             ,
             so
             that
             face
             of
             the
             Camp
             which
             looked
             towards
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             was
             fortifi'd
             e'er
             Afranius
             could
             perceive
             it
             .
             Then
             Caesar
             caused
             his
             Troops
             to
             retreat
             by
             the
             two
             ends
             of
             the
             Trench
             .
             His
             whole
             Army
             were
             all
             that
             night
             at
             their
             Arms
             ,
             and
             the
             next
             day
             he
             drew
             up
             three
             Legions
             in
             Battalia
             behind
             the
             Ditch
             .
             As
             it
             was
             a
             hard
             matter
             to
             get
             Turf
             ,
             he
             contented
             himself
             to
             cause
             a
             Trench
             to
             be
             thrown
             up
             upon
             the
             other
             sides
             of
             his
             Camp
             ,
             by
             the
             three
             Legions
             who
             were
             not
             at
             their
             Arms.
             The
             work
             was
             completed
             in
             a
             few
             days
             ,
             though
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             made
             some
             attempts
             to
             hinder
             it
             ,
             but
             unsuccessfully
             ,
             so
             
             that
             being
             in
             so
             good
             a
             condition
             as
             it
             was
             ,
             Caesar
             caused
             all
             his
             Equipage
             to
             come
             up
             ,
             with
             the
             Cohorts
             that
             were
             at
             the
             guard
             of
             the
             Bridge
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXIV
             .
             The
             Battel
             of
             Lerida
             .
          
           
             BEtween
             the
             Eminence
             where
             the
             Enemy
             was
             Encamped
             ;
             and
             the
             Town
             of
             Lerida
             ,
             there
             was
             a
             Plain
             of
             about
             three
             hundred
             paces
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             that
             Plain
             a
             small
             advanced
             ground
             ,
             Caesar
             endeavoured
             to
             get
             possession
             of
             this
             Post
             ,
             and
             fortifie
             himself
             there
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             to
             take
             away
             from
             the
             Enemy
             the
             conveniency
             of
             their
             Bridge
             ,
             and
             their
             communication
             with
             the
             City
             ,
             from
             whence
             they
             furnished
             themselves
             with
             all
             their
             subsistence
             .
             He
             caused
             three
             of
             his
             Legions
             to
             advance
             ,
             which
             he
             posted
             in
             three
             different
             places
             ,
             giving
             orders
             to
             the
             first
             Battalion
             of
             that
             Legion
             which
             was
             nearest
             to
             the
             advanced
             ground
             to
             run
             all
             together
             ,
             and
             possess
             themselves
             of
             it
             .
             But
             the
             Cohorts
             of
             Afranius
             his
             advanced
             Guard
             ,
             who
             had
             less
             way
             to
             go
             ,
             got
             thither
             first
             ,
             and
             repulsed
             Caesar's
             Men.
             They
             were
             seconded
             with
             other
             Troops
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Battel
             grew
             hot
             in
             that
             place
             .
             The
             manner
             of
             fighting
             on
             both
             sides
             was
             very
             different
             .
             
             Afranius
             his
             Souldiers
             accustomed
             to
             Wars
             against
             the
             Barbarians
             ,
             who
             never
             keep
             their
             ground
             ,
             charged
             fiercely
             at
             the
             first
             ,
             and
             advanced
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Courage
             ,
             but
             they
             took
             no
             care
             of
             their
             ranks
             ,
             but
             opened
             themselves
             in
             fighting
             ,
             and
             when
             ever
             they
             were
             pressed
             hard
             ,
             thought
             it
             no
             dishonour
             to
             give
             ground
             ,
             and
             abandon
             their
             Posts
             ,
             and
             this
             Caesar
             says
             happened
             in
             regard
             that
             Souldiers
             easily
             learn
             the
             Discipline
             of
             those
             places
             where
             they
             have
             longest
             served
             .
             Caesar's
             Men
             on
             the
             contrary
             thought
             it
             was
             for
             their
             Honour
             to
             fight
             Embodied
             ,
             and
             to
             keep
             their
             ranks
             ,
             and
             never
             to
             quit
             their
             Colours
             nor
             their
             Posts
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             the
             manner
             of
             the
             Enemies
             fighting
             surprised
             them
             by
             its
             Novelty
             ,
             they
             believed
             that
             they
             should
             be
             hemm'd
             in
             ,
             and
             the
             whole
             Battalion
             moved
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             disorder
             ,
             and
             the
             astonishment
             had
             certainly
             reached
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Troops
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             accustomed
             to
             see
             themselves
             push't
             by
             their
             Enemies
             ,
             had
             not
             Caesar
             assured
             them
             by
             his
             presence
             .
             He
             caused
             a
             Legion
             to
             go
             on
             entire
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             the
             ninth
             ,
             which
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             the
             Attempts
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             charged
             them
             so
             hotly
             ,
             that
             they
             retreated
             under
             the
             walls
             of
             Lerida
             .
             But
             that
             Legion
             enraged
             with
             the
             affront
             they
             had
             received
             ,
             engaged
             themselves
             too
             inconsiderately
             in
             so
             dangerous
             a
             place
             ,
             upon
             the
             steep
             part
             of
             the
             rising
             ground
             ,
             upon
             which
             the
             City
             was
             built
             .
             Afranius
             his
             Souldiers
             returned
             to
             the
             charge
             ,
             and
             as
             they
             had
             gotten
             
             the
             advantage
             of
             the
             place
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             also
             had
             recruited
             his
             Men
             ,
             the
             Battel
             lasted
             five
             hours
             upon
             that
             spot
             with
             great
             disadvantage
             to
             Caesar's
             Party
             ,
             who
             were
             forced
             to
             fight
             up
             hill
             ,
             and
             where
             every
             Dart
             from
             the
             Enemy
             did
             execution
             ,
             which
             last
             obliged
             them
             to
             run
             up
             with
             their
             Swords
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             and
             with
             so
             much
             vigour
             ,
             that
             they
             pushed
             the
             Enemies
             Party
             which
             were
             in
             the
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             the
             others
             also
             in
             the
             same
             place
             .
             By
             this
             time
             Caesar's
             Horse
             were
             with
             difficulty
             advanced
             to
             favour
             their
             retreat
             which
             they
             made
             without
             any
             disorder
             .
             Both
             Parties
             attributed
             to
             themselves
             the
             Honour
             of
             the
             Victory
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             because
             his
             Troops
             had
             maintained
             the
             fight
             for
             five
             hours
             in
             so
             disadvantageous
             a
             Post
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             had
             with
             their
             Swords
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             put
             the
             Enemy
             to
             flight
             .
             And
             Afranius
             for
             that
             his
             being
             less
             in
             number
             ,
             had
             had
             at
             first
             the
             advantage
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             still
             remained
             Master
             of
             the
             Post
             for
             which
             they
             fought
             ,
             and
             which
             he
             caused
             to
             be
             fortified
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXV
             .
             Caesar's
             Army
             reduced
             to
             great
             extremities
             by
             the
             overflowing
             of
             two
             Rivers
             .
             Cicero
             and
             a
             great
             many
             other
             Senatours
             go
             to
             find
             out
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             AN
             Accident
             which
             happened
             two
             days
             after
             this
             Battel
             ,
             gave
             him
             still
             greater
             hopes
             .
             The
             Rains
             which
             fell
             in
             abundance
             ,
             and
             melted
             the
             Snow
             upon
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             so
             swelled
             up
             the
             two
             Rivers
             ,
             that
             the
             Rapidity
             of
             the
             Waters
             carried
             away
             both
             Caesar's
             Bridges
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             saw
             himself
             shut
             up
             between
             two
             over-flown
             Rivers
             ,
             and
             could
             receive
             neither
             Convoys
             of
             Provisions
             ,
             nor
             those
             powerfull
             succours
             which
             he
             expected
             out
             of
             Gaul
             and
             Italy
             :
             This
             was
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             Summer
             ,
             when
             the
             Corn
             was
             not
             yet
             ripe
             enough
             for
             the
             making
             of
             Bread.
             Besides
             Afranius
             his
             Spaniards
             being
             well
             acquainted
             with
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             accustomed
             to
             pass
             the
             Rivers
             in
             Goat-skins
             ,
             which
             they
             always
             carried
             with
             them
             to
             the
             Wars
             ,
             continually
             met
             and
             fell
             upon
             Caesar's
             Men
             ,
             when
             ever
             any
             of
             them
             were
             stragling
             or
             out
             from
             the
             rest
             .
             Afranius
             ,
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             had
             great
             store
             of
             Corn
             ,
             and
             other
             Provisions
             ,
             which
             he
             still
             supply'd
             himself
             withall
             out
             of
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Countrey
             which
             lay
             behind
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             which
             had
             not
             yet
             been
             ravaged
             .
             Caesar
             attempted
             to
             repair
             his
             Bridges
             ,
             but
             the
             largeness
             and
             violence
             of
             the
             
             Rivers
             rendered
             all
             his
             endeavours
             fruitless
             ;
             besides
             ,
             that
             the
             Enemy
             disturbed
             the
             Work
             with
             flights
             of
             Darts
             from
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Segre
             :
             by
             this
             time
             the
             succours
             from
             Gaul
             were
             arrived
             ,
             consisting
             of
             Archers
             and
             Cavalry
             ,
             composed
             of
             the
             best
             and
             chosen
             youth
             of
             Gaul
             ,
             all
             Sons
             of
             Senatours
             ,
             or
             Knights
             ,
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             honoured
             with
             those
             dignities
             .
             According
             to
             the
             custome
             of
             that
             Nation
             ,
             they
             brought
             with
             them
             great
             Equipages
             ,
             abundance
             of
             Chariots
             and
             Slaves
             ,
             but
             all
             in
             no
             order
             ,
             and
             without
             command
             .
             They
             arrived
             ,
             in
             this
             condition
             ,
             upon
             the
             Bank
             of
             the
             Segre
             ,
             which
             they
             could
             not
             pass
             ;
             And
             Afranius
             being
             advised
             of
             the
             difficulties
             they
             were
             in
             ,
             passed
             over
             with
             three
             Legions
             ,
             and
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             to
             surprize
             them
             .
             The
             sight
             of
             the
             Enemy
             made
             the
             Gauls
             to
             rally
             ,
             and
             form
             themselves
             into
             a
             Body
             ,
             which
             stood
             and
             received
             the
             Enemies
             Horse
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Bravery
             ;
             but
             seeing
             the
             Colours
             of
             the
             Legions
             appearing
             ,
             they
             retreated
             towards
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             without
             any
             more
             loss
             than
             200
             Archers
             ,
             a
             few
             Horsemen
             ,
             and
             some
             Servants
             that
             were
             with
             their
             Equipages
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             the
             want
             of
             Provisions
             grew
             to
             a
             great
             height
             in
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             and
             his
             Souldiers
             were
             very
             much
             discouraged
             ,
             as
             well
             with
             the
             fears
             of
             future
             miseries
             ,
             as
             with
             the
             sense
             of
             the
             present
             .
             A
             Bushel
             of
             Corn
             was
             sold
             for
             Fifty
             pence
             ,
             and
             Fortune
             seemed
             absolutely
             to
             declare
             her self
             for
             Afranius
             ,
             whose
             Troops
             enjoyed
             all
             manner
             of
             plenty
             .
             Both
             
             he
             and
             Petreius
             gave
             an
             account
             ,
             by
             Letters
             ,
             to
             Rome
             ,
             of
             the
             advantage
             they
             had
             gotten
             ;
             And
             those
             of
             Pompey's
             Party
             went
             in
             shoales
             to
             pay
             visits
             to
             Afranius
             his
             Wife
             ,
             and
             congratulate
             with
             her
             upon
             the
             news
             :
             A
             great
             many
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             had
             till
             then
             stood
             neuters
             ,
             went
             to
             find
             out
             Pompey
             ,
             some
             in
             hopes
             to
             make
             their
             Court
             to
             him
             ,
             by
             carrying
             him
             the
             first
             account
             of
             so
             good
             Tidings
             ;
             others
             to
             get
             what
             shares
             they
             could
             in
             the
             fruit
             of
             a
             Victory
             ,
             which
             they
             already
             assured
             themselves
             of
             ,
             by
             the
             ruine
             of
             
               Caesar.
               Cicero
            
             was
             one
             of
             these
             last
             in
             spight
             of
             the
             wholsome
             advice
             of
             Atticus
             ,
             the
             endeavours
             of
             his
             best
             friends
             ,
             who
             were
             then
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             own
             Letters
             to
             him
             ,
             wherein
             he
             conjures
             him
             ,
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             their
             Friendship
             ,
             to
             remain
             Neuter
             .
             
               It
               will
               not
               be
               believed
            
             (
             says
             he
             in
             one
             of
             them
             )
             
               that
               the
               Iustice
               of
               my
               Enemies
               Cause
               has
               prevailed
               with
               you
               to
               declare
               against
               me
               ,
               but
               that
               you
               have
               been
               dista●ed
               at
               some
               action
               of
               mine
               which
               would
               most
               sensibly
               grieve
               me
               .
               A
               Man
               of
               Honour
               who
               loves
               his
               Countrey
               ,
               and
               its
               Peace
               ,
               ought
               to
               avoid
               the
               taking
               of
               any
               side
               in
               the
               disorders
               of
               a
               Civil
               War.
               The
               mere
               consideration
               of
               danger
               hath
               hindered
               many
               men
               from
               following
               those
               opinions
               ,
               though
               they
               might
               have
               perhaps
               approved
               of
               them
               .
               For
               you
               ,
               who
               know
               by
               my
               conduct
               the
               extent
               of
               my
               Soul
               and
               my
               Friendship
               ,
               you
               cannot
               doe
               better
               nor
               more
               for
               your
               Honour
               than
               to
               avoid
               the
               engaging
               your self
               ,
               by
               any
               means
               ,
               in
               these
               Broils
               .
            
             But
             these
             reasons
             were
             not
             of
             such
             prevalency
             with
             Cicero
             ,
             as
             the
             News
             he
             received
             from
             Spain
             .
             Therefore
             he
             went
             
             to
             find
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             was
             very
             glad
             to
             see
             him
             ,
             but
             gave
             him
             no
             Employment
             ,
             being
             not
             very
             well
             satisfied
             with
             him
             ,
             for
             that
             he
             had
             observed
             in
             him
             some
             regret
             to
             be
             engaged
             so
             unseasonably
             ,
             and
             which
             he
             could
             not
             forbear
             giving
             instances
             of
             by
             his
             Raileries
             ;
             For
             when
             Pompey
             reproached
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             came
             in
             a
             little
             late
             ;
             
               How
               late
            
             ?
             (
             answered
             he
             )
             
               I
               do
               not
               find
               your
               affairs
               in
               such
               forwardness
               .
            
             And
             another
             time
             ,
             when
             it
             was
             told
             him
             ,
             that
             seven
             Eagles
             had
             been
             taken
             in
             Pompey's
             Camp
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             was
             a
             happy
             Omen
             .
             
               It
               would
               be
               very
               lucky
               indeed
            
             (
             said
             he
             )
             ▪
             
               if
               we
               were
               going
               to
               make
               War
               upon
               the
            
             Magpies
             :
             so
             that
             Pompey
             could
             not
             refrain
             telling
             of
             him
             ,
             
               That
               he
               should
               get
               him
               gone
               into
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Camp
               ,
               where
               he
               would
               have
               less
               reason
               to
               Iest
               ,
               and
               more
               to
               be
               Afraid
               .
            
             At
             last
             ,
             Cato
             having
             remonstrated
             to
             him
             ,
             
               That
               he
               ought
               to
               have
               preserved
               the
               Neutrality
               which
               he
               at
               first
               made
               profession
               of
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Inconstancy
               of
               his
               proceeding
               was
               unworthy
               of
               a
               Man
               ,
               as
               he
               was
               well
               acquainted
               with
               the
               Maximes
               of
               True
            
             Philosophy
             .
             Cicero
             took
             the
             first
             opportunity
             of
             retiring
             ,
             and
             never
             came
             up
             to
             the
             Battel
             of
             Pharsalia
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXVI
             .
             Caesar
             passes
             the
             Segre
             ,
             and
             pursues
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             .
          
           
             THE
             Joy
             of
             Pompey's
             Party
             was
             not
             very
             long-liv'd
             ,
             but
             quickly
             changed
             with
             the
             Fortune
             of
             Caesar
             ;
             who
             ,
             after
             having
             vainly
             endeavoured
             to
             repair
             his
             Bridges
             ,
             gave
             orders
             amongst
             his
             Souldiers
             for
             the
             Building
             some
             of
             those
             sort
             of
             Vessels
             ,
             the
             use
             whereof
             they
             had
             learned
             in
             the
             British
             Expedition
             .
             The
             Keel
             and
             bottom
             of
             these
             Boats
             was
             of
             Light
             Wood
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             with
             Ozier
             ,
             covered
             over
             with
             Leather
             :
             he
             caused
             them
             to
             be
             transported
             in
             the
             night
             upon
             Chariots
             ,
             22
             miles
             from
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             so
             passed
             over
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             who
             possessed
             themselves
             of
             an
             advanced
             ground
             ,
             where
             they
             retrenched
             before
             the
             Enemy
             could
             get
             any
             notice
             of
             their
             design
             .
             These
             Troops
             were
             followed
             by
             one
             Legion
             ,
             and
             in
             two
             days
             a
             Bridge
             was
             built
             in
             that
             place
             .
             The
             Succours
             and
             Provisions
             which
             came
             from
             Gaul
             passed
             easily
             over
             ,
             and
             their
             Souldiers
             were
             refreshed
             .
             Caesar
             then
             caused
             his
             Horse
             to
             go
             over
             ,
             who
             surprised
             the
             Forragers
             ,
             a
             great
             number
             whereof
             they
             slew
             ,
             routing
             their
             Guard
             which
             consisted
             of
             Spaniards
             ,
             and
             carried
             away
             a
             considerable
             booty
             .
             At
             this
             time
             the
             face
             of
             Affairs
             seemed
             utterly
             changed
             .
             The
             valour
             of
             Caesar's
             Horse
             had
             so
             amazed
             the
             
             Enemy
             ,
             that
             they
             never
             after
             durst
             venture
             out
             to
             fetch
             in
             Forrage
             ,
             and
             the
             Towns
             of
             
               Heusia
               ,
               Callahora
               ,
               Taragona
               ,
               Tacca
            
             and
             Vich
             coming
             over
             intirely
             to
             his
             party
             ,
             sent
             him
             Provisions
             .
             Illurgavia
             another
             City
             near
             Ebre
             followed
             their
             example
             ,
             and
             one
             Cohort
             of
             that
             City
             ,
             which
             was
             in
             the
             Enemies
             service
             ,
             revolted
             to
             Caesar's
             Camp.
             He
             then
             caused
             an
             Intrenchment
             to
             be
             thrown
             up
             thirty
             foot
             in
             depth
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             to
             make
             the
             Segre
             fordable
             ,
             and
             spare
             his
             Horse
             the
             pains
             of
             fetching
             a
             long
             circuit
             to
             find
             the
             Bridge
             .
             Pompey's
             Generals
             began
             now
             ,
             in
             their
             turn
             ,
             to
             be
             afraid
             of
             the
             want
             of
             provisions
             ,
             because
             that
             Caesar
             was
             much
             too
             strong
             for
             them
             in
             Cavalry
             .
             So
             they
             resolve
             to
             go
             into
             Portugal
             ,
             where
             the
             People
             held
             the
             Name
             of
             Pompey
             in
             great
             Veneration
             .
             For
             this
             design
             they
             furnished
             themselves
             with
             what
             Boats
             they
             could
             get
             in
             and
             about
             the
             River
             Ebre
             ,
             and
             carried
             them
             to
             Octogesa
             .
             This
             was
             a
             place
             about
             Twenty
             Mile
             from
             their
             Camp
             ,
             then
             they
             commanded
             a
             Bridge
             to
             be
             made
             of
             these
             Boats
             ,
             and
             passed
             the
             Segre
             with
             two
             Legions
             .
             Caesar's
             Work
             and
             Afranius's
             Bridge
             came
             to
             be
             finished
             much
             about
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             with
             extreme
             diligence
             on
             both
             sides
             ,
             and
             unspeakable
             labour
             on
             Caesar's
             part
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             Pompey's
             two
             Generals
             left
             two
             Cohorts
             in
             Garrison
             at
             Lerida
             ,
             and
             went
             with
             all
             their
             Troops
             to
             join
             the
             two
             Legions
             which
             were
             passed
             over
             .
             At
             the
             third
             Watch
             all
             that
             Army
             decamped
             to
             gain
             the
             Ebre
             ;
             after
             which
             ,
             Caesar
             sounding
             
             the
             depth
             of
             the
             Ford
             ,
             and
             finding
             it
             in
             good
             condition
             ,
             commanded
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             to
             pass
             and
             fall
             upon
             the
             Enemy
             ;
             At
             break
             of
             day
             ,
             from
             the
             Eminency
             of
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             he
             could
             discover
             that
             his
             Horse
             had
             joined
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             that
             they
             extremely
             pressed
             their
             Rere-guard
             ,
             and
             had
             put
             them
             into
             disorder
             ,
             which
             was
             easily
             to
             be
             guessed
             from
             the
             confusion
             of
             their
             motion
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             ran
             about
             the
             Camp
             ,
             crying
             ,
             that
             the
             Enemy
             would
             escape
             ,
             and
             yet
             protract
             the
             War
             longer
             than
             there
             was
             necessity
             for
             it
             ;
             They
             desired
             their
             Officers
             to
             assure
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             refuse
             no
             Fatigue
             to
             come
             to
             a
             Battel
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             could
             easily
             foard
             over
             where
             the
             Horse
             had
             gone
             before
             them
             :
             This
             eagerness
             of
             theirs
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             he
             left
             the
             weakest
             of
             his
             Men
             ,
             with
             one
             Legion
             ,
             to
             guard
             his
             Camp.
             And
             after
             having
             disposed
             a
             great
             many
             Horse
             both
             above
             and
             below
             the
             Ford
             ,
             he
             caused
             his
             other
             Legions
             to
             pass
             over
             without
             their
             Baggage
             ;
             some
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             were
             carried
             away
             by
             the
             swiftness
             of
             the
             Stream
             ,
             but
             were
             saved
             by
             the
             horsemen
             .
             So
             that
             all
             the
             Army
             got
             over
             without
             the
             loss
             of
             one
             Man.
             Assoon
             as
             they
             came
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Ford
             they
             drew
             up
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             and
             Marched
             so
             fast
             ,
             that
             though
             they
             were
             forced
             to
             go
             six
             Miles
             about
             ,
             and
             had
             lost
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             time
             in
             passing
             the
             River
             ,
             they
             joined
             the
             Enemy
             before
             three
             a
             Clock
             in
             the
             Afternoon
             ,
             who
             had
             come
             away
             at
             midnight
             .
             
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             drew
             up
             their
             Troops
             upon
             the
             hill
             ,
             Caesar
             kept
             his
             on
             the
             Plain
             ,
             being
             unwilling
             ,
             (
             weary
             as
             they
             were
             )
             to
             expose
             them
             to
             a
             Battel
             .
             But
             in
             the
             moment
             that
             the
             two
             Generals
             moved
             towards
             a
             retreat
             ,
             he
             followed
             them
             without
             resting
             ,
             and
             forced
             them
             to
             Encamp
             much
             sooner
             than
             they
             had
             at
             first
             resolved
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXVII
             .
             Different
             motions
             of
             the
             two
             Armies
             .
             Caesar
             besieges
             the
             Enemies
             tow
             Generals
             .
          
           
             FRom
             the
             place
             where
             they
             were
             Encamped
             ,
             there
             was
             a
             Plain
             of
             five
             Miles
             ,
             reaching
             to
             the
             Mountains
             and
             Defiles
             which
             they
             had
             a
             mind
             to
             possess
             themselves
             of
             ,
             to
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             go
             without
             danger
             as
             far
             as
             the
             
               Ebre
               .
               Caesar
            
             understood
             this
             design
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             intended
             silently
             to
             quit
             their
             Camp
             ,
             so
             he
             immediately
             ordered
             a
             cry
             in
             his
             Camp
             of
             
               Load
               the
               Baggage
            
             ,
             which
             was
             an
             usual
             Cry
             amongst
             the
             Roman
             Souldiers
             .
             This
             noise
             kept
             the
             Enemy
             in
             their
             Trenches
             ,
             fearing
             lest
             they
             should
             be
             surprised
             in
             disorder
             upon
             their
             march
             ,
             but
             at
             break
             of
             day
             Petreius
             went
             to
             take
             an
             account
             of
             the
             Defiles
             with
             a
             small
             party
             of
             Horse
             .
             
               Decidius
               Saxa
            
             had
             received
             the
             same
             orders
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             they
             both
             brought
             back
             
             word
             to
             their
             Camp
             ,
             that
             he
             who
             first
             got
             possession
             of
             those
             Defiles
             might
             cut
             off
             from
             the
             Enemy
             the
             passage
             to
             the
             Ebre
             .
          
           
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             called
             a
             Council
             of
             War
             ,
             whether
             they
             should
             depart
             that
             night
             ,
             or
             stay
             till
             morning
             ;
             those
             that
             were
             of
             the
             opinion
             to
             stay
             till
             morning
             ,
             carried
             it
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             hazard
             they
             must
             run
             ,
             should
             they
             be
             ingaged
             to
             a
             Battel
             in
             the
             dark
             ,
             where
             the
             Souldiers
             (
             especially
             in
             a
             Civil
             War
             as
             this
             was
             )
             would
             not
             be
             retained
             by
             the
             example
             of
             their
             Officers
             ,
             nor
             any
             sense
             of
             their
             own
             shame
             .
             At
             break
             of
             day
             Caesar
             left
             his
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             marched
             with
             all
             his
             Troops
             towards
             the
             Hills
             ,
             taking
             a
             great
             Circuit
             without
             keeping
             any
             certain
             Road.
             The
             Vallies
             were
             very
             difficult
             of
             passage
             ,
             being
             full
             of
             sharp
             Rocks
             ,
             and
             rough
             ways
             .
             But
             the
             Souldiers
             persuaded
             that
             the
             price
             of
             the
             Victory
             ,
             and
             the
             end
             of
             all
             their
             Toils
             depended
             upon
             their
             diligence
             ,
             to
             ease
             themselves
             ,
             gave
             their
             Arms
             to
             those
             who
             were
             first
             got
             over
             ,
             and
             so
             supported
             one
             another
             in
             the
             passage
             :
             Immediately
             Afranius's
             men
             having
             left
             their
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             observing
             the
             motion
             of
             Caesar's
             Army
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             toward
             the
             way
             which
             led
             to
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             their
             going
             about
             ,
             believed
             ,
             that
             prest
             for
             want
             of
             Forrage
             ,
             he
             was
             upon
             his
             retreat
             ,
             upon
             which
             they
             set
             up
             great
             hootings
             ,
             and
             their
             Commanders
             were
             very
             glad
             that
             they
             had
             stayed
             for
             the
             day
             ,
             without
             running
             any
             hazard
             in
             the
             night
             .
             But
             when
             they
             perceived
             by
             
             their
             facing
             to
             the
             right
             ,
             that
             the
             first
             of
             the
             Troops
             were
             already
             got
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             their
             Camp
             ,
             they
             thought
             it
             high
             time
             for
             them
             to
             depart
             and
             prevent
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             so
             they
             cryed
             to
             Arms
             ,
             and
             marched
             ,
             after
             having
             left
             some
             Cohorts
             to
             guard
             the
             Camp
             and
             the
             Baggage
             .
             It
             was
             their
             business
             to
             try
             who
             could
             first
             get
             possession
             of
             the
             Mountains
             .
             The
             difficulty
             of
             the
             ways
             was
             a
             great
             hindrance
             to
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ;
             but
             his
             Cavalry
             as
             much
             incommoded
             those
             of
             Afranius
             .
             So
             they
             already
             saw
             themselves
             necessitated
             to
             lose
             their
             Baggage
             to
             save
             themselves
             ,
             for
             Caesar's
             Horse
             had
             got
             between
             them
             and
             their
             Camp.
             The
             matter
             of
             importance
             was
             ,
             who
             should
             make
             themselves
             Masters
             of
             the
             Defiles
             .
             Caesar
             by
             the
             diligence
             of
             his
             Men
             carried
             it
             ,
             where
             after
             having
             passed
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             which
             were
             almost
             inaccessible
             ,
             found
             the
             Plain
             where
             he
             might
             draw
             up
             his
             Legions
             in
             Battalia
             .
             The
             two
             Generals
             seeing
             the
             Infantry
             before
             them
             ,
             and
             the
             Horse
             behind
             them
             ,
             made
             a
             hault
             upon
             a
             hill
             ,
             from
             whence
             they
             detached
             four
             Cohorts
             of
             Spaniards
             ,
             who
             were
             disigned
             to
             get
             possession
             of
             a
             Mountain
             which
             seemed
             to
             be
             the
             highest
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             to
             open
             themselves
             a
             way
             to
             the
             Ebre
             .
             But
             they
             were
             hemmed
             in
             by
             Caesar's
             Horse
             ,
             who
             cut
             them
             all
             to
             pieces
             in
             sight
             of
             both
             Armies
             .
             His
             Souldiers
             pressed
             him
             that
             he
             would
             take
             that
             occasions
             to
             complete
             the
             defeat
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             whose
             fear
             appeared
             by
             the
             disorder
             
             their
             Colours
             were
             in
             ,
             but
             he
             would
             not
             doe
             it
             ,
             for
             he
             saw
             the
             Victory
             assured
             without
             fighting
             ,
             and
             was
             resolved
             to
             spare
             the
             bloud
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             so
             he
             caused
             his
             Cavalry
             to
             retreat
             ,
             and
             gave
             the
             Enemy
             liberty
             to
             return
             to
             their
             Camp
             ,
             which
             they
             had
             quitted
             in
             the
             morning
             .
             Caesar
             leaving
             some
             Troops
             at
             the
             Defiles
             ,
             and
             having
             blockt
             up
             the
             passage
             to
             the
             Ebre
             ,
             came
             the
             next
             day
             and
             posted
             himself
             in
             sight
             of
             their
             Trenches
             .
             They
             had
             but
             two
             things
             to
             chuse
             ,
             either
             to
             return
             to
             Lerida
             ,
             or
             go
             to
             Tarracona
             .
             As
             they
             were
             consulting
             upon
             this
             ,
             news
             was
             brought
             them
             that
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             had
             fallen
             upon
             theirs
             ,
             which
             were
             gone
             to
             get
             water
             ,
             which
             obliged
             them
             to
             send
             more
             Legionary
             Cohorts
             ,
             seconded
             with
             Cavalry
             to
             maintain
             a
             work
             they
             designed
             to
             make
             ,
             by
             throwing
             up
             a
             Trench
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Segre
             .
             The
             two
             Generals
             divided
             themselves
             for
             this
             Design
             ,
             and
             as
             they
             were
             busying
             themselves
             about
             it
             ,
             their
             Souldiers
             left
             their
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             a
             Parley
             with
             Caesar's
             they
             almost
             all
             of
             them
             knew
             one
             another
             ,
             being
             of
             the
             same
             City
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             them
             either
             Friends
             or
             Relations
             .
             They
             gave
             them
             thanks
             that
             the
             day
             before
             they
             had
             not
             fallen
             upon
             them
             in
             that
             disorder
             they
             were
             then
             in
             ,
             they
             bemoaned
             themselves
             that
             they
             should
             be
             forc't
             to
             carry
             Arms
             against
             Men
             who
             for
             so
             many
             reasons
             ought
             to
             be
             dear
             to
             them
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             they
             demanded
             surety
             for
             their
             Generals
             ,
             promising
             in
             that
             case
             to
             surrender
             themselves
             to
             
             Caesar
             ,
             to
             whom
             also
             they
             deputed
             their
             Principal
             Centurions
             for
             a
             Treaty
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             inviting
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             into
             their
             Camp
             ,
             and
             carrying
             them
             into
             their
             Tents
             ,
             where
             they
             offered
             them
             such
             refreshments
             as
             they
             had
             .
             Afranius's
             Son
             himself
             entered
             upon
             Capitulation
             by
             the
             means
             of
             Sulpitius
             a
             Lieutenant
             General
             ,
             and
             there
             was
             some
             appearance
             that
             the
             two
             Armies
             being
             united
             ,
             matters
             might
             have
             been
             brought
             to
             a
             kind
             conclusion
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXVIII
             .
             Petreius
             causes
             several
             of
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             to
             be
             slain
             .
             He
             decampeth
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             follows
             him
             ,
             but
             without
             a
             design
             of
             defeating
             him
             utterly
             .
          
           
             UPon
             the
             news
             of
             this
             ,
             Afranius
             returned
             to
             the
             Camp
             ,
             and
             retired
             himself
             to
             his
             Tent
             ,
             resolved
             against
             all
             events
             .
             Petreius
             did
             not
             so
             ,
             he
             caused
             several
             of
             his
             Slaves
             and
             his
             Guards
             to
             take
             their
             Arms
             ,
             and
             with
             some
             Spanish
             Horse
             ran
             to
             the
             Trenches
             ,
             driving
             thence
             Caesar's
             Men
             ,
             and
             causing
             his
             own
             Souldiers
             to
             retire
             .
             Those
             of
             Caesar
             rallied
             ,
             seeing
             that
             he
             ordered
             those
             Spaniards
             to
             charge
             them
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             lost
             some
             Men
             ,
             retreated
             to
             their
             Camp.
             Petreius
             being
             entered
             into
             his
             ,
             went
             from
             Quarter
             to
             Quarter
             ,
             and
             assembling
             his
             Troops
             together
             ,
             conjured
             them
             with
             tears
             in
             his
             Eyes
             to
             remember
             Pompey
             their
             General
             ,
             to
             whom
             they
             had
             so
             mighty
             obligations
             ,
             and
             demanded
             from
             them
             a
             new
             Oath
             of
             Fidelity
             ,
             he
             took
             it
             first
             himself
             ,
             afterwards
             obliging
             Afranius
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             other
             Officers
             ,
             and
             in
             fine
             ,
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             one
             after
             another
             .
             Then
             it
             was
             ordered
             that
             all
             those
             that
             had
             any
             of
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             in
             their
             Tents
             should
             bring
             them
             forth
             ,
             some
             were
             produced
             and
             Massacred
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             the
             whole
             Army
             .
             They
             believed
             that
             the
             obligations
             of
             that
             Oath
             ,
             and
             that
             example
             
             of
             Cruelty
             ,
             would
             be
             so
             strong
             an
             engagement
             ,
             that
             the
             Souldiers
             would
             never
             after
             break
             it
             ;
             nevertheless
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             preserved
             those
             that
             were
             in
             their
             Tents
             ,
             without
             discovering
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             at
             night
             helpt
             them
             to
             escape
             over
             the
             Ramparts
             .
             Caesar
             would
             not
             imitate
             this
             Cruelty
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Generals
             ,
             but
             sent
             back
             all
             their
             Souldiers
             which
             were
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             at
             least
             all
             those
             that
             would
             return
             ,
             (
             for
             a
             great
             many
             Officers
             had
             taken
             Party
             with
             him
             .
             )
             The
             Enemy
             pressed
             by
             all
             manner
             of
             necessity
             ,
             resolved
             now
             to
             retreat
             to
             Lerida
             ,
             where
             they
             had
             yet
             some
             Provisions
             ,
             and
             the
             next
             morning
             they
             Decamped
             .
             The
             order
             of
             their
             March
             was
             thus
             ,
             the
             best
             of
             their
             Cohorts
             they
             placed
             in
             their
             Rere
             Guard
             ,
             to
             make
             head
             in
             the
             Plain
             against
             Caesar's
             Army
             ,
             which
             followed
             them
             afterwards
             as
             they
             were
             passing
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             they
             more
             easily
             defended
             themselves
             ,
             because
             that
             those
             who
             first
             got
             up
             ,
             could
             with
             their
             Darts
             defend
             them
             that
             followed
             ;
             but
             upon
             the
             descent
             on
             the
             other
             side
             they
             found
             great
             disadvantage
             ,
             for
             they
             could
             not
             assist
             one
             another
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             might
             annoy
             them
             with
             Darts
             .
             As
             they
             went
             down
             to
             avoid
             this
             ,
             the
             Legions
             in
             a
             whole
             body
             making
             a
             hault
             ,
             charged
             so
             fiercely
             upon
             the
             Cavalry
             ,
             that
             they
             forced
             them
             to
             retire
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             so
             repulsed
             them
             ,
             ran
             with
             what
             speed
             they
             could
             into
             the
             Valley
             to
             get
             to
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             where
             they
             might
             face
             about
             ,
             but
             by
             reason
             of
             what
             had
             hapned
             ,
             they
             were
             not
             
             persued
             very
             fast
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             marched
             four
             miles
             ,
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             encamped
             upon
             an
             advanced
             ground
             ,
             where
             they
             made
             a
             sort
             of
             retrenchment
             .
             Caesar
             posted
             himself
             very
             near
             them
             ,
             and
             after
             they
             had
             observed
             that
             his
             Horse
             were
             gone
             out
             to
             Forrage
             ,
             they
             began
             about
             Noon
             to
             march
             again
             .
             Caesar
             immediately
             followed
             them
             with
             his
             Infantry
             ,
             and
             sent
             order
             to
             his
             Horse
             to
             come
             up
             to
             him
             at
             four
             of
             the
             Clock
             ,
             they
             quickly
             returned
             ,
             and
             the
             Enemy
             being
             pressed
             by
             his
             whole
             Army
             ,
             were
             forced
             to
             take
             another
             Post
             very
             disadvantageous
             ,
             and
             far
             from
             any
             water
             .
             Caesar
             would
             not
             for
             the
             reasons
             I
             have
             already
             related
             ,
             intirely
             defeat
             them
             ,
             though
             he
             might
             easily
             have
             done
             it
             ,
             but
             left
             them
             at
             liberty
             to
             retrench
             themselves
             ,
             which
             they
             did
             with
             all
             possible
             diligence
             ,
             and
             carrying
             on
             their
             Trenches
             from
             one
             Post
             to
             another
             ,
             endeavoured
             to
             advance
             under
             the
             shelter
             of
             their
             Works
             .
             But
             this
             onely
             served
             to
             hinder
             them
             more
             from
             water
             ,
             which
             for
             one
             whole
             day
             they
             wanted
             .
             The
             next
             day
             all
             their
             Army
             marched
             in
             Battalia
             to
             seek
             for
             some
             ,
             but
             no
             one
             durst
             leave
             the
             body
             to
             go
             and
             fetch
             in
             Forrage
             .
             This
             gave
             Caesar
             to
             understand
             the
             necessity
             to
             which
             they
             were
             reduced
             ,
             and
             confirmed
             him
             in
             his
             design
             ,
             so
             he
             ordered
             the
             beginning
             of
             his
             Line
             for
             the
             blocking
             of
             them
             up
             .
             Three
             days
             were
             so
             employed
             in
             removing
             earth
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             during
             which
             time
             they
             caused
             all
             the
             Beasts
             of
             burthen
             in
             their
             Camp
             to
             be
             killed
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             Caesar's
             
             work
             was
             very
             much
             advanced
             ,
             and
             at
             three
             a
             clock
             in
             the
             afternoon
             ,
             the
             two
             Generals
             drew
             out
             to
             oppose
             it
             ,
             embattelling
             themselves
             upon
             three
             lines
             .
             Caesar
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             his
             Reputation
             would
             not
             seem
             to
             decline
             the
             Fight
             ;
             so
             he
             drew
             up
             his
             Troops
             in
             Battalia
             upon
             three
             Lines
             also
             .
             The
             Cohorts
             of
             the
             Legions
             upon
             the
             right
             and
             left
             ,
             the
             Archers
             and
             Slingers
             in
             the
             Centre
             ,
             and
             his
             Horse
             upon
             the
             Wings
             .
             In
             this
             order
             he
             attended
             their
             motion
             ,
             resolving
             himself
             not
             to
             begin
             the
             attack
             .
             The
             two
             Armies
             were
             upon
             their
             Retrenchments
             ,
             which
             were
             onely
             carried
             on
             for
             two
             hundred
             paces
             ,
             and
             so
             they
             remained
             till
             night
             without
             doing
             any
             thing
             .
             Caesar
             then
             caused
             his
             Works
             to
             be
             renewed
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             Generals
             had
             a
             design
             to
             open
             themselves
             a
             passage
             to
             the
             Segre
             ,
             to
             try
             there
             if
             they
             could
             find
             a
             Ford
             ;
             but
             this
             hope
             of
             theirs
             was
             frustrated
             by
             the
             light
             armed
             German
             Foot
             ,
             and
             a
             Party
             of
             Horse
             which
             Caesar
             had
             sent
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             River
             to
             defend
             the
             passages
             by
             
               Corps
               du
               Guard
            
             ,
             which
             he
             caused
             every
             where
             to
             be
             Posted
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIX
             .
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             pressed
             for
             want
             of
             provision
             ,
             surrender
             themselves
             to
             Caesar
             with
             all
             their
             Army
             .
          
           
             AT
             last
             having
             for
             four
             days
             suffered
             all
             the
             inconveniences
             imaginable
             ,
             as
             want
             of
             Corn
             ,
             Forrage
             ,
             Water
             ,
             and
             every
             thing
             else
             that
             was
             necessary
             ,
             Afranius
             and
             Petreius
             demanded
             a
             private
             Treaty
             ,
             which
             Caesar
             refused
             them
             ,
             and
             obliged
             them
             to
             speak
             what
             they
             had
             to
             offer
             in
             presence
             of
             both
             the
             Armies
             ;
             Afranius
             his
             Son
             was
             given
             for
             Hostage
             ,
             and
             Afranius
             himself
             spoke
             for
             his
             Party
             ,
             he
             excused
             them
             ,
             for
             that
             they
             had
             to
             the
             last
             extremity
             maintained
             that
             fidelity
             which
             they
             owed
             to
             Pompey
             their
             General
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             
               That
               they
               believed
               they
               had
               given
               sufficient
               marks
               of
               their
               Zeal
               which
               if
               he
               thought
               a
               Crime
               ,
               they
               were
               already
               sufficiently
               punished
               for
               it
               by
               the
               misery
               which
               he
               had
               brought
               upon
               them
               ,
               that
               they
               acknowledged
               their
               defeat
               ,
               and
               begged
               that
            
             Caesar
             
               would
               use
               it
               according
               to
               his
               wonted
               generosity
               ,
               and
               not
               treat
               them
               with
               the
               utmost
               rigour
               .
            
             He
             spoke
             this
             in
             a
             very
             submissive
             manner
             ;
             to
             which
             Caesar
             answered
             ,
             That
             Afranius
             
               and
               his
               Collegue
               had
               less
               reason
               than
               any
               body
               to
               complain
               and
               desire
               favour
               ,
               that
               all
               the
               others
               had
               done
               but
               their
               duty
               ,
               that
               he
               had
               refused
               to
               fall
               upon
               them
               when
               he
               had
               the
               advantage
               ,
               if
               possible
               by
               such
               honourable
               proceedings
               to
               have
               obliged
               them
               to
               a
               peace
               ,
               that
               his
               Army
               being
               
               unwilling
               to
               revenge
               upon
               their
               Souldiers
               the
               perfidy
               by
               which
               they
               had
               put
               his
               men
               to
               the
               Sword
               ,
               and
               their
               Souldiers
               also
               testifying
               their
               wishes
               for
               Peace
               ,
               in
               sending
               to
               them
               to
               demand
               it
               ,
               was
               a
               sufficient
               Testimony
               that
               every
               body
               did
               entertain
               sentiments
               of
               Iustice
               and
               Amity
               ,
               except
            
             Afranius
             
               and
               his
               Collegue
               ,
               who
               without
               having
               any
               regard
               to
               the
               rules
               of
               truce
               and
               intervews
               ,
               had
               barbarously
               butchered
               his
               men
               after
               having
               surprized
               them
               by
               a
               false
               shew
               of
               Friendliness
               and
               good
               intention
               ,
               that
               they
               being
               therefore
               justly
               fallen
               into
               a
               condition
               which
               such
               arrogance
               and
               obstinacy
               deserved
               were
               reduced
               to
               implore
               that
               with
               submission
               which
               they
               had
               before
               refused
               with
               contempt
               ;
               but
               that
               nevertheless
               he
               would
               not
               pretend
               to
               take
               any
               advantage
               either
               of
               their
               submission
               ,
               or
               the
               favours
               of
               Fortune
               ,
               but
               onely
               oblige
               them
               to
               dismiss
               those
               Troops
               that
               for
               so
               long
               time
               had
               born
               Arms
               against
               him
               .
            
             That
             and
             something
             more
             he
             added
             against
             the
             Conduct
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             and
             in
             fine
             ,
             said
             ,
             
               That
               as
               he
               had
               no
               design
               (
               though
               he
               might
               easily
               do
               it
               )
               to
               make
               use
               of
               those
               Troops
               for
               his
               assistence
               ,
               so
               he
               would
               take
               care
               they
               should
               not
               be
               employed
               to
               his
               prejudice
               ,
               that
               therefore
               they
               should
               quit
               the
               Province
               ,
               and
               discharge
               their
               Souldiers
               ,
               which
               was
               the
               onely
               condition
               of
               Peace
               he
               had
               to
               propose
               .
            
          
           
             Afranius's
             Souldiers
             approved
             of
             this
             discourse
             ,
             and
             testified
             their
             joy
             by
             their
             acclamations
             ;
             so
             every
             thing
             was
             ordered
             accordingly
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             were
             setled
             in
             Spain
             were
             discharged
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             the
             others
             were
             to
             be
             dismissed
             ,
             so
             soon
             as
             they
             arrived
             at
             the
             River
             
               Avarus
               ,
               Caesar
            
             promised
             
             to
             furnish
             them
             with
             Provisions
             till
             they
             came
             to
             that
             place
             ,
             and
             not
             to
             compell
             any
             of
             them
             to
             take
             Party
             in
             his
             Troops
             ,
             which
             was
             all
             faithfully
             performed
             .
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             General
             ,
             guarded
             them
             with
             two
             Legions
             as
             far
             as
             Avarus
             ,
             where
             they
             had
             liberty
             to
             depart
             .
             It
             is
             true
             that
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             them
             ingaged
             themselves
             voluntarily
             in
             Caesar's
             Service
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             Generals
             went
             to
             find
             out
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             that
             he
             might
             leave
             himself
             no
             Enemy
             in
             Spain
             ,
             caused
             two
             Legions
             to
             advance
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             
               Cassius
               Longinus
            
             ,
             and
             went
             himself
             to
             Cordova
             with
             six
             hundred
             Horse
             .
             Varro
             ,
             who
             commanded
             for
             Pompey
             ,
             had
             made
             some
             preparations
             there
             towards
             War
             ,
             after
             having
             a
             long
             time
             disputed
             with
             himself
             which
             side
             he
             should
             take
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             arrival
             of
             Caesar
             all
             the
             Towns
             ,
             and
             one
             intire
             Legion
             abandon'd
             Varro
             ;
             this
             obliged
             him
             to
             retire
             to
             Cadiz
             ,
             where
             he
             had
             some
             Shipping
             :
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             Caesar
             becoming
             Master
             of
             the
             whole
             Province
             ,
             Varro
             himself
             came
             to
             seek
             him
             out
             ,
             and
             surrendred
             the
             remainder
             of
             his
             Forces
             into
             his
             hands
             ,
             Caesar
             at
             that
             time
             leaving
             Longinus
             with
             four
             Legions
             in
             Spain
             ,
             after
             having
             drawn
             great
             sums
             of
             Money
             out
             of
             all
             the
             Towns
             ,
             he
             Embarked
             himself
             on
             board
             Varro's
             Ships
             ,
             to
             go
             to
             Tarragona
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             went
             by
             land
             to
             Narbone
             ,
             and
             so
             to
             the
             siege
             of
             Marseilles
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXX
             .
             The
             continuation
             of
             the
             Siege
             of
             Marseilles
             ,
             and
             the
             taking
             of
             that
             City
             .
             Caesar
             chosen
             Dictatour
             .
             The
             defeat
             and
             death
             of
             Curio
             in
             Africa
             .
          
           
             THAT
             City
             still
             held
             out
             against
             Trebonius
             ,
             who
             besieged
             it
             by
             Land
             ,
             and
             Decimus
             *
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             attacked
             it
             by
             Sea
             ,
             and
             its
             obstinacy
             had
             like
             to
             have
             cost
             it
             its
             intire
             ruine
             .
             The
             Inhabitants
             ,
             under
             the
             conduct
             of
             Domitius
             ,
             and
             assisted
             by
             the
             Mountaneirs
             near
             the
             City
             ,
             a
             fierce
             People
             ,
             and
             very
             good
             Souldiers
             ,
             having
             twice
             given
             Battel
             by
             Sea
             to
             Brutus
             ,
             though
             with
             some
             difficulty
             ,
             had
             been
             beaten
             in
             again
             .
             They
             were
             also
             attacked
             by
             Land
             ,
             and
             blocked
             up
             by
             Lines
             and
             other
             Works
             .
             Necessity
             had
             driven
             them
             also
             to
             make
             use
             of
             Artifices
             ,
             and
             under
             the
             pretence
             of
             a
             Treaty
             ,
             which
             made
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             negligent
             ,
             they
             made
             a
             strong
             Sally
             ,
             in
             which
             they
             burnt
             a
             great
             many
             Towers
             and
             Warlike
             Engines
             ,
             and
             this
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             the
             Siege
             lasted
             so
             long
             ;
             besides
             ,
             Trebonius
             had
             orders
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             not
             to
             force
             the
             place
             ,
             for
             fear
             it
             should
             be
             utterly
             laid
             in
             Ruines
             by
             the
             unruliness
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             .
             Caesar
             arrived
             just
             as
             they
             were
             reduced
             to
             their
             last
             extremity
             ,
             and
             when
             the
             Plague
             was
             already
             got
             amongst
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             for
             so
             long
             time
             shut
             up
             .
             They
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             him
             for
             a
             fair
             Capitulation
             ,
             
             during
             which
             time
             Dumitius
             made
             his
             escape
             by
             Sea
             ;
             Caesar
             pardoned
             them
             in
             favour
             ,
             as
             he
             said
             ,
             of
             their
             Name
             and
             Antiquity
             ,
             rather
             than
             for
             any
             other
             merit
             ,
             upon
             condition
             ,
             that
             they
             should
             surrender
             to
             him
             all
             their
             Arms
             and
             Engines
             of
             War
             ,
             and
             give
             him
             all
             the
             Money
             that
             was
             in
             the
             City
             ;
             so
             after
             having
             left
             two
             Legions
             there
             in
             Garrison
             ,
             and
             sending
             the
             other
             into
             Italy
             ,
             he
             departed
             for
             Rome
             ,
             where
             the
             news
             of
             his
             Conquests
             had
             caused
             him
             to
             be
             chosen
             Dictatour
             ,
             by
             Marcus
             *
             Lepidus
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             Pretor
             ;
             but
             that
             good
             fortune
             ,
             which
             seemed
             hitherto
             to
             be
             inseparable
             from
             his
             Party
             ,
             forsook
             him
             in
             Africa
             ,
             whither
             Curio
             was
             gone
             from
             Sicily
             with
             two
             Legions
             and
             500
             Horse
             .
             This
             young
             Man
             ,
             full
             of
             fire
             and
             courage
             ,
             but
             without
             much
             experience
             in
             War
             ,
             had
             to
             doe
             with
             
               Attius
               Varus
            
             ,
             a
             Lieutenant
             of
             Pompey's
             ,
             assisted
             by
             that
             
               Quintillius
               Varus
            
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             set
             at
             liberty
             ,
             when
             he
             had
             taken
             him
             Prisoner
             in
             Corfinium
             ,
             and
             Iuba
             King
             of
             Mauritania
             .
             This
             Prince
             was
             a
             particular
             Enemy
             to
             Curio
             ,
             by
             reason
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             was
             Tribune
             he
             had
             proposed
             the
             reducing
             of
             his
             Kingdom
             into
             a
             Province
             :
             Quintillius
             being
             acquainted
             with
             Curio's
             Souldiers
             ,
             when
             they
             had
             served
             in
             Corfinium
             ,
             tried
             at
             first
             to
             debauch
             some
             of
             them
             ;
             but
             Curio
             preserved
             their
             Faith
             by
             his
             Eloquence
             ,
             and
             the
             consideration
             of
             the
             Name
             and
             Victories
             of
             Caesar
             ;
             and
             to
             keep
             them
             in
             employment
             ,
             led
             them
             on
             to
             attack
             the
             Camp
             of
             
               Attius
               Varus
            
             ,
             near
             Vtica
             ,
             the
             Battel
             was
             
             very
             bloudy
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             Caesar's
             Men
             became
             Masters
             of
             the
             Camp
             ;
             Varus
             was
             wounded
             ,
             and
             Curio
             laid
             Siege
             to
             Vtica
             ,
             when
             Iuba
             arrived
             with
             great
             Forces
             within
             Twenty
             five
             Miles
             of
             the
             place
             .
             Curio
             was
             much
             too
             weak
             for
             Iuba
             ,
             and
             expecting
             the
             coming
             up
             of
             new
             Troops
             ,
             his
             design
             was
             not
             to
             expose
             himself
             to
             a
             Battel
             ,
             when
             the
             African
             caused
             a
             report
             to
             be
             spread
             that
             some
             Important
             Affairs
             called
             him
             back
             into
             his
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             leave
             Saburra
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             with
             part
             of
             his
             Forces
             ,
             to
             raise
             the
             Siege
             of
             Curio's
             Youth
             (
             saith
             Caesar
             )
             animated
             with
             courage
             ,
             and
             the
             good
             success
             of
             his
             first
             exploits
             ,
             made
             him
             too
             easily
             to
             believe
             that
             report
             ;
             so
             he
             resolved
             for
             fighting
             ,
             and
             went
             to
             find
             Saburra
             upon
             the
             River
             Bagadra
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             encamped
             .
             At
             his
             first
             coming
             he
             surprised
             the
             Enemies
             Numidian
             Horse
             ,
             whereof
             he
             made
             a
             great
             slaughter
             ;
             and
             as
             he
             understood
             that
             Saburra
             Commanded
             those
             Troops
             ,
             his
             present
             joy
             and
             future
             hopes
             hindred
             him
             from
             seeking
             any
             farther
             Information
             :
             So
             ,
             with
             his
             Troops
             ,
             wearied
             as
             they
             were
             ,
             he
             marched
             directly
             upon
             the
             Enemy
             .
             Iuba
             hearing
             of
             this
             ,
             sent
             Two
             thousand
             Gallick
             and
             Spanish
             Horse
             ,
             which
             were
             of
             his
             Guards
             ,
             to
             his
             Lieutenant
             ,
             with
             orders
             to
             retreat
             ,
             (
             in
             fighting
             ,
             )
             towards
             him
             .
             He
             was
             but
             six
             Miles
             from
             Saburra
             ,
             and
             Marched
             that
             hour
             with
             his
             whole
             Army
             and
             Forty
             Elephants
             ;
             Saburra
             following
             the
             King's
             Command
             ,
             drew
             up
             his
             Men
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             and
             made
             
             a
             kind
             of
             retreat
             ,
             which
             caused
             Curio
             to
             attack
             him
             very
             fiercely
             ;
             and
             though
             for
             mere
             weariness
             a
             great
             many
             of
             his
             Horse
             had
             abandoned
             him
             ,
             Saburra
             would
             make
             no
             opposition
             but
             with
             his
             own
             Cavalry
             against
             Curio's
             ,
             which
             consisted
             onely
             of
             Two
             hundred
             Horse
             ,
             and
             with
             this
             Squadron
             ,
             where-ever
             he
             attacked
             them
             ,
             he
             made
             the
             Enemy
             give
             way
             :
             The
             Cohorts
             of
             the
             Legions
             had
             the
             same
             success
             ,
             but
             the
             Enemy
             always
             Rallied
             in
             expectation
             of
             Iuba's
             Succour
             .
             At
             last
             the
             Romans
             ,
             finding
             themselves
             hemmed
             in
             by
             the
             numbers
             ,
             which
             all
             of
             a
             sudden
             increased
             upon
             them
             ,
             Curio
             began
             to
             see
             his
             fault
             ;
             He
             would
             have
             made
             an
             attempt
             to
             have
             gained
             a
             Mountain
             with
             his
             Foot
             ,
             but
             Saburra
             opposed
             him
             with
             all
             his
             Horse
             .
             Then
             Domitius
             ,
             who
             commanded
             Curio's
             ,
             would
             have
             persuaded
             him
             to
             have
             saved
             himself
             with
             what
             Cavalry
             he
             had
             left
             ,
             promising
             not
             to
             forsake
             him
             .
             
               Can
               I
            
             ,
             sayes
             Curio
             ,
             look
             Caesar
             
               in
               the
               Face
               ,
               after
               having
               lost
               an
               Army
               which
               he
               hath
               trusted
               to
               my
               Conduct
            
             ?
             At
             these
             words
             he
             threw
             himself
             amongst
             the
             midst
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             slain
             ,
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Troops
             were
             cut
             in
             pieces
             ,
             and
             Iuba
             used
             the
             Victory
             with
             so
             much
             Insolence
             ,
             that
             he
             caused
             all
             the
             other
             Cohorts
             who
             were
             in
             the
             Camp
             ,
             and
             to
             whom
             Varus
             had
             given
             his
             word
             for
             their
             safety
             ,
             to
             be
             killed
             in
             cold
             bloud
             .
             So
             Caesar
             lost
             two
             Legions
             ,
             and
             all
             Africk
             entire
             ,
             which
             afterwards
             remained
             for
             Pompey's
             Party
             ,
             whose
             hopes
             ,
             by
             this
             defeat
             of
             Curio
             ,
             overcame
             his
             despair
             for
             the
             loss
             of
             Spain
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXI
             .
             Pompey's
             Forces
             .
             The
             Defeat
             of
             Dylabella
             and
             Caesar's
             Lieutenants
             ,
             Brutus
             goes
             to
             find
             out
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             BY
             this
             means
             almost
             all
             the
             World
             becoming
             ingaged
             in
             the
             Quarrel
             of
             these
             two
             Men
             ,
             was
             sensible
             of
             the
             Calamities
             of
             War
             which
             that
             division
             had
             produced
             .
             Pompey
             had
             brought
             over
             all
             the
             East
             to
             his
             Interest
             ;
             and
             during
             the
             time
             of
             Caesar's
             being
             at
             Rome
             and
             in
             Spain
             ,
             had
             drawn
             together
             very
             powerfull
             Armies
             both
             by
             Sea
             and
             Land
             :
             his
             Land
             Army
             consisted
             of
             three
             Roman
             Legions
             effective
             ,
             without
             reckoning
             the
             other
             two
             which
             Scipio
             his
             Brother-in-law
             brought
             him
             :
             Three
             thousand
             Archers
             of
             Crete
             ,
             of
             Lacedemonia
             ,
             and
             of
             Pontus
             ,
             Eight
             Cohorts
             of
             Slingers
             ,
             and
             7000
             Horse
             ,
             composed
             (
             besides
             the
             Roman
             Knights
             )
             of
             Succours
             sent
             from
             Deijotarus
             King
             of
             
               Galitia
               ,
               Ariobarzakes
            
             King
             of
             
               Cappadocia
               ,
               Cotis
            
             and
             Rhascupolis
             Kings
             of
             Thrace
             ,
             and
             Antiochus
             King
             of
             Comagena
             ;
             these
             Troops
             were
             distributed
             into
             Curazzo
             and
             Apollonia
             ,
             and
             over
             all
             that
             Coast
             ,
             to
             oppose
             the
             coming
             down
             of
             Caesar
             ;
             the
             Naval
             Army
             consisted
             of
             Five
             hundred
             great
             Ships
             ,
             without
             reckoning
             Vessels
             that
             were
             rowed
             with
             Oars
             ,
             as
             Gallies
             ,
             Brigantines
             and
             others
             ;
             the
             Principal
             Commanders
             were
             Pompey's
             eldest
             Son
             ,
             called
             after
             his
             own
             Name
             ,
             
               Decius
               L●lius
               ,
               
               Cajus
               Triarius
               ,
               Cajus
               Cassius
               ,
               Cajus
               Marcellus
               ,
               Scribonius
               Libo
               ,
            
             and
             
               Marcus
               Octavius
            
             ,
             all
             these
             Commanders
             had
             their
             particular
             Squadrons
             ,
             and
             received
             Orders
             from
             Bibulus
             who
             executed
             the
             Office
             of
             Admiral
             :
             Besides
             these
             Forces
             ,
             Pompey
             had
             drawn
             great
             Sums
             of
             Money
             out
             of
             Asia
             and
             Greece
             ;
             And
             to
             recompence
             himself
             ,
             in
             some
             manner
             ,
             for
             the
             loss
             of
             Spain
             ,
             had
             caused
             Dolabella
             and
             
               Cajus
               Antonius
            
             ,
             who
             commanded
             for
             Caesar
             on
             the
             Coast
             of
             Illyria
             ,
             to
             be
             attached
             .
             Dolabella
             was
             easily
             routed
             ,
             and
             Cajus
             ,
             who
             came
             to
             his
             succour
             ,
             not
             being
             strong
             enough
             to
             keep
             the
             Sea
             ,
             was
             driven
             into
             the
             Island
             of
             Corcyra
             ,
             where
             Octavius
             and
             Libo
             besieged
             him
             .
             He
             defended
             himself
             very
             well
             ;
             but
             at
             last
             his
             Souldiers
             prest
             by
             Famine
             ,
             and
             corrupted
             by
             Puleio
             ,
             one
             of
             their
             Centurions
             ,
             surrendred
             themselves
             to
             Octavius
             ,
             and
             betrayed
             also
             their
             Commandant
             into
             his
             hands
             .
             Some
             Officers
             ,
             who
             thought
             to
             save
             themselves
             over
             Land
             ,
             being
             pursued
             by
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             flew
             themselves
             ,
             and
             not
             one
             Man
             of
             all
             those
             Troops
             escaped
             .
             These
             advantages
             ,
             which
             daily
             kept
             up
             the
             reputation
             of
             his
             Party
             ,
             still
             engaged
             more
             persons
             of
             consideration
             to
             come
             and
             join
             themselves
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             found
             he
             had
             in
             his
             Camp
             above
             200
             Senatours
             ,
             whereof
             he
             composed
             a
             body
             ,
             and
             they
             assembled
             themselves
             in
             the
             form
             of
             a
             Senate
             .
             In
             one
             of
             these
             Assemblies
             ,
             by
             the
             advice
             of
             Cato
             ,
             it
             was
             determined
             ,
             that
             no
             Roman
             Citizen
             should
             be
             put
             to
             death
             out
             of
             Battel
             ,
             and
             that
             no
             Town
             
             subject
             to
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             should
             be
             sacked
             .
             In
             effect
             ,
             this
             Laudable
             and
             Honourable
             Decree
             drew
             the
             good
             wishes
             of
             the
             People
             upon
             the
             Authours
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             gave
             the
             reputation
             of
             great
             Justice
             and
             Humanity
             to
             their
             designs
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             occasion
             that
             the
             fortune
             of
             Caesar
             hung
             for
             a
             long
             time
             doubtfull
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             upon
             this
             pretence
             also
             ,
             that
             Brutus
             afterwards
             Conspired
             against
             him
             ;
             Brutus
             had
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             reason
             to
             hate
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             had
             caused
             his
             Father
             to
             be
             put
             to
             death
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             that
             Severe
             Vertue
             ,
             whereof
             he
             made
             profession
             ,
             and
             the
             example
             of
             Cato
             ,
             who
             was
             his
             Uncle
             and
             Father-in-law
             ,
             ingaged
             him
             in
             that
             party
             which
             he
             thought
             had
             the
             most
             Justice
             on
             its
             side
             .
             And
             though
             he
             would
             never
             speak
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             nor
             indeed
             so
             much
             as
             salute
             him
             ,
             he
             nevertheless
             disdained
             not
             then
             to
             serve
             under
             him
             ,
             to
             shew
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             sacrifice
             his
             particular
             resentments
             to
             the
             Interest
             of
             the
             Republick
             .
             Pompey
             received
             him
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Joy
             ,
             and
             did
             him
             signal
             honours
             .
             But
             Brutus
             ,
             in
             consideration
             of
             his
             youth
             ,
             would
             take
             no
             employment
             ,
             but
             rather
             chose
             to
             leave
             the
             Commands
             to
             those
             who
             were
             above
             him
             in
             age
             as
             well
             as
             dignity
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXII
             .
             A
             Mutiny
             amongst
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ;
             he
             reduces
             them
             to
             their
             duty
             by
             his
             Eloquence
             and
             Resolution
             .
             He
             is
             chosen
             Consul
             with
             Servilius
             ,
             and
             makes
             new
             Laws
             .
          
           
             IN
             the
             meanwhile
             ,
             Caesar
             being
             still
             at
             Marseilles
             ,
             received
             news
             ,
             that
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             ninth
             Legion
             were
             in
             Mutiny
             at
             Plaisance
             against
             their
             Commanders
             ,
             demanding
             their
             discharges
             ,
             and
             the
             Money
             which
             had
             been
             promised
             to
             each
             of
             them
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             War.
             But
             that
             which
             stuck
             in
             their
             stomachs
             ,
             was
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             prohibited
             the
             liberty
             of
             Plundering
             ,
             which
             they
             hoped
             to
             have
             obtained
             from
             the
             need
             which
             he
             had
             of
             their
             service
             .
             It
             was
             Caesar's
             Maxime
             ,
             never
             to
             condescend
             upon
             these
             occasions
             ,
             but
             to
             support
             himself
             by
             a
             resolute
             Conduct
             ,
             and
             the
             Authority
             which
             he
             had
             gotten
             .
             So
             he
             posted
             to
             Plaisance
             with
             some
             Troops
             ,
             and
             calling
             the
             Mutineers
             together
             ,
             
               I
               know
               not
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               what
               ill
               fortune
               opposes
               the
               end
               of
               my
               good
               Intentions
               ;
               But
               I
               desire
               to
               have
               no
               others
               to
               bear
               witness
               than
               your selves
               of
               the
               diligence
               which
               I
               have
               used
               in
               War
               ,
               which
               if
               it
               be
               prolonged
               ,
               it
               has
               not
               been
               my
               fault
               ,
               but
               the
               fault
               of
               my
               enemies
               ,
               who
               fly
               before
               us
               .
               After
               the
               Conquest
               of
            
             Gaul
             ,
             
               where
               every
               one
               of
               you
               ,
               under
               my
               Conduct
               ,
               got
               both
               Riches
               and
               Honour
               ,
               we
               began
               this
               War
               by
               Common
               Consent
               ,
               nor
               was
               it
               the
               effect
               of
               any
               private
               deliberations
               .
               We
               have
               begun
               and
               carried
               
               it
               on
               unanimously
               ;
               but
               now
               when
               it
               is
               arrived
               to
               its
               greatest
               height
               ,
               you
               seek
               for
               a
               preten●e
               to
               abandon
               me
               ,
               and
               instead
               of
               obeying
               your
               Officers
               you
               would
               command
               them
               .
               This
               is
               that
               which
               obliges
               me
               to
               throw
               off
               that
               mildness
               and
               humanity
               which
               I
               have
               hitherto
               used
               ,
               to
               put
               in
               practice
               the
               Maximes
               of
            
             Petreius
             ;
             
               and
               I
               command
               instantly
               a
               Decimation
               of
               the
               Ninth
               Legion
               ,
               who
               hath
               rebelled
               against
               my
               Orders
               .
            
             The
             Mutineers
             ,
             as
             much
             confounded
             at
             these
             words
             as
             if
             they
             had
             been
             Thunder-strucken
             ,
             threw
             themselves
             at
             his
             Feet
             ,
             and
             ,
             with
             Tears
             in
             their
             Eyes
             ,
             begged
             for
             Pardon
             ,
             all
             their
             Officers
             did
             the
             same
             thing
             :
             Caesar
             ,
             for
             some
             time
             ,
             was
             Inexorable
             ,
             but
             at
             last
             ordered
             ,
             they
             should
             cast
             Lots
             ,
             and
             the
             Lots
             ●ell
             on
             the
             Chief
             Mutineers
             ,
             to
             the
             number
             of
             Six
             and
             twenty
             ;
             but
             Caesar's
             Anger
             being
             over
             ,
             he
             was
             contented
             that
             onely
             Twelve
             of
             the
             most
             notorious
             of
             them
             should
             suffer
             ,
             who
             were
             Executed
             upon
             the
             place
             :
             afterwards
             it
             was
             found
             ,
             that
             one
             of
             these
             was
             Innocent
             ;
             and
             for
             that
             he
             could
             not
             be
             restor'd
             to
             life
             ,
             Caesar
             caused
             him
             who
             had
             accused
             him
             falsly
             to
             be
             put
             to
             death
             also
             .
             Then
             (
             after
             a
             great
             many
             Indeavours
             to
             persuade
             him
             to
             it
             )
             he
             gave
             leave
             that
             the
             rest
             of
             that
             Legion
             which
             he
             had
             broken
             ,
             should
             still
             serve
             under
             him
             .
             After
             this
             he
             went
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             he
             held
             the
             Comitia
             ,
             or
             Assemblies
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             in
             quality
             of
             Dictatour
             ;
             he
             kept
             that
             Dignity
             onely
             Eleven
             days
             ,
             and
             caused
             himself
             to
             be
             chosen
             Consul
             with
             
               Servilius
               Isauricus
            
             ;
             and
             ,
             as
             his
             Design
             was
             to
             
             make
             himself
             as
             many
             Friends
             as
             was
             possible
             ;
             in
             pursuance
             of
             that
             purpose
             he
             proposed
             several
             favourable
             Laws
             ;
             the
             first
             was
             concerning
             the
             borrowing
             of
             Money
             for
             the
             War
             ,
             as
             it
             usually
             happens
             ,
             having
             ruined
             all
             Credit
             ,
             and
             rendred
             a
             great
             many
             Men
             insolvable
             ,
             Caesar
             ordained
             ,
             that
             an
             estimate
             should
             be
             made
             of
             Inheritances
             ,
             at
             the
             same
             value
             they
             bore
             before
             the
             War
             ,
             and
             that
             Creditours
             should
             take
             them
             according
             to
             this
             estimation
             ,
             so
             he
             took
             away
             their
             fear
             of
             a
             general
             Bankruptry
             ,
             and
             supported
             the
             Credit
             of
             the
             Debtours
             .
             Besides
             ,
             he
             drew
             to
             his
             party
             all
             such
             as
             expected
             to
             be
             favoured
             in
             this
             estimate
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             end
             of
             that
             Law.
             The
             other
             Law
             was
             ,
             for
             the
             calling
             home
             those
             who
             had
             been
             Condemned
             during
             the
             time
             that
             Pompey
             presided
             in
             the
             passing
             Sentences
             of
             Justice
             .
             Caesar
             made
             also
             several
             other
             Ordinances
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             quitted
             the
             Name
             and
             Dignity
             of
             Dictatour
             ,
             departed
             for
             Brundusium
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXIII
             .
             Caesar
             with
             part
             of
             his
             Army
             goes
             into
             Greece
             :
             some
             discourse
             of
             Peace
             ,
             but
             to
             no
             purpose
             .
             Two
             Armies
             draw
             towards
             one
             another
             near
             Durazzo
             .
          
           
             HE
             had
             already
             sent
             Orders
             to
             Twelve
             of
             his
             Legions
             and
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             for
             their
             Rendezvous
             at
             Brundusium
             ;
             the
             Legions
             were
             grown
             very
             thin
             by
             the
             Wars
             ,
             and
             the
             Marches
             they
             had
             made
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             by
             the
             Diseases
             of
             the
             Autumn
             ,
             which
             this
             year
             proved
             very
             epidemical
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             Shipping
             ,
             onely
             five
             of
             them
             could
             embark
             ,
             who
             amounted
             to
             no
             more
             than
             Twenty
             thousand
             Foot
             ,
             and
             Six
             hundred
             Horse
             .
             He
             told
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             
               That
               as
               they
               were
               within
               a
               day
               of
               bringing
               all
               their
               toile
               to
               an
               end
               ,
               by
               a
               glorious
               Victory
               .
               It
               was
               necessary
               to
               leave
               their
               Servants
               and
               Equipage
               in
            
             Italy
             ,
             
               to
               the
               end
               that
               a
               greater
               number
               of
               those
               Men
               ,
               who
               were
               fit
               for
               service
               ,
               might
               have
               room
               to
               Embark
               ,
               that
               they
               might
               assure
               themselves
               of
               the
               fruit
               of
               their
               victory
               ,
               and
               of
               his
               acknowledgments
               .
            
             They
             all
             cried
             out
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             lead
             them
             where
             he
             pleased
             ;
             so
             they
             went
             on
             board
             with
             great
             Joy
             ,
             and
             in
             spight
             of
             the
             rigour
             of
             the
             season
             ,
             upon
             the
             Fourth
             of
             
               Ianuary
               ,
               Caesar
            
             weighed
             Anchor
             .
             This
             much
             surprized
             the
             Officers
             of
             Pompey's
             Navy
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             persuade
             themselves
             that
             Caesar
             would
             venture
             his
             Troops
             at
             that
             time
             of
             the
             year
             when
             
             the
             Seas
             were
             so
             dangerous
             .
             But
             Caesar
             timed
             it
             so
             well
             ,
             that
             he
             made
             his
             passage
             in
             one
             day
             ,
             and
             came
             into
             a
             Road
             at
             the
             foot
             of
             those
             Mountains
             ,
             which
             are
             called
             the
             Cearaunium
             Mountains
             ;
             he
             made
             choice
             of
             that
             place
             ,
             because
             it
             was
             far
             from
             the
             Ports
             which
             were
             possessed
             by
             his
             Enemies
             ;
             when
             ,
             after
             having
             landed
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             he
             sent
             back
             the
             Ships
             to
             transport
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Army
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             
               Cale●●●
               .
               Bibulus
            
             was
             at
             Ca●●yra
             with
             a
             Hundred
             and
             ten
             Ships
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             first
             news
             of
             Caesar's
             passage
             put
             himself
             to
             Sea
             ,
             and
             meeting
             Caesar's
             Vessels
             upon
             the
             return
             ,
             took
             Thirty
             of
             them
             ,
             upon
             whom
             he
             discharged
             in
             Malice
             ,
             for
             he
             burnt
             them
             all
             ,
             with
             the
             very
             Seamen
             that
             were
             in
             them
             ,
             and
             with
             his
             Fleet
             took
             possession
             of
             all
             the
             Ports
             and
             Roads
             between
             Salonium
             and
             Orica
             :
             He
             placed
             every
             where
             up
             and
             down
             very
             strong
             Guards
             ,
             and
             lay
             himself
             on
             board
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             danger
             of
             the
             season
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Caesar
             took
             possession
             of
             Orica
             and
             Apollonia
             ,
             who
             ,
             at
             sight
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
             surrendred
             themselves
             ;
             by
             that
             means
             to
             cut
             off
             from
             Bibulus
             all
             conveniency
             from
             Land
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             he
             should
             stay
             to
             deprive
             him
             of
             the
             advantage
             of
             the
             Sea.
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             always
             took
             great
             care
             to
             justifie
             his
             Arms
             ,
             and
             make
             known
             the
             sincerity
             of
             his
             Intentions
             ,
             had
             still
             in
             his
             hands
             
               Vibullius
               Rufus
            
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             twice
             taken
             Prisoner
             ,
             first
             at
             Corfinium
             ,
             and
             a
             second
             time
             in
             Spain
             .
             Him
             he
             sent
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             with
             whom
             Rufus
             had
             some
             Credit
             ;
             and
             desired
             him
             to
             represent
             to
             him
             ,
             
             That
             Fortune
             seemed
             hitherto
             to
             have
             distributed
             equal
             loss
             and
             equal
             advantages
             to
             both
             parties
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             if
             possible
             ,
             to
             bring
             them
             to
             some
             accommodation
             .
             But
             as
             each
             of
             them
             was
             obstinate
             in
             his
             opinion
             ,
             let
             Arbitratours
             be
             chosen
             between
             them
             ,
             who
             should
             be
             the
             Senate
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             ;
             that
             if
             Pompey
             would
             renounce
             his
             Interest
             ,
             and
             in
             three
             days
             dismiss
             his
             Troops
             ,
             he
             himself
             would
             doe
             so
             also
             .
             Rufus
             charged
             with
             these
             Orders
             ,
             departed
             with
             all
             diligence
             ,
             and
             rid
             Post
             to
             advise
             Pompey
             of
             Caesar's
             arrival
             ,
             that
             being
             the
             main
             thing
             which
             obliged
             Rufus
             to
             make
             indeed
             such
             haste
             ,
             for
             he
             knew
             very
             well
             Pompey
             would
             not
             commit
             such
             an
             Errour
             as
             to
             take
             the
             Senate
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Arbitratours
             ,
             who
             at
             that
             time
             were
             absolutely
             for
             
               Caesar.
               Bibulus
            
             at
             the
             same
             time
             made
             another
             Proposition
             ,
             which
             he
             knew
             very
             well
             how
             to
             evade
             ,
             which
             was
             ,
             to
             make
             a
             Truce
             ,
             and
             permit
             Pompey's
             Ships
             to
             fetch
             from
             the
             Land
             Wood
             ,
             Water
             and
             other
             Refreshments
             that
             they
             wanted
             :
             to
             which
             Caesar
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               as
               they
               guarded
               the
               Sea
               against
               him
               ,
               he
               would
               guard
               the
               Land
               against
               them
               ;
               that
               if
               by
               the
               means
               of
               a
               Truce
               ,
               they
               would
               have
               the
               conveniency
               of
               the
               Land
               ,
               they
               ought
               to
               leave
               him
               the
               liberty
               of
               the
               Sea
               ,
               and
               draw
               off
               their
               Squadrons
               which
               guarded
               the
               Coasts
               .
            
             His
             design
             was
             ,
             to
             gain
             time
             for
             the
             Transporting
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Troops
             :
             but
             Bibulus
             ,
             who
             knew
             it
             very
             well
             ,
             would
             accept
             of
             no
             Truce
             upon
             such
             Conditions
             .
             Pompey
             was
             in
             Macedonia
             ,
             where
             Rufus
             joined
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             
             fearing
             lest
             Caesar
             should
             take
             from
             him
             Durazzo
             ,
             Marched
             with
             his
             whole
             Army
             to
             save
             that
             place
             where
             all
             his
             Ammunitions
             were
             lodged
             .
             It
             was
             in
             this
             March
             that
             he
             understood
             the
             difference
             between
             new
             Levies
             and
             old
             Souldiers
             ;
             For
             as
             he
             made
             very
             great
             Journeys
             ,
             abundance
             of
             the
             Men
             ,
             either
             through
             laziness
             ,
             or
             not
             being
             able
             to
             support
             the
             Fatigue
             ,
             abandoned
             him
             ;
             and
             at
             the
             least
             noise
             that
             Caesar
             was
             coming
             ,
             were
             in
             continual
             disorder
             ,
             and
             appeared
             as
             if
             they
             were
             defeated
             already
             .
             Pompey
             nevertheless
             came
             first
             to
             Durazzo
             ,
             where
             he
             Intrenched
             himself
             upon
             the
             River
             of
             Apse
             ,
             and
             where
             Labyenus
             found
             out
             an
             expedient
             for
             the
             confirming
             of
             his
             Troops
             .
             He
             caused
             the
             whole
             Army
             to
             be
             drawn
             together
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             .
             Sware
             that
             he
             would
             never
             forsake
             his
             General
             ,
             but
             follow
             him
             through
             all
             his
             Fortunes
             ,
             all
             the
             other
             Officers
             took
             the
             same
             Oath
             ,
             and
             then
             the
             Souldiers
             one
             after
             another
             .
             Caesar
             being
             prevented
             by
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             came
             also
             and
             Incamped
             himself
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             to
             cover
             the
             City
             of
             Apollonia
             ,
             and
             both
             of
             them
             in
             this
             manner
             remained
             for
             some
             time
             ,
             expecting
             the
             Succours
             that
             were
             to
             come
             up
             to
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXIV
             .
             Caesar
             exposes
             himself
             alone
             in
             a
             Skiff
             to
             go
             and
             find
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Army
             .
          
           
             CAesar's
             Legions
             who
             remained
             in
             Italy
             ,
             were
             most
             of
             them
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             had
             served
             a
             long
             time
             under
             him
             .
             At
             the
             first
             orders
             which
             they
             received
             for
             their
             Rendezvous
             at
             Brundusium
             ,
             the
             proposing
             of
             still
             new
             toils
             made
             them
             begin
             to
             murmure
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               they
               had
               worn
               out
               their
               bodies
               ,
               and
               drained
               their
               veins
               in
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Service
               ,
               that
               the
               weakness
               to
               which
               they
               were
               reduced
               ,
               and
               the
               wounds
               which
               covered
               them
               ought
               to
               make
               him
               sensible
               that
               they
               were
               neither
               immortal
               nor
               invulnerable
               ;
               but
               in
               the
               mean
               while
               they
               were
               dragged
               from
               War
               to
               War
               ,
               till
               the
               very
               Iron
               of
               their
               Armour
               was
               wasted
               with
               wearing
               ,
            
             and
             abundance
             of
             other
             discourse
             which
             old
             Souldiers
             that
             have
             done
             good
             Service
             will
             venture
             upon
             .
             In
             effect
             they
             took
             no
             care
             to
             go
             to
             Brundusium
             ,
             but
             when
             they
             understood
             that
             Caesar
             had
             passed
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             was
             near
             the
             Enemy
             ;
             the
             love
             which
             they
             had
             for
             him
             could
             not
             conceal
             it self
             ,
             all
             their
             murmurings
             were
             turned
             into
             reproaches
             and
             complaints
             against
             their
             Officers
             ,
             that
             they
             had
             not
             marched
             them
             soon
             enough
             ,
             they
             cursed
             their
             sloath
             ,
             and
             spent
             whole
             days
             upon
             the
             rocks
             of
             the
             Coast
             ,
             in
             looking
             if
             they
             could
             see
             the
             Vessels
             returning
             for
             their
             Embarkment
             .
             Caesar
             for
             his
             part
             was
             as
             much
             uneasie
             ;
             he
             
             had
             written
             at
             first
             to
             Calenus
             the
             danger
             he
             had
             in
             passing
             ;
             all
             the
             Coast
             being
             possessed
             with
             the
             Enemies
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             that
             advice
             saved
             his
             Troops
             ;
             for
             Calenus
             having
             caused
             them
             to
             Embark
             on
             board
             those
             Vessels
             which
             he
             had
             left
             ,
             Caesar's
             Letter
             obliged
             him
             to
             stay
             ,
             and
             one
             onely
             Vessel
             that
             mistook
             his
             orders
             ,
             fell
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             Bibulus
             ,
             who
             again
             caused
             all
             that
             were
             on
             board
             to
             be
             slain
             ,
             to
             terrify
             others
             by
             that
             example
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             Bibulus
             dying
             of
             an
             illness
             which
             he
             got
             at
             Sea
             ,
             leaving
             no
             Commander
             in
             chief
             to
             succeed
             him
             ,
             the
             Guards
             began
             not
             to
             be
             kept
             so
             exactly
             as
             before
             .
             Caesar
             saw
             that
             opportunity
             favourable
             for
             the
             passing
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
             and
             was
             almost
             despairing
             that
             they
             were
             not
             arrived
             so
             soon
             as
             he
             would
             have
             had
             them
             ,
             for
             he
             had
             written
             several
             times
             .
             At
             last
             his
             impatience
             drove
             him
             upon
             an
             action
             which
             nothing
             could
             excuse
             but
             the
             confidence
             which
             he
             always
             had
             in
             his
             good
             Fortune
             ,
             neither
             has
             he
             made
             any
             mention
             of
             it
             in
             his
             Commentaries
             ,
             nor
             of
             another
             Action
             of
             his
             ,
             which
             Su●tonius
             takes
             notice
             of
             ,
             where
             he
             underwent
             no
             less
             danger
             ,
             but
             had
             more
             necessity
             for
             it
             .
             It
             was
             thus
             ,
             the
             Gauls
             having
             in
             his
             absence
             besieged
             his
             Legions
             ,
             he
             took
             a
             Gallick
             habit
             ,
             and
             in
             that
             disguise
             went
             through
             the
             
               Corps
               du
               Guard
            
             ,
             and
             the
             whole
             Enemies
             Army
             to
             come
             to
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             very
             remarkable
             ,
             that
             this
             General
             who
             could
             so
             freely
             hazard
             his
             own
             Person
             ,
             never
             marched
             his
             Army
             but
             with
             the
             greatest
             caution
             imaginable
             ,
             
             and
             after
             having
             first
             exactly
             informed
             himself
             of
             all
             the
             Defiles
             and
             other
             passages
             that
             were
             upon
             his
             way
             .
             Caesar
             therefore
             now
             disguised
             in
             the
             habit
             of
             a
             Slave
             ,
             without
             making
             any
             of
             his
             people
             acquainted
             with
             his
             design
             ,
             put
             himself
             on
             board
             a
             Fisher-mans
             Bark
             that
             was
             in
             the
             mouth
             of
             the
             River
             Apse
             ,
             they
             were
             to
             go
             out
             that
             night
             ,
             and
             his
             design
             being
             ,
             when
             they
             were
             out
             at
             Sea
             ,
             to
             make
             them
             row
             directly
             to
             Brundusium
             ,
             they
             went
             away
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             night
             ,
             but
             a
             stiff
             gale
             of
             wind
             blowing
             in
             upon
             the
             mouth
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             made
             the
             Sea
             very
             rough
             in
             that
             place
             ,
             the
             Master
             of
             the
             Bark
             made
             several
             attempts
             ,
             with
             his
             Mariners
             to
             row
             out
             to
             Sea
             ,
             but
             as
             the
             storm
             and
             the
             wind
             encreased
             ,
             he
             ordered
             to
             forbear
             .
             Caesar
             onely
             opposed
             this
             design
             ,
             and
             because
             the
             man
             was
             afraid
             of
             the
             danger
             ,
             of
             a
             sudden
             discovering
             himself
             ,
             and
             seeing
             that
             the
             Fisherman
             knew
             him
             ,
             
               Fear
               nothing
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               for
               thou
               carriest
            
             Caesar
             
               and
               his
               Fortune
            
             .
             The
             Mariners
             encouraged
             by
             Caesar's
             presence
             ,
             behaved
             themselves
             so
             well
             ,
             that
             they
             overcame
             the
             violence
             of
             the
             waves
             ,
             but
             the
             Sea
             was
             so
             rough
             ,
             and
             so
             high
             without
             the
             mouth
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             that
             they
             imagined
             they
             must
             be
             all
             lost
             ,
             and
             were
             at
             last
             forced
             to
             return
             to
             land
             .
             Caesar
             went
             back
             to
             his
             Camp
             ,
             where
             his
             Souldiers
             running
             in
             whole
             shoals
             to
             his
             Tent
             ,
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             tenderness
             reproached
             him
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               disgrac'd
               them
               by
               going
               to
               seek
               out
               new
               Forces
               to
               fight
               the
               Enemy
               which
               they
               had
               before
               
               them
               ,
               whom
               they
               were
               sure
               they
               had
               strength
               and
               courage
               enough
               to
               overcome
               whenever
               he
               would
               vouchsafe
               to
               put
               himself
               at
               the
               bead
               of
               them
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXXV
             .
             The
             happy
             arrival
             of
             Caesar's
             Troops
             in
             
               Greece
               .
               Caelius
            
             and
             Milo
             raising
             disturbances
             in
             Italy
             ,
             are
             slain
             .
          
           
             IT
             was
             not
             without
             reason
             that
             Caesar
             was
             so
             disquieted
             for
             his
             Troops
             in
             
               Italy
               .
               Scribonius
               Libo
            
             ,
             was
             gone
             from
             Orica
             with
             50
             Ships
             under
             his
             Command
             ,
             and
             posted
             himself
             in
             an
             Island
             near
             Brundusium
             ,
             where
             he
             seized
             upon
             several
             Merchant
             Ships
             which
             were
             in
             the
             Road
             ,
             he
             made
             also
             several
             descents
             into
             the
             main
             land
             ,
             and
             with
             success
             ,
             upon
             this
             advantage
             he
             sent
             word
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             that
             with
             his
             Fleet
             onely
             he
             could
             hinder
             C●sar's
             Troops
             from
             passing
             into
             Epirus
             ,
             and
             that
             in
             the
             mean
             while
             the
             other
             Vessels
             might
             be
             refitted
             .
             Caesar
             had
             also
             received
             other
             news
             from
             Rome
             ,
             which
             made
             him
             very
             uneasie
             .
             Caelius
             ,
             of
             whom
             I
             have
             spoken
             before
             ,
             being
             discontented
             ,
             with
             that
             Party
             in
             which
             his
             hatred
             to
             Attius
             ,
             and
             Curio's
             Friendship
             had
             embarked
             him
             ,
             sought
             all
             occasions
             to
             act
             against
             the
             Ordinances
             of
             Caesar.
             He
             was
             Pretor
             ,
             with
             Trebonius
             ,
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             put
             into
             Commission
             for
             taking
             the
             estimate
             of
             the
             inheritances
             ;
             Caelius
             proclaimed
             that
             he
             was
             ready
             to
             receive
             the
             
             complaints
             of
             all
             such
             as
             had
             received
             any
             injury
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             was
             ready
             to
             doe
             them
             justice
             :
             very
             few
             came
             to
             make
             their
             Complaints
             ,
             and
             all
             Senatours
             opposed
             the
             undertaking
             ,
             which
             obliged
             him
             to
             leave
             Rome
             under
             pretence
             of
             going
             to
             find
             out
             Caesar
             ,
             but
             it
             was
             to
             join
             himself
             with
             Milo
             ,
             who
             was
             returned
             into
             Italy
             ,
             and
             had
             gathered
             together
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Gladiatours
             and
             Peasants
             ,
             they
             reported
             what
             they
             did
             was
             by
             order
             from
             Pompey
             ,
             but
             Caesar's
             good
             Fortune
             delivered
             him
             at
             one
             blow
             from
             this
             inconvenience
             ,
             Milo
             and
             Caelius
             being
             killed
             at
             the
             same
             time
             .
             Milo
             besieging
             a
             little
             Town
             in
             Calabria
             ,
             and
             Caelius
             by
             some
             Gallick
             and
             Spanish
             Cavalry
             whom
             he
             would
             have
             persuaded
             to
             desert
             .
             Antonius
             and
             Calenus
             ,
             put
             Libo
             also
             to
             flight
             from
             before
             Brundusium
             ,
             after
             having
             taken
             one
             of
             his
             Gallies
             ,
             with
             those
             Shallops
             that
             belong'd
             to
             their
             Vessels
             fortified
             with
             Hurdles
             in
             the
             manner
             of
             a
             Parrapet
             ,
             and
             Manned
             with
             good
             Souldiers
             .
             Then
             they
             Embarked
             their
             Troops
             ,
             and
             departed
             from
             Brundusium
             ,
             the
             weather
             being
             very
             fair
             ,
             and
             the
             wind
             South
             .
             Caesar
             had
             written
             very
             earnestly
             to
             them
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             and
             commanded
             them
             to
             come
             and
             land
             at
             Apollonia
             ,
             they
             made
             their
             passage
             in
             a
             days
             time
             ,
             and
             when
             they
             were
             arrived
             within
             sight
             of
             Apollonia
             ,
             and
             
               Durazzo
               ,
               Coponius
            
             went
             out
             with
             the
             Rhodian
             Squadron
             which
             he
             commanded
             ,
             to
             hinder
             their
             coming
             in
             .
             The
             wind
             was
             favourable
             to
             Caesar's
             People
             ,
             and
             began
             to
             encrease
             in
             
             the
             moment
             that
             the
             Enemy
             appeared
             .
             Coponius
             was
             nevertheless
             resolved
             to
             follow
             them
             ,
             and
             Ceasar's
             Generals
             ,
             who
             were
             for
             avoiding
             a
             fight
             at
             Sea
             ,
             put
             themselves
             into
             the
             Haven
             of
             Nimphis
             ,
             three
             miles
             above
             Lisso
             .
             This
             Haven
             was
             sheltred
             from
             the
             South-East
             wind
             ,
             but
             was
             exposed
             to
             the
             South
             ,
             and
             by
             extraordinary
             good
             Fortune
             ,
             the
             wind
             which
             had
             been
             at
             South
             for
             two
             days
             together
             ,
             changed
             to
             the
             South-East
             in
             the
             very
             moment
             that
             they
             cast
             Anchor
             ,
             so
             those
             of
             Caesar
             got
             safe
             into
             a
             good
             Haven
             ,
             and
             Coponius's
             Squadron
             was
             driven
             upon
             the
             Coast
             with
             so
             much
             violence
             ,
             that
             all
             his
             Vessels
             perished
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             and
             Seamen
             were
             most
             of
             them
             drowned
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             fell
             into
             Caesar's
             hands
             ,
             who
             afterwards
             gave
             them
             their
             liberty
             .
             Two
             of
             Antonius's
             Ships
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             follow
             the
             rest
             came
             to
             an
             Anchor
             near
             Lisso
             ,
             whom
             
               Ottacilius
               Crassus
            
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             for
             Pompey
             ,
             caused
             to
             be
             attacked
             with
             Shallops
             ,
             and
             other
             little
             Boats.
             One
             of
             the
             Ships
             had
             in
             her
             220
             new
             raised
             Levies
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             200
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             the
             new
             raised
             men
             being
             terrified
             with
             the
             number
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             surrendred
             themselves
             to
             Ottacilius
             upon
             his
             Parole
             ,
             who
             nevertheless
             with
             horrid
             perfidy
             ,
             put
             them
             all
             to
             the
             Sword
             ;
             but
             the
             Veterans
             amusing
             the
             Enemy
             by
             a
             feigned
             Capitulation
             ▪
             made
             the
             Seamen
             run
             their
             Vessel
             a
             shore
             ,
             where
             they
             saved
             themselves
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             repulsed
             and
             beaten
             six
             hundred
             Horse
             ,
             whom
             Ottacilius
             sent
             against
             them
             ,
             they
             went
             and
             joined
             
             themselves
             with
             Antonius
             :
             The
             City
             of
             Lisso
             also
             revolted
             against
             Ottacilius
             ,
             who
             retreated
             towards
             Pompey
             ,
             leaving
             the
             place
             to
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             immediately
             took
             it
             into
             his
             possession
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXXVI
             .
             
               Marcus
               Antonius
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             Caesar
             in
             spight
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             retreats
             to
             Aspargua
             near
             Durazzo
             .
          
           
             ANtonius
             had
             with
             him
             three
             old
             Legions
             ,
             two
             Legions
             of
             new
             raised
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             eight
             hundred
             Horse
             .
             He
             sent
             his
             Ships
             into
             Italy
             to
             transport
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Troops
             ,
             and
             kept
             onely
             his
             flat
             bottomed
             Boats
             at
             Lisso
             ,
             which
             were
             a
             sort
             of
             Vessels
             the
             G●ul●
             were
             wont
             to
             make
             use
             of
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             if
             Pompey
             should
             have
             a
             design
             of
             putting
             to
             Sea
             ,
             Caesar
             might
             be
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             follow
             him
             .
             Then
             Antonius
             gave
             him
             an
             account
             of
             his
             arrival
             ,
             and
             where
             he
             was
             Pompey
             at
             the
             same
             time
             learned
             the
             news
             by
             those
             who
             had
             seen
             the
             Ships
             under
             Sail
             before
             Dur●●zo
             .
             These
             two
             Generals
             were
             encamped
             upon
             the
             River
             of
             Apse
             ,
             and
             as
             their
             Camps
             were
             onely
             separated
             by
             that
             River
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             had
             frequent
             Parley
             's
             ,
             which
             〈◊〉
             the
             ●●st
             Propo●●o●●
             that
             ever
             〈◊〉
             made
             for
             an
             
             Accommodation
             .
             
               Vibullius
               Rufus
            
             ,
             when
             Caesar
             sent
             him
             ,
             had
             made
             the
             first
             overture
             ,
             but
             Pompey
             by
             the
             advice
             of
             Libo
             ,
             of
             Luceius
             ,
             and
             a
             certain
             Greek
             named
             Theophanes
             ,
             who
             was
             his
             chief
             Confident
             ,
             st●●d
             out
             upon
             a
             point
             of
             Honour
             ,
             at
             that
             time
             something
             unseasonable
             ,
             (
             at
             least
             ,
             if
             we
             may
             believe
             Caesar
             in
             his
             Commentaries
             )
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               could
               not
               bear
               the
               thinking
               that
               his
               life
               and
               his
               return
               to
            
             Rome
             
               should
               appear
               to
               the
               world
               as
               a
               favour
               bestowed
               upon
               him
               by
            
             Caesar.
             Nevertheless
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             endeavoured
             to
             renew
             the
             Conference
             upon
             the
             River
             of
             Apse
             ;
             and
             on
             Pompey's
             behalf
             ,
             Varro
             had
             promised
             there
             should
             be
             a
             Meeting
             to
             that
             purpose
             .
             All
             the
             Lieutenant
             Generals
             of
             both
             Parties
             agreed
             upon
             a
             day
             for
             Conference
             ;
             when
             they
             came
             to
             the
             place
             appointed
             ,
             Labienus
             advanced
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             spoke
             something
             upon
             the
             Subject
             they
             were
             to
             treat
             of
             ,
             he
             was
             interrupted
             by
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Arrows
             and
             other
             Darts
             ,
             which
             were
             shot
             at
             Caesar's
             Lieutenants
             .
             Vatinius
             was
             sheltered
             by
             the
             Bucklers
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             who
             were
             with
             him
             ,
             but
             
               Cornelius
               Balbus
               ,
               Plotius
            
             ,
             and
             Tiburtius
             ,
             were
             wounded
             ,
             and
             Labienus
             cryed
             out
             with
             great
             insolence
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               to
               no
               purpose
               to
               speak
               farther
               of
               peace
               ,
               if
               they
               brought
               not
               with
               them
               the
               head
               of
            
             Caesar
             :
             This
             is
             what
             he
             himself
             hath
             reported
             ,
             and
             that
             from
             this
             moment
             he
             thought
             of
             nothing
             but
             War
             ,
             this
             happened
             some
             time
             before
             the
             coming
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             so
             the
             two
             Generals
             decamped
             in
             the
             same
             day
             .
             Caesar
             
             to
             join
             himself
             with
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             to
             hinder
             him
             .
             He
             had
             no
             River
             to
             pass
             as
             Caesar
             had
             ,
             but
             went
             and
             posted
             himself
             in
             a
             place
             which
             he
             thought
             most
             proper
             for
             an
             Ambuscade
             ,
             which
             he
             laid
             for
             Antonius
             ,
             but
             he
             being
             advised
             of
             it
             by
             the
             Greeks
             of
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             entrenched
             himself
             in
             a
             Post
             ,
             where
             he
             stayed
             and
             expected
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             soon
             after
             arrived
             ;
             and
             Pompey
             fearing
             to
             be
             hemmed
             in
             between
             the
             two
             Armies
             ,
             retreated
             to
             Aspargua
             ,
             near
             Durazzo
             ,
             leaving
             Antonius
             the
             liberty
             of
             joining
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             he
             did
             the
             same
             day
             .
             So
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             at
             the
             head
             of
             all
             their
             Troops
             were
             in
             a
             readiness
             to
             dispute
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             glory
             which
             they
             both
             had
             gotten
             in
             War
             ,
             and
             as
             they
             have
             obscured
             the
             lustre
             and
             reputation
             of
             all
             those
             who
             went
             before
             them
             ,
             and
             as
             their
             names
             to
             this
             day
             are
             made
             use
             of
             ,
             when
             ever
             we
             would
             describe
             the
             qualifications
             of
             an
             able
             General
             .
             The
             account
             of
             all
             their
             proceedings
             cannot
             but
             afford
             us
             great
             use
             as
             well
             as
             pleasure
             :
             We
             have
             here
             taken
             it
             out
             of
             the
             Commentaries
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             as
             far
             as
             we
             are
             able
             to
             judge
             ,
             has
             reported
             it
             with
             all
             sincerity
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXVII
             .
             Caesar
             offers
             Battel
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             refuses
             it
             .
             They
             both
             post
             themselves
             near
             
               Durazzo
               .
               Caesar
            
             hemmed
             in
             by
             the
             lines
             of
             Pompey's
             Camp.
             
          
           
             CAesar
             (
             after
             having
             drawn
             together
             all
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             knowing
             that
             Pompey
             was
             at
             Aspargua
             )
             marched
             directly
             towards
             him
             ,
             and
             in
             his
             passage
             forced
             a
             Burrough
             Town
             ,
             where
             Pompey
             had
             left
             a
             Garrison
             .
             After
             three
             days
             march
             he
             came
             in
             sight
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Camp
             ,
             and
             fortified
             his
             own
             ,
             from
             whence
             the
             next
             day
             he
             drew
             out
             all
             his
             Troops
             to
             offer
             Battel
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             refused
             it
             ,
             and
             came
             not
             forth
             .
             Caesar
             knew
             from
             that
             moment
             that
             he
             must
             take
             other
             measures
             .
             So
             he
             decamped
             the
             next
             day
             to
             go
             towards
             Durazzo
             ,
             and
             though
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             march
             by
             certain
             Defiles
             ,
             which
             were
             very
             incommodious
             ;
             he
             had
             two
             designs
             ,
             either
             to
             reduce
             Pompey
             to
             shut
             himself
             up
             in
             Durazzo
             ,
             or
             to
             cut
             off
             his
             passage
             thither
             ,
             forasmuch
             as
             all
             his
             Provisions
             and
             Equipage
             of
             War
             was
             there
             ,
             which
             last
             design
             in
             part
             succeeded
             .
             Pompey
             believed
             at
             the
             first
             by
             the
             motion
             of
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             forced
             to
             draw
             off
             for
             want
             to
             Provisions
             ;
             but
             when
             he
             understood
             his
             design
             by
             his
             Spies
             ,
             and
             those
             whom
             he
             sent
             to
             make
             incursions
             into
             the
             Countrey
             ;
             The
             next
             day
             he
             began
             to
             march
             ,
             hoping
             that
             he
             might
             prevent
             the
             Enemy
             by
             a
             shorter
             way
             
             than
             that
             which
             they
             had
             been
             forced
             to
             make
             use
             of
             .
             But
             Caesar
             having
             foreseen
             what
             might
             happen
             ,
             and
             incouraging
             his
             Souldiers
             by
             his
             words
             and
             his
             own
             Example
             ,
             left
             them
             onely
             a
             small
             part
             of
             the
             night
             to
             rest
             themselves
             in
             ,
             and
             arrived
             the
             next
             morning
             under
             the
             Walls
             of
             Durazzo
             ,
             when
             they
             began
             to
             discover
             the
             Van
             of
             Pompey's
             Army
             ,
             who
             immediately
             calling
             a
             Council
             of
             War
             ,
             went
             and
             possessed
             himself
             of
             a
             Hill
             called
             Petra
             ,
             which
             commanded
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             under
             which
             there
             was
             a
             small
             shelter
             for
             Ships
             ,
             where
             very
             few
             winds
             could
             come
             to
             annoy
             them
             .
             They
             both
             immediately
             intrenched
             themselves
             in
             the
             Posts
             they
             had
             taken
             .
             Pompey
             caused
             a
             party
             of
             his
             Ships
             to
             come
             under
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             immediately
             sent
             into
             Asia
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Countries
             which
             held
             for
             him
             ,
             to
             fetch
             Provisions
             and
             Ammunition
             ;
             Caesar
             perceiving
             then
             that
             the
             War
             might
             in
             all
             likelyhood
             last
             long
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             very
             little
             Corn
             ,
             and
             that
             his
             places
             of
             Retreat
             on
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Italy
             and
             Spain
             were
             very
             uncertain
             ,
             sent
             Canuleius
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             into
             Epirus
             :
             He
             caused
             Magazines
             to
             be
             lodged
             from
             place
             to
             place
             ,
             in
             regard
             that
             Province
             was
             a
             great
             way
             off
             ,
             and
             ordered
             all
             the
             Neighbouring
             Towns
             to
             come
             out
             and
             work
             at
             the
             Carriages
             ;
             Moreover
             he
             caused
             what
             Corn
             could
             be
             found
             in
             the
             Island
             ,
             in
             the
             Burrough
             Towns
             of
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             other
             Castles
             ,
             to
             be
             brought
             in
             to
             him
             ▪
             But
             as
             that
             Soil
             could
             furnish
             him
             with
             very
             
             little
             (
             Pompey
             having
             already
             ruined
             all
             those
             places
             ,
             and
             taken
             away
             the
             Corn
             ,
             )
             the
             succours
             proved
             to
             be
             but
             very
             inconsiderable
             .
             This
             put
             Caesar
             upon
             a
             design
             which
             he
             conceived
             might
             be
             feasible
             from
             the
             nature
             and
             disposition
             of
             the
             ground
             .
             All
             round
             Pompey's
             Camp
             there
             were
             certain
             little
             Hills
             that
             were
             high
             and
             hard
             to
             climb
             ,
             these
             Caesar
             possessed
             himself
             of
             ,
             and
             built
             Towers
             upon
             them
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             Redoubts
             ,
             then
             causing
             lines
             of
             Communication
             to
             be
             drawn
             from
             Mountain
             to
             Mountain
             ,
             or
             other
             works
             according
             to
             the
             disposition
             of
             the
             place
             ,
             endeavoured
             by
             that
             circumvallation
             to
             block
             up
             
               Pompey
               .
               Pompey
            
             on
             his
             part
             endeavoured
             to
             extend
             himself
             ,
             and
             take
             in
             as
             much
             of
             the
             Countrey
             as
             was
             possible
             with
             the
             length
             of
             his
             Works
             ,
             which
             he
             carried
             on
             very
             far
             ,
             fortifying
             from
             Hill
             to
             Hill
             ,
             so
             that
             with
             four
             and
             twenty
             Redoubts
             he
             possessed
             a
             space
             of
             15000
             paces
             ,
             where
             his
             Cavalry
             found
             Forrage
             ,
             and
             where
             also
             there
             were
             abundance
             of
             Fields
             sown
             with
             Corn
             ;
             We
             shall
             not
             undertake
             to
             judge
             of
             the
             Conduct
             of
             these
             great
             Men
             to
             rashly
             as
             other
             Authours
             have
             done
             ,
             who
             have
             declared
             that
             all
             those
             Works
             were
             of
             no
             use
             nor
             advantage
             ;
             for
             they
             had
             both
             of
             them
             their
             particular
             reasons
             for
             what
             they
             did
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             has
             reported
             some
             of
             his
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               his
               design
               was
               to
               cut
               off
               from
            
             Pompey
             
               's
               Cavalry
               the
               liberty
               of
               going
               out
               in
               Parties
               ,
               for
               that
               they
               were
               more
               in
               number
               than
               his
               ,
               and
               might
               very
               much
               incommode
               his
               Convoy's
               ,
               take
               from
               him
               the
               conveniency
               
               of
               Forrage
               ,
               and
               by
               that
               means
               render
               them
               unfit
               for
               service
               .
               Besides
               ,
               his
               business
               was
               to
               beat
               down
               that
               high
               esteem
               which
               kept
               up
            
             Pompey
             
               's
               Party
               amongst
               the
               Nations
               that
               were
               Strangers
               ,
               when
               all
               the
               world
               should
               know
               that
               he
               was
               invested
               by
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               and
               that
               he
               durst
               not
               venture
               the
               hazard
               of
               a
               Battel
               .
            
             For
             it
             was
             that
             which
             Pompey
             could
             by
             no
             means
             be
             brought
             to
             ,
             nor
             to
             go
             far
             from
             the
             Sea
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             had
             all
             his
             Provisions
             ,
             nor
             from
             Durazzo
             ,
             where
             were
             all
             his
             Engines
             ,
             his
             Darts
             and
             other
             Ammunitions
             of
             War
             ;
             and
             in
             fine
             ,
             it
             appears
             with
             great
             likelyhood
             that
             these
             Leaders
             both
             of
             them
             accomplished
             in
             the
             Art
             of
             War
             ,
             and
             instructed
             by
             long
             experience
             of
             the
             many
             advantages
             which
             a
             sudden
             occasion
             well
             managed
             might
             offer
             ,
             especially
             between
             two
             Armies
             so
             near
             to
             one
             another
             ,
             were
             both
             of
             them
             watchfull
             for
             the
             first
             opportunity
             .
             In
             effect
             ,
             as
             Caesar's
             Men
             dayly
             carried
             on
             their
             Works
             to
             prevent
             their
             being
             attacked
             in
             their
             Rere
             ,
             those
             of
             Pompey
             did
             the
             same
             to
             enlarge
             themselves
             ,
             and
             hinder
             the
             Enemy
             from
             assaulting
             them
             upon
             the
             Flancks
             .
             They
             had
             the
             advantage
             in
             number
             ;
             besides
             ,
             their
             's
             being
             the
             innermost
             circumvallation
             ,
             was
             not
             extended
             so
             far
             as
             Caesar's
             .
             And
             though
             Pompey
             avoided
             a
             general
             Battel
             ,
             nevertheless
             he
             dayly
             sent
             out
             his
             Archers
             and
             Slingers
             against
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             which
             obliged
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             to
             make
             certain
             Blinds
             with
             Clothes
             and
             Skins
             for
             their
             defence
             against
             the
             Arrows
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXVIII
             .
             A
             fght
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey's
             Troops
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             applied
             himself
             principally
             to
             shut
             up
             the
             Enemy
             with
             his
             lines
             ,
             who
             on
             their
             part
             endeavoured
             the
             gaining
             more
             ground
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             no
             day
             passed
             without
             some
             encounter
             or
             other
             .
             Caesar's
             ninth
             Legion
             had
             taken
             possession
             of
             an
             advanced
             ground
             ,
             where
             they
             began
             to
             fortify
             themselves
             ,
             when
             from
             a
             Neighbouring
             eminence
             almost
             level
             with
             it
             ,
             Pompey
             sent
             his
             Lancers
             against
             that
             Legion
             ,
             and
             then
             caused
             his
             light
             armed
             Souldiers
             to
             advance
             with
             Engines
             ,
             wherewith
             he
             played
             upon
             those
             that
             wrought
             .
             Therefore
             as
             it
             was
             a
             very
             hard
             task
             for
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             to
             fight
             and
             work
             both
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             and
             considering
             how
             they
             were
             battered
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             he
             resolved
             to
             draw
             them
             off
             ,
             but
             as
             he
             was
             to
             make
             his
             retreat
             by
             the
             steep
             part
             of
             the
             Mountain
             it
             proved
             a
             business
             very
             nice
             and
             dangerous
             .
             The
             Enemy
             ,
             who
             believed
             that
             their
             fear
             was
             the
             occasion
             of
             their
             retreat
             ,
             became
             more
             fierce
             ,
             and
             prest
             them
             so
             much
             the
             closer
             ;
             and
             it
             has
             been
             observed
             ,
             that
             Pompey
             was
             so
             far
             transported
             ,
             as
             to
             say
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               be
               contended
               to
               be
               thought
               no
               Souldier
               ,
               if
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Legions
               got
               off
               from
               that
               place
               where
               they
               had
               so
               rashly
               engaged
               themselves
               without
               loss
               .
            
             Nevertheless
             ,
             this
             was
             Caesar's
             design
             ,
             he
             caused
             a
             great
             many
             Hurdles
             to
             
             be
             brought
             and
             planted
             towards
             the
             front
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             upon
             the
             bending
             of
             the
             hill
             ;
             behind
             these
             ,
             he
             ordered
             the
             throwing
             up
             of
             a
             little
             Ditch
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Avenues
             to
             be
             intangled
             and
             filled
             up
             with
             cumbersome
             matter
             ,
             after
             this
             ,
             he
             drew
             up
             his
             Slingers
             to
             favour
             the
             retreat
             ,
             and
             marched
             his
             Legions
             through
             their
             intervals
             .
             This
             proceeding
             augmented
             the
             fury
             of
             Pompey's
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             had
             already
             thrown
             down
             the
             Hurdles
             to
             pass
             the
             Ditch
             ,
             when
             Caesar
             gave
             the
             word
             of
             Command
             to
             face
             about
             ,
             and
             after
             that
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             that
             Legion
             ,
             had
             exhorted
             them
             to
             behave
             themselves
             well
             ,
             he
             Commanded
             to
             sound
             a
             charge
             ,
             and
             attack
             those
             that
             were
             come
             over
             ;
             the
             Souldiers
             at
             their
             close
             order
             discharged
             their
             Javelins
             ,
             and
             running
             up
             with
             their
             Swords
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             drove
             back
             those
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             put
             them
             to
             flight
             .
             The
             Ditch
             ,
             the
             Hurdles
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             incumbrances
             incommoded
             them
             very
             much
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             occasion
             that
             a
             great
             many
             of
             them
             perished
             ;
             but
             Caesar's
             Men
             being
             contented
             to
             have
             secured
             their
             Retreat
             ,
             returned
             back
             ,
             after
             having
             killed
             a
             great
             number
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             onely
             lost
             five
             Men
             of
             their
             own
             .
             This
             manner
             of
             making
             War
             from
             Mountain
             to
             Mountain
             ,
             was
             doubtless
             very
             extraordinary
             ,
             and
             the
             design
             of
             that
             sort
             of
             siege
             was
             no
             otherways
             ,
             for
             Caesar
             undertook
             to
             besiege
             an
             Enemy
             ,
             who
             was
             much
             stronger
             than
             himself
             ,
             and
             who
             had
             Provisions
             and
             Ammunitions
             in
             abundance
             ,
             when
             his
             
             own
             Men
             at
             the
             same
             time
             were
             reduced
             to
             the
             greatest
             extremity
             imaginable
             ,
             at
             least
             for
             want
             of
             Corn
             ,
             though
             Epirus
             had
             furnished
             them
             with
             flesh
             ,
             nevertheless
             they
             bore
             all
             with
             most
             admirable
             constancy
             ,
             contenting
             themselves
             with
             Beans
             and
             Barley
             ,
             moreover
             ,
             they
             found
             the
             way
             of
             making
             Bread
             with
             a
             Root
             called
             Chara
             ,
             which
             they
             mingled
             with
             Milk
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             this
             they
             often
             threw
             amongst
             Pompey's
             Souldiers
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               they
               would
               rather
               eat
               the
               Barks
               of
               Trees
               ,
               than
               let
            
             Pompey
             
               escape
               ,
               whom
               they
               had
               now
               in
               their
               power
               .
            
             He
             was
             extremely
             surprised
             at
             it
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             
               That
               he
               did
               not
               think
               he
               had
               had
               wild
               Beasts
               to
               deal
               withall
               .
            
             Neither
             was
             he
             without
             his
             inconveniences
             ;
             his
             Cavalry
             began
             to
             suffer
             for
             want
             of
             Forrage
             ,
             both
             the
             Beasts
             and
             the
             Men
             dying
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             had
             corrupted
             the
             air
             ,
             and
             ingendred
             Diseases
             ;
             besides
             ,
             they
             wanted
             water
             ,
             for
             Caesar
             had
             either
             stopt
             or
             turned
             the
             course
             of
             the
             Rivers
             which
             used
             to
             supply
             them
             ,
             his
             own
             Men
             having
             it
             in
             all
             abundance
             ,
             and
             enjoying
             a
             very
             good
             air
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             advantages
             and
             disadvantages
             being
             equally
             distributed
             between
             the
             two
             Armies
             ,
             they
             passed
             no
             day
             without
             enterprising
             something
             or
             other
             .
             Pompey
             had
             observed
             by
             the
             lights
             which
             were
             every
             night
             set
             up
             in
             Caesar's
             Fortifications
             ,
             where
             his
             Souldiers
             kept
             their
             Guard
             ,
             then
             causing
             some
             Archers
             to
             advance
             in
             the
             dark
             ,
             shot
             flights
             of
             Arrows
             into
             the
             Fortifications
             ,
             that
             wounded
             a
             great
             many
             Men
             ,
             but
             for
             this
             inconveniency
             they
             
             soon
             found
             a
             remedy
             ,
             they
             made
             their
             Fires
             in
             one
             place
             ,
             and
             posted
             their
             Corps
             du
             Guard
             in
             another
             .
             But
             as
             these
             little
             Skirmishes
             signified
             nothing
             to
             the
             main
             matter
             ,
             Pompey
             resolved
             not
             to
             defer
             it
             to
             the
             last
             extremity
             ;
             and
             knowing
             that
             Casar
             was
             one
             night
             gone
             from
             his
             Camp
             for
             the
             management
             of
             some
             Intelligence
             which
             he
             had
             in
             Durazzo
             ,
             went
             that
             very
             night
             ,
             with
             the
             best
             part
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
             to
             attack
             a
             Castle
             which
             was
             near
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             and
             defended
             by
             one
             Cohort
             ,
             while
             he
             caused
             six
             other
             attacks
             to
             be
             made
             at
             the
             same
             time
             in
             different
             places
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXIX
             .
             Pompey
             attacks
             Caesar's
             Fortifications
             ;
             the
             Valour
             of
             
               Sceva
               .
               Pompey
            
             quits
             his
             Camp
             ;
             the
             Treason
             of
             Roscillus
             and
             Aegus
             .
          
           
             CAesar's
             Men
             ,
             notwithstanding
             their
             being
             surprised
             ,
             defended
             themselves
             beyond
             imagination
             ;
             and
             though
             they
             were
             overwhelmed
             with
             Darts
             and
             Arrows
             ,
             though
             four
             Centurions
             had
             lost
             each
             of
             them
             an
             eye
             ,
             and
             that
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             without
             exception
             ,
             were
             wounded
             ,
             nevertheless
             ,
             unequal
             as
             it
             was
             ,
             they
             maintained
             the
             Fight
             for
             above
             fifteen
             hours
             .
             Sceva
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Centurions
             ,
             who
             defended
             the
             Castle-gate
             ,
             being
             wounded
             in
             the
             eye
             ,
             in
             the
             shoulder
             and
             the
             thigh
             ,
             stretched
             out
             his
             hand
             to
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             made
             sign
             of
             surrendring
             himself
             ,
             and
             as
             two
             of
             their
             Officers
             advanced
             towards
             him
             ,
             he
             attacked
             them
             both
             with
             his
             Sword
             ,
             one
             after
             another
             ;
             All
             the
             Souldiers
             behaved
             themselves
             with
             the
             same
             Courage
             ;
             so
             that
             Sylla
             ,
             who
             commanded
             the
             Camp
             in
             Caesar's
             absence
             ,
             had
             time
             enough
             ,
             with
             two
             Legions
             ,
             to
             come
             up
             to
             their
             succour
             .
             Pompey's
             Troops
             were
             not
             able
             to
             bear
             the
             first
             charge
             ;
             And
             it
             is
             believed
             ,
             that
             had
             Sylla
             followed
             his
             advantage
             ,
             he
             might
             have
             totally
             routed
             them
             in
             their
             Retreat
             :
             but
             as
             the
             duty
             of
             a
             Lieutenant
             is
             very
             different
             from
             that
             of
             a
             Captain-General
             ,
             in
             consideration
             that
             one
             never
             acts
             but
             by
             Limited
             Orders
             ,
             
             when
             the
             other
             is
             at
             liberty
             to
             proceed
             according
             to
             the
             best
             of
             his
             Judgment
             .
             Caesar
             himself
             excused
             him
             for
             being
             contented
             to
             have
             repulsed
             the
             Enemy
             and
             cleared
             the
             Fortifications
             :
             There
             was
             found
             within
             the
             place
             Thirty
             thousand
             Arrows
             ,
             which
             they
             presented
             to
             Caesar
             when
             he
             came
             back
             ,
             with
             the
             Buckler
             of
             Sceva
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             pierced
             with
             Two
             hundred
             and
             thirty
             shots
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             according
             to
             his
             usual
             manner
             ,
             Caressed
             extremely
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             that
             Cohort
             ;
             he
             caused
             their
             proportions
             of
             Bread
             and
             their
             Pay
             to
             be
             doubled
             ,
             and
             gave
             almost
             to
             all
             of
             them
             Bracelets
             ,
             Piles
             and
             other
             marks
             of
             honour
             :
             as
             for
             Sceva
             ,
             he
             had
             given
             him
             for
             reward
             Two
             thousand
             Crowns
             ,
             and
             was
             advanced
             from
             the
             Eighth
             Company
             to
             the
             Command
             of
             the
             First
             .
             Pompey
             drew
             not
             his
             Troops
             far
             off
             from
             the
             Castle
             ,
             onely
             encamping
             himself
             where
             the
             Darts
             could
             not
             reach
             him
             ;
             in
             all
             his
             different
             Attacks
             he
             had
             lost
             Two
             thousand
             Men
             ,
             and
             Six
             Ensigns
             ;
             so
             he
             made
             ,
             in
             a
             short
             time
             ,
             good
             Works
             round
             his
             Camp
             ,
             as
             Redoubts
             and
             Ditches
             ,
             of
             Fifteen
             foot
             broad
             ,
             fortified
             with
             Pallisadoes
             towards
             the
             Enemy
             ;
             and
             at
             last
             ,
             after
             having
             caused
             the
             Entrances
             into
             his
             Camp
             to
             be
             filled
             up
             ,
             he
             chose
             a
             very
             dark
             night
             ,
             and
             retreated
             with
             all
             his
             Troops
             into
             his
             old
             Trenches
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             incouraged
             by
             this
             good
             success
             ,
             went
             every
             day
             and
             presented
             him
             Battel
             within
             view
             of
             his
             Lines
             ;
             and
             though
             Pompey
             drew
             out
             also
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             nevertheless
             he
             always
             kept
             his
             Troops
             under
             defence
             of
             
             his
             Ramparts
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             did
             not
             think
             fit
             to
             attack
             him
             .
             Pompey
             had
             sent
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             by
             Shipping
             to
             Durazzo
             ,
             for
             their
             subsistence
             ,
             and
             to
             try
             to
             incommode
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             by
             making
             Incursions
             .
             But
             Caesar
             possessed
             himself
             of
             the
             two
             Avenues
             ,
             by
             which
             onely
             he
             could
             send
             out
             parties
             ;
             so
             Pompey
             was
             forced
             to
             order
             their
             return
             to
             the
             Camp
             ,
             by
             the
             same
             way
             that
             they
             went
             ;
             and
             here
             indeed
             they
             suffered
             much
             ,
             the
             Horses
             being
             forced
             to
             eat
             Reeds
             and
             Leaves
             shaken
             together
             ,
             which
             made
             them
             very
             lean
             ;
             and
             the
             Horsemen
             themselves
             had
             much
             ado
             to
             subsist
             ,
             by
             reason
             that
             every
             thing
             being
             consumed
             within
             ,
             they
             were
             forced
             to
             fetch
             their
             Provisions
             from
             very
             far
             .
             So
             their
             General
             resolved
             to
             make
             one
             attempt
             for
             all
             to
             force
             the
             Trenches
             .
             Roscillus
             and
             Aegus
             ,
             the
             Sons
             of
             Albuscillus
             ,
             a
             Man
             of
             the
             first
             quality
             in
             Savoy
             ,
             had
             served
             under
             Caesar
             ever
             since
             the
             Gallick
             War
             ,
             where
             they
             had
             behaved
             themselves
             very
             well
             ,
             nor
             were
             they
             ill
             rewarded
             for
             it
             .
             For
             besides
             the
             Senatorian
             Dignity
             which
             he
             had
             bestowed
             upon
             them
             ,
             they
             had
             received
             great
             marks
             of
             his
             acknowledgment
             ,
             and
             were
             grown
             very
             rich
             ;
             These
             two
             Men
             relying
             upon
             the
             Friendship
             of
             their
             General
             ,
             and
             puffed
             up
             with
             a
             foolish
             and
             barbarous
             arrogance
             ,
             treated
             all
             their
             under
             Officers
             with
             contempt
             ,
             cheated
             their
             Souldiers
             of
             their
             Pay
             ,
             and
             whatsoever
             Booty
             their
             Troops
             ,
             met
             with
             ,
             still
             kept
             it
             to
             themselves
             .
             This
             obliged
             the
             Men
             to
             make
             their
             Complaints
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             acquainting
             him
             also
             ,
             that
             though
             
             they
             might
             have
             received
             full
             Pay
             ,
             their
             Troops
             were
             never
             Completed
             .
             Caesar
             believing
             this
             no
             fit
             time
             to
             make
             examples
             in
             ,
             and
             that
             something
             ought
             to
             be
             allowed
             in
             consideration
             of
             the
             merit
             of
             these
             two
             Brothers
             ,
             neglected
             the
             taking
             any
             notice
             of
             the
             matter
             ,
             but
             did
             not
             forget
             privately
             to
             tell
             them
             his
             opinion
             ,
             and
             assure
             them
             ,
             it
             would
             be
             more
             for
             their
             advantage
             to
             serve
             him
             well
             .
             These
             two
             men
             ,
             provoked
             by
             this
             Remonstrance
             ,
             and
             believing
             that
             though
             he
             slipt
             it
             now
             ,
             he
             might
             take
             another
             opportunity
             to
             resent
             their
             ill
             conduct
             ,
             resolved
             to
             quit
             his
             Service
             ,
             and
             go
             over
             to
             the
             Enemies
             Camp.
             So
             after
             having
             unsuccessfully
             attempted
             to
             kill
             Volusenus
             the
             General
             of
             the
             Cavalry
             ,
             they
             borrowed
             what
             Money
             they
             could
             ,
             and
             carrying
             away
             a
             great
             many
             Horses
             ,
             went
             and
             surrendred
             themselves
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             received
             them
             with
             as
             much
             Joy
             ,
             as
             upon
             so
             extraordinary
             an
             occasion
             might
             be
             expected
             ;
             none
             of
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             having
             yet
             come
             over
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             though
             every
             day
             some
             of
             his
             took
             party
             with
             Caesar.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XL.
             Pompey
             attacks
             Caesar's
             Trenches
             :
             great
             disorder
             amongst
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ;
             he
             confirms
             them
             by
             his
             presence
             .
          
           
             THE
             Savoyards
             who
             knew
             where
             Caesar's
             Trenches
             were
             weakest
             ,
             instructed
             Pompey
             in
             the
             particulars
             of
             it
             ,
             which
             confirmed
             him
             in
             that
             design
             he
             had
             before
             resolved
             upon
             .
             He
             caused
             Helmets
             of
             Ozier-twigs
             to
             be
             made
             for
             all
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             commanded
             they
             should
             fall
             to
             digging
             of
             Turff
             ;
             when
             this
             was
             done
             he
             put
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Archers
             and
             Light-armed
             Foot
             on
             board
             the
             Merchant
             Ships
             and
             Shallops
             ;
             At
             the
             same
             time
             he
             carried
             Sixty
             Cohorts
             ,
             which
             he
             drew
             out
             of
             his
             Camp
             and
             his
             Fortifications
             ,
             to
             that
             part
             of
             Caesar's
             Trenches
             which
             was
             nearest
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             farthest
             from
             the
             General
             's
             Quarters
             .
             At
             the
             same
             time
             the
             Vessels
             who
             brought
             the
             Turff
             and
             the
             Light-armed
             Foot
             came
             ashore
             in
             the
             same
             place
             ;
             *
             
               Lentulus
               Marcellinus
            
             the
             Questor
             Commanded
             there
             for
             Caesar
             ,
             but
             he
             being
             indisposed
             ,
             Posthumus
             gave
             Orders
             under
             him
             .
             That
             side
             of
             the
             Rampart
             which
             looked
             towards
             the
             Enemy
             was
             Ten
             foot
             high
             ,
             and
             as
             many
             broad
             ,
             with
             a
             Ditch
             of
             Fifteen
             foot
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             having
             foreseen
             that
             Pompey
             might
             ,
             by
             Sea
             ,
             make
             some
             attempt
             upon
             that
             Post
             ,
             had
             caused
             another
             to
             be
             thrown
             up
             ,
             parallel
             to
             it
             ,
             Five
             hundred
             Paces
             distance
             ,
             but
             it
             was
             
             not
             indeed
             altogether
             so
             deep
             .
             His
             design
             was
             to
             have
             made
             a
             third
             ,
             which
             should
             have
             joined
             them
             both
             upon
             the
             Sea-side
             ;
             But
             it
             seeming
             so
             cruel
             a
             thing
             to
             him
             to
             harass
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             wearied
             with
             throwing
             up
             Works
             ,
             which
             already
             took
             up
             Nineteen
             thousand
             Paces
             of
             Ground
             ,
             hindred
             his
             putting
             of
             it
             in
             execution
             .
             In
             the
             meanwhile
             this
             negligence
             had
             like
             to
             have
             cost
             him
             his
             Fortune
             and
             all
             his
             Reputation
             .
             Pompey
             had
             notice
             of
             this
             fault
             by
             the
             Savoyards
             ,
             so
             at
             break
             of
             day
             he
             came
             with
             all
             those
             Forces
             I
             mentioned
             ,
             to
             attack
             the
             Cohorts
             of
             the
             ninth
             Legion
             which
             were
             upon
             the
             Guard
             at
             the
             Sea-side
             .
             They
             were
             surprised
             with
             the
             Light-armed
             Foot
             and
             Archers
             from
             the
             Ships
             ,
             who
             immediately
             surrounded
             and
             attacked
             them
             with
             flights
             of
             Arrows
             .
             The
             Ditches
             were
             filled
             with
             the
             Turff
             which
             Pompey
             had
             caused
             to
             be
             brought
             thither
             ,
             so
             his
             Legionaries
             planted
             their
             Ladders
             against
             the
             Rampart
             ,
             and
             with
             their
             Darts
             and
             their
             Engines
             overthrew
             those
             that
             defended
             it
             :
             The
             Helmets
             of
             Ozier
             which
             they
             had
             defended
             them
             from
             the
             fall
             of
             Stones
             ,
             which
             were
             the
             onely
             Arms
             that
             Caesar's
             Men
             could
             make
             use
             of
             upon
             this
             occasion
             :
             so
             these
             Souldiers
             being
             attacked
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             and
             seeing
             that
             the
             Enemy
             advanced
             to
             hem
             them
             in
             by
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Entrenchment
             which
             was
             not
             Fortified
             quitted
             their
             Posts
             and
             turned
             their
             backs
             Marcellinus
             hearing
             what
             had
             happened
             ,
             ordered
             some
             Cohorts
             to
             March
             to
             their
             Relief
             ;
             but
             the
             fear
             and
             confusion
             of
             those
             who
             fled
             from
             
             the
             Camp
             ,
             infected
             them
             also
             ;
             and
             all
             the
             other
             Troops
             which
             were
             sent
             to
             their
             assistence
             served
             onely
             to
             add
             to
             their
             disorder
             .
             All
             the
             Officers
             of
             the
             first
             Cohort
             were
             lost
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             except
             the
             eldest
             Centurion
             .
             He
             who
             carried
             the
             Eagle
             of
             the
             Legion
             ,
             seeing
             himself
             mortally
             wounded
             ,
             calling
             to
             him
             some
             Horsemen
             ;
             
               I
               have
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               for
               many
               years
               preserved
               this
               Ensign
               with
               the
               hazard
               of
               my
               life
               ,
               and
               now
               I
               am
               dying
               ,
               with
               the
               same
               affection
               I
               restore
               it
               unto
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               do
               not
               let
               it
               be
               lost
               by
               a
               misfortune
               ,
               which
               is
               not
               yet
               come
               upon
               us
               ,
               but
               save
               it
               to
               return
               it
               to
            
             Caesar.
             So
             the
             Standard
             was
             preserved
             ,
             but
             the
             slaughter
             every
             where
             was
             great
             .
             In
             the
             meanwhile
             Pompey
             drawing
             near
             to
             Marcellinus
             his
             Camp
             ,
             where
             the
             fear
             had
             already
             got
             possession
             ,
             Antonius
             appeared
             hard
             by
             ,
             upon
             an
             advanced
             ground
             ,
             with
             Twelve
             Cohorts
             ,
             which
             Pompey
             perceiving
             made
             a
             halt
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Troops
             began
             to
             take
             heart
             again
             :
             Caesar
             arrived
             a
             moment
             after
             with
             the
             other
             Cohorts
             ,
             and
             by
             causing
             every
             where
             thick
             smoaks
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             gave
             the
             signal
             that
             Relief
             was
             coming
             .
             And
             when
             he
             saw
             that
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             was
             retired
             ,
             had
             forced
             those
             Lines
             ,
             whereby
             he
             thought
             to
             shut
             him
             up
             ,
             he
             found
             it
             convenient
             to
             change
             his
             design
             ,
             and
             immediately
             caused
             a
             Post
             to
             be
             fortified
             near
             the
             Sea
             ,
             there
             to
             encamp
             himself
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             he
             might
             have
             the
             liberty
             of
             Forrage
             ,
             and
             reception
             for
             his
             Shipping
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLI
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             in
             a
             great
             Battel
             ,
             is
             overthrown
             :
             Pompey
             loses
             the
             opportunity
             of
             totally
             routing
             him
             .
             Caesar's
             opinion
             upon
             that
             occasion
             .
          
           
             AS
             these
             Entrenchments
             were
             almost
             completed
             ,
             his
             Scouts
             brought
             him
             word
             that
             there
             was
             a
             Legion
             Marching
             on
             the
             back-side
             of
             the
             Wood
             to
             take
             possession
             of
             Pompey's
             old
             Camp.
             To
             comprehend
             this
             we
             must
             understand
             ,
             that
             after
             the
             Ninth
             Legion
             (
             as
             we
             before
             observed
             )
             had
             made
             head
             against
             Pompey's
             Troops
             ,
             and
             repulsed
             them
             with
             advantage
             ,
             Casar
             had
             posted
             himself
             in
             the
             place
             where
             that
             action
             was
             done
             ;
             The
             Camp
             reached
             as
             far
             as
             a
             Wood
             ,
             and
             was
             not
             above
             Four
             hundred
             paces
             from
             the
             Sea.
             Some
             days
             after
             Casar
             had
             quitted
             that
             Post
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             took
             possession
             of
             it
             .
             And
             because
             he
             had
             more
             Legions
             ,
             he
             onely
             caused
             another
             Cover
             to
             be
             made
             to
             the
             first
             Camp
             ,
             without
             ruining
             the
             old
             Fortifications
             ;
             so
             this
             little
             Camp
             served
             onely
             for
             a
             Platform
             or
             Cittadel
             to
             the
             great
             one
             .
             He
             also
             caused
             a
             Line
             to
             be
             drawn
             from
             the
             left
             Angle
             of
             his
             Camp
             about
             Four
             hundred
             paces
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             the
             River
             ,
             for
             a
             passage
             to
             the
             Water
             in
             safety
             ;
             but
             a
             little
             time
             after
             he
             also
             changed
             his
             design
             ,
             and
             quitted
             that
             Post
             ,
             the
             lines
             whereof
             were
             still
             standing
             .
             This
             was
             the
             place
             whither
             that
             Legion
             was
             Marching
             ;
             Casar's
             Sentinels
             gave
             him
             an
             account
             of
             it
             ;
             
             and
             those
             who
             from
             the
             Hills
             had
             observed
             the
             motion
             ,
             confirming
             the
             News
             ,
             he
             believed
             that
             fortune
             presented
             him
             with
             this
             occasion
             to
             repair
             the
             loss
             he
             had
             before
             sustained
             ;
             so
             leaving
             onely
             two
             Cohorts
             to
             make
             a
             shew
             upon
             the
             Ramparts
             ,
             he
             Marched
             in
             all
             secrecy
             with
             33
             Cohorts
             ,
             in
             which
             number
             was
             the
             Ninth
             Legion
             ,
             although
             it
             had
             lost
             a
             great
             many
             Souldiers
             and
             Officers
             .
             His
             Army
             was
             upon
             two
             Lines
             ,
             and
             he
             upon
             the
             Left
             Wing
             .
             All
             things
             succeeded
             immediately
             as
             he
             expected
             ,
             he
             arrived
             at
             the
             Camp
             before
             Pompey
             could
             have
             any
             notice
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             the
             Wing
             which
             he
             headed
             Charging
             fiercely
             upon
             the
             Rampart
             ,
             put
             those
             who
             defended
             it
             to
             flight
             .
             The
             Battel
             was
             very
             fierce
             at
             the
             entrance
             ,
             which
             was
             filled
             with
             Turnpikes
             .
             Puleio
             ,
             he
             who
             betrayed
             Antonius's
             Army
             ,
             defended
             it
             with
             extraordinary
             Valour
             ,
             but
             at
             last
             Caesar's
             Men
             carried
             it
             merely
             by
             their
             Courage
             ,
             and
             having
             broke
             the
             Turnpikes
             in
             pieces
             ,
             they
             entred
             within
             the
             first
             Fortification
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             attacked
             the
             Platform
             whither
             the
             Legion
             was
             retreated
             ;
             a
             great
             many
             were
             killed
             in
             this
             place
             ;
             and
             the
             Action
             had
             been
             very
             fine
             ,
             and
             of
             great
             advantage
             ,
             if
             Fortune
             ,
             who
             loves
             to
             shew
             the
             power
             which
             ●he
             usurpes
             over
             all
             things
             ,
             and
             especially
             in
             War
             ,
             had
             not
             proved
             unconstant
             .
             The
             Cohorts
             of
             Caesar's
             Right
             Wing
             searching
             for
             the
             entrance
             into
             the
             Camp
             ,
             followed
             the
             outside
             of
             that
             Trench
             which
             led
             them
             to
             the
             River
             ,
             believing
             that
             it
             was
             the
             Rampart
             of
             
             the
             Camp
             ,
             when
             perceiving
             their
             Errour
             ▪
             they
             put
             themselves
             upon
             the
             Rampart
             ,
             and
             as
             there
             was
             no
             body
             there
             to
             defend
             it
             ,
             passed
             easily
             ;
             all
             the
             Cavalry
             followed
             these
             Cohorts
             ,
             seeking
             for
             breaches
             to
             enter
             .
             This
             unhappy
             proceeding
             gave
             Pompey
             time
             to
             come
             to
             their
             succour
             with
             the
             Fifth
             Legion
             ,
             putting
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             before
             him
             ;
             so
             that
             both
             parts
             of
             the
             Camp
             which
             was
             attacked
             ,
             at
             the
             same
             time
             discover'd
             Pompey
             Marching
             Embattelled
             with
             his
             legions
             .
             At
             sight
             of
             this
             every
             thing
             began
             to
             change
             ;
             the
             Legion
             that
             was
             besieged
             ,
             by
             the
             hope
             of
             this
             Succour
             ,
             recovered
             so
             much
             courage
             as
             to
             make
             a
             Sally
             and
             Charge
             those
             of
             Caesar.
             His
             Cavalry
             finding
             themselves
             disordered
             in
             passing
             the
             Ramparts
             ,
             thought
             of
             nothing
             but
             how
             to
             save
             themselves
             ;
             and
             his
             right
             and
             left
             wing
             being
             separated
             ,
             were
             equally
             terrified
             with
             seeing
             the
             Horse
             upon
             the
             flight
             ,
             and
             fearing
             to
             be
             cut
             in
             pieces
             in
             that
             strait
             place
             ,
             hurried
             through
             the
             breaches
             of
             the
             Ramparts
             with
             so
             much
             disorder
             ,
             that
             a
             great
             many
             falling
             headlong
             into
             the
             Ditches
             ,
             the
             others
             passed
             over
             them
             to
             save
             themselves
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             left
             wing
             ,
             seeing
             the
             Succours
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             the
             overthrow
             of
             their
             Friends
             ,
             and
             the
             Enemy
             before
             and
             behind
             them
             ,
             sought
             to
             return
             through
             the
             place
             where
             they
             entred
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             nothing
             but
             disorder
             ,
             fear
             and
             a
             total
             rout
             was
             every
             where
             to
             be
             seen
             ;
             so
             that
             in
             spight
             of
             all
             Caesar's
             endeavours
             himself
             ,
             to
             retain
             the
             Ensigns
             which
             fled
             ,
             abundance
             of
             them
             forsook
             him
             ,
             their
             Colours
             ,
             
             Horses
             and
             all
             ,
             and
             run
             away
             on
             Foot.
             One
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             an
             able
             and
             strong
             Man
             ,
             but
             confounded
             with
             the
             fear
             he
             was
             in
             ,
             turned
             upon
             him
             the
             point
             of
             his
             Launce
             ,
             and
             had
             certainly
             killed
             him
             ,
             if
             his
             Master
             of
             the
             Horse
             ,
             at
             one
             blow
             ,
             had
             not
             cut
             off
             his
             arm
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             a
             Party
             of
             Pompey's
             Horse
             appearing
             at
             the
             entrance
             of
             the
             Camp
             ,
             forced
             them
             to
             make
             head
             in
             that
             place
             .
             Pompey
             pursued
             his
             Victory
             as
             far
             as
             Caesar's
             very
             Camp
             ,
             but
             durst
             not
             attack
             it
             ,
             in
             which
             he
             committed
             a
             fault
             which
             cost
             him
             dear
             in
             the
             consequence
             .
             Caesar
             avouches
             ,
             
               That
               his
               Army
               might
               have
               been
               entirely
               overthrown
               upon
               that
               occasion
               :
            
             and
             farther
             adds
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               been
               lost
               without
               redress
               ,
               could
            
             Pompey
             
               have
               known
               how
               to
               have
               made
               use
               of
               the
               Victory
               :
            
             For
             this
             he
             gives
             three
             Reasons
             ,
             That
             Pompey
             
               was
               afraid
               of
               falling
               into
               an
               Ambuscade
               ;
               That
               his
               Cavalry
               amused
               themselves
               too
               long
               with
               desiring
               to
               force
               the
               entrance
               into
               the
               Trenches
               ;
               And
               that
               that
               defeat
               happening
               beyond
               his
               hopes
               ,
               he
               knew
               not
               immediately
               how
               to
               take
               the
               right
               course
               :
            
             To
             this
             we
             may
             add
             ,
             That
             in
             all
             likelihood
             Pompey's
             Troops
             suffered
             themselves
             to
             be
             deluded
             ,
             that
             in
             spight
             of
             him
             they
             would
             follow
             the
             Runaways
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             not
             engage
             himself
             to
             attack
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             knowing
             well
             ,
             that
             he
             left
             behind
             him
             a
             brave
             and
             daring
             Enemy
             ,
             with
             a
             great
             part
             of
             his
             Forces
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLII
             .
             Caesar's
             discourse
             to
             his
             Troops
             to
             confirm
             them
             ;
             he
             Decamps
             to
             March
             toward
             
               Thessaly
               .
               Pompey
            
             follows
             him
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             lost
             a
             great
             many
             Men
             upon
             these
             two
             occasions
             ,
             which
             happened
             both
             in
             the
             same
             day
             .
             Some
             have
             given
             an
             account
             of
             Nine
             hundred
             and
             sixty
             Souldiers
             ,
             Thirty
             two
             Ensigns
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             many
             excellent
             Officers
             ;
             amongst
             others
             Tuticanus
             and
             Felginas
             ,
             who
             were
             both
             Gauls
             ;
             another
             Felginas
             of
             
               Plaisance
               ,
               Gravius
               Sacrativir
            
             ,
             and
             Thirty
             Tribunes
             or
             Centurions
             .
             Pompey
             and
             his
             whole
             Party
             were
             much
             encouraged
             with
             the
             Victory
             ,
             and
             sent
             the
             News
             of
             it
             over
             all
             the
             World
             ,
             reporting
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             was
             totally
             routed
             ,
             and
             with
             what
             miserable
             Troops
             he
             had
             left
             ,
             fled
             before
             them
             .
             It
             is
             true
             indeed
             ,
             that
             reflecting
             upon
             his
             conduct
             ,
             he
             passed
             the
             next
             night
             not
             very
             pleasantly
             .
             But
             as
             he
             understood
             the
             valour
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             knowing
             that
             the
             disorder
             was
             occasioned
             by
             themselves
             ,
             and
             not
             by
             the
             vigour
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ;
             having
             besides
             been
             used
             to
             the
             changeableness
             of
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             the
             effects
             of
             a
             panick
             Fear
             ,
             where
             an
             unseasonable
             apprehension
             intangles
             the
             greatest
             Armies
             ,
             and
             the
             disorders
             ,
             which
             the
             Imprudence
             of
             a
             General
             Officer
             ,
             or
             the
             negligence
             of
             any
             particular
             Commander
             may
             produce
             ,
             he
             would
             not
             suffer
             himself
             to
             lose
             either
             his
             courage
             
             or
             his
             hopes
             ,
             but
             he
             imagined
             that
             it
             might
             be
             proper
             wholly
             to
             change
             the
             manner
             of
             that
             War
             ,
             and
             to
             speak
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             .
             Therefore
             he
             caused
             them
             to
             quit
             the
             Fortifications
             all
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ;
             and
             when
             he
             had
             re-assembled
             them
             .
             
               I
               see
               nothing
            
             (
             says
             he
             )
             
               in
               this
               occasion
               ,
               which
               ought
               to
               trouble
               you
               ;
               and
               after
               so
               many
               Battels
               ,
               wherein
               ye
               have
               won
               glory
               and
               advantage
               ,
               gallant
               Men
               ought
               not
               to
               be
               discouraged
               with
               a
               little
               disgrace
               .
               We
               ought
               to
               thank
               Fortune
               for
               our
               Conquest
               of
               all
            
             Italy
             ,
             
               which
               cost
               〈◊〉
               not
               a
               wound
               ;
               for
               our
               subduing
            
             Spain
             ,
             
               possessed
               by
               powerfull
               Armies
               ,
               under
               experienced
               and
               able
               Commanders
               ,
               and
               reducing
               so
               easily
               those
               rich
               and
               fertile
               Provinces
               which
               now
               lie
               round
               us
               .
               Remember
               still
               the
               good
               Fortune
               ye
               had
               in
               passing
               the
               Sea
               to
               come
               hither
               ,
               even
               through
               the
               Fleets
               of
               your
               Enemies
               ,
               when
               not
               onely
               the
               Havens
               ,
               but
               the
               very
               Rivers
               too
               were
               taken
               up
               by
               their
               Troops
               .
               If
               in
               this
               last
               encounter
               Fortune
               seemed
               to
               have
               forsaken
               us
               ,
               correct
               her
               Capricio●sness
               by
               your
               own
               Valour
               and
               Industry
               ;
               For
               it
               is
               easie
               to
               perceive
               ,
               that
               her
               fault
               ,
               and
               not
               your
               own
               ,
               has
               brought
               upon
               us
               the
               present
               misfortune
               ;
               the
               place
               of
               Battel
               was
               well
               chosen
               ,
               ye
               carried
               the
               Enemies
               Camp
               at
               the
               first
               onset
               ;
               ye
               beat
               and
               put
               them
               to
               flight
               with
               your
               Swords
               in
               your
               hands
               ;
               and
               if
               one
               little
               disorder
               ,
               one
               errour
               of
               Inadvertency
               ,
               or
               indeed
               if
               destiny
               it self
               has
               deprived
               us
               of
               the
               advantage
               we
               had
               gotten
               ,
               ye
               ought
               to
               endeavour
               to
               recover
               it
               by
               your
               proper
               virtue
               ;
               so
               this
               Misfortune
               shall
               turn
               to
               your
               glory
               as
               it
               did
               in
            
             Gergoria
             ;
             
               and
               those
               who
               in
               this
               Battel
               have
               shewn
               the
               least
               fear
               ,
               shall
               be
               the
               first
               to
               charge
               the
               Enemy
               in
               the
               next
               .
            
             After
             
             this
             Harangue
             he
             Cashiered
             some
             Ensigns
             ,
             but
             he
             had
             not
             need
             to
             make
             any
             other
             examples
             ;
             For
             the
             Souldiers
             offered
             ,
             and
             would
             voluntarily
             have
             undertaken
             great
             Labours
             to
             punish
             themselves
             .
             They
             desired
             a
             Battel
             ,
             where
             they
             might
             either
             all
             die
             ,
             or
             be
             revenged
             .
             Some
             of
             the
             Chief
             Officers
             were
             of
             opinion
             ,
             that
             this
             eagerness
             ought
             to
             be
             made
             use
             of
             :
             But
             Caesar
             thought
             otherwise
             ;
             so
             he
             commanded
             his
             Baggage
             ,
             with
             all
             the
             Sick
             and
             Wounded
             ,
             to
             March
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             night
             towards
             Apolonia
             .
             He
             gave
             them
             one
             Legion
             for
             their
             Convoy
             ,
             with
             order
             to
             make
             no
             stop
             till
             they
             came
             to
             the
             place
             .
             These
             orders
             being
             executed
             ,
             retaining
             two
             Legions
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             at
             Three
             a
             Clock
             in
             the
             Morning
             he
             caused
             all
             the
             other
             Legions
             to
             March
             out
             by
             the
             Avenues
             and
             follow
             the
             Baggage
             ▪
             and
             a
             little
             while
             after
             ,
             making
             the
             usual
             Cries
             according
             to
             the
             Custome
             of
             Military
             Discipline
             at
             that
             time
             ,
             he
             departed
             at
             the
             head
             of
             his
             Two
             Legions
             ,
             to
             join
             the
             Body
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             which
             he
             did
             with
             all
             speed
             .
             Pompey
             ,
             when
             he
             knew
             the
             design
             of
             his
             Enemy
             ,
             lost
             no
             time
             ,
             he
             quitted
             his
             Camp
             with
             all
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             sent
             his
             Cavalry
             full
             speed
             to
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             Caesar's
             Troops
             .
             But
             as
             they
             were
             gone
             a
             great
             way
             before
             ,
             and
             Marched
             without
             Baggage
             ,
             Pompey's
             Cavalry
             came
             not
             up
             to
             them
             till
             the
             end
             of
             the
             Journey
             ,
             at
             the
             passage
             of
             the
             River
             
               G●●uso
               .
               Caesar
            
             opposed
             them
             with
             his
             Horse
             ,
             and
             Four
             hundred
             others
             of
             his
             best
             Souldiers
             ,
             mingled
             in
             their
             Ranks
             ,
             who
             made
             great
             havock
             
             amongst
             Pompey's
             Men
             ,
             and
             forced
             them
             to
             retreat
             :
             so
             he
             passed
             the
             River
             ,
             and
             went
             and
             Posted
             himself
             in
             his
             old
             Camp
             near
             Asparagium
             ;
             he
             kept
             all
             his
             Infantry
             at
             their
             Arms
             in
             the
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             sent
             out
             his
             Horse
             to
             Forage
             ,
             with
             orders
             to
             return
             again
             with
             what
             speed
             they
             could
             .
             Pompey
             also
             came
             and
             took
             possession
             of
             his
             old
             Camp
             near
             Asparagium
             .
             And
             his
             Souldiers
             having
             no
             Fortifications
             to
             make
             in
             a
             place
             so
             well
             Entrenched
             as
             that
             was
             ,
             went
             out
             ,
             some
             to
             fetch
             in
             Wood
             and
             Provisions
             ,
             others
             ,
             who
             in
             the
             haste
             of
             their
             departure
             ,
             had
             forgotten
             something
             in
             the
             other
             Camp
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             far
             off
             ,
             after
             having
             laid
             down
             their
             Arms
             ,
             returned
             again
             thither
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             imagined
             s●mething
             like
             this
             might
             happen
             ,
             decamped
             the
             next
             day
             at
             Noon
             ,
             and
             pressing
             his
             Troops
             hard
             ,
             had
             Marched
             them
             Eight
             miles
             ,
             before
             Pompey
             could
             be
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             follow
             him
             :
             the
             next
             morning
             Caesar
             departed
             again
             at
             break
             of
             day
             ,
             always
             causing
             his
             Baggage
             to
             March
             before
             ,
             that
             nothing
             might
             incommode
             the
             order
             of
             his
             Army
             .
             This
             method
             he
             used
             the
             days
             following
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             got
             over
             the
             Rivers
             and
             difficult
             passages
             without
             the
             loss
             of
             any
             of
             his
             Men
             ;
             for
             though
             Pompey
             followed
             him
             with
             extreme
             diligence
             ,
             the
             advantage
             of
             being
             a
             day
             before
             him
             ,
             and
             the
             inconveniency
             of
             his
             Baggage
             forced
             him
             ,
             upon
             the
             fourth
             day
             ,
             to
             give
             over
             the
             unsuccessfull
             persuit
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLIII
             .
             Caesar
             goes
             into
             
               Apolonia
               ,
               Domitius
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             him
             ,
             the
             taking
             of
             Gomphes
             and
             Metropolis
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             was
             forced
             to
             go
             to
             Apolonia
             to
             dispose
             there
             of
             his
             sick
             Men
             to
             muster
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             leave
             some
             Troops
             in
             their
             Quarters
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             to
             secure
             his
             Allies
             ,
             spending
             no
             more
             time
             in
             this
             Voyage
             than
             was
             absolutely
             necessary
             for
             a
             man
             who
             had
             other
             business
             upon
             his
             hands
             ,
             he
             feared
             lest
             Pompey
             might
             surprise
             
               Domitius
               Calvinus
            
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             who
             was
             in
             Macedonia
             with
             three
             Legions
             ,
             accompanied
             with
             
               Cassius
               Langinus
            
             .
             They
             had
             thoughts
             of
             Pompey's
             Brother-in-Law
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             the
             Legions
             of
             Syria
             with
             Favonius
             and
             other
             Officers
             ,
             and
             had
             often
             endeavoured
             to
             engage
             them
             upon
             some
             advantage
             .
             Now
             Caesar's
             design
             was
             either
             to
             draw
             Pompey
             far
             from
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             force
             him
             to
             a
             Battel
             ,
             or
             if
             that
             General
             should
             go
             into
             Italy
             to
             leave
             Domitius
             ,
             and
             return
             by
             Illyria
             to
             follow
             Pompey
             ,
             or
             at
             last
             if
             Scipio
             should
             besiege
             Orica
             or
             Apolonia
             to
             fall
             upon
             him
             ,
             whom
             he
             knew
             very
             well
             Pompey
             would
             not
             forsake
             .
             Pompey
             thought
             also
             to
             surprise
             Domitius
             ,
             before
             Caesar
             came
             up
             ;
             so
             these
             two
             Generals
             marched
             with
             all
             the
             speed
             and
             diligence
             imaginable
             ,
             and
             Domitius
             thought
             of
             delivering
             himself
             to
             the
             Enemy
             ;
             for
             the
             
             news
             of
             the
             Battel
             at
             Durazzo
             ,
             having
             turned
             the
             minds
             of
             the
             people
             in
             favour
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             they
             had
             stopped
             all
             Caesar's
             Couriers
             to
             Domitius
             ,
             who
             receiving
             no
             intelligence
             of
             the
             marching
             of
             the
             Armies
             ,
             was
             come
             to
             post
             himself
             at
             Heraclea
             .
             This
             City
             was
             under
             the
             Mountain
             of
             Cadavia
             ,
             where
             Pompey's
             Army
             must
             pass
             to
             get
             into
             Caesar's
             had
             been
             retarded
             by
             their
             Voyage
             to
             Apolonia
             ,
             and
             every
             thing
             seemed
             to
             contribute
             to
             the
             loss
             of
             Domitius
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             inevitable
             ,
             if
             some
             Savoyards
             belonging
             to
             Rostillus
             and
             his
             Brother
             had
             not
             by
             chance
             met
             with
             his
             Couriers
             .
             As
             they
             had
             all
             served
             together
             in
             Gaul
             ,
             they
             did
             not
             treat
             them
             like
             Enemies
             ,
             onely
             with
             a
             kind
             of
             Vanity
             ,
             which
             Souldiers
             sometime
             will
             be
             guilty
             of
             ,
             told
             them
             that
             Caesar
             was
             beaten
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             retreated
             ,
             and
             that
             Pompey
             was
             coming
             up
             with
             all
             his
             Army
             .
             This
             advice
             saved
             Domitius
             ,
             who
             made
             his
             Retreat
             so
             opportunely
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             not
             gone
             above
             four
             hours
             before
             Pompey's
             arrival
             .
             He
             went
             to
             Aegeta
             upon
             the
             Frontiers
             of
             Thessaly
             ,
             where
             he
             joined
             himself
             with
             Caesar.
             This
             General
             seeing
             all
             his
             Forces
             together
             ,
             marched
             to
             Gomphes
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             first
             Town
             upon
             the
             way
             from
             Epirus
             to
             Thessaly
             ,
             the
             Inhabitants
             who
             at
             first
             had
             promised
             Caesar
             their
             Obedience
             ,
             changed
             their
             minds
             as
             others
             had
             done
             before
             them
             ,
             upon
             the
             report
             of
             his
             being
             beaten
             ,
             being
             persuaded
             to
             it
             by
             Aridrostenes
             ,
             Pretor
             of
             Thessaly
             ,
             he
             was
             then
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             after
             
             having
             sent
             to
             Scipio
             and
             Pompey
             for
             succour
             ,
             caused
             the
             Gates
             to
             be
             shut
             against
             
               Caesar
               ,
               Scipio
            
             was
             at
             Lerissa
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             was
             not
             yet
             in
             Thessaly
             ,
             which
             caused
             Caesar
             to
             attack
             Gomphes
             ,
             he
             ordered
             Ladders
             ,
             great
             Baskets
             filled
             with
             earth
             ,
             and
             Hurdles
             to
             be
             got
             ready
             with
             all
             diligence
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             represented
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             the
             benefit
             of
             forcing
             a
             place
             that
             was
             very
             rich
             ,
             and
             well
             furnished
             he
             caused
             an
             assault
             to
             be
             made
             with
             so
             much
             fury
             ,
             that
             the
             Town
             was
             taken
             by
             nine
             a
             clock
             the
             same
             day
             ,
             he
             abandoned
             it
             to
             be
             pillaged
             ,
             and
             without
             stopping
             marched
             his
             Army
             to
             Metropolis
             ,
             before
             the
             news
             should
             arrive
             of
             the
             taking
             of
             Gomphes
             .
             In
             effect
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             Metropolis
             had
             a
             design
             to
             stand
             upon
             their
             defence
             ,
             but
             the
             Prisoners
             which
             were
             taken
             at
             Gomphes
             ,
             and
             whom
             Caesar
             caused
             to
             be
             shewn
             to
             them
             ,
             made
             them
             Wise
             by
             their
             Example
             ,
             so
             they
             opened
             their
             Gates
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             took
             care
             ,
             and
             protected
             them
             from
             violence
             ;
             this
             Conduct
             of
             his
             brought
             back
             all
             the
             Towns
             of
             Thessaly
             to
             his
             Party
             ,
             except
             Lerissa
             ,
             which
             Scipio
             had
             taken
             into
             his
             possession
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLIV
             .
             Scipio
             joins
             his
             Troops
             with
             those
             of
             Pompey's
             ,
             They
             post
             themselves
             in
             the
             Plains
             of
             Pharsalia
             .
             The
             approach
             of
             the
             two
             Armies
             .
             Pompey's
             uneasiness
             .
          
           
             POmpey
             arrived
             at
             Thessaly
             within
             a
             few
             days
             after
             the
             taking
             of
             Gomphes
             ,
             and
             advanced
             near
             Pharsalia
             ,
             whither
             Scipio
             went
             to
             join
             him
             with
             his
             two
             Legions
             .
             He
             was
             received
             by
             his
             Son-in-Law
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Magnificence
             ;
             and
             Pompey
             being
             willing
             he
             should
             share
             in
             Command
             with
             him
             ,
             ordered
             him
             a
             general
             Quarter
             ,
             separate
             from
             his
             own
             ,
             and
             according
             to
             the
             Roman
             Custome
             ,
             the
             Trumpets
             came
             and
             sounded
             every
             morning
             at
             Scipio's
             Tent
             as
             well
             as
             Pompey's
             .
             Caesar
             was
             all
             this
             while
             giving
             Orders
             for
             the
             subsistence
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             making
             Remarks
             upon
             the
             Inclinations
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ;
             Therefore
             so
             soon
             as
             he
             understood
             that
             they
             had
             forgotten
             their
             misfortune
             at
             Durazzo
             ,
             caused
             them
             to
             advance
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Plains
             of
             Pharsalia
             ,
             where
             Pompey
             was
             encamped
             .
             The
             approach
             of
             these
             two
             Armies
             ,
             in
             which
             were
             all
             the
             chosen
             Roman
             Legions
             ,
             whose
             Valour
             was
             to
             decide
             the
             Fate
             of
             that
             great
             Empire
             ,
             the
             hatred
             and
             ambition
             of
             the
             Generals
             ,
             animated
             by
             the
             Prize
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Glory
             ,
             which
             must
             of
             necessity
             accrew
             to
             the
             Conquerour
             ,
             and
             the
             little
             appearance
             there
             was
             of
             an
             
             Accommodation
             ,
             made
             it
             easily
             to
             be
             judged
             that
             nothing
             but
             a
             general
             Battel
             could
             be
             fit
             to
             determine
             that
             famous
             quarrel
             .
             Pompey's
             Party
             incouraged
             by
             the
             advantages
             they
             had
             gotten
             at
             Durazzo
             ,
             doubted
             not
             of
             success
             .
             Every
             proceeding
             which
             did
             not
             seem
             to
             tend
             towards
             a
             Battel
             ,
             was
             looked
             upon
             by
             them
             as
             an
             Obstacle
             to
             their
             returning
             into
             Italy
             ,
             they
             say
             Pompey
             let
             himself
             be
             flattered
             too
             much
             in
             his
             Command
             .
             Domitius
             called
             him
             Agamemnon
             ,
             insinuating
             ,
             that
             he
             Commanded
             over
             Kings
             ,
             and
             Favonius
             after
             his
             unthinking
             manner
             ,
             told
             the
             other
             Senatours
             ,
             that
             they
             must
             not
             expect
             that
             year
             again
             to
             eat
             the
             Figs
             of
             Tusculum
             .
             Besides
             ,
             
               Domitius
               ,
               Scipio
            
             and
             Lentulus
             were
             ready
             to
             fall
             out
             who
             should
             have
             the
             charge
             of
             Pontifex
             ,
             which
             Caesar
             was
             then
             possessed
             of
             ,
             all
             other
             Dignities
             were
             disposed
             of
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             having
             sent
             already
             to
             Rome
             to
             take
             Houses
             near
             the
             Place
             ,
             where
             the
             Magistrates
             were
             to
             be
             chosen
             ,
             so
             to
             be
             lodged
             with
             more
             conveniency
             ,
             for
             pursuing
             the
             charges
             they
             pretended
             to
             ,
             and
             
               Arrius
               Rufus
            
             would
             have
             accused
             Afranius
             ,
             for
             having
             (
             as
             he
             said
             )
             sold
             Spain
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             made
             Afranius
             say
             upon
             all
             occasions
             ,
             
               Why
               do
               not
               we
               go
               and
               find
               out
               that
               Merchant
               of
               Provinces
               .
            
             In
             short
             ,
             every
             one
             set
             his
             thoughts
             upon
             sharing
             the
             fruits
             of
             the
             Victory
             without
             considering
             how
             to
             gain
             it
             .
             But
             Caesar
             took
             another
             course
             ,
             he
             endeavoured
             to
             incourage
             his
             Souldiers
             by
             little
             Combates
             ,
             every
             day
             sending
             out
             Parties
             ,
             
             and
             exercised
             the
             young
             Men
             of
             his
             Legions
             to
             mingle
             themselves
             amongst
             their
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             contend
             for
             swiftness
             ,
             even
             with
             the
             Horses
             ;
             so
             though
             Pompey
             surpassed
             in
             the
             number
             of
             Cavalry
             ,
             yet
             his
             being
             assisted
             by
             those
             light
             armed
             Foot
             ,
             were
             not
             afraid
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             in
             one
             Re-incounter
             they
             defeated
             a
             great
             number
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             slew
             one
             of
             the
             Savoyards
             that
             had
             deserted
             .
             When
             Caesar
             understood
             that
             his
             Troops
             had
             recovered
             their
             wonted
             Courage
             ,
             and
             were
             desirous
             to
             go
             upon
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             he
             drew
             out
             of
             his
             Camp
             and
             offered
             Pompey
             Battel
             .
             That
             General
             had
             no
             design
             to
             come
             to
             blows
             ,
             and
             thought
             to
             have
             wasted
             Caesar's
             Troops
             by
             Fatigue
             and
             want
             of
             Provision
             .
             He
             drew
             indeed
             out
             of
             his
             Camp
             ,
             but
             kept
             himself
             always
             under
             his
             Trenches
             ,
             at
             the
             Foot
             of
             the
             advanced
             ground
             where
             he
             was
             posted
             ,
             Caesar
             could
             not
             attack
             him
             in
             that
             place
             without
             great
             disadvantage
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             resolved
             the
             next
             day
             to
             decamp
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             by
             frequent
             motions
             he
             might
             weary
             out
             Pompey's
             Troops
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             so
             hardened
             to
             toil
             as
             his
             ,
             He
             caused
             all
             the
             Baggage
             to
             be
             loaded
             that
             night
             ,
             the
             Tents
             were
             already
             pulled
             down
             ,
             and
             a
             March
             was
             founded
             through
             the
             Camp
             by
             break
             of
             day
             ,
             when
             he
             received
             advice
             that
             Pompey's
             Army
             was
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             far
             enough
             from
             his
             Trenches
             .
             Then
             Caesar
             caused
             all
             his
             Troops
             to
             hault
             ,
             and
             with
             extreme
             joy
             told
             them
             
               Let
               us
               defer
               our
               departure
               my
               Fellow
               Sould
               〈…〉
               nd
               think
               of
               fighting
               ,
               it
               is
               that
               which
               
               we
               have
               long
               most
               earnestly
               wished
               for
               ,
               therefore
               let
               us
               not
               lose
               the
               opportunity
               our
               Enemies
               present
               us
               withall
               ,
               perhaps
               they
               will
               not
               be
               always
               of
               this
               Opinion
               ,
               and
               it
               may
               be
               hard
               for
               us
               to
               find
               them
               in
               so
               good
               humour
               another
               time
               .
            
             After
             this
             short
             discourse
             he
             drew
             up
             his
             Troops
             in
             order
             ,
             and
             marched
             them
             towards
             the
             place
             of
             Battel
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XLV
             .
             Pompey
             forced
             to
             fight
             against
             his
             Opinion
             .
             His
             Discourse
             with
             Labienus
             .
             Some
             Presages
             .
          
           
             POmpey
             was
             not
             able
             longer
             to
             hold
             out
             against
             the
             insolencies
             and
             murmurings
             of
             his
             Officers
             ,
             and
             in
             fine
             ,
             they
             had
             so
             fully
             persuaded
             him
             to
             fight
             ,
             that
             he
             promised
             them
             that
             he
             would
             defeat
             the
             Troops
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             this
             was
             in
             the
             Council
             of
             War
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             assisted
             by
             all
             the
             Senatours
             of
             his
             Party
             .
             
               I
               am
               very
               sensible
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               that
               the
               execution
               of
               my
               promise
               may
               appear
               something
               difficult
               ,
               but
               ye
               will
               not
               longer
               doubt
               of
               it
               ,
               when
               I
               shall
               have
               told
               you
               in
               what
               manner
               I
               intend
               to
               proceed
               .
               All
               my
               Horse
               have
               promised
               me
               that
               they
               will
               attack
               the
               Enemy
               upon
               the
               flanks
               ,
               before
               they
               shall
               be
               able
               to
               discharge
               one
               Dart
               ,
               so
               we
               shall
               carry
               the
               Victory
               without
               hazarding
               our
               Legions
               with
               the
               price
               of
               one
               wound
               ,
               and
               as
               you
               know
               the
               advantage
               which
               the
               number
               and
               courage
               of
               our
               
               Cavalry
               has
               over
               those
               of
               the
               Enemy
               ;
               I
               believe
               there
               is
               no
               man
               here
               present
               can
               doubt
               of
               the
               success
               ,
               but
               will
               boldly
               prepare
               himself
               to
               the
               Battel
               which
               is
               desired
               with
               so
               much
               earnestness
               ,
               and
               I
               hope
               that
               ye
               will
               maintain
               the
               reputation
               of
               your
               Valour
               so
               famous
               over
               all
               the
               world
               .
            
             After
             this
             ,
             Labienus
             said
             a
             great
             many
             things
             in
             contempt
             of
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ,
             
               And
               to
               the
               Honour
               of
            
             Pompey
             ,
             
               think
               not
            
             (
             said
             he
             )
             
               that
               these
               are
               the
               same
               Souldiers
               who
               conquered
               the
            
             Gauls
             ,
             
               and
               vanquished
               the
            
             Germans
             ,
             
               for
               I
               was
               present
               there
               ,
               and
               speak
               nothing
               here
               whereof
               I
               am
               not
               well
               informed
               ,
               there
               is
               hardly
               any
               of
               those
               old
               Souldiers
               remaining
               ,
               many
               of
               them
               have
               perished
               in
               Battel
               .
               The
               Diseases
               of
               the
               last
               Autumn
               have
               destroyed
               a
               great
               many
               more
               ,
               and
               the
               rest
               are
               gone
               to
               their
               homes
               .
               Those
               Troops
               which
               ye
               see
               at
               present
               ,
               are
               but
               Recruits
               of
               some
               miserable
               Peasants
               ,
               raised
               in
               the
               Cisalpine
            
             Gaul
             ,
             
               the
               bravest
               whereof
               were
               slain
               at
               the
               last
               Battel
               of
            
             Durazzo
             .
             Afterwards
             Labienus
             took
             an
             Oath
             that
             he
             would
             never
             return
             into
             his
             Camp
             if
             he
             were
             not
             Victour
             ,
             and
             exhorted
             the
             others
             to
             doe
             so
             too
             .
             Every
             one
             swore
             in
             his
             turn
             ,
             this
             new
             kind
             of
             Oath
             re-doubled
             their
             hopes
             ,
             and
             no
             less
             their
             joy
             ,
             Because
             ,
             says
             
               Caesar
               ,
               they
               were
               persuaded
               that
               so
               great
               a
               General
               as
            
             Labienus
             
               was
               ,
               would
               not
               swear
               to
               a
               thing
               which
               he
               had
               not
               been
               resolved
               to
               execute
               .
            
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             there
             hapned
             Presages
             that
             were
             not
             at
             all
             favourable
             to
             Pompey
             .
             The
             night
             before
             the
             Battel
             ,
             he
             dreamed
             that
             he
             was
             at
             Rome
             ,
             in
             a
             Theatre
             he
             had
             built
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             people
             received
             him
             with
             great
             Acclamations
             ,
             
             and
             went
             to
             adorn
             with
             Trophies
             the
             Temple
             of
             Venus
             the
             Victorious
             .
             This
             dream
             seemed
             to
             respect
             the
             glory
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             attributed
             the
             Original
             of
             his
             Family
             to
             Venus
             ,
             at
             least
             Plutarch
             and
             some
             other
             Authours
             have
             so
             explained
             it
             .
             There
             was
             also
             seen
             a
             light
             like
             that
             of
             a
             Flambeau
             ,
             which
             kindling
             it self
             over
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             came
             and
             fell
             upon
             Pompey's
             .
             And
             there
             happened
             at
             break
             of
             day
             one
             of
             those
             false
             Alarums
             which
             they
             call
             Panick
             fears
             ,
             Caesar
             on
             the
             contrary
             had
             happy
             Omens
             ,
             and
             the
             Diviner
             ,
             who
             looked
             into
             the
             Entrails
             of
             the
             Sacrifices
             ,
             told
             him
             two
             days
             before
             the
             Battel
             ,
             that
             he
             foresaw
             a
             change
             in
             the
             present
             state
             of
             his
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             that
             that
             change
             depended
             upon
             his
             Courage
             ,
             and
             the
             Valour
             of
             his
             Troops
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLVI
             .
             The
             order
             of
             the
             two
             Armies
             .
             
             The
             two
             Generals
             speak
             to
             their
             Souldiers
             to
             encourage
             them
             to
             the
             fight
             .
          
           
             POmpey's
             Army
             consisted
             of
             five
             and
             forty
             thousand
             Foot
             ,
             and
             seven
             thousand
             Horse
             ,
             being
             in
             all
             five
             Legions
             with
             the
             Spanish
             Cohorts
             which
             Afranius
             had
             raised
             after
             his
             defeat
             .
             These
             Cohorts
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             the
             Legions
             were
             in
             number
             112
             ,
             seven
             whereof
             he
             left
             to
             guard
             his
             Camp
             ;
             and
             all
             these
             Troops
             were
             upon
             three
             lines
             ,
             every
             Legion
             making
             three
             Battalions
             ,
             (
             viz.
             )
             The
             Hasta●i
             ,
             the
             Principes
             and
             Triarii
             ,
             the
             first
             Battalion
             seconding
             the
             second
             ,
             and
             the
             second
             the
             third
             .
             The
             Battalions
             were
             each
             of
             them
             of
             sixteen
             hundred
             Men
             ,
             drawn
             up
             in
             half
             Cohorts
             (
             that
             is
             to
             say
             )
             two
             hunred
             Men
             in
             rank
             ,
             and
             eight
             Men
             in
             file
             .
             The
             Legions
             of
             Syria
             were
             in
             the
             middle
             ,
             and
             Scipio
             Commanded
             them
             .
             The
             Spanish
             Cohorts
             and
             Legion
             of
             Silicia
             ,
             whom
             Pompey
             principally
             relyed
             on
             ,
             were
             upon
             the
             Right
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             
               Domitius
               Enofarbus
               ,
               Pompey
            
             put
             himself
             upon
             the
             left
             ,
             where
             Lentulus
             Commanded
             with
             the
             two
             Legions
             that
             Caesar
             had
             restored
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             War.
             The
             other
             Cohorts
             were
             in
             the
             same
             order
             between
             the
             Legions
             of
             Scipio
             and
             the
             two
             Wings
             .
             The
             Auxiliary
             Troops
             ,
             at
             least
             those
             who
             fought
             in
             order
             ,
             
             as
             the
             Greeks
             did
             ,
             made
             the
             body
             of
             Reserve
             .
             For
             the
             others
             ,
             Pompey
             had
             caused
             them
             to
             draw
             out
             without
             order
             upon
             the
             left
             ,
             with
             his
             Archers
             ,
             Slingers
             ,
             and
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             his
             Right
             being
             fortified
             with
             a
             River
             that
             was
             hard
             to
             pass
             .
             Caesar
             had
             onely
             24
             Cohorts
             ,
             who
             made
             but
             twenty
             two
             thousand
             Men
             ,
             reckoning
             the
             two
             Cohorts
             which
             he
             had
             left
             to
             guard
             his
             Camp.
             His
             Army
             was
             drawn
             up
             also
             upon
             three
             lines
             in
             the
             same
             order
             with
             Pompey's
             ,
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             was
             upon
             the
             Right
             ,
             and
             the
             ninth
             upon
             the
             Left
             ,
             and
             because
             that
             that
             Legion
             was
             weak
             ,
             the
             eighth
             was
             so
             near
             it
             ,
             that
             they
             both
             seemed
             to
             make
             but
             one
             Body
             ,
             with
             orders
             to
             second
             one
             another
             .
             The
             rest
             of
             the
             Cohorts
             being
             drawn
             up
             between
             these
             Legions
             ,
             were
             in
             the
             Centre
             where
             
               Domitius
               Calvinus
            
             Commanded
             ,
             Sylla
             having
             the
             right
             Wing
             ,
             and
             Antonius
             the
             left
             ,
             Caesar
             put
             himself
             at
             the
             head
             of
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             ,
             whose
             Valour
             he
             had
             often
             experienced
             ,
             and
             also
             to
             be
             opposite
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             whose
             design
             was
             to
             fall
             upon
             the
             flanks
             of
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ,
             who
             soon
             observed
             it
             by
             his
             order
             of
             Battel
             ,
             so
             he
             drew
             six
             Cohorts
             out
             of
             all
             his
             Troops
             ,
             whereof
             he
             composed
             a
             body
             of
             Reserve
             ,
             he
             exactly
             instructed
             them
             in
             what
             they
             were
             to
             doe
             ,
             and
             above
             all
             ,
             gave
             them
             to
             understand
             that
             all
             the
             hopes
             of
             Victory
             depended
             upon
             their
             Valour
             ▪
             Moreover
             ,
             he
             ordered
             his
             third
             line
             not
             to
             march
             ,
             till
             they
             should
             receive
             a
             si●nal
             from
             him
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             his
             Cavalry
             to
             the
             
             number
             of
             a
             thousand
             Horse
             ,
             covered
             the
             right
             of
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             .
             The
             Armies
             being
             thus
             in
             sight
             of
             one
             another
             ,
             the
             two
             Generals
             went
             from
             Rank
             to
             Rank
             encouraging
             their
             Souldiers
             .
             Pompey
             
               represented
               to
               his
               the
               Iustice
               and
               Merit
               of
               the
               Cause
               they
               defended
               .
               The
               advantage
               of
               their
               number
               strengthened
               by
               the
               assistence
               of
               so
               many
               illustrious
               Senatours
               ,
               and
               the
               Victory
               of
            
             Durazzo
             .
             Caesar
             was
             contented
             onely
             to
             demonstrate
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               endeavoured
               by
               all
               ways
               possible
               to
               obtain
               an
               honourable
               Peace
               ,
               and
               if
               his
               Enemies
               had
               been
               willing
               ,
               they
               might
               have
               spared
               the
               Republick
               the
               bloud
               of
               so
               many
               brave
               Men.
            
             So
             seeing
             the
             impatience
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             fall
             on
             ,
             he
             gave
             the
             signal
             of
             Battel
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLVII
             .
             The
             Battel
             of
             Pharsalia
             .
             The
             fierceness
             of
             Crastinus
             .
             The
             flight
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             overthrow
             of
             his
             Troops
             .
          
           
             HE
             had
             a
             Voluntier
             in
             his
             Army
             called
             Crastinus
             ,
             who
             the
             last
             year
             was
             eldest
             Brigadiere
             of
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             .
             This
             man
             coming
             up
             to
             
               Caesar
               ,
               General
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               I
               intend
               this
               day
               to
               give
               you
               reason
               to
               speak
               well
               of
               me
               ,
               whether
               I
               live
               or
               die
               .
            
             And
             then
             calling
             to
             him
             the
             Souldiers
             he
             had
             Commanded
             ,
             
               Follow
               me
            
             ,
             he
             cryed
             ,
             
               this
               is
               the
               last
               occasion
               we
               shall
               ever
               have
               to
               acquit
               our selves
               of
               the
               duty
               we
               owe
               our
               General
               ,
               and
               recover
               our
               Liberty
               .
            
             After
             these
             words
             he
             advanced
             ,
             and
             was
             followed
             with
             about
             twenty
             six
             Voluntiers
             ,
             there
             was
             onely
             so
             much
             space
             between
             the
             two
             Armies
             as
             was
             just
             sufficient
             for
             the
             place
             of
             Battel
             ;
             but
             Pompey
             had
             ordered
             his
             Men
             to
             remain
             firm
             at
             their
             Posts
             ,
             which
             Conduct
             Caesar
             blamed
             him
             for
             ,
             and
             we
             may
             depend
             upon
             his
             Opinion
             for
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             reasons
             which
             he
             has
             given
             in
             his
             Commentaries
             .
             His
             Souldiers
             seeing
             that
             the
             Enemy
             would
             spare
             them
             no
             ground
             ,
             behaved
             themselves
             like
             Men
             who
             very
             well
             understood
             their
             business
             ,
             and
             of
             their
             own
             accord
             made
             a
             hault
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             their
             Carriere
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             taken
             breath
             a
             little
             ,
             ran
             on
             upon
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             where
             they
             first
             discharged
             their
             Javelins
             ,
             and
             then
             drew
             
             their
             Swords
             ,
             as
             Caesar
             had
             given
             them
             orders
             .
             Pompey's
             Men
             received
             the
             Charge
             without
             the
             least
             disorder
             ,
             and
             then
             made
             their
             discharge
             ,
             and
             drew
             their
             Swords
             also
             ,
             their
             word
             of
             Battel
             was
             ,
             Hercules
             
               the
               Invincible
            
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             ,
             Venus
             
               the
               Victorious
            
             .
             The
             Battel
             was
             cruel
             and
             bloudy
             ,
             as
             it
             could
             not
             be
             otherwise
             between
             so
             many
             brave
             Men
             ,
             animated
             by
             their
             Glory
             and
             particular
             Interests
             ,
             both
             sides
             had
             an
             Ambition
             either
             to
             Conquer
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             or
             die
             upon
             the
             spot
             ,
             without
             appearing
             the
             least
             disordered
             ,
             either
             with
             the
             horrible
             noise
             of
             Arms
             ,
             or
             the
             cries
             of
             the
             wounded
             and
             dying
             Men
             that
             fell
             on
             both
             sides
             .
             Crastinus
             with
             his
             little
             Troop
             routed
             the
             Rank
             that
             opposed
             him
             ,
             and
             had
             charged
             into
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Battalion
             where
             he
             was
             stopped
             ,
             and
             born
             dead
             to
             the
             ground
             by
             a
             wound
             with
             a
             Sword
             ,
             which
             pierced
             his
             head
             through
             the
             mouth
             ,
             and
             came
             out
             at
             the
             nape
             of
             the
             neck
             ,
             by
             this
             means
             the
             Victory
             became
             doubtfull
             in
             that
             place
             ,
             when
             Pompey
             Commanded
             his
             Cavalry
             to
             go
             on
             .
             It
             consisted
             of
             the
             chiefest
             of
             the
             Roman
             Nobility
             ,
             and
             the
             Allies
             all
             young
             handsome
             Men
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             had
             great
             care
             of
             their
             Persons
             .
             At
             first
             they
             made
             Caesar's
             Men
             give
             ground
             ,
             and
             had
             got
             upon
             the
             flank
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             when
             causing
             the
             six
             Cohorts
             to
             advance
             ,
             which
             were
             his
             body
             of
             Reserve
             ,
             he
             gave
             them
             order
             to
             march
             with
             their
             Pikes
             ported
             ,
             and
             in
             that
             manner
             to
             charge
             upon
             the
             face
             of
             their
             Enemies
             ▪
             This
             contrivance
             disordered
             
             those
             young
             Men
             ,
             and
             the
             fear
             of
             spoyling
             their
             faces
             ,
             put
             them
             into
             confusion
             ,
             so
             that
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             rallying
             ,
             charged
             upon
             them
             and
             brake
             them
             to
             pieces
             in
             a
             moment
             .
             They
             had
             not
             the
             courage
             to
             rally
             ,
             but
             galloped
             full
             speed
             to
             the
             Neighbouring
             Mountains
             .
             All
             the
             Slingers
             and
             Archers
             being
             thus
             abandoned
             by
             the
             Cavalry
             ,
             were
             cut
             to
             pieces
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Men
             following
             their
             advantage
             ,
             came
             and
             charged
             Pompey's
             Troops
             upon
             the
             naked
             flank
             .
             They
             had
             maintained
             the
             fight
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             resolution
             ,
             and
             though
             that
             Charge
             had
             disordered
             them
             ,
             the
             Allies
             defended
             themselves
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             when
             Casar
             gave
             the
             signal
             for
             his
             third
             Line
             to
             advance
             ,
             so
             those
             fresh
             Troops
             pouring
             in
             upon
             those
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             were
             wearied
             and
             attacked
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             easily
             broke
             them
             .
             The
             flight
             began
             amongst
             the
             Strangers
             ,
             who
             getting
             into
             their
             Camp
             ,
             and
             securing
             what
             they
             well
             could
             carry
             away
             ,
             fled
             full
             speed
             ,
             though
             Pompey's
             right
             Wing
             still
             stood
             and
             kept
             their
             ground
             ,
             but
             Caesar's
             causing
             a
             Cry
             to
             be
             given
             out
             ,
             
               Of
               kill
               the
               Strangers
               ,
               but
               save
               the
               Romans
               ,
            
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             the
             Romans
             laid
             down
             their
             Arms
             ,
             and
             demanded
             Quarter
             ,
             which
             was
             given
             them
             accordingly
             .
             But
             there
             was
             a
             terrible
             slaughter
             amongst
             the
             Strangers
             .
             Pompey
             seeing
             himself
             ,
             as
             he
             said
             afterwards
             ,
             betrayed
             by
             the
             Cowardise
             of
             those
             Troops
             on
             whom
             he
             most
             depended
             ,
             the
             moment
             that
             he
             saw
             his
             Cavalry
             routed
             ,
             left
             the
             fight
             ,
             and
             returned
             into
             his
             Camp
             ,
             telling
             his
             Officers
             ,
             
             who
             were
             upon
             the
             Guard
             ,
             
               That
               they
               should
               take
               care
               to
               defend
               the
               Lines
               if
               any
               disgrace
               happened
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               was
               going
               to
               give
               the
               same
               orders
               to
               all
               the
               rest
               .
            
             So
             he
             retreated
             into
             his
             Tent
             ,
             to
             attend
             what
             might
             happen
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Caesar
             seeing
             the
             Victory
             sure
             ,
             cried
             out
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             
               That
               they
               ought
               to
               pursue
               the
               Victory
               ,
               and
               take
               the
               Enemies
               Camp.
            
             And
             though
             they
             were
             wearied
             out
             by
             the
             extreme
             heat
             and
             fatigue
             ,
             for
             it
             was
             now
             high
             Noon
             ;
             Nevertheless
             ,
             when
             they
             saw
             their
             General
             marching
             on
             foot
             at
             the
             head
             of
             them
             ,
             directly
             to
             Pompey's
             Trenches
             they
             followed
             him
             .
             The
             Cohorts
             that
             guarded
             the
             Camp
             ,
             and
             the
             Auxiliary
             Thracians
             made
             a
             stout
             resistence
             .
             But
             at
             last
             being
             pressed
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             they
             gave
             ground
             ,
             and
             fled
             towards
             the
             Mountains
             which
             were
             hard
             by
             .
             Pompey
             upon
             this
             occasion
             shewed
             nothing
             that
             was
             either
             worthy
             of
             his
             Courage
             or
             Reputation
             ,
             nor
             gave
             the
             least
             Order
             for
             his
             Defence
             ,
             and
             when
             Caesar's
             Men
             were
             already
             in
             his
             Lines
             ,
             How
             ,
             (
             says
             he
             )
             
               in
               my
               very
               Camp
            
             ?
             So
             getting
             on
             Horseback
             ,
             he
             escaped
             through
             the
             Decumane
             Gate
             ,
             and
             fled
             to
             Larissa
             ,
             where
             he
             made
             not
             the
             least
             stay
             ,
             but
             with
             the
             same
             diligence
             got
             to
             the
             Sea
             side
             ,
             accompanied
             with
             thirty
             Horsemen
             ,
             and
             Embarked
             himself
             on
             Board
             a
             Merchants
             Vessel
             .
             Caesar
             found
             almost
             through
             the
             whole
             Camp
             ,
             Table
             Linen
             spread
             ,
             and
             Cuboards
             covered
             with
             Plate
             ,
             Lentulus's
             Tent
             amongst
             the
             rest
             was
             trimmed
             up
             with
             Ivy
             and
             other
             Boughs
             to
             keep
             off
             the
             heat
             ,
             
             by
             which
             may
             be
             guessed
             ,
             the
             confidence
             of
             those
             Men
             ,
             who
             made
             such
             preparations
             for
             pleasure
             after
             a
             Victory
             ,
             which
             they
             believed
             themselves
             sure
             of
             .
             Caesar
             begged
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             not
             to
             amuse
             themselves
             with
             the
             Plunder
             ,
             but
             to
             complete
             the
             Victory
             ;
             and
             by
             his
             Authority
             ,
             and
             the
             respect
             which
             they
             bore
             him
             ,
             he
             prevailed
             .
             So
             he
             immediately
             caused
             a
             Trench
             to
             be
             thrown
             up
             about
             the
             Mountain
             where
             the
             Enemy
             was
             Retreated
             ,
             who
             ,
             wanting
             Water
             ,
             were
             forced
             to
             quit
             it
             ,
             and
             March
             to
             Larissa
             .
             After
             this
             ,
             he
             divided
             his
             Troops
             ,
             sending
             one
             part
             of
             them
             to
             Guard
             Pompey's
             Camp
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             into
             his
             own
             ,
             Marching
             in
             Person
             with
             the
             Fourth
             Legion
             to
             cut
             off
             a
             passage
             from
             the
             Enemy
             .
             He
             drew
             up
             in
             Battalia
             Six
             thousand
             Paces
             from
             that
             place
             ,
             which
             caused
             Pompey's
             Men
             to
             make
             a
             hault
             .
             They
             were
             upon
             a
             Hill
             which
             had
             a
             River
             at
             the
             foot
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             weariness
             of
             his
             men
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             was
             almost
             night
             ,
             obliged
             them
             yet
             to
             cut
             off
             that
             Conveniency
             from
             the
             Enemy
             by
             a
             Trench
             .
             This
             last
             necessity
             forced
             them
             to
             a
             Capitulation
             ,
             and
             some
             Senatours
             made
             their
             escape
             in
             the
             dark
             .
             Caesar
             ordered
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             to
             come
             down
             into
             the
             Plain
             and
             lay
             down
             their
             Arms
             ,
             which
             they
             obeyed
             ,
             and
             falling
             upon
             their
             knees
             before
             him
             ,
             begged
             for
             Pardon
             ,
             which
             he
             granted
             them
             with
             all
             kindness
             imaginable
             ,
             and
             commanded
             his
             Souldiers
             not
             to
             offer
             them
             any
             affront
             ,
             nor
             Plunder
             their
             Baggage
             .
             After
             this
             he
             sent
             back
             the
             Troops
             that
             were
             
             with
             him
             ,
             with
             orders
             for
             fresh
             ones
             to
             come
             up
             to
             him
             ,
             with
             whom
             he
             Marched
             towards
             Larissa
             ,
             where
             he
             arrived
             the
             same
             day
             .
             Thus
             it
             was
             that
             he
             knew
             how
             to
             make
             use
             of
             a
             Victory
             and
             manage
             his
             advantages
             .
             And
             though
             we
             have
             all
             these
             particulars
             from
             himself
             ,
             considering
             they
             have
             not
             been
             hitherto
             contradicted
             ,
             we
             ought
             not
             to
             call
             them
             in
             question
             ;
             but
             rather
             consider
             ,
             whether
             we
             ought
             most
             to
             admire
             his
             Conduct
             ,
             his
             Courage
             ,
             or
             his
             dispatch
             ,
             or
             indeed
             the
             Obedience
             and
             the
             respect
             which
             his
             Troops
             shewed
             him
             .
             He
             lost
             in
             this
             Battel
             onely
             Two
             hundred
             Men
             ,
             amongst
             whom
             indeed
             were
             Thirty
             of
             his
             best
             Officers
             .
             This
             little
             number
             could
             not
             but
             be
             very
             surprising
             ,
             for
             on
             Pompey's
             side
             there
             were
             15000
             Men
             slain
             ,
             and
             Four
             and
             twenty
             thousand
             who
             surrendred
             themselves
             to
             Caesar
             ;
             who
             ,
             when
             he
             perceived
             the
             Field
             covered
             with
             the
             Bodies
             of
             the
             dead
             ,
             says
             he
             to
             
               Pollio
               .
               They
               would
               have
               it
               so
               .
            
             
               Caesar
               ,
               after
               all
               his
               great
               actions
               ,
               must
               have
               been
               condemned
               ,
               had
               not
               he
               been
               supported
               by
               the
               Valour
               of
               his
               Troops
               :
               there
               were
               Four
               and
               twenty
               Colours
               brought
               to
               him
               ,
               and
               Nine
               Eagles
               .
            
             In
             short
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             Officers
             of
             the
             Enemy's
             Army
             fell
             in
             this
             Battel
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             Domitius
             ,
             who
             was
             slain
             by
             some
             Horsemen
             as
             he
             fled
             towards
             the
             Mountain
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLVIII
             .
             Some
             other
             Presages
             reported
             to
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             BESIDES
             those
             Presages
             which
             happened
             before
             this
             Battel
             ,
             and
             seemed
             no
             promise
             a
             great
             Victory
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             he
             has
             made
             a
             Report
             of
             some
             others
             equally
             as
             propitious
             .
             In
             a
             Temple
             of
             Minerva
             a
             Statue
             of
             Victory
             ,
             which
             stood
             looking
             towards
             the
             Altar
             ,
             turned
             it self
             towards
             the
             Door
             of
             the
             Temple
             the
             very
             day
             that
             Pompey
             was
             defeated
             .
             And
             at
             Antioch
             in
             Syria
             ,
             upon
             the
             same
             day
             there
             were
             heard
             such
             terrible
             Cries
             ,
             and
             so
             great
             a
             noise
             of
             Battel
             ,
             that
             all
             the
             People
             ran
             in
             Arms
             up
             to
             the
             Ramparts
             :
             the
             same
             thing
             happened
             at
             Ptolemaïs
             ;
             and
             at
             Pergama
             was
             heard
             a
             Noise
             of
             Trumpets
             ,
             in
             the
             most
             secret
             place
             of
             the
             Temple
             ,
             where
             none
             but
             the
             Priests
             had
             liberty
             to
             enter
             :
             and
             besides
             all
             this
             ,
             at
             Tralles
             ,
             in
             a
             Temple
             of
             Victory
             Consecrated
             to
             the
             Honour
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             in
             few
             days
             there
             was
             seen
             a
             Palmtree
             growing
             up
             between
             the
             Joinings
             of
             the
             Stairs
             of
             the
             Pavement
             ,
             which
             reached
             up
             to
             the
             Roof
             .
             Caesar
             stands
             ingaged
             for
             the
             truth
             of
             these
             Miracles
             ,
             since
             he
             himself
             reports
             them
             .
             What
             follows
             is
             taken
             out
             of
             
               Titus
               Livius
            
             ,
             and
             confirmed
             by
             
               Plutarch
               .
               Casus
               Cornelius
            
             ,
             a
             very
             Learned
             Augur
             ,
             was
             at
             Padua
             when
             this
             Battel
             happened
             ,
             who
             observing
             there
             the
             Flight
             of
             Birds
             ,
             by
             the
             great
             knowledge
             which
             he
             had
             acquired
             in
             that
             
             Art
             ,
             understood
             so
             exactly
             the
             moment
             when
             it
             began
             ;
             that
             he
             took
             notice
             of
             it
             to
             those
             that
             were
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             told
             them
             precisely
             how
             long
             it
             would
             last
             :
             and
             after
             sitting
             down
             ,
             and
             making
             some
             new
             observations
             ,
             all
             of
             a
             sudden
             rose
             up
             ,
             Crying
             out
             ,
             Caesar
             ,
             
               thou
               art
               Conquerour
            
             .
             But
             ,
             this
             surprising
             news
             of
             his
             not
             being
             received
             with
             that
             credit
             he
             desired
             ,
             taking
             the
             Crown
             from
             his
             head
             ,
             which
             the
             Augures
             always
             wear
             in
             the
             Ministery
             of
             their
             Function
             ,
             
               Swore
               that
               he
               would
               never
               put
               it
               on
               again
               ,
               till
               the
               truth
               of
               what
               he
               had
               said
               should
               be
               confirmed
            
             ;
             which
             soon
             after
             happened
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLIX
             .
             Pompey
             puts
             to
             Sea
             ,
             and
             takes
             in
             King
             Dejotarus
             and
             goes
             to
             Amphipolis
             .
          
           
             IN
             the
             meanwhile
             Pompey
             having
             left
             the
             Town
             of
             Larissa
             ,
             dismist
             all
             the
             Slaves
             of
             his
             Train
             ,
             and
             went
             ,
             by
             the
             Sea-side
             ,
             through
             the
             pleasant
             Valley
             of
             Tempe
             ,
             accompanied
             onely
             with
             a
             small
             number
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             the
             two
             Lentuluses's
             were
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             Favonius
             ,
             who
             ,
             either
             out
             of
             Respect
             ,
             or
             Pity
             ,
             rendred
             him
             all
             the
             Offices
             of
             an
             affectionate
             Servant
             ,
             and
             did
             it
             so
             handsomly
             ,
             that
             Pompey
             was
             forced
             to
             permit
             it
             ,
             signifying
             his
             acknowledgments
             in
             a
             Greek
             Verse
             ,
             the
             Sense
             whereof
             was
             ,
             
               That
               every
               thing
               became
               a
               generous
               Man
               :
            
             In
             this
             condition
             ,
             very
             far
             different
             from
             what
             he
             enjoyed
             the
             precedent
             day
             ,
             when
             he
             was
             cover'd
             with
             Glory
             ,
             a
             Commander
             of
             Kings
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             greatness
             of
             Rome
             ,
             he
             found
             himself
             reduced
             to
             seek
             for
             a
             retreat
             in
             a
             poor
             Fisher-man's
             Cabbin
             ;
             where
             ,
             having
             for
             some
             time
             reposed
             himself
             ,
             he
             went
             on
             board
             a
             small
             Barque
             ,
             to
             try
             if
             he
             could
             reach
             Amphipolis
             ;
             as
             he
             sailed
             along
             by
             the
             Shore
             ,
             his
             Friends
             espied
             a
             Merchant
             Ship
             commanded
             by
             Petilius
             .
             This
             Petilius
             was
             a
             Roman
             ,
             of
             the
             order
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             knowing
             Pompey
             by
             sight
             onely
             ,
             had
             Dream't
             ,
             that
             he
             saw
             him
             in
             a
             mean
             condition
             ,
             far
             beneath
             that
             Lustre
             with
             which
             he
             had
             heretofore
             appeared
             at
             Rome
             :
             as
             he
             was
             telling
             this
             Dream
             
             to
             his
             Friends
             about
             him
             ,
             news
             was
             brought
             him
             ,
             that
             they
             discover'd
             a
             Barque
             Rowing
             towards
             the
             Vessel
             ;
             that
             those
             who
             were
             in
             her
             seemed
             in
             distress
             :
             upon
             this
             he
             came
             up
             above-Deck
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             discover'd
             and
             knew
             Pompey
             ;
             so
             he
             order'd
             his
             Shallop
             to
             be
             hoisted
             out
             ,
             and
             Rowed
             on
             Board
             him
             ,
             where
             calling
             for
             the
             General
             ,
             he
             gave
             him
             his
             hand
             to
             help
             him
             into
             the
             Boat
             ,
             and
             all
             those
             who
             were
             with
             him
             ▪
             forbearing
             (
             for
             the
             respect
             he
             bore
             him
             )
             to
             enquire
             into
             the
             Misfortune
             which
             had
             reduced
             him
             to
             that
             extremity
             .
             They
             had
             now
             hoisted
             Sail
             to
             stand
             off
             from
             the
             Coast
             ,
             when
             they
             discovered
             from
             the
             Sea-side
             King
             Dejo●arus
             ,
             with
             stretched-out
             hands
             making
             a
             sign
             to
             be
             taken
             in
             ;
             they
             sent
             off
             the
             Barque
             ,
             which
             brought
             him
             on
             Board
             the
             Ship
             ,
             and
             then
             Pompey
             stood
             over
             for
             Amphipolis
             .
             In
             this
             place
             he
             consulted
             with
             his
             Friends
             what
             course
             he
             should
             take
             ;
             the
             great
             confidence
             with
             which
             he
             relied
             on
             the
             number
             and
             valour
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
             and
             the
             over-positive
             hopes
             of
             Victory
             ,
             had
             hindred
             him
             from
             thinking
             of
             any
             provision
             against
             the
             Misfortune
             he
             was
             now
             fallen
             into
             .
             For
             though
             he
             had
             been
             often
             sensible
             of
             the
             disgraces
             of
             Fortune
             ,
             yet
             ,
             as
             she
             had
             never
             surprised
             him
             so
             lulled
             in
             security
             as
             now
             ,
             he
             had
             always
             found
             means
             to
             recover
             himself
             with
             advantage
             .
             But
             ,
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             as
             he
             foresaw
             nothing
             in
             his
             mind
             but
             an
             assured
             Victory
             ,
             his
             defeat
             was
             therefore
             the
             more
             intolerable
             ,
             for
             that
             it
             left
             him
             naked
             ,
             and
             disarmed
             of
             all
             relief
             .
             Moreover
             ,
             
             this
             was
             the
             reason
             of
             all
             the
             false
             steps
             he
             made
             at
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             this
             War
             ,
             when
             he
             left
             the
             Sea-side
             to
             follow
             Caesar
             into
             Thessaly
             .
             And
             his
             Misfortune
             so
             far
             infatuated
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             not
             think
             of
             laying
             hold
             of
             those
             advantages
             which
             he
             yet
             had
             by
             Sea
             ,
             where
             he
             had
             a
             powerfull
             and
             Victorious
             Army
             .
             Laelius
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             one
             part
             of
             it
             ,
             had
             besieged
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             in
             the
             Port
             at
             Brundusium
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             ,
             in
             two
             Reincounters
             ,
             had
             burnt
             above
             Forty
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Ships
             ,
             in
             the
             narrow
             passage
             within
             the
             Port
             of
             Messina
             .
             But
             the
             astonishment
             Pompey
             was
             in
             ,
             together
             with
             his
             evil
             destiny
             ,
             hindred
             him
             from
             helping
             himself
             by
             the
             advantage
             he
             might
             have
             made
             of
             these
             Victories
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             headed
             his
             Navy
             .
             For
             he
             stayed
             but
             one
             day
             at
             Amphipolis
             ,
             where
             ,
             to
             disguise
             his
             designs
             ,
             he
             caused
             Orders
             to
             be
             published
             for
             all
             the
             Citizens
             of
             Rome
             and
             Youth
             of
             Greece
             to
             come
             to
             him
             .
             But
             when
             he
             heard
             that
             Caesar
             was
             upon
             his
             March
             ,
             he
             stayed
             for
             no
             body
             ,
             and
             Sailed
             towards
             Lesbos
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             L.
             Pompey
             goes
             to
             meet
             his
             Wife
             at
             Lesbos
             :
             he
             resolves
             to
             retire
             into
             
               Aegypt
               .
               Achillas
               ,
               Photinus
            
             and
             Theodotus
             advised
             the
             King
             to
             put
             him
             to
             death
             .
             Pompey
             slain
             by
             a
             Roman
             called
             Septinius
             .
          
           
             HIS
             Wife
             Cornelia
             was
             at
             Metylena
             ,
             the
             Capital
             City
             of
             that
             Island
             ,
             with
             their
             youngest
             Children
             .
             Pompey's
             Letters
             ,
             after
             the
             Battel
             of
             Durazzo
             ,
             had
             given
             her
             great
             hopes
             ,
             and
             she
             was
             daily
             expecting
             news
             of
             the
             total
             defeat
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             when
             Pompey
             arriving
             in
             the
             Haven
             ,
             sent
             one
             of
             his
             Friends
             to
             her
             .
             The
             sadness
             with
             which
             this
             Messenger
             approached
             her
             ,
             and
             the
             Tears
             that
             fell
             from
             him
             ,
             soon
             made
             Cornelia
             apprehend
             the
             misfortune
             that
             had
             happened
             .
             She
             fell
             down
             dead
             upon
             the
             floor
             ,
             and
             remained
             a
             long
             time
             insensible
             ;
             but
             at
             last
             coming
             to
             her self
             ,
             and
             being
             told
             that
             Pompey
             stayed
             for
             her
             at
             the
             Port
             alone
             ,
             in
             a
             poor
             Vessel
             which
             he
             had
             borrowed
             ,
             she
             ran
             on
             foot
             to
             the
             place
             where
             Pompey
             came
             to
             imbrace
             her
             :
             and
             that
             Meeting
             had
             something
             in
             it
             more
             sad
             and
             touching
             ,
             than
             can
             well
             be
             expressed
             .
             She
             accused
             her self
             of
             being
             the
             onely
             cause
             of
             her
             Husband's
             Misfortunes
             ;
             complaining
             of
             the
             ill
             destiny
             which
             Allied
             her
             to
             Crassus
             first
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             onely
             to
             bring
             about
             the
             Ruine
             of
             two
             so
             Illustrious
             Families
             .
             Pompey
             endeavoured
             all
             
             he
             was
             able
             to
             forget
             his
             own
             grief
             ,
             and
             alleviate
             that
             of
             Cornelia
             ;
             and
             at
             last
             ,
             more
             by
             his
             tenderness
             ,
             than
             any
             reasons
             he
             was
             able
             to
             urge
             ,
             with
             much
             ado
             appeased
             her
             .
             But
             afterwards
             could
             not
             forbear
             complaining
             against
             the
             Gods
             ,
             and
             their
             Providence
             ,
             to
             Cratippus
             a
             famous
             Philosopher
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             at
             Metilena
             .
             The
             Pride
             of
             Man
             having
             always
             the
             property
             to
             use
             God
             Insolently
             ,
             even
             at
             the
             time
             when
             they
             find
             themselves
             forced
             to
             be
             humble
             towards
             their
             fellow
             Creatures
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             Pompey
             carried
             away
             Cornelia
             ,
             and
             went
             with
             some
             Vessels
             that
             came
             to
             join
             him
             into
             Cilicia
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             returned
             to
             the
             Island
             of
             Cyprus
             ;
             there
             he
             learnt
             the
             news
             ,
             that
             the
             Cities
             of
             Antioch
             and
             Rhodes
             had
             declared
             against
             him
             .
             This
             made
             him
             resolve
             ,
             after
             many
             deliberations
             ,
             to
             retire
             into
             Aegypt
             ,
             where
             Ptolemy
             then
             Reigned
             ,
             the
             Son
             of
             that
             other
             Ptolemy
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             caused
             to
             be
             restored
             to
             his
             Kingdom
             by
             Gabinius
             ,
             which
             made
             him
             prefer
             this
             Countrey
             above
             any
             other
             else
             which
             could
             be
             proposed
             for
             his
             Retreat
             .
             This
             King
             was
             very
             young
             ,
             and
             absolutely
             governed
             by
             Achillas
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             his
             Army
             ,
             Photinus
             the
             first
             Gentleman
             of
             his
             Bedchamber
             ,
             and
             Theodotus
             his
             Tutour
             :
             he
             was
             then
             at
             Pelusium
             ;
             with
             an
             Army
             which
             he
             was
             leading
             against
             his
             Sister
             Cleopatra
             ,
             whom
             these
             Ministers
             had
             driven
             from
             the
             Court.
             Pompey
             sent
             some
             of
             his
             Friends
             to
             the
             King
             to
             desire
             Succours
             ,
             and
             a
             
             Retreat
             within
             his
             Countrey
             :
             which
             demand
             much
             perplexing
             him
             ,
             he
             referred
             the
             matter
             to
             his
             Council
             ;
             and
             which
             means
             the
             fate
             of
             Pompey
             the
             great
             came
             to
             be
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             these
             three
             miserable
             Fellows
             :
             Photinus
             and
             Archillas
             were
             of
             different
             opinions
             ,
             the
             one
             was
             for
             sending
             of
             him
             back
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             for
             entertaining
             of
             him
             ;
             when
             Theodotus
             ,
             to
             shew
             his
             Eloquence
             ,
             Remonstrated
             ,
             That
             neither
             of
             those
             opinions
             was
             according
             to
             the
             Rules
             of
             true
             Policy
             :
             that
             by
             following
             the
             last
             ,
             they
             should
             make
             Pompey
             their
             Master
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             their
             Enemy
             ;
             and
             by
             the
             first
             offend
             them
             both
             .
             Pompey
             ,
             for
             being
             sent
             away
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             for
             letting
             of
             him
             escape
             :
             therefore
             That
             they
             ought
             to
             Invite
             him
             to
             shore
             ,
             and
             kill
             him
             :
             being
             sure
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             to
             obtain
             Caesar's
             Friendship
             ,
             and
             never
             hereafter
             be
             afraid
             of
             Pompey
             .
             Concluding
             with
             that
             Maxim
             ,
             which
             is
             since
             grown
             into
             a
             
               Proverb
               ,
               That
               a
               dead
               Lion
               never
               bites
               .
            
             According
             to
             this
             Resolution
             ,
             they
             sent
             Achillas
             ,
             accompanied
             by
             Septimius
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             Tribune
             ,
             and
             had
             been
             a
             Centurion
             under
             
               Pompey
               ,
               Salvius
            
             another
             Roman
             ,
             and
             three
             or
             four
             Souldiers
             ,
             they
             went
             into
             a
             Barque
             which
             carried
             them
             to
             the
             Ship
             where
             Pompey
             was
             ,
             with
             his
             Wife
             and
             all
             his
             Friends
             ;
             this
             manner
             of
             reception
             appeared
             a
             very
             ill
             Omen
             ,
             especially
             to
             Cornelia
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             refrain
             from
             weeping
             :
             but
             when
             he
             saw
             that
             the
             King's
             Ships
             had
             already
             weighed
             Anchor
             ,
             and
             were
             coming
             to
             surround
             his
             ,
             and
             that
             Septimius
             saluted
             him
             with
             the
             Title
             of
             
             General
             ,
             he
             resolved
             to
             put
             the
             best
             face
             he
             could
             upon
             a
             thing
             which
             was
             no
             longer
             in
             his
             power
             to
             refuse
             ;
             So
             giving
             his
             hand
             to
             Achillas
             ,
             who
             had
             also
             saluted
             him
             in
             Greek
             ,
             he
             turned
             towards
             his
             Wife
             and
             Children
             ,
             repeating
             two
             Greek
             Verses
             ;
             which
             signifie
             ,
             
               That
               he
               who
               enters
               into
               the
               house
               of
               a
               Tyrant
               becomes
               a
               Slave
               ,
               though
               he
               came
               thither
               Free
               :
            
             Two
             of
             his
             Captains
             entred
             the
             Barque
             before
             him
             with
             Philip
             and
             Seynes
             ,
             the
             one
             his
             Freed-man
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             his
             Slave
             ▪
             as
             they
             were
             a
             considerable
             time
             in
             passing
             from
             the
             Vessel
             to
             the
             Shore
             ,
             and
             observing
             that
             no
             body
             offered
             any
             Discourse
             ,
             Pompey
             addressing
             himself
             to
             Septimius
             ,
             who
             (
             according
             to
             the
             Roman
             Discipline
             ,
             which
             did
             not
             permit
             any
             under
             Officers
             to
             sit
             down
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             their
             General
             )
             stood
             up
             ;
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               he
               believed
               he
               might
               heretofore
               have
               known
               him
               .
               Septimius
            
             onely
             answered
             him
             by
             bowing
             his
             head
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             he
             drew
             out
             his
             Tablets
             to
             consider
             the
             Speech
             which
             he
             designed
             to
             make
             to
             Ptolemy
             .
             In
             the
             meanwhile
             the
             Barque
             coming
             near
             the
             Shore
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             Aegyptian
             Souldiers
             came
             running
             towards
             it
             ,
             and
             as
             Pompey
             gave
             his
             hand
             to
             Philip
             ,
             to
             raise
             himself
             up
             ,
             Septimius
             ,
             from
             behind
             him
             ,
             run
             him
             through
             the
             Body
             with
             his
             Sword
             ;
             he
             fell
             with
             the
             Wound
             ;
             and
             seeing
             that
             Achillas
             and
             Salvius
             came
             at
             him
             with
             their
             Swords
             drawn
             ,
             he
             cover'd
             his
             Face
             with
             his
             Mantle
             ,
             and
             without
             shewing
             any
             mark
             of
             fear
             ,
             freely
             offered
             himself
             to
             the
             Death
             they
             brought
             him
             .
          
           
           
             At
             this
             terrible
             Spectacle
             ,
             all
             those
             who
             were
             on
             Board
             Pompey's
             Ships
             made
             a
             hideous
             out-cry
             ;
             but
             seeing
             the
             Aegyptian
             Gallies
             advancing
             towards
             them
             ,
             the
             care
             of
             their
             safety
             made
             them
             give
             over
             their
             pity
             ,
             and
             save
             themselves
             with
             all
             the
             sail
             they
             could
             make
             ,
             under
             a
             fair
             Wind
             ,
             which
             opportunely
             freshned
             upon
             them
             that
             minute
             .
             Such
             was
             the
             end
             of
             Pompey
             the
             Great
             ,
             who
             ,
             after
             having
             escaped
             so
             many
             dangers
             ,
             where
             he
             might
             have
             fallen
             with
             honour
             ,
             came
             at
             last
             to
             lose
             his
             life
             miserably
             by
             the
             hands
             of
             three
             or
             four
             Villains
             ,
             who
             were
             soon
             after
             punished
             for
             their
             Crime
             by
             Caesar.
             He
             died
             at
             the
             Age
             of
             Nine
             and
             fifty
             years
             ,
             and
             upon
             the
             Eve
             of
             his
             Birth-day
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LI.
             Pompey's
             Freed-man
             ,
             pays
             him
             his
             last
             Rites
             of
             Funeral
             .
             The
             Misfortunes
             of
             Lentulus
             .
          
           
             AFterwards
             cutting
             off
             his
             Head
             ,
             they
             left
             the
             Body
             upon
             the
             Shore
             ,
             exposed
             for
             some
             time
             to
             the
             curiosity
             of
             the
             Aegyptian
             Souldiers
             ;
             and
             ,
             at
             last
             ,
             Philip
             ,
             his
             Freed-man
             ,
             carried
             it
             aside
             ,
             where
             he
             washed
             it
             in
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             wrapped
             it
             in
             his
             Mantle
             ;
             as
             he
             was
             gathering
             together
             some
             pieces
             of
             a
             broken
             Boat
             to
             make
             a
             Pile
             ,
             he
             was
             surprised
             by
             an
             old
             Roman
             ,
             who
             had
             setled
             in
             Aegypt
             ,
             but
             had
             served
             heretofore
             under
             
               Pompey
               ;
               Who
               art
               thou
            
             ,
             said
             he
             to
             
               Philip
               ,
               that
               art
               making
               these
               preparations
               for
               the
               Funeral
               of
               the
               Great
            
             Pompey
             ?
             Philip
             answered
             him
             ,
             
               That
               he
               was
               one
               of
               his
               Freed-men
               :
               Ah
               ,
            
             reply'd
             the
             old
             Man
             ,
             
               thou
               shalt
               not
               have
               all
               this
               Honour
               to
               thy self
               ,
               but
               suffer
               me
               ,
               I
               beg
               thee
               ,
               to
               partake
               in
               an
               action
               that
               is
               so
               Iust
               and
               Sacred
               ;
               to
               the
               end
               that
               among
               all
               the
               discomforts
               of
               my
               exile
               ,
               I
               may
               please
               my self
               ,
               to
               think
               ,
               I
               have
               had
               the
               honour
               to
               touch
               the
               Body
               ,
               and
               assist
               the
               Funeral
               of
               the
               greatest
               Souldier
            
             Rome
             
               ever
               had
            
             .
             So
             they
             gave
             him
             the
             last
             Rites
             ;
             the
             sadness
             of
             which
             Ceremony
             was
             very
             particular
             ;
             Lentulus
             who
             was
             coming
             from
             Cyprus
             ,
             without
             knowing
             of
             Pompey's
             Misfortune
             ,
             passed
             by
             that
             place
             in
             a
             Shallop
             ,
             who
             seeing
             the
             Fire
             ,
             began
             to
             be
             very
             curious
             about
             the
             matter
             ,
             and
             caused
             
             his
             Shallop
             to
             put
             in
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             speak
             with
             Philip
             ,
             whom
             he
             did
             not
             know
             in
             that
             condition
             :
             after
             some
             sad
             reflexions
             ,
             
               Who
               is
               the
               unhappy
               Wretch
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               that
               is
               come
               in
               that
               place
               to
               finish
               his
               destiny
            
             ;
             adding
             with
             a
             Sigh
             ,
             
               Alas
               ,
               is
               it
               not
            
             Pompey
             
               the
               Great
            
             ?
             When
             he
             came
             ashore
             ,
             he
             was
             given
             to
             understand
             by
             the
             Freed-man
             ,
             that
             his
             apprehensions
             were
             but
             too
             true
             .
             So
             his
             grief
             staying
             him
             too
             long
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             he
             was
             taken
             by
             some
             Aegyptian
             Souldiers
             and
             carried
             to
             the
             King
             ,
             who
             put
             him
             to
             death
             in
             Prison
             .
             Caesar
             afterwards
             caused
             a
             magnificent
             Sepulchre
             to
             be
             built
             on
             this
             place
             ,
             with
             a
             Temple
             which
             he
             called
             ,
             
               The
               Temple
               of
               Wrath
            
             ;
             and
             it
             's
             very
             likely
             that
             it
             is
             the
             same
             place
             which
             Travellers
             to
             this
             day
             call
             Pompey's
             Pillar
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LII
             .
             Caesar
             pursues
             his
             Victory
             .
             Cassius
             surrenders
             himself
             to
             him
             with
             all
             his
             Fleet.
             Caesar
             lands
             in
             Aegypt
             .
             The
             Insolence
             of
             Photinus
             and
             Achillas
             .
          
           
             IN
             the
             mean
             while
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             knew
             that
             all
             the
             hopes
             of
             his
             Enemies
             were
             wrapped
             up
             in
             the
             Person
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             followed
             him
             with
             his
             usual
             diligence
             at
             the
             head
             of
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             having
             given
             orders
             to
             one
             of
             his
             Legions
             to
             March
             after
             him
             ;
             when
             he
             understood
             at
             Amphipolis
             that
             Pompey
             had
             abandoned
             Greece
             ,
             he
             resolved
             to
             go
             into
             Asia
             ,
             and
             wanting
             Ships
             ,
             put
             what
             Troops
             he
             had
             in
             Barques
             ;
             and
             now
             it
             seemed
             as
             if
             Fortune
             was
             resolved
             to
             take
             this
             occasion
             ,
             to
             shew
             still
             that
             she
             would
             have
             a
             share
             in
             his
             elevation
             .
             Cassius
             retreating
             into
             Asia
             with
             a
             Navy
             of
             60
             Ships
             ,
             fell
             in
             amongst
             Caesar's
             little
             Fleet.
             And
             that
             Man
             who
             had
             since
             the
             courage
             to
             Murther
             him
             in
             the
             very
             midst
             of
             Rome
             ,
             could
             not
             have
             wished
             for
             a
             fairer
             occasion
             than
             now
             to
             kill
             him
             with
             honour
             :
             For
             Caesar
             was
             not
             in
             any
             condition
             to
             make
             resistence
             .
             In
             the
             meanwhile
             he
             walked
             upon
             the
             Deck
             of
             his
             Ship
             with
             the
             Aire
             of
             a
             Conquerour
             ;
             and
             that
             resolute
             behaviour
             so
             over-awed
             Cassius
             (
             who
             was
             otherwise
             a
             very
             brave
             Man
             )
             that
             he
             went
             aboard
             his
             Shallop
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             throw
             himself
             at
             Caesar's
             feet
             ;
             he
             surrendred
             into
             his
             hands
             all
             the
             
             Ships
             under
             his
             Command
             ,
             demanding
             no
             other
             favour
             than
             his
             Life
             ,
             with
             all
             the
             submission
             of
             a
             Conquer'd
             Enemy
             :
             Caesar
             granted
             it
             in
             his
             usual
             obliging
             manner
             ,
             and
             then
             went
             into
             Asia
             ,
             where
             ,
             after
             having
             dispatched
             some
             orders
             ,
             and
             prevented
             the
             ruine
             of
             the
             famous
             Temple
             of
             Diana
             of
             the
             Ephesians
             ,
             whose
             Treasures
             Amphius
             would
             have
             plundered
             in
             the
             name
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             he
             understood
             he
             was
             retreated
             into
             the
             Island
             of
             Cyprus
             ,
             not
             in
             the
             least
             imagining
             that
             he
             could
             have
             a
             design
             of
             going
             into
             Aegypt
             .
             Therefore
             that
             he
             might
             give
             him
             no
             time
             to
             Fortifie
             himself
             ,
             he
             went
             to
             Rhodes
             ,
             where
             he
             Embarqu'd
             with
             two
             Legions
             ,
             which
             were
             reduc'd
             to
             3200
             Men
             ,
             and
             800
             Horse
             .
             And
             though
             those
             Forces
             were
             not
             very
             considerable
             ,
             yet
             the
             confidence
             which
             he
             had
             in
             his
             Victories
             ,
             and
             the
             high
             reputation
             they
             had
             gotten
             him
             ,
             could
             not
             persuade
             him
             ,
             but
             that
             wherever
             he
             came
             he
             must
             meet
             with
             awe
             and
             obedience
             .
             So
             he
             went
             directly
             to
             Alexandria
             without
             staying
             for
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
             to
             whom
             he
             sent
             orders
             immediately
             to
             follow
             him
             ;
             upon
             his
             Landing
             ,
             he
             was
             entertained
             with
             the
             News
             of
             the
             Death
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             whose
             Head
             was
             presented
             him
             ,
             and
             the
             Ring
             ,
             which
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             custome
             of
             the
             Age
             ,
             he
             was
             wont
             to
             make
             use
             of
             for
             a
             Signet
             .
             This
             Mournfull
             Spectacle
             ,
             the
             Friendship
             which
             he
             heretofore
             had
             had
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             the
             sad
             Imagination
             of
             those
             Misfortunes
             ,
             which
             attend
             the
             greatest
             Men
             ,
             drew
             Tears
             from
             his
             eyes
             :
             So
             he
             turned
             
             away
             his
             Face
             with
             horrour
             ,
             and
             ordered
             him
             who
             brought
             him
             the
             Present
             ,
             to
             retire
             ,
             keeping
             onely
             the
             Ring
             ,
             upon
             the
             stone
             whereof
             was
             ingraved
             a
             Lion
             holding
             a
             Sword
             in
             his
             Paw
             .
             Afterwards
             he
             made
             his
             entry
             into
             the
             City
             as
             Consul
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             who
             were
             there
             in
             Garrison
             were
             offended
             ,
             for
             that
             he
             caused
             the
             Axes
             to
             be
             carried
             before
             him
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               done
               in
               Contempt
               of
               the
               Royal
               Authority
               ,
            
             which
             was
             the
             occasion
             that
             for
             some
             days
             together
             several
             disorders
             happened
             ,
             in
             which
             a
             great
             many
             Roman
             Souldiers
             were
             slain
             .
             This
             forced
             Caesar
             to
             send
             new
             Orders
             to
             his
             Troops
             to
             come
             and
             join
             him
             with
             all
             speed
             ,
             with
             fair
             Promises
             and
             Presents
             gaining
             to
             his
             side
             a
             great
             many
             of
             Pompey's
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             were
             then
             wandring
             about
             that
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             wrote
             word
             to
             his
             Friends
             at
             
               Rome
               ,
               That
               the
               greatest
               pleasure
               which
               he
               found
               from
               his
               Victory
               ,
               was
               the
               saving
               every
               day
               the
               life
               of
               some
               one
               of
               those
               who
               had
               born
               Arms
               against
               him
               .
            
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             as
             an
             argument
             of
             his
             Confidence
             ,
             he
             made
             great
             entertainments
             ,
             and
             assisted
             at
             the
             Conferences
             of
             Philosophers
             ,
             who
             were
             in
             great
             numbers
             within
             that
             City
             .
             But
             Photinus
             ,
             who
             was
             come
             to
             Alexandria
             with
             the
             King
             ,
             gave
             him
             every
             day
             fresh
             marks
             of
             his
             untoward
             intentions
             ,
             he
             had
             written
             to
             Achillas
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             the
             Army
             to
             come
             to
             Alexandria
             ,
             and
             those
             Succours
             made
             him
             insolent
             ,
             for
             he
             caused
             musty
             Corn
             to
             be
             distributed
             to
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             one
             day
             
             when
             Ptolemy
             treated
             him
             in
             his
             Palace
             ,
             he
             caused
             him
             to
             be
             served
             in
             earthen
             Vessels
             ,
             saying
             ▪
             
               That
               the
               Gold
               and
               Silver
               Plate
               was
               engaged
               for
               the
               payment
               of
               the
               King's
               debts
               .
            
             This
             was
             because
             Ptolemy
             owed
             Caesar
             a
             Milion
             seven
             hundred
             and
             fifty
             thousand
             Crowns
             ,
             the
             seven
             hundred
             and
             fifty
             thousand
             Caesar
             abated
             in
             favour
             of
             his
             Children
             ,
             but
             demanded
             the
             remaining
             Milion
             for
             the
             necessity
             of
             his
             present
             affairs
             ,
             and
             when
             Photinus
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               doe
               better
               to
               think
               of
               other
               matters
               that
               were
               of
               greater
               consequence
               .
               Caesar
            
             answered
             him
             ,
             
               He
               was
               not
               come
               into
            
             Aegypt
             
               to
               ask
               Counsel
            
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             the
             insolence
             of
             that
             Eunuch
             which
             provoked
             him
             upon
             all
             occasions
             ,
             and
             it
             may
             be
             also
             the
             reputation
             of
             the
             admirable
             beauty
             of
             Cleopatra
             ,
             caused
             him
             to
             declare
             ,
             
               That
               being
               the
               first
               Magistrate
               of
            
             Rome
             ,
             
               he
               was
               resolved
               to
               enquire
               into
               the
               difference
               between
               the
               King
               and
               his
               Sister
               .
            
             For
             Ptolemy
             the
             Father
             had
             by
             his
             last
             Will
             named
             for
             his
             Heirs
             the
             eldest
             of
             his
             two
             Daughters
             having
             conjured
             the
             people
             of
             Rome
             by
             the
             Gods
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             Alliance
             that
             was
             between
             them
             to
             see
             his
             will
             put
             in
             execution
             ,
             a
             Copy
             whereof
             he
             had
             sent
             to
             Rome
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             upon
             this
             foundation
             that
             Caesar
             proceeded
             .
             But
             while
             this
             matter
             was
             in
             dispute
             ,
             Achillas
             came
             to
             Alexandria
             at
             the
             head
             of
             his
             Army
             .
             These
             Troops
             were
             very
             formidable
             both
             their
             number
             and
             for
             their
             valour
             ,
             they
             were
             composed
             in
             part
             of
             Gabinius
             his
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             were
             most
             of
             them
             married
             in
             
             Aegypt
             ,
             and
             had
             taken
             upon
             them
             the
             Customes
             and
             Discipline
             of
             the
             Aegyptians
             .
             The
             other
             part
             was
             made
             up
             of
             such
             men
             as
             had
             been
             disbanded
             in
             Syria
             and
             Cilicia
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Neighbouring
             Provinces
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             were
             banished
             men
             ,
             and
             run-away
             slaves
             ,
             who
             were
             sure
             of
             a
             safe
             retreat
             in
             Alexandria
             ,
             and
             if
             they
             took
             party
             in
             the
             Troops
             ,
             a
             certain
             protection
             from
             the
             other
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             frequently
             rescued
             them
             by
             force
             of
             Arms
             from
             their
             Masters
             that
             pursued
             them
             .
             These
             Troops
             by
             a
             horrible
             Licence
             ,
             (
             but
             what
             was
             ordinary
             amongst
             those
             sort
             of
             people
             ,
             )
             had
             usurped
             a
             privilege
             of
             demanding
             the
             head
             of
             any
             of
             the
             King's
             Ministers
             when
             ever
             they
             thought
             fitting
             ,
             and
             plunder
             the
             richest
             of
             their
             Goods
             under
             pretence
             of
             augmenting
             their
             pay
             ,
             and
             also
             to
             depose
             and
             set
             up
             their
             Kings
             .
             There
             were
             here
             at
             this
             time
             2000
             old
             Cavalry
             exercised
             in
             all
             the
             Wars
             of
             Alexandria
             ,
             and
             these
             were
             the
             men
             who
             had
             restored
             Ptolemy
             to
             his
             Throne
             ,
             who
             had
             slain
             the
             two
             Sons
             of
             Bibulus
             ,
             and
             for
             a
             long
             time
             had
             made
             War
             upon
             the
             Aegyptians
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LIII
             .
             Caesar
             fortifies
             himself
             in
             Alexandria
             .
             He
             is
             attacked
             by
             Achillas
             .
             He
             seizes
             upon
             Pharos
             .
             Falls
             in
             love
             with
             Cleopatra
             .
             He
             is
             besieged
             by
             the
             Aegyptians
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             knowing
             well
             the
             valour
             and
             experience
             of
             these
             Troops
             ,
             and
             finding
             himself
             not
             strong
             enough
             to
             make
             head
             against
             them
             in
             the
             Field
             ,
             took
             care
             to
             fortify
             those
             Quarters
             of
             the
             City
             where
             his
             Legions
             were
             ,
             and
             to
             secure
             himself
             of
             the
             King's
             Person
             ,
             in
             whose
             name
             he
             deputed
             to
             the
             Army
             Dioscorides
             and
             Serapion
             ,
             who
             were
             the
             two
             principal
             Friends
             of
             the
             old
             Ptolemy
             ,
             and
             who
             had
             been
             Ambassadours
             at
             Rome
             .
             But
             Achillas
             ,
             instead
             of
             giving
             them
             Audience
             ,
             charged
             upon
             them
             in
             such
             manner
             ,
             that
             one
             of
             them
             was
             killed
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             saved
             his
             life
             by
             feigning
             to
             be
             dead
             .
             After
             this
             act
             of
             violence
             ,
             Caesar
             caused
             the
             Quarters
             of
             Alexandria
             to
             be
             fortified
             ,
             where
             his
             Troops
             were
             retreated
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             next
             day
             attacked
             by
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             sustained
             the
             first
             onset
             ,
             and
             repulsed
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             whose
             chief
             design
             was
             to
             get
             possession
             of
             the
             50
             Ships
             and
             22
             Gallies
             that
             were
             in
             the
             Haven
             ,
             which
             obliged
             Caesar
             after
             a
             long
             and
             doubtfull
             fight
             to
             possess
             himself
             of
             Pharos
             ,
             and
             set
             fire
             to
             those
             Vessels
             ,
             whose
             flames
             being
             driven
             by
             the
             wind
             upon
             some
             Houses
             near
             the
             Port
             
             burnt
             them
             to
             the
             ground
             by
             a
             misfortune
             ,
             in
             which
             we
             can
             never
             enough
             lament
             that
             famous
             Library
             belonging
             to
             the
             Kings
             of
             Aegypt
             ,
             consisting
             as
             some
             Authours
             report
             ,
             of
             700000
             Volumes
             .
             The
             Pharos
             is
             a
             Tower
             built
             in
             the
             Island
             ,
             which
             makes
             the
             Haven
             of
             Alexandria
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             built
             with
             so
             much
             Art
             and
             Magnificence
             ,
             that
             it
             has
             ever
             been
             lookt
             upon
             for
             one
             of
             the
             seven
             Wonders
             of
             the
             World.
             There
             was
             moreover
             in
             the
             Island
             several
             Houses
             and
             other
             Edifices
             ,
             being
             joined
             to
             the
             Continent
             by
             a
             Bridge
             at
             the
             end
             of
             a
             Peer
             that
             was
             very
             narrow
             ,
             and
             in
             length
             800
             paces
             ,
             the
             taking
             of
             this
             Post
             made
             Caesar
             Master
             by
             Sea
             ,
             but
             he
             was
             very
             close
             shut
             up
             towards
             the
             land
             by
             the
             Troops
             of
             Achillas
             ,
             the
             People
             also
             of
             Alexandria
             were
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             without
             any
             respect
             to
             the
             Person
             of
             their
             Prince
             had
             several
             times
             attacked
             the
             Palace
             where
             they
             were
             lodged
             together
             .
             But
             Ptolemy
             encouraged
             to
             it
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             appeased
             their
             tumult
             by
             his
             Presence
             .
             Caesar
             that
             he
             might
             not
             have
             any
             longer
             an
             Enemy
             to
             fear
             ,
             but
             those
             who
             were
             without
             ,
             got
             himself
             at
             last
             rid
             of
             Photinus
             ,
             and
             had
             sent
             for
             Cleopatra
             ,
             who
             he
             said
             he
             would
             marry
             to
             her
             Brother
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Aegyptian
             Custome
             ,
             and
             the
             intent
             of
             their
             Fathers
             Will.
             The
             Eunuch
             was
             killed
             going
             from
             an
             entertainment
             at
             the
             King's
             Lodgings
             under
             pretence
             that
             he
             would
             have
             taken
             away
             the
             young
             Ptolemy
             ,
             and
             carried
             him
             into
             the
             Aegyptian
             Camp
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             without
             some
             ground
             ,
             for
             Ganymede
             the
             
             other
             Eunuch
             had
             taken
             away
             Arsinoe
             ,
             the
             youngest
             of
             Ptolemy's
             Sisters
             ,
             causing
             her
             to
             be
             acknowledged
             for
             Queen
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             in
             her
             name
             that
             Achillas
             made
             War
             against
             Caesar.
             But
             that
             enterprise
             which
             at
             first
             perplext
             him
             ,
             turned
             in
             the
             consequence
             to
             his
             advantage
             .
             Ganymede
             could
             not
             longer
             bear
             the
             reputation
             which
             Achillas
             had
             gotten
             amongst
             the
             Troops
             ,
             so
             he
             caused
             him
             to
             be
             slain
             ,
             and
             made
             himself
             be
             declared
             General
             of
             the
             Army
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Cleopatra
             came
             to
             Caesar
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             danger
             ,
             out
             of
             which
             her
             own
             Wisedom
             and
             good
             management
             happily
             delivered
             her
             ,
             she
             embarked
             her self
             in
             a
             Shallop
             onely
             with
             Apollodorus
             one
             of
             her
             Domesticks
             ,
             and
             arriving
             that
             night
             under
             the
             Castle
             of
             Alexandria
             ,
             that
             man
             binding
             her
             up
             in
             a
             Packet
             of
             those
             necessaries
             which
             he
             brought
             along
             with
             him
             ,
             took
             her
             upon
             his
             back
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             deceiving
             the
             Aegyptian
             Guard
             ,
             carried
             her
             to
             Caesar.
             It
             is
             said
             that
             that
             mark
             which
             she
             then
             gave
             of
             her
             Wit
             ,
             contributed
             much
             to
             the
             growth
             of
             a
             passion
             ,
             which
             he
             afterwards
             entertained
             for
             that
             Princess
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             it
             is
             Plutarch's
             Opinion
             .
             But
             to
             say
             the
             truth
             ,
             the
             Slave
             may
             be
             reasonably
             supposed
             to
             have
             had
             the
             best
             part
             in
             that
             Contrivance
             .
             On
             the
             other
             side
             Caesar
             was
             too
             sensible
             of
             the
             Charms
             of
             Beauty
             ,
             not
             to
             be
             touched
             with
             those
             of
             Cleopatra
             .
             She
             was
             then
             in
             the
             Prime
             of
             her
             Youth
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             those
             sprightly
             Grecian
             Beauties
             ,
             where
             every
             feature
             has
             its
             particular
             
             Charm.
             All
             which
             was
             seconded
             by
             an
             admirable
             Wit
             ,
             and
             a
             Voice
             so
             soft
             and
             bewitching
             ,
             that
             that
             perfection
             onely
             without
             the
             help
             of
             her
             Eyes
             (
             for
             she
             had
             the
             finest
             in
             the
             World
             )
             inslaved
             the
             hearts
             of
             every
             one
             that
             heard
             her
             ,
             nor
             could
             Caesar
             refuse
             her
             his
             ,
             since
             he
             had
             not
             been
             able
             to
             defend
             it
             before
             against
             a
             certain
             Moorish
             Queen
             ,
             
             so
             he
             became
             passionately
             in
             love
             ,
             and
             declared
             himself
             at
             first
             sight
             for
             the
             interests
             of
             that
             Princess
             .
             Ptolemy
             quickly
             found
             that
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             was
             to
             be
             Judge
             between
             him
             and
             his
             Sister
             ,
             was
             become
             of
             her
             Party
             ,
             and
             that
             that
             change
             was
             the
             work
             of
             love
             ,
             the
             uneasiness
             which
             he
             shewed
             for
             it
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             made
             them
             again
             revolt
             ;
             but
             Caesar
             soon
             quelled
             it
             ,
             and
             as
             the
             Roman
             Consul
             and
             Tutour
             to
             the
             young
             Princess
             ,
             in
             a
             General
             Assembly
             read
             the
             Will
             of
             Ptolemy
             their
             Father
             ,
             and
             promised
             to
             put
             it
             in
             execution
             .
             At
             this
             time
             Ganymede
             to
             signalise
             himself
             in
             his
             new
             Employment
             ,
             undertook
             a
             great
             and
             difficult
             work
             ,
             but
             from
             the
             success
             of
             it
             we
             ought
             to
             determine
             the
             War
             on
             his
             side
             .
             The
             City
             of
             Alexandria
             ,
             to
             express
             it
             properly
             ,
             was
             built
             upon
             a
             void
             of
             empty
             space
             ,
             for
             such
             were
             the
             many
             Caves
             or
             Cisterns
             made
             on
             purpose
             to
             receive
             the
             Waters
             of
             the
             Nile
             ,
             which
             were
             excellent
             to
             drink
             when
             they
             were
             once
             setled
             and
             purged
             from
             the
             slime
             which
             that
             River
             carried
             in
             its
             Chanel
             ,
             and
             which
             occasioned
             many
             Diseases
             amongst
             the
             People
             when
             ever
             they
             were
             forced
             by
             necessity
             to
             drink
             it
             as
             
             they
             drew
             it
             out
             of
             the
             River
             .
             Ganymede
             was
             wholly
             Master
             of
             the
             Nile
             ,
             which
             ran
             through
             that
             part
             of
             the
             City
             which
             the
             Aegyptians
             were
             possessed
             of
             ,
             so
             he
             caused
             all
             the
             Cannals
             to
             be
             stopt
             up
             which
             carried
             the
             Water
             to
             that
             side
             where
             he
             was
             Master
             ,
             and
             then
             by
             Wheels
             and
             other
             Engines
             ,
             he
             caused
             a
             great
             quantity
             of
             Sea
             Water
             to
             be
             taken
             up
             ,
             which
             he
             put
             into
             the
             Cannals
             ,
             from
             whence
             Caesar's
             Quarters
             used
             to
             be
             supplied
             with
             fresh
             Waters
             ,
             immediately
             the
             chief
             Cisterns
             were
             corrupted
             with
             that
             salt
             Water
             ,
             which
             caused
             a
             great
             astonishment
             amongst
             Caesar's
             advanced
             Guards
             ,
             when
             they
             compared
             the
             taste
             of
             the
             Water
             which
             they
             drank
             with
             that
             in
             the
             Cisterns
             ,
             which
             were
             not
             so
             near
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             but
             at
             last
             these
             also
             became
             salt
             like
             the
             others
             ,
             and
             that
             accident
             had
             almost
             made
             them
             desperate
             .
             They
             murmured
             amongst
             themselves
             ,
             and
             accused
             Caesar's
             obstinacy
             ,
             for
             thinking
             that
             he
             was
             able
             to
             fight
             at
             once
             both
             with
             Men
             and
             Elements
             .
             But
             he
             assured
             them
             by
             his
             Discourse
             and
             his
             Authority
             ,
             and
             caused
             Wells
             to
             be
             digged
             all
             along
             the
             Sea
             side
             ,
             whereof
             he
             was
             Master
             ,
             and
             where
             he
             found
             sufficient
             stores
             of
             fresh
             Water
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LIV.
             Caesar
             receives
             succours
             .
             A
             Sea
             fight
             .
             A
             disorder
             amongst
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ,
             upon
             the
             Peer
             .
             He
             saves
             himself
             by
             swimming
             .
             He
             restores
             the
             Aegyptians
             their
             King
             ,
             who
             declares
             War
             against
             him
             .
          
           
             IN
             the
             mean
             time
             the
             four
             and
             twentieth
             Legion
             was
             arrived
             for
             his
             relief
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             have
             landed
             near
             
               Alexandria
               .
               Caesar
            
             went
             out
             with
             all
             his
             Ships
             to
             meet
             them
             ;
             and
             in
             his
             return
             was
             set
             upon
             by
             the
             Aegyptian
             Fleet
             ,
             but
             seconded
             by
             the
             Ships
             of
             Rhodes
             ,
             easily
             put
             them
             to
             the
             rout
             ,
             taking
             one
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Vessels
             ,
             sinking
             another
             ,
             and
             killing
             a
             great
             many
             of
             their
             Men
             ,
             so
             that
             had
             not
             the
             night
             come
             on
             too
             fast
             ,
             he
             must
             have
             been
             Master
             of
             their
             whole
             Fleet.
             Ganymede
             did
             all
             that
             he
             was
             able
             to
             take
             away
             the
             Terrour
             which
             this
             ill
             success
             had
             raised
             amongst
             them
             ,
             and
             put
             to
             Sea
             again
             another
             stronger
             Fleet
             ,
             with
             which
             he
             came
             to
             attack
             Caesar.
             The
             fight
             was
             very
             fierce
             ,
             but
             the
             Valour
             and
             Experience
             of
             Euphranor
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             the
             Ships
             of
             Rhodes
             ,
             turned
             all
             to
             the
             advantage
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             who
             took
             two
             Aegyptian
             Gallies
             ,
             and
             sunk
             three
             ,
             the
             rest
             saved
             themselves
             under
             the
             Peer
             of
             
               Pharos
               ▪
               Caesar
            
             being
             onely
             Master
             of
             the
             Tower
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             at
             one
             and
             the
             same
             time
             he
             made
             an
             Attack
             upon
             the
             Island
             ,
             and
             the
             Peer
             with
             ten
             Cohorts
             
             of
             light
             armed
             Foot
             ,
             and
             the
             Gallick
             Cavalry
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             chosen
             out
             of
             all
             his
             Troops
             .
             The
             Attack
             succeeding
             ,
             the
             Island
             and
             the
             Peer
             were
             taken
             ,
             and
             the
             Aegyptians
             driven
             beyond
             the
             Bridge
             ,
             Caesar
             immediately
             caused
             it
             to
             be
             fortified
             ,
             and
             with
             stones
             stopped
             up
             the
             passage
             under
             the
             Bridge
             ,
             that
             none
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Barks
             might
             go
             through
             .
             As
             they
             were
             busie
             at
             this
             work
             ,
             the
             Enemy
             came
             from
             the
             City-ward
             with
             Barks
             and
             Shallops
             to
             attack
             the
             head
             of
             the
             Bridge
             ,
             and
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             Peer
             .
             Caesar
             was
             upon
             the
             Peer
             in
             Person
             to
             encourage
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             when
             a
             great
             number
             of
             the
             Mariners
             and
             Seamen
             belonging
             to
             his
             Vessels
             ,
             came
             thither
             without
             any
             order
             ,
             partly
             out
             of
             Curiosity
             ,
             and
             partly
             out
             of
             the
             desire
             they
             had
             to
             come
             to
             a
             Battel
             .
             At
             first
             they
             behaved
             themselves
             well
             enough
             with
             throwing
             stones
             ,
             and
             with
             their
             slings
             .
             But
             the
             Aegyptians
             taking
             notice
             of
             the
             disorder
             they
             were
             in
             ,
             resolved
             to
             come
             down
             and
             attack
             them
             ;
             upon
             this
             ,
             these
             Men
             ran
             again
             on
             Board
             their
             Vessels
             as
             unseasonably
             as
             they
             had
             left
             them
             .
             Their
             flight
             raised
             the
             Courage
             of
             the
             Aegyptians
             ,
             who
             pursued
             them
             with
             great
             Cries
             ,
             and
             which
             so
             terrified
             the
             Romans
             that
             defended
             the
             Bridge
             ,
             and
             who
             believing
             they
             were
             surrounded
             by
             their
             Enemies
             ,
             thought
             of
             nothing
             but
             of
             saving
             themselves
             in
             their
             Vessels
             .
             The
             confusion
             was
             great
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             Rout
             the
             Enemy
             killed
             at
             least
             four
             hundred
             Legionaries
             .
             Caesar
             after
             having
             tried
             all
             his
             endeavours
             
             to
             prevent
             the
             running
             away
             of
             his
             Men
             ,
             was
             at
             last
             forced
             to
             go
             on
             board
             his
             Ship
             ,
             but
             as
             he
             perceived
             the
             number
             of
             those
             that
             followed
             him
             ,
             and
             the
             danger
             that
             might
             thence
             arise
             ,
             he
             put
             himself
             to
             swimming
             ,
             but
             with
             so
             great
             presence
             of
             mind
             ,
             that
             he
             lost
             not
             one
             of
             those
             Papers
             which
             he
             all
             the
             while
             held
             out
             of
             the
             Water
             with
             one
             hand
             ,
             to
             preserve
             them
             from
             wetting
             ,
             nor
             his
             Coat
             Armour
             ,
             which
             he
             carried
             in
             his
             Teeth
             .
             So
             swimming
             about
             two
             hundred
             paces
             to
             his
             Ships
             ,
             he
             sent
             out
             Shallops
             and
             Barks
             to
             the
             relief
             of
             his
             People
             ,
             some
             of
             them
             were
             saved
             ,
             but
             his
             own
             Vessel
             as
             he
             had
             foreseen
             ,
             was
             sunk
             by
             the
             number
             of
             those
             who
             were
             in
             her
             ,
             and
             who
             all
             perished
             .
             This
             Disgrace
             instead
             of
             abating
             their
             Courage
             ,
             served
             onely
             to
             provoke
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             ,
             which
             appeared
             whenever
             they
             came
             upon
             Duty
             for
             the
             raising
             of
             the
             Works
             ,
             and
             forced
             the
             Aegyptians
             to
             have
             recourse
             to
             Artifices
             .
             They
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             Caesar
             to
             demand
             of
             him
             their
             King
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               they
               were
               weary
               of
               being
               Commanded
               by
               a
               Girl
               ,
               and
               the
               Tyranny
               of
            
             Ganymede
             ,
             
               and
               that
               they
               were
               willing
               to
               make
               Peace
               with
               the
               Romans
               under
               the
               Authority
               of
               their
               lawfull
               Prince
               .
               Ptol●my
            
             on
             the
             other
             side
             perfectly
             instructed
             in
             the
             arts
             of
             Dissimulation
             ,
             no
             less
             by
             his
             own
             Genius
             ,
             than
             the
             Lessons
             which
             were
             given
             him
             by
             his
             Governours
             ,
             with
             tears
             in
             his
             Eyes
             begged
             of
             him
             to
             keep
             him
             with
             him
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               the
               pres●●ce
               of
            
             Caesar
             
               did
               more
               Charm
               him
               than
               his
               Kingdom
               .
               
               Caesar
            
             was
             not
             ignorant
             of
             the
             perfidiousness
             of
             these
             People
             ,
             but
             he
             believed
             he
             ought
             in
             generosity
             to
             give
             them
             their
             Prince
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             he
             might
             either
             gain
             upon
             them
             by
             that
             favour
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             fight
             with
             more
             Honour
             against
             a
             King
             ,
             so
             he
             restored
             him
             to
             his
             Army
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             no
             sooner
             arrived
             ,
             but
             he
             renewed
             the
             War
             with
             so
             much
             earnestness
             ,
             that
             it
             seems
             (
             says
             Hirtius
             )
             the
             tears
             which
             he
             shed
             when
             he
             left
             Caesar
             ,
             were
             tears
             of
             joy
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Caesar's
             Friends
             were
             upon
             their
             march
             through
             Syria
             to
             his
             relief
             ,
             and
             the
             Aegyptians
             ,
             who
             were
             advised
             of
             it
             before
             him
             ,
             sought
             all
             occasions
             to
             hinder
             the
             Convoys
             from
             coming
             to
             him
             by
             Sea
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             occasion
             of
             another
             Sea
             Battel
             ,
             where
             the
             brave
             Euphranor
             perished
             with
             his
             Vessel
             ,
             they
             being
             too
             far
             advanced
             ,
             nor
             well
             followed
             .
             But
             the
             Aegyptians
             enjoyed
             not
             this
             advantage
             long
             ,
             for
             Mithridates
             of
             Pergama
             ,
             who
             was
             very
             considerable
             for
             the
             greatness
             of
             his
             Birth
             and
             his
             Authority
             ,
             and
             of
             great
             Reputation
             in
             War
             in
             Cilicia
             and
             Syria
             ,
             had
             raised
             an
             Army
             for
             Caesar's
             Service
             ,
             who
             came
             with
             these
             Troops
             to
             attack
             Pelusium
             ,
             which
             he
             took
             by
             storm
             .
             That
             City
             was
             the
             Key
             of
             Aegypt
             by
             Land
             as
             the
             Pharos
             was
             towards
             the
             Sea.
             From
             thence
             Mithridates
             advanced
             towards
             Alexandria
             for
             the
             relief
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             forced
             Ptolemy
             to
             divide
             his
             Troops
             to
             defend
             the
             passage
             of
             the
             Nile
             .
             That
             River
             as
             it
             comes
             near
             the
             Sea
             ,
             separates
             it self
             into
             many
             Branches
             ,
             whereof
             the
             two
             most
             considerable
             
             leave
             a
             large
             space
             of
             Land
             between
             them
             ,
             forming
             as
             it
             were
             an
             Island
             which
             the
             Aegyptians
             call
             Delta
             ,
             for
             the
             resemblance
             of
             its
             Figure
             to
             that
             Greek
             Letter
             .
             Δ.
             
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             LV.
             Mithridates
             defeats
             the
             Aegyptians
             .
             He
             joins
             himself
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             attacks
             Ptolemy's
             Camp.
             The
             Aegyptians
             routed
             .
             Their
             King
             is
             drowned
             .
             Caesar
             establishes
             Cleopatra
             Queen
             of
             Aegypt
             with
             her
             Brother
             .
          
           
             MIthridates
             who
             very
             well
             understood
             the
             Roman
             Discipline
             ,
             received
             the
             first
             on-set
             of
             the
             Aegyptians
             in
             his
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             saw
             them
             in
             disorder
             ,
             sallied
             ,
             and
             killed
             a
             great
             number
             of
             them
             before
             they
             could
             get
             to
             their
             Vessels
             which
             were
             upon
             the
             
               Nile
               .
               Caesar
            
             and
             Ptolemy
             were
             both
             advised
             of
             what
             had
             happened
             much
             about
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             and
             immediately
             began
             their
             march
             ,
             one
             to
             join
             himself
             with
             Mithridates
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             to
             hinder
             him
             .
             The
             King
             went
             in
             his
             Ships
             along
             the
             Nile
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             to
             avoid
             a
             Sea
             fight
             in
             the
             Chanel
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             went
             and
             made
             his
             descent
             above
             the
             mouth
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             towards
             the
             Coast
             of
             Asia
             ,
             and
             with
             his
             usual
             diligence
             came
             to
             join
             Mithridates
             ,
             without
             being
             the
             least
             
             incommoded
             by
             the
             King.
             By
             this
             means
             matters
             were
             reduced
             to
             the
             hazard
             of
             a
             Battel
             .
             Ptolemy
             was
             advantageously
             incamped
             in
             a
             Post
             which
             had
             the
             River
             Nile
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             behind
             him
             a
             Precipice
             ,
             and
             on
             the
             other
             side
             a
             Moor
             or
             Marshy
             ground
             .
             There
             was
             a
             River
             or
             Canal
             between
             the
             Aegyptian
             Camp
             and
             Caesar's
             Army
             .
             The
             King
             commanded
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             a
             detachment
             of
             chosen
             foot
             to
             defend
             that
             passage
             ,
             the
             Banks
             whereof
             were
             very
             high
             .
             The
             Romans
             were
             several
             times
             repulsed
             ,
             at
             last
             the
             shame
             to
             see
             the
             Aegyptians
             so
             long
             maintain
             the
             fight
             against
             them
             ,
             obliged
             Caesar's
             Gallick
             Horse
             to
             enter
             the
             Channel
             in
             several
             places
             ,
             they
             opening
             themselves
             a
             passage
             ,
             while
             the
             Legionaries
             got
             over
             upon
             great
             Trees
             ,
             which
             they
             had
             cut
             for
             that
             purpose
             ,
             which
             bold
             undertaking
             confounded
             the
             Aegyptians
             ,
             who
             with
             some
             loss
             made
             their
             retreat
             to
             the
             Kings
             Camp.
             The
             next
             day
             Caesar
             causing
             all
             his
             Troops
             to
             pass
             over
             ,
             made
             an
             attack
             upon
             their
             Camp
             along
             the
             Banks
             of
             Nilus
             ,
             which
             being
             the
             easiest
             place
             for
             that
             purpose
             ,
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             the
             Aegyptians
             had
             drawn
             thither
             their
             best
             Troops
             ,
             and
             neglected
             the
             other
             part
             which
             they
             thought
             inaccessible
             .
             This
             Caesar
             quickly
             understood
             by
             the
             stout
             resistence
             which
             he
             here
             met
             withal
             ,
             he
             therefore
             drew
             out
             some
             Cohorts
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             Carsulenus
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             ancientest
             and
             best
             Officers
             to
             attack
             their
             Camp
             ,
             where
             the
             Fortification
             was
             steepest
             .
             They
             there
             found
             little
             resistence
             ,
             by
             reason
             
             that
             on-set
             was
             so
             contrary
             to
             expectation
             .
             By
             this
             means
             they
             entred
             ,
             and
             put
             the
             whole
             Aegyptian
             Camp
             into
             disorder
             .
             Immediately
             every
             one
             thought
             of
             nothing
             but
             his
             own
             safety
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             confusion
             the
             King
             himself
             getting
             on
             Board
             a
             Vessel
             ,
             was
             drowned
             with
             all
             those
             that
             followed
             him
             ,
             and
             who
             by
             their
             numbers
             sunk
             the
             Ship.
             After
             this
             Victory
             there
             was
             nothing
             found
             in
             Aegypt
             able
             to
             resist
             Caesar.
             The
             City
             of
             Alexandria
             was
             the
             first
             that
             submitted
             ,
             so
             he
             made
             his
             entry
             as
             Conquerour
             ,
             and
             pardoned
             the
             Citizens
             in
             favour
             of
             Cleopatra
             ,
             whom
             he
             established
             Queen
             with
             her
             younger
             Brother
             Ptolemy
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             intent
             of
             their
             Father's
             Will
             ,
             driving
             out
             Arsino●
             and
             Ganymede
             .
             The
             following
             days
             he
             dedicated
             to
             the
             love
             which
             he
             had
             for
             that
             Princess
             ,
             and
             the
             rejoycings
             for
             his
             Victory
             .
             Some
             Authours
             report
             that
             he
             went
             up
             the
             Nile
             with
             her
             a
             Magnificent
             Galley
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             had
             gone
             as
             far
             as
             Aethiopia
             ,
             if
             his
             Army
             had
             not
             refused
             to
             follow
             him
             .
             At
             last
             he
             left
             her
             with
             Child
             of
             a
             Son
             who
             was
             afterwards
             called
             Caesario
             ,
             and
             departed
             from
             Aegypt
             to
             go
             into
             Syria
             with
             his
             sixth
             Legion
             against
             Pharnaces
             the
             Son
             of
             Mithridates
             ,
             the
             others
             being
             left
             in
             Aegypt
             by
             his
             order
             to
             hinder
             the
             revolt
             of
             that
             new
             Conquest
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LVI
             .
             Cato
             retires
             into
             Africa
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             into
             Italy
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             Pardons
             him
             .
             Pompey's
             Sons
             go
             into
             
               Spain
               ;
               Cato
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             Scipio
             and
             Juba
             .
             Some
             broils
             at
             Rome
             .
          
           
             THE
             Death
             of
             Pompey
             was
             so
             far
             from
             bringing
             this
             War
             to
             an
             end
             ,
             that
             it
             served
             onely
             to
             diffuse
             it
             almost
             over
             all
             the
             parts
             of
             the
             World.
             Cato
             was
             at
             Durazzo
             during
             the
             Battle
             at
             Pharsalia
             ,
             where
             he
             Commanded
             a
             Powerfull
             Fleet
             :
             From
             thence
             he
             went
             into
             the
             Island
             of
             Corsira
             ,
             meeting
             there
             with
             Cicero
             who
             had
             not
             been
             at
             the
             Battel
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             had
             escaped
             thither
             from
             it
             ,
             amongst
             whom
             was
             the
             Eldest
             Son
             of
             
               Pompey
               .
               Cato
            
             ,
             who
             always
             was
             for
             governing
             himself
             according
             to
             the
             prescription
             of
             the
             Law
             ,
             offered
             the
             Command
             of
             the
             Army
             to
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             Consul
             ;
             who
             ,
             not
             thinking
             himself
             fit
             for
             such
             a
             Charge
             ,
             refused
             it
             ;
             which
             provoked
             this
             Pompey's
             Son
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             young
             Men
             of
             his
             Party
             against
             him
             .
             They
             called
             him
             Traitour
             ,
             and
             drew
             their
             Swords
             upon
             him
             ;
             So
             that
             had
             not
             Cato's
             Authority
             interposed
             and
             appeased
             him
             ,
             they
             had
             certainly
             slain
             him
             :
             he
             escaped
             in
             a
             terrible
             fright
             to
             Brundusium
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             Wrote
             to
             Oppius
             and
             Balbus
             ,
             who
             were
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             to
             excuse
             the
             choice
             he
             had
             made
             of
             an
             unfortunate
             Party
             :
             and
             though
             his
             Brother
             Quintus
             ,
             by
             some
             provocation
             ,
             
             whereof
             he
             complains
             in
             many
             of
             his
             Letters
             ,
             without
             mentioning
             the
             Cause
             ,
             had
             accused
             him
             to
             Caesar
             ;
             and
             though
             Quintus
             his
             Son
             had
             done
             him
             very
             ill
             offices
             ,
             nevertheless
             Caesar
             pardoned
             him
             ,
             and
             treated
             him
             very
             kindly
             in
             his
             return
             to
             Italy
             .
             The
             others
             took
             different
             Parties
             ,
             and
             Cato
             retreated
             into
             Africa
             ,
             where
             he
             expected
             to
             meet
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             whose
             eldest
             Son
             he
             sent
             into
             
               Spain
               .
               Cassius
               Longinus
            
             ,
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             left
             there
             ,
             was
             very
             much
             embroiled
             with
             those
             People
             ,
             and
             with
             his
             Souldiers
             themselves
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             used
             so
             ill
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             wounded
             as
             he
             sate
             in
             his
             Tribunal
             .
             This
             affair
             had
             very
             great
             consequences
             ,
             and
             Marcellus
             ,
             though
             Caesar's
             Friend
             ,
             had
             declared
             himself
             against
             Longinus
             ,
             and
             made
             War
             upon
             him
             ,
             when
             Lepidus
             arrived
             on
             Caesar's
             part
             ,
             to
             inquire
             into
             the
             cause
             of
             their
             Division
             .
             Longinus
             refused
             to
             obey
             :
             But
             as
             he
             retreated
             by
             Sea
             ,
             with
             what
             Booty
             he
             had
             got
             together
             in
             his
             Government
             ,
             he
             perished
             in
             the
             Mouth
             of
             the
             Ebre
             .
             These
             Divisions
             gave
             time
             to
             young
             Pompey
             to
             practise
             upon
             those
             People
             ,
             and
             many
             of
             the
             Roman
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             still
             retained
             a
             great
             veneration
             for
             the
             Name
             of
             his
             Father
             ,
             and
             to
             gather
             together
             some
             time
             afterwards
             a
             considerable
             Army
             .
             When
             Scipio
             had
             joined
             himself
             in
             Africa
             with
             King
             Iuba
             and
             
               Attius
               Varus
            
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             enabled
             himself
             to
             renew
             a
             dangerous
             War
             in
             that
             Province
             ,
             being
             assisted
             by
             Ten
             thousand
             Men
             which
             Cato
             brought
             him
             .
             The
             youngest
             of
             Pompey's
             Children
             had
             met
             
             him
             upon
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Africa
             ,
             where
             he
             understood
             from
             Cato
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Father
             ;
             which
             obliged
             him
             to
             go
             and
             cast
             Anchor
             at
             Cyrena
             ,
             where
             he
             passed
             the
             Winter
             ;
             from
             thence
             he
             went
             forward
             to
             the
             Desarts
             of
             Lybia
             ,
             after
             having
             furnished
             himself
             with
             Provisions
             and
             Water
             ,
             and
             especially
             of
             those
             sort
             of
             Men
             ,
             who
             ,
             by
             sucking
             ,
             cure
             the
             Wounds
             made
             by
             the
             bites
             of
             Serpents
             ,
             who
             very
             much
             abound
             in
             these
             Desarts
             ,
             and
             who
             have
             also
             the
             art
             of
             Charming
             them
             .
             It
             was
             in
             this
             seven
             days
             journey
             that
             the
             Constancy
             of
             Cato
             ought
             much
             to
             be
             admired
             ,
             for
             he
             Marched
             always
             on
             foot
             the
             foremost
             at
             the
             head
             of
             his
             Troops
             ;
             always
             drinking
             the
             last
             ,
             nor
             that
             neither
             ,
             till
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Army
             had
             undergon
             the
             extremest
             Thirst
             ,
             and
             were
             running
             to
             quench
             it
             at
             the
             Wells
             which
             they
             found
             in
             those
             Desarts
             .
             At
             last
             he
             arrived
             at
             Scipio
             and
             Iuba's
             Camp.
             But
             the
             Insolence
             of
             that
             King
             of
             the
             Barbarians
             grew
             soon
             disgustfull
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             caused
             him
             to
             retire
             into
             the
             City
             of
             Vtica
             ,
             after
             having
             left
             his
             Troops
             with
             Scipio
             ,
             who
             ,
             with
             those
             of
             Iuba
             ,
             formed
             them
             into
             a
             Body
             very
             formidable
             to
             Caesar
             ;
             who
             besides
             had
             received
             advice
             ,
             that
             his
             Affairs
             were
             extremely
             intangled
             at
             Rome
             ,
             whither
             he
             had
             sent
             Anthony
             in
             quality
             of
             the
             General
             of
             the
             Cavalry
             .
             This
             was
             the
             second
             Dignity
             next
             to
             that
             of
             Dictatour
             ,
             and
             in
             Caesar's
             absence
             gave
             Antonius
             absolute
             Command
             of
             the
             Republick
             .
             Dolabella
             was
             then
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             Antonius's
             Friend
             ,
             
             and
             in
             Caesar's
             Interest
             ;
             he
             had
             conceived
             a
             Project
             in
             his
             head
             to
             cause
             all
             the
             ancient
             Contracts
             to
             be
             broken
             ,
             that
             so
             he
             might
             be
             called
             upon
             at
             Rome
             to
             make
             new
             Tables
             ;
             and
             Antonius
             at
             the
             first
             assisted
             his
             design
             ,
             but
             entertaining
             some
             suspicion
             that
             Dolabella
             had
             gotten
             too
             familiar
             an
             acquaintance
             with
             his
             Wife
             ,
             he
             turned
             her
             away
             ,
             and
             joined
             himself
             with
             some
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             were
             for
             opposing
             the
             Tribune
             .
             As
             they
             were
             both
             fierce
             young
             Men
             ,
             and
             of
             great
             Quality
             ,
             this
             Division
             of
             theirs
             had
             very
             ill
             consequences
             ,
             they
             came
             in
             Arms
             to
             the
             Publick
             Place
             ,
             where
             ,
             after
             a
             great
             Combat
             ,
             Dolabella
             was
             put
             to
             flight
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LVII
             .
             Caesar
             goes
             into
             Asia
             .
          
           
             THIS
             news
             extremely
             troubled
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             was
             afraid
             lest
             these
             Divisions
             might
             at
             last
             ruine
             his
             Party
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Insolence
             of
             his
             Officers
             might
             render
             him
             yet
             more
             Odious
             to
             the
             Romans
             .
             He
             knew
             ,
             besides
             ,
             that
             the
             Souldiers
             which
             he
             had
             sent
             into
             Italy
             ,
             had
             thrown
             off
             all
             manner
             of
             Military
             Discipline
             ,
             and
             that
             his
             presence
             onely
             could
             be
             of
             force
             to
             bring
             them
             back
             to
             their
             duty
             .
             So
             he
             resolved
             to
             take
             a
             Journey
             into
             Asia
             for
             the
             establishing
             of
             Peace
             in
             those
             Provinces
             ,
             and
             then
             go
             to
             
               Rome
               .
               Syria
            
             being
             in
             Peace
             ,
             he
             left
             there
             
               Sextus
               Caesar
            
             his
             Kinsman
             with
             one
             Legion
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             embarked
             himself
             to
             go
             into
             Cilicia
             ,
             where
             landing
             ,
             he
             advanced
             by
             great
             Marches
             as
             far
             as
             *
             Galatia
             .
             There
             Dejotarus
             the
             †
             Tetrarch
             of
             that
             Province
             ,
             called
             King
             of
             Armenia
             by
             the
             Senate
             ,
             came
             to
             find
             him
             out
             ,
             and
             excuse
             himself
             for
             having
             followed
             Pompey's
             Party
             ;
             Caesar
             received
             him
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Humanity
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             something
             reproached
             him
             with
             the
             good
             Offices
             which
             he
             had
             heretofore
             done
             him
             at
             Rome
             ,
             he
             caused
             Dejotarus
             to
             take
             again
             those
             marks
             of
             Royalty
             which
             he
             had
             quitted
             ,
             and
             join
             the
             Troops
             of
             that
             King
             with
             his
             own
             .
             From
             thence
             he
             marched
             against
             Pharnaces
             ,
             who
             had
             possessed
             himself
             of
             
             Cappadocia
             ,
             and
             the
             lesser
             Armenia
             ,
             under
             Dejotarus
             ,
             and
             who
             had
             defeated
             
               Domitius
               Calvinus
            
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             .
             This
             Prince
             ,
             who
             knew
             what
             necessity
             of
             Affairs
             called
             Caesar
             to
             Rome
             ,
             sought
             onely
             to
             gain
             time
             ,
             and
             to
             that
             purpose
             sent
             Ambassadours
             to
             
               Caesar
               ,
               They
               besought
               him
               not
               to
               treat
               their
               King
               as
               an
               Enemy
               for
               the
               sake
               of
            
             Dejotarus
             ,
             
               who
               had
               sent
               Troops
               to
            
             Pompey
             ,
             since
             Pharnaces
             
               had
               never
               assisted
               him
               neither
               with
               Men
               nor
               Money
               ,
               that
               at
               least
               he
               would
               be
               as
               favourable
               to
               him
               as
               he
               had
               been
               to
               that
               Prince
               ,
               whom
               he
               had
               pardoned
               ,
               but
               that
               nevertheless
               in
               what
               manner
               soever
               it
               should
               be
               his
               fortune
               to
               be
               treated
               ,
               he
               should
               always
               observe
               his
               Orders
               .
               Caesar
            
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               that
               would
               be
               the
               best
               way
               of
               shewing
               himself
               a
               Friend
               ,
               That
               what
               he
               said
               of
            
             Dejotarus
             ,
             
               had
               no
               relation
               to
               the
               affairs
               in
               hand
               ,
               since
               all
               the
               world
               knew
               that
               he
               received
               not
               less
               joy
               in
               pardoning
               those
               many
               particular
               injuries
               which
               were
               done
               to
               himself
               ,
               than
               in
               revenging
               such
               as
               had
               been
               offered
               to
               the
               Republick
               .
            
             This
             was
             because
             Pharnaces
             ,
             pufft
             up
             with
             his
             Victory
             ,
             had
             treated
             the
             Roman
             Citizens
             which
             were
             in
             his
             Provinces
             with
             great
             Cruelty
             ,
             putting
             the
             men
             to
             death
             ,
             and
             castrating
             the
             Boys
             .
             Caesar
             added
             moreover
             ,
             
               That
               he
               ought
               to
               quit
            
             Pontus
             ,
             
               and
               restore
               their
               Goods
               again
               to
               the
               Romans
               ;
               after
               which
               he
               might
               accept
               perhaps
               of
               his
               Present
               ,
               being
               a
               Crown
               of
               Gold
               ,
               which
               he
               had
               refused
               ▪
               Pharnaces
            
             having
             received
             this
             answer
             ,
             desired
             time
             for
             the
             satisfying
             of
             these
             demands
             .
             But
             Caesar
             seeing
             through
             his
             Artifices
             ,
             resolved
             to
             get
             nearer
             to
             him
             ,
             by
             
             that
             means
             either
             to
             bring
             him
             to
             Obedience
             ,
             or
             give
             him
             Battel
             :
             He
             had
             with
             him
             onely
             four
             Legions
             ,
             one
             of
             old
             Troops
             ,
             by
             their
             fatigues
             and
             marches
             reduced
             to
             a
             little
             more
             than
             a
             thousand
             men
             ,
             one
             belonging
             to
             Dejotarus
             ,
             and
             two
             of
             those
             which
             had
             been
             beaten
             under
             Domitius
             .
             With
             these
             Forces
             he
             advanced
             as
             far
             as
             Ziela
             ,
             a
             City
             of
             Pontus
             ,
             near
             to
             which
             Mithridates
             had
             heretofore
             got
             the
             better
             of
             the
             Romans
             .
             This
             seemed
             a
             favourable
             Omen
             to
             Pharnaces
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             Son
             of
             that
             King.
             Therefore
             as
             Caesar
             was
             causing
             a
             Hill
             to
             be
             fortified
             about
             1000
             paces
             from
             the
             Enemies
             Camp
             ,
             this
             Prince
             despising
             the
             small
             number
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             the
             Troops
             which
             he
             had
             once
             beaten
             ,
             quitted
             his
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             attack
             them
             ;
             when
             Caesar
             seeing
             him
             in
             the
             Valley
             ,
             which
             separated
             the
             two
             Camps
             ,
             where
             his
             Battalions
             were
             one
             above
             another
             ,
             because
             the
             place
             was
             narrow
             ,
             and
             where
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             no
             man
             of
             common
             sense
             would
             ever
             have
             engaged
             himself
             ,
             he
             despised
             his
             want
             of
             Experience
             ,
             but
             when
             at
             the
             same
             time
             he
             saw
             him
             coming
             up
             the
             Hill
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             posted
             ,
             admiring
             his
             Courage
             ,
             or
             indeed
             rather
             his
             Rashness
             ,
             he
             gave
             the
             signal
             of
             Battel
             .
             This
             surprizal
             caused
             at
             first
             some
             disorder
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             ,
             which
             was
             augmented
             by
             those
             Chariots
             armed
             with
             Scithes
             ,
             which
             marched
             at
             the
             head
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             rendred
             the
             Battel
             very
             bloudy
             ;
             but
             when
             Caesar's
             People
             ,
             and
             especially
             the
             Veteran
             Legion
             ,
             had
             
             recovered
             their
             order
             ,
             they
             forced
             the
             Enemy
             to
             give
             ground
             ,
             and
             defeated
             them
             with
             so
             great
             a
             slaughter
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             several
             times
             could
             not
             forbear
             saying
             ,
             That
             Pompey
             
               was
               very
               happy
               to
               have
               gotten
               so
               much
               glory
               at
               so
               easie
               a
               rate
               against
               such
               an
               Enemy
               .
            
             It
             was
             also
             for
             this
             Victory
             that
             when
             he
             Triumphed
             at
             Rome
             ,
             he
             bore
             this
             famous
             Inscription
             ,
             
               Veni
               ,
               Vidi
               ,
               Vici
            
             ,
             I
             came
             ,
             I
             saw
             ,
             I
             overcame
             .
             In
             effect
             ,
             this
             absolutely
             put
             an
             end
             to
             the
             War
             ,
             for
             he
             took
             Pharnaces's
             Camp
             ,
             who
             fled
             into
             the
             remotest
             places
             of
             Asia
             ,
             he
             abandoned
             all
             the
             plunder
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             restored
             Dejotarus
             his
             Troops
             again
             ,
             giving
             some
             necessary
             orders
             to
             the
             Neighbouring
             Provinces
             ,
             where
             he
             left
             two
             Legions
             under
             
               Cassius
               Vinicianus
            
             ,
             and
             establishing
             Mithridates
             of
             Pergama
             ,
             who
             had
             served
             him
             so
             well
             in
             Aegypt
             ,
             King
             of
             *
             Bosphorus
             ,
             he
             embarked
             and
             went
             into
             Italy
             ,
             with
             a
             diligence
             which
             put
             all
             the
             world
             in
             Admiration
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LVIII
             .
             Caesar
             returns
             into
             Italy
             .
             His
             Troops
             Mutiny
             ,
             he
             appeases
             them
             ,
             and
             returns
             into
             Africa
             .
             More
             Battels
             .
          
           
             UPON
             his
             arrival
             in
             
               Italy
               ,
               Cicero
            
             and
             a
             great
             many
             others
             of
             Pompey's
             Party
             came
             to
             meet
             him
             ,
             and
             were
             received
             by
             him
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             had
             always
             been
             of
             his
             Interest
             .
             This
             his
             moderation
             and
             behaviour
             purchased
             him
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             people
             of
             Rome
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             very
             easily
             qualified
             all
             Divisions
             there
             ,
             and
             got
             himself
             chosen
             Consul
             ,
             but
             he
             found
             not
             matters
             in
             so
             good
             a
             condition
             amongst
             his
             Troops
             ,
             who
             were
             grown
             to
             that
             height
             of
             insolence
             ,
             that
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             ,
             whom
             for
             its
             Valour
             he
             had
             always
             particularly
             favoured
             ,
             openly
             revolted
             ,
             and
             killed
             Isconius
             and
             Galba
             ,
             two
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             so
             he
             sent
             for
             other
             Troops
             into
             Rome
             to
             guard
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             notwithstanding
             the
             Counsel
             of
             his
             Friends
             to
             the
             contrary
             ,
             went
             to
             find
             out
             this
             Mutinous
             Legion
             ,
             which
             was
             drawn
             up
             in
             the
             field
             of
             Mars
             ,
             the
             pretence
             of
             their
             Revolt
             was
             the
             rewards
             which
             he
             had
             promised
             them
             before
             the
             Battel
             of
             Pharsalia
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             when
             he
             appeared
             before
             them
             ,
             the
             presence
             of
             a
             General
             famous
             for
             so
             many
             Victories
             ,
             so
             brave
             as
             he
             was
             ,
             and
             of
             so
             noble
             a
             presence
             ,
             struck
             them
             with
             such
             respect
             ,
             that
             the
             most
             Insolent
             of
             them
             had
             not
             a
             word
             which
             he
             
             durst
             utter
             .
             So
             he
             mounted
             upon
             a
             Tribunal
             ,
             and
             demanding
             of
             them
             ,
             
               What
               they
               had
               to
               say
               to
               him
               in
               relation
               to
               their
               rewards
               ?
               They
               onely
               begged
               of
               him
               to
               give
               them
               leave
               to
               quit
               their
               Arms
               ,
               alledging
               their
               age
               ,
               their
               wounds
               ,
               and
               their
               long
               service
               ;
               It
               is
               but
               just
               ,
            
             says
             he
             ,
             
               I
               do
               give
               you
               leave
               ,
               and
               ye
               may
               be
               gone
               .
            
             This
             answer
             indeed
             surprized
             them
             ,
             for
             they
             believing
             that
             he
             had
             still
             need
             of
             their
             service
             ,
             expected
             that
             he
             would
             have
             given
             them
             Presents
             to
             have
             kept
             them
             together
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             continuing
             yet
             for
             some
             time
             without
             saying
             any
             thing
             ;
             
               As
               to
               your
               rewards
            
             (
             says
             he
             )
             
               those
               I
               will
               give
               you
               when
               I
               have
               triumphed
               over
               the
               rest
               of
               my
               Enemies
               .
            
             This
             word
             rewards
             made
             them
             recollect
             themselves
             a
             little
             ,
             they
             began
             to
             believe
             that
             he
             would
             have
             forgotten
             their
             Revolt
             ,
             for
             they
             were
             ashamed
             to
             forsake
             him
             ,
             promising
             themselves
             yet
             great
             advantages
             under
             his
             Conduct
             ,
             besides
             ,
             they
             saw
             they
             should
             be
             but
             a
             laughing
             stock
             to
             both
             Parties
             ,
             there
             being
             no
             man
             in
             Italy
             who
             durst
             put
             himself
             at
             the
             head
             of
             them
             ,
             for
             this
             reason
             they
             expected
             with
             great
             apprehension
             how
             he
             would
             farther
             explain
             himself
             ,
             and
             his
             Friends
             about
             him
             very
             much
             importuned
             him
             .
             When
             he
             began
             to
             speak
             to
             them
             ,
             he
             called
             them
             Citizens
             .
             This
             word
             ,
             which
             seemed
             to
             degrade
             them
             ,
             was
             like
             a
             clap
             of
             Thunder
             in
             their
             Ears
             ,
             so
             they
             cryed
             out
             with
             confusion
             ,
             
               That
               they
               were
               Souldiers
            
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             made
             an
             offer
             to
             come
             down
             angrily
             from
             his
             Tribunal
             ,
             they
             threw
             themselves
             at
             his
             feet
             ,
             
               Conjuring
               him
               to
               inflict
               all
               
               those
               punishments
               upon
               them
               which
               their
               insolence
               deserved
               ,
               rather
               than
               disband
               them
               so
               shamefully
               .
            
             This
             was
             the
             Point
             which
             he
             desired
             to
             bring
             them
             to
             ,
             so
             he
             remained
             a
             long
             time
             inflexible
             either
             to
             their
             prayers
             or
             their
             tears
             ,
             till
             at
             last
             pretending
             himself
             overcome
             by
             the
             importunity
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             he
             once
             more
             ascended
             the
             Tribunal
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             
               That
               that
               Revolt
               so
               much
               the
               more
               surprized
               him
               ,
               for
               that
               it
               came
               from
               the
               Legion
               which
               he
               had
               distinguished
               by
               his
               particular
               favours
               ,
               that
               for
               all
               this
               he
               would
               not
               punish
               them
               after
               he
               had
               once
               so
               much
               loved
               them
               ,
               that
               he
               would
               allow
               all
               that
               he
               had
               promised
               them
               ,
               and
               more
               than
               that
               Lands
               too
               for
               their
               subsistence
               ,
               when
               he
               should
               have
               completed
               the
               War
               in
            
             Africa
             ;
             
               but
               that
               they
               should
               not
               follow
               him
               in
               that
               War
               ,
               but
               remain
               in
            
             Italy
             .
             This
             last
             exception
             yet
             more
             and
             more
             afflicted
             them
             ,
             they
             offered
             themselves
             to
             be
             decimated
             for
             punishment
             of
             their
             fault
             .
             And
             this
             submission
             so
             intirely
             appeased
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             consented
             they
             should
             have
             leave
             to
             follow
             him
             .
             In
             this
             manner
             by
             his
             Resolution
             and
             his
             Address
             did
             he
             gloriously
             acquit
             himself
             in
             an
             undertaking
             of
             so
             much
             danger
             .
             Caesar
             made
             but
             a
             short
             stay
             at
             Rome
             after
             this
             action
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             had
             re-established
             order
             and
             quiet
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             leaving
             Antonius
             to
             Command
             there
             ,
             he
             marched
             by
             great
             Journeys
             into
             Sicily
             .
             He
             would
             not
             make
             his
             entry
             into
             any
             City
             ,
             but
             to
             signify
             the
             impatience
             he
             had
             to
             go
             into
             Africa
             ,
             encamped
             himself
             so
             near
             the
             Sea-side
             ,
             that
             the
             waves
             flowed
             up
             to
             the
             very
             foot
             of
             his
             Tent
             ,
             and
             though
             
             the
             Winds
             were
             contrary
             ,
             he
             nevertheless
             Embarked
             what
             Souldiers
             he
             had
             with
             him
             ,
             who
             consisted
             of
             one
             Legion
             of
             new
             Levies
             and
             600
             Horse
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             four
             other
             new
             Legions
             ,
             and
             one
             more
             ,
             being
             a
             Veteran
             Legion
             ,
             came
             up
             with
             about
             2000
             Horse
             ,
             which
             obliged
             him
             to
             send
             away
             all
             his
             Fleet
             ,
             whom
             he
             soon
             after
             joyned
             ,
             leaving
             orders
             with
             Alienus
             the
             Pretor
             of
             Sicily
             ,
             to
             send
             him
             the
             other
             Legions
             as
             fast
             as
             they
             should
             arrive
             .
             Now
             as
             the
             Troops
             of
             his
             Enemies
             consisted
             of
             great
             numbers
             ,
             for
             Iuba
             had
             four
             Legions
             ,
             abundance
             of
             light
             armed
             Foot
             and
             Cavalry
             almost
             innumerable
             ;
             Scipio
             ten
             Legions
             ,
             six
             and
             twenty
             Elephants
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             many
             Ships
             which
             were
             in
             possession
             of
             all
             the
             Ports
             of
             
               Africa
               .
               Caesar
            
             had
             appointed
             his
             Fleet
             no
             certain
             place
             of
             Rendezvous
             ,
             he
             came
             in
             four
             days
             time
             in
             sight
             of
             the
             African
             Coast
             ,
             and
             passing
             with
             part
             of
             his
             Navy
             before
             the
             Cities
             of
             Clupea
             and
             Neapolis
             ,
             he
             presented
             himself
             before
             
               Adrumetum
               ,
               Considius
            
             Commanded
             in
             that
             place
             ,
             and
             Piso
             guarded
             the
             Coast
             with
             2000
             Moo●ish
             Horse
             .
             Caesar
             made
             shew
             as
             if
             he
             would
             attack
             the
             Port
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             ran
             ashore
             a
             little
             way
             off
             ,
             where
             he
             landed
             onely
             with
             3000
             Foot
             ,
             and
             150
             Horse
             .
             In
             the
             first
             place
             he
             Commanded
             that
             none
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             should
             straggle
             from
             the
             Body
             ,
             and
             advanced
             his
             Troops
             towards
             the
             City
             ,
             where
             after
             having
             intrenched
             himself
             ,
             he
             sent
             one
             of
             his
             Prisoners
             to
             Considius
             ,
             who
             after
             
             having
             understood
             that
             he
             came
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             caused
             him
             to
             be
             slain
             in
             his
             presence
             ,
             and
             sent
             his
             Letters
             to
             
               Scipio
               ,
               Caesar
            
             ,
             who
             had
             no
             design
             to
             attack
             that
             place
             ,
             marched
             all
             along
             the
             Coast
             to
             Ruspina
             ,
             being
             all
             the
             way
             annoyed
             by
             Parties
             from
             the
             Enemy
             .
             And
             it
             was
             in
             one
             of
             these
             occasions
             that
             30
             Gallick
             Horse
             beat
             2000
             Moors
             ,
             and
             drove
             them
             almost
             to
             the
             Gates
             of
             Adrumetum
             ,
             he
             durst
             not
             quit
             the
             Sea
             ,
             being
             uncertain
             what
             might
             become
             of
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Fleet
             ,
             and
             though
             he
             had
             sent
             ten
             Vessels
             to
             inquire
             intelligence
             ,
             and
             had
             taken
             the
             City
             of
             *
             Lepta
             ,
             from
             whence
             having
             furnished
             himself
             with
             good
             store
             of
             Provisions
             ,
             he
             returned
             towards
             Ruspina
             ,
             and
             went
             on
             Board
             with
             six
             old
             Cohorts
             ,
             without
             making
             any
             discovery
             of
             what
             he
             designed
             .
             When
             his
             absence
             was
             known
             in
             the
             Camp
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             were
             extremely
             astonished
             ,
             and
             were
             for
             a
             whole
             night
             almost
             desperate
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             he
             was
             Coasting
             ,
             and
             by
             good
             fortune
             met
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Fleet
             ,
             which
             came
             upon
             the
             same
             design
             ,
             so
             he
             returned
             to
             his
             Camp
             with
             great
             diligence
             ,
             and
             drew
             up
             his
             Army
             in
             Battalia
             to
             receive
             those
             who
             landed
             .
             His
             presence
             put
             an
             end
             to
             their
             apprehensions
             ,
             so
             he
             decamped
             the
             same
             hour
             to
             advance
             farther
             into
             the
             Countrey
             ;
             he
             had
             hardly
             marched
             three
             miles
             when
             his
             Scouts
             brought
             him
             word
             that
             the
             Enemy
             appeared
             :
             A
             moment
             after
             he
             himself
             discovered
             a
             very
             thick
             dust
             which
             was
             from
             Scipio's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             who
             came
             with
             
             a
             great
             Army
             either
             to
             hinder
             his
             descent
             ,
             or
             to
             fall
             upon
             him
             as
             he
             was
             in
             disorder
             ,
             and
             in
             effect
             whatever
             Hirtius
             says
             in
             his
             Commentaries
             ,
             almost
             all
             other
             Authours
             believe
             that
             Caesar
             found
             himself
             at
             this
             time
             in
             great
             danger
             ,
             the
             number
             of
             his
             Enemies
             was
             much
             greater
             than
             that
             of
             his
             own
             Troops
             ,
             and
             his
             Souldiers
             being
             almost
             all
             of
             them
             new
             raised
             Men
             ,
             had
             not
             been
             acquainted
             with
             the
             manner
             of
             fighting
             against
             the
             Numidians
             .
             These
             People
             ,
             as
             they
             doe
             to
             this
             day
             ,
             observe
             no
             manner
             of
             Order
             ,
             but
             being
             very
             well
             Mounted
             ,
             used
             to
             fight
             by
             running
             out
             from
             their
             main
             Body
             throwing
             a
             great
             many
             Lances
             ,
             and
             retreating
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             their
             Enemy
             comes
             forth
             against
             them
             .
             Caesar
             had
             need
             now
             of
             all
             his
             Experience
             as
             well
             as
             Courage
             ,
             to
             hinder
             his
             being
             totally
             put
             to
             a
             rout
             ,
             he
             fought
             with
             his
             own
             hands
             ,
             and
             taking
             by
             the
             Collar
             an
             Officer
             who
             carried
             the
             Eagle
             of
             that
             Legion
             which
             fled
             brought
             him
             up
             into
             the
             foremost
             ranks
             .
             At
             last
             a
             Souldier
             of
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             ,
             (
             whom
             Labienus
             affronted
             ,
             after
             having
             known
             him
             ,
             )
             lancing
             his
             Horse
             with
             a
             Javelin
             .
             C●●sar
             ,
             while
             Labienus
             was
             carrying
             off
             ,
             endeavoured
             with
             his
             Legionaries
             to
             open
             a
             passage
             through
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             who
             had
             hemmed
             him
             in
             ,
             and
             made
             his
             retreat
             good
             into
             his
             Camp
             ,
             in
             despight
             of
             the
             coming
             up
             of
             Petreius
             ,
             who
             it
             is
             said
             spared
             him
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             under
             pretence
             that
             he
             ought
             not
             to
             take
             away
             from
             Scipio
             their
             General
             the
             Glory
             of
             
             completing
             the
             Victory
             .
             A
             little
             time
             after
             Scipio
             came
             to
             join
             his
             Lieutenant
             with
             eight
             Legions
             ,
             and
             4000
             Horse
             ,
             proclaiming
             every
             where
             that
             Iuba
             was
             following
             him
             with
             yet
             greater
             reinforcement
             .
             This
             report
             extremely
             terrified
             Caesar's
             new
             Souldiers
             ,
             their
             fear
             appeared
             in
             their
             very
             faces
             ,
             and
             in
             all
             their
             motions
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             had
             made
             them
             very
             apprehensive
             ,
             Caesar
             to
             take
             away
             that
             inconveniency
             ,
             caused
             them
             to
             be
             drawn
             together
             ,
             where
             he
             spake
             to
             them
             ,
             
               I
               am
            
             (
             said
             he
             )
             
               very
               glad
               to
               let
               you
               understand
               that
               in
               a
               few
               days
            
             Juba
             
               is
               to
               arrive
               with
            
             10
             Legions
             ,
             30000
             Horse
             ,
             100000
             
               light
               armed
               Foot
               ,
               and
            
             300
             
               Elephants
               ,
               so
               that
               those
               who
               are
               now
               so
               curious
               ,
               and
               dispute
               so
               much
               upon
               the
               matter
               ,
               may
               be
               at
               rest
               and
               believe
               me
               ,
               since
               I
               ought
               to
               know
               it
               ,
               else
               I
               shall
               send
               them
               on
               board
               the
               worst
               and
               oldest
               of
               my
               Ships
               ,
               where
               it
               shall
               please
               the
               winds
               and
               fortune
               to
               carry
               them
               .
            
             This
             discourse
             so
             full
             of
             assurance
             ,
             inspired
             them
             with
             fresh
             Courage
             ,
             and
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             those
             sort
             of
             reports
             .
             It
             is
             true
             indeed
             ,
             that
             Iuba
             was
             coming
             up
             ,
             but
             Boguo
             a
             King
             of
             one
             part
             of
             Mauritania
             ,
             and
             Sittius
             a
             Roman
             ,
             who
             was
             setled
             in
             Africa
             with
             a
             great
             many
             of
             Marius's
             Souldiers
             had
             entred
             his
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             made
             such
             Progress
             there
             ,
             as
             obliged
             him
             to
             return
             ,
             so
             the
             War
             was
             carried
             on
             between
             the
             two
             Roman
             Generals
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             would
             forget
             nothing
             that
             might
             be
             for
             the
             advantage
             of
             his
             Affairs
             ,
             knowing
             that
             many
             were
             of
             opinion
             that
             the
             Scipio's
             seemed
             as
             if
             born
             to
             triumph
             in
             Africa
             ,
             chose
             from
             amongst
             his
             Troops
             a
             man
             of
             
             very
             small
             merit
             ,
             but
             one
             who
             bore
             that
             name
             with
             the
             Sirname
             Salutio
             ,
             and
             caused
             all
             orders
             to
             be
             issued
             out
             in
             his
             name
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             had
             been
             General
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             he
             wearied
             the
             Enemy
             by
             different
             movements
             ,
             dayly
             retrenching
             himself
             ,
             and
             besides
             his
             Ramparts
             ,
             which
             were
             furnished
             with
             all
             sorts
             of
             Darts
             ,
             made
             moreover
             Ditches
             filled
             with
             stakes
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             condition
             suffered
             the
             affronts
             of
             Scipio
             ,
             who
             came
             often
             to
             offer
             him
             Battel
             ;
             Caesar
             contenting
             himself
             to
             let
             his
             Cavalry
             onely
             draw
             out
             ,
             and
             distributing
             his
             Orders
             with
             so
             much
             security
             ,
             that
             he
             hardly
             so
             much
             as
             went
             out
             of
             his
             Tent.
             Moreover
             ,
             as
             his
             Souldiers
             were
             not
             yet
             much
             inured
             to
             War
             ,
             he
             took
             pains
             himself
             for
             their
             instruction
             ,
             shewing
             them
             how
             they
             ought
             to
             receive
             the
             on-sets
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             in
             what
             manner
             they
             ought
             to
             make
             their
             Retreat
             ,
             when
             they
             ought
             to
             Charge
             ,
             and
             when
             to
             recover
             their
             Ranks
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             all
             necessary
             postures
             with
             the
             same
             care
             that
             a
             Master
             of
             Defence
             instructs
             his
             Scholars
             .
             He
             forgot
             not
             also
             to
             quicken
             the
             succours
             that
             were
             coming
             up
             ,
             and
             which
             he
             expected
             ,
             by
             People
             whom
             he
             dispatched
             express
             into
             several
             places
             ,
             never
             being
             satisfied
             with
             any
             excuse
             against
             the
             execution
             of
             his
             orders
             .
             At
             last
             Alienus
             sent
             him
             from
             Sicily
             two
             old
             Legions
             ,
             800
             Gallick
             Horse
             ,
             and
             1000
             Archers
             or
             Slingers
             ,
             who
             arrived
             fortunately
             at
             Ruspina
             ;
             with
             these
             Recruits
             Caesar
             left
             his
             Retrenchments
             ,
             and
             marched
             towards
             Vzita
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             would
             
             attack
             it
             .
             Scipio
             came
             to
             succour
             that
             place
             ,
             and
             this
             motion
             was
             the
             occasion
             of
             great
             disputes
             without
             any
             advantage
             on
             one
             side
             or
             the
             other
             .
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             suffered
             much
             for
             want
             of
             Forrage
             ,
             and
             were
             forced
             to
             feed
             their
             Horses
             with
             the
             Moss
             growing
             on
             the
             Sea-side
             ,
             which
             they
             first
             washed
             ,
             to
             take
             out
             the
             Salt
             ,
             and
             then
             mingled
             with
             quitch
             Grass
             ,
             the
             Legionaries
             themselves
             having
             brought
             no
             Tents
             ,
             were
             forced
             to
             lodge
             under
             very
             ill
             Barraques
             .
             This
             inconveniency
             had
             like
             to
             have
             caused
             a
             great
             disorder
             amongst
             them
             by
             a
             kind
             of
             Prodigy
             that
             happened
             ,
             which
             was
             ,
             that
             one
             night
             towards
             the
             time
             that
             the
             Plyades
             disappear
             ,
             there
             fell
             in
             his
             Camp
             certain
             stones
             like
             Hail
             ,
             which
             wounded
             a
             great
             many
             ,
             and
             overthrew
             all
             their
             Barraques
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             passed
             the
             whole
             night
             covered
             onely
             with
             their
             Bucklers
             .
             Nevertheless
             nothing
             could
             diminish
             the
             love
             which
             they
             had
             for
             their
             General
             .
             And
             some
             old
             Souldiers
             being
             taken
             on
             Board
             a
             Vessel
             at
             Thapsus
             ,
             and
             carried
             to
             Scipio
             ,
             though
             he
             made
             them
             very
             advantageous
             Offers
             ,
             refused
             positively
             to
             follow
             him
             ,
             and
             chose
             rather
             to
             see
             themselves
             cut
             in
             pieces
             by
             Scipio's
             Orders
             ,
             than
             undergo
             the
             shame
             of
             being
             called
             Deserters
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Iuba
             being
             solicited
             by
             Letters
             from
             Scipio
             ,
             having
             left
             Saburra
             to
             defend
             his
             Kingdom
             ,
             came
             up
             with
             three
             Legions
             ,
             800
             brideled
             *
             Horse
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Numidians
             and
             light
             armed
             Foot
             ,
             with
             30
             Elephants
             ;
             his
             presence
             added
             much
             to
             the
             
             Courage
             of
             Scipio's
             Troops
             .
             This
             King
             of
             Barbarians
             ,
             causing
             himself
             to
             be
             respected
             above
             the
             Roman
             Officers
             ,
             and
             treating
             them
             with
             Contempt
             .
             They
             several
             times
             attacked
             those
             Parties
             which
             Caesar
             sent
             out
             for
             discovery
             ,
             and
             came
             often
             to
             disturb
             their
             Works
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             one
             day
             
               Iuba
               ,
               Scipio
            
             ,
             and
             Labienus
             came
             at
             the
             head
             of
             all
             their
             Horse
             ,
             to
             affront
             his
             Legionaries
             in
             sight
             of
             his
             Camp.
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             ,
             who
             were
             upon
             the
             Guard
             ,
             were
             forced
             to
             give
             ground
             ,
             but
             the
             Legionaries
             taking
             their
             Arms
             ,
             and
             marching
             up
             in
             order
             ,
             the
             Horse
             returned
             to
             the
             Charge
             so
             vigourously
             ,
             that
             had
             it
             not
             been
             for
             the
             darkness
             caused
             by
             the
             dust
             ,
             and
             the
             coming
             on
             of
             the
             night
             ,
             Iuba
             ,
             and
             Labienus
             had
             certainly
             fallen
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             their
             Cavalry
             been
             utterly
             defeated
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LIX
             .
             Caesar
             chastiseth
             some
             Mutineers
             ,
             and
             after
             several
             movements
             defeats
             Scipio
             and
             Juba
             .
          
           
             THESE
             performances
             very
             much
             encouraged
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             were
             encamped
             near
             Vzita
             ,
             when
             the
             ninth
             and
             tenth
             Legion
             came
             up
             to
             his
             Camp
             ,
             the
             Insolence
             of
             the
             Revolters
             could
             not
             be
             so
             well
             forgotten
             ,
             but
             that
             he
             had
             still
             a
             resolution
             to
             make
             an
             example
             of
             some
             of
             them
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Troops
             ;
             wherefore
             being
             informed
             that
             Avienus
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             that
             Legion
             ,
             had
             taken
             up
             a
             whole
             Vessel
             for
             his
             own
             Equipage
             and
             Horses
             ,
             without
             receiving
             so
             much
             as
             one
             Souldier
             ,
             he
             took
             that
             occasion
             ,
             and
             being
             well
             assured
             of
             the
             affection
             of
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             gave
             orders
             that
             all
             the
             Officers
             that
             belonged
             to
             the
             Legions
             ,
             should
             be
             called
             together
             .
             
               I
               could
               well
               have
               wisht
            
             (
             said
             he
             )
             
               that
               some
               persons
               might
               by
               this
               time
               have
               reformed
               their
               licentious
               and
               insolent
               behaviour
               ,
               and
               made
               some
               reflexions
               upon
               my
               good
               nature
               ,
               my
               forbearance
               ,
               and
               my
               patience
               ,
               but
               since
               they
               have
               not
               known
               how
               to
               regulate
               themselves
               ,
               I
               am
               resolved
               to
               make
               such
               an
               example
               as
               the
               Discipline
               of
               War
               requires
               .
               Therefore
               you
            
             Avienus
             ,
             
               who
               have
               debauched
               the
               Souldiers
               of
               the
               Roman
               People
               against
               the
               Republick
               ,
               committed
               a
               thousand
               exactions
               in
               the
               Cities
               of
            
             Italy
             ,
             
               and
               who
               are
               as
               useless
               to
               the
               Common-wealth
               as
               you
               are
               to
               me
               ,
               seeing
               that
               instead
               of
               
               Souldiers
               ,
               you
               thought
               a
               whole
               Ship
               but
               sufficient
               for
               your
               Equipage
               ,
               and
               by
               that
               means
               have
               obstructed
               the
               service
               of
               the
               Republick
               ,
               I
               here
               Casheer
               you
               from
               my
               Army
               ,
               Commanding
               you
               to
               leave
            
             Africa
             
               this
               very
               day
               ,
               and
               withdraw
               your self
               as
               far
               hence
               as
               it
               's
               possible
               .
               You
            
             Fontejus
             ,
             
               who
               are
               a
               seditious
               Tribune
               ,
               and
               a
               base
               Citizen
               ,
               I
               Command
               you
               also
               to
               depart
               the
               Camp.
               And
               you
            
             Salienus
             ,
             Tiro
             ,
             and
             Clusinas
             ,
             
               who
               after
               having
               by
               favour
               ,
               and
               not
               by
               merit
               obtained
               the
               Posts
               ye
               now
               Command
               in
               ,
               have
               shewen
               as
               little
               Valour
               in
               War
               as
               Honesty
               in
               Peace
               ,
               and
               who
               have
               always
               taken
               more
               care
               to
               make
               your
               Souldiers
               mutiny
               against
               their
               General
               ,
               than
               to
               behave
               your selves
               as
               Men
               of
               Honour
               ought
               to
               doe
               ;
               I
               declare
               you
               unworthy
               of
               any
               Command
               in
               my
               Army
               ,
               and
               here
               ordain
               that
               this
               moment
               ye
               depart
               out
               of
            
             Africa
             .
             Immediately
             he
             put
             them
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             some
             Centurions
             ,
             and
             leaving
             them
             onely
             each
             a
             slave
             to
             attend
             him
             ,
             Commanded
             them
             to
             be
             put
             on
             Board
             upon
             different
             Ships
             .
             On
             the
             other
             side
             Iuba
             ,
             who
             domineered
             in
             the
             other
             Party
             ,
             and
             who
             treated
             even
             Scipio
             himself
             with
             Arrogance
             ,
             having
             forced
             him
             to
             quit
             the
             Coat
             Armour
             of
             Purple
             ,
             which
             distinguished
             him
             as
             General
             ,
             caused
             almost
             dayly
             his
             Troops
             to
             draw
             out
             in
             Battalia
             before
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             who
             thought
             himself
             obliged
             in
             Honour
             to
             quit
             his
             Retrenchments
             .
             Scipio
             had
             put
             all
             his
             Legions
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             Iuba
             upon
             the
             first
             line
             ,
             the
             Numidian
             Foot
             upon
             the
             second
             ,
             the
             Wings
             whereof
             appeared
             to
             be
             doubled
             ,
             the
             Elephants
             being
             on
             the
             right
             and
             left
             upon
             the
             
             Wings
             ,
             and
             behind
             the
             Elephants
             the
             Numidian
             Cavalry
             ,
             all
             his
             bridled
             Horse
             and
             light
             armed
             Foot
             were
             upon
             the
             right
             ,
             the
             City
             of
             Vzita
             closing
             up
             the
             left
             ,
             and
             this
             he
             did
             with
             a
             design
             to
             hem
             in
             the
             Troops
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             ordered
             his
             men
             in
             this
             manner
             ,
             the
             seventh
             and
             ninth
             Legion
             were
             upon
             the
             left
             ,
             the
             twenty
             ninth
             and
             thirtieth
             were
             upon
             the
             right
             ,
             and
             four
             Legions
             in
             the
             Centre
             .
             The
             new
             Legions
             composed
             the
             second
             Line
             ,
             he
             had
             also
             made
             a
             third
             ,
             which
             took
             up
             but
             half
             the
             left
             of
             the
             second
             Line
             ,
             it
             being
             covered
             upon
             the
             right
             with
             his
             Retrenchments
             .
             In
             this
             place
             also
             he
             had
             posted
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             thought
             not
             fit
             much
             to
             rely
             upon
             them
             ,
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             was
             Commanded
             to
             second
             them
             ,
             his
             light
             armed
             Foot
             being
             drawn
             up
             in
             the
             Intervals
             of
             the
             Cavalry
             :
             In
             this
             posture
             the
             two
             Armies
             remained
             at
             about
             300
             paces
             distance
             facing
             each
             other
             ,
             from
             morning
             till
             four
             a
             clock
             in
             the
             Evening
             ,
             without
             fighting
             ,
             which
             perhaps
             had
             never
             before
             happened
             .
             But
             Caesar
             offering
             to
             retire
             ,
             all
             the
             Numidian
             Cavalry
             came
             thundring
             upon
             his
             left
             Wing
             ,
             and
             his
             Horsemen
             being
             a
             little
             too
             far
             advanced
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             of
             them
             were
             wounded
             ,
             and
             one
             slain
             ,
             with
             26
             of
             his
             light
             armed
             Foot
             ,
             the
             night
             hindred
             any
             farther
             proceeding
             ,
             and
             Scipio
             retreated
             into
             his
             Camp
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Joy.
             Now
             all
             the
             thoughts
             of
             Caesar
             were
             ,
             how
             he
             might
             take
             away
             from
             his
             People
             the
             fear
             they
             had
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             especially
             of
             their
             Elephants
             ,
             
             wherefore
             having
             some
             of
             them
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             he
             accustomed
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             approach
             them
             boldly
             ,
             he
             caused
             them
             to
             observe
             the
             place
             where
             those
             Beasts
             were
             most
             easily
             to
             be
             wounded
             ,
             and
             caused
             his
             Cavalry
             to
             assault
             them
             with
             blunted
             Lances
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             to
             inure
             the
             Horses
             to
             the
             sight
             of
             them
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             when
             by
             these
             exercises
             he
             found
             they
             were
             grown
             no
             longer
             afraid
             of
             them
             ,
             he
             decamped
             ,
             seeking
             dayly
             how
             he
             might
             post
             himself
             with
             most
             advantage
             .
             After
             many
             removings
             ,
             and
             some
             skirmishes
             ,
             wherein
             Labienus
             came
             by
             the
             worst
             ,
             observing
             that
             his
             Enemies
             began
             to
             fear
             the
             Valour
             of
             his
             Legions
             ,
             he
             went
             to
             attack
             the
             City
             of
             Thapsus
             ,
             where
             Virgilius
             Commanded
             for
             Scipio
             with
             a
             very
             strong
             Garrison
             .
             Scipio
             ,
             who
             was
             afraid
             ,
             lest
             in
             loosing
             that
             City
             ,
             his
             Reputation
             might
             suffer
             ,
             came
             also
             to
             post
             himself
             about
             the
             nine
             miles
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             where
             he
             and
             Iuba
             entrenched
             themselves
             in
             two
             several
             Camps
             .
             There
             was
             near
             to
             Thapsus
             a
             Pond
             of
             salt
             water
             ,
             about
             1500
             paces
             distant
             from
             the
             Sea.
             Scipio's
             design
             was
             by
             that
             interval
             to
             put
             some
             Troops
             into
             the
             place
             ,
             but
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             foreseen
             as
             much
             ,
             and
             expected
             it
             ,
             had
             built
             a
             Fort
             there
             ,
             and
             left
             a
             Garrison
             in
             three
             places
             ,
             which
             obliged
             Scipio
             to
             make
             some
             attacks
             ,
             but
             without
             success
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             passed
             a
             whole
             night
             and
             a
             day
             on
             the
             banks
             of
             the
             Pond
             ,
             set
             his
             Troops
             a
             work
             for
             retrenching
             themselves
             towards
             the
             Sea
             ,
             1500
             paces
             from
             Caesar's
             Fort.
             Caesar
             
             about
             break
             of
             day
             was
             informed
             of
             the
             proceeding
             ,
             so
             leaving
             Asprinas
             to
             guard
             his
             Camp
             ,
             he
             marched
             directly
             upon
             the
             Enemy
             by
             the
             interval
             ,
             which
             was
             between
             the
             Pond
             and
             the
             Sea.
             He
             sent
             also
             orders
             to
             those
             who
             Commanded
             his
             Vessels
             that
             were
             before
             Thapsus
             ,
             that
             leaving
             onely
             some
             to
             defend
             the
             mouth
             of
             the
             Port
             ,
             they
             should
             advance
             with
             the
             rest
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             Scipio's
             Camp
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             first
             noise
             of
             Battel
             ,
             setting
             their
             Souldiers
             on
             shore
             ,
             make
             an
             attack
             upon
             that
             side
             with
             noise
             and
             shouting
             .
             Caesar's
             Army
             marched
             upon
             three
             lines
             ,
             the
             four
             best
             Legions
             on
             the
             front
             ,
             and
             the
             five
             others
             making
             as
             it
             were
             a
             body
             of
             Reserve
             ,
             five
             Cohorts
             upon
             the
             Wings
             ,
             who
             were
             designed
             to
             engage
             the
             Elephants
             ,
             with
             all
             his
             Archers
             and
             Slingers
             ,
             and
             his
             light
             armed
             Foot
             mingled
             with
             his
             Cavalry
             .
             For
             himself
             ,
             he
             was
             on
             foot
             ,
             going
             through
             the
             ranks
             ,
             and
             animating
             his
             Souldiers
             by
             his
             presence
             and
             his
             Exhortations
             .
             He
             found
             Scipio
             drawn
             up
             in
             Battalia
             before
             his
             Retrenchments
             ,
             the
             works
             whereof
             he
             caused
             dayly
             to
             be
             continued
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             sight
             of
             Caesar's
             Army
             his
             Souldiers
             began
             to
             be
             much
             disordered
             .
             It
             was
             easie
             to
             see
             how
             they
             ran
             about
             from
             one
             place
             to
             another
             ,
             sometimes
             into
             the
             Camp
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             out
             again
             in
             all
             manner
             of
             confusion
             ,
             which
             extremely
             animated
             Caesar's
             Men
             ,
             who
             nevertheless
             did
             what
             he
             could
             to
             oppose
             their
             impatience
             ,
             and
             ran
             to
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             such
             as
             he
             saw
             most
             eager
             ,
             when
             
             upon
             the
             right
             Wing
             ,
             a
             Trumpet
             contrary
             to
             his
             Orders
             ,
             sounded
             a
             Charge
             ,
             immediately
             the
             Cohorts
             upon
             the
             Wings
             ,
             in
             spight
             of
             their
             Commanders
             ,
             ran
             on
             ,
             which
             Caesar
             seeing
             ,
             gave
             for
             the
             word
             of
             Battel
             ,
             Felicitas
             ,
             and
             calling
             for
             his
             Horse
             ,
             was
             the
             first
             that
             charged
             the
             Enemy
             .
             Scipio's
             Elephants
             were
             immediately
             put
             to
             flight
             by
             the
             Archers
             and
             Slingers
             upon
             the
             right
             Wing
             ,
             and
             overthrowing
             the
             Souldiers
             that
             were
             behind
             them
             ,
             ran
             into
             the
             entrance
             of
             the
             Camp.
             The
             Moorish
             Cavalry
             being
             abandoned
             by
             the
             Elephants
             ,
             were
             easily
             dispersed
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Legions
             killing
             all
             that
             opposed
             their
             way
             ,
             got
             possession
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Trenches
             .
             The
             Garrison
             of
             Thapsus
             had
             made
             one
             sally
             ,
             but
             were
             driven
             in
             again
             by
             the
             very
             Servants
             that
             belonged
             to
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             so
             that
             nothing
             but
             disorder
             and
             fear
             appearing
             every
             where
             ,
             Scipio's
             Men
             had
             nothing
             to
             consider
             of
             ,
             but
             flying
             towards
             the
             Camp
             ,
             which
             for
             two
             days
             before
             they
             had
             quitted
             ,
             but
             seeing
             themselves
             without
             any
             Leader
             ,
             they
             threw
             down
             their
             Arms
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             run
             more
             lightly
             towards
             the
             Camp
             of
             Iuba
             ,
             which
             those
             of
             Caesar's
             Troops
             ,
             who
             had
             not
             been
             engaged
             ,
             had
             already
             forced
             ,
             so
             these
             poor
             Souldiers
             of
             Scipio
             retreated
             up
             to
             a
             hill
             ,
             where
             ,
             though
             they
             made
             sign
             that
             they
             would
             surrender
             themselves
             ,
             though
             they
             saluted
             Caesar's
             Men
             ,
             and
             had
             thrown
             down
             their
             Arms
             ,
             nevertheless
             ,
             the
             Veterans
             ,
             heated
             with
             bloud
             ,
             and
             transported
             with
             fury
             ,
             after
             having
             
             wounded
             and
             killed
             some
             Senatours
             of
             their
             own
             Party
             ,
             whom
             they
             did
             not
             love
             ,
             and
             who
             would
             have
             with-held
             them
             ,
             they
             cut
             them
             all
             in
             pieces
             ,
             though
             Caesar
             himself
             were
             present
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             LX.
             The
             death
             of
             Scipio
             and
             
               Juba
               .
               Caesar
            
             marches
             towards
             Utica
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Cato
             .
          
           
             PLutarch
             reports
             that
             50000
             Men
             fell
             in
             this
             Battel
             ,
             Hirtius
             reckons
             onely
             10000.
             
             This
             Victory
             ,
             so
             absolute
             as
             it
             was
             ,
             cost
             Caesar
             but
             50
             Souldiers
             .
             All
             the
             heads
             of
             that
             Party
             seeing
             no
             hopes
             of
             farther
             relief
             ,
             perished
             by
             divers
             accidents
             ,
             Scipio
             endeavouring
             to
             save
             himself
             by
             Sea
             ,
             finding
             his
             Vessel
             taken
             ,
             ran
             upon
             his
             own
             Sword.
             Iuba
             and
             Petreius
             fought
             one
             against
             the
             other
             ,
             where
             Petreius
             being
             slain
             by
             the
             King
             ,
             he
             also
             commanded
             a
             death
             from
             the
             hands
             of
             one
             of
             his
             slaves
             .
             Afranius
             and
             Faustus
             ,
             the
             Sons
             of
             Silla
             ,
             were
             taken
             by
             Sittius
             ,
             who
             put
             them
             to
             death
             .
             Onely
             Labienus
             escaped
             into
             Spain
             ,
             and
             all
             Africa
             submitted
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             except
             the
             City
             of
             
               Vtica
               :
               Cato
            
             Commanded
             there
             with
             some
             Troops
             ,
             and
             had
             established
             a
             kind
             of
             a
             Senate
             ,
             
             composed
             of
             300
             Romans
             which
             he
             had
             gathered
             to
             him
             ,
             he
             received
             the
             news
             of
             the
             Battel
             by
             some
             of
             Scipio's
             Horsemen
             ,
             who
             had
             rallied
             together
             in
             a
             considerable
             number
             ,
             and
             as
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             Vtica
             had
             always
             appeared
             inclined
             to
             
               Caesar
               ,
               Cato
            
             to
             secure
             them
             ,
             had
             put
             them
             into
             a
             Fortification
             without
             the
             City
             .
             The
             Cavaliers
             would
             have
             taken
             this
             occasion
             to
             plunder
             ,
             but
             Cato
             went
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             by
             his
             Intercession
             and
             Authority
             persuaded
             them
             not
             to
             use
             any
             violence
             .
             They
             offered
             him
             to
             follow
             him
             if
             he
             would
             make
             his
             retreat
             with
             them
             ,
             but
             he
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               his
               design
               was
               to
               hold
               out
               the
               siege
               ,
            
             though
             when
             he
             returned
             into
             the
             Town
             ,
             he
             found
             the
             minds
             of
             every
             body
             so
             divided
             ,
             and
             so
             unresolved
             ,
             that
             he
             soon
             quitted
             that
             design
             for
             another
             more
             agreeable
             to
             his
             Character
             ,
             and
             those
             Opinions
             of
             Philosophy
             whereof
             he
             had
             always
             made
             profession
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             he
             gave
             out
             his
             Orders
             with
             most
             admirable
             Prudence
             and
             Resolution
             .
             He
             sent
             away
             the
             Cavaliers
             ,
             fearing
             lest
             they
             should
             commit
             some
             new
             disorder
             .
             He
             persuaded
             several
             of
             his
             Friends
             to
             save
             themselves
             by
             Sea
             ,
             others
             (
             as
             Lucius
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             Kinsman
             of
             Caesar's
             )
             to
             rely
             upon
             his
             goodness
             ,
             this
             last
             thing
             he
             recommended
             to
             his
             Children
             ,
             and
             made
             a
             large
             discourse
             to
             the
             eldest
             ,
             exhorting
             him
             never
             to
             intermeddle
             with
             the
             affairs
             of
             the
             Republick
             .
             At
             night
             ,
             according
             to
             his
             usual
             Custome
             ,
             he
             came
             to
             Supper
             ,
             (
             that
             is
             to
             say
             )
             sitting
             ,
             
             for
             since
             the
             death
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             he
             had
             never
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Roman
             Custome
             ,
             lain
             down
             at
             his
             Meals
             .
             Several
             of
             his
             particular
             Friends
             were
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             amongst
             others
             ,
             some
             Philosophers
             .
             The
             Discourse
             ran
             altogether
             upon
             Philosophy
             ,
             and
             Cato
             defended
             that
             Maxim
             ,
             
               That
               the
               Vertuous
               onely
               were
               happy
               and
               free
               ,
               but
               wicked
               men
               always
               miserable
               and
               in
               slavery
               .
            
             He
             grew
             very
             warm
             upon
             this
             Subject
             ,
             and
             managed
             it
             with
             so
             much
             heat
             ,
             that
             his
             Friends
             might
             easily
             discover
             he
             had
             something
             more
             than
             ordinary
             in
             his
             mind
             ,
             nor
             could
             they
             conceal
             the
             grief
             it
             gave
             them
             ,
             which
             caused
             him
             to
             change
             the
             discourse
             ,
             and
             apply
             himself
             to
             his
             business
             ,
             so
             he
             gave
             out
             several
             orders
             ,
             to
             let
             them
             see
             that
             life
             and
             he
             were
             not
             yet
             upon
             ill
             terms
             .
             A
             little
             time
             after
             he
             went
             to
             bed
             ,
             having
             first
             embraced
             his
             Sons
             ,
             and
             the
             whole
             Company
             ,
             but
             with
             so
             much
             tenderness
             ,
             that
             it
             redoubled
             their
             suspicions
             ,
             and
             caused
             them
             to
             take
             away
             his
             Sword
             ,
             which
             he
             was
             always
             wont
             to
             have
             by
             him
             .
             He
             took
             up
             Plato's
             Book
             of
             the
             Soul
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             read
             a
             little
             while
             ,
             looking
             for
             his
             Sword
             ,
             and
             not
             finding
             it
             ,
             he
             called
             for
             one
             of
             his
             Slaves
             ,
             and
             without
             the
             least
             disorder
             onely
             bid
             him
             fetch
             it
             ,
             but
             seeing
             he
             was
             not
             obeyed
             ,
             he
             asked
             for
             it
             a
             second
             time
             ,
             and
             grew
             so
             angry
             ,
             that
             he
             struck
             the
             slave
             with
             such
             force
             ,
             that
             he
             hurt
             his
             hand
             ,
             crying
             out
             ,
             
               He
               was
               betrayed
               ,
               and
               should
               be
               delivered
               to
               his
               Enemies
               naked
               and
               disarmed
               .
            
             At
             the
             noise
             of
             
             this
             ,
             his
             Sons
             and
             his
             Friends
             came
             into
             his
             Chamber
             ,
             he
             spoke
             to
             them
             with
             some
             passion
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               How
               long
               is
               it
               that
               ye
               have
               observed
               me
               to
               have
               lost
               common
               sense
               ?
               And
               why
               do
               ye
               not
               try
               to
               persuade
               me
               by
               reason
               ,
               without
               obliging
               me
               by
               force
               to
               follow
               other
               Opinions
               than
               those
               I
               have
               already
               ?
               Why
               dost
               not
               thou
            
             (
             said
             he
             to
             his
             Son
             )
             
               bind
               thy
               Father
               ,
               and
               tye
               up
               his
               hands
               ,
               that
               so
               I
               may
               be
               no
               longer
               in
               a
               condition
               to
               defend
               my self
               against
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               for
               against
               my self
               I
               have
               no
               need
               of
               the
               help
               of
               a
               Sword
               ,
               can
               any
               man
               miss
               of
               a
               way
               to
               death
               ?
               may
               he
               not
               stifle
               himself
               ,
               or
               beat
               out
               his
               brains
               against
               the
               Walls
               ?
            
             At
             this
             Discourse
             his
             Sons
             went
             out
             of
             the
             Chamber
             weeping
             ,
             and
             left
             him
             with
             Demetrius
             ,
             and
             Apollodorus
             ,
             who
             were
             two
             Philosophers
             ,
             and
             his
             Friends
             ,
             so
             he
             renewed
             the
             discourse
             with
             something
             more
             of
             moderation
             ,
             
               Are
               not
               ye
               also
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               of
               the
               opinion
               to
               persuade
               a
               man
               of
               my
               years
               in
               spight
               of
               himself
               to
               save
               his
               life
               ?
               And
               do
               not
               you
               stay
               here
               to
               sit
               like
               Mutes
               ,
               and
               wait
               upon
               me
               for
               my
               guard
               ?
               Or
               if
               you
               bring
               me
               any
               good
               reasons
               to
               convince
               me
               ,
               that
               having
               nothing
               else
               to
               rely
               on
               ,
               it
               would
               not
               be
               a
               thing
               unworthy
               of
               my self
               to
               beg
               my
               life
               as
               a
               particular
               favour
               from
               the
               hands
               of
               my
               Enemy
               ,
               why
               do
               ye
               not
               proceed
               to
               prove
               it
               to
               me
               ?
               That
               so
               renouncing
               all
               those
               Maxims
               which
               we
               have
               hitherto
               maintained
               together
               ,
               and
               becoming
               more
               wise
               by
               the
               means
               of
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               we
               may
               find
               our selves
               so
               much
               the
               more
               obliged
               to
               him
               ;
               It
               is
               not
               ,
            
             added
             he
             ,
             
               that
               I
               have
               yet
               resolved
               upon
               that
               Subject
               ,
               I
               would
               debate
               it
               with
               you
               after
               having
               
               examined
               those
               Books
               and
               Reasons
               which
               Philosophy
               supplies
               us
               with
               upon
               the
               like
               occasion
               .
               Go
               ,
               get
               ye
               gone
               ,
               and
               tell
               my
               Sons
               that
               they
               ought
               not
               to
               think
               of
               persuading
               me
               by
               force
               to
               a
               thing
               which
               they
               cannot
               convince
               me
               of
               by
               Reason
               .
            
             After
             this
             ,
             Demetrius
             went
             out
             and
             sent
             him
             back
             his
             Sword
             by
             a
             young
             Slave
             ,
             he
             examined
             the
             point
             ,
             if
             it
             were
             good
             ,
             and
             would
             enter
             well
             ,
             and
             finding
             it
             to
             his
             mind
             ,
             he
             laid
             it
             by
             him
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               I
               am
               Master
               of
               my self
            
             ,
             so
             he
             took
             again
             the
             Book
             ,
             which
             he
             read
             twice
             over
             ,
             and
             then
             fell
             into
             so
             sound
             a
             sleep
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             heard
             into
             his
             Anti-Chamber
             :
             about
             midnight
             he
             called
             two
             of
             his
             Free-Men
             ,
             Cleantes
             his
             Physician
             ,
             and
             Butas
             ,
             this
             last
             he
             sentto
             the
             Port
             ,
             to
             see
             if
             those
             that
             would
             embark
             themselves
             ,
             were
             departed
             ,
             and
             made
             his
             Physician
             apply
             a
             Plaster
             to
             his
             hand
             that
             was
             hurt
             .
             This
             care
             of
             himself
             extremely
             rejoyced
             all
             his
             Family
             ,
             Butas
             came
             back
             to
             tell
             him
             that
             every
             body
             was
             embarked
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Sea
             was
             very
             rough
             .
             He
             seemed
             to
             shew
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             concern
             for
             his
             Friends
             that
             were
             on
             Board
             ,
             and
             sent
             back
             Butas
             to
             see
             if
             any
             of
             them
             were
             not
             driven
             back
             ,
             and
             wanted
             his
             assistence
             .
             The
             day
             began
             to
             appear
             ,
             when
             Butas
             returned
             to
             tell
             him
             that
             the
             Sea
             was
             grown
             calm
             ,
             and
             that
             no
             noise
             was
             heard
             upon
             the
             Port
             :
             so
             Cato
             dismissed
             him
             ,
             and
             hardly
             was
             the
             Freed-man
             got
             out
             of
             his
             Chamber
             ,
             when
             he
             took
             his
             Sword
             ,
             and
             thrust
             himself
             through
             the
             Breast
             ,
             the
             hurt
             of
             his
             
             hand
             so
             hindred
             the
             blow
             ,
             that
             he
             did
             not
             dye
             immediately
             ,
             but
             staggering
             ,
             fell
             upon
             his
             Bed
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             threw
             down
             a
             Table
             ,
             upon
             which
             he
             had
             drawn
             some
             figures
             of
             Geometry
             ,
             at
             the
             noise
             of
             this
             his
             Slaves
             came
             in
             ,
             and
             with
             their
             Cries
             brought
             also
             his
             Sons
             and
             his
             Friends
             ,
             they
             found
             him
             weltring
             in
             his
             bloud
             ,
             his
             Bowels
             out
             of
             his
             body
             ,
             and
             were
             so
             confounded
             with
             their
             grief
             ,
             that
             they
             beheld
             him
             without
             being
             able
             to
             give
             him
             any
             assistance
             ,
             his
             Eyes
             were
             yet
             open
             ,
             which
             caused
             his
             Physician
             to
             ease
             him
             upon
             the
             Bed
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             put
             up
             his
             Bowels
             ,
             which
             had
             not
             been
             hurt
             ,
             he
             closed
             up
             the
             wound
             .
             Upon
             this
             ,
             Cato
             recovered
             his
             Spirits
             ,
             and
             being
             transported
             with
             fury
             ,
             thrust
             back
             the
             Physician
             ,
             rent
             open
             his
             wound
             again
             ,
             and
             tearing
             his
             Bowels
             ,
             expired
             before
             their
             Eyes
             .
             In
             this
             manner
             dyed
             Cato
             ,
             at
             the
             age
             of
             55
             years
             ,
             and
             though
             this
             last
             action
             of
             his
             found
             many
             admirers
             ,
             nevertheless
             Brutus
             himself
             ,
             who
             was
             his
             Nephew
             ,
             condemned
             it
             in
             a
             Book
             which
             he
             wrote
             a
             purpose
             ,
             and
             many
             reasons
             there
             are
             indeed
             why
             it
             ought
             to
             be
             considered
             with
             horrour
             ;
             Caesar
             also
             was
             of
             the
             same
             Opinion
             ,
             and
             wrote
             upon
             the
             same
             subject
             when
             he
             heard
             the
             news
             of
             his
             death
             .
             He
             said
             ,
             That
             Cato
             
               had
               envied
               him
               the
               glory
               of
               saving
               his
               life
               ,
               and
               it
               is
               for
               that
               reason
               ,
            
             said
             he
             ,
             
               that
               I
               envy
               his
               death
            
             .
             He
             pardoned
             his
             Son
             ,
             who
             was
             afterwards
             slain
             at
             the
             Battel
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             with
             much
             more
             glory
             than
             
             he
             had
             lived
             ,
             having
             discovered
             too
             strong
             an
             inclination
             for
             the
             Wife
             of
             a
             Prince
             of
             the
             bloud
             Royal
             of
             Cappadocia
             ,
             whose
             name
             was
             Psyche
             ,
             which
             in
             Greek
             signifies
             the
             Soul
             ,
             and
             her
             Husband's
             name
             was
             Maphradates
             ,
             which
             caused
             a
             saying
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             ,
             That
             Maphradates
             and
             Cato
             
               were
               good
               Friends
               ,
               for
               they
               had
               but
               one
               Soul
               ,
               and
               moreover
            
             Cato
             
               is
               generous
               and
               magnanimous
               ,
               for
               he
               has
               a
               Royal
               Soul.
               
            
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LXI
             .
             Caesar
             returns
             to
             Rome
             .
             The
             Pomp
             and
             Magnificence
             of
             his
             Triumphs
             .
          
           
             AFTER
             the
             death
             of
             
               Cato
               ,
               Vtica
            
             surrendred
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             he
             pardoned
             the
             Inhabitants
             ,
             but
             as
             many
             as
             fell
             into
             his
             hands
             of
             the
             three
             hundred
             that
             had
             usurped
             the
             quality
             of
             Senatours
             ,
             he
             put
             to
             death
             .
             So
             Africa
             being
             intirely
             brought
             into
             subjection
             ,
             he
             returned
             to
             Rome
             to
             Triumph
             for
             all
             his
             Victories
             .
             At
             first
             ,
             to
             obtain
             the
             favour
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             he
             gave
             them
             to
             understand
             in
             a
             speech
             he
             made
             them
             ,
             
               That
               his
               last
               Victory
               had
               gained
               the
               Republick
               a
               Countrey
               so
               rich
               ,
               and
               of
               such
               an
               extent
               ,
               that
               it
               was
               able
               to
               furnish
            
             600000
             
               Bushels
               of
               Corn
               ,
               and
            
             2000
             
               pounds
               of
               Oil
               yearly
            
             .
             After
             this
             he
             ordered
             the
             preparation
             for
             his
             Triumph
             upon
             four
             successive
             days
             ,
             the
             first
             designed
             for
             the
             Triumph
             over
             Gaul
             ,
             shewed
             to
             the
             Romans
             in
             a
             great
             many
             Tables
             the
             names
             of
             300
             Nations
             ,
             and
             800
             Cities
             Conquered
             by
             the
             death
             of
             a
             Milion
             of
             Foes
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             defeated
             in
             several
             Battels
             .
             Amongst
             the
             Prisoners
             ,
             appeared
             that
             Vercingentorix
             ,
             who
             had
             raised
             up
             all
             the
             Gauls
             against
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             who
             had
             attacked
             Caesar
             at
             the
             siege
             of
             Alecia
             ,
             followed
             by
             300000
             fighting
             Men
             ,
             besides
             threescore
             and
             ten
             thousand
             that
             were
             in
             the
             place
             besieged
             ,
             all
             the
             Roman
             Souldiers
             followed
             
             their
             General
             Crowned
             with
             Laurels
             ,
             and
             in
             that
             Equipage
             he
             went
             to
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             the
             steps
             whereof
             he
             mounted
             upon
             his
             knees
             ,
             forty
             Elephants
             being
             ranged
             on
             each
             side
             ,
             carrying
             great
             Candlesticks
             ,
             filled
             with
             Flambeaus
             .
             This
             shew
             lasted
             till
             night
             ,
             by
             reason
             that
             the
             Axeltree
             of
             his
             Triumphant
             Chariot
             broke
             ,
             which
             had
             like
             to
             have
             thrown
             down
             the
             Conqueror
             at
             the
             time
             when
             he
             thought
             himself
             at
             the
             highest
             Pinacle
             of
             his
             Glory
             .
             The
             second
             Triumph
             was
             over
             Aegypt
             ,
             where
             appeared
             the
             Pictures
             of
             
               Ptolemy
               ,
               Photinus
            
             and
             Achillas
             ,
             which
             very
             much
             rejoyced
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             .
             The
             third
             shewed
             the
             defeat
             of
             Pharnaces
             ,
             and
             the
             flight
             of
             that
             King
             ,
             which
             caused
             great
             shouts
             of
             Joy
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             many
             Ralleries
             upon
             the
             Conquered
             ,
             and
             here
             it
             was
             that
             he
             made
             use
             of
             that
             Inscription
             *
             whereof
             we
             have
             spoken
             .
             But
             when
             in
             the
             fourth
             Triumph
             they
             saw
             the
             descriptions
             of
             
               Scipio
               ,
               Petreius
            
             ,
             and
             Cato
             himself
             ,
             who
             was
             painted
             tearing
             his
             Bowels
             ,
             they
             sighed
             as
             much
             for
             sorrow
             .
             The
             Son
             of
             Iuba
             ,
             who
             yet
             was
             very
             young
             ,
             was
             carried
             amongst
             the
             Prisoners
             ,
             and
             that
             Prince
             coming
             to
             be
             afterwards
             a
             very
             gallant
             Man
             ,
             and
             of
             great
             understanding
             ,
             Augustus
             gave
             him
             back
             again
             part
             of
             his
             Father's
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             Married
             him
             to
             young
             Cleopatra
             ,
             the
             Daughter
             of
             
               Marcus
               Antonius
            
             .
             The
             Silver
             ,
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             Statues
             of
             Goldsmiths
             work
             which
             were
             used
             in
             these
             Triumphs
             ,
             amounted
             to
             threescore
             and
             sixty
             five
             thousand
             
             Talents
             ,
             besides
             a
             thousand
             eight
             hundred
             and
             twenty
             two
             Crowns
             of
             Gold
             ,
             which
             weighed
             15033
             
               l.
               sterl
            
             .
             and
             were
             Presents
             which
             the
             Princes
             and
             Cities
             had
             made
             him
             after
             Victories
             according
             to
             the
             Customs
             of
             those
             times
             .
             It
             was
             out
             of
             this
             sum
             that
             he
             paid
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             besides
             what
             he
             had
             promised
             them
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             Civil
             Wars
             .
             To
             every
             one
             5000
             Drachma's
             ,
             as
             much
             more
             to
             the
             Centurions
             ,
             and
             twice
             as
             much
             to
             the
             Tribunes
             and
             Commanders
             of
             the
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             for
             their
             retreat
             after
             the
             Wars
             ,
             he
             gave
             them
             Inheritances
             in
             several
             places
             separated
             from
             Italy
             .
             The
             People
             also
             were
             sensible
             of
             his
             Bounty
             ,
             he
             distributed
             to
             each
             particular
             person
             ten
             bushels
             of
             Corn
             ,
             and
             ten
             pounds
             of
             Oil
             ,
             and
             besides
             the
             300
             Denarii
             which
             he
             had
             promised
             a
             100
             more
             ,
             as
             for
             their
             Arrears
             ;
             he
             ordered
             also
             in
             favour
             of
             the
             poorer
             sort
             ,
             that
             the
             rent
             of
             Houses
             ,
             which
             was
             grown
             to
             an
             excessive
             rate
             ,
             should
             be
             reduced
             in
             Rome
             to
             2000
             Sestertii
             ,
             and
             in
             Italy
             to
             500
             ,
             and
             after
             this
             he
             entertained
             the
             whole
             People
             at
             22000
             Tables
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             end
             that
             nothing
             might
             be
             wanting
             to
             the
             Pomp
             of
             these
             Feasts
             ,
             caused
             2000
             Gladiatours
             to
             fight
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             amongst
             whom
             appeared
             Leptenus
             and
             Calpenus
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             Senatours
             ,
             and
             all
             this
             under
             the
             pretence
             of
             Celebrating
             the
             Funerals
             of
             his
             Daughter
             Iulia.
             Upon
             the
             following
             days
             also
             were
             seen
             Comedies
             in
             all
             sort
             of
             Languages
             represented
             in
             several
             places
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             
             where
             the
             Children
             of
             the
             Asian
             Princes
             danced
             Armed
             .
             The
             Cirque
             was
             inlarged
             by
             his
             order
             ,
             and
             surrounded
             with
             a
             Ditch
             filled
             with
             Water
             ;
             and
             in
             this
             place
             the
             Children
             of
             the
             Roman
             Nobles
             exercised
             on
             Horseback
             ,
             and
             upon
             Chariots
             ,
             with
             2
             and
             4
             in
             front
             ;
             at
             last
             being
             divided
             into
             two
             Troops
             ,
             they
             represented
             that
             sort
             of
             Game
             which
             was
             called
             *
             Troy
             ,
             to
             these
             divertisements
             succeeded
             those
             of
             hunting
             of
             wild
             Beasts
             ,
             which
             lasted
             five
             days
             .
             Afterwards
             ,
             two
             Armies
             were
             shewn
             incamped
             in
             the
             Cirque
             ,
             each
             consisting
             of
             500
             Foot
             Souldiers
             ,
             20
             Elephants
             ,
             and
             300
             Horse
             ,
             who
             represented
             a
             Battel
             .
             The
             Wrestlers
             also
             took
             up
             two
             days
             .
             And
             after
             all
             ,
             upon
             a
             Lake
             made
             a
             purpose
             in
             the
             field
             of
             Mars
             ,
             two
             Fleets
             of
             Gallies
             furnished
             with
             a
             1000
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             4000
             Rowers
             or
             Mariners
             diverted
             the
             People
             with
             the
             representations
             of
             a
             Naval
             fight
             .
             These
             entertainments
             having
             drawn
             so
             many
             People
             to
             Rome
             ,
             that
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             them
             were
             forced
             to
             incamp
             in
             the
             publick
             places
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             being
             stifled
             in
             the
             press
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             two
             that
             were
             Senatours
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LXII
             .
             Caesar
             goes
             into
             Spain
             ,
             where
             he
             defeats
             the
             two
             Sons
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             the
             oldest
             whereof
             is
             slain
             .
          
           
             DUring
             the
             time
             of
             these
             rejoycings
             ,
             the
             two
             Sons
             of
             Pompey
             fortified
             themselves
             in
             Spain
             ,
             and
             as
             that
             People
             still
             passionately
             affected
             the
             memory
             of
             their
             Father
             ,
             they
             soon
             got
             together
             a
             powerfull
             Army
             ;
             they
             had
             also
             very
             good
             Officers
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             Labienus
             ,
             which
             obliged
             Caesar
             to
             go
             in
             person
             to
             oppose
             their
             proceedings
             .
             He
             was
             then
             the
             third
             time
             Dictatour
             ,
             but
             e'er
             he
             would
             depart
             ,
             resolving
             to
             take
             a
             general
             review
             of
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             Rome
             ,
             as
             the
             Censors
             had
             formerly
             done
             ,
             he
             found
             onely
             150000
             heads
             of
             Families
             remaining
             of
             320000
             which
             had
             been
             numbred
             before
             the
             Civil
             War
             ,
             which
             now
             had
             wasted
             the
             greater
             half
             of
             them
             ,
             Caesar
             nevertheless
             arrived
             in
             Spain
             sooner
             than
             he
             was
             expected
             .
             Cneius
             ,
             the
             eldest
             of
             the
             two
             Pompey's
             ,
             had
             besieged
             the
             City
             of
             Vlloa
             ,
             and
             Sextus
             the
             younger
             Brother
             was
             in
             Cordova
             with
             a
             strong
             Garrison
             .
             Caesar
             to
             raise
             the
             siege
             ,
             and
             give
             some
             jealousie
             to
             Cneius
             ,
             advanced
             towards
             Cordova
             with
             what
             Troops
             he
             had
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             those
             others
             that
             were
             in
             the
             Province
             under
             the
             Commands
             of
             Pedius
             and
             Fabius
             his
             Lieutenant
             Generals
             .
             This
             proceeding
             had
             its
             effect
             accordingly
             ,
             for
             Cneius
             solicited
             by
             Letters
             from
             his
             Brother
             ,
             raised
             the
             siege
             from
             before
             Vlloa
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             oppose
             
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             after
             having
             vainly
             endeavoured
             to
             draw
             him
             to
             Battel
             ,
             went
             to
             invest
             Atecua
             ,
             that
             being
             the
             place
             of
             most
             importance
             ,
             which
             held
             out
             for
             the
             Pompey's
             .
             Cneius
             being
             deceived
             by
             those
             fires
             which
             Caesar
             had
             kindled
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             discovered
             not
             that
             he
             was
             marched
             ,
             till
             it
             was
             too
             late
             to
             follow
             him
             ,
             so
             he
             retreated
             to
             Cordova
             to
             refresh
             his
             Troops
             ,
             and
             came
             afterwards
             to
             take
             possession
             of
             some
             hills
             near
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             but
             the
             Camp
             was
             so
             well
             fortified
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             attempt
             nothing
             upon
             him
             .
             The
             siege
             lasted
             a
             long
             time
             ,
             and
             the
             besieged
             defended
             themselves
             very
             well
             ,
             which
             obliged
             Cneius
             several
             times
             to
             endeavour
             the
             putting
             of
             Succours
             into
             the
             place
             ,
             to
             which
             purpose
             he
             made
             divers
             skirmishes
             ,
             and
             indeed
             not
             much
             to
             his
             disadvantage
             .
             At
             last
             those
             of
             the
             Garrison
             seeing
             themselves
             pressed
             ,
             undertook
             by
             a
             most
             horrible
             Treachery
             to
             cut
             the
             Throats
             of
             the
             Inhabitants
             ,
             and
             then
             make
             a
             general
             Sally
             for
             the
             forcing
             the
             circumvallation
             of
             Caesar's
             Camp.
             The
             Massacre
             was
             put
             in
             execution
             ,
             but
             their
             Villany
             succeeded
             not
             ,
             for
             they
             were
             beaten
             in
             their
             Sally
             ,
             and
             driven
             back
             into
             the
             Town
             with
             great
             slaughter
             .
             At
             last
             Minutius
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             there
             in
             chief
             ,
             desired
             that
             he
             might
             Capitulate
             ,
             and
             surrendred
             the
             place
             almost
             in
             the
             sight
             of
             Cneius
             .
             After
             this
             ,
             Caesar
             drew
             nearer
             with
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             they
             disputed
             for
             the
             ground
             by
             several
             Works
             which
             they
             caused
             to
             be
             thrown
             up
             ,
             and
             which
             at
             last
             occasioned
             a
             great
             Battel
             ;
             
             wherein
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             were
             forced
             to
             give
             ground
             to
             those
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             which
             advantage
             seeming
             a
             kind
             of
             reparation
             for
             the
             loss
             of
             Atecua
             ,
             very
             much
             raised
             the
             courage
             of
             Cneius
             ,
             some
             of
             his
             Letters
             being
             intercepted
             ,
             wherein
             he
             gave
             account
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             
               had
               onely
               with
               him
               raw
               and
               unexperienced
               Souldiers
               ,
               that
               he
               durst
               not
               put
               himself
               upon
               the
               hazard
               of
               Battel
               ,
               but
               that
               nevertheless
               means
               should
               be
               found
               to
               force
               him
               to
               it
               .
            
             With
             this
             imagination
             he
             went
             to
             incamp
             himself
             near
             *
             Hispalis
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             Caesar
             possessed
             himself
             of
             two
             Castles
             ,
             and
             knowing
             that
             Cneius
             was
             incamped
             in
             the
             Plain
             of
             Munda
             ,
             he
             marched
             his
             Army
             thither
             .
             The
             two
             Generals
             were
             equally
             impatient
             to
             come
             to
             an
             ingagement
             ,
             so
             that
             Cneius
             drew
             up
             his
             Troops
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             by
             break
             of
             day
             he
             had
             posted
             himself
             very
             well
             upon
             a
             Hill
             ,
             both
             sides
             whereof
             were
             defended
             ,
             one
             by
             the
             City
             of
             Munda
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             by
             a
             little
             River
             and
             a
             Marsh
             ,
             the
             exactness
             of
             their
             order
             shewed
             his
             Troops
             to
             great
             advantage
             ,
             especially
             his
             Horse
             ,
             who
             were
             very
             well
             armed
             ,
             the
             River
             also
             being
             upon
             his
             right
             hand
             ,
             and
             separating
             the
             Hill
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             incamped
             from
             the
             Plain
             ,
             which
             was
             five
             Miles
             in
             length
             ,
             and
             reached
             as
             far
             as
             Caesar's
             Camp.
             He
             also
             had
             drawn
             up
             his
             Troops
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             and
             expected
             when
             the
             Enemy
             should
             come
             down
             into
             the
             Plain
             to
             fight
             him
             .
             But
             as
             they
             never
             stirred
             above
             a
             thousand
             paces
             from
             the
             City
             .
             Caesar
             advanced
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Rivolet
             :
             now
             according
             
             to
             the
             Rules
             of
             War
             Cneius
             ought
             to
             have
             ingaged
             him
             in
             his
             passage
             ,
             but
             his
             general
             Officers
             were
             obstinately
             of
             Opinion
             to
             defend
             the
             Hill.
             Caesar
             well
             perceiving
             that
             he
             could
             not
             come
             at
             them
             without
             great
             disadvantage
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             prepared
             themselves
             to
             charge
             him
             as
             he
             came
             up
             ,
             caused
             his
             Army
             to
             hault
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             intended
             to
             fortify
             himself
             in
             that
             Post.
             His
             Army
             consisted
             of
             24
             Cohorts
             ,
             and
             8000
             Horse
             ,
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             were
             upon
             the
             Right
             ,
             the
             third
             and
             fifth
             upon
             the
             Left
             ,
             and
             the
             Cavalry
             upon
             the
             Wings
             .
             Cneius
             had
             fourteen
             Le●gions
             ,
             the
             Cavalry
             and
             his
             light
             armed
             Foot
             amounted
             to
             6000
             Men
             ,
             with
             an
             equal
             number
             of
             Auxiliary
             Troops
             .
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             murmured
             that
             he
             would
             not
             let
             them
             make
             use
             of
             the
             occasion
             to
             ingage
             ,
             and
             the
             delay
             so
             incouraged
             those
             of
             Cneius
             ,
             that
             they
             advanced
             upon
             the
             declining
             part
             of
             the
             Hill
             ,
             so
             both
             sides
             gave
             a
             shout
             ,
             and
             the
             Battel
             began
             .
             The
             first
             shock
             was
             managed
             on
             both
             parts
             with
             so
             much
             courage
             ,
             that
             Casar's
             Men
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             used
             to
             Conquer
             ,
             found
             themselves
             something
             abated
             of
             their
             fierceness
             .
             The
             tenth
             Legion
             ,
             though
             extremely
             weakned
             in
             number
             ,
             nevertheless
             pressed
             hard
             upon
             that
             which
             it
             was
             ingaged
             withall
             .
             But
             Cneius
             Commanded
             a
             Legion
             to
             march
             up
             upon
             the
             Right
             to
             its
             assistence
             .
             During
             this
             proceeding
             ,
             C●sar's
             Cavalry
             charged
             Pompey's
             left
             Wing
             ,
             who
             received
             it
             in
             very
             good
             Order
             ,
             so
             that
             all
             the
             Troops
             on
             both
             sides
             being
             now
             ingaged
             ,
             every
             one
             was
             to
             
             expect
             his
             safety
             from
             his
             own
             proper
             Valour
             .
             All
             Authours
             agree
             that
             Caesar
             was
             never
             in
             so
             great
             danger
             as
             now
             ,
             and
             he
             himself
             has
             since
             declared
             ,
             
               That
               ever
               before
               he
               fought
               for
               glory
               ,
               but
               at
            
             Munda
             
               for
               his
               life
            
             .
             He
             threw
             himself
             several
             times
             amongst
             the
             midst
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             crying
             out
             to
             his
             People
             ,
             
               That
               they
               ought
               to
               take
               him
               and
               deliver
               him
               to
               those
               Children
               to
               save
               themselves
               the
               shame
               of
               being
               beaten
               ,
            
             so
             well
             did
             he
             encourage
             them
             by
             his
             speeches
             ,
             but
             much
             better
             by
             a
             thousand
             actions
             of
             bravery
             which
             he
             performed
             ,
             that
             at
             last
             with
             much
             adoe
             he
             overthrew
             Cneius's
             Troops
             ,
             and
             killed
             thirty
             thousand
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             but
             he
             lost
             a
             thousand
             of
             his
             own
             Men
             ,
             and
             had
             five
             hundred
             wounded
             .
             All
             the
             Ensigns
             were
             taken
             ,
             and
             Varus
             and
             Labienus
             slain
             in
             the
             Battel
             .
             Cneius
             with
             150
             Horse
             escaped
             to
             †
             Carteia
             ,
             from
             whence
             thinking
             to
             get
             away
             by
             Sea
             ,
             he
             was
             forced
             by
             the
             arrival
             of
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             to
             return
             to
             Land.
             He
             was
             immediately
             besieged
             within
             a
             Tower
             ,
             and
             attacked
             so
             vigorously
             ,
             that
             being
             wounded
             in
             the
             Shoulder
             and
             the
             Thigh
             ,
             having
             his
             Heel
             put
             out
             of
             joint
             ,
             he
             was
             forsaken
             by
             his
             People
             ,
             and
             slain
             in
             a
             Cave
             ,
             where
             he
             had
             hid
             himself
             .
             The
             young
             Sextus
             had
             better
             fortune
             ,
             for
             escaping
             from
             Cordova
             ,
             where
             he
             had
             been
             during
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Battel
             ,
             he
             concealed
             himself
             so
             well
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             could
             not
             find
             him
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             because
             he
             was
             so
             young
             ,
             mistook
             him
             .
             After
             this
             Victory
             ,
             which
             put
             an
             end
             to
             that
             famous
             War
             ,
             there
             nothing
             
             appeared
             to
             make
             resistence
             ,
             so
             Caesar
             having
             given
             out
             several
             Orders
             ,
             and
             exacted
             great
             Contributions
             from
             the
             Enemies
             Cities
             ,
             under
             pretence
             of
             punishing
             their
             Rebellion
             ,
             he
             returned
             to
             Rome
             not
             a
             little
             glad
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             at
             last
             brought
             under
             submission
             that
             Commonwealth
             which
             gave
             Laws
             to
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             World.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LXIII
             .
             Caesar's
             return
             to
             Rome
             .
             He
             makes
             several
             Laws
             .
             The
             extreme
             Honours
             which
             were
             done
             him
             ,
             draw
             upon
             him
             the
             Envy
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           
             HE
             would
             needs
             Triumph
             at
             his
             return
             ,
             but
             that
             Triumph
             was
             by
             no
             means
             attended
             with
             any
             joyfull
             Acclamations
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             were
             grieved
             to
             see
             the
             Memory
             of
             their
             beloved
             Pompey
             insulted
             over
             .
             After
             this
             ,
             Caesar
             applyed
             himself
             to
             regulate
             the
             state
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             and
             pardoned
             all
             those
             who
             had
             born
             Arms
             against
             him
             .
             He
             caused
             also
             Pompey's
             Statues
             to
             be
             set
             up
             again
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             observed
             very
             properly
             upon
             that
             occasion
             ,
             saying
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             
               by
               restoring
            
             Pompey
             
               's
               Statues
               secured
               his
               own
            
             .
             He
             published
             several
             Laws
             ,
             as
             that
             which
             limited
             the
             expences
             of
             Feasts
             ,
             which
             he
             caused
             to
             be
             observed
             with
             all
             severity
             .
             Another
             touching
             the
             use
             of
             Litters
             ,
             embroidered
             Robes
             and
             Pearls
             ,
             which
             he
             confined
             onely
             to
             certain
             Persons
             .
             That
             which
             allowed
             the
             right
             of
             a
             free
             Citizen
             to
             all
             People
             of
             Quality
             of
             whatsoever
             profession
             ,
             besides
             ,
             a
             great
             many
             other
             very
             good
             Ordinances
             .
             He
             sate
             in
             Judgment
             with
             wonderfull
             diligence
             and
             application
             ,
             and
             without
             suffering
             himself
             to
             be
             balanced
             
             in
             favour
             of
             any
             of
             the
             Criminals
             .
             Moreover
             ,
             to
             shew
             that
             nothing
             should
             escape
             his
             care
             ,
             he
             undertook
             to
             regulate
             the
             Roman
             Year
             ,
             which
             was
             at
             that
             time
             very
             much
             confounded
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             consisted
             but
             of
             ten
             months
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             establishment
             of
             Romulus
             ,
             and
             Numa
             had
             taken
             care
             to
             add
             two
             others
             ,
             consisting
             of
             sixty
             five
             days
             ,
             nevertheless
             the
             year
             wanted
             eleven
             days
             and
             a
             quarter
             ,
             and
             though
             several
             remedies
             had
             been
             sought
             for
             the
             reforming
             of
             that
             Errour
             ,
             it
             happened
             out
             in
             succession
             of
             time
             that
             the
             Festivals
             came
             in
             seasons
             quite
             contrary
             to
             their
             Institution
             ;
             as
             for
             example
             ,
             those
             for
             the
             Vintages
             in
             Spring
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             the
             Harvest
             in
             Winter
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             after
             having
             consulted
             upon
             this
             occasion
             the
             most
             able
             Astronomers
             ,
             and
             being
             himself
             very
             well
             instructed
             in
             that
             Science
             ,
             whereof
             he
             had
             written
             ,
             regulated
             the
             Year
             according
             to
             the
             course
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             to
             three
             hundred
             sixty
             five
             days
             ,
             and
             one
             day
             more
             to
             be
             added
             every
             fourth
             year
             ,
             which
             was
             called
             the
             Bissextile
             ,
             and
             this
             is
             the
             foundation
             of
             that
             method
             which
             we
             to
             this
             day
             follow
             .
             He
             added
             to
             the
             ten
             old
             Months
             two
             others
             ,
             which
             are
             Ianuary
             and
             February
             ,
             that
             so
             the
             Reformation
             he
             made
             might
             be
             just
             and
             proportionable
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             no-ways
             beloved
             by
             those
             who
             were
             greatest
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             though
             his
             Ordinances
             had
             no
             other
             than
             the
             publick
             good
             ,
             they
             forbore
             not
             to
             vilify
             him
             by
             their
             Raileries
             ;
             and
             Cicero
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             
             being
             in
             a
             place
             ,
             where
             it
             was
             said
             ,
             that
             the
             next
             day
             the
             sign
             of
             the
             Harp
             would
             be
             visible
             (
             Ah
             ,
             said
             he
             )
             according
             to
             the
             Ordinance
             .
             Now
             ,
             though
             Caesar
             had
             Information
             of
             their
             discourses
             ,
             he
             bore
             it
             all
             with
             so
             great
             moderation
             ,
             that
             when
             some
             other
             People
             had
             yet
             the
             insolence
             to
             violate
             his
             Reputation
             by
             Libels
             ,
             he
             never
             so
             much
             as
             inquired
             after
             them
             .
             All
             his
             designs
             shewed
             the
             greatness
             of
             his
             Soul
             ,
             he
             made
             a
             proposition
             for
             adorning
             of
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             with
             a
             magnificent
             Temple
             consecrated
             to
             Mars
             ,
             and
             with
             a
             Theatre
             .
             He
             undertook
             to
             drain
             the
             Marshes
             near
             Rome
             ,
             and
             to
             empty
             the
             Lakes
             .
             After
             these
             Works
             ,
             he
             was
             for
             falling
             upon
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             to
             revenge
             the
             death
             of
             Crassus
             ,
             and
             they
             being
             Conquered
             ,
             to
             enter
             through
             Hircania
             ,
             along
             the
             Banks
             of
             the
             Caspian
             Sea
             into
             Scythia
             ,
             to
             open
             himself
             a
             way
             through
             Germany
             into
             Gaul
             ,
             and
             so
             return
             to
             Rome
             .
             But
             all
             these
             Projects
             ended
             in
             his
             death
             .
             Caesar's
             good
             fortune
             ,
             which
             had
             appeared
             by
             so
             many
             Victories
             ,
             his
             Merit
             and
             great
             Abilities
             ,
             supported
             by
             the
             affection
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             the
             love
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             had
             raised
             him
             to
             a
             degree
             above
             all
             other
             Romans
             .
             But
             as
             it
             usually
             happens
             in
             Common-wealths
             ,
             where
             every
             one
             valuing
             himself
             upon
             his
             own
             Merit
             ,
             looks
             upon
             absolute
             Command
             as
             a
             right
             which
             he
             one
             day
             in
             his
             turn
             may
             pretend
             to
             ,
             that
             advancement
             had
             brought
             upon
             him
             the
             jealousie
             of
             all
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             could
             respect
             him
             no
             otherwise
             
             than
             the
             Usurper
             of
             a
             Rank
             ,
             which
             they
             thought
             themselves
             deserved
             as
             well
             as
             he
             .
             It
             being
             certain
             ,
             that
             in
             matters
             of
             Ambition
             as
             well
             as
             Interest
             ,
             no
             Man
             ever
             thinks
             any
             thing
             too
             much
             for
             himself
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             in
             a
             shamefull
             manner
             they
             dayly
             flattered
             his
             Vanity
             with
             new
             Honours
             ,
             preferring
             him
             even
             in
             his
             life
             time
             in
             some
             sort
             amongst
             the
             Gods.
             They
             thought
             it
             not
             enough
             to
             cause
             him
             to
             be
             chosen
             Consul
             for
             ten
             years
             ,
             and
             perpetual
             Dictatour
             ,
             to
             give
             him
             the
             name
             of
             Emperour
             ,
             and
             Father
             of
             his
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             to
             declare
             his
             Person
             Sacred
             and
             Inviolable
             ;
             But
             they
             ordained
             him
             also
             a
             Statue
             amongst
             those
             of
             the
             Kings
             ,
             a
             Tribunal
             in
             the
             Orchestria
             ,
             a
             Chair
             of
             Gold
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             in
             fine
             in
             the
             Shews
             of
             the
             Cirque
             ,
             a
             Canopy
             ,
             a
             Cushion
             ,
             and
             Offerings
             ,
             as
             to
             the
             Images
             of
             the
             Gods
             ,
             with
             a
             Temple
             ,
             Altars
             ,
             as
             also
             a
             high
             Priest
             ,
             and
             Sacrificers
             .
             Some
             Authours
             have
             reported
             that
             he
             procured
             these
             Honours
             by
             his
             Authority
             ,
             others
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             freely
             bestowed
             upon
             him
             .
             That
             which
             appears
             most
             certain
             is
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             so
             agreed
             upon
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             that
             all
             those
             who
             were
             then
             present
             ,
             came
             to
             him
             in
             a
             body
             to
             acquaint
             him
             with
             the
             Decree
             they
             had
             made
             ,
             he
             was
             then
             in
             the
             Temple
             of
             Venus
             ,
             and
             whether
             it
             were
             out
             of
             State
             ,
             or
             for
             some
             other
             Reason
             ,
             he
             received
             them
             sitting
             without
             rising
             up
             to
             goe
             and
             meet
             them
             .
             Some
             say
             that
             Balbus
             held
             
             him
             when
             he
             would
             have
             raised
             himself
             ,
             others
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             in
             offence
             to
             Tributius
             ,
             who
             pretended
             to
             tell
             him
             what
             he
             was
             to
             doe
             .
             However
             it
             was
             ,
             this
             neglect
             offended
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             and
             caused
             them
             to
             discover
             their
             hatred
             ,
             for
             from
             this
             time
             they
             contrived
             among
             themselves
             to
             publish
             abroad
             ,
             how
             that
             he
             affected
             the
             name
             of
             King
             :
             He
             had
             indeed
             the
             power
             in
             effect
             ,
             and
             did
             onely
             want
             the
             Name
             ,
             which
             was
             odious
             to
             the
             Romans
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             very
             well
             knew
             how
             much
             that
             aversion
             imported
             ,
             very
             well
             defended
             himself
             from
             it
             ,
             and
             one
             day
             when
             some
             People
             called
             him
             Lord
             and
             King
             ,
             he
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               he
               was
            
             Caesar.
             Nevertheless
             ,
             he
             often
             let
             discourses
             fall
             ,
             which
             very
             much
             promoted
             those
             Reports
             that
             were
             spread
             of
             his
             Ambition
             .
             He
             said
             ,
             
               That
               a
               Republick
               was
               no
               other
               than
               a
               name
               and
               mere
               Idea
               ,
               and
               that
            
             Sylla
             
               had
               discovered
               himself
               to
               be
               very
               ignorant
               ,
               when
               he
               renounced
               that
               of
               Dictatour
               .
            
             All
             these
             Discourses
             were
             malitiously
             improved
             ,
             and
             served
             for
             great
             use
             to
             those
             who
             envied
             him
             .
             Two
             Adventures
             ,
             which
             afterwards
             happened
             ,
             contributed
             also
             very
             much
             to
             their
             Confirmation
             .
             As
             he
             returned
             from
             a
             publick
             Sacrifice
             upon
             the
             day
             of
             the
             Latine
             Festivals
             ,
             some
             body
             had
             Crowned
             his
             Statue
             with
             a
             Laurel
             ,
             bound
             about
             with
             a
             little
             band
             of
             white
             Linen
             ,
             which
             was
             a
             sort
             of
             Diadem
             .
             Marulla
             and
             Cesestius
             ,
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             took
             off
             the
             Crown
             ,
             and
             Imprisoned
             him
             who
             had
             placed
             
             it
             there
             ,
             which
             made
             Caesar
             angry
             ,
             he
             went
             to
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             quarrelled
             with
             them
             publickly
             ,
             and
             took
             away
             their
             Employments
             ,
             and
             that
             Affront
             offered
             to
             those
             Magistrates
             ,
             who
             maintained
             the
             interests
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             provoked
             them
             against
             him
             .
             The
             other
             accident
             was
             yet
             more
             notorious
             .
             There
             was
             celebrated
             at
             Rome
             a
             Festival
             in
             Honour
             of
             the
             God
             Pan
             ,
             which
             they
             called
             Lupercalls
             ,
             in
             that
             Ceremony
             the
             young
             Romans
             of
             the
             best
             Quality
             ,
             and
             who
             were
             for
             that
             year
             in
             Employments
             ,
             ran
             naked
             through
             the
             City
             with
             lether
             Thongs
             ,
             wherewith
             they
             wantonly
             struck
             all
             those
             they
             met
             ,
             and
             by
             ridiculous
             Superstition
             ,
             the
             most
             Vertuous
             Women
             were
             wont
             to
             go
             meet
             them
             ,
             and
             offer
             their
             hands
             to
             be
             touched
             with
             these
             Thongs
             ,
             believing
             that
             that
             had
             the
             Virtue
             to
             procure
             them
             a
             happy
             Lying-in
             ,
             and
             also
             make
             them
             fruitfull
             .
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             was
             Consul
             ,
             appeared
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             assisted
             at
             the
             shew
             seated
             upon
             a
             Tribunal
             in
             a
             Chair
             of
             Gold
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             habit
             of
             Triumph
             .
             Antonius
             passing
             through
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             opened
             to
             the
             right
             and
             left
             to
             make
             him
             way
             ,
             went
             up
             to
             the
             Tribunal
             ,
             and
             presented
             a
             Crown
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             some
             there
             were
             who
             clapped
             their
             Hands
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             approved
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             when
             Caesar
             put
             back
             the
             Crown
             ,
             there
             was
             a
             general
             Applause
             ,
             Antonius
             offered
             it
             to
             him
             a
             second
             time
             ,
             but
             still
             with
             as
             little
             marks
             of
             satisfaction
             from
             the
             People
             ,
             Caesar
             again
             refused
             it
             ,
             which
             was
             followed
             with
             loud
             
             Acclamations
             ,
             Caesar
             by
             this
             understood
             their
             sentiments
             ,
             which
             ,
             he
             made
             use
             of
             this
             Tryal
             more
             clearly
             to
             inform
             himself
             of
             ,
             he
             rose
             up
             to
             carry
             the
             Crown
             to
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             but
             was
             not
             Master
             of
             his
             disorder
             ,
             and
             said
             that
             night
             to
             his
             Friends
             ,
             
               That
               if
               he
               knew
               any
               man
               who
               would
               out
               his
               Throat
               ,
               he
               could
               know
               offer
               it
               to
               him
               freely
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LXIV
             .
             A
             Conspiracy
             against
             Caesar.
             Presages
             of
             his
             death
             .
             He
             is
             murthered
             in
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           
             THough
             he
             had
             yet
             a
             thousand
             other
             Testimonies
             of
             the
             hatred
             he
             lay
             under
             ,
             he
             abandoned
             himself
             so
             utterly
             to
             his
             Destiny
             ,
             that
             from
             this
             moment
             he
             neglected
             any
             manner
             of
             security
             for
             himself
             against
             his
             Enemies
             .
             He
             was
             heard
             to
             say
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               rather
               fall
               by
               Treason
               once
               ,
               than
               be
               so
               miserable
               ,
               as
               to
               be
               always
               afraid
               of
               it
               .
            
             And
             another
             time
             ,
             
               That
               the
               Republick
               had
               more
               interest
               than
               himself
               in
               his
               preservation
               ,
               that
               he
               had
               gotten
               Glory
               and
               Power
               enough
               ,
               but
               that
               after
               his
               death
               ,
               the
               Commonwealth
               would
               be
               more
               harassed
               with
               Civil
               Wars
               than
               ever
               yet
               it
               had
               been
               .
            
             And
             one
             day
             before
             his
             death
             ,
             being
             at
             Supper
             with
             Lepidus
             ,
             as
             his
             Friends
             disputed
             amongst
             themselves
             ,
             whilst
             he
             was
             writing
             ,
             what
             death
             was
             easiest
             ,
             
               It
               is
               that
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             turning
             towards
             them
             ,
             
               which
               is
               the
               most
               sudden
               and
               the
               least
               foreseen
               .
            
             He
             disbanded
             his
             Company
             of
             Spanish
             Guards
             ,
             and
             contented
             himself
             to
             be
             defended
             with
             the
             protection
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             which
             facilitated
             an
             enterprise
             upon
             his
             life
             .
             Above
             threescore
             Senatours
             entred
             into
             this
             Conspiracy
             ,
             the
             Principals
             whereof
             were
             Brutus
             ,
             whose
             life
             Caesar
             had
             saved
             after
             the
             Battel
             of
             Pharsalia
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             had
             surrendred
             Pompey's
             Fleet
             to
             him
             in
             the
             Hellespont
             ,
             they
             were
             both
             Pretors
             and
             
             Enemies
             ,
             because
             that
             Caesar
             had
             named
             Brutus
             for
             the
             eldest
             Pretor
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             was
             above
             him
             in
             Age
             and
             Dignity
             ;
             the
             name
             of
             Brutus
             had
             been
             famous
             in
             Rome
             ,
             ever
             since
             the
             *
             Consul
             so
             called
             ,
             who
             had
             banished
             the
             Kings
             .
             There
             was
             found
             written
             at
             the
             foot
             of
             his
             Statue
             ,
             
               WOVLD
               TO
               GOD
               THOV
               WERT
               ALIVE
               .
            
             And
             certain
             Billets
             were
             thrown
             into
             the
             Pretors
             Tribunal
             ,
             wherein
             were
             written
             these
             words
             ,
             Brutus
             ,
             
               thou
               art
               asleep
               and
               not
               a
               true
            
             Brutus
             .
             Cassius
             was
             Authour
             of
             most
             of
             these
             things
             .
             He
             hated
             Caesar
             for
             several
             reasons
             ,
             but
             chiefly
             ,
             because
             he
             had
             taken
             from
             him
             the
             Lions
             wherewith
             he
             intended
             to
             have
             given
             a
             shew
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             so
             Caesar
             mistrusted
             him
             ,
             and
             when
             his
             Friends
             advised
             him
             to
             look
             narrowly
             into
             the
             Conduct
             of
             Antonius
             and
             
               Dolabella
               ,
               It
               is
               not
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               those
               perfumed
               and
               plump
               Sparks
               that
               I
               distrust
               ,
               but
               those
               meagre
               and
               pale
               Gentlemen
               .
            
             He
             omitted
             not
             nevertheless
             to
             prepare
             his
             Expedition
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             and
             caused
             sixteen
             Legions
             to
             march
             ,
             and
             Ten
             Thousand
             Horse
             for
             his
             going
             into
             Asia
             .
             His
             design
             was
             to
             depart
             four
             days
             after
             to
             put
             himself
             at
             the
             head
             of
             them
             ,
             when
             the
             Conspiratours
             caused
             a
             report
             to
             be
             spread
             ,
             that
             according
             to
             the
             Sybill's
             Oracles
             the
             Parthians
             could
             not
             be
             overcome
             but
             by
             a
             King
             ,
             and
             that
             upon
             this
             pretence
             Cotta
             was
             to
             propose
             to
             the
             Senate
             the
             giving
             of
             him
             that
             Title
             .
             Cassius
             took
             this
             occasion
             to
             go
             and
             visit
             Brutus
             ,
             
             demanding
             of
             him
             ,
             
               If
               he
               would
               go
               to
               the
               Senate
               upon
               the
               Ides
               of
            
             March
             ,
             when
             Caesar's
             
               Friends
               were
               to
               propose
               the
               declaring
               of
               him
               King.
               Brutus
            
             said
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               not
               be
               there
               .
            
             But
             replyed
             
               Cassius
               ,
               if
               you
               should
               be
               called
               thither
               ,
               Then
            
             said
             
               Brutus
               ,
               I
               shall
               think
               it
               my
               Duty
               ,
               to
               speak
               ,
               contradict
               ,
               and
               dye
               ,
               rather
               than
               lose
               our
               liberty
               ;
               Ah
               ,
            
             answered
             
               Cassius
               ,
               what
               Roman
               is
               there
               that
               would
               suffer
               you
               to
               dye
               for
               his
               Liberty
               ,
               you
               are
               ignorant
            
             Brutus
             ,
             
               who
               you
               are
               ,
               if
               you
               believe
               that
               those
               Billets
               which
               are
               thrown
               into
               the
               Tribunal
               ,
               come
               from
               any
               mean
               ▪
               People
               ,
               and
               not
               from
               the
               most
               Illustrious
               and
               bravest
               Men
               of
            
             Rome
             .
             
               They
               demand
               from
               other
               Pretors
               ,
               Games
               ,
               Shews
               ,
               and
               Gladiatours
               ,
               but
               they
               expect
               from
               you
               as
               a
               debt
               of
               Succession
               the
               ruine
               of
               Tyranny
               ,
               being
               ready
               to
               expose
               themselves
               to
               all
               hazards
               for
               your
               sake
               ,
               if
               you
               can
               find
               in
               your
               heart
               to
               dispose
               your self
               to
               their
               Wishes
               .
            
             After
             this
             Conversation
             they
             parted
             ,
             and
             the
             Name
             of
             Brutus
             ,
             whose
             Person
             was
             very
             much
             Esteemed
             ,
             ingaged
             a
             great
             many
             in
             the
             Conspiracy
             ,
             so
             they
             resolved
             to
             put
             their
             design
             in
             execution
             upon
             the
             very
             Ides
             of
             March
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Hall
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
          
           
             A
             great
             many
             Prodigies
             foretold
             this
             misfortune
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             there
             was
             found
             in
             an
             old
             Tomb
             at
             Cappua
             ,
             a
             place
             of
             Brass
             ,
             whereon
             it
             was
             written
             in
             Greek
             Letters
             ,
             that
             when
             the
             Bones
             of
             Capys
             should
             be
             found
             ,
             a
             Man
             of
             the
             Race
             of
             Iülus
             should
             be
             slain
             by
             the
             hands
             of
             his
             Kinsmen
             ,
             and
             that
             his
             death
             should
             be
             ●evenged
             by
             the
             desolation
             of
             all
             Italy
             .
             Word
             was
             brought
             him
             ,
             that
             those
             Horses
             which
             he
             had
             Consecrated
             ,
             and
             let
             loose
             at
             the
             passage
             
             of
             the
             Rubicon
             ,
             had
             not
             eaten
             for
             several
             days
             ,
             and
             were
             seen
             to
             weep
             .
             Spurina
             ,
             a
             very
             able
             Diviner
             ,
             told
             him
             when
             he
             Sacrificed
             ,
             that
             great
             dangers
             threatned
             him
             upon
             the
             Ides
             of
             March
             ,
             and
             upon
             the
             Eve
             of
             that
             day
             ,
             a
             Wren
             flying
             into
             the
             Hall
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             with
             a
             Branch
             of
             Laurel
             in
             her
             Mouth
             ,
             was
             torn
             to
             pieces
             by
             other
             Birds
             ,
             who
             pursued
             her
             from
             a
             Neighbouring
             Wood.
             He
             dreamt
             the
             same
             Night
             that
             he
             was
             carried
             above
             the
             Clouds
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             shook
             hands
             with
             Iove
             ,
             and
             his
             Wife
             Calphurnia
             dreamt
             also
             that
             the
             top
             of
             her
             House
             fell
             down
             ,
             and
             that
             her
             Husband
             was
             Assassinated
             in
             her
             Armes
             ,
             the
             Doors
             of
             the
             Chamber
             opening
             at
             the
             same
             time
             of
             their
             own
             accord
             with
             great
             noise
             .
             This
             last
             accident
             something
             confounded
             him
             ,
             and
             his
             Wife
             by
             her
             Prayers
             and
             Tears
             ,
             prevailed
             that
             he
             would
             not
             go
             abroad
             that
             day
             .
             But
             another
             Brutus
             ,
             sirnamed
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             was
             one
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             though
             of
             the
             number
             of
             his
             nearest
             Friends
             ,
             caused
             him
             to
             change
             his
             resolution
             in
             remonstrating
             to
             him
             ,
             
               He
               was
               expected
               at
               the
               Senate
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               would
               be
               a
               shame
               for
               him
               not
               to
               venture
               out
               of
               doors
               ,
               but
               when
               it
               should
               please
            
             Calphurnia
             
               to
               dream
               favourably
            
             ;
             so
             De●imus
             carried
             him
             almost
             by
             force
             out
             of
             his
             Lodgings
             ,
             and
             as
             every
             thing
             seemed
             to
             contribute
             to
             his
             destruction
             ,
             a
             Slave
             ,
             who
             came
             to
             give
             him
             advice
             of
             the
             Conspiracy
             ,
             could
             never
             get
             up
             through
             the
             croud
             of
             People
             that
             surrounded
             him
             .
             Artimedorus
             of
             Cnidus
             ,
             his
             Host
             and
             Friend
             having
             
             presented
             him
             with
             a
             Memorial
             to
             the
             same
             purpose
             ,
             he
             mingled
             it
             without
             reading
             amongst
             other
             Papers
             that
             were
             given
             him
             ,
             and
             Lena
             ,
             who
             was
             one
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             entertaining
             him
             a
             great
             while
             in
             private
             as
             he
             came
             out
             of
             his
             Litter
             ;
             The
             others
             ,
             who
             believed
             themselves
             discovered
             ,
             thought
             already
             of
             killing
             themselves
             with
             the
             Daggers
             which
             they
             had
             under
             their
             Robes
             ,
             when
             Lena
             quitting
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             kissing
             his
             hand
             ,
             gave
             them
             to
             understand
             that
             he
             thanked
             him
             for
             some
             favour
             which
             he
             came
             to
             obtain
             .
             The
             Assembly
             of
             the
             Senate
             was
             held
             in
             a
             place
             which
             Pompey
             had
             caused
             to
             be
             built
             for
             that
             purpose
             ,
             and
             which
             for
             that
             reason
             was
             called
             the
             Court
             or
             Hall
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             where
             was
             to
             be
             seen
             his
             Statue
             in
             Marble
             ,
             raised
             upon
             a
             Pedestal
             ,
             Caesar
             as
             he
             was
             entring
             ,
             met
             Spurina
             ,
             and
             smiling
             ,
             told
             him
             ,
             
               The
               Ides
               of
            
             March
             
               were
               come
               .
               Yes
            
             ,
             answered
             the
             Divinor
             ,
             
               but
               they
               are
               not
               past
            
             .
             When
             he
             had
             taken
             his
             place
             ,
             the
             Conspiratours
             turned
             towards
             him
             under
             pretence
             of
             saluting
             him
             ,
             and
             
               Tullius
               Cymber
            
             approached
             to
             ask
             pardon
             for
             his
             Brother
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             in
             Exile
             ,
             Caesar
             deferred
             the
             matter
             ,
             and
             put
             back
             Cymber
             ,
             who
             pressed
             upon
             him
             so
             far
             ,
             as
             to
             take
             hold
             on
             both
             sides
             of
             his
             Robe
             ,
             and
             when
             Caesar
             cryed
             out
             ,
             
               It
               was
               a
               violent
               Proceeding
               ,
               Casca
               ,
            
             who
             was
             behind
             him
             ,
             gave
             him
             the
             first
             stab
             with
             a
             Poniard
             near
             the
             Shoulder
             ,
             the
             wound
             glanced
             ,
             and
             was
             not
             mortal
             ,
             Caesar
             struck
             Casca
             through
             the
             Arm
             with
             his
             Dagger
             ,
             crying
             out
             ,
             
               Traitour
               ,
               what
               
               dost
               thou
               ;
               Casca
            
             on
             the
             other
             side
             called
             his
             Brother
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             would
             have
             raised
             himself
             ,
             but
             he
             received
             a
             mortal
             wound
             in
             the
             Breast
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Conspiratours
             charged
             upon
             him
             together
             with
             so
             much
             fury
             ,
             that
             many
             of
             them
             were
             themselves
             wounded
             ,
             he
             nevertheless
             made
             great
             resistence
             ,
             whirling
             himself
             amongst
             them
             like
             a
             Lion
             ,
             
             till
             perceiving
             Brutus
             with
             his
             Dagger
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             he
             then
             covered
             his
             Face
             ,
             and
             wrapping
             himself
             in
             his
             Robe
             ,
             went
             and
             fell
             at
             the
             Foot
             of
             Pompey's
             Statue
             ,
             pierced
             with
             24
             wounds
             .
          
        
         
           The
           End
           of
           the
           first
           Volume
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           HISTORY
           Of
           the
           Second
           TRIVMVIRATE
           .
           Down
           from
           the
           Death
           of
           Caesar
           to
           that
           of
           Brutus
           .
           Volume
           II.
           
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             The
             Troubles
             and
             Fears
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             after
             the
             death
             of
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             THE
             death
             of
             Caesar
             brought
             so
             much
             disorder
             into
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             ,
             that
             the
             Conspiratours
             soon
             perceived
             what
             they
             had
             done
             was
             not
             like
             to
             meet
             with
             any
             general
             Approbation
             ,
             all
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             
             were
             not
             Accomplices
             ,
             fled
             from
             the
             place
             of
             Assembly
             with
             such
             haste
             ,
             that
             it
             had
             like
             to
             have
             cost
             some
             of
             them
             their
             Lives
             as
             they
             went
             out
             of
             the
             Doors
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             Alarum'd
             at
             the
             News
             ,
             left
             all
             their
             several
             Employments
             ,
             some
             to
             run
             to
             the
             place
             where
             the
             Murther
             had
             been
             committed
             ,
             and
             others
             up
             and
             down
             the
             City
             to
             inform
             themselves
             of
             the
             circumstances
             of
             the
             matter
             .
             The
             Market
             place
             was
             plundered
             ,
             and
             several
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             were
             retiring
             themselves
             in
             great
             Terrour
             ,
             were
             mischief'd
             in
             the
             Tumult
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             was
             lookt
             upon
             as
             the
             chief
             of
             the
             Conspiracy
             ,
             had
             done
             all
             that
             in
             him
             lay
             to
             qualify
             their
             fears
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             Action
             had
             offered
             himself
             to
             declare
             the
             motives
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             no
             body
             would
             hear
             him
             ;
             this
             proceeding
             much
             surprized
             him
             ,
             and
             astonished
             also
             the
             other
             Conspiratours
             ,
             whereof
             Cassius
             and
             he
             were
             of
             the
             greatest
             Authority
             ,
             as
             well
             by
             the
             Charges
             of
             Pretor
             ,
             which
             they
             then
             executed
             ,
             as
             by
             the
             particular
             Merit
             which
             distinguished
             them
             .
             Brutus
             by
             his
             Father's
             side
             descended
             from
             that
             other
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             had
             driven
             the
             Tarquins
             out
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             had
             laid
             the
             Foundations
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             and
             by
             his
             Mother
             Servillia
             ,
             from
             
               Servillius
               Hala
            
             ,
             who
             had
             slain
             Melius
             for
             having
             unseasonably
             discovered
             such
             marks
             of
             Ambition
             ,
             as
             by
             no
             means
             were
             pleasing
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             it
             seemed
             as
             if
             the
             hatred
             of
             Tyrants
             had
             descended
             into
             the
             heart
             of
             Brutus
             by
             the
             
             bloud
             of
             his
             Ancestours
             ,
             and
             himself
             in
             a
             Letter
             written
             to
             Cicero
             ,
             highly
             declared
             ,
             
               That
               he
               could
               not
               suffer
               that
               even
               his
               Father
               should
               have
               any
               Authority
               above
               the
               Laws
               and
               the
               Senate
               .
            
             This
             fierce
             Opinion
             ,
             as
             it
             might
             be
             natural
             to
             him
             ,
             might
             also
             be
             some
             excuse
             for
             the
             violence
             which
             transported
             him
             against
             Caesar.
             That
             great
             Man
             had
             used
             him
             with
             all
             the
             tenderness
             of
             a
             Father
             ,
             and
             though
             Brutus
             fought
             against
             him
             in
             the
             Battel
             of
             Pharsalia
             ,
             gave
             strict
             Command
             to
             all
             his
             Officers
             to
             spare
             his
             life
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             Battel
             having
             pardoned
             him
             ,
             promoted
             him
             to
             the
             highest
             Dignities
             ,
             and
             one
             day
             shewing
             his
             Breast
             to
             some
             People
             ,
             who
             advised
             him
             not
             to
             trust
             him
             too
             far
             ,
             
               Do
               you
               believe
               then
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             that
             Brutus
             
               cares
               for
               such
               poor
               pillage
               as
               this
               is
               ?
            
             At
             last
             ,
             when
             he
             saw
             him
             with
             his
             Dagger
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             coming
             towards
             him
             ,
             he
             cried
             out
             ,
             
               What
               my
               Son
               ,
               and
               thou
               too
               ?
            
             These
             Opinions
             were
             caused
             by
             the
             passion
             that
             Caesar
             had
             had
             for
             Servillia
             ,
             the
             Mother
             of
             Brutus
             ,
             he
             was
             not
             ill
             received
             by
             her
             ,
             and
             she
             took
             such
             little
             care
             to
             hide
             it
             ,
             that
             she
             used
             to
             send
             him
             Letters
             even
             into
             the
             Senate
             .
             One
             day
             when
             it
             was
             debated
             there
             what
             punishment
             should
             be
             inflicted
             upon
             the
             Accomplices
             of
             Cataline's
             Conspiracy
             ,
             one
             of
             these
             Letters
             was
             brought
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             *
             Cato
             ,
             who
             was
             Servillia's
             half
             Brother
             ,
             cryed
             out
             ,
             
               That
               it
               contained
               some
               dangerous
               matter
               ,
            
             when
             Caesar
             for
             his
             justification
             gave
             him
             the
             Tablets
             ,
             which
             Cato
             read
             to
             himself
             ,
             and
             then
             threw
             hem
             back
             to
             him
             again
             ,
             calling
             him
             Drunkard
             ,
             
             but
             did
             not
             think
             fit
             to
             make
             any
             farther
             mention
             of
             the
             Letter
             .
             It
             was
             said
             that
             Brutus
             was
             born
             in
             the
             height
             of
             this
             Amour
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             will
             need
             some
             pains
             to
             j●stify
             what
             he
             since
             did
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             for
             that
             thing
             excepted
             ,
             all
             his
             inclinations
             were
             towards
             Vertue
             ,
             he
             had
             moderated
             the
             heat
             of
             his
             Temper
             ,
             by
             applying
             himself
             to
             Learning
             ,
             and
             the
             study
             of
             Philosophy
             ,
             which
             though
             it
             was
             then
             divided
             into
             many
             Sects
             ,
             he
             was
             yet
             acquainted
             with
             them
             all
             .
             He
             loved
             nothing
             but
             Glory
             ,
             and
             avoided
             Pleasures
             ,
             he
             was
             sober
             ,
             watchfull
             ,
             of
             an
             invincible
             Courage
             ,
             Complaisant
             and
             Affable
             in
             all
             Conversation
             ,
             and
             for
             these
             Qualities
             was
             beloved
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             adored
             by
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             esteemed
             even
             by
             his
             very
             Enemies
             .
             Cassius's
             Character
             was
             of
             a
             much
             different
             nature
             ,
             he
             was
             very
             stout
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Parthian
             War
             had
             signalized
             himself
             by
             many
             brave
             Actions
             .
             He
             had
             a
             great
             and
             fiery
             Spirit
             ,
             a
             quick
             an
             sprightly
             Wit
             ,
             but
             his
             Warmth
             often
             carried
             him
             even
             into
             Transport
             and
             Violence
             .
             He
             was
             something
             suspected
             of
             Self-interest
             ,
             and
             not
             over-exactness
             in
             doing
             Justice
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             many
             are
             of
             Opinion
             that
             he
             conspired
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             not
             so
             much
             out
             of
             the
             hatred
             of
             Tyranny
             ,
             as
             for
             the
             particular
             Quarrel
             which
             he
             had
             against
             the
             Tyrant
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             indeavour
             to
             justify
             what
             they
             have
             done
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             rise
             upon
             them
             .
             They
             retire
             to
             the
             Capitol
             .
          
           
             THese
             two
             Men
             went
             out
             of
             the
             Senate
             at
             the
             Head
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             with
             their
             bloudy
             Daggers
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             in
             this
             condition
             they
             presented
             themselves
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             first
             heat
             ,
             several
             ,
             who
             had
             no
             share
             in
             the
             Action
             ,
             desirous
             to
             attribute
             some
             false
             merit
             of
             it
             to
             themselves
             ,
             joyned
             the
             Conspiratours
             with
             their
             Swords
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             amongst
             the
             rest
             
               Aquinius
               ,
               Dollabella
            
             ,
             and
             Pettilius
             ,
             who
             afterwards
             by
             their
             death
             paid
             dear
             for
             that
             impertinence
             ,
             and
             vanity
             ,
             for
             though
             they
             caused
             a
             Cap
             to
             be
             carried
             before
             them
             upon
             a
             Lance
             ,
             as
             a
             Token
             of
             Liberty
             ,
             and
             though
             Brutus
             depended
             upon
             the
             great
             Name
             and
             Example
             of
             his
             Ancestours
             ,
             the
             People
             received
             them
             with
             sadness
             and
             with
             silence
             ,
             not
             giving
             them
             any
             of
             those
             Acclamations
             which
             they
             expected
             ;
             so
             they
             thought
             fit
             to
             retire
             to
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             causing
             themselves
             to
             be
             guarded
             by
             Gladiatours
             belonging
             to
             another
             Brutus
             ,
             sirnamed
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             was
             also
             in
             the
             Conspiracy
             .
             They
             were
             not
             now
             any
             longer
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             heretofore
             had
             defended
             their
             Liberties
             with
             a
             Zeal
             transported
             even
             to
             Madness
             ,
             all
             Opinions
             of
             that
             kind
             had
             given
             place
             to
             Interest
             ,
             and
             they
             
             were
             better
             pleased
             with
             some
             present
             Gain
             ,
             than
             any
             Whimsey
             of
             Dominion
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             they
             were
             more
             afraid
             of
             Poverty
             than
             Subjection
             .
             
               Marius
               ,
               Sylla
            
             ,
             and
             some
             others
             had
             taught
             them
             these
             Maximes
             ,
             and
             besides
             ,
             several
             Strangers
             ,
             and
             abundance
             of
             Freed-men
             being
             crept
             in
             amongst
             them
             ,
             had
             corrupted
             the
             purity
             of
             the
             true
             Roman
             bloud
             ,
             and
             debauched
             their
             Noble
             Thoughts
             ,
             nevertheless
             they
             came
             to
             the
             Capitol
             in
             great
             numbers
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             himself
             ventring
             to
             come
             down
             ,
             was
             received
             by
             them
             with
             Applause
             ;
             this
             again
             assured
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             so
             they
             returned
             to
             the
             publick
             place
             ,
             where
             Brutus
             was
             accompanied
             with
             the
             most
             considerable
             Men
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             Tribunal
             ,
             wherein
             he
             designed
             to
             speak
             to
             the
             People
             .
             Several
             Authours
             have
             reported
             that
             he
             came
             onely
             with
             Cassius
             ,
             and
             that
             their
             Hands
             were
             yet
             besmeared
             with
             Caesar's
             bloud
             .
             However
             it
             were
             ,
             all
             they
             said
             ,
             shewed
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Resolution
             .
             They
             maintained
             that
             what
             they
             had
             done
             ,
             was
             not
             onely
             just
             ,
             but
             that
             it
             deserved
             to
             be
             rewarded
             ,
             attributing
             the
             glory
             to
             one
             another
             with
             large
             and
             reciprocal
             Praises
             .
             After
             this
             ,
             they
             proceeded
             to
             the
             Commendation
             of
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             had
             so
             seasonably
             assisted
             them
             with
             his
             Gladiatours
             ,
             and
             exhorted
             the
             People
             ,
             
               To
               maintain
               that
               Liberty
               and
               good
               Fortune
               which
               they
               had
               procured
               them
               ,
               that
               they
               should
               remember
               how
               their
               Ancestours
               had
               heretofore
               expelled
               Kings
               ,
               whose
               Government
               was
               no
               less
               unjust
               and
               violent
               than
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               had
               
               been
            
             .
             In
             fine
             ,
             they
             proposed
             the
             return
             of
             Sextus
             ,
             the
             Son
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             Celerius
             and
             Marullus
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             had
             first
             dared
             as
             they
             said
             ,
             
               To
               attack
               the
               Tyranny
               ,
               in
               taking
               the
               Diadem
               from
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Statue
            
             .
             The
             People
             gave
             great
             attention
             to
             their
             Discourse
             .
             But
             when
             *
             Cinna
             advanced
             to
             speak
             ,
             it
             soon
             appeared
             that
             their
             silence
             proceeded
             onely
             from
             that
             respect
             which
             they
             bore
             to
             the
             Vertue
             of
             Brutus
             .
             This
             Cinna
             had
             received
             many
             benefits
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             even
             the
             Charge
             of
             Pretor
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             second
             Dignity
             in
             the
             Republick
             ;
             the
             Pretors
             were
             to
             distribute
             particular
             Justice
             ,
             and
             Commanded
             also
             Armies
             in
             several
             Provinces
             that
             were
             assigned
             them
             .
             Cinna
             stripped
             himself
             of
             the
             Robe
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             mark
             of
             his
             Dignity
             ,
             and
             threw
             it
             from
             him
             with
             Contempt
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               not
               be
               honoured
               with
               the
               favours
               of
               a
               Tyrant
               .
            
             He
             extolled
             the
             action
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             and
             proposed
             that
             they
             might
             be
             rewarded
             with
             extraordinary
             Honours
             ,
             but
             his
             discourse
             and
             behaviour
             appeared
             so
             odious
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             provoked
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             interrupted
             him
             with
             Affronts
             and
             Curses
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             Dollabella
             forbore
             not
             to
             present
             himself
             to
             speak
             after
             him
             ,
             he
             was
             a
             young
             Man
             in
             great
             Esteem
             ,
             and
             Cicero's
             Son-in-Law
             ,
             Caesar
             had
             designed
             to
             have
             left
             him
             Consul
             in
             Rome
             ,
             when
             he
             went
             to
             the
             Parthian
             War
             ,
             nevertheless
             he
             condemned
             the
             Memory
             of
             that
             great
             Man
             ,
             and
             those
             ,
             who
             during
             his
             
             life
             time
             had
             so
             much
             honoured
             him
             .
             He
             applauded
             the
             Murther
             ,
             and
             transported
             himself
             so
             far
             as
             to
             express
             his
             sorrow
             for
             not
             having
             had
             a
             part
             in
             so
             glorious
             an
             Action
             .
             The
             commotion
             of
             the
             People
             against
             C●●●s
             ,
             taught
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             what
             they
             were
             to
             expect
             .
             The
             returned
             to
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             where
             Brutus
             fearing
             to
             be
             besieged
             ,
             caused
             several
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             merely
             in
             point
             of
             Honour
             had
             followed
             him
             ,
             to
             return
             to
             their
             Houses
             ,
             not
             thinking
             it
             just
             ,
             that
             those
             who
             had
             no
             share
             in
             the
             Action
             ,
             should
             be
             ingaged
             in
             the
             danger
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             Antonius
             and
             Lepidus
             rally
             Caesar's
             Friends
             .
             Some
             propositions
             of
             Accommodation
             .
          
           
             THIS
             News
             extremely
             rejoyced
             Caesar's
             Friends
             ,
             the
             chief
             whereof
             were
             
               Marcus
               Antonius
            
             and
             
               Lepidus
               .
               Antonius
            
             was
             very
             Illustrious
             both
             by
             his
             Birth
             and
             his
             Valour
             ,
             being
             descended
             from
             one
             of
             the
             noblest
             Families
             in
             Rome
             ,
             which
             derived
             it's
             Original
             from
             Anton
             the
             Son
             of
             Hercules
             .
             He
             was
             of
             a
             very
             comely
             Personage
             ,
             upon
             all
             occasions
             Magnificent
             ,
             and
             passionately
             beloved
             by
             the
             Souldiery
             .
             His
             bounty
             ,
             and
             that
             familiarity
             wherewith
             he
             was
             wont
             sometimes
             to
             debauch
             with
             them
             ,
             had
             engaged
             them
             to
             him
             .
             The
             Criticks
             of
             his
             Age
             have
             reproached
             him
             for
             being
             too
             much
             addicted
             to
             his
             Pleasures
             ,
             but
             that
             inclination
             never
             hindred
             him
             from
             behaving
             himself
             with
             great
             resolution
             upon
             all
             weighty
             occasions
             ,
             and
             necessity
             evermore
             awakened
             his
             Vertue
             .
             But
             Pleasure
             at
             last
             got
             the
             better
             of
             him
             ,
             and
             cost
             him
             his
             life
             ,
             besides
             ,
             when
             ill
             Fortune
             had
             imbittered
             his
             Spirit
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             forbear
             discovering
             some
             inclinations
             towards
             Avarice
             and
             Cruelty
             .
             He
             was
             ingaged
             in
             the
             Fortunes
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             had
             made
             him
             General
             of
             the
             Cavalry
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             second
             Dignity
             of
             Rome
             ,
             when
             it
             was
             under
             a
             Dictatour
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             time
             of
             Caesar's
             death
             he
             was
             Consul
             .
             Now
             the
             Consulship
             
             was
             the
             highest
             Dignity
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             in
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             and
             lasted
             but
             for
             one
             year
             ,
             it
             was
             executed
             by
             two
             Persons
             who
             had
             equal
             Authority
             ,
             who
             were
             chosen
             by
             the
             Voices
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             who
             Commanded
             within
             and
             without
             the
             City
             .
             It
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             the
             Dictatour
             was
             yet
             above
             the
             Consul
             ,
             but
             he
             was
             never
             made
             but
             upon
             extraordinary
             occasions
             of
             the
             greatest
             importance
             ,
             and
             he
             it
             was
             who
             named
             the
             General
             of
             the
             Cavalry
             .
             Sylla
             first
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             after
             him
             added
             to
             the
             time
             and
             duration
             of
             that
             Dignity
             ,
             even
             at
             last
             to
             make
             it
             perpetual
             ,
             but
             that
             was
             without
             Example
             ,
             and
             they
             have
             been
             both
             reproached
             with
             it
             as
             a
             Tyrannical
             Action●
             Lepidus
             also
             was
             of
             Illustrious
             Extraction
             ,
             very
             rich
             ,
             and
             no
             less
             considerable
             in
             Rom●
             for
             his
             Civility
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             Charges
             that
             he
             had
             executed
             ;
             he
             at
             this
             time
             Commanded
             the
             Cavalry
             by
             Commission
             in
             the
             room
             of
             Caesar's
             Nephew
             ,
             whose
             charge
             it
             was
             .
             He
             was
             much
             esteemed
             for
             his
             honesty
             ,
             but
             he
             wanted
             that
             resolution
             which
             is
             necessary
             upon
             all
             difficulties
             ,
             especially
             amongst
             such
             People
             as
             he
             had
             to
             deal
             withall
             .
          
           
             Both
             these
             Men
             were
             at
             the
             Senate
             when
             Caesar
             was
             slain
             .
             It
             is
             true
             that
             the
             Conspiratours
             who
             stood
             in
             fear
             of
             the
             vigour
             and
             courage
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             had
             given
             charge
             to
             Trebonius
             to
             make
             use
             of
             some
             pretence
             to
             stop
             him
             at
             the
             Hall
             door
             ,
             but
             they
             both
             got
             off
             in
             the
             throng
             ,
             Antonius
             into
             the
             House
             
             of
             one
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             Lepidus
             into
             the
             Island
             made
             by
             the
             Tyber
             ,
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             Rome
             ,
             where
             he
             had
             a
             Legion
             of
             Souldiers
             that
             loved
             Caesar.
             He
             marched
             them
             into
             a
             place
             called
             the
             field
             of
             Mars
             ,
             there
             to
             expect
             Antonius's
             Orders
             ,
             who
             ought
             to
             Command
             by
             reason
             of
             his
             Dignity
             .
             When
             they
             understood
             the
             astonishment
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             how
             the
             minds
             of
             the
             People
             were
             disposed
             ,
             they
             resolved
             to
             revenge
             the
             death
             of
             their
             Friend
             ,
             while
             Brutus
             and
             those
             of
             his
             Party
             were
             consulting
             what
             course
             to
             take
             ;
             at
             last
             the
             conclusion
             was
             ,
             to
             send
             Deputies
             to
             Antonius
             and
             
               Lepidus
               ,
               To
               desire
               them
               to
               consider
               the
               misfortune
               that
               their
               division
               might
               bring
               upon
               their
               common
               Countrey
               .
            
             The
             Deputies
             had
             orders
             to
             handle
             the
             Articles
             of
             Caesar's
             Murther
             with
             all
             niceness
             ,
             
               That
               no
               hatred
               to
               his
               Person
               had
               put
               them
               upon
               that
               design
               ,
               but
               onely
               the
               love
               they
               bore
               their
               Countrey
               ,
               who
               had
               already
               been
               so
               drained
               by
               Civil
               Wars
               ,
               that
               any
               new
               disunion
               must
               certainly
               carry
               away
               the
               miserable
               remainder
               ,
               that
               they
               ●elieved
               them
               also
               too
               generous
               to
               let
               any
               particular
               hatred
               transport
               them
               to
               the
               prejudice
               of
               the
               Publick
               .
            
             Yet
             these
             reasons
             alone
             were
             not
             of
             force
             enough
             to
             convince
             Antonius
             and
             Lepidus
             ;
             but
             as
             they
             feared
             that
             Sextus
             might
             declare
             against
             them
             ,
             and
             lest
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             had
             obtained
             from
             Caesar
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             Cisalpine
             Gall
             should
             fall
             upon
             them
             with
             a
             powerfull
             Army
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             then
             under
             his
             Command
             ,
             they
             resolved
             to
             gain
             what
             time
             they
             could
             ,
             and
             endeavour
             the
             debauching
             of
             Decimus's
             Souldiers
             ,
             
             upon
             this
             resolution
             Antonius
             made
             answer
             to
             the
             Deputies
             ,
             
               That
               for
               their
               particular
               Revenge
               they
               would
               joyfully
               Sacrifice
               it
               to
               the
               publick
               good
               ,
               that
               indeed
               their
               Honour
               ,
               and
               the
               Oath
               they
               had
               given
               to
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               ought
               to
               engage
               them
               to
               revenge
               his
               death
               .
               And
               that
               they
               were
               of
               Opinion
               it
               was
               much
               more
               honourable
               to
               live
               without
               reproach
               amongst
               a
               few
               good
               Men
               ,
               than
               to
               draw
               upon
               themselves
               the
               miseries
               that
               are
               due
               to
               falshood
               ,
               but
               as
               they
               were
               not
               obstinate
               ,
               they
               would
               voluntarily
               consent
               that
               the
               Assembly
               should
               be
               called
               ,
               and
               that
               then
               they
               might
               easily
               be
               governed
               by
               the
               advice
               of
               so
               many
               Illustrious
               and
               discerning
               Persons
               as
               should
               compose
               the
               Body
               of
               the
               Senate
               .
               Antonius
            
             received
             Commendation
             and
             Thanks
             for
             this
             answer
             ,
             which
             the
             Deputies
             carried
             back
             to
             the
             Capitol
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Lepidus
             ,
             by
             order
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             posted
             that
             night
             
               Corps
               du
               Guard
            
             throughout
             all
             the
             City
             ,
             while
             those
             ,
             whose
             interest
             it
             was
             ,
             were
             soliciting
             their
             affairs
             with
             their
             Friends
             .
             Those
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             employed
             in
             his
             Troops
             ,
             being
             every
             where
             heard
             to
             utter
             strange
             Threats
             ,
             provided
             what
             he
             had
             promised
             them
             was
             not
             made
             good
             .
             Caesar's
             Widow
             ,
             caused
             also
             that
             night
             her
             Money
             and
             Papers
             to
             be
             carried
             to
             Antonius
             his
             House
             ,
             who
             as
             he
             was
             Consul
             ,
             caused
             it
             to
             be
             Published
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             hold
             the
             Senate
             in
             the
             Temple
             of
             Tellus
             near
             his
             own
             House
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             The
             Senate
             Assembles
             .
             Diversity
             of
             Opinions
             amongst
             the
             Senatours
             .
             Caesar's
             Ordinances
             Ratified
             .
          
           
             CINNA
             ,
             who
             the
             day
             before
             had
             thrown
             away
             his
             Pretor's
             Robe
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             was
             the
             first
             that
             came
             to
             the
             place
             of
             Assembly
             ,
             when
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             provoked
             with
             his
             presence
             ,
             fell
             upon
             him
             with
             stones
             ,
             following
             him
             to
             a
             House
             ,
             whither
             he
             went
             for
             shelter
             ,
             they
             would
             have
             set
             it
             on
             fire
             ,
             if
             Lepidus
             had
             not
             hindred
             them
             ,
             and
             appeased
             the
             disorder
             .
             The
             most
             violent
             of
             the
             Senatours
             came
             not
             thither
             ,
             being
             retired
             among
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             and
             Antonius
             was
             not
             at
             all
             angry
             at
             it
             ,
             so
             there
             appeared
             through
             all
             the
             Assembly
             nothing
             but
             Peace
             and
             Temper
             .
             Nevertheless
             Opinions
             were
             found
             to
             be
             very
             different
             ,
             some
             praised
             what
             the
             Conspiratours
             had
             done
             ,
             and
             proposed
             that
             they
             might
             be
             rewarded
             .
             Some
             again
             said
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               sufficient
               to
               approve
               of
               it
               without
               ordering
               Recompences
               ,
               when
               no
               body
               demanded
               them
               .
            
             Others
             equally
             were
             for
             throwing
             out
             both
             the
             Applauses
             and
             the
             Recompences
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               sufficient
               if
               they
               forgot
               what
               was
               past
               ,
               and
               were
               willing
               that
               it
               should
               be
               pardoned
               .
            
             There
             were
             some
             who
             declared
             boldly
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               an
               odious
               action
               ,
               but
               they
               would
               not
               hinder
               what
               might
               be
               done
               for
               the
               safety
               of
               those
               who
               had
               committed
               
               it
               ,
               because
               they
               belonged
               to
               the
               most
               Illustrious
               Families
               of
            
             Rome
             .
             To
             this
             it
             was
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               that
               indemnity
               had
               already
               been
               allowed
               them
               .
            
             And
             when
             it
             was
             urged
             ,
             
               That
               what
               they
               had
               done
               ,
               could
               not
               be
               praised
               without
               wronging
               the
               memory
               of
            
             Caesar.
             Others
             replyed
             ,
             
               That
               the
               business
               now
               in
               hand
               was
               not
               to
               think
               of
               the
               dead
               ,
               but
               to
               consider
               the
               living
               .
            
             At
             last
             one
             of
             the
             company
             brought
             it
             to
             this
             ,
             
               That
               they
               had
               but
               two
               things
               to
               choose
               ,
               either
               to
               agree
               that
            
             Caesar
             
               was
               a
               Tyrant
               ,
               or
               that
               those
               who
               murthered
               him
               stood
               in
               need
               of
               pardon
               .
            
             All
             the
             Opinions
             terminated
             in
             this
             ,
             so
             it
             was
             concluded
             that
             these
             two
             points
             should
             be
             debated
             .
             Then
             Antonius
             ,
             whose
             business
             it
             was
             to
             draw
             advantage
             from
             their
             Division
             ,
             desired
             them
             to
             consider
             ,
             
               That
               if
               they
               condemned
               the
               memory
               of
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               they
               ought
               also
               to
               Cancell
               his
               Orders
               ,
               that
               that
               would
               have
               respect
               not
               onely
               to
               the
               Empire
               in
               General
               ,
               but
               almost
               to
               every
               particular
               man
               there
               present
               ,
               that
               some
               were
               in
               possession
               of
               Dignities
               ,
               others
               of
               Employments
               ,
               others
               of
               Governments
               ,
               and
               all
               by
               virtue
               of
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Orders
               ,
               that
               if
               these
               Orders
               were
               unjust
               ,
               they
               ought
               to
               resolve
               to
               lay
               aside
               those
               honours
               which
               they
               could
               no
               longer
               think
               were
               lawfully
               conferred
               upon
               them
               .
            
             Now
             the
             first
             debate
             of
             all
             matters
             of
             Importance
             was
             evermore
             held
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             proposed
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             by
             their
             advice
             either
             confirmed
             or
             rejected
             the
             Decree
             ,
             so
             these
             words
             of
             Antonius
             caused
             a
             great
             commotion
             in
             the
             Assembly
             ,
             and
             here
             one
             little
             spark
             of
             Interest
             eclipsed
             all
             the
             plausible
             and
             high
             resolutions
             
             of
             those
             grave
             Senatours
             ,
             they
             all
             rose
             up
             ,
             crying
             out
             in
             confusion
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               insufferable
               that
               the
               Dignities
               they
               were
               invested
               in
               ,
               should
               come
               to
               be
               Canvased
               amongst
               the
               People
               .
            
             Especially
             Dollabella
             ,
             who
             was
             designed
             Consul
             ,
             and
             who
             indeed
             had
             need
             of
             a
             dispensation
             ,
             being
             not
             yet
             qualified
             in
             age
             as
             the
             Law
             required
             ,
             he
             who
             found
             he
             could
             not
             maintain
             himself
             ,
             but
             by
             the
             Authority
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             whose
             Memory
             the
             day
             before
             he
             had
             violated
             ,
             appeared
             now
             the
             most
             eager
             in
             his
             defence
             ,
             and
             charged
             those
             with
             wrong
             doing
             who
             had
             praised
             the
             Murtherers
             of
             a
             Dictatour
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             several
             Pretors
             threw
             off
             their
             Robes
             ,
             which
             they
             had
             hopes
             afterwards
             to
             take
             up
             again
             by
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             Upon
             this
             Antonius
             and
             Lepidus
             left
             the
             Senate
             ,
             several
             Senatours
             ran
             after
             them
             ,
             to
             desire
             them
             to
             return
             ,
             and
             overtook
             them
             in
             sight
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             were
             assembled
             in
             a
             great
             number
             about
             the
             Gates
             of
             the
             Temple
             ;
             then
             Antonius
             threw
             open
             his
             Robe
             ,
             and
             shewed
             that
             he
             was
             armed
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               knew
               no
               other
               way
               to
               secure
               his
               life
               than
               that
               of
               Arms.
            
             Several
             cryed
             out
             ,
             
               That
               he
               ought
               to
               provide
               against
               those
               disorders
               .
            
             Others
             demanded
             Peace
             ;
             
               And
               what
               assurance
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               can
               there
               be
               in
               that
               Peace
               ,
               where
               even
               the
               Religion
               of
               Oaths
               was
               not
               of
               force
               enough
               to
               defend
            
             Caesar
             ?
             Then
             those
             who
             were
             to
             revenge
             ,
             called
             Lepidus
             ,
             he
             came
             down
             the
             stairs
             of
             the
             Temple
             ,
             and
             getting
             upon
             the
             advantage
             of
             the
             ground
             ,
             
               I
               was
            
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               yesterday
               here
               with
            
             Caesar
             
               in
               
               this
               very
               place
               ,
               where
               I
               now
               lament
               his
               death
               .
            
             Upon
             this
             the
             outcrys
             began
             again
             ,
             some
             for
             Revenge
             ,
             others
             for
             Peace
             ;
             at
             last
             they
             desired
             him
             to
             take
             upon
             him
             the
             Dignity
             of
             Sovereign
             Pontifex
             ,
             which
             Office
             had
             been
             Caesar's
             ,
             he
             begged
             of
             them
             ,
             
               To
               reserve
               those
               kind
               thoughts
               they
               had
               for
               him
               ,
               and
               seeing
               that
               those
               who
               inclined
               to
               Peace
               were
               the
               strongest
               Party
               ,
            
             he
             said
             ,
             
               he
               would
               be
               over
               persuaded
               by
               them
               against
               his
               own
               inclination
               ,
            
             and
             returned
             to
             the
             Senate
             .
             The
             Confusion
             still
             lasted
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             but
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             came
             to
             prove
             the
             indifference
             of
             the
             People
             for
             both
             the
             two
             Parties
             ,
             and
             who
             perceived
             well
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             be
             a
             difficult
             matter
             to
             bring
             the
             Conspiratous
             to
             punishment
             ,
             made
             a
             Remonstrance
             ,
             
               That
               if
               the
               memory
               of
            
             Caesar
             
               were
               Condemned
               ,
               all
               the
               Provinces
               of
               the
               Empire
               ,
               who
               were
               governed
               by
               his
               Orders
               ,
               would
               look
               upon
               themselves
               as
               disingaged
               of
               their
               Oath
               and
               their
               Obedience
               ,
               that
               that
               would
               be
               in
               effect
               to
               proclaim
               so
               many
               Men
               of
               Quality
               as
               he
               had
               raised
               ,
               unworthy
               of
               their
               Honours
               ;
               that
               that
               must
               turn
               to
               the
               confusion
               of
               the
               Republick
               ,
               and
               draw
               upon
               them
               the
               Contempt
               of
               Nations
               that
               were
               Strangers
               ,
               that
               therefore
               they
               ought
               to
               consent
               that
               it
               was
               necessary
               to
               Ratify
               the
               Ordinances
               of
            
             Caesar
             ;
             
               but
               than
               to
               observe
               how
               Ridiculous
               't
               would
               appear
               at
               the
               same
               time
               to
               give
               Praises
               and
               Rewards
               to
               his
               Murtherers
               .
               For
               all
               this
               ,
               he
               would
               not
               oppose
               the
               Compassion
               which
               pleaded
               for
               their
               Pardon
               ,
               in
               consideration
               of
               their
               Relations
               ,
               provided
               that
               it
               might
               appear
               done
               at
               the
               Petition
               of
               their
               Families
               ,
               that
               he
               himself
               had
               there
               consented
               to
               it
               ,
               not
               that
               he
               by
               
               any
               means
               thought
               it
               agreeable
               to
               Iustice
               ,
               but
               for
               the
               publick
               Quiet
               .
            
             So
             his
             advice
             was
             followed
             ,
             and
             the
             Decree
             passed
             in
             those
             terms
             ,
             there
             were
             onely
             added
             the
             names
             of
             such
             who
             had
             had
             employments
             ,
             and
             other
             honours
             as
             they
             particularly
             had
             desired
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             New
             Divisions
             occasioned
             by
             Caesar's
             Will.
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             speak
             to
             the
             People
             in
             their
             own
             justification
             .
             They
             come
             to
             an
             agreement
             with
             Anthony
             and
             Lepidus
             .
          
           
             THIS
             Proceeding
             redounded
             much
             to
             Antonius's
             Reputation
             ,
             for
             he
             had
             discharged
             himself
             of
             this
             business
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Address
             and
             Industry
             ,
             though
             very
             many
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             even
             Cicero
             himself
             were
             of
             opinion
             ,
             
               That
               he
               thought
               more
               of
               his
               pleasure
               than
               the
               business
               of
               the
               Commonwealth
               .
            
             The
             Senatours
             went
             home
             to
             their
             Houses
             very
             well
             satisfied
             ,
             when
             streight
             a
             new
             difficulty
             arose
             .
             Piso
             declared
             ,
             
               That
               having
               the
               Will
               of
            
             Caesar
             
               in
               his
               possession
               ,
               he
               had
               given
               it
               into
               the
               protection
               of
               the
               Vestals
               ,
               with
               orders
               to
               return
               it
               into
               his
               hands
               .
            
             It
             was
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               the
               Will
               must
               not
               be
               produced
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               would
               be
               very
               improper
               to
               doe
               him
               Funeral
               Honours
               ,
               since
               it
               might
               produce
               fresh
               Tumults
               .
               Piso
            
             was
             Caesar's
             Father-in-Law
             ,
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             ingaged
             both
             in
             Honour
             and
             Friendship
             
             to
             see
             his
             last
             will
             put
             in
             execution
             ,
             he
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               discharge
               himself
               of
               what
               he
               owed
               to
               his
               Son-in-Law
               and
               his
               Friend
            
             ;
             and
             when
             it
             was
             answered
             him
             ,
             
               That
               what
            
             Caesar
             
               disposed
               of
               ,
               was
               the
               Goods
               which
               belonged
               to
               the
               Republick
               ,
               which
               by
               this
               means
               was
               robbed
               of
               its
               right
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               should
               be
               called
               to
               an
               account
               for
               his
               proceedings
               .
            
             These
             threatnings
             caused
             him
             to
             demand
             of
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             
               That
               they
               would
               assemble
               the
               Senatours
               which
               were
               yet
               present
               .
            
             So
             they
             returned
             to
             the
             Temple
             ,
             where
             Piso
             delivered
             himself
             in
             these
             terms
             ,
             
               I
               am
               sorry
               to
               see
               that
               the
               number
               of
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Murtherers
               increases
               each
               moment
               ,
               and
               that
               far
               from
               being
               satisfied
               with
               the
               cruel
               death
               which
               they
               have
               made
               him
               suffer
               ,
               they
               yet
               desire
               that
               the
               body
               of
               a
               Sovereign
               Pontifex
               should
               be
               deprived
               of
               the
               Honours
               of
               Funeral
               ,
               which
               were
               never
               refused
               to
               the
               meanest
               Man
               ;
               they
               forbid
               me
               with
               Threatnings
               to
               publish
               his
               Will
               ,
               they
               would
               divide
               his
               Fortune
               amongst
               them
               as
               the
               estate
               of
               a
               Tyrant
               ,
               and
               which
               is
               most
               surprizing
               of
               all
               ,
               those
               very
               men
               who
               come
               to
               Ratify
               what
               he
               hath
               Ordained
               in
               the
               Commonwealth
               ,
               endeavour
               to
               suppress
               what
               he
               hath
               disposed
               in
               particular
               ,
               and
               though
               it
               be
               neither
            
             Cassius
             nor
             Brutus
             
               themselves
               that
               declare
               these
               Opinions
               ,
               it
               is
               easie
               to
               believe
               that
               those
               who
               maintain
               it
               ,
               are
               influenced
               by
               them
               .
               However
               it
               be
               ,
               order
               you
               what
               you
               please
               as
               to
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Funeral
               ,
               but
               for
               his
               Will
               I
               shall
               remain
               Master
               of
               that
               ,
               and
               so
               long
               as
               I
               have
               breath
               ,
               will
               never
               betray
               that
               Confidence
               and
               Trust
               which
               he
               reposed
               in
               me
               .
            
             This
             discourse
             occasioned
             a
             fresh
             Contest
             ,
             those
             who
             believed
             they
             
             might
             be
             concerned
             in
             it
             ,
             were
             for
             the
             Will
             ,
             so
             it
             was
             ordered
             that
             it
             should
             be
             Published
             ,
             and
             that
             Funeral
             Honours
             should
             be
             given
             to
             Caesar
             at
             the
             expence
             of
             the
             Publick
             .
             Brutus
             and
             his
             Friends
             were
             soon
             advised
             of
             these
             Proceedings
             ,
             so
             they
             judged
             it
             convenient
             to
             prevent
             the
             minds
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             for
             this
             design
             sent
             to
             desire
             them
             that
             they
             would
             come
             to
             the
             Capitol
             .
             When
             they
             were
             assembled
             there
             in
             a
             great
             number
             ,
             Brutus
             presenting
             himself
             ,
             said
             ,
             
               That
               they
               were
               not
               retired
               to
               that
               place
               as
               Offenders
               ,
               who
               sought
               a
               Sanctuary
               ,
               but
               to
               prevent
               the
               misfortunes
               that
               might
               arise
               from
               the
               Affront
               which
               had
               been
               done
               to
            
             Cinna
             ,
             
               that
               they
               had
               understood
               how
               their
               Enemies
               spoke
               of
               the
               death
               of
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               as
               of
               a
               great
               Crime
               which
               broke
               all
               those
               measures
               that
               could
               be
               taken
               with
               them
               for
               their
               safety
               ,
               that
               this
               discourse
               obliged
               them
               to
               declare
               their
               Innocence
               and
               good
               Intentions
               ,
               that
               since
               the
               death
               of
            
             Pompey
             ,
             Caesar
             
               had
               always
               acted
               as
               an
               open
               Tyrant
               ,
               that
               he
               had
               disposed
               of
               great
               Charges
               and
               principal
               employments
               of
               his
               own
               head
               ,
               and
               without
               the
               advice
               of
               the
               Senate
               ;
               that
               he
               had
               turned
               two
               Tribunes
               out
               of
               their
               Offices
               ,
               for
               no
               other
               reason
               than
               that
               they
               had
               taken
               the
               Crown
               from
               one
               of
               his
               Images
               ,
               that
               by
               that
               means
               he
               was
               the
               first
               that
               had
               attempted
               to
               violate
               that
               respect
               which
               was
               due
               to
               Sacred
               Persons
               .
               Besides
               ,
               that
               they
               did
               not
               believe
               any
               Oath
               was
               of
               force
               enough
               to
               oblige
               the
               maintenance
               of
               Tyranny
               ,
               that
               in
               all
               other
               occasions
               their
               words
               should
               be
               Sacred
               and
               Inviolable
               ;
               that
               for
               the
               rewards
               which
            
             Caesar
             
               had
               promised
               ,
               they
               were
               resolved
               to
               allow
               of
               them
               
               in
               the
               name
               of
               the
               Commonwealth
               ,
               that
               those
               who
               had
               already
               received
               Inheritances
               ,
               should
               continue
               in
               the
               possession
               of
               them
               ,
               and
               that
               such
               as
               had
               had
               their
               Lands
               taken
               from
               them
               ,
               should
               have
               their
               Losses
               repaired
               out
               of
               the
               first
               money
               that
               came
               into
               the
               publick
               Treasury
               .
            
             This
             discourse
             was
             received
             with
             Acclamations
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             admired
             the
             resolution
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             so
             by
             this
             means
             their
             minds
             being
             turned
             wholly
             in
             their
             favour
             ,
             the
             next
             day
             in
             the
             Assembly
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             Cicero's
             Eloquence
             found
             it
             no
             hard
             matter
             to
             persuade
             ,
             
               That
               all
               which
               had
               passed
               might
               be
               forgotten
               .
            
             His
             advice
             was
             seconded
             by
             Plancus
             ,
             so
             an
             Amnesty
             or
             Act
             of
             Oblivion
             was
             published
             .
             Antonius
             and
             Lepidus
             sent
             their
             Children
             to
             the
             Capitol
             as
             Hostages
             for
             the
             Conspiratours
             security
             ;
             so
             Brutus
             descended
             with
             all
             his
             Accomplices
             .
             At
             last
             for
             a
             Testimony
             of
             a
             sincere
             Reconciliation
             ,
             Antonius
             entertained
             Cassius
             at
             Supper
             ,
             and
             Brutus
             was
             at
             home
             with
             Lepidus
             .
             These
             last
             ,
             who
             were
             Wise
             Men
             ,
             parted
             very
             well
             in
             appearance
             ,
             but
             as
             Anthony
             was
             a
             Laughter
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             given
             to
             be
             Cholerick
             ,
             their
             Conversation
             was
             not
             without
             some
             sharpness
             .
             Antonius
             asked
             
               Cassius
               ,
               If
               he
               had
               not
               yet
               a
               concealed
               Dagger
               ?
               Yes
               ,
            
             answered
             
               Cassius
               ,
               and
               a
               sharp
               one
               too
               for
               those
               who
               dare
               aspire
               to
               the
               Tyranny
               ,
            
             which
             answer
             it
             is
             believed
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             any
             farther
             Jesting
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             Caesar's
             Will
             read
             publickly
             .
             Antonius
             makes
             his
             Funeral
             Oration
             .
          
           
             THE
             fire
             of
             Division
             began
             to
             be
             apparent
             to
             all
             such
             as
             could
             discern
             any
             thing
             ,
             the
             minds
             of
             the
             People
             were
             so
             well
             disposed
             ,
             that
             they
             doubted
             not
             but
             the
             Commonwealth
             would
             soon
             recover
             its
             ancient
             Majesty
             .
             But
             those
             who
             judged
             better
             were
             not
             so
             deceived
             ,
             and
             amongst
             others
             ,
             Atticus
             ,
             the
             particular
             Friend
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             this
             was
             a
             Roman
             Knight
             of
             the
             first
             of
             that
             Order
             ,
             which
             was
             distinguished
             from
             that
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             the
             softness
             of
             his
             Inclination
             ,
             and
             the
             weakness
             of
             his
             Constitution
             had
             hindred
             him
             from
             signalizing
             himself
             in
             Wars
             ,
             but
             the
             qualifications
             of
             his
             Mind
             ,
             his
             Honesty
             and
             his
             Sincerity
             ,
             made
             him
             be
             considered
             as
             a
             Man
             of
             great
             Merit
             ,
             and
             gained
             him
             many
             noble
             Friends
             ;
             and
             though
             he
             had
             some
             in
             all
             Parties
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             opposite
             Interest
             which
             imbroiled
             them
             ,
             had
             raised
             amongst
             them
             mortal
             hatreds
             ,
             Atticus
             behaved
             himself
             evermore
             with
             such
             dexterity
             ,
             that
             he
             preserved
             his
             interest
             in
             them
             all
             .
             This
             management
             preserved
             him
             from
             the
             miseries
             of
             the
             age
             he
             lived
             in
             ,
             and
             gave
             him
             at
             last
             the
             Honour
             of
             seeing
             his
             Family
             Allied
             to
             the
             Caesars
             ,
             which
             considering
             the
             fury
             of
             the
             Civil
             Wars
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             that
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             and
             that
             
             which
             followed
             ,
             and
             how
             many
             noble
             Persons
             perished
             in
             those
             Divisions
             ,
             I
             know
             not
             where
             we
             can
             find
             an
             Example
             like
             him
             .
             Cicero
             was
             of
             no
             great
             Birth
             ,
             and
             had
             been
             often
             reproached
             for
             the
             Novelty
             of
             his
             Nobility
             ,
             but
             the
             Beauty
             of
             his
             Wit
             ,
             his
             Eloquence
             ,
             wherein
             he
             exceeded
             the
             best
             Oratours
             of
             those
             times
             ,
             when
             that
             qualification
             was
             in
             its
             highest
             lustre
             ,
             and
             a
             certain
             kind
             of
             Courage
             which
             rendred
             him
             fearless
             upon
             every
             occasion
             ,
             that
             required
             not
             the
             drawing
             of
             his
             Sword
             ,
             and
             where
             he
             managed
             the
             interest
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             had
             raised
             him
             to
             the
             highest
             Honours
             ,
             he
             discharged
             the
             Consulship
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Glory
             ,
             in
             putting
             a
             stop
             to
             Catiline's
             Conspiracy
             ,
             so
             that
             in
             speaking
             of
             it
             ,
             he
             almost
             made
             himself
             ridiculous
             and
             insupportable
             to
             his
             Friends
             ,
             even
             Brutus
             could
             not
             forbear
             rallying
             of
             him
             for
             it
             very
             sharply
             in
             a
             Letter
             which
             he
             wrote
             to
             Atticus
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             still
             extant
             .
             Atticus
             therefore
             ,
             who
             knew
             how
             little
             assurance
             was
             to
             be
             had
             from
             the
             inconstancy
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             could
             not
             forbear
             declaring
             to
             his
             Friends
             his
             fears
             ,
             lest
             the
             opening
             of
             Caesar's
             Will
             ,
             and
             the
             publick
             Honours
             that
             were
             to
             be
             done
             him
             ,
             should
             occasion
             new
             Troubles
             .
             His
             apprehensions
             were
             but
             too
             well
             grounded
             ,
             for
             Piso
             brought
             the
             Will
             ,
             which
             was
             opened
             in
             Antonius's
             House
             ,
             and
             read
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             the
             People
             .
             Octavius
             the
             Grand-son
             of
             Caesar's
             Sister
             ,
             was
             by
             it
             Adopted
             to
             take
             upon
             him
             his
             Name
             ,
             and
             constituted
             Heir
             of
             nine
             parts
             of
             hs
             
             Estate
             ,
             and
             *
             Pinarius
             and
             Pedius
             of
             three
             other
             parts
             .
             To
             the
             Roman
             People
             he
             left
             the
             Gardens
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Tiber
             ,
             and
             to
             every
             Citizen
             in
             particular
             24
             Drachma's
             .
             Amongst
             his
             second
             Heirs
             who
             were
             to
             inherit
             in
             case
             of
             Mortality
             according
             to
             Custome
             ,
             he
             substituted
             
               Decimus
               Brutus
            
             ,
             who
             was
             one
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             .
             Several
             others
             also
             who
             had
             dipped
             their
             hands
             in
             his
             bloud
             ,
             were
             named
             for
             Tutours
             to
             his
             Son
             ,
             in
             case
             he
             had
             left
             one
             .
             At
             these
             Tokens
             of
             Caesar's
             Goodness
             ,
             and
             his
             Affection
             for
             the
             People
             ,
             none
             could
             forbear
             their
             Tears
             and
             Lamentations
             .
             But
             Decimus
             ,
             his
             being
             substituted
             an
             Heir
             ,
             provoked
             the
             Indignation
             of
             the
             whole
             Assembly
             .
             After
             this
             ,
             Piso
             caused
             the
             Body
             to
             be
             brought
             forth
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Pomp
             ,
             those
             who
             carried
             it
             were
             all
             Men
             in
             Office
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             most
             Illustrious
             in
             the
             Senate
             .
             It
             was
             set
             down
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Forum
             ,
             upon
             a
             place
             called
             the
             Rostra
             ,
             with
             a
             guard
             of
             Armed
             Souldiers
             ,
             in
             this
             place
             there
             was
             erected
             a
             little
             Temple
             of
             guilded
             Wood
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Model
             of
             that
             of
             Venus
             ,
             which
             they
             called
             the
             Mother
             ,
             because
             the
             Family
             of
             Iulus
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             name
             of
             the
             Caesars
             ,
             pretended
             to
             have
             their
             Original
             from
             that
             Goddess
             .
             In
             this
             little
             Temple
             was
             a
             Bed
             of
             Ivory
             ,
             Magnificently
             Adorn'd
             with
             Curtains
             of
             Cloth
             of
             Gold
             and
             Purple
             ,
             at
             the
             head
             of
             the
             Bed
             was
             a
             Trophy
             ,
             with
             the
             Robe
             which
             he
             wore
             when
             he
             was
             assassinated
             .
             For
             the
             Pile
             ,
             it
             was
             prepared
             
             in
             the
             Field
             of
             Mars
             .
             All
             the
             People
             ran
             to
             see
             this
             sight
             ,
             weeping
             and
             lamenting
             a
             new
             ,
             even
             those
             who
             bore
             Arms
             made
             a
             great
             noise
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             demanded
             Vengeance
             .
             Now
             that
             Custome
             among
             the
             Romans
             was
             ,
             that
             one
             of
             the
             Kinsmen
             of
             the
             dead
             Man
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             one
             of
             his
             Brethren
             in
             Office
             ,
             should
             speak
             in
             his
             Praise
             .
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             was
             Consul
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             when
             he
             was
             slain
             ,
             was
             his
             Friend
             also
             ,
             and
             his
             Ally
             ,
             so
             he
             laid
             hold
             of
             that
             occasion
             for
             the
             improvement
             of
             what
             he
             designed
             ,
             Gentlemen
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               though
               I
               alone
               present
               my self
               to
               praise
               the
               Memory
               of
               that
               great
               Man
               ,
               whose
               Body
               you
               see
               here
               before
               you
               ,
               methinks
               I
               reade
               in
               your
               faces
               that
               upon
               this
               occasion
               you
               are
               all
               of
               the
               same
               Opinion
               with
               me
               ,
               and
               that
               there
               is
               not
               one
               of
               those
               who
               hears
               me
               now
               ,
               but
               in
               his
               heart
               praises
               him
               also
               .
               By
               this
               means
               ,
               when
               I
               shall
               recount
               to
               you
               his
               great
               Actions
               ,
               his
               Vertues
               ,
               and
               then
               those
               Honours
               wherewith
               the
               Senate
               and
               you
               afterwards
               have
               Rewarded
               them
               ,
               I
               shall
               not
               speak
               only
               what
               I
               think
               my self
               ,
               but
               moreover
               as
               your
               Interpreter
               .
            
             Then
             he
             made
             a
             report
             of
             all
             those
             Titles
             of
             Honour
             which
             had
             been
             given
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             his
             Dictatourship
             ,
             his
             being
             several
             times
             Consul
             ,
             with
             the
             Name
             of
             the
             Father
             of
             his
             Countrey
             ,
             from
             thence
             he
             passed
             on
             to
             his
             Vertues
             ,
             praising
             his
             Courage
             ,
             his
             Eloquence
             ,
             his
             Humanity
             ,
             and
             his
             Mildness
             ,
             
               which
               was
               so
               great
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               that
               he
               was
               never
               able
               to
               withhold
               his
               good
               inclinations
               ,
               even
               from
               those
               who
               had
               offended
               him
               .
            
             After
             this
             ,
             he
             repeated
             the
             Oath
             which
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             had
             made
             
             to
             C●sar
             ,
             by
             which
             they
             swore
             ,
             
               That
               his
               Person
               should
               be
               Sacred
               and
               Inviolable
               ,
               and
               took
               the
               Gods
               to
               Witness
               ,
               that
               they
               would
               defend
               it
               with
               the
               hazard
               of
               their
               lives
               .
            
             But
             observing
             at
             this
             discourse
             some
             alteration
             in
             several
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             he
             concluded
             with
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               what
               had
               been
               done
               ought
               to
               be
               forgotten
               ,
               that
               it
               was
               the
               Crime
               of
               some
               Demons
               that
               were
               Enemies
               to
            
             Rome
             ,
             
               rather
               than
               Men
               ,
               and
               that
               nothing
               now
               ought
               farther
               to
               be
               thought
               of
               ,
               than
               the
               Honouring
               of
               the
               Memory
               of
               the
               Illustrious
               Dead
               ,
               and
               placing
               him
               amongst
               the
               Gods.
               
            
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
             The
             Pomp
             of
             Caesar's
             Funeral
             .
             The
             Rising
             of
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             their
             Fury
             against
             the
             Conspiratours
             .
          
           
             WHILE
             this
             Discourse
             lasted
             ,
             one
             of
             those
             who
             were
             called
             Archimimi
             ,
             (
             who
             assisted
             where
             great
             Men
             were
             to
             attend
             ,
             and
             often
             represented
             them
             )
             as
             if
             some
             Fury
             had
             possessed
             him
             ,
             tore
             Caesar's
             Robe
             off
             from
             the
             Trophy
             ,
             and
             shewed
             it
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             crying
             out
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               the
               spoil
               of
               a
               Person
               beloved
               of
               the
               Gods
               ,
               and
               reverenced
               of
               all
               the
               People
               even
               to
               Adoration
               .
            
             He
             added
             several
             things
             of
             the
             like
             nature
             in
             a
             terrible
             Tone
             ,
             and
             weeping
             between
             while
             with
             Outcries
             ,
             and
             strange
             postures
             of
             Sorrow
             ,
             which
             stirred
             up
             the
             compassion
             of
             the
             People
             .
             At
             the
             same
             time
             was
             to
             be
             seen
             the
             Figure
             of
             C●sar
             in
             Wax
             ,
             which
             moved
             it self
             by
             Springs
             ,
             and
             shewed
             the
             Wounds
             which
             he
             had
             received
             upon
             his
             face
             ,
             and
             in
             his
             Body
             ,
             this
             sight
             transported
             the
             People
             even
             to
             Madness
             ,
             they
             cryed
             out
             ,
             
               They
               would
               inflict
               most
               cruel
               punishments
               on
               those
               that
               had
               murthered
               him
               .
            
             Some
             proposed
             the
             burning
             the
             Body
             in
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             to
             doe
             him
             the
             more
             Honour
             ,
             others
             said
             ,
             
               That
               that
               duty
               ought
               to
               be
               paid
               him
               in
               the
               Hall
               of
            
             Pompey
             ,
             when
             two
             Armed
             Men
             carrying
             each
             of
             them
             two
             Javelins
             ,
             set
             fire
             with
             Flambeaus
             to
             the
             little
             Temple
             where
             the
             Bed
             was
             ,
             so
             
             every
             Body
             ran
             thither
             ,
             some
             with
             the
             first
             bits
             of
             Wood
             they
             could
             get
             together
             ,
             others
             with
             the
             Benches
             and
             Chairs
             of
             the
             Magistrates
             ,
             who
             held
             Courts
             of
             Justice
             in
             that
             place
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Body
             ,
             the
             Bed
             ,
             and
             the
             Temple
             were
             all
             consumed
             in
             a
             moment
             .
             All
             Authours
             agree
             in
             this
             ,
             but
             Plutarch
             says
             ,
             
               That
               he
               who
               shewed
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Robe
               to
               the
               People
               ,
               was
            
             Antonius
             himself
             .
             Now
             as
             the
             commotion
             of
             a
             furious
             People
             runs
             always
             to
             extremity
             ,
             many
             round
             about
             the
             Funeral
             Pile
             took
             up
             flaming
             Brands
             ,
             and
             ran
             to
             set
             fire
             to
             the
             Conspiratours
             Houses
             ,
             who
             being
             all
             of
             the
             most
             Illustrious
             Families
             of
             Rome
             ,
             by
             the
             great
             number
             of
             their
             Domesticks
             repulsed
             the
             Violence
             ,
             so
             the
             People
             retired
             with
             terrible
             Threats
             ,
             which
             very
             much
             affrighted
             them
             ,
             they
             reasonably
             judged
             that
             there
             was
             no
             longer
             safety
             for
             them
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             especially
             after
             an
             extraordinary
             Accident
             which
             arrived
             at
             the
             same
             time
             .
             One
             of
             Caesar's
             Friends
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             Versifier
             ,
             and
             to
             his
             Misfortune
             ,
             called
             Cinna
             ,
             had
             dreamt
             the
             night
             before
             that
             Caesar
             had
             invited
             him
             to
             Supper
             ,
             and
             upon
             his
             refusal
             had
             taken
             him
             by
             the
             hand
             ,
             and
             forcibly
             dragged
             him
             into
             a
             dark
             place
             ,
             this
             dream
             had
             given
             him
             a
             Fever
             ,
             nevertheless
             that
             hindred
             him
             not
             from
             rising
             to
             go
             and
             pay
             his
             last
             Offices
             to
             his
             Friend
             ,
             he
             came
             just
             in
             the
             nick
             of
             time
             ,
             when
             the
             People
             were
             returning
             in
             rage
             from
             the
             Conspiratours
             Houses
             ,
             when
             some
             body
             unluckily
             called
             him
             by
             his
             Name
             ,
             and
             that
             Name
             so
             odious
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             the
             
             other
             Cinna
             ,
             who
             had
             made
             an
             Oration
             the
             day
             before
             ,
             was
             as
             a
             signal
             for
             them
             to
             fall
             upon
             him
             with
             such
             rage
             ,
             that
             the
             poor
             Wretch
             was
             torn
             in
             a
             thousand
             pieces
             in
             a
             moment
             .
             There
             are
             a
             hundred
             other
             instances
             how
             much
             Caesar
             was
             beloved
             ,
             the
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             had
             served
             under
             him
             ,
             threw
             into
             the
             fire
             all
             their
             Coronets
             ,
             Pikes
             ,
             Bracelets
             ,
             and
             other
             Tokens
             of
             Honour
             which
             he
             had
             given
             them
             .
             A
             great
             many
             Ladies
             of
             Quality
             also
             threw
             in
             their
             Childrens
             Robes
             and
             Ornaments
             ,
             with
             every
             thing
             which
             they
             had
             of
             Value
             about
             them
             .
             All
             the
             Strangers
             who
             were
             at
             Rome
             ,
             mourned
             after
             their
             Customs
             ,
             and
             particularly
             the
             Jews
             ,
             who
             watched
             several
             nights
             at
             the
             Pile
             .
             At
             last
             Divine
             Honours
             were
             given
             him
             ,
             and
             an
             Altar
             was
             erected
             in
             the
             place
             where
             he
             had
             been
             burnt
             ,
             and
             where
             
               Octavius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             since
             called
             Augustus
             ,
             caused
             a
             Temple
             to
             be
             built
             ,
             and
             a
             Pillar
             of
             Jaspar
             ,
             twenty
             foot
             high
             ,
             with
             this
             Title
             ,
             
               To
               the
               Father
               of
               his
               Countrey
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VIII
             .
             The
             Artifices
             of
             Antonius
             .
             He
             procures
             himself
             Guards
             .
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             withdraw
             from
             
               Rome
               .
               Antonius
            
             gets
             the
             Government
             of
             Macedonia
             for
             his
             Brother
             .
             Cyrene
             is
             given
             to
             Cassius
             ,
             and
             Bithynia
             to
             Brutus
             .
          
           
             THE
             Commotions
             and
             Fury
             of
             the
             People
             made
             the
             Senatours
             very
             much
             suspect
             the
             Conduct
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             had
             still
             need
             of
             their
             favour
             ,
             so
             he
             resolved
             to
             regain
             it
             by
             a
             desperate
             undertaking
             ,
             which
             happened
             to
             please
             them
             .
             Amatius
             ,
             who
             called
             himself
             the
             Son
             of
             Marius
             ,
             committed
             great
             disorders
             in
             the
             City
             with
             some
             People
             whom
             the
             reputation
             of
             his
             Father
             had
             gathered
             about
             him
             .
             Antonius
             caused
             him
             to
             be
             apprehended
             and
             slain
             without
             more
             formality
             .
             The
             Senate
             approved
             the
             Action
             ,
             since
             it
             assured
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             amongst
             the
             others
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             ,
             whom
             those
             Mutineers
             had
             threatned
             .
             But
             the
             manner
             of
             this
             Proceeding
             did
             not
             please
             them
             ,
             and
             Antonius's
             boldness
             made
             them
             afraid
             .
             Amatius
             his
             People
             publickly
             complained
             ,
             and
             Assembled
             themselves
             about
             the
             Altar
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             whence
             Antonius
             and
             his
             Collegue
             Dollabella
             caused
             the
             Souldiers
             to
             disperse
             them
             ,
             and
             Dollabella
             erected
             a
             Statue
             with
             this
             Inscription
             ,
             
               To
               the
               good
               Father
            
             ,
             which
             very
             much
             displeased
             Cicero
             .
             This
             provoked
             the
             Mutineers
             ,
             they
             came
             together
             the
             next
             
             day
             in
             the
             same
             place
             where
             they
             appeared
             ,
             washing
             the
             foot
             of
             the
             Altar
             and
             the
             Statue
             with
             their
             tears
             ;
             at
             last
             their
             Compassion
             was
             turned
             into
             Madness
             ,
             and
             they
             ran
             to
             the
             place
             where
             the
             Image
             which
             Dollabella
             had
             set
             up
             ,
             was
             guarded
             ,
             to
             set
             it
             on
             fire
             ,
             but
             Dollabella
             ,
             commanded
             them
             to
             be
             fallen
             upon
             ,
             where
             many
             were
             killed
             ,
             and
             of
             those
             who
             were
             taken
             ,
             the
             Slaves
             by
             his
             order
             were
             hanged
             ,
             and
             the
             others
             thrown
             down
             Rocks
             .
             This
             Chastisement
             appeased
             the
             Sedition
             ,
             but
             it
             made
             the
             Consuls
             hatefull
             to
             the
             People
             .
             Antonius
             preserved
             himself
             well
             with
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             to
             gain
             them
             intirely
             ,
             proposed
             the
             recalling
             of
             the
             young
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             that
             some
             Recompence
             might
             be
             allotted
             him
             for
             the
             loss
             of
             his
             Father's
             Estate
             ,
             and
             the
             Command
             of
             the
             Fleets
             put
             into
             his
             hands
             .
             These
             things
             extremely
             pleased
             all
             the
             Senatours
             to
             see
             the
             safety
             of
             Brutus
             and
             the
             other
             Conspiratours
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Authority
             of
             Pompey's
             Party
             established
             .
             Cicero
             praised
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             in
             an
             Eloquent
             Oration
             thanked
             him
             in
             the
             Senate
             ;
             Anthony
             took
             this
             occasion
             to
             demand
             Guards
             for
             the
             safety
             of
             his
             Person
             ,
             nor
             was
             there
             any
             who
             durst
             refuse
             it
             a
             Magistrate
             who
             had
             sacrificed
             himself
             to
             the
             hatred
             of
             the
             People
             for
             the
             interest
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             Upon
             this
             pretence
             he
             raised
             about
             6000
             Men
             ,
             all
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             had
             served
             under
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             and
             almost
             all
             of
             them
             Men
             fit
             to
             Command
             .
             This
             was
             the
             first
             ,
             but
             not
             the
             onely
             step
             which
             the
             Senate
             made
             against
             their
             own
             
             Interest
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             wonderfull
             to
             see
             the
             most
             discerning
             Persons
             of
             so
             refined
             an
             age
             act
             with
             so
             much
             inconstancy
             as
             then
             appeared
             in
             all
             their
             proceedings
             .
             But
             they
             soon
             repented
             of
             what
             they
             had
             agreed
             to
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             remonstrated
             to
             Antonius
             ,
             That
             so
             great
             a
             number
             of
             Guards
             were
             but
             unprofitable
             as
             well
             as
             odious
             .
             He
             promised
             to
             reduce
             them
             when
             the
             hatred
             of
             the
             People
             should
             be
             appeased
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             he
             gained
             to
             his
             interest
             Caesar's
             Secretary
             ,
             called
             Faberius
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             made
             himself
             Master
             of
             all
             his
             Memorials
             .
             Now
             there
             had
             been
             published
             a
             general
             approbation
             of
             all
             that
             Caesar
             had
             ordained
             ,
             and
             under
             this
             pretence
             Antonius
             by
             the
             help
             of
             the
             Secretary
             brought
             into
             the
             Senate
             People
             wholly
             in
             his
             Interest
             ,
             he
             called
             home
             the
             banished
             Men
             ,
             created
             new
             Officers
             ,
             and
             all
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             in
             pursuance
             of
             Caesar's
             Memorials
             ,
             which
             he
             fashioned
             according
             to
             his
             fancy
             ;
             the
             People
             laughed
             at
             these
             Officers
             and
             new
             Senatours
             ,
             calling
             them
             *
             Charonitae
             ,
             and
             all
             this
             was
             the
             occasion
             that
             new
             distrusts
             arose
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             to
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             given
             Governments
             ,
             withdrew
             themselves
             ,
             Decimus
             into
             the
             Cisalpine
             Gall
             ,
             which
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             Piedmont
             ,
             the
             Countrey
             of
             Milan
             ,
             and
             all
             that
             which
             is
             called
             
               Lombardy
               ,
               Tribonius
            
             into
             
               Asia
               ,
               Cimber
            
             into
             
               Bithynia
               ,
               Brutus
            
             and
             Cassius
             had
             Macedonia
             and
             Syria
             .
             They
             would
             not
             yet
             abandon
             the
             City
             and
             their
             Friends
             ,
             so
             they
             tryed
             if
             they
             could
             make
             their
             Authority
             prevail
             as
             they
             were
             Pretors
             ,
             but
             as
             
             they
             could
             not
             secure
             themselves
             of
             the
             minds
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             they
             lived
             as
             private
             Men
             ,
             and
             wrote
             to
             their
             Friends
             to
             fortify
             in
             their
             Provinces
             .
             The
             Proceedings
             of
             Antonius
             increased
             dayly
             their
             Suspicions
             ,
             and
             that
             private
             life
             of
             theirs
             seemed
             a
             kind
             of
             dishonour
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             whose
             Idols
             (
             to
             speak
             properly
             )
             they
             were
             ,
             so
             they
             were
             ordered
             to
             go
             and
             procure
             Victualling
             and
             Provisions
             of
             Corn
             for
             the
             City
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             they
             might
             have
             a
             plausible
             pretence
             of
             quitting
             it
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             retire
             themselves
             to
             their
             Governments
             ,
             without
             making
             their
             Retreat
             look
             like
             a
             ●light
             .
             Of
             this
             Antonius
             failed
             not
             to
             make
             good
             advantage
             ,
             his
             two
             Brothers
             ,
             sirnamed
             Cajus
             and
             Lucius
             ,
             were
             the
             one
             Pretor
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Tribune
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             being
             Consul
             ,
             the
             Authority
             of
             these
             three
             great
             Offices
             made
             him
             almost
             absolute
             in
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             He
             had
             an
             inclination
             to
             the
             Government
             of
             Syria
             ,
             but
             he
             saw
             very
             well
             that
             the
             asking
             of
             it
             would
             onely
             increase
             the
             distrust
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             where
             already
             many
             designs
             were
             on
             Foot
             against
             his
             Interest
             ,
             and
             which
             also
             he
             was
             very
             well
             informed
             of
             .
             Dolabella
             his
             Collegue
             in
             the
             Consulship
             had
             been
             drawn
             into
             that
             business
             ,
             but
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             knew
             his
             Unconstancy
             and
             his
             Ambition
             ,
             cunningly
             persuaded
             him
             to
             demand
             the
             Government
             of
             Syria
             ,
             and
             the
             Army
             which
             Caesar
             had
             prepared
             against
             the
             Parthians
             .
             The
             young
             Man
             ran
             presently
             into
             the
             snare
             ,
             and
             when
             it
             was
             Remonstrated
             to
             him
             ,
             
               That
               that
               
               Proposition
               was
               contrary
               to
               the
               Ordinances
               of
            
             Caesar
             ;
             He
             answered
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             
               's
               design
               was
               to
               make
               War
               upon
               the
               Parthians
               ,
               that
               as
               to
               his
               Decrees
               ,
            
             Cassius
             
               had
               first
               mistaken
               them
               in
               permitting
               the
               old
               Souldiers
               to
               sell
               the
               Inheritances
               which
               had
               been
               given
               them
               ,
               and
               which
            
             Caesar
             
               had
               expresly
               forbidden
               ,
               that
               for
               what
               remained
               ,
               it
               would
               be
               an
               affront
               to
               him
               to
               believe
               that
            
             Cassius
             
               had
               any
               advantage
               over
               him
               either
               in
               Courage
               or
               in
               Conduct
               .
            
             The
             Senate
             thus
             intangled
             ,
             went
             another
             way
             to
             work
             ,
             they
             resolved
             to
             persuade
             one
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             called
             Asprinas
             ,
             to
             find
             out
             some
             Religious
             reason
             for
             the
             opposing
             of
             this
             Proposition
             ,
             when
             it
             should
             come
             before
             the
             People
             under
             the
             pretence
             of
             Thunder
             ,
             or
             some
             other
             unlucky
             Omen
             .
             All
             the
             Roman
             Histories
             are
             full
             of
             this
             kind
             of
             Superstition
             ,
             and
             after
             this
             manner
             the
             People
             fansied
             to
             themselves
             either
             fortunate
             or
             unlucky
             Presages
             upon
             unlucky
             Omens
             ,
             their
             Assemblies
             always
             separated
             ,
             and
             the
             squeeking
             of
             a
             Mouse
             would
             frequently
             fright
             them
             from
             their
             debates
             of
             the
             highest
             importance
             .
             The
             Cunning
             Men
             made
             the
             right
             use
             of
             this
             weakness
             ,
             when
             any
             thing
             was
             proposed
             which
             did
             not
             please
             them
             ,
             and
             this
             was
             the
             design
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             which
             they
             thought
             ought
             to
             have
             been
             promoted
             by
             Antonius
             ,
             he
             being
             one
             of
             the
             College
             of
             Augures
             (
             who
             were
             a
             certain
             sort
             of
             Dignitaries
             that
             judged
             of
             these
             kind
             of
             Omens
             )
             and
             who
             they
             imagined
             wished
             the
             Government
             of
             Syria
             for
             himself
             .
             But
             these
             were
             false
             measures
             ,
             for
             Antonius
             seized
             
             upon
             the
             Tribune
             as
             an
             Impostour
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             occasion
             that
             Dolabella
             got
             the
             Province
             ,
             and
             the
             Army
             afterwards
             .
             He
             demanded
             Macedonia
             for
             his
             Brother
             Cajus
             ,
             which
             none
             durst
             refuse
             him
             .
             All
             that
             the
             Senate
             could
             doe
             ,
             was
             to
             put
             the
             Friends
             of
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             also
             upon
             demanding
             other
             Provinces
             instead
             of
             those
             that
             had
             been
             taken
             from
             them
             ,
             which
             they
             obtained
             ,
             to
             Cassius
             was
             given
             Cyrene
             upon
             the
             Coast
             of
             Africa
             ,
             with
             that
             of
             Crete
             ,
             at
             present
             called
             Candia
             ,
             and
             Bithynia
             to
             Brutus
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             IX
             .
             Octavius
             the
             grand
             Nephew
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             comes
             to
             Rome
             against
             the
             Opinion
             of
             his
             Kindred
             ,
             he
             declares
             himself
             Caesar's
             Heir
             ,
             and
             takes
             upon
             him
             his
             Name
             .
          
           
             IN
             the
             mean
             time
             news
             arrived
             at
             Rome
             ,
             that
             Octavius
             the
             grand
             Nephew
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             Adopted
             and
             declared
             his
             chief
             Heir
             ,
             was
             coming
             to
             enter
             upon
             his
             Succession
             .
             Octavius
             ,
             so
             famous
             since
             by
             the
             Name
             of
             
               Augustus
               Caesar
            
             ,
             was
             of
             a
             very
             Ancient
             and
             Illustrious
             Family
             in
             Italy
             ,
             but
             he
             came
             out
             of
             a
             branch
             of
             that
             Family
             which
             had
             not
             been
             much
             advanced
             .
             He
             was
             handsome
             ,
             and
             so
             very
             beautifull
             ,
             that
             it
             acquired
             him
             Veneration
             ,
             he
             had
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Wit
             ,
             which
             was
             subtile
             and
             cunning
             ,
             a
             lofty
             Mind
             ,
             of
             extreme
             Wisedom
             ,
             and
             very
             insinuating
             Conversation
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             not
             any
             nearer
             Kinsman
             ,
             took
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             care
             of
             his
             Education
             ,
             and
             he
             improved
             so
             well
             under
             so
             good
             a
             Master
             ,
             that
             his
             Merit
             advanced
             him
             to
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             World.
             He
             governed
             with
             so
             great
             Wisedom
             and
             Moderation
             ,
             that
             the
             Prudence
             and
             Mildness
             of
             Augustus
             have
             been
             ever
             since
             wished
             to
             his
             Successours
             :
             though
             he
             was
             now
             but
             very
             young
             ,
             his
             Unkle
             caused
             him
             to
             exercise
             the
             charge
             of
             General
             of
             the
             Cavalry
             for
             one
             complete
             year
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             sent
             him
             to
             Appollonia
             ,
             a
             City
             upon
             
             the
             Coast
             of
             Epirus
             ,
             to
             complete
             his
             Studies
             and
             his
             Exercises
             ,
             thither
             came
             to
             him
             dayly
             the
             principal
             Commanders
             of
             the
             Troops
             of
             that
             Province
             ,
             and
             even
             the
             Souldiers
             also
             to
             make
             their
             Court
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             entertain
             him
             with
             Combates
             and
             Games
             ;
             after
             having
             staid
             about
             six
             months
             in
             that
             City
             ,
             he
             understood
             the
             death
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             all
             his
             Friends
             advised
             to
             seek
             Protection
             from
             the
             Troops
             of
             that
             Province
             ,
             who
             had
             served
             under
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             still
             honoured
             his
             Memory
             .
             His
             Mother
             was
             Married
             again
             to
             a
             Man
             of
             Quality
             ,
             called
             
               Martius
               Philippus
            
             ,
             so
             they
             both
             wrote
             to
             him
             by
             way
             of
             advice
             ,
             
               To
               undertake
               nothing
               that
               might
               bring
               trouble
               upon
               him
               ,
               but
               that
               he
               would
               take
               warning
               by
               his
               Vnkle
               ,
               and
               come
               to
            
             Rome
             
               to
               them
               ,
               where
               he
               might
               lead
               a
               quiet
               and
               peaceable
               life
               ,
               and
               that
               they
               would
               take
               care
               of
               his
               preservation
               .
            
             These
             different
             Counsels
             were
             enough
             to
             intangle
             a
             Man
             who
             was
             now
             but
             eighteen
             years
             of
             Age.
             But
             of
             all
             the
             Counsels
             that
             were
             proposed
             to
             him
             ,
             he
             resolved
             upon
             the
             most
             honest
             and
             the
             most
             generous
             ,
             which
             was
             ,
             
               To
               revenge
               the
               death
               of
               his
               Vnkle
               ,
            
             so
             he
             put
             himself
             on
             Ship-board
             ,
             and
             came
             and
             landed
             at
             a
             certain
             little
             Town
             near
             Brundusi●m
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             informed
             of
             what
             had
             been
             done
             at
             Rome
             since
             the
             death
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             though
             he
             had
             received
             fresh
             Letters
             from
             his
             Mother
             ,
             nevertheless
             fully
             resolved
             to
             declare
             himself
             Heir
             to
             the
             Fortune
             and
             Name
             of
             Caesar.
             With
             this
             design
             he
             went
             to
             Br●ndusi●m
             ,
             after
             being
             first
             well
             assured
             that
             none
             of
             the
             Murtherers
             of
             his
             
             Unkle
             were
             in
             the
             place
             ,
             such
             of
             Caesar's
             old
             Souldiers
             as
             were
             Quartered
             in
             that
             City
             ,
             came
             out
             to
             meet
             him
             ,
             and
             did
             him
             Honours
             as
             the
             Son
             of
             their
             General
             .
             He
             made
             a
             Sacrifice
             to
             the
             Gods
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             according
             to
             the
             Roman
             Custome
             taken
             upon
             him
             the
             Name
             of
             his
             Adoptive
             Father
             ;
             all
             his
             Friends
             ,
             his
             Slaves
             ,
             his
             Freed-men
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Souldiers
             came
             to
             him
             upon
             the
             News
             .
             The
             very
             Arms
             ,
             Money
             and
             Provision
             which
             were
             sent
             to
             the
             Troops
             of
             Macedonia
             ,
             were
             brought
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             this
             happy
             beginning
             put
             him
             upon
             his
             march
             towards
             Rome
             ,
             in
             his
             Journey
             thither
             he
             saw
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             avoided
             the
             calling
             of
             him
             Caesar
             ,
             though
             every
             body
             else
             at
             that
             time
             did
             it
             ,
             because
             ,
             says
             he
             ,
             
               in
               a
               Letter
            
             Philip
             
               himself
               did
               not
               doe
               it
               ,
               and
               that
               no
               good
               Citizen
               ought
               so
               long
               as
               he
               is
               attended
               with
               such
               as
               threaten
               our
               Friends
               .
            
             Nevertheless
             he
             remained
             not
             long
             in
             this
             Opinion
             ,
             and
             Octavius
             arriving
             at
             last
             at
             Rome
             ,
             declared
             to
             his
             Friends
             ,
             
               That
               notwithstanding
               their
               fears
               ,
               he
               could
               not
               but
               think
               himself
               unworthy
               of
               life
               ,
               should
               he
               not
               use
               his
               utmost
               indeavours
               to
               revenge
               the
               death
               of
            
             Caesar.
             It
             is
             said
             ,
             that
             his
             Mother
             imbraced
             him
             at
             these
             words
             ,
             and
             approved
             of
             his
             Design
             .
             Now
             Antonius
             had
             sent
             no
             body
             out
             to
             meet
             him
             ,
             which
             coldness
             of
             proceeding
             much
             augmented
             the
             fears
             of
             young
             Caesar's
             Friends
             .
             But
             he
             declared
             how
             he
             thought
             it
             very
             just
             that
             a
             young
             Man
             ,
             of
             but
             a
             private
             condition
             as
             he
             was
             ,
             should
             make
             the
             first
             steps
             towards
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             was
             his
             Seniour
             ,
             and
             a
             
             Consul
             ;
             so
             he
             besought
             his
             Friends
             to
             bear
             him
             company
             to
             that
             visit
             the
             next
             morning
             ,
             who
             all
             attended
             him
             accordingly
             ;
             as
             he
             was
             going
             thither
             ,
             he
             met
             
               Cajus
               ,
               Antonius
            
             his
             Brother
             ,
             who
             was
             Pretor
             ,
             and
             took
             that
             occasion
             to
             declare
             to
             him
             his
             Adoption
             ,
             and
             caused
             it
             to
             be
             registred
             according
             to
             Custome
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             X.
             Octavius
             visits
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             receives
             him
             very
             ill
             .
             His
             demands
             ,
             and
             Antonius
             his
             Answer
             .
          
           
             OCtavius
             
               was
               forc't
               to
               wait
               a
               great
               while
               at
            
             Antonius
             
               's
               Gate
               ,
               who
               nevertheless
               at
               last
               received
               him
               with
               a
               great
               deal
               of
               Complement
               and
               Ceremony
               ,
               after
               which
               they
               were
               come
               to
               the
               Point
               .
               Young
            
             Caesar
             
               began
               ,
               and
               highly
               praised
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               to
               whom
               he
               confessed
               he
               had
               many
               obligations
               ,
               after
               which
               ,
               he
               modestly
               complained
               to
               him
               ,
            
             For
             that
             he
             had
             suffered
             a
             Pardon
             to
             pass
             for
             Caesar's
             Murtherers
             ,
             whom
             he
             might
             have
             punished
             with
             as
             much
             severity
             ,
             and
             as
             Arbitrarily
             as
             he
             had
             done
             Amatius
             .
             That
             he
             had
             also
             gone
             farther
             ,
             and
             given
             his
             advice
             for
             the
             allotting
             of
             them
             Provinces
             and
             Governments
             ,
             when
             he
             himself
             presided
             in
             the
             Senate
             as
             Consul
             .
             
               He
               handsomely
               represented
               to
               him
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Friendship
               ,
               and
               the
               good
               Offices
               he
               had
               done
               him
               ,
               adding
               ,
            
             That
             Caesar
             would
             have
             adopted
             him
             ,
             had
             
             he
             not
             been
             persuaded
             that
             a
             Man
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             ,
             descended
             from
             Hercules
             ,
             would
             have
             made
             a
             scruple
             of
             entring
             into
             the
             Family
             of
             Aeneas
             :
             He
             conjured
             him
             by
             the
             Memory
             of
             his
             Father
             to
             assist
             him
             in
             revenging
             his
             death
             ,
             at
             least
             not
             to
             oppose
             the
             design
             he
             had
             of
             proceeding
             in
             it
             .
             He
             gave
             him
             to
             understand
             that
             he
             was
             resolved
             to
             satisfy
             what
             was
             stipulated
             in
             the
             Will
             ,
             and
             to
             distribute
             amongst
             the
             People
             and
             the
             Souldiers
             what
             Caesar
             had
             left
             them
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             having
             little
             Fortune
             of
             his
             own
             ,
             he
             desired
             him
             to
             deliver
             him
             fourteen
             hundred
             and
             fifteen
             thousand
             Crowns
             out
             of
             the
             Money
             which
             Caesar
             had
             left
             ,
             and
             to
             lend
             him
             as
             much
             more
             out
             of
             the
             publick
             stock
             as
             he
             should
             have
             occasion
             for
             .
             That
             for
             the
             Moveables
             and
             Goods
             ,
             them
             he
             might
             keep
             ,
             he
             being
             contented
             to
             allow
             them
             as
             marks
             and
             remembrances
             of
             Caesar's
             affection
             .
             Antonius
             
               amazed
               at
               the
               young
               Man's
               Confidence
               ,
               and
               being
               piqued
               at
               the
               last
               Article
               of
               his
               discourse
               ,
               told
               him
               ,
            
             That
             there
             might
             have
             been
             some
             reason
             for
             what
             he
             urged
             ,
             had
             Caesar
             left
             him
             heir
             of
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             as
             well
             as
             of
             his
             Name
             and
             Fortune
             ,
             but
             that
             the
             Sovereign
             Authority
             had
             no
             Title
             of
             Succession
             in
             Rome
             ,
             and
             that
             therefore
             he
             ought
             not
             to
             demand
             reasons
             of
             him
             for
             what
             he
             had
             done
             in
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             That
             for
             the
             obligations
             which
             he
             thought
             he
             owed
             him
             ,
             he
             was
             willing
             to
             dispense
             with
             them
             ,
             since
             what
             he
             had
             done
             was
             without
             any
             prospect
             of
             his
             Service
             ,
             and
             onely
             designed
             for
             the
             good
             of
             his
             Countrey
             .
             That
             nevertheless
             he
             had
             not
             forgotten
             Caesar's
             Friendship
             ,
             but
             had
             secured
             to
             him
             those
             Honours
             due
             to
             his
             Memory
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             hazard
             
             of
             his
             own
             life
             .
             That
             for
             the
             rest
             ,
             he
             had
             permitted
             it
             ,
             because
             't
             was
             not
             in
             his
             power
             to
             have
             opposed
             it
             without
             declaring
             himself
             a
             Friend
             to
             Tyranny
             .
             That
             nevertheless
             his
             want
             of
             experience
             was
             excusable
             ,
             which
             had
             hindred
             him
             from
             taking
             these
             things
             into
             his
             consideration
             ,
             though
             it
             would
             require
             some
             to
             be
             sensible
             that
             the
             advantages
             arising
             to
             him
             from
             his
             Succession
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             did
             onely
             in
             part
             belong
             to
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             not
             at
             all
             jealous
             of
             his
             good
             Fortune
             ,
             though
             by
             his
             own
             Confession
             ,
             it
             might
             as
             well
             have
             happened
             to
             himself
             ,
             since
             Caesar
             would
             have
             adopted
             him
             ,
             had
             he
             not
             been
             of
             the
             Race
             of
             Hercules
             .
             That
             as
             to
             Caesar's
             Money
             ,
             it
             did
             not
             amount
             to
             so
             great
             a
             sum
             as
             he
             imagined
             ,
             a
             great
             part
             of
             it
             belonging
             to
             the
             publick
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             given
             his
             orders
             for
             inquiring
             into
             ,
             since
             Caesar
             himself
             (
             had
             he
             lived
             )
             would
             not
             have
             taken
             it
             ill
             to
             have
             been
             made
             accountable
             that
             another
             part
             had
             been
             divided
             amongst
             the
             Officers
             ,
             besides
             Dollabella
             his
             Brother
             ,
             and
             himself
             ,
             who
             had
             refused
             the
             receiving
             any
             of
             it
             .
             That
             in
             truth
             he
             had
             distributed
             it
             amongst
             those
             to
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             ordained
             it
             ,
             and
             was
             ready
             to
             put
             the
             remainder
             into
             his
             hands
             ,
             but
             that
             if
             he
             were
             Wise
             ,
             he
             would
             employ
             it
             for
             the
             satisfaction
             of
             such
             as
             had
             reason
             of
             complaint
             either
             against
             his
             Father
             or
             himself
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             sending
             back
             that
             shoal
             of
             followers
             who
             accompanied
             him
             into
             their
             Colonies
             ,
             rather
             than
             give
             it
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             it
             being
             a
             surprizing
             thing
             that
             a
             man
             so
             knowing
             as
             he
             was
             in
             the
             Grecian
             History
             ,
             should
             seem
             to
             rely
             upon
             popular
             affection
             ,
             which
             was
             more
             unconstant
             than
             the
             Waves
             of
             the
             Ocean
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XI
             .
             Octavius
             falls
             out
             with
             Antonius
             .
             He
             gains
             the
             affections
             of
             the
             People
             .
             Antonius
             sends
             for
             the
             Macedonian
             Army
             into
             Italy
             .
          
           
             THese
             words
             ,
             and
             this
             proceeding
             of
             Antonius
             offending
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             he
             took
             his
             leave
             of
             him
             ,
             repeating
             several
             times
             as
             he
             went
             out
             of
             the
             door
             the
             name
             of
             his
             Father
             ,
             so
             he
             resolved
             to
             convert
             all
             his
             own
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             what
             more
             amounted
             to
             him
             from
             his
             Succession
             to
             Caesar
             into
             ready
             Money
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             to
             put
             himself
             into
             a
             condition
             of
             satisfying
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             gaining
             their
             favour
             ,
             whereof
             he
             knew
             that
             Antonius
             had
             but
             a
             small
             share
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             his
             Inquisition
             into
             the
             publick
             Money
             .
             This
             design
             of
             his
             made
             the
             Senate
             afraid
             of
             him
             ,
             though
             they
             were
             not
             at
             all
             disturbed
             to
             see
             him
             fall
             out
             with
             Antonius
             ,
             because
             they
             hoped
             that
             that
             Division
             might
             weaken
             them
             both
             ,
             and
             so
             make
             their
             Ruine
             more
             easie
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             publick
             Treasury
             would
             be
             improved
             by
             what
             should
             arrive
             to
             it
             out
             of
             Caesar's
             Estate
             .
             Now
             the
             time
             was
             come
             ,
             that
             Brutus
             was
             to
             give
             the
             Games
             ,
             these
             Games
             were
             certain
             magnificent
             Shews
             which
             the
             Magistrates
             at
             the
             going
             out
             of
             their
             Offices
             gave
             for
             the
             Divertisement
             of
             the
             People
             .
             There
             were
             to
             be
             seen
             the
             Combats
             of
             Gladiatours
             bred
             up
             and
             taught
             to
             cut
             one
             anothers
             Throats
             on
             purpose
             ,
             
             upon
             these
             occasions
             ,
             the
             huntings
             of
             wild
             Beasts
             ,
             every
             thing
             that
             could
             be
             found
             rare
             throughout
             the
             Provinces
             ,
             Comedies
             ,
             and
             Musick
             Prizes
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             the
             expences
             of
             it
             would
             appear
             incredible
             to
             any
             who
             have
             not
             been
             acquainted
             with
             the
             greatness
             and
             riches
             of
             
               Rome
               .
               Brutus
            
             to
             be
             sure
             had
             spared
             no
             cost
             for
             the
             setting
             out
             of
             his
             Games
             ,
             his
             Friends
             hoping
             that
             by
             that
             Magnificence
             he
             might
             regain
             the
             Friendship
             of
             the
             People
             .
             Nevertheless
             they
             durst
             not
             counsel
             him
             to
             appear
             there
             ,
             because
             they
             were
             advised
             that
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Caesar's
             old
             Souldiers
             flocked
             dayly
             to
             Rome
             .
             In
             effect
             ,
             young
             Caesar
             having
             sold
             all
             he
             had
             ,
             and
             distributed
             it
             amongst
             the
             most
             Factious
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             proceeded
             now
             to
             selling
             the
             Goods
             of
             his
             Mother
             and
             Father-in-Law
             ,
             forcing
             Pedius
             and
             Pinarius
             his
             Co-heirs
             in
             the
             Succession
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             to
             quit
             their
             parts
             to
             him
             ,
             which
             he
             also
             sold
             ,
             and
             immediately
             distributed
             accordingly
             .
             These
             things
             made
             a
             great
             noise
             amongst
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             believed
             themselves
             now
             more
             obliged
             to
             him
             than
             to
             the
             very
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             left
             them
             the
             Money
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             came
             also
             from
             all
             parts
             of
             Italy
             to
             partake
             of
             his
             liberality
             ;
             so
             that
             though
             Brutus
             his
             Games
             were
             very
             Magnificent
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             extremely
             pleased
             with
             them
             ,
             his
             Friends
             no
             sooner
             demanded
             that
             he
             and
             Cassius
             might
             be
             recalled
             home
             ,
             but
             Caesar's
             Party
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             the
             Shews
             ,
             and
             would
             not
             let
             them
             go
             on
             till
             that
             request
             were
             absolutely
             rejected
             .
             
             It
             was
             easie
             to
             perceive
             that
             this
             refusal
             was
             the
             work
             of
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             before
             wondred
             at
             his
             boldness
             for
             making
             Head
             against
             Anthony
             ,
             were
             now
             as
             much
             surprized
             at
             his
             Address
             also
             and
             Power
             .
             By
             this
             means
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             lost
             all
             hopes
             of
             returning
             to
             Rome
             ,
             and
             went
             one
             into
             Macedonia
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             into
             Syria
             ,
             they
             pretended
             that
             Caesar
             had
             allotted
             them
             those
             Provinces
             which
             had
             since
             been
             unjustly
             taken
             from
             them
             ,
             and
             Dollabella
             ,
             whose
             interest
             was
             Syria
             ,
             departed
             with
             all
             diligence
             to
             take
             possession
             of
             his
             Government
             .
             Antonius
             very
             well
             knew
             at
             this
             time
             that
             he
             had
             need
             of
             new
             Forces
             ,
             he
             had
             his
             Eyes
             upon
             the
             Army
             which
             was
             in
             Macedonia
             ,
             composed
             of
             six
             Legions
             of
             seasoned
             Souldiers
             ,
             abundance
             of
             Lancers
             and
             Cavalry
             ,
             with
             a
             great
             Equipage
             of
             Engines
             ,
             and
             all
             sorts
             of
             Ammunition
             ,
             he
             was
             afraid
             lest
             Dollabella
             should
             take
             these
             Troops
             ,
             and
             carry
             them
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             so
             he
             resolved
             to
             send
             for
             them
             into
             Italy
             ,
             and
             (
             to
             keep
             them
             the
             mean
             while
             in
             Macedonia
             )
             caused
             a
             report
             to
             be
             spread
             ,
             that
             the
             Getae
             had
             made
             an
             incursion
             there
             with
             great
             powers
             .
             Now
             as
             his
             Brother
             was
             already
             Governour
             of
             that
             Province
             ,
             it
             was
             his
             Opinion
             that
             the
             Command
             of
             those
             Troops
             would
             not
             be
             deny'd
             him
             for
             the
             making
             head
             against
             those
             Barbarians
             ,
             when
             the
             Senate
             made
             an
             Order
             ,
             that
             some
             body
             should
             be
             sent
             to
             inquire
             into
             the
             truth
             of
             that
             news
             .
             So
             Antonius
             taking
             notice
             how
             his
             Plot
             had
             alarum'd
             them
             ,
             and
             
             that
             they
             were
             afraid
             lest
             he
             should
             make
             himself
             Dictatour
             ,
             proposed
             ,
             
               That
               that
               Office
               might
               be
               abolished
               for
               ever
               with
               free
               liberty
               to
               kill
               and
               destroy
               whomsoever
               should
               have
               the
               boldness
               to
               offer
               at
               it
               .
            
             This
             Proposition
             so
             agreeable
             to
             all
             Parties
             ,
             confirmed
             the
             Senate
             ,
             when
             at
             last
             by
             under-hand
             management
             ,
             and
             presents
             which
             he
             made
             ,
             Antonius
             obtained
             the
             Command
             of
             the
             Army
             .
             He
             sent
             his
             Brother
             Cajus
             in
             all
             diligence
             to
             acquaint
             the
             Troops
             with
             the
             Decree
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             with
             private
             orders
             to
             bring
             them
             into
             Italy
             ,
             so
             those
             Deputies
             who
             had
             been
             sent
             to
             inquire
             into
             the
             state
             of
             that
             Province
             ,
             returned
             and
             brought
             word
             that
             the
             Getae
             were
             not
             yet
             entred
             there
             ,
             but
             that
             an
             erruption
             of
             them
             was
             expected
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XII
             .
             Antonius
             demands
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             Cisalpine
             Gaul
             .
             He
             offends
             young
             Caesar.
             The
             Souldiers
             oblige
             him
             to
             an
             agreement
             with
             him
             ,
             Antonius
             gets
             the
             Government
             .
          
           
             IN
             the
             mean
             time
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             made
             preparations
             for
             War
             ,
             and
             Tribonius
             ,
             whom
             they
             had
             sent
             into
             Asia
             ,
             fortified
             the
             places
             of
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             while
             Antonius
             Triumphed
             at
             Rome
             ,
             all
             his
             Artifices
             succeeded
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             he
             thought
             there
             was
             nothing
             now
             which
             he
             might
             not
             hope
             for
             ,
             Gaul
             ,
             where
             Decimus
             Commanded
             ,
             appeared
             very
             convenient
             for
             his
             designs
             ,
             so
             he
             was
             not
             afraid
             to
             demand
             the
             Government
             of
             it
             out
             of
             the
             confidence
             he
             had
             in
             his
             Authority
             .
             This
             Proposition
             began
             to
             open
             the
             Eyes
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             now
             saw
             openly
             the
             Ambition
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             so
             they
             absolutely
             rejected
             his
             Demands
             ,
             and
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             Decimus
             ,
             to
             advise
             him
             ,
             
               To
               strengthen
               himself
               against
               the
               pretensions
               of
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               who
               was
               now
               resolved
               to
               obtain
               that
               from
               the
               People
               ,
               which
               had
               been
               refused
               him
               by
               the
               Senate
               .
            
             But
             to
             the
             end
             that
             he
             might
             first
             try
             all
             means
             of
             preserving
             himself
             in
             their
             favour
             ,
             he
             took
             an
             occasion
             of
             falling
             out
             with
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             whose
             Power
             already
             began
             to
             be
             formidable
             .
             Critonius
             ,
             who
             was
             Aedilis
             ,
             was
             to
             give
             Games
             to
             the
             People
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Custome
             I
             before
             mentioned
             .
             It
             was
             Ordained
             ,
             
             That
             the
             Image
             of
             Caesar
             should
             assist
             at
             all
             the
             Shews
             ,
             placed
             in
             a
             Magnificent
             Seat
             ,
             and
             Crowned
             with
             Gold.
             Now
             as
             his
             Adopted
             Son
             caused
             the
             Seat
             to
             be
             brought
             ,
             Critonius
             opposed
             him
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               He
               would
               not
               allow
               that
            
             Caesar
             
               should
               be
               honoured
               at
               his
               expence
               .
            
             Young
             Caesar
             made
             his
             Complaints
             of
             this
             to
             the
             Consul
             ,
             who
             was
             Antonius
             ,
             but
             he
             refused
             to
             doe
             him
             Justice
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               none
               of
               his
               business
               to
               interpose
               in
               that
               matter
            
             ;
             at
             which
             ,
             Octavius
             being
             provoked
             ,
             fiercely
             replyed
             ,
             
               In
               spight
               of
               the
               uneasiness
               of
               those
               Men
               who
               are
               thus
               impertinently
               squeamish
               ,
               my
               Father's
               Image
               shall
               appear
               in
               the
               place
               that
               is
               designed
               for
               it
               ,
               nay
               ,
               and
               by
               your
               own
               Decree
               too
               .
            
             These
             words
             offended
             Antonius
             ,
             or
             rather
             to
             speak
             properly
             ,
             Antonius
             had
             a
             mind
             to
             be
             offended
             :
             so
             he
             reproached
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             all
             his
             Proceedings
             tended
             to
             the
             stirring
             up
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             threatned
             him
             to
             commit
             him
             to
             Prison
             ,
             forbidding
             him
             at
             last
             to
             bring
             his
             Father's
             Image
             ,
             not
             onely
             to
             Critonius
             his
             Games
             ,
             but
             even
             to
             those
             which
             Caesar
             himself
             was
             to
             exhibit
             in
             Honour
             of
             his
             Father
             before
             the
             Temple
             of
             Venus
             .
             These
             prohibitions
             appeared
             so
             full
             of
             Injustice
             and
             Violence
             ,
             that
             they
             extremely
             exasperated
             the
             People
             ,
             so
             young
             Caesar
             made
             the
             right
             use
             of
             the
             Quarrel
             ,
             for
             he
             went
             into
             the
             publick
             Places
             ,
             where
             he
             complained
             of
             the
             injury
             done
             to
             the
             Memory
             of
             his
             Father
             .
             Wherefore
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             (
             as
             if
             Antonius
             had
             been
             himself
             present
             )
             
               should
               thy
               hatred
               to
               me
               extend
               it self
               to
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               who
               
               has
               deserved
               so
               well
               of
               thee
               ?
               I
               am
               ready
               joyfully
               to
               Sacrifice
               my self
               to
               thy
               Revenge
               ,
               provided
               thou
               wilt
               have
               regard
               to
               the
               Memory
               of
               my
               Father
               ,
               who
               preferred
               thee
               above
               all
               other
               Friendships
               ;
               I
               here
               to
               thy
               insatiable
               Avarice
               freely
               abandon
               all
               the
               Fortune
               which
               he
               left
               to
               me
               ,
               onely
               permit
               me
               enough
               wherewith
               to
               satisfy
               his
               last
               desires
               ,
               I
               beg
               this
               of
               thee
               for
               the
               Peoples
               sake
               ,
               and
               not
               my
               own
               ,
               for
               I
               shall
               think
               my self
               rich
               and
               honourable
               enough
               if
               I
               can
               but
               doe
               Iustice
               to
               his
               Memory
               in
               distributing
               amongst
               the
               People
               what
               he
               has
               left
               them
               .
            
             This
             discourse
             was
             immediately
             spread
             all
             over
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             made
             so
             great
             impression
             ,
             that
             Antonius
             began
             to
             be
             desperate
             ,
             and
             threatned
             Revenge
             .
             When
             Caesar's
             Friends
             ,
             and
             even
             the
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             whom
             Antonius
             had
             taken
             for
             his
             Guards
             ,
             remonstrated
             to
             him
             ,
             
               How
               shamefull
               it
               was
               in
               this
               manner
               to
               wrong
               the
               Memory
               of
               their
               General
               as
               well
               as
               his
               own
               ,
               since
               it
               would
               turn
               at
               last
               to
               their
               confusion
               ,
               and
               purchase
               him
               but
               little
               Honour
               .
            
             As
             he
             had
             need
             of
             these
             People
             ,
             he
             thought
             fit
             to
             hearken
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             complained
             of
             young
             Caesar's
             Proceedings
             ,
             whom
             he
             accused
             of
             Arrogance
             ,
             and
             aspiring
             to
             an
             equality
             with
             himself
             ,
             who
             was
             elder
             than
             he
             ,
             and
             of
             an
             established
             Reputation
             ,
             he
             said
             ,
             
               That
               he
               was
               willing
               that
               all
               things
               might
               be
               forgotten
               in
               complyance
               to
               the
               desires
               of
               so
               many
               brave
               men
               .
            
             He
             had
             besides
             this
             ,
             another
             reason
             for
             his
             complyance
             .
             He
             was
             now
             to
             try
             what
             Reputation
             Caesar
             had
             amongst
             the
             People
             ,
             which
             he
             pretended
             he
             would
             make
             use
             of
             for
             his
             assistence
             in
             getting
             the
             Province
             
             of
             Gall
             ,
             so
             the
             Souldiers
             obliged
             them
             to
             see
             one
             another
             ,
             and
             they
             parted
             good
             Friends
             .
             Immediately
             Antonius
             caused
             the
             Law
             to
             be
             published
             for
             his
             Government
             ,
             and
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             Senate
             could
             doe
             with
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             Caesar's
             underhand
             management
             with
             the
             People
             ,
             the
             many
             Armed
             Souldiers
             which
             he
             brought
             to
             the
             Assembly
             in
             favour
             of
             Antonius
             against
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             one
             of
             his
             Father's
             Murtherers
             ,
             and
             Antonius's
             Money
             ,
             wherewith
             he
             had
             corrupted
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             made
             the
             Law
             pass
             ,
             and
             he
             got
             the
             Government
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XIII
             .
             New
             Quarrels
             between
             Antonius
             and
             
               Caesar.
               Cicero
            
             declares
             himself
             for
             Caesar.
             He
             offends
             Antonius
             in
             his
             Orations
             .
          
           
             ANTONIVS
             having
             now
             gotten
             what
             he
             wished
             for
             ,
             began
             to
             contrive
             according
             to
             his
             Maximes
             how
             to
             restore
             himself
             with
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             whether
             it
             were
             that
             he
             little
             valued
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             or
             whether
             it
             were
             by
             a
             secret
             motion
             of
             that
             Antipathy
             which
             afterwards
             so
             much
             declared
             it self
             ,
             and
             was
             at
             last
             the
             cause
             of
             his
             destruction
             ,
             he
             seemed
             not
             to
             take
             much
             care
             how
             he
             disgusted
             him
             ,
             so
             he
             might
             re-unite
             himself
             with
             the
             Senate
             .
             It
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             there
             was
             a
             strong
             opposition
             between
             these
             two
             Spirits
             ,
             but
             Caesar's
             had
             the
             advantage
             ,
             and
             there
             runs
             a
             story
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             that
             a
             certain
             famous
             Aegyptian
             Astrologer
             told
             him
             one
             day
             in
             the
             presence
             of
             
               Cleopatra
               ,
               That
               his
               Fortune
               ,
               which
               was
               so
               Illustrious
               at
               present
               ,
               should
               lose
               all
               its
               splendour
               when
               it
               came
               near
               to
               that
               of
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               and
               therefore
               advised
               him
               always
               to
               shun
               that
               young
               man
               as
               much
               as
               possible
               ;
               because
               ,
            
             said
             he
             to
             
               Antonius
               ,
               thy
               Genius
               is
               afraid
               of
               his
               .
            
             In
             effect
             ,
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             Alliances
             which
             their
             common
             interest
             could
             form
             between
             them
             ,
             they
             were
             always
             embroiled
             till
             the
             death
             of
             Antonius
             .
             The
             pretence
             they
             now
             took
             was
             this
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             of
             the
             People
             being
             dead
             ,
             Caesar
             
             recommended
             Flaminius
             to
             the
             place
             ,
             this
             made
             the
             People
             believe
             that
             he
             had
             a
             mind
             to
             it
             himself
             ,
             and
             gave
             him
             to
             understand
             ,
             
               That
               he
               might
               easily
               carry
               it
               by
               their
               Votes
               .
            
             This
             Testimony
             of
             their
             Esteem
             for
             him
             alarum'd
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             fearing
             lest
             he
             should
             make
             use
             of
             the
             Authority
             of
             that
             Office
             for
             the
             revenging
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Father
             ,
             resolved
             to
             oppose
             it
             ,
             and
             Antonius
             published
             a
             Decree
             ,
             by
             which
             he
             forbad
             any
             man
             to
             assist
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             not
             being
             yet
             a
             Senatour
             ,
             could
             not
             according
             to
             Law
             pretend
             to
             that
             Dignity
             .
             These
             prohibitions
             provoked
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             looked
             upon
             their
             Authority
             by
             this
             means
             struck
             at
             ,
             so
             upon
             the
             day
             of
             the
             Assembly
             ,
             Antonius
             had
             the
             misfortune
             to
             see
             his
             Reputation
             shaken
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             his
             life
             in
             great
             hazard
             ,
             insomuch
             that
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             permit
             the
             Tribunes
             to
             cancell
             his
             Decree
             ;
             so
             Flaminius
             had
             the
             Office
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             well
             perceived
             that
             it
             was
             now
             time
             for
             him
             to
             take
             measures
             against
             the
             unconstancy
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             whose
             credit
             and
             assistence
             was
             like
             to
             cost
             more
             than
             it
             was
             worth
             ;
             so
             he
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             such
             Souldiers
             as
             had
             served
             under
             his
             Father
             ,
             and
             were
             now
             divided
             up
             and
             down
             Italy
             ,
             sending
             also
             into
             the
             very
             Army
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             a
             sort
             of
             Manifesto
             ,
             Copies
             whereof
             he
             caused
             to
             be
             scattered
             about
             the
             Camp.
             Besides
             this
             ,
             he
             took
             a
             resolution
             of
             applying
             himself
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             ,
             whom
             Philippus
             had
             gained
             to
             his
             Party
             ,
             with
             all
             his
             Credit
             was
             assisting
             to
             the
             design
             .
             Now
             there
             was
             at
             
             this
             time
             a
             cruel
             feud
             betwixt
             Cicero
             and
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             their
             hatred
             had
             been
             declared
             by
             the
             furious
             declamations
             which
             they
             made
             against
             one
             another
             in
             the
             Senate
             ▪
             those
             of
             Cicero
             remain
             still
             amongst
             us
             ,
             and
             are
             called
             his
             Philippicks
             ,
             because
             he
             has
             there
             imitated
             Demosthenes
             ,
             who
             wrote
             after
             the
             same
             manner
             against
             King
             Philip
             the
             Father
             of
             Alexander
             .
             The
             twelfth
             is
             very
             admirable
             in
             its
             kind
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             first
             we
             may
             learn
             the
             causes
             of
             their
             Division
             .
             Cicero
             being
             wearied
             with
             the
             troubles
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             grieved
             at
             the
             retreat
             of
             Brutus
             ,
             had
             resolved
             to
             go
             into
             Greece
             ,
             there
             to
             lead
             a
             more
             peaceable
             life
             .
             He
             had
             been
             twice
             on
             Ship-board
             with
             this
             design
             ,
             but
             the
             winds
             were
             both
             times
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             he
             was
             forc'd
             to
             come
             ashore
             again
             at
             Rhegium
             :
             In
             this
             place
             he
             understood
             the
             speech
             that
             Antonius
             had
             made
             for
             the
             abolishing
             the
             Dictatourship
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             hopes
             which
             appeared
             from
             that
             action
             of
             Re-establishing
             Liberty
             ;
             so
             his
             thoughts
             of
             retirement
             soon
             forsook
             him
             ,
             and
             nothing
             ,
             as
             he
             said
             himself
             ,
             could
             satisfy
             his
             impatience
             to
             be
             once
             more
             at
             Rome
             .
             He
             was
             received
             there
             with
             extreme
             Joy
             ,
             and
             almost
             every
             body
             went
             out
             to
             meet
             him
             .
             Now
             the
             Senate
             was
             to
             assemble
             the
             next
             day
             ,
             but
             Cicero
             would
             not
             be
             there
             ,
             and
             feigned
             himself
             sick
             .
             It
             was
             said
             ,
             That
             he
             had
             received
             advice
             of
             some
             design
             against
             his
             life
             ,
             but
             when
             ,
             according
             to
             Custome
             the
             Senatours
             were
             called
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             his
             Friends
             reported
             the
             cause
             of
             his
             absence
             ,
             Antonius
             ,
             
             who
             presided
             as
             he
             was
             Consul
             ,
             said
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               go
               seek
               him
               ,
               and
               carry
               so
               many
               People
               with
               him
               as
               should
               bring
               him
               away
               House
               and
               all
               .
               Cicero
            
             in
             a
             speech
             made
             at
             another
             meeting
             ,
             complained
             of
             this
             outrage
             of
             the
             Consul
             ;
             Antonius
             answered
             him
             sharply
             ,
             and
             reproached
             him
             ,
             for
             that
             upon
             the
             day
             of
             Caesar's
             Murther
             ,
             Brutus
             holding
             his
             bloudy
             Dagger
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             had
             called
             upon
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             declared
             to
             him
             the
             return
             of
             Liberty
             .
             This
             it
             was
             that
             occasioned
             the
             Rupture
             between
             these
             two
             Men
             ,
             which
             appeared
             more
             plain
             in
             the
             second
             Oration
             ,
             and
             this
             disposition
             of
             mind
             made
             Cicero
             so
             warm
             for
             the
             interest
             of
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             laid
             the
             foundations
             of
             that
             Power
             ,
             to
             which
             afterwards
             he
             raised
             himself
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XIV
             .
             Antonius
             and
             Caesar
             meet
             at
             the
             Capitol
             .
             They
             fall
             out
             again
             .
             Caesar
             raises
             Troops
             .
          
           
             WHILE
             those
             Libels
             which
             were
             scattered
             up
             and
             down
             the
             Camp
             of
             Antonius
             were
             taking
             effect
             there
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             who
             were
             at
             Rome
             gave
             him
             to
             understand
             ,
             
               That
               they
               were
               not
               well
               satisfied
               of
               the
               misunderstanding
               between
               him
               and
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               which
               was
               like
               to
               ruine
               all
               hopes
               of
               revenging
               the
               death
               of
               their
               General
               ,
               since
               they
               expected
               that
               revenge
               from
               him
               and
               young
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               as
               two
               of
               the
               nearest
               Relation
               and
               Interest
               ;
               but
               that
               if
               they
               proceeded
               in
               the
               course
               they
               had
               taken
               ,
               they
               would
               but
               betray
               themselves
               to
               their
               own
               Enemies
               ,
               and
               expose
               their
               Friends
               to
               punishment
               .
               Antonius
            
             thought
             he
             was
             obliged
             to
             justify
             himself
             ,
             and
             therefore
             in
             a
             long
             Harangue
             gave
             them
             an
             account
             of
             his
             Conduct
             ,
             letting
             them
             understand
             ,
             
               That
               all
               his
               proceedings
               hitherto
               had
               tended
               to
               nothing
               else
               but
               the
               revenge
               they
               wished
               for
            
             ;
             he
             shewed
             them
             all
             the
             turnings
             and
             windings
             that
             he
             had
             made
             use
             of
             to
             bring
             this
             design
             about
             ;
             so
             that
             they
             no
             longer
             found
             reasons
             to
             doubt
             him
             ,
             nor
             indeed
             did
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             being
             informed
             of
             this
             discourse
             ,
             became
             perfectly
             acquainted
             with
             the
             depth
             of
             his
             intentions
             ,
             and
             saw
             the
             design
             of
             his
             wicked
             Policy
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             those
             ,
             whose
             business
             it
             was
             to
             re-unite
             Antonius
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             persuaded
             them
             to
             an
             interview
             at
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             
             where
             they
             promised
             each
             other
             Friendship
             ,
             though
             it
             lasted
             not
             long
             ,
             for
             some
             few
             days
             afterwards
             ,
             Antonius
             caused
             several
             of
             his
             Guards
             to
             be
             seized
             upon
             ,
             saying
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             
               had
               wrought
               with
               them
               to
               kill
               him
               .
            
             But
             this
             matter
             has
             never
             been
             well
             laid
             open
             :
             some
             say
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               onely
               a
               supposition
               of
            
             Antonius
             .
             Others
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               really
               truth
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Senate
               ,
               with
               whom
            
             Caesar
             
               was
               at
               that
               time
               upon
               very
               good
               terms
               ,
               would
               gladly
               have
               been
               rid
               of
            
             Antonius
             
               by
               such
               a
               means
            
             .
             There
             was
             indeed
             great
             appearance
             of
             the
             truth
             of
             this
             ,
             for
             the
             wisest
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             imagined
             that
             when
             they
             were
             once
             rid
             of
             this
             Enemy
             ,
             the
             other
             would
             be
             ruined
             more
             easily
             ,
             declared
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             
               had
               just
               reasons
               to
               revenge
               himself
               upon
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               and
               that
               the
               wicked
               proceedings
               which
               he
               had
               made
               use
               of
               ,
               would
               have
               provoked
               any
               other
               man
               as
               well
               as
               he
               to
               resent
               them
               .
            
             Now
             Caesar
             boldly
             threw
             this
             suspicion
             back
             in
             the
             teeth
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             he
             went
             himself
             to
             his
             Gates
             to
             demand
             Justice
             ,
             crying
             out
             ,
             
               That
               he
               desired
               for
               his
               Iudges
               no
               other
               than
               his
               own
               Friends
               .
            
             The
             People
             without
             farther
             inquiry
             into
             the
             matter
             ,
             condemned
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             some
             there
             are
             who
             believe
             that
             all
             this
             business
             was
             agreed
             upon
             before
             hand
             between
             those
             two
             Parties
             for
             the
             accomplishment
             of
             their
             designs
             ,
             so
             very
             uncertain
             are
             the
             judgments
             of
             Men
             in
             matters
             of
             importance
             .
             At
             last
             Caesar
             understanding
             that
             Antonius
             was
             gone
             to
             Brundusium
             to
             appease
             some
             Commotion
             which
             was
             beginning
             there
             ,
             and
             to
             recommend
             
             himself
             to
             the
             Troops
             of
             Macedonia
             ,
             whom
             Cajus
             had
             brought
             into
             Italy
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             soon
             return
             again
             with
             a
             great
             Guard
             ,
             upon
             advice
             thereof
             ,
             resolved
             to
             visit
             such
             Cities
             as
             had
             been
             established
             by
             his
             Father
             ,
             and
             bring
             them
             intirely
             into
             his
             interest
             ;
             so
             he
             went
             to
             Cerere
             and
             Silio
             ,
             which
             are
             two
             places
             not
             far
             from
             Capua
             ,
             where
             he
             raised
             Money
             ,
             and
             by
             promising
             500
             Drachma's
             by
             head
             to
             every
             one
             that
             would
             follow
             him
             ,
             he
             raised
             about
             10000.
             
             Men
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             indeed
             regulated
             Troops
             ,
             but
             nevertheless
             were
             such
             as
             had
             served
             in
             the
             Wars
             under
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             so
             he
             put
             them
             all
             under
             one
             Colours
             as
             a
             Guard
             for
             his
             Person
             ,
             and
             thus
             accompanied
             ,
             returned
             to
             Rome
             ;
             now
             the
             fear
             was
             so
             much
             the
             greater
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             for
             that
             Antonius
             was
             expected
             there
             ,
             who
             brought
             Troops
             with
             him
             also
             ;
             so
             the
             Opinions
             of
             Men
             began
             to
             be
             very
             much
             divided
             ,
             some
             went
             and
             took
             party
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             others
             declared
             themselves
             for
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             (
             as
             it
             dayly
             happens
             to
             those
             Men
             ,
             who
             are
             so
             very
             wise
             ,
             that
             they
             can
             resolve
             of
             nothing
             ,
             )
             a
             great
             many
             upon
             this
             occasion
             were
             so
             afraid
             of
             taking
             wrong
             measures
             ,
             that
             they
             took
             none
             at
             all
             .
             Now
             a
             certain
             Tribune
             called
             Carnutius
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             great
             Enemy
             to
             Antonius
             ,
             would
             have
             obliged
             the
             Roman
             People
             to
             join
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             so
             he
             went
             to
             find
             him
             out
             at
             the
             Temple
             of
             Mars
             ,
             which
             is
             fifteen
             Stades
             from
             Rome
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             brought
             ,
             and
             caused
             him
             to
             lodge
             in
             the
             Temple
             of
             Castor
             and
             Pollux
             .
             
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             drew
             up
             about
             the
             Temple
             ,
             when
             Carnutius
             fell
             upon
             declaiming
             against
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             praising
             the
             Conduct
             of
             Caesar.
             Now
             there
             were
             at
             this
             time
             in
             Rome
             several
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             Macedonian
             Army
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             bear
             that
             their
             General
             should
             be
             spoken
             ill
             of
             ,
             and
             declared
             their
             Resentments
             .
             Caesar's
             Men
             replyed
             upon
             them
             .
             But
             as
             they
             were
             for
             the
             most
             part
             without
             Arms
             ,
             matters
             staid
             there
             ,
             and
             went
             no
             farther
             .
             This
             unseasonable
             accident
             made
             him
             very
             uneasie
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             part
             of
             his
             People
             asking
             leave
             of
             him
             to
             go
             and
             get
             Arms
             ,
             he
             granted
             it
             ,
             keeping
             onely
             three
             thousand
             Men
             about
             his
             Person
             ;
             nevertheless
             ,
             those
             who
             had
             quitted
             him
             ,
             being
             accustomed
             to
             a
             Warlike
             life
             ,
             could
             not
             find
             in
             their
             hearts
             to
             stay
             at
             home
             ,
             so
             they
             returned
             again
             to
             him
             very
             well
             appointed
             ,
             and
             he
             having
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             furnished
             himself
             with
             Money
             about
             Ravenna
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Cities
             ,
             he
             joining
             them
             with
             the
             other
             Troops
             ,
             made
             a
             considerable
             body
             ,
             and
             put
             them
             into
             Quarters
             about
             Aretium
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XV.
             Antonius
             joins
             his
             Army
             ,
             but
             is
             not
             well
             received
             .
             He
             returns
             to
             Rome
             .
             Two
             of
             his
             Legions
             desert
             him
             ,
             and
             go
             to
             Caesar's
             Army
             .
             Antonius's
             force
             .
          
           
             WHILE
             these
             matters
             were
             transacted
             ,
             Antonius
             went
             and
             joyned
             himself
             with
             his
             Army
             ,
             which
             was
             composed
             of
             four
             Legions
             of
             those
             six
             which
             had
             been
             in
             Macedonia
             .
             They
             received
             him
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             coldness
             and
             silence
             ,
             which
             extremely
             troubled
             him
             ,
             for
             it
             was
             the
             Custome
             for
             a
             General
             to
             be
             always
             received
             with
             great
             Acclamations
             ,
             and
             to
             have
             a
             speech
             made
             to
             him
             in
             the
             name
             of
             the
             Army
             .
             But
             these
             contented
             themselves
             to
             follow
             him
             without
             speaking
             a
             word
             as
             far
             as
             his
             Tribunal
             .
             Their
             discontent
             proceeded
             from
             the
             little
             care
             which
             he
             had
             taken
             to
             revenge
             the
             death
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             whom
             those
             Souldiers
             loved
             most
             passionately
             .
             Antonius
             was
             not
             able
             to
             hide
             the
             disorder
             he
             was
             under
             ,
             but
             discovered
             it
             in
             the
             discourse
             he
             made
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             wherewith
             they
             were
             offended
             ,
             especially
             in
             Relation
             to
             what
             he
             spoke
             against
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             he
             complained
             to
             them
             ,
             
               That
               they
               had
               entertained
               his
               Messengers
               ,
               and
               suffered
               them
               to
               carry
               on
               Intrigues
               in
               his
               Camp
               without
               giving
               him
               advice
               of
               the
               disorder
               .
            
             But
             in
             the
             end
             to
             flatter
             them
             ,
             he
             promised
             to
             carry
             them
             into
             Gall
             ,
             which
             was
             a
             rich
             
             and
             fruitfull
             Province
             ,
             and
             offered
             to
             each
             Man
             50
             Drachma's
             :
             These
             offers
             were
             so
             mean
             in
             the
             Opinion
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             that
             laughing
             aloud
             ,
             they
             derided
             him
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             went
             away
             without
             hearing
             of
             him
             any
             farther
             .
             This
             insolence
             of
             theirs
             re-doubled
             the
             anger
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             so
             he
             descended
             from
             his
             Tribunal
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               teach
               them
               Obedience
               ,
            
             and
             immediately
             Commanded
             the
             Colonels
             of
             the
             Legions
             to
             bring
             him
             their
             Rolls
             ,
             they
             always
             had
             them
             about
             them
             ,
             and
             knew
             the
             humour
             and
             inclinations
             of
             their
             Souldiers
             ,
             Antonius
             picked
             out
             the
             most
             Mutinous
             amongst
             them
             ,
             and
             made
             them
             an
             Example
             ,
             though
             their
             punishment
             served
             onely
             to
             provoke
             the
             rest
             .
             This
             Caesar's
             Emissaries
             knew
             very
             well
             how
             to
             make
             their
             advantage
             of
             ,
             so
             they
             scattered
             about
             new
             Libels
             against
             the
             Avarice
             and
             Cruelty
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             which
             he
             was
             advised
             of
             ,
             and
             Commanded
             that
             those
             Men
             should
             be
             delivered
             into
             his
             hands
             ,
             with
             terrible
             threatnings
             if
             he
             were
             not
             obeyed
             .
             But
             all
             his
             diligence
             was
             to
             no
             purpose
             ,
             no
             body
             would
             discover
             them
             ,
             and
             he
             was
             strangely
             amazed
             at
             that
             fidelity
             which
             seemed
             to
             be
             a
             general
             Conspiracy
             against
             him
             .
             This
             joyned
             to
             the
             news
             of
             what
             progress
             Caesar
             had
             made
             ,
             put
             him
             upon
             making
             a
             new
             tryal
             of
             the
             Spirits
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             he
             excused
             himself
             to
             them
             ,
             
               That
               for
               the
               maintaining
               of
               Military
               Discipline
               ,
               he
               had
               been
               forc't
               to
               bring
               Mutineers
               to
               punishment
               ,
               that
               the
               offer
               he
               had
               made
               them
               of
            
             50
             
               Drachma's
               ought
               not
               to
               be
               lookt
               
               upon
               by
               them
               as
               intended
               for
               a
               reward
               ,
               since
               i●
               was
               neither
               proportionable
               to
               his
               liberality
               ,
               nor
               their
               merit
               ,
               for
               that
               he
               intended
               it
               onely
               as
               a
               small
               mark
               of
               his
               acknowledgment
               .
            
             He
             put
             them
             into
             the
             bargain
             upon
             great
             hopes
             ,
             but
             said
             not
             a
             word
             of
             augmenting
             the
             sum
             ,
             lest
             it
             might
             be
             believed
             that
             he
             had
             given
             way
             to
             the
             insolence
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             .
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             had
             always
             proceeded
             in
             this
             manner
             ,
             nor
             ever
             gave
             way
             to
             any
             Sedition
             ,
             but
             on
             the
             contrary
             appeared
             always
             to
             be
             most
             bold
             ,
             when
             his
             Friends
             were
             trembling
             for
             his
             safety
             .
             Upon
             these
             occasions
             one
             word
             onely
             pronounced
             with
             Authority
             was
             sufficient
             to
             quell
             a
             Mutiny
             ,
             and
             this
             was
             indeed
             the
             effect
             of
             such
             an
             esteem
             as
             is
             supported
             by
             extraordinary
             Merit
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             this
             manner
             of
             proceeding
             has
             not
             succeeded
             with
             every
             body
             ,
             nor
             did
             Antonius
             find
             it
             seasonable
             ,
             though
             he
             afterwards
             changed
             all
             the
             Officers
             ,
             and
             put
             others
             in
             their
             places
             ,
             whom
             he
             thought
             better
             disposed
             towards
             him
             ;
             so
             he
             Commanded
             them
             to
             march
             to
             Rimini
             ,
             keeping
             onely
             a
             thousand
             Men
             about
             his
             Person
             ,
             with
             which
             he
             went
             to
             Rome
             .
             He
             made
             his
             entry
             there
             in
             a
             very
             fierce
             manner
             with
             his
             Souldiers
             in
             Arms
             ,
             causing
             them
             to
             keep
             Watch
             and
             Guard
             about
             his
             House
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             had
             been
             in
             the
             Camp.
             But
             as
             he
             was
             designing
             to
             go
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             there
             complain
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             news
             was
             brought
             him
             that
             one
             of
             his
             Legions
             ,
             called
             the
             Martial
             ,
             was
             gone
             over
             to
             the
             contrary
             Party
             ,
             which
             news
             very
             much
             amazed
             him
             ;
             so
             
             that
             he
             doubted
             whether
             he
             ought
             to
             go
             to
             the
             Senate
             House
             or
             not
             ,
             especially
             when
             he
             understood
             farther
             that
             the
             fourth
             Legion
             had
             followed
             the
             Example
             ,
             and
             was
             revolted
             also
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             he
             went
             thither
             ,
             but
             spoke
             little
             ,
             especially
             of
             the
             subject
             he
             came
             about
             .
             After
             this
             ,
             he
             went
             to
             Alba
             ,
             to
             try
             if
             he
             might
             reduce
             those
             two
             Legions
             which
             were
             retreated
             thither
             ,
             they
             refused
             him
             entrance
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             he
             sent
             in
             all
             haste
             ,
             and
             offered
             his
             Souldiers
             500
             Drachma's
             a
             Man
             ,
             as
             Caesar
             had
             done
             before
             him
             .
             From
             this
             place
             he
             went
             to
             Tibur
             ,
             where
             his
             Ammunitions
             were
             lodged
             ,
             and
             where
             such
             Troops
             as
             he
             had
             remaining
             (
             being
             confirmed
             by
             the
             offers
             he
             had
             made
             them
             )
             came
             and
             met
             him
             with
             an
             addition
             of
             the
             tenth
             Legion
             ,
             which
             was
             newly
             arrived
             by
             Sea.
             The
             folly
             of
             the
             Senate
             and
             Roman
             People
             was
             again
             apparent
             upon
             this
             occasion
             :
             many
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Knights
             ,
             and
             several
             of
             the
             People
             ran
             to
             offer
             him
             their
             services
             ,
             so
             that
             there
             became
             a
             Question
             in
             
               Rome
               ,
               In
               what
               Countrey
               lived
               the
               Enemies
               of
            
             Antonius
             ?
             They
             found
             him
             busie
             in
             receiving
             the
             Oaths
             of
             his
             Souldiery
             ,
             which
             they
             themselves
             offered
             also
             to
             take
             .
             This
             action
             gave
             him
             great
             Reputation
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             occasion
             that
             many
             of
             those
             People
             who
             had
             yet
             taken
             no
             Party
             ,
             came
             and
             joined
             themselves
             with
             him
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             marched
             to
             Rimini
             with
             four
             Legions
             of
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             a
             considerable
             number
             of
             Horsemen
             and
             Launcers
             ,
             as
             also
             
             one
             Legion
             of
             new
             raised
             Men
             ;
             besides
             this
             ,
             Lepidus
             had
             four
             more
             in
             
               Spain
               ,
               Assinius
               Pollio
            
             two
             ,
             Plancus
             also
             Commanded
             three
             in
             the
             Transalpine
             Gall
             ,
             and
             at
             this
             time
             all
             those
             Leaders
             appeared
             in
             the
             interests
             of
             Antonius
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XVI
             .
             Caesar's
             force
             .
             He
             assures
             himself
             of
             the
             affections
             of
             his
             Troops
             .
          
           
             ON
             the
             other
             side
             Caesar
             was
             at
             Alba
             with
             the
             two
             Legions
             that
             deserted
             Antonius
             ,
             one
             of
             new
             raised
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             two
             of
             such
             old
             ones
             as
             had
             served
             under
             his
             Father
             ,
             from
             this
             place
             he
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             were
             now
             no
             longer
             Masters
             of
             their
             own
             proceedings
             ,
             for
             either
             fear
             or
             particular
             hatred
             carried
             them
             away
             ,
             and
             those
             very
             Men
             who
             could
             prostrate
             themselves
             before
             Antonius
             ,
             were
             for
             applauding
             Caesar
             from
             the
             very
             moment
             that
             he
             appeared
             powerfull
             enough
             to
             make
             them
             afraid
             of
             him
             .
             They
             would
             have
             been
             very
             glad
             if
             the
             deserting
             Legions
             had
             come
             and
             offered
             them
             their
             service
             ;
             but
             as
             there
             was
             no
             Remedy
             for
             the
             present
             Disease
             ,
             they
             approved
             so
             heartily
             of
             their
             proceeding
             as
             well
             as
             Caesar's
             ,
             that
             it
             became
             now
             another
             Question
             at
             
               Rome
               ,
               If
            
             Antonious
             
               had
               ever
               had
               a
               Friend
               there
               ?
            
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             being
             of
             
             Opinion
             that
             it
             would
             not
             become
             their
             Wisedom
             and
             Gravity
             to
             doe
             any
             thing
             contrary
             to
             Form
             ,
             they
             sent
             word
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             adjourn
             all
             affairs
             till
             the
             new
             Election
             of
             Consuls
             ;
             but
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             altogether
             so
             formal
             ,
             were
             for
             obliging
             him
             to
             take
             upon
             him
             the
             Quality
             of
             Consul
             or
             Emperour
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               they
               had
               been
               used
               to
               serve
               under
               no
               Generals
               but
               who
               had
               been
               so
               qualified
               .
            
             And
             they
             had
             already
             prepared
             for
             him
             the
             Rods
             and
             Axes
             ,
             which
             were
             wont
             to
             be
             born
             before
             those
             Magistrates
             .
             The
             name
             of
             Emperour
             was
             not
             then
             in
             such
             force
             as
             it
             is
             now
             ,
             for
             it
             signified
             no
             more
             than
             the
             General
             of
             an
             Army
             ,
             it
             is
             true
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             given
             to
             any
             man
             ,
             but
             after
             some
             famous
             Victory
             or
             great
             Conquest
             ▪
             and
             then
             their
             Souldiers
             gave
             it
             with
             great
             Acclamations
             ,
             it
             being
             then
             a
             mark
             of
             Honour
             ,
             which
             has
             since
             grown
             into
             a
             Title
             .
             Caesar
             refused
             it
             ,
             and
             seeing
             they
             would
             press
             it
             upon
             him
             ,
             thought
             himself
             obliged
             to
             acquaint
             his
             Officers
             with
             his
             Reasons
             .
             
               My
               Friends
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               It
               is
               not
               the
               love
               which
               the
               Senate
               bears
               us
               that
               obliges
               them
               to
               declare
               in
               our
               behalf
               ,
               but
               the
               fear
               that
               they
               have
               of
               the
               power
               of
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               for
               they
               would
               make
               use
               of
               us
               to
               destroy
               him
               and
               the
               murtherers
               of
               my
               Father
               ,
               who
               are
               all
               their
               Relations
               and
               Friends
               ,
               have
               imagined
               that
               this
               is
               the
               way
               to
               save
               themselves
               ,
               pretending
               to
               fortify
               themselves
               in
               weakning
               of
               us
               :
               but
               this
               is
               no
               time
               to
               let
               them
               understand
               that
               we
               have
               penetrated
               so
               far
               into
               their
               Policy
               ,
               which
               we
               should
               certainly
               doe
               ,
               should
               I
               accept
               of
               those
               Honours
               
               which
               you
               offer
               me
               ,
               and
               which
               they
               would
               look
               upon
               as
               an
               incroachment
               upon
               their
               Authority
               .
               We
               ought
               therefore
               to
               manage
               our selves
               with
               more
               subtilty
               ,
               and
               persuade
               them
               of
               our
               respect
               by
               our
               Obedience
               ,
               for
               by
               that
               way
               of
               proceeding
               we
               shall
               more
               surely
               obtain
               the
               thing
               we
               wish
               for
               ,
               and
               they
               will
               voluntarily
               bestow
               a
               Dignity
               upon
               me
               ,
               which
               they
               well
               know
               you
               are
               able
               to
               give
               me
               in
               spight
               of
               them
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XVII
             .
             Antonius
             besieges
             
               Decimus
               Brutus
            
             in
             Modena
             .
          
           
             AFTER
             this
             discourse
             Caesar
             went
             to
             exercise
             his
             Troops
             ,
             where
             the
             Martial
             and
             fourth
             Legion
             skirmished
             before
             him
             ,
             he
             took
             opportunely
             that
             occasion
             to
             ingage
             them
             by
             fresh
             bounty
             ,
             so
             he
             again
             gave
             500
             Drachma's
             to
             each
             Souldier
             ,
             and
             promised
             as
             much
             more
             if
             they
             carried
             the
             Victory
             .
             These
             Intrigues
             had
             given
             Decimus
             time
             to
             fortify
             himself
             in
             his
             Government
             ,
             and
             when
             Antonius
             sent
             him
             the
             Ordinance
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             by
             which
             he
             was
             invested
             in
             that
             Employment
             ,
             Decimus's
             answer
             was
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               been
               established
               there
               by
               a
               Decree
               of
               the
               Senate
            
             ;
             In
             answer
             to
             this
             ,
             Antonius
             onely
             gave
             him
             a
             short
             time
             for
             his
             departure
             ,
             but
             the
             other
             demanded
             from
             day
             to
             day
             that
             it
             might
             be
             prolonged
             ,
             
             which
             Antonius
             refused
             him
             ,
             and
             he
             could
             have
             easily
             defeated
             him
             ,
             but
             was
             unwilling
             so
             soon
             to
             use
             force
             ,
             and
             therefore
             contented
             himself
             with
             seizing
             of
             the
             best
             places
             of
             the
             Province
             .
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             apprehended
             a
             general
             Revolt
             ,
             pretended
             that
             he
             had
             received
             Orders
             from
             the
             Senate
             to
             come
             to
             Rome
             ,
             so
             he
             marched
             to
             Modena
             ,
             which
             he
             took
             possession
             of
             with
             his
             Troops
             :
             this
             was
             then
             a
             great
             and
             rich
             City
             ,
             and
             Decimus
             made
             choice
             of
             it
             to
             oppose
             Antonius
             without
             fear
             of
             being
             forc't
             thence
             .
             He
             had
             one
             good
             Troop
             of
             Gladiatours
             ,
             and
             three
             Legions
             ,
             two
             of
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             heretofore
             Commanded
             under
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             new
             raised
             Men
             ,
             Antonius
             immediately
             besieged
             him
             in
             the
             place
             ,
             blocking
             him
             closely
             up
             with
             lines
             and
             other
             Works
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XVIII
             .
             Hirtius
             and
             Pansa
             chosen
             Consuls
             .
             The
             Decree
             of
             the
             Senate
             against
             Antonius
             .
             The
             death
             of
             
               Trebonius
               .
               Dollabella
            
             declared
             an
             Enemy
             to
             the
             Republick
             .
             Honours
             and
             Offices
             allotted
             to
             Cassius
             and
             Brutus
             .
          
           
             THE
             siege
             of
             Modena
             was
             lookt
             upon
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             the
             Senate
             as
             a
             Declaration
             of
             War
             ,
             where
             at
             last
             new
             Consuls
             were
             Created
             upon
             the
             first
             of
             Ianuary
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             711
             ,
             since
             the
             foundation
             of
             Rome
             ,
             which
             shall
             serve
             as
             a
             Date
             for
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             History
             .
             These
             Consuls
             were
             Hirtius
             and
             Pansa
             ,
             both
             intimate
             Friends
             and
             Disciples
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             boasts
             that
             he
             taught
             them
             the
             Rules
             of
             Eloquence
             ,
             they
             were
             both
             also
             the
             Creatures
             of
             
               Iulius
               Caesar.
               Hirtius
            
             had
             always
             served
             under
             him
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             he
             who
             has
             given
             the
             Relation
             of
             the
             Wars
             of
             Aegypt
             and
             Africa
             ,
             which
             is
             annexed
             to
             his
             Commentaries
             ,
             and
             Pansa
             made
             profession
             of
             a
             particular
             Friendship
             with
             him
             .
             They
             assembled
             the
             Senate
             ,
             where
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             had
             then
             all
             the
             Authority
             ,
             persuaded
             War
             against
             Antonius
             ,
             by
             a
             discourse
             which
             is
             still
             extant
             .
             We
             may
             there
             reade
             his
             Reasons
             ,
             which
             are
             drawn
             from
             the
             Insolence
             and
             Conduct
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             Ambition
             ;
             the
             matter
             ,
             as
             it
             usually
             happens
             ,
             did
             not
             pass
             without
             a
             reply
             ,
             for
             Piso
             maintained
             the
             interest
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             indeavoured
             
             to
             justify
             him
             ,
             but
             Cicero's
             underhand
             management
             proved
             too
             strong
             ,
             and
             an
             Arrest
             had
             gone
             out
             against
             Antonius
             ,
             if
             Salvius
             one
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             had
             not
             opposed
             it
             in
             the
             name
             of
             the
             People
             .
             This
             was
             the
             greatest
             Privilege
             of
             those
             kind
             of
             Offices
             ,
             for
             though
             there
             were
             many
             of
             them
             ,
             one
             alone
             had
             right
             to
             oppose
             the
             general
             consent
             ,
             and
             that
             opposition
             hindred
             the
             effect
             of
             all
             debates
             .
             It
             was
             the
             Peoples
             business
             to
             decide
             this
             difference
             ,
             and
             though
             nothing
             was
             then
             ordered
             as
             to
             the
             business
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             because
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             opposition
             :
             It
             was
             resolved
             that
             Decimus
             should
             be
             thanked
             for
             maintaining
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             should
             be
             joined
             with
             the
             Consuls
             ,
             and
             Command
             equally
             with
             them
             ,
             that
             his
             Statue
             should
             be
             set
             up
             in
             Gold
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             be
             entred
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             have
             power
             to
             demand
             the
             Consulship
             ten
             years
             ,
             before
             he
             came
             to
             such
             Age
             as
             the
             Law
             in
             that
             case
             required
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             the
             Legions
             might
             be
             rewarded
             after
             Victory
             ,
             according
             as
             he
             had
             promised
             them
             .
             The
             courage
             of
             Salvius
             made
             way
             for
             the
             Mother
             and
             Wife
             of
             Antonius
             to
             solicite
             his
             Cause
             with
             her
             Son
             ,
             who
             was
             yet
             young
             ,
             and
             all
             their
             other
             Friends
             and
             Relations
             .
             Antonius
             his
             Mother
             was
             called
             Iulia
             ,
             of
             Caesar's
             Family
             ,
             and
             in
             great
             Esteem
             both
             for
             her
             Birth
             and
             for
             her
             Vertue
             ;
             his
             Wife
             Fulvia
             ,
             when
             she
             Married
             him
             ,
             was
             the
             Widow
             of
             Claudius
             .
             This
             Widow
             was
             very
             beautifull
             ,
             and
             of
             a
             popular
             ,
             but
             Ancient
             
             Family
             ,
             Ambitious
             above
             the
             capacity
             of
             her
             Sex
             ,
             and
             who
             absolutely
             governed
             her
             Husband
             ,
             she
             had
             also
             some
             light
             inclinations
             to
             Gallantry
             ,
             which
             was
             perhaps
             the
             effect
             of
             her
             Ambition
             ,
             for
             she
             always
             loved
             to
             deal
             amongst
             the
             best
             Quality
             ,
             at
             least
             we
             may
             reade
             at
             this
             time
             an
             Epigramm
             of
             Augustus
             ,
             where
             he
             complains
             that
             Fulvia
             declares
             War
             against
             him
             ,
             because
             he
             could
             not
             have
             a
             passion
             for
             her
             ,
             and
             assist
             her
             in
             revenging
             the
             infidelities
             of
             her
             Husband
             .
             These
             Ladies
             and
             all
             their
             Family
             appeared
             in
             mourning
             Robes
             before
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             moved
             their
             Compassion
             .
             Piso
             took
             this
             occasion
             to
             try
             once
             more
             what
             could
             be
             done
             in
             favour
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             but
             the
             Eloquence
             of
             Cicero
             dazled
             their
             minds
             ,
             and
             the
             Decree
             of
             the
             Senate
             was
             confirmed
             ,
             the
             charge
             of
             drawing
             it
             up
             was
             given
             to
             Cicero
             ,
             which
             he
             performed
             in
             much
             severer
             terms
             than
             had
             been
             resolved
             upon
             ;
             the
             terms
             of
             the
             Arrest
             were
             ,
             That
             Antonius
             
               should
               immediately
               raise
               his
               siege
               from
               before
            
             Modena
             ,
             
               and
               that
               he
               should
               quit
               the
               whole
               Province
               of
            
             Gall
             ,
             
               which
               reaches
               from
               the
            
             Alps
             
               as
               far
               as
               the
            
             Rubicon
             ,
             
               with
               a
               citation
               before
               the
               Senate
               in
               case
               of
               Disobedience
               to
               give
               an
               account
               of
               his
               Actions
               .
            
             About
             this
             time
             news
             was
             come
             to
             Rome
             of
             the
             death
             of
             Trebonius
             ,
             whose
             Body
             was
             brought
             thither
             by
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             who
             was
             the
             first
             of
             Caesar's
             Murtherers
             that
             was
             punished
             for
             his
             Crime
             .
             To
             understand
             the
             manner
             of
             it
             ,
             we
             must
             recollect
             that
             Dolabella
             departing
             with
             great
             diligence
             for
             his
             Government
             of
             
             Syria
             found
             that
             Countrey
             in
             commotion
             by
             the
             intrigues
             of
             Trebonius
             ,
             whom
             Brutus
             had
             sent
             thither
             as
             his
             Lieutenant
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             would
             have
             entred
             into
             Pergama
             and
             Smyrna
             ,
             the
             Gates
             were
             shut
             against
             him
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             Trebonius
             neglected
             not
             to
             send
             Provisions
             to
             him
             as
             to
             a
             Consul
             ,
             and
             sent
             word
             to
             those
             of
             Ephesus
             ,
             that
             they
             should
             receive
             him
             .
             Dolabella
             ,
             who
             had
             raised
             Troops
             by
             virtue
             of
             his
             Office
             ,
             and
             was
             still
             highly
             respected
             ,
             took
             his
             way
             towards
             
               Ephesus
               ,
               Trebonius
            
             sending
             out
             some
             Companies
             after
             him
             to
             observe
             his
             march
             ,
             the
             Consul
             went
             so
             directly
             towards
             Ephesus
             ,
             that
             it
             took
             off
             all
             manner
             of
             suspicion
             ,
             so
             that
             a
             great
             many
             of
             the
             Men
             returned
             again
             to
             Smyrna
             ,
             leaving
             onely
             a
             small
             number
             merely
             for
             form
             sake
             .
             Then
             Dolabella
             turning
             upon
             those
             who
             remained
             ,
             cut
             them
             all
             in
             pieces
             ,
             and
             coming
             back
             briskly
             to
             Smyrna
             ,
             took
             it
             by
             assault
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             found
             Trebonius
             a●ed
             ,
             who
             desired
             them
             ,
             
               To
               carry
               him
               to
            
             Dolabella
             ;
             
               We
               will
               carry
               you
            
             ,
             said
             the
             Commander
             ,
             
               but
               your
               Head
               must
               stay
               here
               ,
            
             so
             he
             cut
             it
             off
             immediately
             ,
             and
             the
             body
             was
             dragged
             up
             and
             down
             by
             the
             Souldiers
             with
             all
             manner
             of
             Indignity
             ,
             for
             though
             he
             had
             not
             himself
             assaulted
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             he
             was
             one
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             Man
             that
             while
             the
             Deed
             was
             doing
             ,
             amused
             Antonius
             at
             the
             door
             of
             the
             Senate
             House
             ,
             so
             they
             shewed
             their
             hatred
             to
             him
             by
             a
             thousand
             Affronts
             which
             they
             did
             him
             .
             Dolabella
             caused
             the
             Head
             to
             be
             fixt
             upon
             the
             Tribunal
             ,
             
             where
             he
             gave
             Audience
             ,
             and
             whence
             the
             Souldiers
             took
             it
             away
             again
             ,
             trundling
             of
             it
             up
             and
             down
             a
             long
             time
             upon
             the
             pavement
             .
             The
             Body
             was
             taken
             up
             by
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             carried
             ,
             as
             I
             said
             before
             ,
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             the
             Senate
             ,
             according
             to
             that
             folly
             which
             they
             now
             shewed
             in
             every
             thing
             they
             undertook
             ,
             declared
             Dolabella
             a
             Rebel
             ,
             and
             an
             Enemy
             of
             his
             Countrey
             .
             With
             the
             same
             madness
             they
             made
             an
             Order
             ,
             That
             Brutus
             
               should
               have
               the
               Government
               of
            
             Macedonia
             and
             Illyria
             ,
             
               and
               Command
               the
               Armies
               of
               those
               Provinces
               ,
               till
               such
               time
               as
               the
               Commonwealth
               recovered
               its
               ancient
               Majesty
               .
               That
               he
               might
               make
               use
               of
               the
               Fleet
               which
            
             Apuleius
             
               had
               got
               together
               ,
               and
               the
               sum
               of
               seven
               thousand
               Talents
               ,
               which
            
             Julius
             Caesar
             
               had
               sent
               into
               the
               City
               of
            
             Demetriades
             ,
             
               with
               abundance
               of
               Ammunitions
               of
               War
               for
               the
               attacking
               of
               the
               Parthians
               .
            
             To
             Cassius
             was
             given
             Syria
             ,
             and
             the
             charge
             of
             making
             War
             against
             Dolabella
             ,
             and
             an
             Ordinance
             passed
             ,
             
               That
               all
               such
               as
               had
               Command
               of
               any
               Provinces
               or
               Armies
               belonging
               to
               the
               Roman
               People
               ,
               should
               receive
               Orders
               from
               those
               two
               Generals
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XIX
             .
             Antonius's
             Letter
             to
             Hirtius
             and
             young
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             ANTONIVS
             resolved
             to
             take
             this
             occasion
             to
             shake
             the
             minds
             of
             Hirtius
             and
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             be
             very
             well
             pleased
             with
             these
             demonstrations
             of
             good
             will
             towards
             the
             Murtherers
             of
             his
             Father
             ;
             therefore
             though
             the
             Letter
             be
             something
             long
             ,
             in
             regard
             it
             will
             be
             for
             our
             Instruction
             in
             the
             affairs
             of
             that
             Age
             ,
             and
             that
             in
             the
             consequence
             it
             had
             its
             design'd
             effect
             ,
             it
             will
             not
             be
             improper
             here
             to
             recite
             the
             Original
             ,
             which
             was
             in
             these
             terms
             .
          
           
             
               Antonius
               to
               Hirtius
               and
               Caesar.
               
            
             
               I
               Have
               not
               been
               more
               pleased
               at
               the
               news
               of
               Trebonius's
               death
               ,
               than
               grieved
               to
               understand
               how
               it
               has
               been
               received
               at
               Rome
               .
               We
               ought
               to
               rejoyce
               to
               see
               a
               Villain
               justly
               sacrificed
               to
               the
               ashes
               of
               the
               most
               Illustrious
               of
               Men
               ,
               and
               that
               e'er
               a
               year
               came
               to
               an
               end
               ,
               the
               justice
               of
               the
               Gods
               having
               declared
               it self
               by
               the
               punishment
               of
               one
               of
               the
               Paricides
               ,
               seems
               to
               threaten
               the
               rest
               .
               But
               on
               the
               other
               side
               it
               is
               matter
               of
               affliction
               to
               see
               Dolabella
               declared
               a
               Rebel
               for
               having
               punished
               and
               Assassinate
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Son
               of
               one
               of
               her
               meanest
               Men
               should
               be
               more
               dear
               to
               Rome
               than
               the
               Father
               of
               his
               Countrey
               ,
               and
               which
               is
               yet
               more
               terrible
               is
               ,
               that
               you
               Hirtius
               ,
               who
               have
               been
               honoured
               with
               benefits
               from
               Caesar
               ,
               he
               having
               left
               
               you
               in
               a
               state
               of
               Fortune
               which
               you
               your self
               wonder
               at
               ;
               and
               that
               you
               ,
               young
               Man
               ,
               who
               owe
               all
               you
               enjoy
               to
               his
               name
               ,
               could
               ever
               agree
               with
               those
               who
               thought
               it
               Iustice
               to
               Condemn
               Dolabella
               ,
               and
               that
               one
               who
               is
               a
               Prisoner
               ought
               to
               escape
               from
               those
               who
               now
               besiege
               him
               ,
               and
               that
               an
               absolute
               power
               should
               be
               given
               to
               Cassius
               and
               Brutus
               .
               Doubtless
               you
               look
               upon
               these
               things
               with
               the
               same
               Spirit
               that
               you
               saw
               what
               passed
               before
               ,
               you
               have
               given
               the
               name
               of
               Senate
               to
               the
               rest
               of
               Pompey's
               Camp
               ,
               and
               have
               put
               Cicero
               at
               the
               head
               of
               you
               ,
               though
               he
               be
               reduced
               to
               nothing
               .
               You
               have
               fortified
               Macedonia
               with
               a
               powerfull
               Army
               ,
               and
               given
               Africa
               to
               Varus
               ,
               who
               has
               been
               twice
               a
               Prisoner
               .
               Cassius
               hath
               been
               sent
               into
               Syria
               ,
               and
               you
               have
               suffered
               that
               Casca
               should
               take
               upon
               him
               the
               Dignity
               of
               Tribune
               .
               That
               the
               Revenues
               which
               Caesar
               gave
               the
               Luperci
               ,
               should
               be
               taken
               from
               them
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Veterans
               should
               be
               drawn
               out
               of
               their
               Colonies
               ,
               where
               the
               Law
               ,
               and
               the
               Order
               of
               the
               Senate
               has
               established
               them
               .
               A
               promise
               has
               passed
               ,
               and
               by
               your
               consent
               too
               ,
               that
               the
               People
               of
               Marseilles
               should
               be
               restored
               to
               those
               Privileges
               which
               the
               Laws
               of
               War
               had
               taken
               from
               them
               .
               The
               intent
               of
               the
               Hirtian
               Law
               is
               utterly
               forgotten
               ,
               which
               prohibits
               Pompey's
               Party
               from
               pretending
               to
               any
               Honours
               .
               Brutus
               is
               suborned
               by
               the
               Money
               of
               Apuleius
               ,
               and
               the
               punishment
               inflicted
               on
               Poetus
               and
               Menedemus
               ,
               who
               had
               been
               honoured
               with
               City
               Freedoms
               ,
               and
               were
               Caesar's
               Hosts
               ,
               has
               been
               approved
               of
               ,
               yet
               Theopompus
               is
               neglected
               ,
               who
               was
               driven
               out
               naked
               by
               Trebonius
               ,
               and
               forced
               to
               fly
               to
               Alexandria
               ,
               while
               you
               have
               entertained
               
                 Sergius
                 Galba
              
               in
               your
               Camp
               ,
               
               armed
               with
               the
               same
               Dagger
               ,
               wherewith
               be
               committed
               a
               most
               execrable
               Paracide
               .
               In
               short
               ,
               you
               force
               my
               Souldiers
               and
               the
               Veterans
               to
               the
               destruction
               of
               their
               Generals
               and
               their
               Comerades
               ,
               after
               having
               drawn
               them
               together
               under
               a
               pretence
               of
               pursuing
               the
               murtherers
               of
               Caesar.
               By
               this
               means
               you
               have
               approved
               of
               nothing
               ,
               you
               have
               done
               nothing
               ,
               but
               what
               Pompey
               himself
               ,
               were
               he
               alive
               again
               ,
               would
               doe
               ,
               or
               his
               Son
               ,
               if
               he
               had
               any
               power
               in
               Rome
               .
               It
               is
               reported
               that
               no
               Peace
               can
               be
               concluded
               ,
               if
               I
               let
               not
               Brutus
               go
               ,
               or
               if
               I
               furnish
               him
               not
               with
               Provisions
               ,
               but
               is
               this
               the
               Opinion
               of
               those
               old
               Souldiers
               ,
               whose
               minds
               and
               judgments
               have
               not
               been
               debauched
               ,
               corrupted
               with
               Flatteries
               ,
               and
               poisoned
               with
               Bribes
               like
               yours
               ?
               You
               will
               say
               that
               you
               marched
               to
               the
               relief
               of
               their
               Companions
               whom
               I
               hold
               besieged
               .
               I
               shall
               give
               them
               pardon
               and
               liberty
               with
               all
               my
               heart
               ,
               provided
               that
               they
               leave
               him
               to
               Iustice
               who
               so
               well
               deserves
               it
               .
               As
               to
               the
               rest
               ,
               you
               sent
               me
               word
               that
               a
               Peace
               has
               been
               mentioned
               in
               the
               Senate
               ,
               and
               that
               five
               Consulary
               Deputies
               have
               been
               sent
               to
               me
               upon
               that
               design
               .
               But
               it
               is
               hard
               to
               expect
               any
               Iustice
               and
               Moderation
               from
               those
               Men
               who
               so
               fiercely
               rejected
               the
               fair
               Conditions
               which
               I
               offered
               ,
               and
               even
               some
               whereof
               I
               was
               willing
               to
               have
               abated
               .
               Nor
               is
               it
               reasonable
               to
               believe
               that
               those
               Men
               who
               have
               Condemned
               Dolabella
               for
               doing
               well
               ,
               will
               ever
               pardon
               me
               for
               being
               of
               the
               same
               Opinion
               with
               him
               .
               I
               therefore
               leave
               it
               to
               your
               Wisedom
               to
               examine
               whether
               it
               will
               be
               more
               Honour
               and
               advantage
               to
               our
               Party
               to
               revenge
               the
               death
               of
               Trebonius
               ,
               or
               the
               death
               of
               Caesar
               :
               And
               whether
               it
               will
               be
               more
               just
               that
               we
               go
               together
               by
               the
               Ears
               to
               
               set
               Pompey's
               interest
               on
               foot
               again
               ,
               which
               has
               been
               so
               often
               defeated
               ,
               or
               to
               rally
               our selves
               ,
               to
               prevent
               our
               ill
               treatment
               from
               those
               Enemies
               who
               onely
               wait
               their
               advantage
               when
               some
               misfortune
               shall
               arrive
               to
               any
               one
               of
               us
               .
               Our
               good
               Chance
               hitherto
               has
               provided
               otherwise
               ,
               that
               two
               Parties
               of
               the
               same
               interest
               should
               not
               cruelly
               tear
               each
               other
               to
               pieces
               by
               Cicero's
               Orders
               ,
               who
               thinks
               himself
               very
               happy
               in
               deceiving
               you
               by
               those
               false
               demonstrations
               of
               Honour
               wherewith
               he
               boasts
               that
               he
               has
               imposed
               upon
               Caesar.
               For
               my
               part
               I
               will
               never
               suffer
               any
               outrage
               either
               against
               my self
               or
               my
               Friends
               ,
               this
               is
               my
               resolution
               .
               I
               will
               never
               abandon
               the
               Party
               that
               Pompey
               hates
               ,
               nor
               shall
               the
               Veterans
               ever
               by
               my
               consent
               be
               rooted
               out
               of
               their
               possessions
               ,
               and
               then
               betrayed
               one
               after
               another
               to
               their
               execution
               .
               Nor
               will
               i
               ever
               break
               the
               word
               which
               I
               have
               given
               to
               Dolabella
               ,
               nor
               the
               Alliance
               which
               I
               have
               made
               with
               so
               honourable
               a
               man
               as
               Lepidus
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               what
               I
               owe
               to
               Plancus
               ,
               to
               whom
               communicate
               all
               my
               designs
               ,
               if
               (
               as
               I
               hope
               they
               will
               )
               the
               immortal
               Gods
               prove
               favourable
               to
               my
               just
               intentions
               ,
               I
               shall
               live
               with
               joy
               :
               But
               if
               they
               have
               appointed
               me
               another
               Destiny
               ,
               I
               shall
               but
               taste
               before
               hand
               the
               pleasure
               of
               your
               punishments
               ,
               for
               if
               Pompey's
               Party
               be
               thus
               insolent
               under
               their
               defeat
               ,
               I
               shall
               leave
               you
               to
               make
               the
               sad
               experiment
               of
               what
               they
               will
               come
               too
               ,
               when
               they
               are
               Victorious
               .
               As
               for
               you
               ,
               I
               could
               willingly
               bear
               ,
               with
               the
               injuries
               of
               my
               Friends
               ,
               if
               they
               themselves
               would
               but
               forget
               them
               ,
               and
               agree
               with
               me
               to
               revenge
               the
               murther
               of
               Caesar.
               It
               will
               never
               prevail
               upon
               my
               belief
               that
               Deputies
               should
               come
               with
               Peace
               from
               the
               same
               place
               whence
               
               War
               is
               thundring
               ,
               if
               they
               do
               come
               ,
               I
               am
               ready
               to
               hear
               what
               they
               have
               to
               propose
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XX.
             The
             Consuls
             raise
             Troops
             for
             the
             relief
             of
             Decimus
             ,
             which
             was
             but
             one
             Legion
             .
             The
             manner
             of
             laying
             sieges
             in
             those
             times
             .
             Ventidius
             raises
             Troops
             for
             Antonius
             .
          
           
             IF
             this
             Letter
             had
             not
             much
             effect
             upon
             Hirtius
             ,
             it
             caused
             great
             reflexions
             in
             the
             mind
             of
             young
             Caesar.
             For
             what
             the
             Senate
             had
             hitherto
             done
             ,
             might
             reasonably
             be
             excused
             ,
             the
             Ambition
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             the
             safety
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             were
             some
             sort
             of
             pretence
             for
             them
             ,
             but
             when
             he
             found
             that
             they
             promoted
             their
             Commanders
             to
             the
             highest
             Power
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             prosecuted
             all
             such
             as
             were
             for
             revenging
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Father
             ,
             he
             saw
             clearly
             what
             their
             designs
             were
             ,
             and
             what
             measures
             he
             was
             to
             take
             ,
             he
             well
             knew
             that
             the
             Consulary
             Dignity
             carried
             with
             it
             all
             Authority
             of
             Command
             ;
             he
             saw
             no
             Propositions
             of
             Rewards
             ,
             but
             to
             the
             deserting
             Legions
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             as
             he
             thought
             himself
             engaged
             in
             Honour
             to
             the
             War
             ,
             and
             being
             willing
             to
             establish
             his
             Reputation
             by
             some
             Illustrious
             Action
             ,
             he
             resolved
             to
             dissemble
             all
             with
             a
             Prudence
             much
             surpassing
             his
             Age
             ,
             so
             that
             in
             all
             this
             affair
             he
             made
             not
             so
             much
             as
             one
             step
             against
             his
             
             true
             Interest
             .
             Now
             it
             was
             the
             custome
             with
             Sacrifices
             to
             thank
             the
             Gods
             for
             any
             Honours
             received
             ,
             Caesar
             had
             publickly
             discharged
             that
             Duty
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             short
             discourse
             gave
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             understand
             ,
             
               That
               he
               thought
               himself
               obliged
               onely
               to
               them
               for
               his
               Dignity
               ,
               since
               the
               Senate
               would
               never
               have
               allowed
               it
               him
               but
               for
               their
               sakes
               ,
               and
               that
               therefore
               he
               would
               magnificently
               reward
               them
               .
            
             So
             the
             Consuls
             divided
             their
             Charges
             ,
             Pansa
             went
             into
             Italy
             to
             raise
             new
             Troops
             ,
             and
             Hirtius
             came
             to
             Caesar
             to
             Command
             the
             Army
             with
             him
             .
             He
             demanded
             of
             him
             by
             a
             private
             Order
             from
             the
             Senate
             those
             two
             Legions
             which
             had
             quitted
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             which
             Caesar
             ,
             without
             any
             more
             adoe
             ,
             gave
             him
             ,
             so
             their
             next
             business
             was
             to
             put
             their
             Troops
             into
             Quarters
             .
             A
             Legion
             at
             that
             time
             was
             much
             the
             same
             thing
             as
             a
             Regiment
             is
             now
             ,
             but
             something
             stronger
             ,
             consisting
             of
             about
             six
             thousand
             Foot
             ,
             and
             six
             hundred
             Horse
             ,
             which
             always
             attended
             them
             ,
             a
             certain
             number
             of
             Archers
             which
             were
             called
             Launcers
             ,
             each
             Legion
             having
             its
             particular
             Engines
             and
             Ammunition
             .
             The
             Constitution
             too
             ,
             which
             was
             called
             a
             Cohort
             ,
             consisted
             of
             about
             four
             or
             five
             hundred
             Men.
             Now
             the
             manner
             of
             sieges
             in
             those
             times
             was
             also
             very
             different
             from
             what
             is
             at
             this
             day
             in
             Practice
             ,
             they
             had
             no
             Artillery
             ,
             nor
             any
             other
             Engines
             of
             fire
             ,
             they
             always
             attacked
             a
             Town
             by
             Scalings
             ,
             Sappings
             ,
             or
             battering
             Rams
             ;
             their
             Scalings
             were
             of
             two
             sorts
             ,
             either
             with
             the
             help
             of
             Ladders
             ,
             or
             else
             when
             
             the
             Wall
             was
             not
             very
             high
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             covered
             with
             their
             Bucklers
             ,
             made
             their
             approaches
             ,
             those
             who
             were
             nearest
             stood
             upright
             with
             their
             Bucklers
             upon
             their
             heads
             ,
             those
             who
             followed
             stooping
             a
             little
             ,
             till
             the
             rere
             Rank
             ,
             who
             were
             either
             upon
             their
             Knees
             ,
             or
             lay
             flat
             with
             their
             Bellies
             on
             the
             ground
             ,
             so
             the
             others
             mounted
             upon
             them
             ,
             and
             this
             was
             that
             which
             they
             called
             the
             Tortoise
             .
             The
             Sapping
             is
             still
             in
             use
             ;
             and
             for
             the
             Ram
             ,
             it
             was
             a
             great
             Beam
             armed
             with
             a
             Head
             of
             Iron
             hanging
             by
             Cords
             upon
             four
             Joysts
             set
             upright
             ,
             and
             fastened
             together
             at
             the
             top
             .
             This
             Engine
             was
             set
             in
             motion
             ,
             and
             forc't
             violently
             against
             the
             Wall
             ,
             which
             sometimes
             took
             effect
             accordingly
             ,
             but
             when
             the
             Wall
             was
             very
             thick
             ,
             and
             the
             Garrison
             strong
             ,
             the
             last
             recourse
             which
             the
             Besiegers
             usually
             had
             was
             to
             Famine
             .
             And
             this
             was
             that
             which
             now
             pressed
             the
             Troops
             of
             Decimus
             ,
             he
             gave
             notice
             of
             it
             by
             Letters
             to
             Hirtius
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             left
             their
             Quarters
             to
             go
             to
             his
             Relief
             ,
             and
             came
             and
             encamped
             themselves
             near
             Antonius's
             Lines
             .
             He
             was
             much
             stronger
             than
             they
             ,
             but
             as
             it
             was
             a
             difficult
             Countrey
             ,
             full
             of
             Ditches
             ,
             and
             he
             having
             a
             River
             to
             pass
             over
             ,
             durst
             not
             attack
             them
             .
             Cicero
             at
             this
             time
             governed
             in
             Rome
             with
             an
             absolute
             Authority
             ,
             and
             there
             it
             was
             that
             he
             made
             use
             of
             his
             great
             Talent
             of
             Wit
             which
             he
             employed
             chiefly
             in
             raising
             Money
             at
             the
             expence
             of
             Antonius's
             Friends
             ,
             who
             were
             called
             to
             account
             with
             the
             extremest
             Rigour
             .
             Ventidius
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             
             Souldier
             of
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             a
             particular
             Friend
             to
             Antonius
             ,
             upon
             this
             Persecution
             quitted
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             being
             well
             known
             for
             his
             Valour
             ,
             and
             beloved
             by
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             he
             raised
             two
             Legions
             in
             Italy
             ,
             where
             all
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             were
             dispersed
             in
             a
             great
             number
             ,
             and
             with
             these
             he
             resolved
             to
             relieve
             Antonius
             .
             But
             to
             doe
             him
             first
             one
             signal
             service
             ,
             he
             caused
             several
             Troops
             privately
             to
             enter
             into
             Rome
             ,
             where
             he
             design'd
             to
             have
             feiz'd
             upon
             Cicero
             ;
             this
             Enterprise
             occasioned
             great
             fear
             through
             all
             the
             City
             ,
             several
             fled
             with
             their
             whole
             Families
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             Cicero
             himself
             ,
             sufficiently
             affrighted
             ,
             so
             that
             by
             this
             means
             Ventidius
             failed
             of
             his
             design
             ,
             and
             that
             Man
             who
             afterwards
             so
             gallantly
             signalized
             himself
             by
             defeating
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             marched
             with
             his
             Army
             towards
             Modena
             ,
             but
             Hirtius
             and
             Caesar
             cut
             off
             his
             passage
             ,
             and
             forced
             him
             to
             retreat
             towards
             the
             Marsh
             of
             Ancona
             ,
             where
             he
             raised
             another
             Legion
             to
             those
             he
             had
             already
             ,
             which
             afterwards
             proved
             a
             great
             succour
             to
             Antonius
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXI
             .
             A
             Battel
             between
             Antonius's
             Troops
             and
             Caesar's
             ,
             joined
             with
             the
             Consuls
             .
             Pansa
             mortally
             mounded
             .
             Caesar's
             Troops
             are
             beaten
             .
             Hirtius
             comes
             to
             their
             relief
             ,
             and
             defeats
             Antonius
             .
          
           
             IN
             this
             manner
             both
             Parties
             daily
             fortified
             themselves
             ,
             and
             Pansa
             ,
             who
             had
             raised
             four
             Legions
             of
             new
             Souldiers
             ,
             sent
             word
             to
             Hirtius
             and
             Caesar
             to
             take
             care
             for
             the
             safety
             of
             his
             passage
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             come
             to
             them
             but
             by
             narrow
             passes
             through
             the
             Woods
             ,
             which
             they
             sent
             the
             Martial
             Legion
             and
             their
             two
             Companies
             of
             Guards
             to
             take
             possession
             of
             ;
             there
             was
             a
             certain
             Causway
             which
             went
             a-cross
             a
             Marsh
             ,
             at
             the
             coming
             out
             of
             the
             Woods
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             end
             of
             the
             Causway
             a
             large
             Burrough
             Town
             ,
             called
             
               Forum
               Gallorum
            
             ,
             at
             present
             
               Castell
               Franco
            
             ,
             between
             Modena
             and
             Bulloigne
             .
             Into
             this
             Town
             Antonius
             put
             his
             two
             best
             Legions
             ,
             which
             were
             the
             second
             and
             the
             thirty
             third
             ,
             and
             his
             Company
             of
             Guards
             ,
             together
             with
             that
             of
             Sillanus
             :
             before
             him
             he
             placed
             his
             Cavalry
             and
             his
             Archers
             to
             intice
             on
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             cover
             his
             Legions
             ,
             for
             he
             would
             not
             have
             had
             them
             known
             that
             he
             had
             brought
             them
             thither
             ;
             Galba
             Commanded
             the
             Consuls
             Van-Guard
             with
             Carsuleius
             ,
             the
             Colonel
             of
             the
             Martial
             Legion
             .
             Their
             Souldiers
             were
             incouraged
             at
             the
             sight
             of
             the
             
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             past
             the
             Causway
             briskly
             with
             the
             two
             Companies
             ;
             Pansa
             came
             galloping
             to
             the
             head
             of
             the
             Troops
             ,
             after
             having
             ordered
             the
             two
             new
             Legions
             softly
             to
             follow
             him
             ,
             he
             formed
             his
             order
             of
             Battel
             with
             twelve
             Cohorts
             of
             the
             Martial
             Legion
             ,
             and
             the
             Companies
             of
             Guards
             taking
             the
             left
             Wing
             ,
             where
             the
             Guards
             were
             with
             two
             Cohorts
             of
             the
             Legion
             ,
             and
             leaving
             the
             right
             with
             the
             other
             eight
             to
             Galba
             .
             At
             the
             same
             time
             Antonius
             drew
             his
             Legions
             out
             of
             the
             Town
             ,
             and
             charged
             the
             Enemy
             e'er
             the
             new
             Legions
             could
             come
             up
             ,
             the
             place
             was
             blocked
             up
             ,
             and
             the
             Souldiers
             very
             much
             provoked
             .
             Antonius's
             Legions
             were
             for
             revenging
             themselves
             upon
             the
             Martial
             ,
             who
             had
             deserted
             them
             ;
             and
             on
             the
             other
             side
             the
             Martials
             were
             as
             firmly
             resolved
             to
             maintain
             their
             Honour
             ,
             so
             that
             by
             this
             means
             the
             Battel
             became
             a
             particular
             Quarrel
             between
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             immediately
             fell
             on
             with
             all
             fierceness
             ,
             they
             could
             not
             open
             their
             Ranks
             ,
             but
             fought
             at
             Swords
             Point
             ,
             every
             blow
             they
             gave
             each
             other
             ,
             gave
             a
             wound
             too
             ,
             no
             cries
             of
             pain
             were
             heard
             ,
             but
             shouts
             of
             Fury
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             very
             moment
             that
             one
             man
             was
             knocked
             down
             or
             slain
             ,
             the
             body
             was
             carried
             off
             ,
             and
             another
             advanced
             into
             his
             place
             ,
             these
             being
             all
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             had
             no
             need
             of
             Commanders
             to
             make
             them
             understand
             their
             Duty
             .
             At
             last
             the
             Consuls
             right
             Wing
             ,
             where
             Galba
             Commanded
             ,
             gave
             ground
             to
             the
             thirty
             third
             Legion
             for
             above
             a
             hundred
             paces
             .
             But
             as
             Galba
             saw
             
             that
             Antonius's
             Moorish
             Cavalry
             gained
             upon
             his
             Flanck
             ,
             he
             drew
             up
             his
             Archers
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             drew
             off
             his
             Companies
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Pansa
             ,
             who
             on
             his
             side
             had
             engaged
             himself
             a
             little
             too
             far
             ,
             was
             hemmed
             in
             ,
             and
             received
             a
             wound
             with
             a
             half
             Pike
             in
             the
             Belly
             ,
             which
             forc't
             him
             to
             be
             carried
             off
             .
             His
             being
             wounded
             so
             astonished
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             that
             they
             possessed
             themselves
             of
             the
             Causway
             in
             great
             disorder
             ,
             when
             the
             new
             Troops
             ,
             instead
             of
             seconding
             of
             them
             began
             immediately
             to
             fly
             ,
             and
             were
             followed
             by
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Army
             ,
             except
             Caesar's
             company
             of
             Guards
             ,
             who
             made
             head
             upon
             the
             Causway
             with
             Galba
             ,
             and
             were
             cut
             to
             pieces
             .
             Galba
             saved
             himself
             on
             Horseback
             ,
             and
             had
             like
             to
             have
             been
             slain
             by
             his
             own
             very
             Party
             ,
             who
             were
             rallied
             hard
             by
             a
             Fort
             which
             Torquatus
             the
             Questor
             had
             caused
             in
             haste
             to
             be
             thrown
             up
             .
             The
             Office
             of
             Questor
             was
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             a
             Treasurer
             General
             ,
             but
             he
             had
             also
             Command
             over
             the
             Troops
             .
             The
             Martial
             Legion
             mad
             with
             spight
             and
             shame
             ,
             made
             head
             in
             this
             place
             ,
             refusing
             to
             enter
             the
             Fort
             ,
             Antonius
             admiring
             their
             Virtue
             ,
             durst
             not
             charge
             them
             under
             that
             Fortification
             ,
             but
             having
             made
             a
             great
             slaughter
             amongst
             the
             new
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             fled
             in
             disorder
             ,
             retreated
             .
             Caesar
             was
             at
             this
             Battel
             ,
             where
             he
             mingled
             himself
             even
             in
             the
             midst
             ,
             but
             the
             shoal
             of
             those
             who
             ran
             away
             ,
             carried
             him
             with
             them
             ,
             notwithstanding
             he
             endeavoured
             all
             he
             could
             to
             the
             contrary
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             Antonius
             has
             
             Reproached
             him
             since
             that
             he
             lost
             his
             Coat
             of
             Arms
             and
             his
             Horse
             there
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             appear
             in
             two
             days
             afterwards
             .
             Hirtius
             ,
             who
             was
             near
             Modena
             ,
             marched
             upon
             the
             first
             news
             of
             the
             Battel
             with
             twenty
             Cohorts
             ,
             and
             with
             so
             great
             diligence
             ,
             that
             though
             he
             had
             near
             sixty
             stades
             to
             Travell
             ,
             he
             came
             up
             with
             Antonius's
             Troops
             ,
             who
             were
             retreating
             disorderly
             after
             their
             Victory
             ,
             he
             charged
             them
             furiously
             ,
             but
             those
             brave
             men
             ,
             though
             so
             surprized
             ,
             made
             yet
             a
             vigorous
             resistence
             ,
             but
             at
             last
             were
             forc't
             to
             give
             way
             ,
             Hirtius
             pursuing
             them
             Pell-mell
             even
             into
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             where
             he
             durst
             not
             engage
             himself
             ,
             and
             the
             night
             too
             coming
             on
             ,
             forc't
             him
             to
             a
             retreat
             .
             The
             Marsh
             was
             covered
             with
             the
             dead
             and
             wounded
             ,
             and
             Antonius's
             Souldiers
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             fatigue
             of
             the
             Battel
             ,
             remained
             still
             all
             the
             night
             a
             Horseback
             to
             fetch
             off
             their
             wounded
             Companions
             ,
             whom
             they
             carried
             some
             behind
             them
             ,
             and
             drew
             off
             others
             at
             their
             Horses
             Tails
             ,
             so
             that
             by
             this
             means
             a
             great
             many
             were
             preserved
             .
             The
             loss
             was
             equal
             on
             both
             sides
             in
             the
             first
             Battel
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             second
             Hirtius
             had
             very
             few
             Men
             slain
             ,
             having
             taken
             two
             Eagles
             and
             several
             other
             Colours
             ,
             but
             Caesar's
             company
             of
             Guards
             being
             intirely
             destroyed
             ,
             were
             bewailed
             extremely
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXII
             .
             Antonius
             defeated
             by
             Hirtius
             and
             Caesar.
             The
             death
             of
             Hirtius
             .
             The
             raising
             of
             the
             siege
             of
             
               Modena
               .
               Brutus
            
             writes
             to
             Cicero
             .
          
           
             AFTER
             the
             Battel
             both
             Armies
             returned
             to
             their
             Camps
             about
             Modena
             ,
             where
             Antonius
             resolved
             onely
             to
             defend
             his
             Lines
             without
             hazarding
             a
             second
             Battel
             :
             On
             the
             other
             side
             Hirtius
             and
             Caesar
             were
             for
             Engaging
             ,
             and
             there
             daily
             happened
             very
             severe
             skirmishes
             .
             At
             last
             the
             Consul
             began
             to
             move
             towards
             that
             side
             of
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             where
             Antonius's
             Camp
             was
             least
             fortified
             ,
             to
             try
             if
             he
             could
             put
             any
             relief
             into
             the
             Town
             ,
             Antonius
             immediately
             opposed
             them
             with
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             who
             were
             beaten
             from
             their
             ground
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             cause
             two
             Legions
             to
             advance
             .
             The
             Enemy
             rejoycing
             at
             these
             proceedings
             ,
             charged
             those
             Troops
             ,
             when
             the
             two
             Legions
             giving
             ground
             ,
             Antonius
             sent
             away
             for
             another
             ,
             but
             the
             circumvallation
             reached
             so
             far
             ,
             and
             their
             Succours
             were
             so
             long
             a
             time
             coming
             ,
             that
             the
             two
             Legions
             were
             totally
             put
             to
             the
             Rout.
             Hirtius
             followed
             his
             advantage
             very
             vigorously
             ,
             entring
             the
             Lines
             ,
             and
             was
             already
             got
             into
             the
             Quarters
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             but
             was
             there
             slain
             .
             Caesar
             got
             great
             Honour
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             he
             carried
             off
             the
             Consul's
             Body
             ,
             and
             taking
             the
             Eagle
             out
             of
             the
             Standard
             bearers
             Hands
             ,
             who
             was
             very
             much
             
             wounded
             ,
             carried
             it
             himself
             ,
             till
             the
             very
             minute
             that
             Antonius's
             Troops
             were
             absolutely
             defeated
             ;
             the
             night
             hindred
             his
             total
             overthrow
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             Generals
             continued
             a
             Horseback
             till
             morning
             with
             all
             their
             Troops
             .
             Then
             Antonius
             called
             a
             Council
             of
             his
             Friends
             ,
             who
             advised
             him
             to
             continue
             the
             siege
             ,
             by
             reason
             that
             the
             two
             Consuls
             were
             the
             one
             wounded
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             dead
             ,
             and
             that
             Decimus
             was
             reduced
             to
             the
             last
             extremity
             .
             But
             he
             fearing
             lest
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             great
             many
             Pioneers
             ,
             should
             carry
             on
             his
             Works
             between
             him
             and
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             get
             succours
             into
             the
             place
             ,
             was
             afraid
             also
             lest
             those
             two
             defeats
             might
             loose
             him
             Lepidus
             and
             Plancus
             ;
             so
             he
             raised
             the
             siege
             ,
             and
             retreated
             up
             to
             the
             Mountains
             to
             go
             and
             join
             himself
             with
             Ventidius
             .
             It
             was
             doubtless
             in
             the
             heat
             of
             joy
             for
             this
             Victory
             ,
             that
             Cicero
             wrote
             to
             young
             Caesar
             ,
             desiring
             him
             in
             his
             Letter
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               be
               contented
               to
               spare
               the
               Republick
            
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             .
             The
             Letter
             was
             sent
             by
             Atticus
             to
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             was
             very
             much
             provoked
             at
             it
             ,
             and
             complained
             very
             sharply
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             had
             also
             reproached
             Casca
             with
             the
             murther
             of
             
               Caesar.
               Brutus
            
             offended
             at
             the
             proceeding
             ,
             sent
             word
             to
             
               Atticus
               ,
               That
               that
               reproach
               might
               be
               returned
               upon
            
             Cicero
             
               himself
               ,
               who
               had
               slain
               more
               than
               one
               Citizen
               in
               his
               Consulship
               ,
               and
               was
               therefore
               a
               greater
               murtherer
               than
               ever
            
             Casca
             
               was
               .
               Is
               it
            
             ,
             added
             he
             ,
             
               because
               we
               do
               not
               quote
               the
               Ides
               of
            
             March
             
               upon
               all
               occasions
               in
               and
               out
               of
               Season
               ,
               as
               he
               does
               his
               Nones
               of
            
             December
             ,
             
             
               that
               esteems
               us
               less
               than
               him
               ?
               He
               boasts
               that
               he
               has
               maintained
               the
               War
               against
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               without
               ever
               having
               drawn
               his
               Sword.
               What
               is
               that
               to
               me
               if
               for
               the
               reward
               of
               defeating
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               it
               demanded
               that
               one
               succeed
               him
               ?
               This
               is
               not
               any
               longer
               ,
            
             said
             he
             ,
             
               to
               be
               afraid
               of
               Slavery
               ,
               but
               of
               the
               Master
               that
               imposes
               it
               .
            
             And
             in
             another
             place
             ,
             
               Is
               it
               out
               of
               fear
               of
            
             Octavius
             
               's
               power
               that
            
             Cicero
             
               believes
               we
               ought
               to
               allow
               him
               these
               Honours
               ?
               That
               fear
               ,
            
             says
             he
             ,
             
               is
               foolish
               ,
               which
               obliges
               us
               to
               provide
               against
               an
               evil
               by
               means
               that
               are
               as
               bad
               as
               the
               evil
               we
               are
               afraid
               of
               ,
               and
               which
               perhaps
               too
               might
               have
               been
               avoided
               .
               We
               are
               too
               much
               afraid
               of
               Death
               ,
               Banishment
               and
               Poverty
               .
               These
               things
               appear
               to
            
             Cicero
             
               as
               great
               evils
               ,
               and
               provided
               there
               he
               but
               those
               that
               will
               allow
               him
               what
               he
               desires
               ,
               respect
               him
               ,
               and
               praise
               him
               ,
               he
               reckons
               an
               honourable
               Slavery
               as
               nothing
               ,
               if
               such
               a
               thing
               as
               Honour
               can
               subsist
               with
               so
               great
               Infamy
               .
            
             In
             short
             ,
             not
             to
             repeat
             the
             whole
             Letter
             ,
             he
             said
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               no
               great
               Opinion
               of
               those
               fine
               Arts
               which
            
             Cicero
             
               was
               so
               much
               a
               Master
               of
               :
               For
               what
               use
               do
               we
               see
               him
               make
               of
               all
               that
               he
               has
               written
               concerning
               the
               Liberty
               of
               his
               Countrey
               ,
               true
               Honour
               ,
               Death
               ,
               Banishment
               and
               Poverty
               .
               Brutus
            
             wrote
             also
             to
             Cicero
             himself
             in
             terms
             not
             quite
             so
             sharp
             ,
             but
             full
             as
             pressing
             ,
             but
             the
             Letter
             is
             too
             long
             to
             mingle
             with
             the
             body
             of
             a
             History
             ,
             where
             it
             will
             not
             appear
             much
             to
             the
             purpose
             ,
             besides
             it
             is
             to
             be
             seen
             amongst
             many
             others
             in
             Cicero's
             Epistles
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIII
             .
             Decimus
             speaks
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             treats
             him
             ill
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Pansa
             .
             His
             dying
             words
             to
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             DECIMVS
             was
             at
             Macedonia
             ,
             and
             in
             great
             disputes
             with
             himself
             in
             what
             manner
             he
             ought
             to
             proceed
             with
             Caesar
             ;
             but
             as
             he
             knew
             how
             irreconcilable
             a
             hatred
             he
             had
             reason
             to
             expect
             from
             him
             ,
             he
             thought
             it
             his
             best
             way
             to
             break
             down
             all
             the
             Bridges
             that
             were
             upon
             the
             River
             ,
             and
             after
             that
             precaution
             he
             sent
             a
             Herald
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             in
             the
             name
             of
             
               Decimus
               ,
               Gave
               him
               thanks
               for
               the
               liberty
               which
               he
               owed
               to
               his
               relief
               ,
               and
               taking
               all
               the
               Romans
               to
               Witness
               ,
               protested
               that
               it
               was
               onely
               by
               mere
               hazard
               that
            
             Decimus
             
               had
               been
               ingaged
               in
               the
               unhappy
               Conspiracy
               .
            
             At
             last
             he
             begged
             of
             him
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               allow
               of
               a
               free
               interview
               ,
               the
               River
               being
               between
               them
               .
               Caesar
            
             received
             this
             discourse
             very
             surlily
             ,
             and
             made
             answer
             ,
             That
             Decimus
             
               owed
               him
               no
               obligation
               ,
               that
               he
               came
               not
               thither
               by
               any
               means
               for
               his
               relief
               ,
               but
               to
               fight
               with
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               who
               nevertheless
               might
               one
               day
               come
               to
               be
               his
               Friend
               ,
               but
               that
            
             Decimus
             
               should
               ever
               be
               his
               mortal
               Enemy
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               would
               neither
               speak
               with
               him
               ,
               nor
               see
               him
               .
               Therefore
               ,
            
             says
             he
             ,
             
               let
               him
               go
               wherever
               he
               has
               a
               mind
               to
               go
               ,
               since
               those
               who
               are
               at
            
             Rome
             
               will
               have
               it
               for
               Decimus
            
             ,
             who
             was
             near
             the
             River
             understood
             this
             answer
             ,
             
               And
               be●ought
            
             Caesar
             
               that
               he
               would
               onely
               for
               the
               Letters
               of
               the
               Senate
               ,
               which
               
               confirmed
               him
               in
               the
               Government
               of
            
             Gall
             ,
             
               and
               forbad
               him
               admittance
               into
               the
               Province
               .
               Caesar
               ,
            
             though
             offended
             with
             his
             insolence
             ,
             did
             not
             think
             it
             seasonable
             at
             this
             time
             to
             resent
             it
             ,
             though
             he
             might
             easily
             have
             done
             it
             ,
             so
             he
             returned
             to
             Bulloigne
             to
             see
             Pansa
             ,
             who
             lay
             there
             wounded
             ;
             they
             wrote
             both
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             instance
             of
             Cicero
             there
             were
             ordered
             50
             days
             of
             publick
             Devotions
             and
             Thanksgivings
             ,
             which
             had
             never
             been
             done
             for
             any
             other
             Victory
             before
             .
             The
             promise
             also
             of
             500
             Drachma's
             to
             the
             Legions
             was
             confirmed
             with
             a
             farther
             Provision
             ,
             that
             it
             should
             be
             paid
             to
             the
             Widows
             or
             Heirs
             of
             those
             who
             died
             in
             Battel
             .
             Pansa
             died
             of
             his
             wounds
             some
             few
             days
             afterwards
             ,
             whose
             death
             occasioned
             some
             suspicion
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             at
             least
             the
             Physician
             he
             made
             use
             of
             ,
             one
             whose
             name
             was
             Glyco
             ,
             was
             put
             into
             Prison
             ,
             and
             accused
             for
             having
             poysoned
             the
             wound
             ;
             but
             Brutus
             answered
             for
             the
             Honesty
             of
             the
             Physician
             ,
             and
             wrote
             in
             his
             behalf
             to
             Cicero
             ,
             yet
             still
             Caesar's
             Enemies
             spread
             the
             suspicions
             abroad
             ,
             as
             also
             that
             he
             had
             slain
             Hirtius
             in
             the
             heat
             of
             the
             Battel
             .
             But
             Pansa
             himself
             was
             so
             well
             persuaded
             to
             the
             contrary
             ,
             that
             he
             desired
             to
             see
             him
             before
             his
             death
             ,
             and
             thus
             spoke
             to
             him
             ,
             
               I
               loved
               your
               Father
               more
               than
               my self
               ,
               and
               when
               he
               was
               slain
               in
               the
               Senate
               ,
               I
               would
               have
               hazarded
               my
               own
               life
               to
               have
               saved
               his
               ,
               had
               I
               been
               furnished
               with
               Arms.
               I
               would
               doe
               his
               Memory
               Iustice
               in
               doing
               you
               some
               Service
               ,
               which
               my
               misfortune
               hinders
               me
               from
               on
               this
               occasion
               ,
               which
               should
               be
               by
               advertising
               you
               of
               
               what
               designs
               the
               Senate
               have
               against
               you
               ,
               for
               it
               is
               nothing
               but
               the
               fear
               of
               your
               Troops
               which
               forces
               those
               People
               to
               caress
               you
               ,
               and
               they
               had
               never
               allowed
               you
               those
               Honours
               you
               are
               at
               present
               possessed
               of
               ,
               but
               to
               fire
               you
               more
               to
               the
               destruction
               of
            
             Antonius
             .
             
               Their
               business
               is
               to
               dash
               you
               to
               pieces
               one
               against
               the
               other
               ,
               by
               that
               means
               to
               re-establish
            
             Pompey's
             
               Pa●t●
               ,
               is
               being
               the
               thing
               which
               they
               most
               pressingly
               recommended
               to
            
             Hirtius
             
               and
               me
               ,
               but
               the
               Friendship
               wherewith
            
             Caesar
             
               once
               honoured
               me
               ,
               obliges
               me
               to
               give
               you
               such
               Counsel
               as
               I
               my self
               would
               take
               upon
               the
               same
               occasion
               ,
               unite
               your self
               with
            
             Antonius
             ,
             
               for
               it
               is
               the
               onely
               way
               to
               preserve
               your
               life
               and
               advance
               your
               Fortune
               .
               I
               could
               not
               with
               Honour
               have
               given
               you
               this
               advice
               sooner
               ,
               because
               it
               would
               have
               betrayed
               the
               Trust
               which
               they
               reposed
               in
               me
               ,
               but
               at
               present
               ,
               since
            
             Antonius
             
               is
               ouerthrown
            
             ,
             Hirtius
             
               dead
               ,
               and
               I
               just
               following
               him
               ,
               I
               think
               my self
               discharged
               of
               my
               Oath
               ,
               and
               therefore
               may
               acquit
               my self
               of
               what
               I
               owe
               to
               the
               memory
               of
            
             Caesar.
             
               I
               surrender
               you
               your
               Troops
               ,
               and
               would
               also
               restore
               you
               those
               which
               the
               Senate
               gave
               me
               ,
               did
               I
               not
               fear
               it
               might
               cause
               their
               aversion
               towards
               you
               ,
               for
               the
               Commanders
               are
               but
               so
               many
               private
               Spies
               upon
               our
               Conduct
               ,
               so
               I
               would
               have
               you
               consent
               that
               they
               may
               be
               put
               into
               the
               hands
               of
            
             Torquatus
             .
             He
             died
             about
             a
             quarter
             of
             an
             hour
             afterwards
             ,
             having
             given
             his
             Troops
             to
             Torquatus
             ,
             who
             by
             orders
             from
             the
             Senate
             ,
             carried
             them
             to
             Decimus
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             sent
             the
             Bodies
             of
             the
             two
             Consuls
             to
             Rome
             with
             great
             Magnificence
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIV
             .
             Cassius
             in
             Syria
             .
             He
             raises
             great
             Forces
             .
             The
             Conduct
             of
             
               Cleopatra
               .
               Brutus
            
             defeats
             Antonius's
             Brother
             ,
             and
             takes
             him
             Prisoner
             .
          
           
             IN
             this
             manner
             the
             Senate
             endeavoured
             by
             all
             sort
             of
             ways
             to
             re-establish
             their
             Authority
             ,
             and
             the
             news
             which
             came
             from
             the
             East
             gave
             them
             very
             great
             hopes
             of
             it
             .
             Cassius
             arriving
             in
             Syria
             ,
             found
             the
             Legions
             in
             that
             Province
             revolted
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             death
             of
             *
             Sextus
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             young
             Man
             ,
             and
             a
             Kinsman
             of
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             who
             had
             left
             him
             there
             upon
             Honour
             to
             Command
             a
             Legion
             ,
             whereof
             
               Cacilius
               Bassus
            
             was
             Tribune
             or
             Colonel
             .
             This
             young
             Man
             lived
             very
             disorderly
             ,
             and
             when
             Bassus
             advised
             him
             to
             reform
             his
             Conduct
             ,
             he
             used
             him
             ill
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Souldiers
             provoked
             to
             see
             their
             Colonel
             affronted
             fell
             to
             Mutiny
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Tumult
             Sextus
             was
             slain
             .
             They
             well
             knew
             that
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             alive
             ,
             would
             not
             forgive
             them
             that
             fault
             ,
             so
             they
             desperately
             resolved
             to
             stand
             by
             what
             they
             had
             done
             ,
             and
             debauched
             also
             another
             Legion
             into
             their
             Crime
             ,
             Caesar
             sent
             orders
             to
             Marcus
             to
             reduce
             them
             to
             their
             Obedience
             with
             three
             Legions
             which
             he
             Commanded
             ,
             but
             the
             Mutineers
             got
             the
             better
             of
             him
             so
             far
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             demand
             the
             assistence
             of
             Crispus
             ,
             who
             had
             three
             other
             Legions
             in
             Bithynia
             ,
             they
             had
             besieged
             Bassus
             ,
             who
             defended
             
             himself
             very
             well
             ,
             when
             after
             the
             death
             of
             
               Caesar
               ,
               Cassius
            
             with
             the
             Senates
             orders
             arrived
             in
             the
             Province
             .
             The
             Mutineers
             were
             transported
             with
             this
             occasion
             ,
             so
             they
             declared
             immediately
             for
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             managed
             it
             so
             well
             ,
             that
             he
             brought
             over
             Marcus
             and
             Crispus
             also
             into
             his
             Interest
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             re-uniting
             all
             those
             Troops
             under
             his
             own
             Command
             .
             He
             had
             also
             notice
             that
             Alienus
             was
             in
             Palestine
             with
             four
             Legions
             that
             Cleopatra
             had
             raised
             ,
             and
             which
             she
             had
             put
             into
             Alienus's
             hands
             by
             the
             Command
             of
             
               Dolabella
               .
               Cleopatra
            
             reigned
             then
             in
             Aegypt
             by
             the
             Authority
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             loved
             her
             ,
             and
             had
             placed
             her
             upon
             the
             Throne
             after
             the
             death
             of
             her
             Brother
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             in
             acknowledgment
             of
             those
             favours
             ,
             that
             she
             had
             raised
             these
             Troops
             to
             offer
             him
             their
             service
             ,
             when
             he
             should
             march
             against
             the
             Parthians
             .
             The
             death
             of
             this
             great
             Man
             had
             altered
             those
             thoughts
             to
             others
             of
             Revenge
             ,
             so
             understanding
             that
             Dolabella
             was
             in
             Syria
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             had
             declared
             himself
             against
             Caesar's
             Murtherers
             by
             the
             death
             of
             Tr●bonius
             ,
             she
             sent
             him
             those
             Legions
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             
               Alienus
               .
               Cassius
            
             ,
             with
             his
             Army
             marched
             against
             him
             ,
             which
             forced
             Alienus
             ,
             finding
             he
             was
             not
             strong
             enough
             to
             give
             him
             Battel
             with
             the
             four
             Legions
             to
             go
             over
             to
             his
             side
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             Cassius
             was
             in
             a
             short
             time
             at
             the
             head
             of
             12
             Legions
             .
             He
             imparted
             this
             good
             news
             to
             all
             his
             Friends
             ,
             and
             went
             afterwards
             to
             besiege
             Dolabella
             in
             Laodicea
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             
             City
             of
             Syria
             .
             On
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             Brutus
             in
             Macedonia
             ,
             the
             Government
             whereof
             Hortentius
             had
             put
             into
             his
             hands
             ,
             by
             the
             means
             of
             Apuloius's
             Money
             had
             drawn
             to
             him
             all
             such
             of
             Pompey's
             Souldiers
             as
             were
             in
             Thessaly
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Neighbouring
             Princes
             ,
             who
             still
             had
             a
             respect
             for
             the
             Memory
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             assisted
             him
             with
             their
             Troops
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             whole
             World
             was
             again
             divided
             between
             two
             Men
             ,
             for
             they
             were
             no
             more
             ,
             since
             it
             was
             in
             effect
             the
             Credit
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             which
             kept
             up
             the
             War
             between
             those
             of
             their
             several
             Parties
             ,
             Cajus
             the
             Brother
             of
             Antonius
             was
             gone
             with
             one
             Legion
             into
             Macedonia
             ,
             where
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             was
             much
             stronger
             than
             he
             ,
             might
             easily
             have
             destroyed
             him
             ,
             but
             resolving
             to
             Husband
             well
             the
             lives
             of
             his
             Fellow
             Citizens
             ,
             and
             the
             Repute
             which
             he
             had
             already
             gotten
             for
             great
             Moderation
             ,
             he
             contented
             himself
             to
             weary
             him
             out
             with
             moving
             from
             one
             place
             to
             another
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             Cicero's
             Son
             who
             Commanded
             the
             Party
             against
             him
             .
             He
             was
             as
             yet
             but
             a
             young
             Man
             ,
             though
             of
             great
             expectation
             ,
             and
             Brutus
             praised
             him
             extremely
             in
             the
             Letters
             which
             he
             wrote
             to
             Cicero
             .
             He
             got
             the
             better
             of
             Cajus
             in
             two
             or
             three
             little
             encounters
             ,
             the
             ill
             success
             whereof
             at
             last
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             all
             Cajus
             his
             Souldiers
             surrendred
             themselves
             to
             Brutus
             ,
             and
             he
             himself
             was
             at
             last
             forc't
             to
             follow
             their
             example
             .
             Brutus
             used
             him
             very
             well
             ,
             without
             depriving
             him
             of
             any
             marks
             of
             his
             Dignity
             till
             the
             death
             of
             Cicero
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXV
             .
             Caesar
             demands
             the
             Honour
             of
             Triumph
             ,
             which
             is
             refused
             him
             .
             He
             attempts
             the
             Consulship
             by
             Cicero's
             interference
             .
          
           
             THE
             news
             of
             these
             proceedings
             was
             received
             in
             Italy
             with
             very
             different
             sentiments
             ,
             the
             Senate
             were
             extremely
             rejoiced
             at
             it
             ,
             but
             young
             Caesar
             seemed
             to
             have
             a
             very
             little
             share
             in
             their
             pleasure
             ,
             the
             last
             advice
             of
             Pansa
             wholly
             employed
             his
             thoughts
             ,
             and
             to
             sound
             the
             inclinations
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             he
             sent
             to
             demand
             a
             Triumph
             ,
             but
             that
             Honour
             was
             denied
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             from
             the
             very
             moment
             resolved
             to
             use
             his
             best
             indeavours
             to
             re-unite
             himself
             with
             Antonius
             .
             He
             sent
             him
             back
             all
             the
             Prisoners
             which
             he
             had
             taken
             at
             the
             Battel
             of
             Modena
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             Decius
             ,
             a
             particular
             friend
             of
             Antonius
             having
             first
             discovered
             to
             him
             his
             intentions
             ,
             he
             let
             Ventidius's
             Army
             pass
             ,
             which
             he
             might
             have
             destroyed
             ,
             and
             also
             saw
             him
             particularly
             himself
             ,
             to
             complain
             to
             him
             of
             the
             Divisions
             that
             ruined
             the
             interest
             of
             their
             Party
             .
             At
             last
             he
             sent
             to
             Lepidus
             ,
             and
             Pollio
             ,
             to
             give
             them
             to
             understand
             the
             same
             thing
             ,
             and
             all
             this
             with
             the
             greatest
             secrecy
             in
             the
             world
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Decimus
             wrote
             word
             to
             the
             Senate
             that
             Antonius
             was
             ruined
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             not
             able
             to
             stand
             before
             him
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             undertake
             in
             a
             short
             time
             to
             chase
             him
             to
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Alps
             ,
             the
             
             joy
             for
             this
             news
             was
             every
             where
             apparent
             ,
             so
             without
             any
             farther
             consideration
             a
             Committee
             was
             appointed
             of
             ten
             Senatours
             for
             the
             drawing
             up
             of
             a
             Process
             against
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             abolishing
             all
             that
             he
             had
             done
             during
             his
             Consulship
             .
             This
             was
             an
             oblique
             blow
             with
             which
             they
             intended
             to
             wound
             the
             Ordinances
             of
             
               Iulius
               Caesar.
            
             Those
             of
             Pompey's
             Party
             solicited
             Decimus
             that
             he
             would
             demand
             the
             Consulship
             in
             the
             room
             of
             Hirtius
             and
             
               Pansa
               .
               Caesar
            
             also
             had
             the
             same
             design
             ,
             but
             discovered
             it
             at
             first
             onely
             to
             Cicero
             ,
             to
             whom
             he
             sent
             word
             ,
             
               That
               he
               much
               desired
               to
               see
               himself
               once
               Consul
               with
               him
               ,
               that
               so
               he
               might
               be
               instructed
               in
               those
               rules
               and
               methods
               which
               are
               requisite
               for
               the
               government
               of
               the
               Commonwealth
               .
               That
               for
               his
               part
               he
               onely
               desired
               the
               name
               of
               Consul
               ,
               to
               recompence
               himself
               in
               some
               measure
               for
               the
               loss
               of
               his
               Triumph
               ,
               but
               that
               he
               would
               leave
               the
               Authority
               intirely
               to
            
             Cicero
             .
             He
             could
             not
             have
             thought
             of
             any
             thing
             better
             to
             prevail
             upon
             the
             weakness
             of
             that
             Man
             ,
             all
             his
             great
             knowledge
             and
             experience
             gave
             way
             to
             that
             bait
             of
             Vain-glory
             ,
             so
             he
             proposed
             it
             to
             the
             Senate
             with
             a
             great
             many
             circumlocutions
             ,
             which
             nevertheless
             could
             not
             disguise
             it
             so
             well
             ,
             but
             that
             his
             vanity
             was
             perceived
             ,
             and
             made
             light
             of
             by
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             laughed
             at
             him
             for
             his
             pains
             ,
             and
             the
             Kinsmen
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             hindred
             any
             farther
             proceeding
             towards
             the
             Election
             of
             Consuls
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXVI
             .
             Antonius
             makes
             his
             retreat
             into
             Gall.
             He
             makes
             himself
             Master
             of
             Lepidus's
             Army
             .
             He
             returns
             into
             Italy
             with
             seventeen
             Legions
             .
          
           
             ANTONIVS
             began
             now
             to
             understand
             his
             true
             interest
             ,
             those
             Friends
             which
             Caesar
             had
             sent
             to
             him
             ,
             had
             opened
             his
             Eyes
             ,
             but
             he
             had
             a
             mind
             in
             the
             first
             place
             throughly
             to
             discover
             the
             intentions
             of
             Lepidus
             ,
             who
             was
             advanced
             out
             of
             Spain
             as
             far
             as
             the
             place
             where
             the
             Rivers
             of
             Rhone
             and
             Saone
             meet
             ;
             the
             Senate
             had
             given
             orders
             to
             him
             and
             Plancus
             to
             fortify
             themselves
             in
             that
             place
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             at
             this
             time
             that
             Plancus
             laid
             the
             foundation
             of
             the
             City
             of
             
               Lyons
               .
               Antonius
            
             passed
             over
             the
             Alps
             ,
             having
             first
             gained
             Cule●
             ,
             who
             guarded
             the
             narrow
             passages
             ,
             in
             all
             that
             march
             his
             Army
             suffered
             most
             extremely
             ,
             and
             Antonius
             even
             out-did
             himself
             in
             instructing
             his
             Souldiers
             by
             his
             own
             example
             to
             indure
             their
             weariness
             and
             their
             wants
             ;
             at
             last
             he
             came
             and
             incamped
             hard
             by
             Lepidus
             ,
             but
             fortified
             himself
             not
             in
             the
             least
             ,
             because
             he
             would
             make
             it
             known
             that
             he
             thought
             himself
             near
             his
             Friends
             .
             Nevertheless
             Lepidus
             sent
             him
             word
             that
             the
             Senate
             had
             given
             him
             orders
             to
             prosecute
             him
             as
             an
             Enemy
             ,
             but
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             had
             let
             his
             beard
             and
             hair
             grow
             ,
             came
             and
             shewed
             himself
             in
             that
             condition
             to
             Lepidus's
             Souldiers
             ,
             they
             had
             all
             served
             with
             him
             under
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             esteemed
             him
             for
             
             his
             Courage
             ,
             and
             the
             Civility
             of
             his
             Manners
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             condition
             they
             now
             saw
             him
             in
             ,
             moved
             them
             to
             compassion
             ;
             he
             spoke
             to
             them
             several
             times
             between
             the
             two
             Camps
             ,
             where
             they
             would
             meet
             him
             ,
             though
             Lepidus
             did
             all
             that
             lay
             in
             his
             power
             to
             prevent
             it
             .
             Antonius
             Souldiers
             were
             dayly
             telling
             them
             stories
             of
             the
             goodness
             of
             their
             General
             ,
             that
             he
             marched
             the
             first
             on
             foot
             into
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Snow
             himself
             ,
             comforting
             those
             whom
             he
             saw
             were
             wearied
             ,
             which
             gained
             the
             very
             hearts
             of
             them
             ;
             at
             last
             ,
             Lepidus
             perceiving
             that
             he
             was
             no
             longer
             Master
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
             that
             they
             had
             sent
             Claudius
             and
             Laelius
             to
             Antonius
             to
             invite
             him
             to
             come
             into
             their
             Camp
             ,
             where
             they
             would
             receive
             him
             for
             their
             General
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             cut
             off
             Lepidus
             ,
             if
             he
             would
             give
             them
             Orders
             .
             Antonius
             forbad
             them
             the
             doing
             of
             him
             any
             violence
             ,
             and
             the
             next
             day
             passed
             over
             a
             shallow
             part
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             which
             separated
             them
             ,
             and
             came
             into
             Lepidus's
             Camp.
             The
             Souldiers
             received
             him
             with
             great
             Acclamations
             ,
             and
             Lepidus
             being
             very
             much
             terrified
             ,
             offered
             him
             his
             Command
             .
             Antonius
             refused
             it
             ,
             but
             was
             willing
             to
             divide
             with
             him
             ,
             though
             the
             Authority
             should
             still
             remain
             intirely
             his
             .
             Plancus
             ,
             who
             was
             loath
             to
             expose
             himself
             to
             the
             like
             disgrace
             ,
             past
             Iserum
             with
             four
             Legions
             ,
             and
             retreated
             into
             Savoy
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             had
             a
             design
             of
             joining
             himself
             with
             Decimus
             ,
             but
             it
             was
             indeed
             to
             make
             choice
             of
             his
             Party
             according
             as
             Fortune
             should
             declare
             her self
             .
             By
             this
             
             means
             Antonius
             was
             at
             the
             head
             of
             23
             Legions
             ,
             and
             above
             ten
             thousand
             Horse
             ,
             he
             left
             six
             Legions
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Alps
             ,
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             one
             of
             his
             drinking
             Companions
             ,
             called
             Varius
             ,
             but
             in
             railery
             sirnamed
             Cotyllo
             ,
             (
             that
             word
             signifying
             a
             Flagon
             )
             and
             returned
             over
             the
             Mountains
             with
             17
             Legions
             and
             all
             his
             Cavalry
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXVII
             .
             Caesar
             pursues
             the
             Consulship
             .
             He
             speaks
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             .
             He
             marches
             towards
             Rome
             .
             The
             fright
             the
             Senate
             were
             in
             .
          
           
             NOW
             to
             make
             the
             best
             use
             of
             that
             amazement
             which
             this
             success
             of
             Antonius
             had
             brought
             into
             
               Rome
               ,
               Caesar
            
             resolved
             once
             more
             to
             set
             his
             design
             on
             foot
             of
             pursuing
             the
             Consulship
             .
             The
             Senate
             had
             changed
             their
             method
             ,
             they
             had
             declared
             Caesar
             General
             with
             Decimus
             ,
             to
             make
             War
             against
             Antonius
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             same
             time
             had
             offended
             him
             by
             a
             foolish
             way
             of
             proceeding
             ,
             in
             sending
             ten
             Commissaries
             to
             carry
             the
             Money
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             promised
             to
             the
             two
             Legions
             ,
             without
             naming
             himself
             for
             that
             employment
             .
             These
             Commissaries
             had
             private
             orders
             to
             endeavour
             to
             corrupt
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             two
             Legions
             ,
             and
             to
             persuade
             them
             to
             go
             and
             join
             Decimus
             ,
             where
             it
             was
             told
             them
             their
             Money
             should
             be
             ready
             ;
             
             but
             Caesar
             took
             care
             they
             should
             be
             so
             well
             lookt
             after
             ,
             that
             they
             could
             get
             no
             opportunity
             of
             speaking
             to
             the
             Souldiers
             ;
             and
             when
             he
             let
             them
             understand
             how
             well
             he
             was
             informed
             of
             their
             design
             ,
             they
             were
             so
             afraid
             ,
             that
             they
             returned
             to
             Rome
             without
             ever
             so
             much
             as
             distributing
             the
             money
             .
             Caesar
             took
             this
             occasion
             to
             convince
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             
               That
               what
               the
               Senate
               aimed
               at
               ,
               was
               onely
               the
               destruction
               of
               his
               Father's
               Party
               by
               the
               divisions
               they
               indeavoured
               to
               sow
               amongst
               them
            
             ;
             so
             he
             unravelled
             all
             the
             secret
             of
             that
             Policy
             which
             had
             caused
             so
             many
             waverings
             between
             him
             and
             Antonius
             .
             He
             made
             them
             take
             notice
             how
             they
             indeavoured
             to
             raise
             jealousie
             amongst
             his
             Troops
             ,
             by
             that
             distinction
             of
             Recompences
             ,
             and
             after
             all
             ,
             the
             last
             attempt
             which
             they
             had
             made
             towards
             the
             weakning
             of
             Caesar's
             Ordinances
             .
             
               What
               security
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               can
               ye
               pretend
               to
               have
               now
               for
               those
               Houses
               ,
               those
               Inheritances
               ,
               and
               those
               Goods
               which
               my
               Father
               allotted
               you
               ?
               Do
               ye
               not
               believe
               also
               that
               my
               life
               must
               be
               in
               danger
               amongst
               the
               Relations
               and
               Friends
               of
               those
               who
               cruel●y
               murthered
               him
               ?
               But
               it
               is
               not
               the
               care
               of
               that
               which
               most
               nearly
               touches
               me
               ,
               I
               would
               give
               it
               up
               with
               chearfulness
               ,
               if
               that
               Sacrifice
               would
               secure
               the
               safety
               of
               so
               many
               Men
               of
               consideration
               as
               have
               followed
               my
               interests
               ;
               ye
               know
               that
               I
               am
               not
               Ambitious
               ,
               and
               ye
               have
               seen
               me
               too
               refuse
               those
               mar●s
               of
               Honour
               which
               ye
               have
               offered
               me
               ,
               but
               I
               desire
               some
               of
               you
               at
               present
               ,
               in
               consideration
               of
               your selves
               ,
               the
               onely
               way
               to
               preserve
               your
               Lives
               and
               Fortunes
               ,
               must
               be
               the
               making
               of
               me
               Consul
               
               by
               your
               Votes
               ,
               after
               that
               ,
               we
               will
               make
               it
               our
               business
               to
               secure
               you
               in
               the
               possession
               of
               those
               Goods
               which
               my
               Father
               left
               you
               .
               We
               will
               revenge
               his
               death
               ,
               and
               shall
               be
               in
               a
               better
               condition
               for
               the
               distribution
               of
               Rewards
               .
            
             The
             Souldiers
             received
             this
             Proposition
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Joy
             ,
             and
             immediately
             named
             Deputies
             to
             go
             and
             make
             their
             demand
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             returned
             no
             favourable
             answer
             ,
             excusing
             themselves
             in
             regard
             of
             Caesar's
             Youth
             .
             But
             the
             Deputies
             being
             well
             instructed
             ,
             alledged
             Corvinus
             ,
             
               the
               two
            
             Scipio's
             ,
             Pompey
             and
             Dolabella
             ,
             
               who
               had
               all
               obtained
               that
               Magistracy
               before
               they
               came
               to
               Age
               ,
               and
               that
            
             Caesar
             
               himself
               had
               a
               dispensation
               from
               the
               Senate
               .
            
             They
             spoke
             these
             things
             with
             a
             certain
             Souldier-like
             Liberty
             ,
             which
             was
             not
             very
             agreeable
             to
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             who
             interrupted
             them
             with
             crying
             out
             against
             it
             ,
             when
             a
             certain
             Captain
             called
             Cornelius
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             first
             of
             the
             Deputies
             ,
             laying
             his
             Hand
             upon
             his
             Sword
             ,
             said
             ,
             
               If
               ye
               will
               not
               give
               it
               him
               ,
               here
               's
               ▪
               that
               shall
               .
            
             After
             these
             words
             he
             left
             the
             Senate
             ,
             and
             returned
             to
             give
             Caesar
             an
             account
             of
             the
             ill
             success
             of
             his
             Deputation
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             provoked
             by
             their
             refusal
             ,
             cryed
             out
             ,
             
               That
               they
               desired
               to
               be
               lead
               to
            
             Rome
             ,
             
               and
               that
            
             Caesar
             
               as
               Heir
               to
               his
               Father
               ,
               had
               sufficient
               Authority
               to
               make
               whom
               he
               pleased
               Consuls
               .
            
             He
             took
             care
             this
             heat
             of
             theirs
             should
             not
             grow
             cold
             again
             ,
             so
             he
             marched
             towards
             Rome
             with
             eight
             Legions
             ,
             and
             passed
             the
             Rubicon
             as
             his
             Father
             had
             done
             before
             ;
             he
             divided
             his
             Army
             into
             two
             Bodies
             ,
             the
             briskest
             whereof
             
             he
             took
             with
             him
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             surprize
             his
             Enemies
             by
             his
             diligence
             ,
             leaving
             orders
             with
             the
             rest
             to
             come
             and
             join
             him
             by
             small
             marches
             ,
             and
             understanding
             that
             the
             Senate
             had
             deputed
             new
             Commissaries
             with
             the
             Money
             ,
             he
             sent
             out
             a
             party
             of
             Souldiers
             before
             to
             meet
             them
             ,
             which
             so
             terrified
             them
             ,
             that
             they
             immediately
             returned
             to
             Rome
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXVIII
             .
             The
             Senates
             want
             of
             resolution
             .
             Caesar
             enters
             into
             the
             City
             .
             He
             treats
             Cicero
             ill
             ,
             and
             is
             declared
             Consul
             with
             Pedius
             .
          
           
             NOW
             there
             was
             nothing
             but
             disorder
             to
             be
             found
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             usually
             happened
             upon
             the
             like
             occasions
             every
             Senatour
             was
             for
             laying
             the
             blame
             of
             their
             ill
             Conduct
             upon
             his
             Neighbour
             ,
             but
             that
             was
             now
             to
             little
             purpose
             ,
             for
             some
             resolution
             must
             be
             taken
             ,
             so
             it
             was
             concluded
             ,
             
               That
               one
               half
               of
               the
               Money
               which
               the
               Senate
               had
               promised
               to
               the
               two
               Legions
               ,
               should
               be
               sent
               them
               ,
               together
               with
               a
               farther
               promise
               of
               as
               much
               more
               to
               the
               others
               .
               That
            
             Caesar
             
               onely
               should
               have
               the
               care
               of
               the
               distribution
               of
               this
               Money
               ,
               and
               be
               permitted
               to
               demand
               the
               Consulship
               ,
               though
               he
               were
               not
               himself
               there
               present
               .
            
             So
             Deputies
             were
             sent
             to
             acquaint
             him
             with
             these
             Resolutions
             ,
             but
             the
             very
             moment
             after
             they
             appeared
             again
             too
             mean
             as
             well
             as
             too
             rash
             .
             Some
             
             foolish
             remainders
             of
             that
             fierceness
             which
             was
             natural
             to
             those
             ancient
             Romans
             ,
             made
             them
             ashamed
             to
             yield
             thus
             to
             the
             proceedings
             of
             a
             young
             Man
             ,
             and
             the
             insolence
             of
             the
             Souldiery
             .
             By
             chance
             too
             at
             the
             same
             time
             two
             Legions
             who
             came
             from
             Libya
             arrived
             at
             the
             Gates
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             they
             were
             received
             as
             a
             Succour
             sent
             thither
             from
             the
             Gods
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             resolved
             with
             these
             Troops
             ,
             and
             the
             Legion
             that
             Pansa
             had
             sent
             back
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             joined
             with
             such
             as
             were
             fit
             to
             bear
             Arms
             within
             the
             Walls
             to
             defend
             the
             City
             .
             So
             Pretors
             were
             appointed
             to
             Command
             them
             ,
             and
             great
             hopes
             there
             seemed
             to
             be
             that
             these
             marks
             of
             their
             Courage
             and
             Resolution
             might
             astonish
             Caesar.
             His
             Mother
             and
             his
             Sisters
             were
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             but
             when
             the
             Senate
             caused
             them
             to
             be
             sought
             for
             ,
             to
             secure
             them
             as
             Hostages
             ,
             they
             were
             not
             to
             be
             found
             ,
             which
             was
             an
             instance
             that
             Caesar
             had
             still
             some
             faithfull
             Friends
             there
             ;
             the
             danger
             that
             those
             Persons
             who
             were
             so
             dear
             to
             him
             were
             in
             ,
             had
             made
             him
             to
             redouble
             his
             diligence
             ,
             so
             he
             sent
             his
             Cavalry
             with
             all
             the
             haste
             they
             could
             make
             to
             seize
             upon
             the
             Gates
             ,
             and
             assure
             the
             People
             of
             his
             good
             Intentions
             ,
             himself
             following
             close
             at
             their
             Heels
             with
             his
             Legions
             ,
             the
             sight
             whereof
             soon
             moderated
             the
             Zeal
             of
             those
             Men
             who
             appeared
             so
             hot
             for
             the
             defence
             of
             their
             Countrey
             ,
             so
             without
             any
             resistence
             they
             seized
             upon
             the
             Quirinal
             Mountain
             ,
             where
             Caesar's
             Friends
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             Illustrious
             of
             the
             Senatours
             came
             to
             salute
             him
             .
             The
             
             People
             mingled
             themselves
             amongst
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             bringing
             them
             refreshments
             ,
             and
             the
             next
             day
             Caesar
             ,
             attended
             by
             some
             of
             the
             best
             of
             his
             Men
             for
             the
             guard
             of
             his
             Person
             ,
             made
             his
             entrance
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             every
             where
             received
             with
             the
             joyfull
             Acclamations
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             met
             by
             his
             Mother
             and
             Sisters
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             retreated
             amongst
             the
             Vestals
             .
             His
             Mother
             was
             called
             Actia
             ,
             the
             Daughter
             of
             
               Actius
               Balbus
            
             ,
             and
             Iulia
             the
             Sister
             of
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             and
             his
             Sisters
             all
             bore
             the
             name
             of
             Octavia
             ,
             the
             youngest
             whereof
             afterwards
             Married
             Antonius
             ,
             though
             she
             proved
             unfortunate
             in
             the
             Match
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             madness
             wherewith
             Cleopatra
             had
             bewitched
             that
             Man
             ,
             though
             Octavia
             had
             much
             the
             advantage
             of
             her
             both
             in
             Beauty
             and
             Wisedom
             ,
             which
             made
             her
             esteemed
             for
             one
             of
             the
             most
             Vertuous
             Ladies
             of
             her
             time
             .
             The
             three
             Legions
             that
             were
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             sent
             also
             to
             offer
             their
             service
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             received
             them
             with
             the
             Pretors
             that
             Commanded
             them
             ,
             all
             ,
             except
             Cornutus
             ,
             who
             slew
             himself
             with
             his
             own
             hands
             .
             Cicero
             was
             one
             of
             the
             last
             in
             paying
             him
             his
             Devoirs
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             after
             some
             sharp
             railery
             ,
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               he
               was
               the
               last
               of
               his
               Enemies
               who
               had
               visited
               him
               .
            
             It
             had
             been
             reported
             to
             Caesar
             how
             Cicero
             should
             say
             in
             the
             Senate
             ,
             
               That
               the
               young
               man
               ought
               to
               be
               praised
               ,
               honoured
               ,
               and
               advanced
               .
            
             The
             last
             word
             bearing
             in
             the
             Latine
             a
             double
             Interpretation
             ,
             for
             Tollere
             signifies
             as
             well
             to
             take
             away
             ones
             life
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             equivocation
             
             seemed
             something
             remarkable
             .
             The
             next
             night
             several
             Persons
             spread
             about
             a
             report
             that
             the
             Martial
             and
             third
             Legions
             would
             take
             Party
             with
             the
             Senate
             ,
             who
             had
             no
             more
             Wit
             but
             to
             believe
             it
             ,
             and
             sent
             a
             Pretor
             ,
             whose
             Name
             was
             
               Acilius
               Crassus
            
             into
             the
             March
             of
             Ancona
             to
             raise
             Forces
             .
             The
             Senatours
             Assembled
             themselves
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             ,
             offended
             at
             Caesar's
             railery
             ,
             was
             one
             of
             the
             first
             who
             came
             to
             the
             place
             ,
             receiving
             the
             others
             as
             they
             entred
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Joy.
             But
             day
             appearing
             ,
             soon
             convinced
             them
             of
             their
             Errour
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             fled
             out
             of
             the
             City
             .
             It
             would
             be
             hard
             to
             believe
             that
             such
             prudent
             and
             discerning
             Men
             as
             were
             then
             in
             the
             Senate
             should
             be
             so
             fickle
             ,
             were
             we
             not
             convinced
             by
             a
             thousand
             experiences
             ,
             that
             great
             Interests
             as
             well
             as
             violent
             Passions
             will
             disorder
             the
             most
             solid
             Judgments
             .
             Caesar
             made
             himself
             very
             merry
             with
             this
             accident
             ,
             but
             caused
             his
             Troops
             to
             approach
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Field
             of
             Mars
             ,
             and
             to
             persuade
             a
             good
             Opinion
             of
             his
             moderation
             ,
             he
             forgave
             Crassus
             ,
             who
             came
             to
             seek
             him
             ,
             and
             ask
             his
             Pardon
             .
             After
             which
             ,
             he
             caused
             the
             publick
             Money
             ,
             which
             was
             kept
             at
             Ianiculum
             ,
             to
             be
             brought
             ,
             whereof
             he
             paid
             2500
             Drachma's
             to
             every
             Souldier
             ,
             and
             promised
             satisfaction
             for
             what
             was
             behind
             ,
             so
             they
             proceeded
             to
             the
             Election
             of
             Consuls
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             to
             leave
             the
             People
             in
             appearance
             the
             liberty
             of
             their
             Votes
             ,
             went
             out
             of
             the
             City
             and
             was
             declared
             Consul
             with
             Pedius
             ,
             who
             had
             granted
             him
             his
             part
             of
             what
             his
             
             Uncle
             had
             left
             them
             ,
             he
             immediately
             came
             back
             again
             so
             soon
             as
             he
             understood
             he
             was
             chosen
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             That
             as
             he
             was
             sacrificing
             according
             to
             Custome
             ,
             there
             were
             seen
             twelve
             Vultures
             ,
             being
             the
             same
             number
             which
             appeared
             to
             Romulus
             the
             Founder
             of
             Rome
             .
             His
             first
             publick
             act
             was
             the
             Declaration
             which
             he
             made
             to
             the
             People
             of
             Caesar's
             having
             adopted
             him
             according
             to
             the
             intention
             of
             the
             Law
             in
             that
             Case
             ,
             so
             the
             Adoption
             was
             confirmed
             ,
             and
             his
             Fathers
             ●●eed-men
             ,
             many
             whereof
             were
             in
             possession
             of
             great
             Estates
             ,
             according
             to
             Custome
             acknowledged
             him
             for
             their
             Patron
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             did
             him
             very
             considerable
             service
             both
             in
             their
             Persons
             and
             their
             Fortunes
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIX
             .
             Caesar
             causes
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             to
             be
             Condemned
             ,
             with
             all
             those
             who
             had
             murthered
             his
             Vncle.
             Antonius
             pursues
             Decimus
             ,
             who
             is
             at
             last
             slain
             .
          
           
             AS
             all
             the
             thoughts
             of
             young
             Caesar
             were
             intent
             upon
             revenging
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Father
             ,
             he
             no
             sooner
             saw
             the
             Sovereign
             Authority
             in
             his
             hands
             ,
             but
             he
             set
             himself
             seriously
             to
             work
             about
             the
             business
             ,
             so
             causing
             the
             Arrest
             which
             the
             Senate
             had
             sent
             out
             against
             Dolabella
             to
             be
             cancelled
             ,
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             were
             accused
             of
             Treason
             and
             Murther
             by
             Cornificius
             and
             *
             Agrippa
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Accomplices
             by
             others
             of
             Caesar's
             Friends
             ,
             the
             Accused
             were
             all
             Condemned
             for
             Contumacy
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             that
             when
             (
             as
             the
             Custome
             was
             )
             Brutus
             was
             cited
             to
             appear
             ,
             many
             could
             not
             forbear
             from
             weeping
             ,
             and
             a
             Senatour
             named
             Sicilius
             ,
             had
             the
             boldness
             to
             declare
             ,
             That
             Brutus
             
               was
               innocent
               ,
               and
               valued
               himself
               upon
               the
               matter
               .
               Caesar
            
             took
             that
             opportunity
             to
             make
             yet
             his
             moderation
             more
             remarkable
             in
             pardoning
             of
             him
             for
             the
             present
             ,
             but
             found
             a
             way
             afterwards
             to
             be
             revenged
             of
             him
             in
             the
             Proscription
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             
               Quintus
               Gallius
            
             ,
             the
             Brother
             of
             a
             Pretor
             ,
             was
             afterwards
             accused
             ,
             for
             that
             at
             the
             solicitations
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             he
             had
             Conspired
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             the
             People
             plundered
             the
             House
             of
             the
             Pretor
             ,
             who
             
             was
             not
             then
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             the
             Senate
             Condemned
             Quintus
             to
             death
             ,
             Caesar
             onely
             ordered
             him
             to
             go
             and
             find
             out
             his
             Brother
             ,
             but
             he
             disappeared
             in
             his
             Journey
             ,
             and
             was
             no
             more
             heard
             of
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             news
             was
             brought
             ,
             that
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             was
             in
             Macedonia
             ,
             had
             published
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               come
               and
               appear
               to
               Iustice
               at
               the
               head
               of
               twenty
               Legions
               .
               Caesar
               ,
            
             who
             did
             not
             desire
             he
             should
             be
             so
             well
             accompanied
             ,
             was
             resolved
             to
             spare
             him
             one
             half
             of
             the
             Journey
             .
             The
             Senate
             had
             given
             him
             the
             charge
             of
             making
             War
             against
             Antonius
             and
             Lepidus
             ,
             he
             went
             from
             Rome
             upon
             this
             expedition
             with
             great
             preparation
             and
             very
             good
             Troops
             ,
             leaving
             Pedius
             his
             Collegue
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             who
             ,
             as
             of
             his
             own
             proper
             motion
             proposed
             to
             the
             Senate
             ,
             
               That
               all
               seeds
               of
               Division
               might
               be
               rooted
               out
               by
               Cancelling
               whatsoever
               had
               been
               ordered
               against
            
             Antonius
             and
             Lepidus
             .
             This
             Proposition
             was
             by
             no
             means
             very
             agreeable
             ,
             but
             the
             Authority
             of
             those
             who
             made
             it
             ,
             rendred
             it
             necessary
             ,
             so
             the
             Senate
             wrote
             to
             Caesar
             for
             his
             Opinion
             of
             the
             matter
             ,
             who
             as
             if
             with
             some
             violence
             upon
             himself
             ,
             and
             being
             forced
             by
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             at
             last
             consented
             to
             it
             .
             In
             acknowledgment
             of
             this
             good
             turn
             ,
             Antonius
             sent
             him
             word
             that
             he
             would
             go
             and
             find
             out
             Decimus
             ,
             whose
             Person
             was
             very
             odious
             to
             all
             Caesar's
             Friends
             ,
             and
             Plancus
             and
             Pollio
             in
             consideration
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             joined
             Antonius's
             Army
             with
             six
             Legions
             ,
             Decimus
             had
             ten
             under
             his
             Command
             ,
             but
             the
             four
             best
             of
             them
             ,
             who
             consisted
             of
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             
             were
             in
             a
             very
             ill
             condition
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             sickness
             and
             other
             Fatigues
             which
             they
             had
             suffered
             in
             Modena
             ,
             the
             six
             others
             were
             new
             Men
             ,
             without
             any
             experience
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             durst
             not
             stay
             for
             Antonius
             with
             those
             Forces
             ,
             but
             laid
             a
             design
             of
             retreating
             into
             Macedonia
             by
             the
             way
             of
             Ravenna
             ,
             and
             the
             Adriatick
             Gulph
             ,
             but
             Caesar
             opposed
             him
             there
             with
             his
             Troops
             ,
             so
             that
             Decimus
             was
             reduced
             to
             a
             necessity
             of
             thinking
             how
             he
             might
             pass
             the
             Rhine
             ,
             and
             make
             his
             retreat
             good
             through
             Germany
             .
             The
             fatigues
             and
             dangers
             of
             this
             Voyage
             so
             ill
             rellished
             with
             the
             new
             Souldiers
             ,
             that
             they
             deserted
             him
             ,
             and
             came
             over
             to
             Antonius's
             Army
             ,
             Decimus
             seeing
             himself
             by
             this
             means
             abandoned
             by
             all
             his
             Infantry
             ,
             dismist
             all
             the
             stranger
             Cavalry
             who
             were
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             out
             of
             his
             own
             Purse
             furnished
             them
             with
             Money
             for
             the
             charge
             of
             their
             Voyage
             ,
             retaining
             onely
             with
             him
             three
             hundred
             of
             those
             who
             were
             best
             disposed
             to
             his
             interest
             ,
             with
             this
             attendance
             he
             marched
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Rhine
             ,
             when
             being
             affrighted
             at
             the
             rapidness
             of
             the
             stream
             ,
             and
             the
             largeness
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             each
             man
             was
             for
             seeking
             a
             civil
             pretence
             of
             drawing
             off
             ,
             so
             there
             remained
             with
             Decimus
             onely
             ten
             of
             his
             Friends
             .
             In
             this
             extremity
             he
             put
             on
             a
             Gallick
             habit
             to
             disguise
             himself
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             perfectly
             understood
             that
             Language
             ,
             he
             believed
             he
             might
             easily
             pass
             for
             some
             Cavalier
             that
             had
             quitted
             the
             service
             .
             But
             the
             misfortune
             that
             followed
             him
             ,
             or
             rather
             the
             punishment
             of
             his
             Crime
             
             brought
             him
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             certain
             Moroders
             ,
             who
             without
             taking
             any
             Party
             ,
             were
             for
             plundering
             all
             they
             met
             withall
             ;
             he
             demanded
             to
             speak
             with
             their
             Captain
             ,
             and
             found
             by
             chance
             that
             it
             was
             one
             Camillus
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             formerly
             obliged
             ,
             this
             Camillus
             received
             Decimus
             indeed
             very
             honourably
             ,
             but
             according
             to
             the
             Custome
             of
             those
             sort
             of
             People
             ,
             gave
             advice
             to
             Antonius
             of
             what
             had
             happened
             ;
             Antonius
             was
             touched
             with
             much
             Compassion
             to
             understand
             the
             sad
             condition
             of
             a
             man
             so
             considerable
             for
             his
             Birth
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             Offices
             he
             had
             born
             ,
             but
             as
             he
             could
             doe
             him
             no
             favour
             ,
             and
             was
             therefore
             resolved
             not
             to
             see
             him
             ,
             he
             sent
             word
             to
             Camillus
             to
             send
             him
             his
             Head
             ,
             which
             was
             immediately
             obeyed
             ,
             and
             when
             it
             was
             brought
             to
             him
             ,
             he
             caused
             it
             to
             be
             buried
             ,
             so
             *
             Decimus
             was
             the
             second
             of
             Caesar's
             Murtherers
             ,
             upon
             whom
             the
             death
             of
             that
             great
             Man
             was
             revenged
             ;
             he
             had
             always
             been
             of
             his
             Party
             against
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             had
             honoured
             him
             with
             a
             particular
             Friendship
             ,
             as
             appears
             in
             his
             Will.
             He
             had
             upon
             many
             great
             occasions
             made
             him
             Commander
             of
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             had
             given
             him
             the
             Government
             of
             Gaul
             ,
             which
             were
             things
             that
             made
             his
             Action
             appear
             by
             so
             much
             the
             more
             Infamous
             and
             Horrible
             .
             Another
             of
             the
             Murtherers
             called
             Basilius
             ,
             perished
             also
             at
             the
             same
             time
             by
             the
             hands
             of
             his
             Slaves
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             treated
             with
             all
             manner
             of
             Cruelty
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXX
             .
             Presages
             which
             were
             before
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             The
             Alliance
             of
             
               Caesar
               ,
               Antonius
            
             and
             Lepidus
             ,
             called
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             They
             meet
             in
             a
             certain
             Island
             .
             Their
             Ordinances
             .
          
           
             NOthing
             so
             much
             satisfies
             the
             Pride
             of
             Mankind
             ,
             as
             the
             Opinion
             whereby
             they
             flatter
             themselves
             with
             being
             able
             to
             foresee
             what
             shall
             happen
             ,
             since
             by
             that
             means
             they
             imagine
             they
             are
             in
             some
             degree
             equal
             to
             the
             Gods
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             doubtless
             that
             presumption
             which
             first
             introduced
             Auguries
             ,
             Presages
             and
             all
             those
             sorts
             of
             Divinings
             ,
             and
             which
             so
             much
             recommended
             them
             to
             the
             Romans
             .
             All
             their
             Histories
             are
             full
             of
             them
             ,
             but
             more
             particularly
             upon
             this
             occasion
             .
             They
             believed
             that
             something
             must
             have
             been
             wanting
             to
             the
             importance
             of
             that
             great
             Issue
             which
             overthrew
             the
             estate
             of
             the
             whole
             Universe
             ,
             and
             laid
             the
             foundation
             of
             the
             greatest
             Empire
             that
             ever
             was
             in
             the
             World
             upon
             the
             Ruines
             of
             the
             Roman
             Commonwealth
             ,
             if
             it
             had
             not
             been
             foretold
             by
             Prodigies
             .
             Dogs
             were
             heard
             to
             howl
             round
             about
             the
             City
             like
             Wolves
             ,
             and
             Wolves
             were
             seen
             running
             even
             about
             the
             Market
             place
             ,
             where
             they
             took
             away
             the
             Meat
             from
             the
             Shambles
             ;
             an
             Ox
             spoke
             ,
             as
             also
             did
             an
             Infant
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             fresh
             born
             from
             the
             Womb
             of
             its
             Mother
             ;
             some
             of
             the
             Statues
             sweated
             bloud
             ,
             and
             others
             water
             ;
             
             terrible
             signs
             were
             seen
             round
             about
             the
             Sun.
             At
             last
             showres
             of
             Stones
             fell
             from
             Heaven
             ,
             and
             the
             Temples
             and
             Images
             of
             the
             Gods
             were
             broken
             with
             Thunder
             .
             The
             Senate
             terrified
             with
             these
             Prodigies
             ,
             sent
             into
             Tuscany
             for
             those
             Men
             called
             Augures
             ,
             who
             professed
             the
             explanation
             of
             these
             sort
             of
             Prodigies
             ,
             and
             out
             of
             this
             Countrey
             it
             was
             that
             this
             Superstition
             first
             came
             into
             Rome
             .
             The
             eldest
             Augure
             said
             ,
             
               That
               by
               these
               Presages
               the
               Gods
               foretold
               the
               restoring
               of
               Kings
               to
            
             Rome
             ,
             
               where
               they
               should
               have
               absolute
               Command
               over
               all
               men
               ,
               except
               ,
            
             said
             he
             ,
             my self
             ,
             and
             at
             these
             words
             he
             held
             his
             breath
             so
             obstinately
             ,
             that
             he
             stifled
             himself
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             the
             Assembly
             .
             The
             success
             was
             but
             too
             answerable
             to
             his
             Conjectures
             .
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             were
             united
             by
             the
             means
             of
             Lepidus
             ,
             who
             obliged
             them
             to
             see
             one
             another
             for
             the
             adjusting
             of
             their
             pretensions
             ;
             for
             this
             interview
             was
             chosen
             a
             little
             Island
             made
             by
             the
             River
             Panarus
             hard
             by
             Modena
             ,
             hither
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             came
             ,
             each
             with
             four
             Legions
             ,
             the
             River
             being
             between
             them
             ,
             Lepidus
             first
             went
             over
             alone
             into
             the
             Island
             ,
             to
             discover
             if
             there
             were
             reason
             to
             fear
             any
             surprizal
             ,
             when
             he
             had
             satisfied
             himself
             ,
             he
             held
             up
             his
             Robe
             ,
             which
             was
             a
             signal
             for
             them
             to
             approach
             ,
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             advanced
             ,
             each
             with
             300
             Men
             a-piece
             ,
             whom
             they
             left
             at
             the
             foot
             of
             those
             Bridges
             which
             had
             been
             made
             there
             for
             that
             present
             purpose
             ,
             and
             onely
             themselves
             entred
             the
             Island
             ,
             where
             they
             imbraced
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             sate
             down
             in
             
             an
             open
             place
             ,
             where
             both
             the
             Armies
             might
             see
             every
             thing
             that
             passed
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             as
             he
             was
             Consul
             ,
             sate
             in
             the
             midst
             ,
             so
             they
             spent
             about
             two
             or
             three
             days
             there
             for
             the
             regulating
             their
             interests
             .
             This
             was
             towards
             the
             end
             of
             November
             ,
             in
             the
             year
             above
             dated
             .
             At
             last
             it
             was
             agreed
             upon
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             
               should
               quit
               the
               Quality
               of
               Consul
               ,
               the
               Title
               whereof
               should
               be
               left
               to
            
             Ventidius
             
               for
               the
               rest
               of
               the
               year
               ,
               That
               the
               Supreme
               Authority
               should
               be
               divided
               between
               those
               three
               in
               the
               same
               manner
               as
               it
               had
               been
               executed
               by
               Consuls
               ,
               That
               they
               should
               keep
               it
               for
               the
               space
               of
               five
               years
               under
               the
               name
               of
            
             Triumviri
             ,
             
               and
               in
               the
               Quality
               of
               the
               Reformers
               of
               the
               Commonwealth
               ,
               That
               they
               should
               cause
               that
               Authority
               to
               be
               confirmed
               by
               the
               Roman
               People
               ,
               That
            
             Antonius
             
               should
               have
               all
               intire
               on
               the
               other
               side
               of
               the
            
             Alps
             ,
             Lepidus
             
               that
               on
               this
               side
               of
               the
            
             Alps
             ,
             with
             Spain
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             Africa
             ,
             
               with
               the
               Isles
               of
            
             Sardignia
             ,
             and
             Sicily
             ,
             That
             Italy
             
               should
               remain
               in
               Common
               ,
               as
               also
               the
               Eastern
               Provinces
               ,
               which
               were
               at
               present
               in
               the
               possession
               of
            
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             .
             In
             this
             manner
             ,
             says
             Plutarch
             ,
             did
             these
             men
             divide
             the
             World
             between
             them
             ,
             as
             if
             it
             had
             been
             their
             Inheritance
             .
             The
             charge
             of
             making
             War
             upon
             the
             Conspiratours
             was
             given
             to
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             while
             Lepidus
             was
             to
             stay
             at
             Rome
             with
             four
             Legions
             .
             To
             Antonius's
             Troops
             were
             added
             four
             more
             ,
             and
             three
             to
             Caesar's
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             they
             might
             each
             have
             an
             Army
             of
             twenty
             Legions
             ;
             afterwards
             they
             disposed
             the
             matter
             of
             Rewards
             ,
             and
             that
             Article
             was
             indeed
             of
             great
             importance
             
             for
             the
             retaining
             of
             the
             Troops
             in
             their
             Obedience
             ;
             then
             was
             it
             ordered
             ,
             
               That
               the
               Lands
               and
               Houses
               of
            
             18
             
               of
               the
               best
               Cities
               of
            
             Italy
             
               which
               should
               be
               chosen
               out
               by
               the
               Triumviri
               ,
               according
               as
               they
               found
               reason
               to
               be
               angry
               with
               them
               ,
               should
               be
               abandoned
               in
               propriety
               to
               the
               Souldiers
               .
            
             The
             greatest
             of
             them
             were
             
               Capua
               ,
               Regium
               ,
               Benevent
               ,
               Luceria
               ,
               Rimini
            
             and
             Vibonia
             .
             All
             this
             was
             regulated
             without
             the
             least
             contest
             or
             dispute
             ,
             but
             they
             appeared
             something
             divided
             as
             to
             the
             revenge
             they
             resolved
             to
             take
             upon
             their
             Enemies
             ;
             Antonius
             first
             demanded
             Cicero
             ,
             whom
             Caesar
             by
             some
             remainders
             of
             Friendship
             which
             he
             retained
             for
             him
             would
             have
             preserved
             ;
             Caesar
             would
             have
             Lucius
             sirnamed
             like
             himself
             ,
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             Antonius's
             Uncle
             ,
             and
             Lepidus
             was
             resolved
             to
             get
             rid
             of
             his
             Brother
             Paulus
             ,
             who
             had
             appeared
             so
             violent
             in
             prosecuting
             his
             Condemnation
             ,
             when
             he
             joined
             with
             Antonius
             .
             At
             last
             hatred
             got
             the
             better
             of
             Friendship
             ,
             so
             Caesar
             abandoned
             Cicero
             ,
             for
             Lucius
             ,
             and
             Lepidus
             had
             permission
             to
             put
             his
             Brother
             to
             death
             ,
             and
             that
             their
             revenge
             too
             might
             appear
             the
             greater
             ,
             they
             resolved
             to
             imitate
             the
             manner
             that
             Marius
             and
             Sylla
             had
             made
             use
             of
             .
             Upon
             a
             Tablet
             was
             written
             in
             great
             Letters
             the
             name
             of
             the
             Man
             Condemned
             ,
             and
             this
             Tablet
             was
             set
             up
             in
             the
             publick
             place
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             thing
             they
             called
             Proscription
             .
             From
             this
             moment
             any
             man
             might
             kill
             those
             who
             were
             Proscribed
             ,
             and
             as
             great
             Rewards
             were
             set
             upon
             their
             Heads
             ,
             it
             was
             very
             hard
             for
             any
             of
             them
             to
             
             escape
             the
             fury
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             animated
             by
             their
             Interests
             .
             These
             terrible
             Articles
             being
             written
             and
             signed
             ,
             Caesar
             went
             to
             declare
             them
             to
             the
             Armies
             ,
             who
             gave
             testimony
             of
             their
             exceeding
             Joy
             thereat
             ,
             and
             then
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             three
             Armies
             came
             together
             ,
             and
             mutually
             treated
             and
             entertained
             each
             other
             .
             In
             this
             manner
             was
             concluded
             that
             famous
             Triumvirate
             ,
             the
             consequences
             whereof
             were
             so
             terrible
             ,
             and
             which
             gave
             the
             last
             blow
             to
             the
             Roman
             Liberty
             .
             The
             Triumvirate
             is
             a
             Latine
             word
             ,
             signifying
             a
             Partnership
             between
             three
             Men
             ,
             that
             of
             a
             Triumvir
             serving
             to
             express
             any
             one
             of
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXI
             .
             The
             Decree
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             The
             Proscription
             .
             Murthers
             up
             and
             down
             the
             City
             .
          
           
             THE
             Triumviri
             having
             thus
             established
             their
             Authority
             ,
             drew
             up
             a
             Roll
             of
             all
             those
             they
             resolved
             should
             die
             ,
             wherein
             though
             hatred
             seemed
             to
             have
             the
             greatest
             part
             ,
             yet
             Interest
             also
             at
             last
             came
             in
             for
             her
             share
             .
             They
             wanted
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Money
             for
             the
             carrying
             on
             of
             the
             War
             against
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             found
             powerfull
             Succours
             in
             the
             Riches
             of
             Asia
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             assistence
             of
             the
             Eastern
             Princes
             ,
             when
             on
             the
             other
             side
             these
             had
             onely
             Europe
             for
             their
             share
             ,
             and
             especially
             Italy
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             wasted
             ,
             and
             drained
             by
             long
             Civil
             Wars
             ;
             they
             laid
             great
             Imposts
             upon
             Salt
             and
             other
             Merchandizes
             ,
             but
             that
             not
             being
             sufficient
             ,
             they
             consulted
             with
             themselves
             to
             proscribe
             a
             great
             many
             of
             the
             richest
             Men
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             so
             make
             advantage
             by
             the
             Confiscation
             of
             their
             Estates
             ,
             but
             first
             they
             declared
             onely
             the
             names
             of
             seventeen
             Persons
             who
             were
             the
             most
             heinous
             Enemies
             of
             these
             three
             Princes
             ,
             Paulus
             was
             the
             first
             in
             the
             behalf
             of
             Lepidus
             his
             Brother
             ;
             
               Lucius
               Caesar
            
             followed
             Paulus
             ,
             by
             Caesar's
             Order
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             for
             Antonius
             ;
             after
             these
             ,
             were
             named
             Plancus
             and
             Plotius
             his
             Brother
             designed
             Consuls
             for
             the
             year
             insuing
             ,
             the
             Father-in-Law
             of
             Pollio
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Procuratour
             .
             
             The
             Decree
             of
             Proscription
             began
             in
             these
             Terms
             .
          
           
             Marcus
             Lepidus
             ,
             Marcus
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             Octavius
             Caesar
             ,
             
               Chosen
               for
               the
               Reformation
               of
               the
               Commonwealth
               .
               If
               the
               Generosity
               of
            
             Julius
             Caesar
             
               had
               not
               persuaded
               him
               to
               pardon
               those
               faithless
               Men
               ,
               and
               give
               them
               besides
               the
               lives
               they
               were
               unworthy
               of
               ,
               Honours
               also
               ,
               and
               Offices
               which
               they
               deserved
               as
               little
               ,
               after
               having
               taken
               up
               Arms
               against
               his
               Person
               ,
               he
               had
               not
               fallen
               so
               cruelly
               by
               their
               Treason
               ,
               nor
               should
               we
               have
               been
               forced
               to
               use
               the
               ways
               of
               Rigour
               against
               those
               who
               have
               declared
               us
               Enemies
               to
               our
               Countrey
               ,
               but
               the
               hatefull
               designs
               which
               they
               have
               formed
               against
               us
               ,
               the
               horrible
               Treachery
               they
               shewed
               towards
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               and
               the
               knowledge
               which
               we
               have
               of
               their
               Malice
               and
               Obstinacy
               in
               their
               pernicious
               Opinions
               force
               us
               to
               prevent
               those
               Evils
               which
               may
               fall
               upon
               us
               .
            
             The
             rest
             contained
             a
             justification
             of
             the
             Triumvirates
             proceedings
             ,
             founded
             upon
             the
             advantages
             which
             Caesar
             had
             acquired
             to
             the
             Romans
             by
             his
             Victories
             ,
             the
             ingratitude
             of
             his
             Murtherers
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             almost
             all
             of
             them
             honoured
             by
             his
             Beneficence
             ,
             and
             by
             his
             Friendship
             ,
             the
             necessity
             of
             punishing
             those
             Enemies
             ,
             who
             by
             their
             Artifices
             might
             involve
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             in
             unhappy
             Divisions
             ,
             while
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             were
             employed
             against
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             ,
             and
             the
             Example
             of
             Sylla
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             after
             having
             implored
             the
             assistence
             of
             the
             Gods
             ,
             and
             good
             Fortune
             ,
             they
             concluded
             thus
             ,
             
               That
               no
               man
               should
               dare
               to
               receive
               ,
               conceal
               ,
               or
               help
               to
               escape
               any
               of
               those
               who
               wer●
               Proscribed
               upon
               any
               
               pretence
               whatsoever
               ,
               nor
               to
               give
               them
               Money
               ,
               or
               other
               relief
               ,
               nor
               to
               hold
               any
               intelligence
               with
               them
               upon
               pain
               of
               being
               put
               into
               the
               fame
               state
               without
               hopes
               of
               pardon
               .
               That
               whosoever
               should
               bring
               in
               the
               head
               of
               a
               Proscribed
               Man
               ,
               should
               have
            
             2000
             
               Crowns
               ,
               if
               a
               Freed-man
               ,
               and
               if
               he
               were
               a
               Slave
               ,
               his
               liberty
               and
            
             1000
             
               Crowns
               .
               That
               the
               Slave
               who
               should
               kill
               his
               Master
               ,
               should
               have
               besides
               that
               ,
               moreover
               the
               right
               of
               a
               free
               Citizen
               .
               That
               the
               same
               reward
               should
               be
               given
               to
               those
               wh●
               should
               declare
               the
               place
               where
               any
               Proscribed
               Man
               was
               retreated
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               name
               of
               the
               Discoverer
               should
               not
               be
               written
               in
               any
               Register
               or
               other
               Memorial
               ,
               to
               the
               end
               that
               it
               might
               never
               be
               known
               who
               he
               was
               .
            
             The
             Souldiers
             arrived
             before
             the
             Decree
             ,
             and
             killed
             at
             first
             four
             of
             the
             Proscripts
             ,
             some
             in
             their
             Lodgings
             ,
             and
             others
             in
             the
             Streets
             ,
             after
             which
             they
             ran
             up
             and
             down
             to
             the
             Houses
             and
             the
             Temples
             ,
             causing
             a
             general
             Terrour
             ,
             nothing
             was
             to
             be
             heard
             but
             cries
             and
             lamentations
             ,
             and
             in
             regard
             the
             Decree
             was
             not
             yet
             made
             publick
             ,
             every
             one
             was
             afraid
             ,
             and
             fansied
             himself
             in
             the
             number
             of
             those
             that
             were
             Condemned
             ,
             some
             even
             became
             so
             very
             desperate
             ,
             that
             they
             resolved
             to
             involve
             the
             whole
             City
             in
             their
             destruction
             ,
             and
             set
             it
             on
             fire
             ,
             Pedius
             hindred
             this
             disorder
             by
             causing
             it
             to
             be
             published
             ,
             
               That
               onely
               some
               few
               of
               the
               Enemies
               of
               the
               Triumvirate
               were
               sought
               after
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               others
               had
               nothing
               to
               be
               afraid
               of
               .
            
             So
             the
             next
             day
             he
             caused
             to
             be
             posted
             up
             the
             names
             of
             those
             seventeen
             who
             were
             Condemned
             ,
             but
             heated
             himself
             so
             much
             
             with
             running
             up
             and
             down
             to
             satisfie
             the
             minds
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             that
             he
             died
             the
             night
             following
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXXII
             .
             The
             entry
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             into
             Rome
             .
             Murthers
             committed
             ,
             and
             the
             sad
             condition
             which
             that
             City
             was
             in
             .
          
           
             AFTER
             this
             the
             Triumvirate
             made
             their
             entry
             into
             the
             City
             upon
             three
             several
             days
             ,
             Caesar
             upon
             the
             first
             ,
             Antonius
             upon
             the
             second
             ,
             and
             Lepidus
             upon
             the
             third
             ▪
             each
             bringing
             with
             him
             a
             Legion
             for
             his
             Guard.
             The
             Law
             by
             which
             they
             invested
             themselves
             with
             Consular
             Authority
             for
             the
             space
             of
             five
             years
             ,
             and
             declared
             themselves
             Reformers
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             was
             published
             by
             Titius
             .
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             the
             night
             following
             they
             added
             the
             names
             of
             130
             Persons
             to
             those
             they
             had
             already
             Proscribed
             .
             A
             little
             time
             after
             they
             proclaimed
             150
             more
             ,
             upon
             pretence
             that
             they
             had
             been
             forgotten
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             the
             unfortunate
             number
             encreased
             every
             day
             ,
             till
             it
             amounted
             to
             300
             Senatours
             ,
             and
             above
             2000
             Knights
             .
             No
             man
             durst
             refuse
             entrance
             into
             his
             House
             to
             any
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             searched
             the
             most
             secret
             places
             ,
             and
             Rome
             at
             this
             time
             appeared
             like
             a
             Town
             that
             was
             exposed
             to
             waste
             and
             pillage
             .
             In
             this
             disorder
             
             several
             who
             had
             never
             been
             Condemned
             ,
             either
             by
             malice
             or
             mistake
             were
             slain
             ,
             and
             known
             afterwards
             by
             their
             heads
             not
             being
             cut
             off
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             all
             the
             most
             Tragick
             fury
             that
             either
             revenge
             ,
             hatred
             ,
             or
             interest
             could
             produce
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             most
             generous
             kindness
             that
             love
             and
             fidelity
             could
             inspire
             ,
             were
             to
             be
             seen
             in
             divers
             accidents
             relating
             to
             this
             Proscription
             .
             Salvius
             a
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             was
             the
             first
             that
             was
             slain
             as
             he
             was
             sitting
             at
             the
             Table
             ,
             and
             entertaining
             his
             Friends
             ,
             because
             he
             had
             too
             lightly
             forsaken
             Antonius's
             Interest
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             supported
             against
             Cicero
             .
             The
             Pretor
             Minutius
             was
             lost
             by
             the
             folly
             of
             those
             who
             in
             point
             of
             Honour
             would
             follow
             him
             ,
             and
             were
             the
             cause
             of
             his
             being
             discovered
             .
             Annulis
             and
             Thauranius
             were
             betrayed
             by
             their
             own
             Sons
             ,
             who
             by
             Divine
             Justice
             were
             afterwards
             rewarded
             for
             it
             .
             Ignatius
             and
             his
             Sons
             slew
             each
             other
             .
             The
             tenderness
             of
             a
             Father
             was
             fatal
             to
             B●avus
             ,
             who
             came
             back
             and
             willingly
             suffered
             death
             to
             save
             his
             Sons
             .
             And
             Ligarius
             drowned
             himself
             in
             despair
             ,
             for
             that
             he
             could
             not
             help
             his
             Brother
             ,
             whom
             he
             saw
             ●lain
             before
             his
             face
             .
             Salassus
             his
             Wife
             betrayed
             her
             Husband
             ,
             and
             Fulvius
             was
             delivered
             by
             a
             Slave
             that
             he
             kept
             .
             Statius
             at
             the
             Age
             of
             24
             years
             ,
             was
             Proscribed
             for
             his
             great
             Riches
             ,
             which
             he
             abandoned
             to
             pillage
             ,
             and
             setting
             his
             House
             on
             fire
             ,
             burnt
             himself
             with
             it
             .
             Coepio
             ,
             after
             having
             made
             a
             brave
             resistence
             ,
             dy'd
             with
             his
             Sword
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             and
             Veratinus
             having
             got
             together
             
             a
             great
             many
             more
             Proscripts
             besides
             himself
             ,
             slew
             by
             their
             help
             a
             considerable
             number
             of
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             made
             his
             escape
             into
             
               Sicily
               .
               Naso
            
             snatcht
             a
             Sword
             out
             of
             one
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             hands
             ,
             and
             with
             it
             killed
             the
             Slave
             that
             had
             betrayed
             him
             .
             On
             the
             contrary
             ,
             another
             Slave
             slew
             him
             who
             Commanded
             the
             Party
             that
             had
             cut
             his
             Masters
             Throat
             .
             Aemilius
             seeing
             some
             Souldiers
             running
             after
             one
             of
             these
             unfortunate
             People
             ,
             asked
             ,
             
               Who
               the
               Proscribed
               man
               was
               ?
               It
               is
               your self
               ,
            
             said
             one
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             who
             knew
             him
             ,
             and
             immediately
             slew
             him
             .
             And
             Cillius
             and
             Decius
             seeing
             their
             Names
             written
             in
             the
             Tablet
             ,
             attempting
             unadvisedly
             to
             flie
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             drew
             the
             Souldiers
             after
             them
             ,
             and
             were
             ●lain
             .
             Icillius
             joining
             himself
             with
             some
             People
             who
             were
             carrying
             a
             dead
             Body
             out
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             was
             slain
             by
             the
             Guards
             at
             the
             Gate
             ,
             who
             knew
             him
             ,
             by
             taking
             notice
             that
             there
             was
             one
             bearer
             more
             than
             the
             ordinary
             number
             .
             Varus
             ,
             who
             had
             hid
             himself
             in
             a
             Mar●h
             near
             Minuturnum
             ,
             was
             taken
             for
             a
             Robber
             ,
             but
             discovering
             his
             name
             to
             make
             himself
             known
             ,
             was
             slain
             by
             some
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             by
             chance
             were
             there
             .
             Largus
             having
             been
             spared
             by
             some
             Souldiers
             of
             his
             Acquaintance
             ,
             and
             meeting
             others
             that
             pursued
             him
             ,
             he
             returned
             back
             to
             those
             who
             had
             saved
             him
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             they
             might
             gain
             the
             reward
             of
             killing
             him
             .
             The
             Head
             of
             Rufus
             being
             brought
             to
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             was
             Proscribed
             ,
             because
             he
             refused
             to
             sell
             a
             fair
             House
             
             which
             stood
             near
             Fulvia's
             ,
             he
             said
             ,
             
               That
               that
               Present
               belonged
               to
               his
               Wife
               ,
               and
               sent
               it
               to
               her
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXXIII
             .
             Some
             stirs
             amongst
             the
             People
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Cicero
             .
          
           
             NOtwithstanding
             the
             fear
             which
             these
             terrible
             examples
             had
             generally
             caused
             ,
             the
             People
             forbore
             not
             to
             shew
             some
             courage
             .
             A
             certain
             Slave
             having
             hid
             his
             Master
             ,
             took
             his
             habit
             upon
             him
             ,
             and
             presented
             himself
             to
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             were
             in
             search
             of
             him
             ,
             but
             another
             Slave
             discovered
             the
             Fact
             ,
             and
             the
             Master
             was
             slain
             ,
             upon
             which
             the
             People
             rose
             up
             against
             this
             faithless
             Fellow
             ,
             and
             the
             Triumviri
             were
             forced
             to
             cause
             him
             to
             be
             punished
             ,
             and
             the
             trusty
             Slave
             to
             be
             rewarded
             .
             Another
             having
             betrayed
             his
             Master
             Aterius
             ,
             and
             obtaining
             his
             Liberty
             ,
             taken
             possession
             of
             his
             Goods
             ,
             the
             Children
             of
             Aterius
             ,
             pursued
             him
             up
             and
             down
             the
             City
             to
             doe
             him
             violence
             ;
             upon
             this
             the
             People
             rose
             again
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Triumvirate
             restored
             the
             Goods
             to
             the
             Children
             ,
             and
             put
             the
             Slave
             into
             their
             hands
             ,
             upon
             pretence
             that
             he
             had
             exceeded
             ,
             the
             terms
             of
             the
             Decree
             .
             There
             were
             a
             hundred
             Examples
             of
             the
             like
             nature
             ,
             which
             would
             be
             too
             long
             to
             recount
             :
             but
             the
             Eloquence
             
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             the
             obligation
             which
             all
             learned
             Men
             have
             to
             this
             day
             to
             his
             Memory
             ,
             and
             the
             Works
             he
             has
             left
             behind
             him
             ,
             deserve
             that
             we
             insist
             a
             little
             upon
             the
             circumstances
             of
             his
             death
             .
             He
             was
             with
             his
             Brother
             Quintus
             at
             Tusculum
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Countrey
             Houses
             ,
             where
             they
             understood
             the
             news
             of
             the
             Proscription
             ,
             so
             they
             went
             both
             to
             Astyra
             to
             embark
             themselves
             for
             their
             passage
             into
             Macedonia
             ,
             but
             having
             in
             their
             haste
             and
             fear
             forgotten
             to
             take
             Money
             with
             them
             ,
             Quintus
             returned
             and
             was
             slain
             a
             few
             days
             after
             ,
             together
             with
             his
             Sons
             ,
             who
             suffered
             themselves
             to
             be
             a
             long
             time
             tormented
             before
             they
             would
             discover
             where
             their
             Father
             was
             concealed
             .
             Cicero
             went
             a-board
             a
             certain
             Ship
             ,
             but
             the
             inconveniences
             of
             his
             Age
             augmented
             by
             the
             disorders
             he
             was
             in
             ,
             and
             the
             fatigues
             of
             being
             at
             Sea
             forced
             him
             to
             row
             back
             to
             land
             ;
             there
             divided
             between
             the
             hopes
             which
             he
             had
             in
             Caesar's
             Friendship
             ,
             and
             the
             fear
             of
             death
             ,
             he
             formed
             a
             thousand
             resolutions
             ,
             and
             amongst
             the
             rest
             to
             go
             and
             kill
             himself
             in
             Caesar's
             presence
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             to
             fasten
             upon
             his
             Person
             those
             Furies
             which
             revenge
             the
             rights
             of
             violated
             Friendship
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             he
             could
             find
             no
             way
             for
             his
             safety
             ,
             and
             after
             all
             these
             inquietudes
             ,
             caused
             himself
             to
             be
             carried
             in
             a
             Felluca
             to
             a
             certain
             House
             which
             he
             had
             near
             Capua
             .
             It
             is
             said
             ,
             that
             during
             this
             short
             Voyage
             ,
             several
             Crows
             coming
             from
             a
             certain
             Temple
             of
             Apollo
             ,
             which
             stands
             by
             the
             Sea-side
             ,
             perched
             themselves
             
             upon
             the
             Sails
             and
             rigging
             of
             the
             little
             Vessel
             that
             carried
             him
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             was
             a-shore
             ,
             and
             in
             his
             House
             the
             same
             Crows
             came
             and
             fluttered
             about
             the
             Window
             of
             the
             Chamber
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             retired
             to
             rest
             himself
             ;
             one
             of
             those
             very
             Crows
             came
             even
             into
             the
             Room
             ,
             and
             with
             his
             bill
             spread
             the
             Cloathes
             that
             covered
             Cicero
             :
             the
             example
             of
             this
             Creature
             was
             the
             occasion
             that
             his
             Slaves
             became
             sensible
             of
             their
             own
             Idleness
             ,
             in
             that
             they
             took
             no
             more
             pains
             to
             save
             the
             life
             of
             a
             man
             for
             whose
             preservation
             the
             very
             Birds
             of
             the
             air
             seemed
             to
             be
             concerned
             ;
             so
             they
             took
             him
             up
             almost
             by
             force
             to
             carry
             him
             to
             Sea
             ,
             but
             being
             so
             very
             famous
             and
             well
             known
             as
             he
             was
             ,
             every
             step
             he
             made
             ,
             and
             all
             his
             places
             of
             retreat
             were
             discovered
             ,
             and
             
               Popilius
               Lena
            
             the
             Tribune
             ,
             with
             a
             certain
             Captain
             called
             Herennius
             ,
             came
             to
             his
             House
             the
             very
             moment
             after
             he
             had
             left
             it
             .
             This
             Lena
             had
             had
             great
             obligations
             to
             Cicero
             ,
             who
             had
             saved
             his
             life
             by
             pleading
             for
             him
             when
             he
             stood
             accused
             for
             the
             death
             of
             his
             own
             Father
             ,
             they
             made
             use
             of
             all
             manner
             of
             violence
             against
             his
             Slaves
             ,
             to
             force
             them
             to
             discover
             where
             their
             Master
             was
             ,
             but
             they
             all
             constantly
             persisted
             that
             they
             knew
             nothing
             of
             the
             matter
             ,
             till
             either
             one
             named
             Cirillus
             ,
             who
             had
             heretofore
             served
             Clodius
             ,
             who
             was
             Cicero's
             mortal
             Enemy
             ,
             or
             else
             Quintus's
             Freed-man
             ,
             discovered
             to
             Lena
             that
             they
             were
             now
             carrying
             him
             through
             the
             passages
             of
             a
             certain
             Wood
             that
             lead
             to
             the
             Sea-side
             .
             Lena
             
             got
             before
             ,
             with
             part
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             Herennius
             followed
             the
             Litter
             through
             th●
             narrow
             paths
             .
             Cicero
             understanding
             they
             were
             coming
             ,
             Commanded
             those
             who
             carried
             him
             ,
             to
             stop
             ,
             and
             when
             the
             Souldiers
             were
             come
             up
             ,
             he
             put
             his
             Head
             out
             of
             the
             Litter
             ,
             and
             lookt
             upon
             them
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             assurance
             .
             This
             constancy
             which
             they
             expected
             not
             from
             him
             ,
             and
             his
             face
             disfigured
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             ,
             with
             the
             troubles
             he
             had
             lain
             under
             ,
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             several
             of
             them
             stopt
             and
             turned
             away
             their
             Eyes
             while
             Herennius
             slew
             him
             ;
             he
             cut
             off
             his
             Head
             and
             both
             his
             hands
             ,
             which
             were
             carried
             to
             Antonius
             .
             As
             he
             was
             extremely
             inraged
             against
             Cicero
             for
             the
             Orations
             which
             he
             had
             made
             against
             him
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             forbear
             insulting
             over
             those
             poor
             Members
             with
             the
             most
             injurious
             reproaches
             ,
             declaring
             aloud
             ,
             
               That
               his
               revenge
               was
               now
               completed
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               would
               have
               no
               farther
               to
               doe
               with
               the
               Proscription
               .
            
             But
             Fulvia's
             hatred
             could
             not
             be
             confined
             to
             words
             ,
             for
             she
             pierced
             his
             Tongue
             several
             times
             with
             a
             golden
             Bodkin
             which
             she
             wore
             in
             her
             hair
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             Antonius
             gave
             Orders
             that
             the
             Head
             and
             Hands
             should
             be
             set
             up
             upon
             a
             place
             called
             the
             Rostrum
             ,
             where
             the
             Roman
             People
             could
             not
             without
             Horrour
             see
             those
             sad
             remains
             of
             a
             Man
             who
             had
             so
             often
             Triumphed
             there
             by
             the
             force
             and
             Charms
             of
             his
             Eloquence
             .
             Thus
             died
             Cicero
             at
             the
             Age
             of
             sixty
             four
             years
             ,
             he
             was
             a
             Man
             of
             most
             extraordinary
             qualifications
             ,
             especially
             those
             
             that
             relate
             to
             Civil
             Matters
             and
             Rules
             of
             Government
             ,
             which
             had
             justly
             advanced
             him
             amongst
             the
             most
             Illustrious
             Men
             of
             the
             Age
             he
             lived
             in
             Antonius
             himself
             ,
             as
             Plutarch
             reports
             ,
             made
             some
             sort
             of
             reparation
             to
             his
             memory
             ,
             for
             he
             put
             Philologus
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             Cicero's
             Sister-in-Law
             ,
             who
             tormented
             him
             to
             death
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXXIV
             .
             The
             Triumph
             of
             Lepidus
             .
             The
             Goods
             of
             the
             Proscripts
             set
             to
             Sale.
             Attacks
             upon
             the
             Roman
             Ladies
             .
             Their
             speech
             to
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
          
           
             WHILE
             these
             things
             were
             performing
             ,
             Lepidus
             resolved
             to
             Triumph
             over
             some
             Nations
             that
             he
             had
             conquered
             in
             Spain
             ,
             the
             Edict
             of
             the
             Triumph
             was
             very
             particular
             ,
             and
             deserves
             therefore
             to
             be
             mentioned
             ,
             it
             being
             in
             these
             terms
             ,
             
               To
               all
               those
               who
               shall
               honour
               our
               Triumph
               with
               Sacrifices
               ,
               publick
               Feastings
               ,
               and
               other
               demonstrations
               of
               Ioy
               ,
               Health
               and
               good
               Fortune
               ,
               but
               to
               those
               who
               refuse
               it
               misery
               and
               Proscription
               .
            
             We
             may
             easily
             imagine
             how
             universal
             the
             joy
             was
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             for
             every
             one
             stood
             in
             awe
             of
             the
             Proscription
             ,
             and
             Lepidus
             entred
             Triumphant
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             where
             the
             Ceremony
             was
             honoured
             with
             more
             Sacrifices
             and
             Feastings
             than
             had
             ever
             appeared
             in
             the
             like
             case
             before
             .
             Then
             was
             set
             to
             sale
             
             the
             Goods
             of
             the
             Proscripts
             (
             that
             is
             to
             say
             )
             the
             immoveables
             for
             the
             moveables
             had
             been
             plundered
             ,
             but
             there
             were
             found
             very
             few
             Chapmen
             ,
             for
             it
             was
             lookt
             upon
             as
             a
             piece
             of
             Inhumanity
             to
             ruine
             Families
             that
             were
             otherwise
             enough
             afflicted
             already
             ;
             besides
             ,
             there
             appeared
             no
             security
             for
             Title
             to
             any
             such
             Goods
             ,
             nor
             was
             any
             man
             willing
             to
             seem
             Rich
             by
             purchasing
             in
             such
             dangerous
             times
             .
             Some
             few
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             of
             the
             wisest
             sort
             ,
             were
             willing
             to
             run
             the
             hazard
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             a
             good
             Market
             ,
             but
             that
             did
             not
             satisfie
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             they
             had
             need
             of
             200000
             Talents
             for
             the
             War
             ,
             which
             was
             a
             sum
             not
             to
             be
             found
             any
             where
             but
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             they
             could
             there
             reckon
             up
             1400
             of
             the
             richest
             Ladies
             of
             Rome
             ,
             Mothers
             ,
             Daughters
             ,
             Kinswomen
             ,
             or
             Allies
             to
             their
             Enemies
             ;
             these
             Alliances
             were
             very
             exactly
             enquired
             into
             ,
             and
             very
             far
             fetched
             ,
             for
             to
             be
             rich
             ,
             was
             enough
             to
             belong
             to
             one
             of
             the
             Proscripts
             .
             These
             Ladies
             assembled
             themselves
             ,
             and
             went
             to
             find
             out
             the
             Mother
             and
             Sisters
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             gave
             them
             a
             very
             civil
             hearing
             .
             Antonius
             his
             Mother
             did
             the
             same
             thing
             ,
             and
             Fulvia
             onely
             refused
             to
             see
             them
             ;
             this
             forc't
             them
             to
             go
             to
             the
             Palace
             of
             the
             Triumviri
             ,
             where
             at
             first
             they
             were
             repulsed
             by
             the
             Guards
             of
             Souldier
             ,
             but
             made
             so
             much
             noise
             ,
             that
             at
             last
             one
             of
             them
             was
             permitted
             to
             speak
             ,
             upon
             condition
             that
             the
             rest
             would
             be
             silent
             ;
             this
             was
             Hortentia
             ,
             the
             Daughter
             of
             a
             certain
             Nobleman
             called
             
             Hortentius
             ,
             who
             alone
             of
             all
             the
             Oratours
             had
             been
             able
             to
             dispute
             with
             Cicero
             for
             Eloquence
             ,
             
               My
               Lords
            
             ,
             said
             she
             ,
             
               the
               Ladies
               which
               you
               see
               here
               imploring
               your
               Iustice
               and
               your
               Bounty
               had
               never
               appeared
               in
               this
               place
               ,
               till
               after
               having
               made
               use
               of
               all
               means
               that
               their
               Natural
               Modesty
               and
               best
               understanding
               could
               inform
               them
               of
               ;
               We
               have
               sought
               the
               protection
               of
               your
               Mothers
               and
               your
               Wifes
               ,
               but
               the
               Respects
               we
               paid
               ,
               could
               not
               find
               favour
               with
            
             Fulvia
             ,
             
               which
               has
               forced
               us
               here
               to
               make
               a
               publick
               Complaint
               ,
               though
               it
               be
               contrary
               to
               those
               rules
               of
               Decency
               prescribed
               our
               Sex
               ,
               and
               which
               we
               have
               hitherto
               most
               exactly
               observed
               .
               Ye
               have
               deprived
               us
               of
               our
               Fathers
               ,
               our
               Children
               ,
               our
               Brethren
               ,
               and
               our
               Husbands
               ;
               Ye
               pretend
               that
               ye
               have
               been
               affronted
               ,
               but
               what
               Injury
               have
               the
               Women
               done
               you
               that
               they
               must
               be
               impoverished
               ,
               if
               they
               are
               as
               blameable
               as
               the
               rest
               ,
               why
               do
               ye
               not
               proscribe
               them
               too
               ?
               In
               the
               mean
               time
               none
               of
               our
               Sex
               have
               ever
               declared
               you
               your
               Countrey
               's
               Enemies
               .
               We
               have
               neither
               plundered
               your
               Goods
               ,
               nor
               suborned
               your
               Souldiers
               .
               We
               have
               raised
               no
               Troops
               against
               you
               ,
               nor
               opposed
               those
               Honours
               and
               Offices
               which
               ye
               pretend
               to
               .
               Since
               therefore
               the
               Women
               have
               no
               part
               in
               those
               Actions
               that
               offend
               you
               ,
               surely
               they
               ought
               not
               in
               Iustice
               to
               suffer
               the
               punishment
               which
               ye
               impose
               upon
               them
               ;
               Empire
               ,
               Dignities
               and
               Honours
               are
               not
               made
               for
               us
               .
               We
               pretend
               not
               to
               govern
               the
               Re-publick
               ,
               nor
               is
               it
               our
               Ambition
               which
               has
               drawn
               the
               present
               misfortune
               on
               our
               Heads
               .
               What
               reason
               have
               we
               to
               contribute
               to
               a
               War
               wherein
               we
               have
               no
               manner
               of
               Interest
               ?
               War
               has
               already
               raised
               this
               City
               to
               that
               height
               
               of
               glory
               which
               we
               now
               see
               her
               in
               .
               In
               the
               mean
               while
               there
               is
               no
               Example
               to
               be
               found
               that
               the
               Women
               ever
               were
               concerned
               in
               it
               ,
               the
               natural
               Privilege
               of
               our
               Sex
               has
               exempted
               us
               from
               that
               profession
               .
               It
               is
               true
               ,
               indeed
               ,
               that
               in
               the
               Carthaginian
               War
               our
               Mothers
               assisted
               the
               Re-publick
               ,
               it
               being
               at
               that
               time
               in
               a
               desperate
               condition
               ;
               but
               for
               all
               that
               ,
               neither
               their
               Houses
               ,
               their
               Lands
               ,
               nor
               their
               Moveables
               were
               sold
               for
               that
               service
               ,
               some
               Rings
               and
               some
               Iewels
               furnished
               out
               the
               supply
               ,
               but
               it
               was
               neither
               constraint
               ,
               punishment
               nor
               violence
               that
               forc't
               them
               to
               it
               ,
               but
               they
               did
               it
               of
               their
               own
               good
               will
               and
               generous
               disposition
               .
               What
               fear
               at
               present
               are
               ye
               in
               for
               the
               City
               ,
               which
               is
               our
               common
               Countrey
               ?
               What
               imminent
               danger
               threatens
               it
               ?
               If
               the
               Galls
               or
               Parthians
               come
               and
               attack
               it
               ,
               ye
               shall
               not
               find
               us
               less
               Zealous
               in
               its
               defence
               than
               our
               Mothers
               were
               before
               us
               ;
               but
               we
               have
               nothing
               to
               doe
               ,
               nor
               ought
               to
               be
               concerned
               in
               Civil
               Wars
               ,
               neither
            
             Caesar
             nor
             Pompey
             
               did
               ever
               oblige
               us
               to
               it
               ,
            
             Marius
             and
             *
             Cinna
             
               did
               never
               so
               much
               as
               propose
               it
               ,
               no
               ,
               not
            
             Sylla
             
               himself
               ,
               who
               was
               the
               first
               that
               ever
               set
               up
               Tyranny
               in
            
             Rome
             .
             
               In
               the
               mean
               time
               ye
               come
               to
               reform
               the
               State
               ,
               and
               ye
               adorn
               your selves
               with
               that
               glorious
               Title
               .
            
             This
             discourse
             appeared
             so
             bold
             a
             thing
             to
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             and
             of
             so
             dangerous
             a
             consequence
             ,
             to
             see
             that
             the
             Women
             durst
             speak
             to
             them
             thus
             in
             publick
             ,
             when
             fear
             had
             tied
             up
             the
             Tongues
             of
             the
             Men
             ,
             that
             they
             sent
             their
             Ushers
             to
             cause
             them
             to
             retire
             ;
             but
             perceiving
             that
             that
             proceeding
             displeased
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             began
             to
             cry
             out
             against
             such
             violence
             ,
             they
             
             adjourned
             the
             affair
             till
             the
             next
             day
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             satisfaction
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             retrenched
             the
             number
             of
             the
             Ladies
             to
             400
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             same
             time
             taxed
             above
             100000
             Men
             ,
             as
             well
             Citizens
             as
             Strangers
             ,
             without
             sparing
             even
             the
             Sacrificers
             themselves
             for
             the
             payment
             of
             a
             50
             th
             part
             of
             all
             their
             Estate
             ,
             and
             a
             whole
             years
             Revenue
             .
             Upon
             this
             pretence
             the
             Souldiers
             committed
             such
             horrible
             violences
             ,
             that
             the
             Triumviri
             were
             forced
             to
             Commissionate
             one
             from
             amongst
             them
             to
             hinder
             those
             disorders
             ;
             but
             not
             daring
             to
             meddle
             with
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             the
             punishment
             fell
             upon
             some
             Slaves
             ,
             who
             were
             disguised
             in
             their
             habits
             ,
             and
             so
             Crucified
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXV
             .
             Several
             of
             the
             Proscripts
             escape
             into
             Sicily
             to
             Sextus
             ,
             the
             Son
             of
             Pompey
             .
             Some
             extraordinary
             Adventures
             during
             the
             Proscription
             .
          
           
             AS
             many
             as
             could
             escape
             the
             Cruelty
             of
             the
             Proscription
             ,
             retired
             either
             into
             Macedonia
             to
             Brutus
             ,
             or
             into
             Africa
             to
             Cornificius
             ,
             but
             the
             greatest
             part
             went
             to
             young
             Pompey
             in
             Sicily
             ,
             he
             was
             the
             second
             Son
             of
             Pompey
             the
             Great
             ,
             for
             the
             eldest
             was
             slain
             after
             having
             lost
             the
             Battel
             of
             Munda
             against
             
               Iulius
               Caesar.
            
             The
             youth
             of
             the
             youngest
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             he
             had
             not
             been
             taken
             notice
             of
             ,
             ●ut
             his
             Courage
             and
             Bravery
             soon
             after
             rendred
             him
             very
             formidable
             .
             He
             lived
             for
             some
             time
             as
             a
             Pirate
             ,
             without
             making
             himself
             known
             any
             otherways
             than
             by
             the
             boldness
             of
             his
             Actions
             ,
             but
             when
             he
             found
             himself
             in
             Reputation
             ,
             he
             soon
             declared
             who
             he
             was
             ,
             and
             rallied
             together
             his
             Father's
             Friends
             .
             He
             routed
             a
             considerable
             Army
             that
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             had
             sent
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             made
             himself
             at
             last
             so
             powerfull
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             found
             necessary
             to
             give
             him
             the
             Government
             of
             Sicily
             ,
             and
             the
             Office
             of
             Admiral
             ,
             which
             his
             Father
             had
             executed
             before
             him
             .
             His
             Generosity
             was
             at
             this
             time
             a
             very
             great
             succour
             to
             many
             Illustrious
             Persons
             ,
             he
             sent
             Brigantines
             and
             other
             small
             Vessels
             to
             all
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Italy
             ,
             to
             receive
             such
             as
             made
             their
             escape
             ,
             and
             treated
             them
             
             all
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             kindness
             .
             Lepidus
             his
             Brother
             ,
             and
             Antonius
             his
             Uncle
             got
             away
             by
             other
             means
             .
             Paulus
             was
             spared
             by
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             were
             not
             very
             fond
             of
             laying
             violent
             hands
             upon
             the
             Brother
             of
             a
             Triumvir
             ,
             and
             retreated
             into
             
               Macedonia
               .
               Lucius
            
             saved
             himself
             in
             his
             Sisters
             House
             ,
             who
             was
             Antonius
             his
             Mother
             ,
             and
             who
             generously
             opposed
             those
             who
             pursued
             him
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             would
             not
             meddle
             with
             him
             there
             ,
             considering
             he
             was
             under
             her
             Protection
             ,
             so
             she
             went
             to
             find
             out
             her
             Son
             ,
             who
             was
             with
             his
             Collegues
             ,
             
               I
               am
               come
            
             ,
             said
             she
             ,
             
               to
               accuse
               my self
               for
               having
               taken
               my
               Brother
               into
               my
               House
               ,
               where
               I
               am
               resolved
               to
               protect
               him
               ,
               till
               ye
               shall
               think
               fit
               to
               put
               us
               both
               to
               death
               together
               ,
               for
               I
               am
               not
               ignorant
               what
               punishment
               is
               proposed
               to
               the
               Concealers
               of
               Proscripts
               .
               Antonius
            
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               she
               had
               done
               like
               a
               good
               Sister
               ,
               but
               an
               ill
               Mother
               ,
            
             and
             Lucius
             was
             no
             more
             enquired
             after
             ,
             *
             Messala
             was
             recalled
             by
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             they
             by
             a
             publick
             Declaration
             owning
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               nothing
               to
               doe
               in
            
             Caesar's
             Murther
             .
             But
             he
             refused
             to
             return
             ,
             and
             served
             under
             Brutus
             till
             after
             the
             Battel
             of
             
               Philippi
               .
               Bibulus
            
             had
             the
             same
             Fortune
             ,
             and
             got
             himself
             afterwards
             great
             employments
             .
             
               Lentulus
               ,
               Apuleius
            
             and
             Antius
             made
             their
             escape
             with
             their
             Wifes
             ,
             who
             would
             not
             forsake
             them
             .
             Reginus
             was
             concealed
             by
             his
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             was
             going
             out
             of
             the
             City
             disguised
             in
             a
             Colliers
             habit
             ,
             his
             Wife
             following
             in
             a
             Litter
             ,
             was
             stopped
             by
             a
             Souldier
             ,
             Reginus
             turned
             back
             to
             desire
             the
             Man
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               
               have
               some
               respect
               for
               the
               Ladies
               .
            
             The
             Souldier
             who
             had
             served
             under
             him
             ,
             knew
             him
             again
             ;
             and
             said
             ,
             
               O
               save
               your self
               my
               General
               ,
               for
               I
               shall
               always
               call
               you
               so
               ,
               in
               what
               miserable
               condition
               soever
               I
               shall
               find
               you
               .
               Coponius
            
             his
             Wife
             ,
             who
             was
             very
             beautifull
             ,
             got
             her
             Husband's
             Pardon
             by
             another
             favour
             which
             she
             paid
             for
             it
             to
             
               Antonius
               .
               Geta
            
             and
             Oppius
             were
             saved
             by
             their
             Sons
             ,
             Geta
             having
             lost
             one
             of
             his
             Eyes
             by
             wearing
             a
             Plaster
             upon
             it
             too
             long
             for
             a
             disguise
             ,
             and
             Oppius
             his
             Son
             having
             to
             save
             his
             Father
             ,
             carried
             him
             upon
             his
             Shoulders
             ,
             was
             for
             that
             Action
             alone
             declared
             Edilis
             by
             the
             People
             ,
             and
             not
             being
             rich
             enough
             to
             furnish
             out
             the
             expences
             of
             the
             Games
             ,
             all
             the
             Workmen
             gave
             him
             generously
             their
             labour
             for
             nothing
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             assisted
             at
             the
             Shew
             ,
             made
             him
             such
             Presents
             ,
             that
             he
             became
             very
             rich
             .
             Ari●nus
             ,
             and
             Metellus
             escaped
             also
             by
             the
             af●i●tence
             of
             their
             Children
             .
             
               Restio
               ,
               Appio
               ,
               Menetus
            
             ,
             and
             Iunius
             ,
             by
             their
             Slaves
             .
             Restio's
             adventure
             was
             something
             more
             than
             ordinary
             ,
             he
             had
             with
             a
             hot
             iron
             marked
             one
             of
             his
             Slaves
             in
             the
             fore-head
             ,
             that
             being
             the
             punishment
             they
             usually
             inflicted
             on
             such
             as
             indeavoured
             to
             run
             away
             ;
             this
             Slave
             had
             discovered
             the
             place
             where
             his
             Master
             lay
             concealed
             ,
             and
             came
             thither
             to
             find
             him
             .
             Restio
             believed
             that
             he
             should
             be
             lost
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Slave
             would
             now
             revenge
             himself
             ,
             but
             he
             assured
             him
             to
             the
             contrary
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               Can
               my
               Master
               believe
               that
               the
               Characters
               imprinted
               upon
               my
               fore-head
               have
               made
               more
               impression
               there
               
               than
               the
               benefits
               which
               I
               have
               received
               from
               him
               have
               done
               in
               my
               heart
               ?
            
             After
             this
             he
             Conducted
             him
             to
             a
             Cave
             ,
             whither
             he
             dayly
             brought
             him
             Provisions
             .
             A
             great
             many
             Souldiers
             were
             passing
             often
             by
             the
             place
             ,
             and
             occasioned
             a
             thousand
             fears
             to
             the
             Slave
             ;
             at
             last
             he
             followed
             at
             the
             heels
             of
             one
             of
             the
             Troops
             ,
             and
             took
             his
             time
             so
             well
             ,
             that
             he
             fell
             upon
             an
             old
             Peasant
             ,
             and
             slew
             him
             before
             their
             faces
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             ran
             upon
             him
             as
             a
             Murtherer
             ,
             but
             he
             said
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               his
               Master
               whom
               he
               had
               killed
               to
               revenge
               himself
               for
               the
               infamous
               marks
               which
               they
               might
               see
               upon
               his
               forehead
               .
            
             The
             design
             was
             too
             well
             laid
             not
             to
             succeed
             ,
             the
             Characters
             were
             visible
             ,
             and
             security
             enough
             for
             him
             ,
             so
             the
             Souldiers
             took
             the
             head
             of
             a
             Peasant
             for
             that
             of
             Restio
             ,
             who
             by
             this
             means
             was
             at
             the
             liberty
             of
             making
             his
             escape
             more
             easily
             .
             The
             generosity
             of
             the
             Slaves
             of
             Appio
             and
             Meneius
             is
             yet
             more
             admirable
             ,
             they
             suffered
             themselves
             to
             be
             both
             slain
             in
             their
             Masters
             habits
             ,
             the
             one
             in
             a
             Litter
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             upon
             a
             Bed
             ,
             Appio
             himself
             standing
             by
             at
             the
             Murther
             disguised
             like
             a
             Slave
             .
             I
             do
             not
             believe
             that
             any
             thing
             can
             be
             added
             to
             these
             examples
             of
             fidelity
             ,
             and
             shall
             conclude
             with
             the
             bold
             undertaking
             of
             Pomponius
             ,
             he
             dressed
             himself
             like
             a
             Pretor
             ,
             and
             his
             Slaves
             like
             Ushers
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             condition
             went
             out
             of
             the
             City
             surrounded
             by
             these
             Slaves
             ,
             he
             made
             his
             travelling
             charges
             all
             the
             way
             upon
             the
             publick
             expence
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               That
               he
               was
               sent
               by
               the
               Triumvirate
               to
               young
            
             Pompey
             .
             At
             last
             
             he
             got
             himself
             a
             good
             Ship
             ,
             but
             still
             as
             Pretor
             ,
             and
             past
             easily
             over
             into
             
               Sicily
               .
               Hirtius
               ,
               Apuleius
            
             and
             Aruntius
             made
             their
             escape
             with
             their
             Swords
             in
             their
             hands
             ;
             *
             Ventidius
             as
             a
             Captain
             that
             was
             sent
             to
             search
             for
             Proscripts
             ;
             and
             another
             Senatour
             ,
             wearied
             out
             with
             the
             dayly
             cares
             of
             concealing
             himself
             ,
             caused
             himself
             to
             be
             shaved
             ,
             took
             openly
             a
             little
             School
             ,
             and
             kept
             it
             publickly
             so
             long
             as
             the
             Proscription
             lasted
             ,
             no
             body
             imagining
             that
             a
             miserable
             Pedant
             could
             ever
             have
             been
             considerable
             enough
             to
             have
             been
             Proscribed
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXVI
             .
             The
             Examples
             of
             several
             remarkable
             changes
             of
             Fortune
             .
          
           
             THough
             the
             story
             of
             these
             accidents
             may
             seem
             perhaps
             a
             little
             too
             long
             ,
             as
             they
             relate
             properly
             to
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             We
             ought
             not
             to
             pass
             over
             two
             Examples
             which
             are
             very
             natural
             instances
             of
             the
             inconstancy
             and
             revolution
             of
             Humane
             Fortune
             .
             Balbinus
             being
             Proscribed
             by
             Antonius
             ,
             had
             with
             much
             adoe
             made
             his
             retreat
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             after
             several
             years
             of
             War
             came
             to
             an
             agreement
             with
             
               Caesar.
               Balbinus
            
             returned
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             he
             afterwards
             obtained
             the
             Dignity
             of
             Consul
             .
             Lepidus
             was
             at
             that
             time
             fallen
             from
             that
             high
             estate
             ,
             where
             he
             had
             once
             appeared
             ,
             Caesar
             having
             given
             him
             his
             life
             merely
             out
             of
             Compassion
             .
             It
             happened
             that
             his
             Wife
             and
             his
             Son
             were
             accused
             by
             Mecoenas
             ,
             *
             the
             Governour
             of
             Rome
             ,
             for
             a
             Conspiracy
             against
             the
             life
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             the
             Son
             was
             sent
             Prisoner
             to
             Actium
             ,
             and
             the
             Wife
             forced
             to
             give
             security
             before
             the
             Consul
             .
             Lepidus
             ,
             who
             solicited
             for
             her
             ,
             had
             several
             times
             been
             repulsed
             at
             Balbinus
             his
             Gate
             ,
             at
             last
             he
             got
             an
             opportunity
             of
             speaking
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             said
             thus
             ,
             
               You
               know
               very
               well
               that
               I
               have
               no
               share
               in
               my
               Son's
               Offence
               ,
               and
               that
               it
               was
               not
               I
               who
               Proscribed
               you
               ,
               though
               it
               were
               at
               that
               time
               in
               my
               power
               to
               have
               done
               it
               ,
               therefore
               I
               beg
               of
               you
               to
               reflect
               upon
               the
               sad
               alteration
               
               of
               our
               Fortune
               ,
               and
               to
               grant
               me
               the
               favour
               I
               beg
               of
               you
               ,
               either
               take
               my
               security
               for
               my
               Wife
               ,
               or
               send
               me
               with
               her
               a
               Prisoner
               to
            
             Caesar.
             Balbinus
             touched
             with
             Compassion
             to
             see
             a
             Man
             at
             his
             feet
             ,
             whose
             power
             heretofore
             had
             been
             so
             formidable
             ,
             made
             those
             reflexions
             he
             desired
             ,
             and
             discharged
             his
             Wife
             .
             The
             other
             Example
             is
             of
             Cicero's
             Son
             ,
             he
             was
             with
             Brutus
             at
             the
             time
             of
             his
             Father's
             death
             ,
             and
             served
             under
             him
             as
             a
             Lieutenant
             General
             ,
             and
             after
             his
             defeat
             made
             his
             retreat
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             gave
             him
             the
             same
             employment
             .
             Pompey
             made
             his
             own
             Peace
             ,
             and
             Cicero
             returned
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             to
             shew
             the
             esteem
             he
             had
             for
             his
             Father
             ,
             gave
             him
             the
             Dignity
             of
             chief
             Pontifex
             ,
             and
             chose
             him
             for
             his
             Collegue
             in
             the
             Consulship
             after
             the
             defeat
             of
             
               Antonius
               .
               Cicero
            
             had
             by
             this
             means
             the
             satisfaction
             of
             seeing
             in
             his
             power
             the
             memory
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             was
             Condemned
             by
             the
             Senate
             ,
             all
             his
             Images
             broken
             down
             ,
             and
             a
             Decree
             past
             ,
             
               That
               none
               of
               that
               Family
               should
               ever
               after
               take
               upon
               them
               the
               sirname
               of
            
             Marcus
             .
             During
             which
             time
             Caesar
             testified
             so
             great
             a
             Veneration
             for
             the
             Memory
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             that
             having
             one
             day
             found
             one
             of
             his
             Books
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             his
             *
             Grandson
             ,
             who
             indeavoured
             to
             hide
             it
             for
             fear
             lest
             Augustus
             should
             be
             angry
             with
             him
             for
             reading
             in
             it
             ,
             he
             took
             the
             Book
             ,
             and
             having
             read
             a
             good
             while
             ,
             returned
             it
             to
             him
             again
             ,
             saying
             ,
             
               My
               Son
               ,
               he
               was
               a
               very
               knowing
               Man
               ,
               and
               Zealous
               for
               his
               Countrey
               .
            
             By
             this
             means
             the
             death
             of
             Cicero
             was
             revenged
             upon
             the
             memory
             of
             his
             greatest
             
             Enemy
             ,
             as
             was
             his
             Eloquence
             also
             upon
             the
             back
             of
             an
             impertinent
             Critick
             called
             Coelius
             ,
             who
             had
             undertaken
             to
             expose
             the
             Works
             of
             that
             great
             Oratour
             .
             Cicero
             the
             Son
             caused
             his
             Slaves
             to
             whip
             him
             ,
             so
             the
             Critick
             burnt
             his
             Remarks
             ,
             which
             had
             brought
             upon
             his
             Bones
             so
             scurvy
             an
             answer
             .
             Even
             Brutus
             had
             his
             share
             too
             in
             revenging
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             notwithstanding
             his
             moderation
             ,
             and
             the
             disturbance
             which
             the
             Letter
             written
             to
             Octavius
             had
             given
             him
             ,
             he
             sacrificed
             to
             him
             Cajus
             the
             Brother
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             whom
             Hortentius
             put
             to
             death
             by
             his
             Orders
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXVII
             .
             The
             end
             of
             the
             Proscription
             .
             War
             in
             
               Africa
               ▪
               Sextius
               ,
               Caesar's
            
             Lieutenant
             ,
             overthrows
             Cornificius
             ,
             the
             Lieutenant
             of
             Brutus
             .
          
           
             AT
             last
             the
             Triumviri
             came
             into
             the
             Senate
             to
             declare
             that
             the
             Proscription
             was
             at
             an
             end
             .
             Lepidus
             excused
             himself
             for
             what
             had
             passed
             ,
             and
             assured
             the
             Senatours
             of
             a
             more
             moderate
             Conduct
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             was
             more
             Politick
             ,
             said
             ,
             
               That
               he
               would
               yet
               reserve
               to
               himself
               the
               liberty
               of
               punishing
               such
               as
               were
               guilty
               .
            
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             he
             had
             long
             disputed
             with
             the
             other
             two
             concerning
             the
             Proscription
             ,
             but
             it
             was
             his
             judgment
             now
             that
             the
             Spirits
             of
             the
             People
             ought
             to
             be
             kept
             in
             awe
             in
             the
             present
             conjuncture
             ,
             when
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             became
             dayly
             more
             formidable
             ,
             and
             when
             their
             Lieutenants
             still
             disputed
             for
             Africa
             with
             those
             of
             Caesar.
             *
             Cornificius
             was
             there
             with
             Troops
             in
             behalf
             of
             Brutus
             ,
             and
             when
             Sextius
             arrived
             there
             on
             Caesar's
             part
             ,
             and
             published
             the
             Ordinance
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             the
             Decree
             of
             the
             Senate
             was
             produced
             in
             answer
             to
             them
             ,
             so
             that
             Arms
             was
             the
             last
             recourse
             for
             the
             maintenance
             of
             their
             Rights
             .
             Sextius
             being
             the
             weakest
             ,
             retreated
             into
             a
             strong
             place
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             besieged
             by
             
               Ventidius
               ,
               Cornificius
            
             his
             Lieutenant
             .
             He
             defended
             himself
             very
             well
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             held
             intelligence
             with
             Arabio
             ,
             a
             King
             of
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             a
             certain
             
             People
             called
             Sittians
             ,
             who
             were
             the
             residue
             of
             some
             Roman
             Souldiers
             established
             in
             Libya
             under
             the
             Conduct
             of
             Sittius
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             banished
             from
             Rome
             .
             The
             Sons
             of
             this
             Sittius
             had
             been
             obliged
             to
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             which
             caused
             them
             with
             Arabio
             to
             assist
             
               Sextius
               .
               Sextius
            
             strengthened
             with
             these
             succours
             ,
             got
             the
             better
             of
             Ventidius
             ,
             and
             that
             done
             ,
             marched
             against
             Cornificius
             ,
             who
             expected
             him
             near
             Vtica
             .
             The
             strength
             of
             both
             Armies
             consisted
             in
             their
             Cavalry
             ,
             Cornificius's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             came
             with
             all
             his
             to
             discover
             the
             strength
             of
             
               Sextius
               ,
               Arabio
            
             was
             detached
             to
             oppose
             him
             ;
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             Sextius
             charged
             Laelius
             upon
             the
             flank
             ,
             and
             forc'd
             him
             to
             retreat
             up
             to
             a
             Hill
             ,
             where
             Arabio
             had
             orders
             to
             attack
             him
             .
             Cornificius
             having
             left
             his
             Retrenchments
             to
             succour
             his
             Lieutenant
             ,
             Sextius
             marched
             against
             him
             ,
             while
             a
             Party
             of
             Arabio's
             Troops
             ,
             who
             knew
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             found
             a
             way
             through
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             rifle
             Cornificius
             his
             Camp.
             Roseius
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             there
             ,
             was
             slain
             at
             the
             first
             on-set
             ,
             and
             the
             Camp
             plundered
             ,
             Cornificius
             being
             pressed
             by
             Sextius
             ,
             would
             have
             retreated
             towards
             his
             Lieutenant
             ,
             but
             was
             cut
             off
             by
             Arabio's
             Cavalry
             ,
             who
             flew
             him
             .
             When
             ,
             Laelius
             beholding
             the
             action
             from
             the
             hill
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             posted
             ,
             died
             by
             his
             own
             hand
             ,
             the
             Troops
             thus
             deprived
             of
             their
             Commanders
             ,
             were
             easily
             put
             to
             the
             rout
             ,
             and
             that
             great
             Victory
             which
             got
             Caesar
             all
             Africa
             ,
             cost
             Sextius
             but
             a
             very
             few
             Men.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXVIII
             .
             Dolabella
             is
             defeated
             and
             slain
             by
             Cassius
             .
          
           
             DOlabella
             had
             not
             the
             same
             success
             in
             Syria
             ,
             where
             Cassius
             made
             War
             upon
             him
             with
             12
             Legions
             ,
             and
             a
             body
             of
             Parthian
             Cavalry
             ,
             whom
             his
             reputation
             had
             drawn
             into
             his
             service
             .
             Dolabella
             had
             got
             together
             a
             great
             Fleet
             of
             Ships
             out
             of
             
               Lycia
               ,
               Rhodes
            
             and
             Cilicia
             ,
             which
             Figulus
             Commanded
             under
             him
             :
             for
             himself
             ,
             he
             was
             got
             into
             Laodicea
             ,
             with
             two
             Legions
             ,
             where
             Cassius
             besieged
             him
             ,
             and
             sent
             orders
             into
             
               Phoenicia
               ,
               Libya
            
             and
             Rhodes
             ,
             for
             the
             procuring
             of
             Ships
             also
             .
             The
             names
             of
             these
             Provinces
             being
             often
             mentioned
             in
             this
             History
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             but
             reasonable
             to
             give
             some
             account
             in
             gross
             of
             what
             they
             are
             at
             present
             .
             Syria
             was
             a
             place
             of
             great
             extent
             ,
             and
             contained
             all
             those
             Countries
             which
             are
             upon
             the
             Coast
             of
             the
             Mediterranean
             Sea
             from
             the
             Gulph
             of
             Issica
             ,
             at
             present
             called
             the
             gulph
             of
             Laiazzo
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             Aegypt
             ,
             for
             Palestine
             ,
             (
             called
             at
             present
             the
             Holy-Land
             )
             was
             comprised
             under
             the
             name
             and
             Government
             of
             the
             lower
             Syria
             ,
             the
             largeness
             of
             that
             Province
             reached
             as
             far
             as
             Euphrates
             .
             The
             rest
             of
             Asia
             ,
             which
             was
             subject
             to
             the
             Romans
             ,
             was
             called
             Natolia
             ,
             or
             the
             lesser
             Asia
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             at
             present
             ,
             and
             contained
             a
             great
             many
             Provinces
             from
             Laiazzo
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Euxine
             Sea
             ,
             which
             we
             call
             the
             black
             Sea
             ,
             
             all
             that
             Countrey
             being
             at
             present
             subjected
             to
             the
             Turk
             ;
             it
             was
             then
             very
             much
             peopled
             ,
             though
             it
             be
             not
             so
             now
             ,
             except
             upon
             the
             Sea
             Coasts
             .
             Phoenicia
             is
             that
             little
             Countrey
             ,
             where
             stood
             the
             Cities
             of
             Tyre
             and
             Sidon
             ,
             at
             present
             Sur
             and
             Sayde
             ;
             and
             Libya
             contained
             all
             that
             Coast
             of
             Africa
             ,
             called
             at
             present
             Barbary
             ,
             from
             Tripolis
             as
             far
             as
             Algier
             .
             We
             may
             find
             a
             more
             exact
             description
             in
             Geographical
             Writings
             ,
             but
             this
             is
             sufficient
             for
             our
             understanding
             of
             the
             present
             History
             .
             Cassius
             his
             orders
             were
             but
             very
             ill
             executed
             ,
             for
             the
             Sidonians
             onely
             sent
             him
             Ships
             ,
             the
             Rhodians
             excusing
             themselves
             ,
             and
             Libya
             was
             wholly
             submitted
             to
             Caesar
             by
             the
             Victory
             of
             
               Sextius
               .
               Cassius
            
             with
             what
             Ships
             he
             had
             went
             and
             attacked
             the
             Fleet
             of
             Dolabella
             ,
             who
             put
             him
             to
             flight
             ,
             and
             took
             five
             of
             his
             Ships
             ,
             which
             forced
             him
             to
             dispatch
             more
             pressing
             Orders
             even
             to
             Cleopatra
             ,
             but
             as
             the
             inclinations
             of
             that
             Queen
             were
             not
             much
             disposed
             towards
             that
             Party
             ,
             she
             excused
             her self
             upon
             the
             Famine
             which
             at
             that
             time
             raged
             in
             Aegypt
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             she
             put
             to
             Sea
             a
             powerfull
             Fleet
             to
             succour
             Dolabella
             ,
             but
             the
             Winds
             and
             Tempests
             opposed
             her
             design
             ,
             and
             her
             Fleet
             being
             much
             shattered
             and
             indamaged
             ,
             became
             of
             no
             use
             at
             that
             time
             to
             Caesar's
             Party
             .
             Serapion
             ,
             who
             Commanded
             for
             her
             in
             the
             Island
             of
             Cyprus
             ,
             took
             other
             measures
             ,
             he
             came
             and
             joined
             Cassius's
             Fleet
             with
             a
             great
             supply
             of
             Ships
             ,
             those
             of
             Tyre
             sent
             him
             some
             also
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             he
             found
             
             himself
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             block
             up
             Dolabella
             both
             by
             Sea
             and
             Land.
             Cleopatra
             afterwards
             disavowed
             what
             Serapion
             had
             done
             ,
             but
             there
             is
             great
             reason
             to
             believe
             that
             she
             managed
             her self
             so
             between
             both
             Parties
             ,
             to
             see
             on
             which
             side
             Fortune
             would
             declare
             her self
             .
             The
             Lycians
             and
             Rhodians
             sent
             word
             to
             Cassius
             that
             they
             would
             have
             nothing
             to
             doe
             with
             the
             Roman
             Wars
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             Ships
             which
             they
             had
             lent
             Dolabella
             ,
             had
             no
             orders
             to
             fight
             .
             This
             answer
             provoked
             Cassius
             ,
             but
             he
             judged
             it
             was
             no
             proper
             time
             at
             present
             to
             shew
             that
             resentment
             ,
             which
             afterwards
             caused
             the
             desolation
             of
             those
             two
             Provinces
             .
             He
             attacked
             Dolabella
             ,
             who
             made
             a
             great
             defence
             by
             land
             ,
             and
             fought
             one
             Battel
             with
             equal
             advantage
             ,
             but
             his
             Fleet
             was
             intirely
             defeated
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             having
             corrupted
             some
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             Garrison
             took
             the
             City
             of
             Laodicea
             by
             surprizal
             .
             Dolabella
             caused
             one
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             cut
             his
             throat
             ,
             who
             when
             he
             had
             done
             killed
             himself
             ,
             and
             the
             City
             was
             left
             to
             be
             plundered
             .
             Cassius
             caused
             the
             principal
             Citizens
             to
             be
             put
             to
             death
             ,
             and
             forc'd
             the
             others
             to
             redeem
             themselves
             at
             such
             great
             Ransomes
             ,
             that
             the
             City
             was
             utterly
             laid
             desolate
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXIX
             .
             Cassius
             lays
             waste
             the
             City
             of
             Tharsus
             .
             He
             joins
             himself
             with
             Brutus
             .
             They
             take
             measures
             for
             carrying
             on
             the
             War.
             
          
           
             THIS
             Victory
             put
             Cassius
             upon
             making
             new
             Conquests
             ,
             and
             he
             was
             threatning
             Cleopatra
             and
             her
             Kingdom
             ,
             when
             he
             received
             Letters
             from
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             sent
             him
             word
             ,
             
               That
               as
               the
               cares
               which
               they
               took
               to
               raise
               such
               powerfull
               Armies
               ,
               were
               not
               designed
               for
               their
               particular
               advancement
               ,
               but
               the
               liberty
               of
               their
               Countrey
               ;
               they
               ought
               not
               so
               much
               to
               think
               of
               gaining
               glory
               by
               new
               Conquests
               ,
               as
               destroying
               those
               who
               sought
               the
               ruine
               of
               that
               liberty
               :
               that
               therefore
               it
               was
               high
               time
               to
               turn
               their
               thoughts
               towards
            
             Italy
             ,
             
               which
               now
               groaned
               under
               the
               oppression
               of
               Tyrants
               .
               Cassius
               ,
            
             who
             had
             great
             respect
             for
             Brutus
             his
             Vertue
             ,
             quitted
             his
             enterprise
             ,
             and
             marched
             directly
             to
             him
             .
             The
             City
             of
             Tharsus
             stood
             unhappily
             in
             his
             way
             ,
             it
             was
             at
             that
             time
             divided
             into
             two
             different
             Factions
             ,
             which
             were
             the
             cause
             of
             its
             ruine
             ;
             they
             had
             honoured
             Cassius
             with
             a
             Crown
             of
             Gold
             when
             he
             came
             into
             Syria
             ,
             and
             another
             Party
             had
             done
             the
             same
             Honours
             to
             Dolabella
             .
             They
             had
             also
             charged
             some
             of
             Cimber's
             Troops
             ,
             who
             came
             to
             join
             Cassius's
             Army
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             he
             Condemned
             them
             to
             the
             payment
             of
             1500
             Talents
             ;
             for
             the
             furnishing
             of
             this
             sum
             ,
             they
             first
             sold
             the
             Goods
             of
             the
             Publick
             ,
             
             and
             the
             Ornaments
             of
             their
             Temples
             ,
             afterwards
             their
             Children
             of
             both
             Sexes
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             their
             Women
             and
             their
             old
             Men
             ;
             and
             as
             the
             Price
             of
             all
             these
             things
             did
             not
             amount
             to
             the
             Tax
             ,
             they
             found
             themselves
             reduced
             to
             sell
             their
             young
             Men
             ,
             some
             whereof
             in
             despair
             hanged
             themselves
             .
             This
             cruel
             necessity
             did
             at
             last
             move
             Cassius
             to
             pity
             ,
             who
             remitted
             them
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             payment
             ,
             but
             the
             City
             remained
             in
             a
             very
             miserable
             condition
             .
             Brutus
             staid
             for
             him
             hard
             by
             Smyrna
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             in
             passing
             through
             Europe
             into
             Asia
             ,
             that
             he
             caused
             that
             famous
             Medal
             to
             be
             stamped
             with
             his
             own
             Image
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             and
             on
             the
             reverse
             a
             Cap
             ,
             the
             mark
             of
             Liberty
             between
             two
             Poniards
             ,
             with
             these
             words
             ,
             
               Eidus
               Martias
            
             (
             that
             is
             to
             say
             )
             the
             day
             of
             the
             Ides
             of
             March.
             They
             met
             extremely
             joyfull
             to
             see
             themselves
             followed
             by
             such
             great
             Forces
             ,
             as
             put
             them
             into
             a
             condition
             of
             disputing
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             and
             Liberty
             ,
             after
             having
             left
             Rome
             in
             a
             miserable
             condition
             ,
             despoiled
             of
             all
             their
             Fortune
             without
             Money
             ,
             and
             without
             Forces
             .
             Brutus
             had
             drained
             his
             Finances
             for
             the
             equipping
             of
             a
             Fleet
             ,
             so
             he
             demanded
             of
             Cassius
             half
             of
             that
             Money
             which
             he
             had
             raised
             in
             Asia
             .
             This
             Proposition
             offended
             Cassius's
             Friends
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             take
             it
             well
             that
             the
             fruit
             of
             their
             toils
             ,
             and
             the
             hazards
             they
             had
             run
             ,
             should
             be
             divided
             for
             the
             inriching
             of
             Brutus's
             Souldiers
             ;
             Cassius
             also
             thought
             no
             less
             ,
             but
             however
             durst
             not
             refuse
             a
             third
             of
             what
             he
             had
             gotten
             .
             Then
             they
             fell
             to
             debating
             
             what
             measures
             they
             ought
             to
             take
             .
             Brutus
             was
             for
             passing
             into
             Greece
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             were
             expected
             with
             fourty
             Legions
             ,
             and
             where
             
               Decidius
               Saxa
            
             ,
             and
             Norbanus
             were
             already
             arrived
             with
             eight
             .
             Cassius
             said
             ,
             
               That
               that
               great
               number
               of
               Forces
               ought
               to
               render
               them
               the
               less
               formidable
               ,
               since
               they
               would
               find
               in
               that
               Countrey
               two
               Enemies
               ,
               which
               were
               Want
               and
               Famine
               ,
               to
               fight
               against
               them
               .
               That
               they
               ought
               therefore
               to
               leave
               them
               to
               be
               destroyed
               by
               those
               means
               ,
               and
               to
               attack
            
             Rhodes
             
               and
               the
               Lycians
               ,
               by
               that
               means
               to
               leave
               the
               Enemy
               no
               relief
               or
               retreat
               behind
               them
               .
            
             His
             advice
             was
             followed
             ,
             and
             the
             Armies
             divided
             ,
             Brutus
             marched
             against
             the
             Lycians
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             against
             Rhodes
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XL.
             Cassius
             attacks
             Rhodes
             .
             The
             siege
             of
             that
             City
             .
             The
             taking
             and
             desolation
             of
             Rhodes
             by
             Cassius
             .
          
           
             THAT
             City
             was
             at
             this
             time
             very
             strong
             ,
             and
             in
             great
             reputation
             for
             its
             Naval
             Forces
             ,
             they
             had
             three
             and
             thirty
             Ships
             of
             War
             ,
             besides
             a
             great
             many
             other
             small
             Vessels
             ,
             all
             which
             had
             rendred
             that
             People
             very
             sturdy
             and
             insolent
             .
             The
             most
             Wise
             ,
             and
             the
             richest
             amongst
             them
             ,
             who
             dreaded
             the
             Valour
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             prevailed
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             that
             some
             body
             should
             be
             sent
             to
             Cassius
             to
             make
             an
             excuse
             for
             those
             succours
             which
             they
             had
             given
             Dolabella
             ,
             with
             offers
             to
             follow
             the
             orders
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             Cassius
             answered
             the
             Deputies
             ,
             
               That
               they
               ought
               to
               defend
               themselves
               by
               Arms
               ,
               and
               not
               by
               such
               pitifull
               reasons
               ,
               that
               to
               give
               proof
               of
               their
               neutrality
               ,
               they
               ought
               to
               assist
               him
               as
               they
               had
               aided
            
             Dolabella
             .
             
               That
               in
               respect
               of
               the
               orders
               of
               the
               Senate
               ,
               the
               Proposition
               which
               they
               made
               of
               observing
               them
               was
               ridiculous
               ,
               since
               they
               could
               not
               be
               ignorant
               that
               the
               greatest
               part
               of
               the
               Senatours
               were
               dispersed
               by
               the
               cruelty
               of
               those
               Tyrants
               who
               oppressed
               the
               City
               of
            
             Rome
             .
             
               That
               he
               should
               find
               yet
               a
               way
               how
               to
               punish
               those
               Tyrants
               ,
               and
               Chastise
               the
               Rhodians
               also
               if
               they
               would
               not
               obey
               .
            
             This
             answer
             terrified
             all
             those
             who
             were
             capable
             of
             any
             consideration
             ,
             but
             the
             rash
             and
             silly
             People
             immediately
             chose
             them
             Captains
             .
             
             They
             spoke
             of
             nothing
             but
             the
             Victories
             which
             they
             had
             obtained
             against
             *
             Mithridates
             and
             †
             
               Demetrius
               .
               Cassius
            
             (
             said
             they
             )
             
               is
               neither
               so
               great
               a
               Man
               ,
               nor
               an
               abter
               Officer
               .
            
             He
             had
             heretofore
             studied
             at
             Rhodes
             ,
             where
             his
             Tutour
             still
             lived
             ,
             being
             a
             learned
             Man
             ,
             and
             of
             very
             agreeable
             conversation
             ,
             whose
             name
             was
             Archelaus
             .
             He
             coming
             to
             give
             Cassius
             a
             visit
             ,
             (
             who
             still
             preserved
             a
             respect
             for
             his
             Person
             )
             represented
             to
             him
             the
             glory
             and
             vertue
             of
             the
             ancient
             Inhabitants
             of
             Rhodes
             ,
             the
             fidelity
             which
             they
             had
             ever
             preserved
             towards
             the
             Roman
             People
             ,
             their
             Alliances
             confirmed
             by
             so
             many
             Oaths
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             the
             Education
             and
             good
             Literature
             which
             Cassius
             had
             received
             in
             that
             City
             .
             Cassius
             answered
             ,
             That
             Archelaus
             
               must
               have
               done
               him
               wrong
               ,
               if
               he
               had
               not
               counselled
               the
               Rhodians
               to
               have
               imbraced
               his
               interests
               ,
               but
               that
               if
               he
               had
               given
               them
               that
               Counsel
               ,
               he
               came
               to
               support
               them
               with
               his
               Arms.
            
             He
             complained
             of
             the
             succours
             they
             had
             given
             to
             
               Dolabella
               ,
               That
               the
               fidelity
               and
               those
               alliances
               which
               they
               alledged
               ,
               ought
               to
               be
               an
               obligation
               upon
               them
               to
               support
               the
               liberty
               of
            
             Rome
             ,
             
               and
               those
               who
               defended
               it
               .
               That
               he
               demanded
               succours
               of
               them
               as
               Pretor
               ,
               created
               by
               the
               Senate
               ,
               and
               the
               honestest
               party
               of
               the
               Roman
               People
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               name
               of
               many
               noble
               Senatours
               and
               other
               Romans
               who
               were
               with
               him
               .
               That
               if
               they
               would
               not
               acknowledge
               him
               in
               that
               Quality
               ,
               neither
               he
               nor
               those
               Senatours
               could
               look
               upon
               them
               any
               otherways
               than
               as
               Strangers
               and
               Enemies
               .
            
             After
             this
             answer
             Archelaus
             took
             his
             leave
             ,
             the
             Rhodians
             immediately
             put
             
             their
             Fleet
             to
             Sea
             under
             two
             Commanders
             ,
             whose
             names
             were
             Alexander
             and
             Manasses
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             meet
             Cassius
             as
             far
             as
             Gnidos
             .
             This
             was
             the
             same
             place
             where
             they
             had
             beaten
             the
             Army
             of
             Mithridates
             ,
             which
             seemed
             a
             favourable
             Omen
             to
             their
             present
             undertaking
             .
             Cassius
             having
             caused
             his
             Fleet
             to
             advance
             ,
             the
             fight
             became
             long
             and
             bloudy
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Valour
             of
             the
             Rhodians
             ,
             and
             the
             nimbleness
             of
             their
             Ships
             ,
             till
             at
             last
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             was
             stronger
             in
             number
             ,
             hemmed
             them
             in
             ,
             and
             rendred
             that
             nimbleness
             useless
             ,
             so
             being
             forced
             to
             lye
             still
             as
             they
             fought
             ,
             they
             lost
             five
             of
             their
             Vessels
             ,
             the
             rest
             with
             much
             adoe
             saved
             themselves
             ,
             but
             extremely
             shattered
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             came
             before
             Rhodes
             ,
             where
             he
             had
             another
             Sea
             Battel
             ,
             in
             which
             the
             Rhodians
             being
             again
             defeated
             ,
             Cassius
             landed
             with
             his
             Troops
             ,
             and
             attacked
             the
             City
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             many
             Sallies
             made
             by
             the
             besieged
             .
             He
             caused
             Towers
             to
             be
             raised
             of
             Wood
             near
             the
             Walls
             ,
             from
             whence
             they
             very
             much
             incommoded
             the
             besieged
             ,
             who
             were
             forced
             to
             demand
             Composition
             ,
             which
             while
             it
             was
             in
             Treaty
             ,
             the
             rich
             Party
             opened
             the
             Gates
             to
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             entred
             into
             the
             City
             ,
             where
             he
             caused
             a
             Tribunal
             to
             be
             raised
             ,
             and
             a
             Launce
             planted
             before
             him
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             the
             Custome
             of
             the
             Roman
             Generals
             when
             ever
             they
             had
             taken
             a
             City
             by
             force
             :
             he
             forbade
             his
             Souldiers
             upon
             pain
             of
             death
             to
             offer
             at
             any
             pillage
             ,
             he
             caused
             fifteeen
             of
             the
             most
             obstinate
             Citizens
             to
             be
             brought
             before
             him
             ,
             
             whom
             he
             put
             to
             death
             ,
             he
             condemned
             five
             and
             twenty
             more
             ,
             who
             had
             made
             their
             escape
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             Commanded
             ,
             
               That
               all
               the
               Gold
               and
               Silver
               which
               was
               either
               in
               the
               Temples
               ,
               or
               other
               publick
               places
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               particular
               Coffers
               ,
               should
               within
               a
               prefixt
               time
               be
               brought
               to
               him
               .
            
             And
             to
             the
             end
             that
             no
             man
             might
             dare
             to
             conceal
             any
             ,
             the
             Order
             ran
             upon
             pain
             of
             death
             .
             He
             promised
             also
             the
             tenth
             part
             to
             Persons
             that
             were
             free
             ,
             and
             liberty
             to
             all
             such
             Slaves
             as
             should
             discover
             any
             that
             was
             hidden
             .
             This
             succeeded
             with
             him
             accordingly
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             punishment
             of
             three
             or
             four
             who
             had
             put
             their
             Wealth
             out
             of
             the
             way
             ,
             the
             terrour
             of
             death
             ,
             and
             fear
             of
             Discoverers
             forced
             all
             the
             rest
             to
             bring
             to
             light
             what
             they
             had
             hidden
             either
             in
             Pits
             ,
             Tombs
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             places
             .
             By
             this
             means
             Cassius
             got
             together
             great
             sums
             of
             Money
             at
             the
             expence
             of
             the
             City
             of
             Rhodes
             ,
             and
             gave
             order
             also
             that
             those
             of
             Asia
             should
             advance
             ten
             years
             of
             those
             Taxes
             which
             they
             paid
             to
             the
             Romans
             .
             He
             sent
             afterwards
             Marcus
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             with
             sixty
             Ships
             to
             go
             and
             plunder
             Peloponnesus
             ,
             and
             oppose
             Cleopatra
             ,
             who
             was
             said
             to
             have
             put
             a
             powerfull
             Fleet
             to
             Sea
             in
             favour
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLI
             .
             Brutus
             enters
             into
             Lycia
             .
             He
             besieges
             the
             City
             Xanthus
             .
          
           
             THE
             desolation
             of
             that
             famous
             Grecian
             City
             was
             doubtless
             the
             reason
             why
             Plutarch
             ,
             who
             was
             otherways
             a
             very
             good
             Historian
             ,
             has
             written
             ,
             That
             Cassius
             
               used
               this
               Conquest
               of
            
             Rhodes
             
               neither
               with
               Humanity
               nor
               Modesty
            
             .
             For
             we
             cannot
             look
             upon
             the
             punishment
             of
             fifteen
             Mutineers
             as
             any
             great
             mark
             of
             Inhumanity
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             Wealth
             of
             the
             Inhabitants
             it
             did
             belong
             to
             him
             by
             the
             right
             of
             War.
             But
             as
             Plutarch
             was
             a
             Grecian
             ,
             the
             love
             of
             his
             Countrey
             has
             in
             spight
             of
             his
             Philosophy
             transported
             him
             upon
             several
             occasions
             ,
             so
             that
             though
             his
             Works
             be
             one
             of
             the
             finest
             pieces
             that
             any
             of
             the
             Ancients
             have
             left
             us
             ,
             we
             may
             observe
             to
             the
             same
             purpose
             that
             the
             most
             Wise
             and
             Learned
             Men
             (
             for
             those
             were
             his
             Qualities
             )
             have
             not
             been
             able
             sometimes
             to
             avoid
             shewing
             the
             marks
             of
             humane
             frailty
             .
             Brutus
             ,
             whom
             that
             Authour
             hath
             so
             highly
             praised
             ,
             proceeded
             much
             more
             cruelly
             in
             Lycia
             .
             The
             City
             of
             Xanthus
             was
             one
             of
             the
             strongest
             places
             in
             that
             Province
             .
             Brutus
             after
             some
             light
             Rencounters
             had
             forced
             all
             those
             who
             bore
             Arms
             to
             shut
             themselves
             up
             there
             ,
             and
             then
             besieged
             them
             .
             Lycia
             is
             a
             Province
             of
             the
             lesser
             Asia
             ,
             and
             its
             name
             seems
             to
             be
             derived
             from
             the
             word
             Lyces
             ,
             
             which
             in
             Greek
             signifies
             a
             Wolf
             ,
             the
             stoutness
             of
             those
             People
             holding
             much
             resemblance
             with
             the
             fierceness
             of
             that
             Creature
             .
             The
             River
             of
             Xanthus
             ,
             from
             whence
             the
             City
             had
             its
             name
             ,
             ran
             through
             the
             middle
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             many
             saved
             themselves
             by
             night
             with
             swimming
             under
             water
             through
             that
             River
             ,
             where
             Brutus
             laid
             Nets
             with
             Bells
             tied
             to
             them
             ,
             who
             by
             the
             noise
             they
             made
             ,
             gave
             notice
             when
             any
             were
             plunged
             into
             them
             ,
             the
             Ditches
             of
             the
             City
             were
             very
             deep
             ,
             and
             fifteen
             paces
             broad
             ,
             and
             the
             Xanthians
             from
             their
             Walls
             launced
             a
             great
             many
             Darts
             against
             the
             Romans
             ,
             who
             endeavour'd
             to
             fill
             up
             those
             Ditches
             :
             against
             these
             Darts
             Brutus
             caused
             Pallisado's
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             divided
             his
             Troops
             into
             several
             bodies
             to
             go
             and
             fetch
             Baskets
             of
             earth
             ,
             he
             caused
             so
             great
             a
             number
             of
             them
             to
             be
             brought
             ,
             that
             he
             filled
             up
             the
             Ditch
             ,
             after
             which
             his
             Souldiers
             came
             to
             blows
             with
             those
             who
             defended
             the
             out-works
             of
             the
             Walls
             ,
             and
             drove
             them
             into
             the
             Town
             .
             The
             Wall
             being
             fiercely
             battered
             by
             the
             Rams
             ,
             and
             falling
             down
             in
             several
             places
             ,
             Brutus
             drew
             off
             his
             Men
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             give
             the
             Enemy
             time
             to
             Capitulate
             ,
             but
             the
             Xanthians
             looking
             upon
             this
             as
             an
             effect
             of
             fear
             ,
             made
             a
             fierce
             Sally
             out
             of
             the
             Town
             to
             set
             fire
             to
             the
             Engines
             ,
             when
             the
             Romans
             turning
             upon
             them
             ,
             charged
             them
             so
             home
             ,
             that
             those
             who
             were
             at
             the
             Gates
             ,
             were
             forced
             to
             lock
             them
             ,
             fearing
             lest
             the
             Enemy
             should
             enter
             the
             Town
             with
             those
             
             who
             fled
             ;
             so
             all
             those
             Xanthians
             who
             remained
             without
             were
             cut
             in
             pieces
             ,
             which
             nevertheless
             hindred
             not
             another
             Sally
             about
             Noon
             ,
             which
             was
             performed
             so
             vigorously
             ,
             that
             Brutus's
             Engines
             were
             abandoned
             and
             burnt
             .
             Upon
             this
             ,
             shame
             and
             despight
             made
             the
             Romans
             Rally
             ,
             and
             drive
             back
             the
             Enemy
             again
             to
             the
             Gates
             ,
             who
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             former
             accident
             were
             not
             now
             locked
             .
             The
             Romans
             entred
             Pell-mell
             with
             those
             whom
             they
             pursued
             ,
             when
             immediately
             the
             Portcullis
             was
             let
             down
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             near
             two
             thousand
             Roman
             Souldiers
             who
             had
             gotten
             entrance
             ,
             were
             shut
             up
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             being
             overwhelmed
             with
             Darts
             and
             Stones
             ,
             which
             were
             thrown
             at
             them
             from
             the
             tops
             of
             the
             Ramparts
             ,
             they
             Rallied
             themselves
             ,
             and
             got
             possession
             of
             the
             Temple
             of
             Sarpedon
             ,
             who
             had
             heretofore
             been
             King
             of
             Lycia
             ,
             and
             was
             slain
             in
             the
             Trojan
             War.
             The
             extreme
             danger
             these
             People
             were
             in
             ,
             put
             all
             Brutus's
             Army
             upon
             finding
             out
             a
             way
             how
             they
             might
             speedily
             succour
             them
             ,
             the
             Ladders
             were
             burnt
             ,
             and
             some
             were
             for
             making
             new
             ones
             ,
             but
             that
             being
             an
             expedient
             which
             would
             take
             up
             too
             much
             time
             ,
             they
             made
             use
             of
             the
             Masts
             of
             Ships
             to
             mount
             by
             ,
             others
             fastened
             great
             Nails
             to
             a
             Cord
             ,
             which
             they
             threw
             up
             upon
             the
             Wall
             ,
             and
             when
             ever
             the
             Nail
             took
             hold
             on
             any
             place
             ,
             got
             up
             by
             the
             Cord.
             Thus
             they
             tried
             a
             hundred
             useless
             ways
             e'er
             they
             could
             find
             a
             good
             one
             ,
             when
             a
             certain
             people
             called
             Inandes
             ,
             who
             were
             Neighbours
             and
             Enemies
             
             to
             the
             Xanthians
             ,
             and
             who
             were
             in
             Brutus's
             Army
             ,
             contrived
             to
             get
             up
             by
             certain
             Rocks
             almost
             inaccessible
             ,
             which
             were
             joined
             on
             one
             side
             to
             the
             Walls
             of
             the
             Town
             ;
             several
             Romans
             followed
             them
             ,
             and
             notwithstanding
             the
             Enemies
             Darts
             ,
             which
             killed
             them
             many
             men
             ,
             they
             got
             upon
             the
             top
             of
             the
             Walls
             ,
             from
             thence
             with
             their
             hands
             they
             helped
             up
             their
             Companions
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             got
             in
             great
             numbers
             upon
             the
             Ramparts
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XLII
             .
             The
             taking
             of
             Xanthus
             .
             The
             fury
             and
             despair
             of
             the
             Xanthians
             .
          
           
             THERE
             was
             near
             this
             place
             a
             Gate
             shut
             up
             and
             fastened
             with
             beams
             and
             other
             things
             of
             that
             nature
             ,
             thither
             the
             Romans
             ,
             who
             were
             upon
             the
             Rampart
             ,
             ran
             in
             great
             haste
             ,
             and
             soon
             found
             out
             a
             way
             to
             destroy
             what
             filled
             up
             the
             Gate
             ;
             so
             by
             that
             means
             Brutus's
             Troops
             entred
             the
             Town
             ,
             making
             horrible
             Cries
             to
             animate
             their
             Companions
             ,
             and
             terrify
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             who
             furiously
             attacked
             the
             Temple
             of
             Sarpedon
             ;
             but
             when
             they
             perceived
             that
             the
             City
             was
             taken
             ,
             dispersed
             themselves
             in
             a
             moment
             ,
             and
             retreated
             every
             one
             to
             his
             own
             House
             .
             The
             Romans
             surprized
             at
             this
             retreat
             ,
             were
             more
             amazed
             when
             they
             saw
             several
             places
             
             of
             the
             Town
             in
             flames
             ,
             for
             these
             Lycians
             ,
             driven
             by
             a
             fury
             which
             was
             almost
             beyond
             imagination
             ,
             resolved
             to
             bury
             themselves
             in
             the
             ashes
             of
             their
             City
             ,
             either
             their
             natural
             fierceness
             having
             inspired
             them
             on
             a
             sudden
             with
             this
             desperate
             design
             ,
             or
             having
             premeditated
             and
             resolved
             upon
             it
             before
             .
             The
             Romans
             ran
             immediately
             to
             extinguish
             the
             fire
             ,
             but
             those
             mad
             people
             repulsed
             them
             with
             flights
             of
             Arrows
             and
             other
             Darts
             ,
             they
             cut
             the
             Throats
             of
             their
             Wifes
             ,
             their
             Children
             and
             their
             Slaves
             before
             the
             Souldiers
             faces
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             leapt
             into
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             flames
             ;
             others
             ran
             like
             wild
             Beasts
             upon
             their
             Enemies
             Weapons
             ,
             the
             very
             Children
             offered
             their
             Throats
             to
             their
             Fathers
             Swords
             ,
             or
             else
             threw
             themselves
             down
             from
             the
             tops
             of
             the
             Houses
             into
             the
             fire
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             Conflagration
             was
             over
             ,
             a
             Woman
             who
             had
             hanged
             her self
             ,
             was
             found
             holding
             in
             one
             hand
             her
             Child
             ,
             whom
             she
             had
             strangled
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             other
             a
             Torch
             ,
             wherewith
             she
             had
             set
             fire
             to
             her
             House
             .
             Brutus
             was
             not
             able
             to
             see
             this
             sad
             spectacle
             ,
             being
             so
             touched
             with
             it
             ,
             that
             he
             wept
             ,
             but
             did
             all
             that
             lay
             in
             his
             power
             to
             save
             the
             small
             remainders
             of
             those
             miserable
             people
             ,
             by
             declaring
             that
             he
             would
             give
             a
             reward
             to
             every
             Souldier
             who
             should
             bring
             him
             a
             Xanthian
             ,
             though
             all
             his
             cares
             were
             able
             to
             preserve
             no
             more
             than
             fifteen
             ,
             who
             notwithstanding
             complained
             ,
             
               That
               in
               spight
               of
               themselves
               their
               lives
               were
               preserved
               .
            
             This
             furious
             proceeding
             was
             it
             seems
             no
             new
             thing
             to
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             
             Xanthus
             ,
             for
             they
             had
             already
             made
             use
             of
             it
             twice
             before
             ,
             the
             first
             time
             when
             Cyrus's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             attacked
             them
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             when
             they
             were
             besieged
             by
             Alexander
             .
             From
             this
             City
             Brutus
             marched
             against
             Patarea
             ,
             but
             fearing
             the
             same
             desperate
             proceeding
             there
             which
             he
             had
             found
             at
             Xanthus
             ,
             he
             did
             not
             press
             it
             ,
             onely
             sent
             a
             Summons
             to
             the
             Inhabitants
             that
             they
             would
             not
             force
             him
             to
             destroy
             them
             ,
             and
             those
             Xanthians
             whom
             he
             had
             preserved
             ,
             were
             by
             his
             orders
             sent
             into
             Patarea
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             by
             telling
             the
             story
             of
             their
             own
             miseries
             ,
             they
             might
             make
             the
             others
             afraid
             ,
             and
             serve
             as
             well
             for
             Example
             as
             Instruction
             .
             He
             also
             set
             at
             liberty
             several
             Women
             who
             had
             fallen
             into
             his
             hands
             ,
             and
             by
             those
             mild
             proceedings
             was
             at
             last
             successfull
             ,
             for
             the
             City
             surrendred
             it self
             ,
             and
             Brutus
             according
             to
             the
             example
             of
             Cassius
             ,
             gave
             out
             severe
             orders
             ,
             
               That
               all
               the
               gold
               and
               silver
               that
               could
               be
               found
               there
               should
               be
               brought
               to
               him
            
             ;
             but
             that
             which
             he
             did
             better
             than
             Cassius
             was
             ,
             that
             he
             Condemned
             a
             Slave
             who
             had
             given
             advice
             of
             a
             certain
             Treasure
             that
             his
             Master
             had
             hidden
             ,
             the
             Masters
             Mother
             declared
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               she
               who
               had
               concealed
               the
               Money
               ,
            
             but
             the
             Slave
             without
             being
             interrogated
             ,
             maintained
             the
             contrary
             ,
             and
             the
             Master
             said
             not
             a
             word
             ;
             but
             Brutus
             considering
             that
             the
             insolence
             of
             this
             Slave
             proceeded
             from
             no
             other
             grounds
             than
             the
             hatred
             which
             he
             bore
             to
             his
             Master
             ,
             sent
             him
             to
             the
             Gibbet
             ,
             and
             restored
             to
             the
             Mother
             and
             her
             Son
             both
             their
             Money
             
             and
             their
             Liberty
             .
             Another
             action
             of
             Justice
             got
             him
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Honour
             .
             Theodotus
             was
             the
             Man
             who
             had
             the
             most
             contributed
             to
             the
             death
             of
             Pompey
             the
             Great
             ,
             by
             that
             Harangue
             which
             he
             made
             at
             Ptolemey's
             Council
             Board
             .
             This
             Man
             was
             in
             Asia
             ,
             where
             he
             sculk'd
             about
             from
             Town
             to
             Town
             ;
             but
             Brutus
             caused
             him
             to
             be
             seized
             upon
             and
             put
             to
             a
             cruel
             death
             ,
             and
             the
             punishment
             of
             this
             speech-maker
             was
             a
             very
             welcome
             thing
             to
             all
             the
             Princes
             of
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             great
             Veneration
             for
             the
             Memory
             of
             Pompey
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LXIII
             .
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             caused
             their
             Troops
             to
             pass
             into
             
               Macedonia
               .
               Cassius
            
             joins
             himself
             with
             Brutus
             .
             Their
             interview
             .
          
           
             IT
             was
             much
             about
             this
             time
             that
             Brutus's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             surprized
             the
             Port
             of
             Smyrna
             ,
             and
             drew
             great
             Sums
             of
             Money
             out
             of
             that
             City
             .
             He
             went
             afterwards
             to
             find
             out
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             to
             his
             own
             Fleet
             had
             joined
             the
             Lycian
             Ships
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             intirely
             Conquered
             ,
             and
             sent
             them
             to
             Abydos
             to
             stay
             there
             for
             Cassius
             ,
             his
             design
             was
             to
             unite
             their
             Forces
             with
             those
             of
             young
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             so
             act
             jointly
             against
             Italy
             .
             But
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             prevented
             them
             ,
             and
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             indeavours
             of
             Cassius's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             past
             their
             Troops
             into
             Macedonia
             after
             this
             manner
             ;
             Caesar
             had
             caused
             Salvidienus
             to
             attack
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             while
             his
             Land
             Army
             was
             with
             him
             at
             Rhegium
             ,
             fought
             a
             great
             Battel
             in
             the
             straits
             of
             C●●sar's
             Ships
             being
             heavy
             ,
             and
             not
             easily
             to
             be
             managed
             at
             first
             suffered
             very
             much
             ,
             but
             the
             Valour
             of
             those
             Souldiers
             who
             were
             on
             board
             ,
             maintained
             the
             Combat
             till
             night
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             Cause
             that
             the
             two
             Fleets
             separated
             with
             equal
             advantage
             ,
             though
             disabled
             from
             any
             farther
             service
             for
             a
             long
             time
             .
             During
             the
             time
             of
             this
             Battel
             ,
             Antonius
             had
             besieged
             Marcus
             in
             a
             Port
             near
             Brundusium
             ,
             but
             that
             Lieutenant
             being
             almost
             equal
             to
             him
             in
             
             number
             of
             Ships
             ,
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             call
             Caesar
             ;
             afterwards
             Marcus
             retreated
             and
             kept
             the
             Sea
             with
             a
             design
             to
             annoy
             those
             Vessels
             who
             were
             to
             transport
             the
             Triumvirates
             Forces
             ,
             but
             the
             Winds
             broke
             his
             Measures
             ,
             and
             were
             so
             favourable
             to
             the
             others
             ,
             both
             in
             their
             going
             and
             returning
             ,
             that
             not
             one
             of
             them
             was
             taken
             ,
             so
             he
             went
             to
             join
             Domitius
             ,
             and
             they
             made
             together
             130
             great
             Ships
             ,
             besides
             many
             other
             light
             Vessels
             which
             were
             to
             be
             employed
             for
             hindring
             the
             passage
             of
             any
             Provisions
             into
             Macedonia
             ,
             which
             must
             have
             reduced
             the
             Triumvirate
             to
             the
             utmost
             necessity
             ,
             had
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             known
             how
             to
             manage
             their
             advantage
             .
             These
             two
             Generals
             had
             joined
             each
             other
             at
             Sandis
             ,
             where
             their
             Souldiers
             gave
             them
             the
             Title
             of
             Emperour
             ,
             there
             was
             at
             first
             some
             contest
             between
             them
             upon
             their
             different
             interests
             ,
             which
             they
             were
             resolved
             to
             regulate
             when
             they
             came
             face
             to
             face
             .
             The
             dispute
             grew
             very
             warm
             between
             them
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             first
             came
             to
             most
             severe
             Reproaches
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             to
             Tears
             .
             The
             discourse
             was
             so
             loud
             ,
             that
             Favonius
             ,
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             opposition
             of
             their
             Guards
             ,
             came
             into
             the
             Chamber
             where
             they
             were
             .
             Favonius
             was
             (
             to
             speak
             properly
             )
             Cato's
             Ape
             ,
             ridiculous
             as
             any
             Imitatour
             always
             must
             be
             ,
             with
             quickness
             enough
             indeed
             ,
             but
             little
             or
             no
             judgment
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             the
             most
             famous
             giddy
             brain
             pretender
             to
             Vertue
             and
             Philosophy
             ,
             which
             was
             in
             that
             time
             ;
             his
             Sect
             (
             we
             may
             well
             imagine
             )
             was
             that
             of
             the
             Cynicks
             ,
             he
             entred
             the
             Chamber
             
             with
             a
             very
             grave
             air
             ,
             pronouncing
             aloud
             a
             Verse
             of
             Homer
             ,
             which
             signifies
             ,
             
               Believe
               me
               ,
               for
               I
               am
               older
               than
               ye
               both
               .
               Cassius
            
             fell
             a
             laughing
             ,
             but
             Brutus
             drove
             him
             out
             again
             ,
             calling
             him
             ,
             
               a
               Dog
               and
               a
               Counterfeit
               Philosopher
               .
            
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             the
             Dispute
             ended
             ,
             and
             they
             went
             and
             supped
             together
             ,
             where
             Favonius
             was
             admitted
             to
             play
             the
             fool
             for
             the
             Company
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XLIV
             .
             Brutus
             sees
             a
             Ghost
             .
             Cassius
             satisfies
             him
             by
             his
             Reasons
             .
          
           
             THERE
             happened
             several
             other
             Disputes
             between
             them
             ,
             wherein
             Brutus
             evermore
             preserved
             the
             steadiness
             of
             his
             Character
             ,
             but
             as
             they
             are
             wide
             from
             the
             purpose
             ,
             we
             shall
             onely
             recount
             here
             that
             famous
             Story
             of
             a
             Ghost
             or
             Spectre
             which
             appeared
             to
             him
             in
             this
             place
             .
             Brutus
             was
             very
             sober
             ,
             and
             slept
             but
             little
             ,
             especially
             in
             time
             of
             War
             ,
             he
             onely
             lay
             down
             for
             a
             short
             while
             after
             Supper
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             night
             he
             was
             wont
             to
             employ
             one
             third
             for
             the
             dispatch
             of
             his
             Affairs
             ,
             another
             in
             Reading
             ,
             and
             the
             last
             in
             giving
             Orders
             .
             According
             to
             this
             Custome
             he
             was
             in
             his
             Tent
             very
             busie
             upon
             some
             thought
             which
             wholly
             took
             up
             his
             mind
             ,
             there
             was
             a
             general
             silence
             through
             all
             the
             Camp
             ,
             and
             especially
             round
             
             his
             Tent
             ,
             when
             of
             a
             sudden
             he
             heard
             a
             noise
             at
             the
             door
             ,
             which
             at
             the
             same
             time
             opened
             of
             its
             own
             accord
             ,
             he
             cast
             his
             Eye
             towards
             the
             place
             ,
             and
             perceived
             the
             frightfull
             figure
             of
             a
             hideous
             Spectre
             ,
             of
             a
             proportion
             much
             more
             than
             natural
             ,
             which
             presented
             it self
             before
             him
             ,
             he
             had
             nevertheless
             the
             Courage
             to
             speak
             to
             it
             ,
             demanding
             ,
             
               If
               it
               were
               a
               God
               or
               a
               Man
               ,
               and
               for
               what
               reason
               it
               came
               thither
               ?
               I
               am
               ,
            
             said
             the
             Ghost
             ,
             
               thy
               Evil
               Genius
            
             ,
             Brutus
             ,
             
               thou
               shalt
               see
               me
               again
               near
            
             Philippi
             .
             Brutus
             without
             being
             terrified
             ,
             answered
             again
             ,
             
               Well
               ,
               I
               will
               see
               thee
               ,
            
             so
             it
             disappeared
             ,
             and
             Brutus
             called
             up
             his
             Slaves
             ,
             who
             all
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               they
               had
               neither
               seen
               nor
               heard
               any
               thing
               .
            
             He
             continued
             waking
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             night
             ,
             and
             as
             soon
             as
             it
             was
             day
             ,
             went
             to
             give
             an
             account
             of
             what
             had
             happened
             to
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             as
             to
             his
             Philosophy
             was
             an
             Epicurean
             ,
             he
             attributed
             all
             the
             Vision
             merely
             to
             the
             weakness
             of
             the
             senses
             ,
             and
             the
             force
             of
             imagination
             ,
             which
             easily
             turns
             them
             towards
             all
             sorts
             of
             Idea's
             .
             This
             he
             maintained
             by
             the
             example
             of
             Dreams
             ,
             where
             the
             fancy
             forming
             different
             Images
             ,
             agitates
             the
             Organs
             of
             the
             Body
             after
             the
             same
             manner
             as
             they
             would
             be
             by
             outward
             objects
             .
             
               This
               is
               that
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             to
             Brutus
             ,
             
               which
               hath
               happened
               to
               you
               ,
               your
               senses
               being
               tired
               with
               fatiguing
               and
               watching
               ,
               have
               been
               easily
               imposed
               upon
               by
               the
               imagination
               .
               As
               for
               the
               rest
               ,
               that
               there
               are
               any
               such
               sort
               of
               Spirits
               here
               ,
               and
               that
               they
               have
               voice
               ,
               or
               humane
               shape
               ,
               or
               any
               power
               over
               us
               ,
               let
               us
               never
               believe
               it
               ,
               though
               I
               
               could
               earnestly
               wish
               it
               were
               so
               ,
               to
               the
               end
               that
               we
               might
               not
               onely
               rely
               upon
               those
               many
               Forces
               ,
               Arms
               and
               Ships
               which
               we
               have
               now
               attending
               on
               us
               ,
               but
               also
               upon
               the
               assistence
               of
               those
               immortal
               Beings
               who
               could
               not
               but
               be
               favourable
               to
               designs
               so
               Sacred
               and
               Iust
               as
               ours
               are
               .
            
             This
             discourse
             satisfied
             Brutus
             ,
             and
             he
             had
             afterwards
             an
             Omen
             which
             absolutely
             assured
             him
             ,
             two
             Eagles
             came
             to
             settle
             upon
             the
             foremost
             rank
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             that
             marched
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             and
             followed
             them
             till
             the
             evening
             before
             the
             Battel
             of
             Philippi
             .
             This
             is
             a
             City
             lying
             between
             Macedonia
             and
             Thracia
             ,
             near
             the
             narrow
             passages
             of
             Salapia
             and
             Torpida
             ,
             through
             which
             those
             who
             go
             out
             of
             Asia
             into
             Europe
             must
             of
             necessity
             pass
             .
             Norbanus
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Lieutenants
             ,
             had
             taken
             possession
             of
             those
             passages
             with
             very
             strong
             Forces
             ,
             so
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             following
             the
             advice
             of
             Rhascupolis
             King
             of
             Thrace
             ,
             resolved
             to
             take
             a
             long
             compass
             round
             by
             Lysimachia
             ,
             and
             arrived
             at
             the
             black
             Golph
             ,
             called
             at
             present
             Charidia
             ,
             where
             they
             came
             ashore
             .
             From
             thence
             they
             marched
             upon
             two
             Lines
             ,
             which
             took
             up
             the
             whole
             Land
             from
             the
             Sea
             up
             as
             far
             as
             *
             Enio
             ,
             and
             put
             one
             Legion
             on
             Board
             their
             Ships
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             Cymber
             one
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             to
             give
             some
             jealousie
             to
             Norbanus
             ,
             and
             force
             him
             to
             quit
             those
             passages
             before
             the
             arrival
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             were
             now
             marching
             with
             all
             speed
             to
             his
             relief
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLV
             .
             The
             Forces
             of
             Cassius
             and
             Brutus
             .
             Those
             of
             Antonius
             and
             
               Caesar.
               Cassius
            
             speaks
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             .
          
           
             IT
             was
             not
             without
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             terrour
             that
             every
             body
             stood
             expecting
             the
             success
             of
             these
             two
             powerfull
             Armies
             ,
             who
             were
             to
             decide
             the
             fortune
             of
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             .
             The
             Conspiratours
             Forces
             consisted
             of
             nineteen
             Legions
             ,
             which
             made
             in
             all
             24
             thousand
             Foot
             ,
             and
             20000
             Horse
             .
             The
             Triumviri's
             Legions
             were
             but
             nineteen
             ,
             for
             they
             had
             been
             forc't
             to
             leave
             Troops
             in
             Italy
             to
             make
             head
             against
             young
             Pompey
             .
             These
             Legions
             were
             better
             completed
             than
             the
             Conspiratours
             were
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             they
             were
             stronger
             in
             their
             Infantry
             ,
             which
             consisted
             of
             100000
             Men
             ,
             but
             they
             had
             onely
             thirteen
             thousand
             Horse
             .
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             resolved
             at
             this
             time
             to
             take
             a
             general
             review
             ,
             and
             speak
             to
             their
             Souldiers
             .
             These
             sort
             of
             Actions
             were
             of
             great
             Reputation
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             ,
             being
             always
             mingled
             with
             Religion
             ,
             they
             prepared
             a
             Magnificent
             Tribunal
             for
             their
             General
             Officers
             ,
             and
             before
             the
             Tribunal
             an
             Altar
             ,
             the
             Sacrificers
             in
             view
             of
             all
             the
             Army
             offered
             up
             three
             sorts
             of
             *
             Victims
             which
             they
             divided
             into
             two
             parts
             ,
             and
             these
             two
             parts
             they
             ranged
             on
             each
             side
             of
             the
             way
             which
             lead
             to
             the
             Altar
             .
             All
             the
             Officers
             and
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             
             Army
             marched
             one
             after
             another
             between
             those
             pieces
             of
             the
             Sacrifices
             which
             were
             thus
             ranged
             ,
             and
             went
             to
             the
             Altar
             to
             take
             the
             Oath
             .
             This
             they
             called
             *
             purifying
             of
             the
             Army
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             in
             this
             manner
             that
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             proceeded
             .
             They
             appeared
             upon
             the
             Tribunal
             ,
             having
             upon
             their
             right
             Hand
             the
             Magistrates
             and
             Roman
             Senatours
             ,
             and
             on
             their
             left
             those
             Princes
             who
             Commanded
             Foreign
             Troops
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             were
             all
             splendidly
             attired
             ,
             and
             adorned
             with
             the
             spoils
             of
             Asia
             .
             This
             was
             one
             of
             Brutus's
             Maximes
             ,
             who
             was
             of
             Opinion
             ,
             
               That
               the
               richness
               of
               their
               Habits
               and
               their
               Arms
               would
               make
               an
               addition
               of
               Courage
               to
               the
               Souldiers
               ;
               because
               ,
            
             said
             he
             ,
             
               those
               who
               have
               them
               ,
               will
               fight
               out
               of
               Covetousness
               to
               preserve
               them
               ,
               and
               those
               who
               are
               Ambitious
               ,
               for
               the
               honour
               of
               them
               .
            
             When
             the
             Sacrifice
             was
             over
             ,
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             elder
             Man
             ,
             took
             upon
             him
             to
             speak
             ,
             and
             represented
             to
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             
               That
               as
               both
               the
               Souldiers
               and
               Officers
               had
               in
               this
               War
               but
               one
               common
               Interest
               ,
               it
               was
               just
               that
               every
               one
               should
               reciprocally
               take
               such
               security
               as
               Generals
               always
               ought
               to
               have
               in
               their
               Troops
               ,
               and
               the
               Troops
               in
               their
               Generals
               ;
               That
               the
               foundation
               of
               that
               trust
               might
               be
               reasonably
               laid
               upon
               the
               assistence
               of
               so
               many
               Noble
               Romans
               Foreign
               Princes
               ,
               and
               Gallant
               Souldiers
               ,
               upon
               the
               abundance
               of
               Money
               and
               Provisions
               which
               yet
               their
               Enemies
               wanted
               ,
               upon
               their
               Naval
               Forces
               ,
               they
               being
               every
               where
               Masters
               at
               Sea.
            
             And
             in
             short
             ,
             upon
             the
             Justice
             of
             their
             Arms
             ,
             
               That
               they
               were
               not
               liable
               to
               any
               reproach
               except
               for
               the
               death
               of
            
             Julius
             Caesar
             ,
             
             
               who
               had
               deprived
               the
               Romans
               of
               all
               their
               Rights
               ,
               and
               the
               liberty
               of
               choosing
               Magistrates
               ,
               and
               who
               had
               established
               Tyranny
               in
               their
               City
               ;
               That
               all
               the
               Senate
               had
               consented
               to
               that
               action
               ,
               though
               onely
               a
               small
               number
               of
               them
               put
               it
               in
               execution
               .
            
             He
             inlarged
             himself
             very
             much
             upon
             this
             Point
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             proceeded
             to
             the
             Cruelty
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             At
             last
             he
             concluded
             with
             assuring
             them
             ,
             That
             2500
             
               Drachma's
               should
               be
               immediately
               given
               to
               the
               Souldiers
               ,
            
             5000
             
               to
               the
               Captains
               ,
               and
               double
               the
               sum
               to
               the
               Colonels
               .
            
             The
             Souldiers
             were
             extremely
             rejoyced
             to
             hear
             these
             words
             ,
             but
             much
             more
             when
             they
             saw
             the
             Money
             ,
             they
             thanked
             their
             Generals
             ,
             and
             after
             having
             bestowed
             sufficient
             Praises
             upon
             them
             ,
             prepared
             to
             march
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             chearfulness
             .
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             made
             also
             considerable
             Presents
             to
             the
             chief
             Officers
             and
             Commanders
             of
             the
             Foreign
             Troops
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             whole
             Army
             being
             very
             well
             satisfied
             ,
             advanced
             towards
             the
             Plain
             of
             Orica
             ,
             to
             the
             foot
             of
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             where
             are
             those
             narrow
             passages
             which
             I
             have
             before
             made
             mention
             of
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLVI
             .
             The
             two
             Armies
             draw
             near
             each
             other
             .
             A
             description
             of
             the
             City
             of
             Philippi
             and
             its
             out-works
             .
          
           
             UPON
             the
             news
             of
             this
             ,
             Norbanus
             sent
             word
             to
             Decidius
             to
             come
             and
             join
             him
             ,
             and
             when
             they
             were
             together
             ,
             they
             fortified
             themselves
             so
             well
             in
             the
             narrow
             passages
             ,
             that
             there
             was
             no
             possibility
             of
             any
             ways
             annoying
             them
             .
             Brutus
             being
             very
             much
             confounded
             ,
             consulted
             with
             Rhascupolis
             ,
             who
             was
             perfectly
             acquainted
             with
             all
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             that
             Prince
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               there
               was
               another
               passage
               over
               those
               rough
               Mountains
               ,
               but
               that
               it
               would
               take
               them
               up
               three
               days
               march
               ,
               and
               moreover
               they
               must
               want
               water
               ,
               but
               that
               if
               they
               would
               carry
               it
               with
               them
               ,
               he
               would
               undertake
               to
               conduct
               the
               Troops
               by
               the
               fourth
               day
               to
               the
               River
               of
            
             Arpessa
             ,
             
               which
               was
               but
               one
               days
               march
               from
               the
               City
               of
            
             Philippi
             ,
             
               and
               by
               a
               way
               where
               the
               very
               Birds
               themselves
               should
               never
               see
               them
               ,
               because
               of
               the
               height
               of
               the
               Trees
               which
               covered
               those
               narrow
               passages
               .
            
             The
             Souldiers
             being
             well
             incouraged
             ,
             resolved
             to
             pass
             through
             that
             place
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             difficulty
             of
             the
             ways
             ▪
             every
             one
             provided
             himself
             with
             Water
             ,
             and
             Bibulus
             led
             the
             Vanguard
             with
             Rhascupolis
             .
             The
             Troops
             suffered
             great
             hardship
             in
             this
             march
             ,
             and
             began
             also
             to
             want
             Water
             ,
             so
             they
             were
             already
             for
             accusing
             the
             King
             of
             Treason
             ,
             when
             their
             
             Scouts
             discovered
             the
             River
             ,
             they
             immediately
             signified
             their
             joy
             to
             the
             Army
             with
             great
             Cries
             ,
             to
             which
             all
             the
             Troops
             answered
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             Generals
             who
             were
             in
             their
             Rere-guard
             ,
             doubled
             their
             speed
             .
             Rhascupolis's
             Brother
             ,
             whose
             Name
             was
             Rhascus
             ,
             served
             at
             this
             time
             under
             Caesar.
             They
             had
             thus
             divided
             themselves
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             one
             of
             them
             might
             partake
             of
             the
             good
             Fortune
             of
             the
             Conquerours
             for
             the
             preservation
             of
             their
             Estates
             .
             By
             these
             great
             Cries
             Rhascus
             knew
             that
             the
             Enemies
             were
             passed
             ,
             and
             was
             much
             surprized
             that
             so
             great
             an
             Army
             should
             get
             through
             such
             rough
             places
             ,
             where
             even
             the
             Wild-beasts
             found
             many
             difficulties
             ,
             he
             gave
             notice
             thereof
             to
             Norbanus
             ,
             who
             was
             afterwards
             forced
             to
             quit
             his
             Post
             ,
             and
             retreat
             with
             Decidius
             to
             
               Amphipolis
               .
               Brutus
            
             by
             this
             means
             got
             possession
             of
             the
             City
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             and
             Cymber
             being
             arrived
             with
             his
             Fleet
             near
             the
             place
             ,
             they
             fortified
             themselves
             there
             .
             The
             City
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             which
             was
             heretofore
             called
             Datos
             ,
             took
             this
             new
             name
             from
             Philip
             the
             Father
             of
             Alexander
             ,
             who
             fortified
             it
             .
             It
             is
             built
             upon
             a
             little
             Hill
             ,
             where
             are
             abundance
             of
             Springs
             ,
             having
             other
             woody
             Hills
             towards
             the
             North
             ,
             towards
             the
             South
             a
             Marsh
             ,
             which
             goes
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Sea
             ,
             towards
             the
             East
             the
             straits
             of
             Salapea
             and
             Torpida
             ,
             and
             towards
             the
             West
             a
             Plain
             which
             reaches
             as
             far
             as
             the
             River
             Strymon
             .
             This
             Plain
             was
             full
             of
             very
             pleasant
             Meadows
             ,
             and
             near
             enough
             to
             the
             City
             stood
             a
             little
             
             Eminence
             where
             Brutus
             encamped
             himself
             .
             Cassius
             went
             and
             took
             possession
             of
             an
             advanced
             ground
             about
             a
             League
             and
             a
             half
             from
             him
             ,
             and
             they
             drew
             lines
             of
             Communication
             from
             one
             Camp
             to
             the
             other
             .
             This
             was
             (
             as
             I
             said
             )
             the
             onely
             place
             through
             which
             there
             lay
             a
             passage
             out
             of
             Asia
             into
             Europe
             .
             They
             had
             before
             them
             the
             Plain
             ,
             through
             which
             there
             ran
             a
             little
             River
             called
             Ganga
             ,
             upon
             their
             left
             hand
             was
             the
             River
             Strymon
             ,
             and
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             the
             inaccessible
             narrow
             passages
             upon
             their
             right
             ,
             and
             behind
             them
             the
             Sea
             ,
             by
             which
             they
             could
             furnish
             themselves
             with
             all
             sort
             of
             Conveniences
             out
             of
             the
             Cities
             of
             *
             Thasos
             and
             †
             Neapoli
             ,
             where
             they
             had
             setled
             their
             Provisions
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XLVII
             .
             The
             two
             Armies
             retrench
             themselves
             .
             Their
             different
             movements
             ,
             and
             some
             skirmishes
             .
             The
             uneasiness
             of
             Cassius
             .
          
           
             THE
             danger
             which
             Norbanus
             was
             in
             ,
             caused
             Antonius
             to
             make
             such
             extraordinary
             haste
             ,
             that
             even
             Brutus
             himself
             was
             surprized
             at
             it
             .
             The
             occasion
             of
             this
             quick
             dispatch
             was
             the
             City
             of
             Amphipolis
             ,
             where
             the
             Triumviri
             designed
             to
             place
             their
             Magazines
             ,
             and
             Antonius
             ,
             when
             he
             understood
             that
             Norbanus
             was
             retreated
             thither
             ,
             was
             very
             much
             rejoyced
             at
             it
             ;
             he
             left
             a
             Legion
             there
             under
             the
             Command
             of
             Pinarius
             ,
             and
             then
             went
             and
             
             posted
             himself
             boldly
             in
             the
             sight
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             they
             had
             very
             much
             the
             advantage
             of
             him
             by
             the
             situation
             of
             their
             Camp
             ,
             Wood
             ,
             the
             Water
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             and
             abundance
             of
             Provisions
             .
             Antonius
             on
             the
             contrary
             had
             no
             Water
             but
             what
             he
             drew
             out
             of
             Pits
             ,
             which
             he
             had
             caused
             to
             be
             digged
             on
             purpose
             ,
             and
             his
             Wood
             from
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             his
             Provisions
             came
             to
             him
             very
             far
             ,
             and
             were
             also
             very
             scarce
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             his
             boldness
             amazed
             the
             Enemies
             Army
             ,
             and
             forced
             the
             Generals
             to
             make
             new
             Works
             ,
             wherewith
             Cassius
             filled
             up
             all
             the
             ground
             which
             lay
             between
             his
             Camp
             and
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             the
             whole
             front
             of
             their
             Camp
             was
             well
             fortified
             ,
             and
             their
             flanks
             covered
             ,
             Brutus's
             by
             the
             declining
             of
             the
             hill
             ,
             and
             Cassius's
             by
             the
             Marsh
             and
             Sea.
             These
             Works
             produced
             dayly
             some
             skirmish
             or
             other
             between
             the
             Cavalry
             that
             guarded
             the
             Pioneers
             ,
             wherein
             the
             Conspiratours
             Party
             had
             generally
             the
             advantage
             .
             At
             last
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             lain
             sick
             at
             Dyrrachium
             ,
             came
             to
             the
             Army
             ,
             and
             his
             Troops
             in
             Testimony
             of
             their
             joy
             drew
             out
             of
             their
             Camp
             in
             Battalia
             .
             Brutus
             puffed
             up
             with
             the
             good
             success
             which
             his
             Cavalry
             had
             had
             in
             little
             skirmishes
             ,
             or
             ,
             as
             he
             himself
             said
             ,
             impatient
             to
             put
             an
             end
             to
             the
             miseries
             of
             Mankind
             by
             a
             glorious
             Victory
             ,
             or
             a
             noble
             Death
             ,
             drew
             up
             his
             Troops
             also
             ,
             but
             Cassius
             persuaded
             him
             to
             stay
             in
             his
             Trenches
             .
             It
             is
             but
             a
             vain
             thing
             to
             flatter
             our selves
             with
             that
             resolution
             which
             we
             pretend
             to
             be
             furnished
             withall
             
             from
             Reason
             and
             Philosophy
             ,
             for
             it
             evermore
             abandons
             us
             when
             we
             have
             most
             need
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             two
             Presages
             were
             able
             to
             overthrow
             all
             Cassius's
             Epicurean
             Principles
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             a
             greater
             discovery
             of
             humane
             frailty
             ,
             those
             Presages
             which
             appeared
             so
             dreadfull
             to
             him
             ,
             would
             seem
             but
             very
             ridiculous
             to
             a
             great
             many
             Men.
             One
             of
             his
             Officers
             presented
             him
             a
             wreath
             of
             flowers
             which
             he
             was
             to
             wear
             when
             he
             sacrificed
             ,
             with
             the
             inside
             outward
             .
             And
             he
             who
             as
             the
             Custome
             was
             ,
             carried
             a
             golden
             figure
             of
             Victory
             at
             the
             head
             of
             Cassius's
             Ensigns
             ,
             stumbled
             with
             the
             Image
             ,
             and
             fell
             upon
             his
             Nose
             .
             There
             were
             moreover
             Crows
             and
             other
             Birds
             of
             that
             kind
             ,
             seen
             flying
             about
             the
             Camp
             ,
             a
             swarm
             of
             Bees
             was
             found
             there
             too
             ,
             which
             a
             Man
             would
             think
             should
             be
             no
             very
             surprizing
             thing
             near
             Woods
             and
             Meadows
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             these
             Remarks
             which
             a
             man
             of
             common
             sense
             would
             now
             despise
             ,
             were
             at
             that
             time
             so
             very
             considerable
             ,
             that
             they
             utterly
             confounded
             the
             mind
             of
             Cassius
             ,
             and
             infected
             his
             whole
             Army
             with
             the
             same
             frailty
             ,
             which
             occasioned
             the
             loss
             of
             that
             Battel
             upon
             which
             the
             fate
             of
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             depended
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XLVIII
             .
             Antonius
             possesses
             himself
             of
             a
             Post
             behind
             the
             Enemies
             Camp.
             Brutus
             resolves
             to
             fight
             contrary
             to
             the
             Opinion
             of
             Cassius
             .
          
           
             ANTONIVS
             very
             well
             understood
             the
             reason
             why
             the
             Conspiratours
             avoided
             fighting
             ,
             he
             knew
             that
             Asia
             being
             behind
             them
             ,
             furnished
             them
             with
             Provisions
             in
             abundance
             ,
             whilst
             Aegypt
             ,
             harassed
             with
             Famine
             ,
             could
             afford
             none
             to
             the
             Forces
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             ;
             that
             Pompey
             would
             hinder
             them
             from
             fetching
             any
             out
             of
             Spain
             ,
             and
             that
             Marcus
             and
             Domitius
             defended
             the
             passage
             into
             Italy
             ,
             so
             that
             their
             onely
             recourse
             was
             to
             Macedonia
             and
             Thessaly
             ,
             which
             must
             be
             soon
             exhausted
             .
             Cassius
             also
             represented
             the
             same
             thing
             dayly
             to
             Brutus
             and
             his
             Officers
             ;
             but
             at
             last
             the
             Courage
             of
             Antonius
             overcame
             all
             those
             difficulties
             ,
             he
             was
             drawn
             up
             against
             Cassius
             ,
             as
             Brutus
             was
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             indeavoured
             to
             get
             possession
             of
             a
             Post
             ,
             which
             was
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Marsh
             behind
             Cassius's
             Camp.
             He
             gave
             orders
             for
             the
             throwing
             of
             Earth
             upon
             the
             Reeds
             ,
             and
             upon
             this
             Earth
             spread
             Stones
             ;
             and
             this
             kind
             of
             Causway
             he
             caused
             to
             be
             supported
             by
             pieces
             of
             Wood
             driven
             cross-ways
             into
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             and
             where
             the
             Water
             was
             too
             high
             made
             Bridges
             :
             Antonius
             every
             day
             covered
             this
             Work
             with
             Skirmishes
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             was
             secretly
             carried
             
             on
             a-cross
             the
             Reeds
             ,
             the
             Enemies
             could
             perceive
             nothing
             but
             the
             Towers
             and
             Fortifications
             which
             they
             saw
             upon
             that
             Post
             which
             lay
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             Cassius
             admired
             the
             work
             ,
             and
             Antonius's
             boldness
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             might
             in
             nothing
             give
             place
             to
             him
             ,
             extended
             his
             Lines
             along
             the
             Marsh
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             proceeding
             meeting
             with
             Antonius's
             Causway
             ,
             cut
             it
             off
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             those
             of
             the
             Triumviri's
             Forces
             ,
             who
             were
             already
             gotten
             on
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             became
             very
             much
             exposed
             .
             It
             was
             not
             doubted
             in
             the
             Conspiratours
             Camp
             ,
             but
             that
             Antonius
             would
             doe
             all
             that
             in
             him
             lay
             to
             disingage
             his
             Troops
             .
             The
             onely
             question
             was
             how
             they
             should
             receive
             him
             ,
             whether
             out
             of
             their
             Lines
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             or
             onely
             by
             defending
             their
             Lines
             .
             Brutus
             carried
             the
             dispute
             for
             a
             general
             Battel
             ,
             chiefly
             ,
             because
             some
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             had
             already
             deserted
             .
             This
             reason
             prevailed
             also
             with
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Officers
             ,
             except
             Atellius
             ,
             who
             still
             insisted
             for
             staying
             till
             Winter
             was
             over
             ,
             Brutus
             asked
             him
             ,
             
               What
               advantage
               he
               hoped
               for
               from
               such
               a
               prolongation
               ;
               what
               ,
            
             said
             he
             ,
             
               to
               live
               a
               year
               longer
            
             .
             This
             answer
             added
             to
             the
             disorder
             of
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             heard
             it
             ,
             and
             who
             after
             the
             Council
             broke
             up
             ,
             went
             to
             Supper
             with
             Messala
             .
             This
             Messala
             was
             a
             young
             Man
             of
             Noble
             birth
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Wit
             ,
             and
             was
             very
             learned
             for
             a
             Man
             of
             Quality
             ,
             he
             became
             afterwards
             as
             I
             have
             already
             observed
             ,
             in
             great
             favour
             with
             Augustus
             ,
             and
             had
             
             the
             Command
             of
             the
             best
             and
             bravest
             Legion
             of
             that
             Army
             .
             Cassius
             was
             sad
             and
             thoughtfull
             all
             the
             Supper
             time
             ,
             though
             he
             was
             naturally
             very
             gay
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             rose
             from
             the
             Table
             ,
             taking
             Messala
             by
             the
             hand
             ,
             Messala
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               you
               must
               bear
               me
               witness
               that
               I
               am
               forc't
               in
               the
               same
               manner
               as
            
             Pompey
             
               once
               was
               ,
               to
               expose
               the
               liberty
               of
               the
               Roman
               People
               to
               the
               hazard
               of
               a
               Battel
               ;
               nevertheless
               we
               ought
               to
               hope
               well
               from
               fortune
               ,
               but
               we
               have
               taken
               ill
               Counsel
               .
            
             So
             he
             retired
             ,
             after
             having
             invited
             Messala
             to
             Supper
             with
             him
             the
             next
             night
             ,
             the
             morrow
             being
             his
             birth-day
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XLIX
             .
             The
             Battel
             of
             
               Philippi
               .
               Brutus
            
             overthrows
             Caesar's
             Troops
             .
             Cassius
             being
             defeated
             by
             Antonius
             ,
             in
             despair
             kills
             himself
             .
          
           
             AT
             break
             of
             day
             there
             appeared
             the
             Coat
             Armour
             of
             Purple
             upon
             the
             two
             Generals
             Tents
             ,
             which
             amongst
             the
             Romans
             was
             the
             signal
             of
             Battel
             ,
             so
             whilst
             that
             the
             Troops
             were
             putting
             themselves
             in
             a
             readiness
             ,
             Cassius
             was
             desirous
             to
             know
             Brutus's
             opinion
             of
             what
             they
             ought
             to
             doe
             in
             case
             matters
             should
             miscarry
             .
             Brutus
             said
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               heretofore
               in
               his
               Writings
               condemned
               the
               death
               of
            
             Cato
             ,
             
               and
               maintained
            
             (
             what
             was
             indeed
             very
             true
             )
             
               that
               that
               manner
               of
               avoiding
               such
               disgraces
               as
               Providence
               sends
               upon
               us
               ,
               was
               a
               horrible
               attempt
               against
               the
               power
               of
               Heaven
               ,
               and
               
               wicked
               in
               the
               eyes
               of
               men
               ;
               but
               that
               he
               had
               now
               altered
               his
               opinion
               ,
               since
               being
               no
               longer
               Master
               of
               one
               life
               ,
               which
               he
               had
               sacrificed
               to
               his
               Countrey
               upon
               the
               Ides
               of
            
             March
             ,
             
               he
               was
               resolved
               to
               change
               it
               for
               a
               happier
               if
               Fortune
               proved
               his
               Enemy
               .
               Cassius
            
             imbraced
             him
             ,
             and
             smiling
             ,
             told
             him
             ,
             
               Now
               we
               may
               go
               on
               upon
               the
               Enemy
               ,
               for
               either
               we
               will
               be
               Conquerours
               our selves
               ,
               or
               we
               will
               have
               no
               cause
               to
               fear
               those
               that
               are
               so
               .
            
             This
             was
             doubtless
             a
             sure
             method
             for
             the
             preventing
             any
             farther
             fear
             ,
             but
             it
             is
             very
             apparent
             by
             this
             discourse
             ,
             that
             for
             this
             resolution
             they
             were
             more
             beholding
             to
             their
             frailty
             ,
             than
             to
             that
             greatness
             of
             Soul
             whereon
             they
             so
             much
             valued
             themselves
             ,
             for
             it
             was
             neither
             this
             Opinion
             ,
             nor
             Caesar's
             death
             that
             deserves
             those
             Heroick
             Titles
             which
             Cicero
             in
             his
             Epistles
             hath
             given
             them
             .
             They
             afterwards
             appointed
             their
             order
             of
             Battel
             ,
             Brutus
             had
             the
             right
             Wing
             with
             Messala
             ,
             and
             Cassius
             the
             left
             .
             The
             Triumviri's
             Army
             was
             already
             drawn
             up
             ,
             Antonius
             onely
             Commanded
             ,
             because
             Caesar
             was
             sick
             ,
             whose
             Troops
             had
             the
             left
             Wing
             ,
             and
             Antonius's
             the
             right
             .
             At
             last
             about
             Noon
             he
             marched
             against
             Cassius
             with
             the
             party
             that
             he
             headed
             .
             The
             inequality
             of
             the
             ground
             forced
             his
             Legions
             upon
             such
             a
             motion
             ,
             that
             Brutus's
             Troops
             believed
             they
             were
             coming
             against
             them
             ,
             so
             that
             without
             expecting
             the
             Word
             or
             the
             Commands
             of
             their
             General
             ,
             they
             advanced
             to
             receive
             them
             .
             Antonius
             avoided
             the
             ingaging
             ,
             by
             a
             motion
             which
             he
             made
             to
             the
             right
             to
             go
             ●●ainst
             Cassius
             .
             He
             lost
             some
             Souldiers
             
             there
             ,
             and
             must
             have
             been
             fallen
             upon
             in
             the
             flank
             ,
             if
             Caesar's
             Army
             had
             not
             advanced
             .
             Brutus's
             Souldiers
             marched
             without
             order
             ,
             but
             with
             so
             much
             heat
             ,
             that
             at
             the
             first
             onset
             they
             overthrew
             all
             that
             opposed
             them
             .
             Messala
             followed
             by
             three
             Legions
             ,
             pushed
             even
             into
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             who
             had
             just
             left
             it
             ,
             and
             was
             retreated
             very
             sick
             to
             Antonius's
             .
             They
             found
             his
             Litter
             ,
             which
             they
             pierced
             several
             times
             through
             and
             through
             ,
             so
             that
             a
             report
             began
             to
             be
             spread
             about
             that
             he
             was
             slain
             .
             He
             has
             since
             written
             ,
             
               That
               one
               of
               his
               Friends
               called
            
             *
             Artorius
             ,
             
               persuaded
               him
               to
               this
               retreat
               upon
               the
               occasion
               of
               a
               dream
               .
            
             The
             slaughter
             was
             great
             in
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             and
             there
             fell
             in
             it
             2000
             Lacedemonians
             who
             fought
             on
             his
             side
             .
             Three
             of
             his
             Legions
             were
             also
             cut
             to
             pieces
             upon
             the
             spot
             ,
             and
             Brutus
             must
             have
             obtained
             an
             intire
             Victory
             ,
             could
             he
             possibly
             have
             governed
             the
             fury
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             would
             needs
             engage
             themselves
             too
             far
             .
             Antonius
             knew
             well
             how
             to
             make
             his
             advantage
             of
             this
             Errour
             ,
             and
             without
             changing
             ,
             went
             directly
             upon
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             expected
             him
             in
             Battalia
             upon
             the
             advanced
             ground
             ,
             the
             Combat
             was
             very
             rough
             ,
             and
             after
             several
             takings
             and
             re-takings
             of
             each
             other
             ,
             they
             fell
             together
             Pell-mell
             with
             their
             Swords
             in
             their
             hands
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             a
             Party
             of
             Antonius's
             Souldiers
             opened
             a
             passage
             through
             the
             Lines
             ,
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             and
             when
             they
             came
             up
             ,
             charging
             Cassius's
             Troops
             upon
             the
             flank
             ,
             overthrew
             them
             with
             great
             slaughter
             .
             Antonius
             Commanded
             
             four
             Legions
             to
             pursue
             the
             Victory
             over
             the
             Marsh
             ,
             hastening
             the
             others
             to
             Cassius's
             Camp
             ,
             which
             was
             very
             ill
             guarded
             ,
             by
             reason
             that
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             were
             come
             forth
             to
             the
             Battel
             ,
             he
             soon
             made
             himself
             Master
             of
             it
             ,
             which
             raised
             so
             great
             a
             consternation
             in
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Army
             ,
             that
             they
             immediately
             dispersed
             themselves
             .
             Cassius
             did
             upon
             this
             occasion
             all
             that
             could
             be
             expected
             from
             a
             man
             of
             Courage
             ,
             he
             returned
             several
             times
             to
             the
             charge
             ,
             and
             took
             himself
             the
             Eagle
             out
             of
             an
             Ensigns
             hand
             ,
             who
             was
             running
             away
             ,
             and
             held
             it
             a
             long
             time
             before
             him
             ,
             but
             he
             forgot
             the
             duty
             of
             a
             General
             ,
             when
             he
             so
             long
             tamely
             expected
             Antonius
             ,
             whom
             he
             ought
             to
             have
             charged
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             Brutus
             went
             on
             .
             At
             last
             his
             Guards
             forsaking
             him
             ,
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             retreat
             up
             to
             an
             advanced
             ground
             near
             the
             City
             of
             Philippi
             .
             He
             had
             lost
             eight
             thousand
             Men
             ,
             reckoning
             the
             Sutlers
             that
             were
             killed
             in
             his
             Camp.
             But
             there
             were
             once
             as
             many
             slain
             on
             Caesar's
             side
             ,
             from
             whom
             there
             were
             taken
             three
             Eagles
             ,
             and
             several
             other
             Colours
             ,
             by
             which
             Brutus
             believing
             he
             had
             gotten
             an
             intire
             Victory
             ,
             led
             back
             his
             Troops
             loaden
             with
             pillage
             to
             his
             Camp
             ,
             when
             observing
             that
             in
             Cassius's
             Camp
             the
             Tents
             were
             thrown
             down
             ,
             and
             perceiving
             by
             the
             number
             ,
             and
             the
             Arms
             of
             those
             Souldiers
             who
             were
             within
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             Enemies
             ,
             he
             immediately
             detached
             a
             body
             of
             Cavalry
             to
             hasten
             to
             the
             relief
             of
             his
             Friend
             ,
             though
             by
             misfortune
             that
             relief
             did
             but
             add
             speed
             to
             his
             ruine
             .
             
             Cassius
             was
             short
             sighted
             ,
             and
             besides
             ,
             the
             dust
             which
             the
             fight
             had
             raised
             all
             over
             the
             Field
             ,
             hindred
             him
             from
             distinguishing
             Brutus's
             Troops
             .
             Nevertheless
             he
             saw
             confusedly
             some
             Cavalry
             marching
             ,
             and
             sent
             Titinius
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Friends
             to
             discover
             what
             they
             were
             .
             He
             was
             received
             with
             great
             cries
             of
             joy
             by
             Brutus's
             Cavalry
             ,
             who
             embracing
             him
             ,
             asked
             him
             ,
             
               What
               news
               of
               his
               General
               .
               Cassius
            
             perceiving
             this
             from
             the
             place
             where
             he
             was
             ,
             and
             believing
             that
             those
             men
             who
             ran
             to
             embrace
             Titinius
             ,
             had
             taken
             him
             Prisoner
             ,
             Alas
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               to
               preserve
               the
               remainder
               of
               a
               miserable
               life
               ,
               I
               have
               exposed
               my
               best
               friend
               to
               be
               taken
               .
            
             At
             these
             words
             he
             went
             into
             a
             Tent
             with
             the
             Gentleman
             of
             his
             Horse
             ,
             whose
             name
             was
             Pindarus
             ;
             we
             have
             no
             very
             good
             account
             of
             what
             passed
             there
             ;
             but
             Cassius
             was
             found
             dead
             of
             a
             wound
             in
             his
             Neck
             ,
             and
             Pindarus
             never
             appeared
             afterwards
             .
             Titinius
             arrived
             within
             a
             moment
             with
             the
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             all
             rejoycing
             ,
             but
             their
             joy
             was
             soon
             turned
             into
             a
             sad
             affliction
             ,
             and
             Titinius
             after
             having
             accused
             himself
             of
             folly
             and
             laziness
             ,
             slew
             himself
             upon
             the
             body
             of
             his
             Friend
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             L.
             Brutus's
             Melancholy
             .
             His
             Fleet
             defeats
             that
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             Brutus
             knows
             not
             of
             it
             .
             He
             speaks
             to
             his
             Troops
             to
             confirm
             them
             .
          
           
             BRVTVS
             was
             extremely
             sorrowfull
             for
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Companion
             ,
             whom
             he
             called
             the
             last
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             causing
             his
             body
             privately
             to
             be
             removed
             ,
             sent
             it
             to
             Thasos
             ,
             to
             pay
             him
             the
             last
             Offices
             of
             Funeral
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             he
             told
             his
             Friends
             ,
             
               That
               he
               thought
               him
               very
               happy
               in
               that
               he
               was
               now
               beyond
               the
               reach
               of
               those
               misfortunes
               which
               remained
               yet
               for
               them
               to
               suffer
               .
            
             In
             effect
             ,
             his
             death
             utterly
             discomposed
             the
             whole
             affairs
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             and
             it
             will
             not
             be
             improper
             to
             say
             that
             Cassius
             killed
             himself
             in
             despight
             of
             his
             good
             Fortune
             .
             Several
             have
             reported
             that
             he
             knew
             of
             Brutus's
             Victory
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             same
             day
             whereon
             they
             fought
             at
             Philippi
             ,
             they
             overthrew
             Caesar's
             Fleet
             ,
             which
             was
             carrying
             Provisions
             to
             the
             Triumviri
             ,
             together
             with
             a
             strong
             relief
             ,
             consisting
             of
             two
             Legions
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             Company
             of
             Guards
             .
             Marcus
             and
             Domitius
             had
             performed
             this
             good
             service
             against
             another
             Domitius
             sirnamed
             Calvinus
             ,
             who
             in
             this
             fight
             either
             by
             the
             Sword
             or
             by
             fire
             ,
             lost
             the
             best
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             almost
             all
             his
             Ships
             .
             This
             defeat
             must
             have
             ruined
             the
             Triumviri
             beyond
             all
             hopes
             of
             recovery
             ,
             had
             Brutus
             but
             been
             informed
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             the
             negligence
             
             or
             malice
             of
             some
             of
             his
             Officers
             hindred
             the
             giving
             him
             any
             account
             of
             the
             matter
             ,
             and
             his
             own
             vexation
             and
             impatience
             hastened
             on
             his
             ruine
             ,
             or
             to
             speak
             more
             properly
             ,
             the
             Divine
             Providence
             did
             it
             ,
             which
             now
             seemed
             resolved
             to
             put
             an
             end
             to
             the
             Civil
             Wars
             ,
             by
             appointing
             a
             Master
             over
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             .
             The
             next
             day
             after
             the
             fight
             ,
             Brutus
             called
             together
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             both
             Armies
             ;
             where
             after
             having
             praised
             the
             Valour
             of
             his
             own
             men
             ,
             and
             the
             Victory
             they
             had
             gotten
             ,
             he
             exhorted
             them
             ,
             
               To
               shew
               once
               more
               how
               obedient
               they
               could
               be
               ,
               and
               observe
               their
               Generals
               better
               than
               they
               had
               done
               before
               .
            
             He
             gave
             them
             to
             understand
             the
             necessities
             the
             Enemies
             were
             reduced
             to
             ,
             
               And
               that
               that
               was
               the
               onely
               cause
               of
               their
               boldness
               and
               courage
               ,
               since
               they
               would
               never
               have
               sought
               to
               have
               fallen
               in
               Battel
               ,
               had
               they
               not
               been
               afraid
               of
               being
               starv'd
               by
               Famine
               .
            
             He
             caused
             also
             1000
             Drachma's
             to
             be
             given
             to
             every
             Souldier
             ,
             with
             a
             promise
             ,
             
               That
               after
               the
               Victory
               ,
               they
               should
               have
               the
               liberty
               of
               plundering
               the
               two
               Cities
               of
            
             Lacedemon
             and
             Thessalonica
             ,
             by
             which
             ,
             in
             the
             judgment
             even
             of
             those
             Authours
             who
             have
             appeared
             most
             zealous
             for
             his
             memory
             ,
             he
             strayed
             very
             wide
             of
             those
             sentiments
             of
             humanity
             and
             moderation
             which
             he
             had
             all
             his
             life
             time
             affected
             .
             Antonius
             also
             having
             occasion
             to
             speak
             to
             his
             men
             ,
             made
             a
             good
             use
             of
             the
             death
             of
             
               Cassius
               ,
               It
               is
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               an
               unanswerable
               proof
               that
               our
               Enemies
               are
               defeated
               ,
               they
               can
               never
               dare
               to
               dispute
               the
               Victory
               with
               us
               ,
               since
               the
               bravest
               and
               most
               able
               of
               their
               Generals
               
               has
               been
               driven
               to
               so
               desperate
               a
               proceeding
               ;
               but
               it
               is
               our
               business
               to
               force
               them
               themselves
               to
               this
               Confession
               ,
               and
               offer
               them
               Battel
               .
               If
               they
               shall
               be
               so
               faint-hearted
               as
               to
               refuse
               it
               ,
               ye
               shall
               see
               that
               they
               will
               acknowledge
               themselves
               Conquered
               .
            
             He
             did
             not
             moreover
             forget
             to
             speak
             of
             Rewards
             ,
             and
             promised
             5000
             Drachma's
             to
             every
             Souldier
             ,
             after
             which
             he
             marched
             his
             Troops
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             till
             they
             came
             in
             sight
             of
             Brutus's
             Lines
             ,
             who
             did
             not
             draw
             out
             ,
             so
             that
             though
             Antonius
             were
             himself
             at
             the
             point
             of
             despair
             ,
             he
             omitted
             not
             to
             make
             his
             Souldiers
             sensible
             how
             fearfull
             their
             Enemies
             were
             ,
             and
             dayly
             to
             indeavour
             the
             bringing
             of
             them
             to
             a
             Battel
             .
             Brutus
             had
             moreover
             other
             troubles
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             Cassius's
             Troops
             would
             hardly
             obey
             him
             ,
             and
             the
             shame
             of
             their
             having
             been
             beaten
             ,
             began
             to
             make
             them
             Mutinous
             ,
             this
             forc't
             him
             to
             rid
             himself
             of
             what
             Prisoners
             he
             had
             taken
             ,
             so
             the
             Romans
             he
             set
             at
             liberty
             ,
             and
             put
             the
             Slaves
             to
             the
             Sword.
             At
             last
             Antonius
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             (
             who
             now
             began
             to
             be
             fit
             for
             action
             )
             being
             pressed
             by
             the
             ill
             condition
             that
             their
             Troops
             were
             in
             ,
             who
             by
             the
             Rains
             and
             the
             Frost
             that
             followed
             ,
             suffered
             extremely
             in
             those
             deep
             places
             ,
             where
             they
             were
             encamped
             ,
             made
             an
             attempt
             ,
             which
             succeeded
             to
             their
             wishes
             ,
             and
             decided
             the
             matter
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LI.
             Brutus
             utterly
             defeated
             by
             Antonius
             and
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             BRVTVS
             had
             since
             the
             last
             Battel
             quitted
             an
             advanced
             ground
             ,
             which
             was
             within
             the
             compass
             of
             Cassius's
             Camp
             ,
             Caesar
             immediately
             took
             possession
             of
             that
             Post
             with
             two
             of
             his
             Legions
             ,
             who
             fortified
             themselves
             there
             .
             Afterwards
             he
             sent
             ten
             other
             Legions
             about
             a
             quarter
             of
             a
             League
             from
             thence
             towards
             the
             Sea
             ,
             with
             a
             design
             to
             cut
             off
             any
             Provisions
             from
             coming
             to
             the
             Conspiratours
             .
             Brutus
             on
             his
             part
             caused
             divers
             Works
             to
             be
             carried
             on
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             they
             were
             several
             days
             disputing
             for
             the
             ground
             foot
             to
             foot
             by
             their
             Works
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             Brutus's
             Souldiers
             mutined
             ,
             they
             got
             together
             in
             Troops
             up
             and
             down
             the
             Field
             ,
             and
             demanded
             ,
             
               What
               Cowardliness
               their
               General
               had
               lately
               observed
               in
               them
               ,
               that
               he
               could
               suffer
               the
               Enemy
               dayly
               to
               come
               and
               brave
               them
               with
               safety
               ,
               that
               he
               would
               give
               them
               leave
               to
               make
               use
               of
               those
               Arms
               ,
               and
               that
               Courage
               which
               their
               Enemies
               had
               been
               so
               often
               made
               sensible
               of
               .
               Brutus
            
             for
             some
             time
             dissembled
             his
             resentment
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             fearing
             lest
             they
             should
             forsake
             him
             ,
             which
             he
             began
             already
             to
             have
             strong
             suspicions
             of
             ,
             he
             all
             of
             a
             sudden
             gave
             way
             to
             the
             impatience
             of
             his
             People
             ,
             and
             resolved
             to
             put
             an
             end
             to
             his
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Romans
             inquietudes
             ,
             by
             the
             fortune
             of
             Arms.
             It
             is
             reported
             that
             the
             Spectre
             which
             had
             appeared
             
             to
             him
             ,
             came
             to
             him
             again
             the
             night
             before
             this
             great
             Battel
             ,
             but
             that
             it
             onely
             appeared
             without
             saying
             any
             thing
             .
             That
             the
             Eagle
             which
             belonged
             to
             his
             first
             Legion
             ,
             was
             covered
             with
             Bees
             ,
             and
             that
             a
             certain
             sweat
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             Oil
             ,
             which
             had
             the
             perfume
             of
             Roses
             ,
             came
             from
             the
             Arme
             of
             one
             of
             his
             Captains
             in
             such
             quantity
             ,
             that
             it
             wet
             several
             handkerchiefs
             .
             The
             Authours
             of
             those
             times
             also
             report
             ,
             that
             the
             first
             man
             whom
             Brutus's
             Troops
             met
             withall
             as
             they
             drew
             out
             of
             their
             Camp
             ,
             was
             a
             Negro
             ,
             whom
             they
             cut
             to
             pieces
             with
             their
             Swords
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             of
             both
             parties
             were
             encouraged
             from
             different
             reasons
             ,
             those
             of
             the
             Triumviri
             saw
             that
             they
             must
             either
             Conquer
             or
             die
             with
             Famine
             .
             And
             Brutus's
             men
             were
             resolved
             to
             maintain
             the
             honour
             of
             their
             first
             Victory
             ,
             and
             that
             boldness
             wherewith
             they
             had
             demanded
             Battel
             contrary
             to
             the
             Opinion
             of
             their
             General
             .
             Brutus
             was
             in
             the
             foremost
             rank
             very
             well
             mounted
             ,
             
               Fellow
               Souldiers
            
             (
             said
             he
             to
             his
             People
             )
             
               ye
               have
               desired
               to
               fight
               contrary
               to
               my
               Opinion
               ,
               when
               the
               miseries
               which
               our
               Enemies
               were
               reduced
               to
               ,
               might
               have
               assured
               us
               the
               Victory
               without
               any
               hazard
               ,
               but
               that
               did
               not
               appear
               honourable
               enough
               for
               you
               ,
               ye
               are
               for
               buying
               glory
               at
               the
               price
               of
               your
               bloud
               ,
               and
               now
               it
               lies
               upon
               you
               to
               complete
               the
               business
               ,
               and
               not
               to
               deceive
               that
               trust
               which
               I
               have
               reposed
               in
               your
               Valour
               .
            
             On
             the
             other
             side
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             said
             to
             their
             Souldiers
             ,
             
               Thus
               ye
               see
               now
               our
               Enemies
               in
               a
               place
               where
               we
               have
               a
               long
               time
               wished
               them
               ,
               they
               
               are
               now
               no
               longer
               covered
               with
               those
               Fortifications
               which
               made
               them
               so
               bold
               before
               ,
               so
               that
               their
               destiny
               is
               in
               your
               own
               hands
               ,
               though
               ye
               have
               but
               one
               thing
               to
               chuse
               ,
               which
               is
               to
               overcome
               ,
               or
               perish
               by
               the
               most
               miserable
               of
               deaths
               ,
               which
               is
               that
               of
               Famine
               .
            
             After
             this
             the
             two
             Armies
             advanced
             within
             the
             reach
             of
             their
             Darts
             ,
             when
             in
             the
             very
             moment
             appeared
             two
             Eagles
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             who
             began
             a
             cruel
             fight
             together
             ,
             and
             drew
             the
             admiration
             of
             all
             the
             Troops
             ,
             that
             which
             was
             on
             Brutus's
             side
             was
             beaten
             ,
             and
             fled
             away
             ,
             which
             so
             animated
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             Triumviri
             ,
             that
             they
             gave
             a
             great
             shout
             ,
             and
             marched
             on
             with
             fury
             ,
             they
             lanced
             their
             Javelins
             as
             it
             had
             been
             onely
             for
             fashion
             sake
             ,
             and
             the
             Legions
             came
             immediately
             hand
             to
             hand
             .
             The
             fight
             was
             long
             and
             bloudy
             ,
             the
             right
             Wing
             ,
             which
             Brutus
             led
             ,
             drove
             back
             that
             of
             Antonius
             ,
             but
             at
             the
             same
             time
             his
             left
             recoiled
             before
             Caesar's
             Legions
             .
             There
             was
             afterwards
             no
             more
             giving
             of
             ground
             ,
             and
             what
             was
             won
             was
             won
             by
             force
             of
             Arms
             ,
             like
             a
             heavy
             Engine
             that
             can
             hardly
             be
             removed
             .
             At
             last
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             having
             repulsed
             those
             of
             Cassius
             ,
             who
             behaved
             themselves
             very
             ill
             ,
             gained
             the
             flank
             of
             the
             Conspiratour's
             left
             Wing
             ;
             the
             fear
             of
             being
             hemmed
             in
             made
             them
             open
             their
             Battalions
             to
             the
             right
             and
             left
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             make
             head
             every
             way
             .
             Caesar's
             Men
             charged
             into
             intervals
             and
             broke
             them
             to
             pieces
             ,
             then
             that
             Line
             gave
             way
             ,
             and
             turning
             upon
             the
             second
             ,
             produced
             nothing
             
             but
             fear
             and
             disorder
             ,
             a
             proceeding
             contrary
             to
             what
             had
             been
             used
             in
             the
             first
             Battel
             ,
             caused
             at
             this
             time
             the
             loss
             of
             Brutus
             ;
             for
             those
             Troops
             terrified
             and
             prest
             hard
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             came
             tumbling
             upon
             the
             Wing
             which
             Brutus
             commanded
             ,
             and
             notwithstanding
             all
             that
             he
             could
             doe
             to
             rally
             them
             broke
             it
             in
             pieces
             .
             Cato's
             Son
             ,
             who
             commanded
             under
             him
             ,
             seeing
             that
             all
             must
             now
             inevitably
             be
             lost
             ,
             ran
             into
             the
             thickest
             of
             the
             Enemy's
             Battalions
             ,
             and
             uttring
             aloud
             his
             own
             Name
             and
             his
             Father's
             ,
             was
             there
             slain
             .
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             neglected
             none
             of
             their
             advantages
             ,
             and
             on
             every
             side
             charged
             those
             Troops
             which
             were
             in
             disorder
             .
             Antonius
             took
             care
             to
             follow
             the
             victory
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             not
             being
             able
             to
             doe
             it
             ,
             commanded
             Norbanus
             to
             go
             to
             the
             Enemy's
             Camp
             ,
             where
             a
             great
             slaughter
             was
             made
             of
             those
             who
             confusedly
             were
             retreating
             .
             Almost
             all
             Brutus's
             best
             Officers
             perished
             in
             this
             fight
             ,
             by
             endeavouring
             to
             save
             the
             person
             of
             their
             General
             .
             A
             body
             of
             Thracian
             Cavalry
             ,
             commanded
             by
             Rhastus
             ,
             persued
             him
             very
             hard
             ,
             and
             must
             have
             taken
             him
             had
             it
             not
             been
             for
             Lucilius
             ,
             who
             was
             his
             best
             friend
             .
             This
             Man
             charged
             the
             Thracians
             and
             stopped
             them
             ,
             till
             seeing
             himself
             encompassed
             round
             ,
             he
             cried
             out
             that
             he
             was
             Brutus
             ,
             and
             demanded
             Quarter
             ,
             desiring
             that
             they
             would
             carry
             him
             to
             Antonius
             .
             These
             Cavaliers
             ,
             transported
             with
             their
             good
             fortune
             ,
             sent
             word
             of
             it
             to
             Antonius
             ,
             and
             brought
             him
             their
             Prisoner
             :
             
             He
             notwithstanding
             all
             his
             hatred
             could
             not
             but
             be
             concerned
             at
             this
             adventure
             ,
             which
             cost
             him
             many
             reflexions
             .
             He
             was
             extremely
             confounded
             to
             think
             how
             he
             ought
             to
             be
             ▪
             have
             himself
             to
             those
             that
             brought
             him
             the
             news
             ,
             and
             who
             appeared
             before
             him
             with
             different
             opinions
             of
             the
             matter
             ,
             when
             Lucilius
             shewing
             himself
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             those
             who
             conducted
             him
             ;
             
               No
               Man
            
             (
             said
             he
             to
             Antonius
             )
             
               shall
               ever
               have
               the
               honour
               to
               take
            
             Brutus
             
               alive
               ,
               nor
               will
               the
               Gods
               permit
               that
               Fortune
               shall
               have
               such
               advantage
               over
               his
               Vertue
               ,
               but
               he
               will
               always
               be
               found
               ,
               whether
               dead
               or
               living
               ,
               in
               a
               condition
               that
               becomes
               his
               Courage
               .
               I
               have
               here
               delivered
               my self
               up
               to
               save
               him
               ,
               I
               am
               now
               in
               your
               hands
               ,
               and
               you
               may
               dispose
               of
               my
               life
               just
               as
               you
               please
               .
               Antonius
            
             could
             not
             but
             admire
             the
             vertue
             of
             the
             Man
             ,
             and
             told
             the
             Thracians
             ,
             that
             
               they
               were
               much
               happier
               than
               they
               believed
               they
               were
               ,
               since
               in
               stead
               of
               the
               enemy
               whom
               they
               thought
               they
               had
               brought
               him
               ,
               they
               had
               made
               him
               a
               present
               of
               a
               friend
               .
            
             Indeed
             Lucilius
             was
             afterwards
             one
             of
             his
             first
             friends
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             day
             of
             his
             death
             discharged
             himself
             with
             an
             inviolable
             fidelity
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             LII
             .
             Brutus's
             last
             Words
             and
             Death
             .
             Messala
             goes
             over
             to
             Caesar
             with
             all
             his
             Forces
             .
          
           
             THIS
             contrivance
             of
             Lucilius
             and
             the
             night
             together
             gave
             Brutus
             time
             to
             pass
             over
             a
             little
             River
             ,
             and
             make
             his
             retreat
             up
             to
             an
             advanced
             ground
             which
             was
             hard
             by
             .
             There
             (
             lifting
             up
             his
             eyes
             to
             Heaven
             )
             *
             
               unhappy
               Vertue
            
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               I
               follow
               thee
               as
               a
               solid
               good
               ,
               but
               thou
               art
               onely
               a
               thing
               merely
               talked
               of
               ,
               a
               vain
               empty
               name
               ,
               or
               at
               best
               a
               slave
               of
               fortune
               .
            
             He
             afterwards
             repeated
             several
             times
             another
             Greek
             Verse
             which
             signifies
             ,
             
               Punish
               ,
               great
            
             Jove
             ,
             
               the
               authour
               of
               these
               evils
            
             ,
             by
             which
             it
             was
             thought
             he
             designed
             Antonius
             ,
             who
             afterwards
             remembred
             it
             when
             he
             was
             driven
             to
             that
             extremity
             by
             Caesar
             after
             the
             Battel
             of
             Actium
             .
             Afterwards
             ,
             with
             abundance
             of
             praises
             as
             well
             as
             sighs
             ,
             he
             repeated
             the
             names
             of
             all
             those
             of
             his
             friends
             whom
             he
             had
             seen
             perish
             upon
             that
             occasion
             .
             One
             of
             those
             who
             was
             still
             with
             him
             complained
             that
             he
             was
             thirsty
             ,
             and
             the
             Souldiers
             running
             to
             the
             River
             fetched
             water
             in
             their
             Helmets
             and
             brought
             it
             .
             Volumnius
             a
             noble
             Senatour
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             gone
             out
             to
             discover
             what
             might
             be
             the
             reason
             of
             a
             certain
             noise
             which
             they
             had
             then
             heard
             ,
             returned
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             and
             asking
             if
             there
             were
             any
             water
             ,
             
               We
               have
               all
               drank
            
             ,
             (
             said
             Brutus
             to
             him
             smiling
             )
             but
             
             
               do
               not
               you
               be
               troubled
               ,
               for
               the
               spring
               is
               not
               far
               off
               ,
            
             so
             the
             Souldiers
             returned
             to
             the
             River
             ,
             but
             had
             much
             adoe
             to
             get
             back
             again
             ,
             and
             were
             several
             of
             them
             wounded
             ,
             which
             gave
             Brutus
             to
             understand
             that
             he
             was
             invested
             ;
             then
             he
             exhorted
             those
             that
             were
             with
             him
             to
             make
             some
             attempt
             to
             get
             to
             their
             Camp
             ,
             which
             yet
             held
             out
             ;
             but
             they
             had
             lost
             all
             their
             courage
             ,
             and
             told
             him
             that
             
               he
               would
               doe
               better
               to
               think
               of
               saving
               himself
               .
               I
               know
               very
               well
            
             (
             answered
             he
             )
             
               that
               I
               ought
               to
               doe
               it
               ,
               but
               it
               is
               with
               my
               hands
               and
               not
               with
               my
               feet
               .
            
             Then
             Statilius
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Officers
             ,
             offered
             to
             go
             by
             himself
             to
             the
             Camp
             ,
             and
             that
             if
             it
             were
             not
             taken
             ,
             to
             advance
             a
             lighted
             Flambeau
             in
             the
             air
             for
             a
             signal
             .
             The
             Flambeau
             appeared
             ,
             which
             gave
             some
             hopes
             to
             Brutus
             ,
             so
             he
             expected
             a
             long
             time
             ,
             saying
             ,
             Statilius
             
               would
               come
               if
               he
               were
               alive
               .
            
             But
             he
             was
             slain
             in
             his
             return
             by
             some
             Souldiers
             belonging
             to
             one
             of
             those
             
               Corps
               du
               guard
            
             which
             the
             Triumviri
             had
             every
             where
             posted
             .
             At
             last
             Brutus
             ,
             wearied
             with
             expectation
             ,
             and
             seeing
             that
             the
             day
             approached
             ,
             whispered
             something
             in
             the
             ear
             of
             one
             of
             his
             Domesticks
             ,
             whose
             name
             was
             Clitus
             ,
             and
             who
             answered
             him
             nothing
             ,
             but
             fell
             a-weeping
             ,
             which
             made
             Brutus
             call
             Dardanus
             ,
             who
             served
             him
             as
             General
             of
             his
             Horse
             ,
             to
             him
             also
             he
             said
             something
             and
             addressed
             himself
             afterwards
             to
             Volumnius
             ,
             who
             has
             written
             all
             these
             particulars
             .
             But
             seeing
             they
             onely
             answered
             him
             with
             their
             tears
             ,
             he
             raised
             himself
             up
             and
             made
             them
             
             a
             short
             discourse
             to
             thank
             them
             for
             that
             fidelity
             wherewith
             they
             had
             so
             generously
             and
             to
             the
             last
             extremity
             followed
             his
             fortune
             .
             He
             said
             
               he
               lookt
               upon
               himself
               much
               happier
               than
               any
               of
               his
               Conquerours
               ,
               since
               he
               should
               enjoy
               that
               reputation
               which
               always
               follows
               Vertue
               ,
               and
               which
               Tyranny
               and
               Injustice
               can
               never
               deserve
               .
            
             He
             conjured
             his
             friends
             to
             think
             of
             preserving
             their
             lives
             ,
             since
             he
             hoped
             that
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             being
             satisfied
             with
             his
             death
             ,
             would
             not
             persue
             their
             cruelty
             any
             farther
             .
             He
             afterwards
             went
             aside
             some
             few
             paces
             with
             a
             certain
             Greek
             ,
             whose
             name
             was
             Strato
             ,
             a
             very
             learned
             Rhetorician
             ;
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             by
             him
             highly
             esteemed
             ,
             he
             begged
             of
             this
             man
             ,
             by
             that
             strict
             League
             that
             was
             made
             between
             them
             ,
             to
             doe
             that
             office
             for
             him
             which
             those
             other
             friends
             had
             refused
             ,
             and
             seeing
             that
             he
             could
             not
             resolve
             upon
             it
             ▪
             he
             called
             for
             a
             slave
             .
             Ah!
             (
             then
             said
             Strato
             )
             
               it
               shall
               never
               be
               said
               that
            
             Brutus
             
               in
               his
               last
               extremity
               stood
               in
               need
               of
               the
               assistence
               of
               a
               slave
               for
               want
               of
               a
               friend
               ,
            
             so
             turning
             away
             his
             head
             ,
             he
             presented
             the
             point
             of
             his
             sword
             to
             Brutus
             ,
             who
             threw
             himself
             upon
             it
             with
             such
             violence
             that
             it
             pierced
             him
             through
             ,
             and
             he
             died
             immediately
             .
             Thus
             did
             this
             Man
             ,
             
             born
             with
             so
             great
             advantages
             and
             qualified
             so
             well
             ,
             by
             a
             tragical
             end
             pay
             for
             that
             horrible
             ingratitude
             wherewith
             he
             had
             dyed
             his
             hands
             in
             the
             bloud
             of
             a
             Man
             to
             whom
             he
             stood
             indebted
             for
             the
             highest
             favours
             .
             It
             is
             a
             crime
             which
             can
             never
             be
             washed
             off
             from
             his
             memory
             ,
             
             no
             not
             by
             all
             the
             Vertue
             which
             he
             so
             ill
             employed
             ,
             both
             in
             that
             action
             and
             at
             his
             death
             .
             Several
             have
             reported
             circumstances
             otherwise
             ,
             but
             all
             agree
             in
             this
             ,
             that
             Messala
             a
             long
             time
             afterwards
             presenting
             Strato
             to
             Augustus
             said
             ,
             
               See
               here
            
             ,
             Caesar
             ,
             
               the
               Man
               who
               paid
               the
               last
               offices
               to
               my
            
             Brutus
             ,
             and
             that
             Augustus
             extremely
             cherished
             Strato
             ,
             who
             afterwards
             served
             him
             very
             faithfully
             .
             Antonius
             hearing
             the
             next
             day
             of
             Brutus's
             death
             ,
             went
             to
             the
             place
             where
             the
             Body
             still
             lay
             ,
             and
             covered
             it
             himself
             with
             a
             rich
             Coat
             of
             Armour
             which
             he
             wore
             ,
             and
             when
             news
             was
             brought
             him
             afterwards
             that
             some
             body
             had
             stripped
             him
             ,
             he
             caused
             the
             Thief
             to
             be
             taken
             and
             put
             to
             death
             .
             The
             Body
             was
             burnt
             by
             his
             orders
             ,
             and
             the
             ashes
             sent
             to
             
               Servilia
               ,
               Brutus's
            
             Wife
             ,
             whose
             name
             was
             Porcia
             ,
             and
             was
             Cato
             of
             Vtica's
             Daughter
             ,
             so
             that
             having
             such
             a
             Father
             ,
             and
             such
             a
             Husband
             ,
             we
             may
             easily
             imagine
             what
             were
             the
             maxims
             of
             that
             Vertue
             which
             she
             so
             openly
             made
             profession
             of
             ;
             and
             she
             was
             resolved
             to
             give
             proofs
             of
             it
             by
             a
             death
             by
             which
             she
             out-did
             the
             fury
             of
             those
             two
             Men
             whom
             she
             most
             tenderly
             loved
             .
             And
             though
             since
             the
             death
             of
             her
             Husband
             she
             was
             so
             strictly
             observed
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             impossible
             for
             her
             either
             to
             make
             use
             of
             Poison
             or
             Dagger
             ,
             she
             swallowed
             so
             many
             hot
             Coals
             and
             Ashes
             that
             she
             choaked
             her self
             .
             Though
             ,
             to
             speak
             the
             truth
             of
             the
             matter
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             reason
             to
             believe
             that
             this
             kind
             of
             death
             was
             rather
             invented
             
             by
             the
             Wits
             ,
             who
             were
             desirous
             to
             report
             that
             tragical
             adventure
             in
             all
             its
             circumstances
             ,
             and
             make
             ,
             as
             they
             have
             done
             ,
             a
             Subject
             for
             a
             good
             *
             Epigram
             ;
             since
             Plutarch
             assures
             us
             that
             he
             had
             seen
             some
             of
             Brutus's
             Letters
             ,
             wherein
             he
             complains
             of
             his
             friends
             at
             Rome
             for
             suffering
             Porcia
             to
             die
             of
             Melancholy
             .
             Brutus's
             Friends
             and
             his
             Officers
             took
             different
             parties
             ,
             all
             those
             who
             knew
             themselves
             guilty
             of
             Caesar's
             death
             ,
             slew
             themselves
             with
             their
             own
             hands
             ;
             the
             others
             rallying
             with
             
               Messala
               ,
               Bibulus
            
             and
             Cornificius
             ,
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             Caesar
             and
             Antonius
             for
             an
             honourable
             composition
             ,
             which
             the
             two
             Generals
             frankly
             allowed
             of
             ,
             so
             they
             went
             into
             their
             Army
             with
             14000
             Men
             ,
             who
             yet
             might
             have
             made
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             disturbance
             in
             a
             fortified
             Camp
             ,
             and
             that
             was
             the
             reason
             which
             facilitated
             the
             Capitulation
             .
             And
             the
             Camp
             was
             afterwards
             given
             up
             to
             be
             plundered
             .
             By
             this
             famous
             overthrow
             the
             Triumviri
             at
             last
             established
             themselves
             in
             an
             authority
             ,
             which
             none
             were
             found
             powerfull
             enough
             to
             dispute
             with
             them
             ,
             and
             which
             gave
             the
             last
             blow
             to
             the
             Roman
             liberty
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Caesar
             was
             revenged
             ,
             and
             by
             this
             Victory
             did
             his
             Son
             begin
             to
             lay
             the
             foundations
             of
             an
             Empire
             ,
             which
             at
             last
             for
             its
             grandeur
             and
             extent
             has
             never
             yet
             been
             equalled
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           THE
           CONTINUATION
           OF
           THE
           HISTORY
           OF
           THE
           Second
           Triumvirate
           .
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             After
             the
             Battel
             of
             
               Philippi
               ,
               Anthony
            
             and
             Caesar
             bring
             their
             Enemies
             to
             punishment
             .
             They
             part
             the
             Forces
             of
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             goes
             into
             Italy
             .
          
           
             AS
             the
             love
             of
             Liberty
             was
             the
             most
             predominant
             passion
             the
             Romans
             had
             ,
             so
             never
             any
             people
             defended
             with
             more
             vigour
             that
             good
             which
             they
             valued
             more
             than
             their
             Lives
             .
             It
             was
             this
             that
             bred
             so
             many
             divisions
             among
             them
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             such
             bloudy
             Wars
             ;
             in
             
             which
             one
             of
             the
             parties
             always
             had
             the
             specious
             pretence
             of
             upholding
             the
             publick
             Liberty
             :
             But
             as
             the
             last
             sighs
             and
             groans
             are
             usually
             most
             violent
             ,
             so
             the
             Battel
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             last
             effort
             of
             the
             dying
             Commonwealth
             ,
             was
             the
             greatest
             struggle
             that
             ever
             she
             had
             for
             the
             maintaining
             her
             authority
             .
             The
             Sedition
             of
             the
             Gracchi
             was
             the
             first
             where
             the
             Bloud
             of
             Roman
             Citizens
             was
             shed
             ,
             however
             that
             seemed
             to
             be
             but
             onely
             a
             Popular
             Commotion
             ,
             seeing
             it
             was
             decided
             in
             the
             Forum
             in
             an
             hours
             time
             .
             The
             Wars
             that
             were
             kindled
             afterwards
             between
             Marius
             and
             Sylla
             had
             longer
             and
             more
             fatal
             consequences
             :
             But
             then
             Italy
             ,
             or
             rather
             Rome
             ,
             onely
             was
             the
             Theatre
             of
             them
             ;
             and
             what
             animosity
             soever
             appeared
             between
             the
             two
             Parties
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             World
             felt
             nothing
             of
             it
             .
             The
             division
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             went
             much
             farther
             ,
             the
             whole
             Roman
             Empire
             was
             shaken
             by
             it
             :
             But
             although
             all
             its
             Forces
             had
             fought
             at
             Pharsalia
             ,
             they
             were
             not
             comparable
             to
             those
             that
             appeared
             afterwards
             at
             the
             Battel
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             where
             above
             200000
             effective
             Men
             were
             in
             Arms
             ,
             commanded
             by
             the
             greatest
             Generals
             of
             that
             time
             .
             Besides
             too
             ,
             in
             the
             forementioned
             Commotions
             ,
             several
             Senatours
             thought
             they
             might
             very
             well
             stand
             neuters
             out
             of
             their
             respect
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             whose
             name
             at
             least
             in
             appearance
             was
             still
             reverenced
             ,
             whereas
             in
             this
             last
             occasion
             ,
             the
             mask
             being
             laid
             aside
             by
             the
             proceeding
             and
             declarations
             of
             
             the
             Triumvirs
             all
             management
             and
             conduct
             was
             useless
             ,
             and
             there
             was
             an
             absolute
             necessity
             of
             taking
             one
             side
             or
             t'other
             ,
             for
             Liberty
             or
             against
             it
             .
             But
             that
             was
             utterly
             ruined
             by
             the
             defeat
             of
             Brutus
             ,
             and
             from
             that
             moment
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             began
             to
             act
             as
             Sovereigns
             and
             divide
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             as
             theirs
             by
             Conquest
             ;
             for
             though
             Lepidus
             had
             his
             share
             of
             the
             Government
             ,
             yet
             as
             he
             had
             had
             none
             in
             the
             danger
             of
             the
             Wars
             ,
             he
             was
             but
             very
             little
             considered
             ,
             all
             the
             love
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             firmest
             prop
             of
             their
             Empire
             ,
             being
             turned
             in
             favour
             of
             those
             that
             had
             headed
             them
             upon
             all
             occasions
             .
             The
             following
             days
             after
             the
             Victory
             were
             employ'd
             by
             the
             Triumvirs
             in
             punishing
             their
             foes
             ;
             Anthony
             sacrificed
             Hortensius
             to
             the
             memory
             of
             his
             Brother
             Caius
             ,
             and
             put
             Varro
             to
             death
             ,
             who
             reproach'd
             him
             with
             his
             debauches
             ,
             and
             in
             some
             sort
             did
             then
             foretell
             the
             miserable
             end
             he
             himself
             should
             come
             to
             .
             
               Livius
               Drusus
            
             ,
             the
             Father
             of
             that
             Livia
             who
             was
             afterwards
             married
             to
             Augustus
             killed
             himself
             in
             his
             Tent
             ,
             and
             
               Quintilius
               Varus
            
             adorned
             with
             all
             the
             marks
             of
             the
             honours
             and
             dignities
             he
             had
             passed
             through
             ,
             made
             himself
             be
             slain
             by
             his
             freedman
             .
             Caesar
             upon
             this
             occasion
             appeared
             much
             more
             cruel
             than
             Anthony
             ,
             whether
             it
             were
             that
             the
             pain
             and
             uneasiness
             of
             his
             sickness
             had
             sowred
             his
             humour
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             really
             had
             a
             bent
             to
             cruelty
             ,
             or
             what
             is
             more
             likely
             had
             his
             temper
             so
             much
             at
             command
             ,
             that
             
             he
             put
             on
             gentleness
             or
             severity
             as
             in
             policy
             was
             necessary
             .
             He
             sent
             the
             Head
             of
             Brutus
             to
             Rome
             to
             be
             thrown
             at
             the
             Feet
             of
             his
             Father's
             statue
             ,
             and
             forced
             a
             Senatour
             and
             his
             Son
             to
             draw
             Lots
             for
             their
             lives
             ,
             but
             they
             both
             refused
             it
             ;
             the
             Father
             voluntarily
             gave
             up
             himself
             to
             execution
             ,
             and
             the
             Son
             stab'd
             himself
             before
             Caesar's
             face
             .
             To
             another
             that
             beg'd
             of
             him
             that
             he
             might
             have
             the
             Rites
             of
             Burial
             ,
             he
             said
             that
             
               that
               would
               soon
               be
               at
               the
               disposal
               of
               the
               Ravens
            
             ;
             these
             and
             such
             like
             bitter
             words
             ,
             joined
             to
             the
             rigour
             of
             his
             punishments
             ,
             rendred
             him
             so
             odious
             to
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Prisoners
             that
             were
             brought
             fettered
             before
             them
             ,
             that
             they
             saluted
             Anthony
             with
             respect
             ,
             but
             loaded
             Caesar
             with
             injuries
             and
             bloudy
             reproaches
             ,
             which
             none
             did
             with
             more
             violence
             than
             Favonius
             ,
             who
             at
             his
             death
             took
             all
             the
             liberty
             of
             speech
             and
             railing
             freedom
             of
             a
             Cynick
             Philosopher
             .
             After
             having
             thus
             satisfied
             their
             revenge
             ,
             the
             Triumvirs
             thought
             upon
             establishing
             their
             authority
             .
             Anthony
             undertook
             to
             go
             into
             Asia
             to
             gather
             Money
             in
             those
             Provinces
             that
             were
             tributary
             to
             the
             Romans
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             took
             upon
             him
             to
             lead
             the
             old
             Troops
             into
             Italy
             to
             put
             them
             in
             possession
             of
             the
             Lands
             that
             were
             promised
             them
             .
             This
             Commission
             was
             an
             undertaking
             both
             nice
             and
             full
             of
             danger
             .
             Caesar
             had
             to
             doe
             with
             Souldiers
             who
             thought
             they
             had
             right
             to
             give
             Laws
             even
             to
             their
             Commanders
             for
             the
             great
             services
             they
             had
             done
             them
             ,
             and
             who
             would
             never
             have
             
             wanted
             welcome
             entertainment
             from
             the
             other
             side
             ;
             for
             the
             remainders
             of
             the
             contrary
             Faction
             did
             still
             subsist
             in
             the
             persons
             of
             Domitius
             and
             
               Staius
               Murcus
            
             ,
             the
             Lieutenant-Generals
             of
             Brutus
             who
             had
             both
             very
             powerfull
             Fleets
             ;
             for
             Cassius
             of
             Parma
             had
             joined
             them
             with
             thirty
             Rhodian
             Ships
             assisted
             by
             
               Clodius
               Forulus
            
             and
             young
             Cicero
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             were
             able
             to
             make
             a
             considerable
             progress
             had
             they
             remained
             united
             ,
             but
             their
             ambition
             divided
             them
             .
             Domitius
             ,
             who
             would
             be
             independent
             and
             head
             of
             the
             Party
             ,
             quitted
             Murcus
             ,
             who
             thereupon
             went
             and
             joined
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             the
             most
             dangerous
             Enemy
             of
             the
             Triumvirs
             .
             He
             was
             Master
             of
             Sicily
             ,
             and
             very
             strong
             at
             Sea
             ,
             and
             if
             he
             had
             had
             but
             as
             much
             conduct
             as
             he
             had
             valour
             ,
             he
             would
             have
             been
             able
             to
             dispute
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             World
             with
             them
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             have
             shared
             it
             ;
             but
             for
             want
             of
             good
             education
             ,
             learning
             and
             knowledge
             ,
             he
             was
             of
             so
             irresolute
             a
             temper
             ,
             that
             though
             he
             had
             a
             brisk
             and
             ready
             wit
             ,
             he
             so
             wholly
             abandoned
             himself
             to
             the
             management
             of
             his
             freedom
             ,
             that
             he
             seemed
             rather
             to
             be
             their
             Slave
             .
             Among
             them
             Menas
             and
             Menecrates
             were
             of
             most
             authority
             ,
             they
             commanded
             his
             Troops
             made
             up
             of
             fugitive
             Slaves
             ,
             and
             of
             those
             Souldiers
             that
             the
             fury
             of
             the
             Triumvirs
             had
             driven
             out
             of
             Italy
             :
             but
             that
             which
             more
             maintained
             the
             reputation
             of
             this
             Party
             was
             the
             great
             number
             of
             noble
             persons
             that
             were
             proscribed
             ,
             who
             had
             fled
             for
             refuge
             into
             Sicily
             ,
             like
             those
             driven
             by
             
             storms
             ,
             to
             whom
             a
             small
             shelter
             or
             an
             open
             Road
             appears
             a
             safe
             harbour
             .
             The
             arrival
             of
             Murcus
             encreased
             his
             Forces
             ;
             nevertheless
             he
             did
             not
             oppose
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             returned
             into
             Italy
             with
             five
             Legions
             and
             4000
             Horse
             ,
             Anthony
             having
             kept
             with
             him
             10000
             and
             six
             Legions
             .
             They
             had
             disbanded
             the
             rest
             of
             their
             Army
             ,
             after
             they
             had
             satisfied
             them
             with
             what
             Money
             they
             had
             left
             ,
             and
             what
             they
             found
             in
             the
             Conspiratours
             Camp.
             They
             were
             all
             old
             Souldiers
             whose
             time
             of
             service
             was
             expired
             ,
             and
             who
             besides
             that
             pretended
             to
             the
             rewards
             and
             inheritances
             that
             had
             been
             promised
             them
             ;
             't
             was
             this
             that
             was
             the
             most
             perplexing
             business
             and
             important
             care
             of
             the
             Triumvirs
             .
             Though
             the
             43
             Legions
             they
             had
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             War
             were
             by
             this
             time
             reduced
             to
             28
             ,
             they
             had
             still
             need
             of
             vast
             sums
             to
             pay
             according
             to
             their
             promise
             5000
             Drachmas
             to
             every
             private
             Souldier
             ,
             almost
             100
             li.
             and
             to
             the
             others
             in
             proportion
             ;
             this
             was
             the
             principal
             motive
             of
             Anthony's
             expedition
             into
             Asia
             ,
             he
             had
             besides
             the
             Legions
             4000
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             Volunteers
             ,
             who
             served
             him
             as
             his
             Guards
             ,
             and
             as
             many
             remained
             with
             Caesar
             in
             the
             same
             post
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             Anthony
             goes
             into
             Grecia
             ,
             he
             stays
             at
             Athens
             ,
             he
             goes
             into
             Asia
             ,
             where
             he
             is
             honourably
             received
             ,
             his
             Speech
             to
             the
             Deputies
             .
          
           
             ANTHONY
             loved
             his
             pleasure
             above
             all
             other
             things
             ,
             and
             upon
             the
             least
             respite
             he
             had
             from
             business
             he
             always
             follow'd
             his
             natural
             bent
             and
             inclination
             .
             After
             the
             atchievement
             of
             such
             a
             famous
             Victory
             that
             seemed
             to
             be
             gained
             wholly
             by
             him
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             refuse
             himself
             the
             satisfaction
             of
             seeing
             Greece
             ,
             it
             being
             the
             Countrey
             of
             the
             World
             where
             flattery
             was
             managed
             with
             most
             delicacy
             ;
             to
             gain
             the
             hearts
             of
             this
             People
             ,
             he
             would
             needs
             dis-robe
             himself
             of
             all
             kind
             of
             Majesty
             ,
             that
             rendred
             him
             any
             ways
             formidable
             to
             them
             ,
             he
             was
             familiarly
             present
             at
             the
             conferences
             of
             the
             Philosophers
             at
             Athens
             ,
             and
             made
             great
             Presents
             to
             that
             City
             ,
             and
             never
             was
             better
             pleased
             than
             when
             he
             was
             called
             the
             Friend
             and
             Patron
             of
             the
             Greeks
             ,
             or
             a
             lover
             of
             the
             Athenians
             .
             He
             administred
             justice
             with
             great
             gentleness
             and
             equity
             ,
             and
             was
             always
             giving
             them
             some
             taste
             of
             his
             rallying
             humour
             ,
             as
             when
             those
             of
             Megara
             earnestly
             desired
             he
             would
             go
             and
             see
             the
             place
             of
             their
             Assemblies
             ,
             imagining
             he
             would
             admire
             the
             structure
             of
             it
             ;
             he
             went
             thither
             and
             after
             he
             had
             intentively
             viewed
             it
             ,
             
             when
             one
             took
             the
             boldness
             to
             ask
             him
             what
             he
             thought
             of
             it
             ,
             
               it
               appears
               to
               me
            
             ,
             saith
             he
             ,
             
               to
               be
               very
               little
               ,
               and
               ready
               to
               fall
               to
               ruine
               .
            
             He
             took
             the
             measures
             of
             the
             Temple
             of
             
               Apollo
               Pythius
            
             ,
             out
             of
             a
             design
             to
             finish
             it
             ,
             as
             he
             had
             promised
             the
             Senate
             ;
             and
             then
             leaving
             
               Marcus
               Censorius
            
             to
             command
             in
             Greece
             ,
             he
             went
             over
             into
             Asia
             with
             all
             his
             Troops
             .
             There
             all
             the
             Princes
             of
             the
             East
             that
             acknowledged
             the
             Roman
             power
             ,
             came
             to
             make
             their
             court
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             the
             fairest
             Princesses
             strove
             to
             gain
             his
             favour
             either
             by
             the
             charms
             of
             their
             Beauty
             or
             the
             magnificence
             of
             their
             Presents
             .
             This
             crowd
             of
             Sovereigns
             that
             daily
             waited
             in
             his
             Anti-chamber
             with
             their
             praises
             and
             submissions
             did
             most
             agreeably
             flatter
             his
             ambition
             ,
             but
             the
             manner
             of
             his
             reception
             at
             Ephesus
             wrought
             it
             up
             to
             intolerable
             pride
             .
             The
             inhabitants
             went
             to
             meet
             him
             drest
             like
             Fawns
             and
             Satyrs
             ,
             the
             Women
             like
             Bacchanals
             ,
             armed
             with
             Thirses
             ,
             crowned
             with
             Ivy
             ,
             and
             covered
             with
             Tyger's
             Skins
             ;
             all
             this
             was
             accompanied
             with
             a
             pleasant
             consort
             of
             Flutes
             ,
             Hoboys
             and
             other
             instruments
             .
             They
             called
             
               Anthony
               Bacchus
            
             ,
             Father
             of
             the
             Graces
             and
             Gentleness
             ;
             and
             indeed
             the
             name
             suited
             him
             well
             ,
             but
             not
             in
             respect
             of
             every
             body
             .
             'T
             is
             true
             indeed
             he
             pardoned
             all
             those
             of
             Brutus's
             Party
             that
             surrendred
             themselves
             to
             him
             ,
             except
             Petronius
             and
             Quintus
             ,
             the
             first
             was
             charged
             with
             being
             one
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             with
             betraying
             Dolabella
             
             in
             Laodicea
             ,
             but
             then
             he
             took
             away
             the
             Estates
             of
             several
             rich
             Citizens
             to
             enrich
             his
             Flatterers
             and
             Bouffons
             ,
             who
             making
             people
             that
             were
             in
             perfect
             health
             believe
             they
             were
             dead
             ,
             very
             impudently
             went
             and
             beg'd
             their
             Estates
             :
             Among
             others
             a
             Cook
             of
             his
             ,
             for
             dressing
             him
             a
             Supper
             that
             pleased
             him
             ,
             got
             the
             House
             of
             a
             wealthy
             inhabitant
             of
             Magnesia
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             being
             pressed
             by
             the
             necessity
             of
             giving
             his
             Troops
             satisfaction
             ,
             he
             assembles
             all
             the
             Deputies
             of
             all
             those
             that
             were
             either
             subjects
             or
             allies
             of
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             in
             Asia
             ,
             and
             harangued
             them
             after
             this
             manner
             .
             
               Gentlemen
               ,
               ye
               must
               needs
               be
               sensible
               of
               the
               advantages
               ye
               have
               enjoyed
               under
               the
               Government
               of
               the
               Romans
               ,
               and
               with
               what
               gentleness
               they
               have
               governed
               you
               ever
               since
            
             Attalus
             
               at
               his
               death
               bequeathed
               you
               to
               them
               ;
               they
               freely
               remitted
               all
               those
               Taxes
               ye
               paid
               to
               that
               Prince
               and
               his
               predecessours
               ,
               till
               the
               ambition
               of
               some
               of
               our
               Citizens
               ,
               making
               them
               rebell
               against
               us
               ,
               we
               were
               obliged
               to
               draw
               some
               supply
               of
               money
               which
               we
               wanted
               from
               these
               Provinces
               ;
               but
               it
               was
               with
               such
               moderation
               that
               the
               Tax
               was
               much
               beneath
               what
               ye
               were
               able
               to
               give
               .
               As
               our
               design
               was
               not
               to
               ruine
               you
               ,
               we
               onely
               demanded
               a
               part
               of
               your
               revenue
               ,
               that
               at
               least
               we
               might
               have
               our
               share
               of
               your
               assistence
               as
               well
               as
               our
               Enemies
               ,
               who
               ,
               far
               from
               treating
               you
               with
               the
               same
               lenity
               ,
               exacted
               much
               more
               from
               you
               by
               down-right
               violence
               ,
               and
               against
               the
               authority
               of
               the
               Senate
               .
               Ye
               may
               very
               well
               remember
               that
            
             Julius
             Caesar
             
               generously
               forgave
               
               you
               the
               third
               part
               of
               the
               impost
               ye
               granted
               him
               ,
               and
               having
               regard
               to
               your
               Petitions
               and
               complaints
               ,
               gave
               leave
               that
               ye
               your selves
               should
               gather
               the
               Taxes
               among
               your
               own
               Subjects
               ,
               yet
               all
               these
               testimonies
               of
               his
               clemency
               and
               humanity
               have
               not
               been
               able
               to
               hinder
               some
               ill-minded
               Senatours
               from
               making
               him
               pass
               for
               a
               Tyrant
               ;
               they
               declared
               themselves
               our
               enemies
               because
               we
               endeavoured
               to
               revenge
               the
               murther
               of
               him
               ,
               who
               was
               both
               our
               friend
               and
               our
               General
               ,
               but
               ye
               ,
               notwithstanding
               the
               great
               obligations
               ye
               owed
               him
               ,
               have
               not
               been
               ashamed
               to
               assist
               his
               murtherers
               with
               vast
               sums
               of
               Money
               .
               And
               since
               that
               ye
               would
               needs
               run
               their
               fortune
               in
               the
               War
               ,
               and
               that
               the
               Gods
               have
               been
               pleased
               to
               grant
               the
               Victory
               ,
               not
               according
               to
               your
               wishes
               but
               their
               own
               justice
               ,
               there
               is
               all
               the
               reason
               in
               the
               world
               we
               should
               treat
               you
               as
               the
               allies
               ,
               or
               indeed
               as
               the
               accomplices
               of
               our
               Foes
               ,
               and
               that
               we
               should
               impose
               some
               punishment
               upon
               you
               .
               But
               as
               we
               are
               willing
               to
               believe
               that
               this
               fault
               is
               rather
               the
               effect
               of
               their
               violence
               than
               your
               will
               ,
               we
               shall
               not
               proceed
               against
               you
               with
               any
               cruel
               or
               insupportable
               punishments
               .
               Ye
               know
               without
               doubt
               we
               owe
               our
               Souldiers
               large
               recompences
               ,
               as
               the
               reward
               of
               the
               Victories
               they
               have
               gained
               ,
               and
               for
               this
               we
               have
               engaged
               both
               our
               Words
               and
               Oaths
               .
               These
               rewards
               ought
               to
               be
               given
               in
               Money
               ,
               in
               Lands
               and
               in
               Houses
               .
               We
               have
            
             28
             
               Legions
               ,
               which
               make
            
             170000
             
               Men
               ,
               besides
               some
               other
               Troops
               ,
               not
               counting
               the
               Cavalry
               ,
               nor
               the
               Veterans
               that
               have
               obtained
               their
               dismission
               ,
               so
               that
               ye
               may
               judge
               of
               our
               
               occasions
               by
               the
               number
               of
               our
               Souldiers
               .
               'T
               was
               this
               that
               obliged
            
             Caesar
             
               to
               go
               into
            
             Italy
             
               to
               distribute
               these
               rewards
               in
               Lands
               and
               Houses
               .
               Even
               whole
               Cities
               will
               scarce
               be
               sufficient
               for
               this
               design
               ,
               which
               at
               the
               same
               time
               will
               alter
               the
               state
               and
               circumstances
               of
               that
               Province
               :
               But
               because
               we
               will
               not
               take
               your
               Cities
               and
               inheritances
               from
               you
               ,
               nor
               drive
               you
               from
               your
               Temples
               and
               the
               Sepulchres
               of
               your
               Forefathers
               ,
               all
               the
               punishment
               ye
               have
               deserved
               shall
               be
               imposed
               in
               Money
               ,
               without
               forcing
               you
               however
               to
               give
               us
               all
               ye
               are
               worth
               .
               But
               even
               this
               proceeding
               too
               is
               displeasing
               to
               us
               ,
               it
               seems
               too
               rigorous
               ;
               and
               we
               are
               resolved
               to
               doe
               nothing
               but
               what
               shall
               be
               approved
               of
               by
               reasonable
               and
               uninteressed
               Persons
               .
               We
               demand
               of
               you
               onely
               what
               ye
               gave
               our
               Adversaries
               ,
               which
               is
               ten
               years
               Tribute
               ;
               but
               as
               ye
               paid
               it
               to
               them
               in
               two
               years
               time
               ,
               we
               require
               it
               of
               you
               in
               one
               ,
               for
               our
               occasions
               that
               press
               us
               constrain
               us
               to
               decree
               it
               so
               ;
               and
               besides
               the
               love
               and
               esteem
               ye
               seem
               to
               have
               for
               us
               should
               make
               you
               have
               the
               same
               sentiments
               .
               This
               is
               all
               the
               pain
               ye
               shall
               endure
               ,
               seeing
               the
               Laws
               of
               humanity
               permit
               not
               always
               that
               the
               punishment
               should
               be
               proportionable
               to
               the
               crime
               .
            
             All
             those
             that
             were
             present
             threw
             themselves
             weeping
             at
             the
             feet
             of
             Anthony
             .
             They
             remonstrated
             to
             him
             that
             
               Their
               assisting
            
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             
               could
               not
               be
               laid
               to
               their
               charge
               as
               a
               crime
               ,
               because
               they
               were
               forced
               to
               it
               ,
               and
               that
               by
               such
               intolerable
               usage
               ,
               that
               they
               were
               rather
               objects
               of
               mercy
               and
               pity
               than
               punishment
               .
               That
               they
               should
               esteem
               themselves
               even
               
               too
               happy
               to
               be
               able
               to
               assist
               those
               to
               whom
               they
               were
               so
               much
               obliged
               with
               all
               they
               were
               worth
               ;
               but
               since
               their
               Enemies
               had
               taken
               not
               onely
               all
               their
               Gold
               and
               Silver
               that
               was
               coined
               ,
               but
               all
               the
               Plate
               and
               ornaments
               of
               the
               Cities
               and
               Temples
               ,
               they
               were
               reduced
               to
               the
               utmost
               extremity
               .
            
             This
             Discourse
             not
             being
             able
             to
             satisfie
             Anthony
             ,
             the
             Oratour
             Hybreas
             told
             him
             boldly
             enough
             ,
             
               My
               Lord
               ,
               If
               you
               would
               exact
               from
               us
               in
               one
               year
               what
               we
               are
               but
               able
               to
               pay
               in
               two
               ,
               you
               should
               that
               year
               give
               us
               two
               Harvests
               and
               two
               Vintages
               .
            
             This
             liberty
             of
             speech
             did
             not
             at
             all
             displease
             Anthony
             ,
             for
             he
             loved
             a
             thing
             well
             said
             ;
             and
             the
             same
             Hybreas
             upon
             another
             occasion
             said
             to
             him
             ,
             Asia
             
               has
               already
               paid
               to
               you
            
             200000
             
               Talents
               ,
               if
               the
               Money
               did
               not
               come
               to
               your
               hands
               bring
               them
               to
               an
               account
               that
               received
               it
               ,
               but
               if
               it
               did
               and
               you
               have
               none
               of
               it
               left
               we
               are
               undone
               .
            
             At
             length
             after
             many
             contests
             ,
             these
             Deputies
             beseeched
             Anthony
             to
             be
             contented
             with
             the
             Tax
             of
             nine
             years
             to
             be
             paid
             in
             two
             ,
             which
             he
             granted
             them
             .
             So
             all
             the
             tributary
             Kings
             and
             Princes
             of
             Asia
             ,
             with
             the
             free
             Cities
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             People
             in
             general
             were
             obliged
             to
             contribute
             to
             the
             payment
             of
             this
             sum
             .
             Anthony
             after
             this
             went
             a
             progress
             all
             about
             ●he
             Countrey
             ,
             where
             he
             gave
             extraordinary
             demonstrations
             of
             his
             generosity
             and
             good
             nature
             .
             He
             pardoned
             Lucius
             ,
             Brother
             to
             Cassius
             ,
             and
             several
             others
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             whom
             the
             report
             of
             his
             clemency
             drew
             out
             of
             the
             places
             where
             they
             were
             hid
             ;
             onely
             he
             spared
             none
             that
             
             had
             a
             hand
             in
             the
             death
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             or
             were
             of
             the
             number
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             .
             Lycia
             that
             was
             laid
             waste
             by
             Brutus
             he
             exempted
             from
             the
             contribution
             .
             He
             persuaded
             the
             Xanthians
             to
             rebuild
             their
             City
             ;
             to
             the
             Rhodians
             he
             gave
             
               Andros
               ,
               Tenos
            
             and
             Gnidos
             .
             Those
             of
             Tharsus
             and
             Laodicea
             enjoyed
             freedom
             from
             the
             imposition
             in
             consideration
             that
             they
             had
             been
             severely
             used
             by
             Cassius
             ,
             and
             set
             at
             liberty
             those
             of
             these
             two
             Cities
             that
             had
             been
             made
             Slaves
             .
             Amongst
             the
             rest
             he
             was
             not
             unmindfull
             of
             the
             Athenians
             ,
             but
             gave
             them
             the
             Isle
             of
             Egina
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             whole
             weight
             of
             the
             contribution
             fell
             heaviest
             upon
             the
             People
             of
             the
             lesser
             
               Asia
               ,
               Syria
               ,
               Phrygia
               ,
               Mysia
            
             and
             Gallatia
             ,
             who
             were
             extremely
             harassed
             ,
             as
             likewise
             were
             the
             Provinces
             of
             
               Cappadocia
               ,
               Cilicia
            
             and
             
               Palestine
               .
               Anthony
            
             then
             made
             himself
             sovereign
             Judge
             of
             the
             differences
             between
             the
             Kings
             of
             those
             Countries
             ,
             as
             in
             Cappadocia
             between
             Ariarathes
             and
             Sysenes
             ,
             for
             whom
             the
             beauty
             of
             his
             Mother
             Glaphyra
             was
             so
             powerfull
             as
             to
             carry
             the
             Crown
             from
             his
             Competitour
             .
             At
             this
             time
             he
             received
             very
             favourably
             the
             Embassy
             from
             Hircanus
             ,
             King
             and
             High-priest
             of
             the
             Jews
             ,
             and
             began
             to
             give
             Herod
             marks
             of
             his
             favour
             for
             the
             services
             he
             had
             received
             from
             his
             Father
             Antipater
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             Cleopatra
             Queen
             of
             Aegypt
             her
             Character
             ,
             she
             comes
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             their
             interview
             ,
             Anthony
             puts
             Arsinoe
             the
             Sister
             of
             Cleopatra
             to
             death
             .
          
           
             AMong
             those
             Sovereigns
             whose
             destiny
             depended
             on
             the
             absolute
             will
             and
             disposition
             of
             
               Anthony
               ,
               Cleopatra
            
             ,
             Queen
             of
             Aegypt
             ,
             by
             her
             conduct
             found
             she
             had
             reason
             both
             to
             hope
             and
             fear
             :
             She
             had
             managed
             her self
             like
             an
             adroit
             Politician
             in
             the
             time
             of
             the
             War
             ,
             assisting
             Dolabella
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             Serapion
             ,
             her
             Lieutenant
             in
             Cyprus
             ,
             ●ought
             for
             Cassius
             ;
             she
             knew
             well
             enough
             that
             this
             had
             not
             been
             very
             pleasing
             to
             the
             Triumviri
             ,
             considering
             what
             she
             owed
             to
             the
             memory
             of
             
               Iulius
               Caesar.
            
             The
             love
             of
             that
             great
             Man
             and
             her
             was
             sufficiently
             known
             to
             all
             the
             World
             ,
             but
             as
             if
             she
             had
             been
             resolved
             to
             conquer
             and
             triumph
             over
             the
             Romans
             in
             the
             Persons
             of
             their
             Generals
             ;
             she
             had
             received
             the
             Addresses
             of
             Pompey's
             eldest
             Son
             ,
             so
             that
             never
             Beauty
             was
             ever
             signalized
             by
             more
             illustrious
             conquests
             .
             The
             amorous
             passions
             she
             had
             inspired
             when
             she
             was
             very
             young
             gave
             her
             such
             an
             opinion
             of
             her
             Charms
             as
             she
             hoped
             she
             easily
             might
             revive
             that
             flame
             in
             Anthony's
             heart
             of
             which
             heretofore
             he
             had
             given
             her
             testimony
             ,
             when
             he
             commanded
             the
             Cavalry
             of
             Gabinius
             in
             Aegypt
             .
             But
             
             above
             all
             it
             was
             her
             Wit
             that
             maintained
             this
             hope
             in
             her
             ,
             for
             though
             her
             Person
             was
             very
             charming
             ,
             and
             the
             beauty
             and
             brightness
             of
             her
             Eyes
             was
             not
             to
             be
             withstood
             ,
             yet
             there
             were
             at
             Rome
             those
             of
             her
             Sex
             that
             did
             not
             yield
             to
             her
             in
             the
             least
             for
             Mein
             nor
             Beauty
             ,
             but
             none
             could
             compare
             with
             her
             for
             the
             agreeableness
             of
             her
             Wit
             and
             her
             charming
             conversation
             ;
             it
             was
             such
             a
             pleasure
             to
             hear
             her
             talk
             ,
             and
             all
             her
             Discourse
             was
             animated
             with
             such
             an
             air
             as
             was
             not
             to
             be
             expressed
             ,
             that
             it
             made
             an
             extraordinary
             impression
             upon
             all
             those
             that
             heard
             her
             ;
             the
             very
             tone
             of
             her
             Voice
             ,
             accompanied
             with
             the
             loveliness
             of
             her
             Eyes
             and
             the
             liveliness
             of
             her
             Wit
             never
             failed
             both
             to
             please
             and
             persuade
             .
             Then
             she
             expressed
             her self
             with
             so
             much
             facility
             in
             so
             many
             several
             Languages
             ,
             that
             even
             that
             was
             enough
             to
             pass
             for
             a
             Prodigy
             .
             The
             most
             Barbarous
             Nations
             with
             wonder
             heard
             her
             answer
             their
             Ambassadours
             without
             an
             Interpreter
             ;
             she
             understood
             ,
             besides
             many
             others
             ,
             the
             Ethiopian
             ,
             the
             Troglodite
             ,
             the
             Hebrew
             ,
             the
             Arabian
             ,
             Syrian
             ,
             Median
             and
             Parthian
             Tongues
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             the
             more
             admirable
             in
             her
             by
             reason
             several
             of
             the
             Kings
             her
             Predecessours
             had
             not
             been
             able
             to
             learn
             the
             Aegyptian
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             them
             had
             forgot
             the
             Macedonian
             ,
             their
             own
             Mother
             Tongue
             .
             The
             great
             confidence
             she
             put
             in
             these
             her
             extraordinary
             accomplishments
             gave
             her
             more
             assurance
             to
             go
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             had
             sent
             Dellius
             to
             
             cite
             her
             to
             give
             an
             account
             of
             her
             conduct
             to
             him
             .
             Dellius
             was
             a
             Man
             of
             Wit
             and
             Learning
             ,
             and
             a
             famous
             Historian
             ,
             but
             one
             of
             very
             ill
             principles
             :
             Messala
             called
             him
             the
             Vaulter
             of
             the
             Civil
             Wars
             ;
             for
             he
             went
             from
             the
             service
             of
             Dolabella
             to
             Cassius's
             side
             ,
             and
             then
             quitted
             Cassius
             for
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             traiterously
             left
             Anthony
             and
             went
             over
             to
             Caesar
             :
             And
             his
             character
             and
             disposition
             was
             suitable
             ,
             being
             of
             the
             number
             of
             those
             Fellows
             who
             have
             always
             a
             base
             compliance
             for
             all
             the
             inclinations
             of
             their
             Masters
             .
             And
             as
             he
             very
             well
             understood
             the
             humour
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             he
             had
             no
             sooner
             beheld
             the
             Beauty
             of
             the
             Queen
             ,
             and
             was
             sensible
             of
             the
             address
             and
             power
             of
             her
             Wit
             and
             understanding
             ,
             but
             he
             easily
             judged
             what
             sentiments
             she
             was
             likely
             to
             inspire
             him
             with
             .
             It
             is
             reported
             too
             that
             he
             was
             so
             sensible
             of
             Cleopatra's
             Charms
             as
             to
             engage
             his
             Heart
             ,
             and
             that
             she
             was
             not
             displeased
             with
             his
             Love
             (
             and
             indeed
             in
             the
             time
             of
             Seneca
             ,
             there
             went
             about
             Letters
             of
             his
             to
             that
             Queen
             ,
             written
             with
             a
             little
             too
             much
             familiarity
             )
             however
             ,
             he
             omitted
             nothing
             that
             might
             please
             her
             ;
             he
             assured
             her
             that
             Anthony
             was
             the
             best
             natured
             and
             most
             Gentile
             humoured
             Man
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             to
             Persons
             of
             so
             extraordinary
             merit
             and
             such
             admirable
             qualifications
             ,
             and
             that
             she
             had
             nothing
             to
             apprehend
             ,
             unless
             it
             were
             making
             him
             too
             much
             in
             love
             with
             her
             ,
             which
             she
             did
             not
             fear
             in
             the
             least
             .
             She
             then
             prepared
             to
             meet
             him
             ,
             but
             
             in
             so
             gallant
             a
             manner
             ,
             that
             at
             first
             sight
             it
             made
             a
             most
             pleasing
             impression
             upon
             his
             Soul.
             Anthony
             waited
             for
             her
             in
             
               Cilicia
               .
               Cleopatra
            
             arriving
             at
             the
             mouth
             of
             the
             River
             Cydnus
             ,
             embarked
             her self
             upon
             a
             Vessel
             whose
             Poop
             was
             of
             Gold
             ,
             the
             Sails
             of
             Purple
             Silk
             ,
             the
             Oars
             of
             Silver
             ,
             which
             gently
             kept
             time
             to
             a
             Symphony
             made
             by
             a
             consort
             of
             excellent
             Musick
             .
             The
             Queen
             was
             laid
             under
             a
             Canopy
             of
             rich
             Cloth
             of
             Gold
             ,
             drest
             like
             Venus
             ,
             rising
             out
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             about
             her
             were
             lovely
             Children
             like
             Cupids
             fanning
             her
             ,
             the
             handsomest
             of
             her
             Women
             habited
             like
             Nereïds
             and
             Graces
             were
             leaning
             negligently
             on
             the
             sides
             and
             shrowds
             of
             the
             Vessels
             ;
             the
             sweets
             that
             were
             burning
             perfumed
             the
             Banks
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             which
             were
             covered
             with
             an
             infinite
             number
             of
             People
             ,
             who
             ran
             thither
             with
             such
             earnestness
             that
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             was
             mounted
             on
             a
             Throne
             to
             make
             a
             shew
             of
             Majesty
             ,
             was
             left
             quite
             alone
             whilst
             all
             the
             Multitude
             that
             flocked
             to
             the
             River
             shouted
             for
             joy
             ,
             and
             cried
             
               that
               the
               Goddess
            
             Venus
             
               was
               come
               to
               visit
               the
               God
            
             Bacchus
             
               for
               the
               happiness
               of
            
             Asia
             .
             Anthony
             thought
             himself
             obliged
             in
             civility
             to
             desire
             her
             to
             land
             and
             sup
             with
             him
             ,
             but
             she
             replied
             it
             would
             be
             better
             if
             he
             supped
             with
             her
             ,
             which
             he
             did
             not
             refuse
             lest
             he
             should
             appear
             ill
             bred
             .
             He
             was
             surprised
             at
             the
             neatness
             and
             magnificence
             of
             the
             entertainment
             ,
             but
             that
             which
             he
             most
             admired
             was
             the
             ingenious
             placing
             of
             the
             Lights
             ,
             which
             both
             adorned
             and
             enlightned
             the
             Hall
             ,
             being
             so
             
             disposed
             as
             they
             made
             a
             hundred
             several
             delightfull
             figures
             .
             The
             next
             day
             he
             in
             his
             turn
             would
             treat
             her
             ,
             and
             endeavoured
             all
             he
             could
             to
             outgo
             her
             in
             a
             sumptuous
             entertainment
             ,
             but
             he
             himself
             soon
             perceived
             he
             was
             far
             short
             of
             it
             ,
             so
             that
             turning
             all
             to
             railery
             ,
             he
             first
             began
             to
             laugh
             at
             the
             want
             of
             contrivance
             and
             ingenuity
             in
             his
             Attendants
             .
             All
             his
             mirth
             and
             jests
             were
             blunt
             and
             Souldier-like
             ,
             which
             extremely
             pleased
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             soon
             made
             her
             understand
             Anthony's
             true
             character
             and
             humour
             ;
             but
             she
             carried
             on
             the
             railery
             with
             all
             the
             delicacy
             and
             dexterity
             imaginable
             ,
             till
             at
             last
             taking
             a
             more
             serious
             air
             in
             her
             Discourses
             ,
             she
             told
             him
             ,
             that
             
               she
               came
               not
               thither
               to
               clear
               her self
               but
               to
               be
               recompensed
               for
               the
               Services
               she
               had
               done
               him
               and
            
             Caesar
             :
             She
             insisted
             much
             upon
             the
             Forces
             she
             had
             sent
             with
             Ali●nus
             to
             the
             Assistence
             of
             Dolabella
             ,
             and
             valued
             her self
             upon
             the
             Fleet
             she
             put
             to
             Sea
             in
             spight
             of
             Cassius
             and
             his
             Generals
             ,
             which
             she
             commanded
             in
             person
             when
             it
             was
             scattered
             by
             storms
             ,
             and
             underwent
             so
             many
             dangers
             in
             that
             expedition
             ;
             in
             short
             ,
             so
             many
             excellencies
             and
             charms
             both
             of
             Wit
             and
             Judgment
             appeared
             in
             her
             conversation
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             could
             no
             longer
             defend
             his
             Heart
             ,
             but
             from
             that
             moment
             entertained
             such
             a
             Passion
             for
             her
             ,
             as
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             all
             the
             misfortunes
             of
             his
             life
             ,
             and
             which
             ended
             not
             but
             with
             it
             .
             The
             first
             Sacrifice
             he
             made
             her
             was
             her
             Sister
             Arsinoe
             ;
             he
             put
             her
             to
             death
             though
             she
             came
             to
             beg
             
             his
             protection
             ,
             after
             she
             had
             taken
             Sanctuary
             in
             the
             Temple
             of
             Diana
             at
             Miletus
             ,
             and
             made
             Serapion
             give
             her
             up
             the
             City
             of
             Tyre
             .
             He
             drove
             away
             a
             false
             Ptolemy
             ,
             whom
             (
             for
             his
             likeness
             to
             Cleopatra's
             Brother
             ,
             who
             was
             defeated
             by
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             and
             drowned
             in
             the
             Nile
             )
             those
             of
             Aradus
             had
             acknowledged
             for
             their
             King.
             
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             Caesar's
             Sickness
             .
             He
             comes
             to
             Rome
             .
             His
             difficulties
             in
             distributing
             Rewards
             .
             The
             dangers
             he
             run
             upon
             this
             occasion
             .
          
           
             THIS
             Passion
             so
             fatal
             to
             Anthony
             was
             no
             less
             to
             all
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             ,
             and
             Italy
             first
             of
             all
             began
             to
             feel
             the
             effects
             of
             it
             .
             Caesar
             being
             landed
             there
             found
             himself
             so
             ill
             at
             Brundusium
             that
             the
             news
             of
             his
             death
             was
             reported
             every
             where
             ;
             however
             ,
             he
             wrote
             to
             the
             Senate
             that
             he
             should
             shortly
             be
             at
             Rome
             ,
             and
             ordered
             thanks
             to
             be
             given
             to
             the
             Gods
             for
             the
             defeat
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             .
             This
             news
             was
             received
             according
             to
             the
             different
             inclinations
             of
             the
             Senatours
             .
             Those
             that
             loved
             him
             were
             afflicted
             at
             his
             Sickess
             and
             wished
             his
             return
             ,
             which
             others
             as
             much
             apprehended
             ,
             out
             of
             fear
             ,
             that
             the
             report
             that
             had
             run
             of
             his
             death
             was
             a
             trick
             to
             discover
             their
             intentions
             ;
             and
             the
             terrour
             of
             these
             last
             was
             so
             great
             
             that
             some
             of
             them
             began
             to
             think
             of
             making
             away
             themselves
             ;
             therefore
             to
             prevent
             the
             consequences
             of
             these
             different
             agitations
             ,
             Caesar
             came
             to
             Rome
             as
             soon
             as
             his
             strength
             would
             permit
             him
             .
             In
             persuance
             of
             the
             agreement
             they
             had
             made
             when
             they
             parted
             ,
             the
             Lieutenants
             of
             Anthony
             delivered
             him
             up
             two
             Legions
             ,
             and
             the
             Government
             of
             Africa
             ,
             which
             Caesar
             left
             to
             Lepidus
             ,
             having
             been
             convinced
             of
             the
             sincerity
             of
             his
             intentions
             (
             for
             some
             secret
             enemies
             of
             his
             had
             accused
             him
             to
             his
             Collegues
             of
             intelligence
             with
             Pompey
             .
             But
             the
             most
             pressing
             and
             difficult
             affair
             was
             to
             content
             the
             Souldiers
             without
             provoking
             the
             People
             ;
             it
             was
             absolutely
             necessary
             either
             to
             abandon
             the
             several
             Towns
             destined
             for
             their
             recompence
             ,
             or
             else
             to
             satisfie
             them
             with
             Money
             to
             establish
             themselves
             elsewhere
             .
             The
             publick
             Treasury
             was
             exhausted
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             saw
             no
             help
             from
             thence
             ;
             almost
             all
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             Towns
             concerned
             in
             this
             matter
             were
             come
             to
             Rome
             .
             Women
             with
             Children
             in
             their
             Armes
             ,
             whose
             young
             years
             and
             innocence
             drew
             every
             ones
             compassion
             ,
             daily
             filled
             the
             Temples
             and
             publick
             places
             with
             their
             lamentations
             .
             The
             People
             said
             openly
             ,
             that
             
               this
               War
               had
               not
               been
               undertaken
               for
               the
               publick
               good
               ,
               but
               onely
               in
               persuance
               of
               the
               Triumvirs
               private
               interest
               ,
            
             and
             that
             
               since
               they
               had
               reaped
               the
               advantage
               of
               it
               ,
               it
               was
               but
               reasonable
               that
               they
               should
               bear
               the
               charges
               ,
               and
               not
               reward
               their
               Souldiers
               with
               the
               oppression
               of
               the
               poor
               People
               .
            
             
             Those
             that
             thought
             themselves
             more
             politick
             ,
             discoursing
             concerning
             this
             management
             of
             the
             Triumvirs
             ,
             said
             ,
             that
             
               by
               establishing
               Troops
               in
               the
               Cities
               their
               intent
               was
               wholly
               to
               bring
               them
               under
               ,
               and
               reduce
               them
               to
               a
               kind
               of
               slavery
               .
               Caesar
            
             all
             this
             while
             was
             not
             ignorant
             of
             these
             complaints
             ,
             and
             patiently
             bore
             these
             murmurings
             ;
             but
             then
             he
             borrowed
             Money
             on
             all
             hands
             for
             his
             Men
             ,
             and
             when
             that
             was
             not
             sufficient
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             give
             them
             Places
             for
             their
             inheritance
             .
             The
             Town
             of
             Cremona
             was
             one
             of
             those
             that
             suffered
             most
             in
             this
             distribution
             ,
             for
             being
             so
             well
             affected
             to
             Brutus's
             side
             ,
             and
             Mantua
             onely
             by
             reason
             of
             her
             neighbourhood
             had
             more
             than
             her
             share
             in
             these
             misfortunes
             ,
             in
             which
             the
             Muses
             choicest
             Darling
             ,
             and
             the
             greatest
             Wit
             and
             best
             Poet
             that
             ever
             Rome
             brought
             forth
             had
             like
             to
             have
             perished
             .
             This
             was
             the
             Poet
             Virgil
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             party
             concerned
             in
             this
             publick
             calamity
             ,
             for
             defending
             the
             possession
             of
             his
             small
             Estate
             from
             Arrius
             the
             Centurion
             ,
             encouraged
             to
             it
             I
             suppose
             by
             the
             knowledge
             of
             his
             own
             merit
             and
             the
             friendship
             of
             some
             great
             Man
             at
             Rome
             ;
             but
             the
             Souldier
             as
             little
             knew
             the
             one
             as
             he
             valued
             the
             other
             ,
             and
             therefore
             the
             Poet
             was
             forced
             to
             fly
             and
             save
             himself
             from
             the
             Centurion
             ,
             who
             persued
             him
             with
             his
             drawn
             Sword
             ,
             by
             swimming
             cross
             a
             River
             .
             The
             happy
             Fate
             that
             attends
             on
             Learning
             saved
             him
             ;
             and
             it
             's
             probable
             that
             this
             adventure
             contributed
             to
             his
             reputation
             ,
             since
             it
             is
             
             the
             Subject
             of
             that
             excellent
             Eclogue
             which
             is
             the
             first
             of
             his
             Bucolicks
             .
             Caesar
             himself
             was
             not
             exempted
             from
             danger
             ,
             for
             both
             Souldiers
             and
             People
             were
             equally
             mutinous
             and
             exasperated
             against
             him
             ;
             for
             it
             hapned
             that
             a
             private
             Souldier
             ,
             being
             seated
             among
             the
             Knights
             in
             the
             Amphitheatre
             to
             see
             the
             publick
             Shews
             ,
             he
             made
             him
             be
             pulled
             from
             thence
             by
             an
             Officer
             ;
             Caesar's
             ill-willers
             immediately
             gave
             it
             out
             that
             he
             was
             drawn
             to
             punishment
             ,
             the
             other
             Souldiers
             in
             great
             fury
             immediately
             mutined
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             he
             had
             had
             difficulty
             enough
             to
             save
             his
             life
             from
             them
             if
             their
             Fellow
             had
             not
             presently
             appeared
             untouch'd
             .
             He
             was
             forced
             to
             endure
             all
             these
             insolencies
             by
             the
             necessity
             he
             had
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             to
             preserve
             his
             dignity
             ,
             which
             he
             could
             not
             maintain
             without
             their
             assistence
             ,
             and
             they
             too
             having
             all
             their
             hopes
             depending
             on
             their
             Generals
             ,
             were
             for
             their
             own
             sakes
             absolutely
             obliged
             to
             protect
             them
             ;
             and
             for
             this
             reason
             they
             kept
             in
             Arms
             and
             very
             well
             united
             among
             themselves
             .
             However
             ,
             Anthony's
             Wife
             ,
             made
             her
             advantage
             of
             these
             disorders
             to
             bring
             her
             designs
             about
             ;
             the
             report
             of
             her
             Husband's
             unfaithfulness
             to
             her
             bed
             inclined
             her
             to
             be
             revenged
             on
             him
             in
             like
             manner
             :
             She
             would
             willingly
             had
             Caesar
             partake
             in
             this
             piece
             of
             revenge
             ,
             but
             he
             was
             not
             inclined
             to
             it
             ,
             which
             drew
             upon
             him
             all
             the
             rage
             of
             this
             Woman
             ,
             agitated
             at
             the
             same
             time
             with
             such
             a
             furious
             passion
             as
             jealously
             ,
             and
             more
             
             exasperated
             by
             the
             frustrating
             her
             desires
             .
          
           
             Lucius
             ,
             Brother
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             was
             then
             Consul
             ;
             he
             had
             all
             the
             defects
             of
             his
             Brother
             ,
             and
             not
             one
             of
             his
             vertues
             ,
             at
             least
             if
             one
             would
             believe
             the
             Authours
             of
             that
             age
             ,
             who
             living
             under
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             Successours
             of
             the
             Caesars
             ,
             took
             care
             to
             make
             their
             Enemies
             odious
             in
             the
             characters
             they
             gave
             of
             them
             .
             But
             to
             say
             truth
             ,
             if
             we
             consider
             the
             resolution
             he
             shewed
             at
             Perusia
             ,
             there
             is
             reason
             to
             imagine
             that
             this
             account
             of
             theirs
             is
             extremely
             to
             his
             disadvantage
             .
             He
             was
             very
             much
             obliged
             to
             Fulvia
             ,
             for
             having
             got
             him
             the
             honour
             of
             Triumph
             ,
             for
             his
             conquering
             some
             Nations
             in
             the
             Alps
             ;
             he
             was
             besides
             assisted
             by
             the
             counsel
             of
             Anthony's
             Friend
             ,
             who
             was
             indeed
             a
             Man
             of
             sense
             ,
             but
             very
             dangerous
             to
             deal
             with
             .
             To
             them
             did
             Fulvia
             represent
             that
             Caesar
             doing
             all
             in
             his
             own
             name
             attributed
             to
             himself
             all
             the
             applause
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             conferring
             all
             manner
             of
             recompences
             and
             exemptions
             .
             She
             made
             Lucius
             sensible
             that
             it
             was
             convenient
             they
             should
             go
             together
             to
             the
             Quarters
             of
             Anthony's
             two
             Legions
             that
             were
             delivered
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             with
             her
             she
             carried
             her
             Children
             .
             There
             they
             publickly
             declared
             that
             there
             was
             no
             need
             of
             depriving
             innocent
             persons
             of
             their
             Estates
             ,
             since
             the
             possessions
             of
             the
             Triumvirs
             open
             and
             declared
             Enemies
             were
             sufficient
             to
             recompense
             the
             Souldiers
             .
             This
             discourse
             gained
             them
             the
             good
             Wills
             of
             all
             those
             who
             thought
             themselves
             
             unjustly
             driven
             out
             of
             their
             inheritances
             ,
             by
             reason
             they
             were
             not
             at
             all
             concerned
             in
             the
             Civil
             War.
             Caesar
             saw
             well
             enough
             to
             what
             end
             these
             transactions
             tended
             ,
             but
             as
             yet
             was
             not
             able
             to
             oppose
             them
             .
             Lucius
             proposed
             to
             him
             the
             staying
             for
             Anthony
             e'er
             he
             distributed
             the
             rewards
             ,
             but
             the
             impatience
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             not
             allowing
             them
             time
             enough
             for
             that
             ,
             he
             then
             agreed
             to
             appoint
             Commissioners
             in
             his
             name
             for
             that
             purpose
             ,
             that
             so
             by
             that
             means
             he
             himself
             might
             gain
             the
             esteem
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             .
             They
             then
             therefore
             began
             to
             put
             Anthony's
             two
             Legions
             in
             possession
             of
             the
             Lands
             assigned
             them
             ,
             but
             not
             till
             Lucius
             and
             Fulvia
             had
             exhorted
             them
             not
             to
             forget
             their
             General
             ,
             who
             had
             always
             been
             a
             father
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             to
             whom
             the
             honour
             of
             the
             Victory
             at
             Philippi
             was
             due
             ,
             besides
             the
             Commissaries
             that
             were
             deputed
             ,
             privily
             advised
             the
             Souldiers
             to
             use
             their
             own
             discretion
             ,
             and
             doe
             what
             they
             pleased
             ;
             which
             carried
             them
             to
             commit
             strange
             insolencies
             ,
             and
             enlarge
             their
             bounds
             much
             beyond
             what
             was
             set
             them
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             laying
             waste
             whole
             Towns.
             Caesar
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             was
             the
             object
             of
             their
             complaints
             ,
             and
             loaded
             with
             their
             curses
             ,
             and
             on
             the
             other
             hand
             he
             found
             himself
             hemmed
             in
             by
             powerfull
             Enemies
             ;
             for
             on
             one
             side
             Pompey
             hindered
             the
             importation
             of
             Provisions
             into
             the
             Ports
             of
             Italy
             ,
             on
             the
             other
             side
             Domitius
             and
             Murcus
             were
             Masters
             of
             the
             Sea
             with
             their
             Fleets
             .
             'T
             was
             in
             these
             circumstances
             doubtless
             that
             
             he
             found
             he
             had
             need
             to
             use
             all
             the
             prudence
             and
             address
             he
             was
             master
             of
             .
             He
             therefore
             exempted
             from
             the
             distribution
             the
             Lands
             of
             the
             Senatours
             ,
             and
             the
             Dowries
             of
             Widows
             ,
             as
             likewise
             those
             Lands
             that
             could
             not
             maintain
             such
             a
             certain
             number
             of
             Souldiers
             ;
             but
             then
             to
             content
             the
             Souldiery
             to
             whom
             these
             exemptions
             were
             not
             at
             all
             pleasing
             ,
             he
             granted
             that
             the
             next
             kindred
             of
             those
             that
             were
             slain
             in
             the
             last
             Battels
             should
             have
             their
             share
             in
             the
             distribution
             .
             Thus
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             manage
             them
             by
             all
             the
             ways
             of
             gentleness
             he
             could
             ,
             for
             the
             vigorous
             and
             bold
             actions
             of
             his
             Father
             Iulius
             were
             now
             impracticable
             .
             The
             Troops
             were
             now
             sensible
             of
             the
             absolute
             necessity
             there
             was
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             were
             obedient
             neither
             to
             their
             Superiours
             nor
             their
             Discipline
             ,
             but
             as
             they
             themselves
             pleased
             ;
             so
             that
             Caesar
             was
             cautious
             how
             he
             dealt
             with
             them
             in
             so
             dangerous
             a
             conjuncture
             ,
             especially
             after
             what
             had
             hapned
             to
             him
             upon
             this
             occasion
             .
             He
             had
             appointed
             a
             day
             of
             Rendezvouz
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             in
             the
             field
             of
             Mars
             that
             there
             he
             might
             proceed
             to
             the
             distribution
             of
             the
             Lands
             .
             They
             there
             met
             before
             day
             ,
             and
             finding
             he
             came
             not
             soon
             enough
             among
             them
             ,
             they
             began
             to
             grow
             mutinous
             and
             talk
             very
             scurrilously
             against
             him
             ;
             upon
             this
             Nonius
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Tribunes
             ,
             ventured
             to
             remonstrate
             to
             them
             their
             impatience
             and
             the
             indecency
             of
             their
             carriage
             ,
             but
             his
             speeches
             were
             streight
             
             laught
             at
             ,
             and
             from
             jeers
             they
             soon
             came
             to
             injuries
             and
             blows
             .
             The
             Tribune
             was
             forced
             to
             fly
             for
             it
             ,
             and
             seeing
             no
             other
             means
             to
             escape
             ,
             he
             threw
             himself
             into
             the
             Tiber
             and
             was
             there
             drowned
             .
             The
             Mutineers
             drew
             out
             his
             Body
             and
             exposed
             it
             in
             the
             way
             by
             which
             Caesar
             was
             to
             pass
             to
             the
             Field
             of
             Mars
             ,
             to
             instruct
             him
             what
             he
             was
             to
             trust
             to
             by
             this
             fatal
             example
             :
             His
             Friends
             gave
             him
             notice
             of
             this
             disorder
             ,
             and
             counselled
             him
             to
             avoid
             it
             ;
             he
             would
             not
             however
             follow
             their
             advice
             ,
             telling
             them
             
               his
               absence
               would
               encourage
               and
               carry
               them
               on
               to
               greater
               insolencies
               .
            
             He
             therefore
             went
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             seeing
             the
             Body
             of
             Nonius
             laid
             out
             ,
             he
             onely
             turned
             a
             little
             on
             one
             side
             .
             Being
             come
             into
             the
             midst
             of
             the
             assembly
             ,
             he
             seemed
             to
             believe
             that
             this
             piece
             of
             Cruelty
             proceeded
             onely
             from
             some
             of
             Nonius's
             particular
             Enemies
             ,
             exhorting
             the
             Souldiers
             not
             to
             carry
             on
             their
             hatred
             and
             revenge
             so
             far
             another
             time
             ;
             then
             without
             mentioning
             it
             any
             more
             ,
             he
             passed
             to
             the
             distributing
             the
             Lands
             and
             the
             marks
             of
             honour
             that
             were
             due
             to
             those
             that
             had
             signalized
             themselves
             in
             any
             action
             .
             Some
             that
             had
             not
             deserved
             any
             presented
             themselves
             ,
             he
             though
             he
             knew
             them
             well
             enough
             did
             not
             refuse
             them
             ,
             but
             accepted
             them
             without
             the
             least
             sign
             of
             displeasure
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             by
             these
             testimonies
             of
             prudence
             and
             bounty
             in
             their
             General
             were
             touched
             with
             so
             much
             shame
             and
             repentance
             that
             they
             required
             the
             authours
             of
             Nonius's
             murther
             might
             be
             punished
             ;
             
             he
             answered
             that
             
               they
               would
               be
               punished
               enough
               by
               the
               reproaches
               of
               their
               Conscience
               ,
               and
               by
               the
               remorse
               that
               would
               follow
               so
               ill
               an
               action
               .
            
             This
             Answer
             of
             his
             quite
             gained
             their
             hearts
             ,
             so
             that
             all
             their
             fury
             was
             turned
             into
             praises
             and
             acclamations
             of
             joy
             .
             In
             this
             place
             we
             must
             not
             forget
             two
             important
             reflexions
             of
             Appian
             upon
             the
             causes
             of
             the
             insolence
             of
             the
             Souldiery
             ,
             because
             they
             sufficiently
             mark
             the
             wisedom
             and
             penetration
             of
             that
             Historian
             .
             
               He
               says
               ,
               that
               as
               in
               those
               times
               the
               Praetors
               and
               other
               Officers
               that
               commanded
               the
               Troops
               were
               not
               created
               by
               the
               suffrages
               of
               the
               People
               according
               as
               the
               Laws
               required
               ,
               so
               their
               authority
               had
               no
               longer
               that
               awfull
               respect
               which
               the
               Laws
               usually
               stamped
               upon
               it
               ;
               and
               that
               besides
               ,
               the
               Souldiers
               were
               not
               present
               at
               assemblies
               to
               offer
               their
               service
               to
               their
               Countrey
               ,
               but
               to
               him
               that
               promised
               them
               most
               for
               their
               assistence
               ,
               not
               against
               Enemies
               and
               Strangers
               but
               their
               own
               Fellow-Citizens
               ;
               so
               that
               they
               did
               not
               look
               upon
               themselves
               as
               Souldiers
               bound
               to
               the
               Republick
               by
               Oaths
               and
               Laws
               ,
               but
               as
               Friends
               who
               out
               of
               a
               mutual
               affection
               assisted
               their
               Friends
               upon
               occasion
               ,
               seeing
               even
               their
               Generals
               who
               employed
               them
               for
               their
               own
               particular
               interest
               ,
               considered
               them
               onely
               as
               such
               .
            
             
               The
               other
               reflexion
               is
               ,
               that
               Deserters
               being
               heretofore
               by
               the
               Roman
               Laws
               punished
               with
               death
               without
               any
               hope
               of
               pardon
               ,
               they
               
               now
               instead
               of
               that
               were
               well
               paid
               and
               rewarded
               with
               honours
               for
               their
               deserting
               ;
               and
               seeing
               on
               all
               sides
               the
               same
               Ensigns
               ,
               the
               same
               Language
               ,
               and
               the
               same
               Discipline
               ,
               and
               every
               one
               of
               the
               Generals
               pretending
               to
               be
               authorised
               by
               the
               Laws
               ,
               and
               to
               fight
               in
               behalf
               of
               the
               Commonwealth
               ,
               they
               did
               not
               imagine
               they
               betrayed
               their
               Party
               what
               side
               soever
               they
               took
               ,
               and
               under
               this
               pretext
               passed
               from
               one
               Camp
               to
               another
               without
               any
               scruple
               at
               all
               ;
               that
               this
               ill
               princip
               and
               disorder
               was
               the
               cause
               why
               whole
               Armies
               sometimes
               forsook
               their
               Commander
               in
               chief
               ,
               this
               baseness
               being
               countenanced
               by
               the
               example
               of
               most
               remarkable
               Men
               of
               either
               party
               ;
               so
               that
               it
               was
               no
               longer
               the
               Laws
               that
               kept
               Men
               in
               the
               service
               ,
               but
               the
               hopes
               of
               interest
               and
               profit
               ,
               which
               falling
               short
               of
               their
               expectation
               ,
               was
               the
               cause
               that
               carried
               them
               on
               to
               such
               insolencies
               ,
               and
               was
               the
               original
               of
               so
               many
               Mutinies
               and
               Seditions
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             Misunderstandings
             between
             
               Caesar
               ,
               Fulvia
            
             and
             Lucius
             ;
             They
             come
             to
             open
             War.
             The
             Negligence
             of
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             ROME
             was
             not
             at
             all
             exempted
             from
             those
             ills
             that
             afflicted
             the
             rest
             of
             Italy
             .
             Provisions
             were
             extreme
             dear
             by
             reason
             Pompey
             stopped
             all
             the
             passages
             by
             Sea
             from
             abroad
             ,
             and
             at
             home
             the
             Troops
             consumed
             all
             the
             increase
             of
             the
             Land.
             Besides
             this
             ,
             they
             dayly
             committed
             a
             thousand
             insolences
             in
             the
             City
             ,
             so
             that
             all
             Trading
             ceased
             ,
             and
             the
             Artizans
             durst
             no
             longer
             open
             their
             Shops
             .
             Lucius
             seemed
             to
             be
             very
             much
             grieved
             at
             these
             disorders
             and
             detested
             the
             Triumvirate
             as
             the
             source
             of
             all
             these
             miseries
             .
             Caesar
             on
             his
             part
             used
             all
             the
             means
             he
             could
             to
             assist
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             to
             pacifie
             the
             poor
             Countrey
             People
             that
             were
             driven
             from
             their
             Possessions
             .
             He
             heard
             their
             complaints
             and
             promised
             to
             doe
             them
             justice
             ,
             which
             incensed
             the
             Souldiers
             that
             were
             Anthony's
             ,
             being
             yet
             more
             stirred
             up
             to
             it
             by
             the
             artifices
             of
             
               Fulvia
               .
               Caesar
            
             openly
             complained
             of
             this
             Woman
             ,
             declaring
             that
             
               she
               wholly
               acted
               against
               the
               interest
               and
               true
               sentiments
               of
               her
               Husband
            
             ;
             but
             she
             hearkned
             to
             no
             Body
             but
             Manius
             ,
             who
             persuaded
             her
             that
             
               nothing
               but
               a
               War
               could
               force
            
             Anthony
             from
             Cleopatra
             
               's
               Armes
               ,
               and
               bring
               him
               into
            
             Italy
             .
             As
             for
             Lucius
             ,
             he
             had
             no
             
             other
             sentiments
             but
             what
             were
             influenced
             by
             these
             two
             .
             Caesar
             having
             left
             
               Rome
               ,
               Lucius
            
             would
             have
             gone
             with
             him
             and
             carried
             Anthony's
             Children
             ;
             but
             understanding
             Caesar
             had
             sent
             some
             Horse
             into
             Abruzzo
             to
             hinder
             the
             landing
             of
             Pompey's
             Troops
             ,
             he
             made
             as
             if
             they
             were
             sent
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             so
             retired
             himself
             unto
             the
             Lands
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             where
             he
             assembled
             the
             Souldiers
             ;
             publishing
             that
             Caesar
             hated
             his
             Brother
             and
             designed
             to
             ruine
             him
             .
             He
             on
             the
             contrary
             declared
             ,
             that
             
               he
               was
               bound
               to
            
             Anthony
             
               both
               by
               the
               obligations
               of
               interest
               and
               friendship
               ,
            
             and
             that
             Lucius
             
               onely
               practised
               this
               means
               to
               dissolve
               the
               authority
               of
               the
               Triumvirate
               ,
               which
               was
               the
               onely
               engagement
               for
               the
               Souldiers
               recompences
               .
            
             Their
             Officers
             then
             assembled
             and
             agreed
             upon
             certain
             Articles
             which
             were
             never
             executed
             ,
             onely
             Salvidienus
             ,
             Lieutenant
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             passed
             the
             Alps
             for
             Spain
             without
             any
             hindrance
             from
             
               Asinius
               Pollio
            
             ,
             who
             commanded
             for
             Anthony
             in
             
               Gallia
               Narbonensis
            
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Fulvia
             and
             Lucius
             were
             retired
             to
             
               Preneste
               ,
               for
               fear
            
             (
             said
             they
             )
             of
             Caesar
             
               and
               his
               ambition
            
             ,
             which
             they
             made
             out
             by
             the
             example
             of
             Lepidus
             ,
             who
             had
             not
             the
             least
             authority
             in
             Rome
             .
             The
             Officers
             of
             the
             Veterans
             went
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             they
             inspected
             the
             Treaty
             and
             Articles
             that
             were
             made
             between
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             after
             they
             had
             perused
             them
             they
             engaged
             themselves
             by
             oath
             to
             judge
             impartially
             the
             differences
             of
             their
             Generals
             ,
             
             according
             to
             reason
             and
             equity
             ,
             and
             to
             that
             end
             sent
             Deputies
             to
             Lucius
             .
             He
             then
             was
             moved
             by
             their
             remonstrances
             ,
             but
             Manius
             represented
             the
             face
             of
             things
             otherwise
             ,
             that
             whilst
             Anthony
             was
             labouring
             to
             get
             Money
             for
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             Caesar
             dealt
             under-hand
             with
             them
             for
             his
             own
             private
             interest
             .
             That
             he
             had
             set
             Gaul
             at
             liberty
             ,
             which
             was
             part
             of
             Anthony's
             Government
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             overrun
             all
             Italy
             with
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             although
             there
             were
             but
             eighteen
             Towns
             destined
             for
             them
             ;
             that
             instead
             of
             twenty
             eight
             Legions
             who
             were
             to
             be
             rewarded
             ,
             there
             were
             thirty
             four
             that
             appeared
             with
             their
             pretensions
             ;
             that
             he
             had
             sacked
             and
             ravaged
             even
             the
             very
             Temples
             of
             the
             Gods
             to
             give
             them
             the
             riches
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             all
             under
             pretence
             of
             marching
             against
             Pompey
             ,
             which
             as
             affairs
             stood
             now
             was
             impossible
             ,
             for
             what
             of
             Provision
             and
             Ammunition
             ;
             but
             that
             his
             real
             purpose
             was
             by
             this
             profusion
             to
             engage
             them
             to
             his
             side
             against
             Anthony
             .
             It
             was
             to
             this
             intent
             too
             that
             he
             sold
             every
             thing
             that
             belonged
             to
             the
             Triumvirs
             in
             common
             so
             cheap
             ,
             that
             indeed
             he
             rather
             gave
             than
             sold
             ;
             and
             therefore
             if
             he
             was
             desirous
             of
             Peace
             ,
             he
             ought
             to
             give
             an
             account
             of
             what
             had
             passed
             through
             his
             hands
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             future
             to
             act
             jointly
             with
             them
             ,
             since
             they
             had
             regard
             onely
             to
             the
             publick
             good
             .
             These
             accusations
             and
             complaints
             of
             theirs
             were
             absolutely
             against
             one
             article
             of
             the
             Edict
             of
             the
             Triumvira●e
             ,
             which
             in
             express
             terms
             mentioned
             ,
             that
             
             what
             one
             of
             the
             Triumvirs
             ordained
             should
             be
             consumed
             by
             the
             other
             two
             .
             Caesar
             was
             too
             wise
             to
             let
             this
             pass
             without
             insisting
             upon
             it
             ,
             taking
             his
             measures
             accordingly
             for
             the
             War
             ,
             which
             he
             plainly
             foresaw
             .
             As
             all
             the
             actions
             of
             great
             Men
             are
             exposed
             to
             the
             reasonings
             and
             censures
             of
             the
             Politicians
             ,
             several
             of
             them
             have
             imagined
             that
             this
             War
             was
             onely
             an
             effect
             of
             his
             cunning
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             force
             his
             secret
             Enemies
             to
             declare
             themselves
             ,
             and
             so
             by
             the
             confiscation
             of
             their
             Estates
             ,
             make
             a
             fond
             for
             the
             payment
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             .
             Part
             of
             Anthony's
             two
             Legions
             who
             were
             at
             Ancona
             ,
             troubled
             at
             these
             Divisions
             ,
             deputed
             to
             him
             some
             of
             their
             Officers
             to
             propose
             an
             agreement
             between
             them
             ,
             and
             put
             an
             end
             to
             these
             Factions
             .
             Caesar
             gave
             them
             a
             gratious
             hearing
             ,
             and
             assured
             them
             that
             he
             both
             honoured
             and
             loved
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             never
             part
             interests
             nor
             alliance
             ,
             but
             that
             Lucius
             had
             not
             the
             same
             sentiments
             for
             him
             .
             These
             Deputies
             then
             manifested
             to
             Lucius
             this
             Declaration
             of
             Caesar's
             ,
             and
             plainly
             told
             him
             ,
             that
             if
             he
             were
             not
             contented
             to
             acquiesce
             in
             the
             judgment
             of
             those
             equitable
             and
             uninterested
             Persons
             who
             should
             be
             chosen
             by
             the
             two
             Armies
             ,
             they
             then
             knew
             well
             which
             side
             they
             ought
             to
             take
             .
             Lucius
             was
             very
             sensible
             of
             these
             last
             expressions
             ,
             and
             agreed
             to
             a
             Conference
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             to
             this
             end
             made
             choice
             of
             the
             Town
             of
             Gabii
             ,
             between
             Rome
             and
             Preneste
             .
             There
             then
             were
             placed
             two
             Tribunals
             for
             
             the
             Generals
             ,
             who
             were
             in
             Person
             to
             lay
             down
             their
             Reasons
             ,
             and
             seats
             for
             the
             Judges
             .
             Caesar
             came
             thither
             first
             ,
             and
             sent
             out
             a
             Party
             of
             Horse
             on
             that
             side
             that
             Lucius
             was
             to
             come
             ,
             who
             also
             had
             done
             the
             same
             ;
             these
             two
             Detachments
             met
             and
             charged
             each
             other
             ,
             so
             that
             on
             Lucius's
             side
             some
             Cavaliers
             were
             killed
             ,
             who
             upon
             this
             was
             so
             frighted
             that
             he
             could
             never
             after
             be
             persuaded
             to
             go
             any
             farther
             .
             Perhaps
             Caesar
             knowing
             his
             weakness
             had
             given
             such
             an
             express
             command
             to
             engage
             ,
             that
             so
             he
             might
             break
             off
             the
             Conference
             .
             Whatever
             the
             matter
             was
             ,
             Lucius
             came
             not
             ,
             whereupon
             the
             Judges
             gave
             it
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             engaged
             themselves
             to
             serve
             Caesar
             against
             him
             .
             This
             first
             act
             of
             hostility
             was
             taken
             as
             a
             Declaration
             of
             War
             ,
             which
             began
             by
             very
             sharp
             Letters
             Caesar
             and
             Lucius
             sent
             each
             other
             .
             Lucius
             had
             under
             his
             command
             six
             Legions
             during
             his
             Consulship
             ,
             and
             eleven
             others
             of
             Anthony's
             ,
             commanded
             by
             
               Calenus
               .
               Caesar
            
             had
             four
             at
             Capua
             ,
             with
             some
             others
             about
             his
             Pers●n
             ,
             and
             six
             that
             Salvidienus
             brought
             him
             ;
             so
             that
             their
             Forces
             were
             near
             upon
             equal
             .
             Lucius
             drew
             Money
             from
             those
             Nations
             to
             whom
             Anthony
             had
             granted
             freedom
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             from
             the
             Provinces
             that
             fell
             to
             his
             share
             ,
             excepting
             Sardignia
             ,
             besides
             what
             he
             took
             by
             way
             of
             Loan
             out
             of
             the
             Temples
             where
             the
             publick
             Treasuries
             were
             kept
             ,
             as
             at
             Rome
             in
             the
             Capitol
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Towns
             of
             
               Aneona
               ,
               Livininm
            
             ,
             *
             Nismes
             and
             Tibur
             .
             The
             other
             
             Provinces
             were
             not
             able
             to
             give
             him
             any
             assistence
             ;
             for
             Pompey
             ,
             assisted
             by
             all
             the
             banished
             Persons
             who
             hated
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             had
             laid
             them
             waste
             ,
             and
             if
             he
             had
             rightly
             understood
             his
             interest
             and
             known
             how
             to
             manage
             to
             his
             own
             advantage
             the
             affection
             the
             People
             had
             for
             his
             Father's
             memory
             ,
             he
             by
             these
             Divisions
             might
             very
             easily
             have
             made
             himself
             Master
             of
             all
             Italy
             ;
             for
             Murcus
             was
             come
             up
             to
             him
             with
             two
             Legions
             ,
             twenty
             four
             Ships
             and
             abundance
             of
             Treasure
             ;
             he
             had
             besides
             receiv'd
             a
             considerable
             re-inforcement
             from
             Cephalonia
             ,
             and
             his
             Forces
             did
             dayly
             encrease
             by
             addition
             of
             Fugitives
             that
             fled
             to
             him
             for
             refuge
             ;
             but
             withall
             he
             had
             this
             misfortune
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             never
             a
             faithfull
             Friend
             to
             animate
             and
             push
             on
             his
             irresolute
             and
             changeable
             Temper
             by
             vigorous
             daring
             Counsels
             .
             He
             was
             contented
             to
             be
             upon
             the
             defensive
             onely
             ,
             and
             calmly
             see
             his
             Enemies
             dispute
             an
             Empire
             to
             which
             he
             had
             onely
             pretensions
             sufficient
             to
             make
             both
             Parties
             when
             united
             fall
             upon
             him
             with
             their
             joint
             Forces
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             Fagius
             ,
             Lieutenant
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             is
             overthrown
             in
             Africa
             by
             Anthony's
             Lieutenant
             .
             Caesar
             and
             Lucius
             make
             preparations
             of
             War
             against
             each
             other
             .
          
           
             SExtius
             ,
             General
             of
             the
             Horse
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             governed
             in
             Africa
             ,
             and
             in
             persuance
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             agreement
             had
             very
             frankly
             given
             up
             his
             Forces
             and
             Province
             to
             Fagius
             ,
             Lieutenant
             General
             to
             Caesar
             .
             Assoon
             as
             he
             understood
             by
             Letters
             from
             Lucius
             ,
             that
             Fulvia
             and
             all
             Anthony's
             Friends
             were
             fallen
             out
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             that
             this
             difference
             was
             likely
             to
             end
             in
             an
             open
             War
             ,
             he
             believed
             that
             Fagius
             would
             deliver
             him
             his
             Troops
             again
             with
             the
             same
             justice
             and
             gallantry
             that
             he
             had
             received
             them
             ,
             but
             he
             found
             he
             had
             to
             deal
             with
             a
             brutal
             Man
             that
             had
             neither
             .
             Upon
             his
             refusal
             he
             prepared
             to
             fight
             him
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             reputation
             he
             had
             among
             them
             drew
             to
             his
             party
             several
             Africans
             which
             joined
             to
             the
             Romans
             that
             had
             still
             remained
             with
             him
             ,
             made
             up
             a
             considerable
             Force
             ,
             and
             with
             it
             marched
             against
             Fagius
             ;
             he
             waited
             for
             him
             ,
             and
             they
             came
             to
             a
             fierce
             engagement
             ,
             in
             which
             Fagius
             seeing
             the
             two
             Wings
             of
             his
             Army
             beaten
             ,
             and
             that
             his
             Men
             forsook
             him
             ,
             he
             killed
             himself
             with
             his
             own
             hand
             ;
             so
             victorious
             Sextius
             retook
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             two
             
               Lybias
               .
               Bocchus
            
             ,
             King
             of
             
               Manritania
               ,
               
               Lucius
            
             's
             Friend
             ,
             encouraged
             by
             this
             success
             ,
             drove
             Carina
             ,
             one
             of
             Caesar's
             Party
             ,
             out
             of
             Africk
             .
             On
             the
             other
             side
             Domitius
             with
             eighty
             Ships
             ,
             manned
             with
             two
             Legions
             ,
             and
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Slingers
             ,
             Archers
             and
             armed
             Gladiators
             ,
             cruised
             in
             the
             Ionian
             Seas
             ,
             and
             pillaged
             all
             the
             Coasts
             that
             obeyed
             the
             Triumvirs
             .
             He
             came
             up
             even
             to
             Brundusium
             ,
             and
             there
             took
             several
             of
             Caesar's
             Ships
             ,
             who
             therefore
             was
             forced
             to
             send
             a
             Legion
             thither
             ,
             and
             sent
             for
             Salvidienus
             to
             him
             ;
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             he
             drew
             together
             all
             the
             old
             Troops
             dispersed
             throughout
             Italy
             ,
             and
             demanded
             assistence
             of
             those
             Princes
             that
             were
             of
             his
             Party
             .
             Lucius
             on
             his
             side
             used
             the
             same
             diligence
             ;
             and
             besides
             ,
             he
             found
             he
             had
             the
             Peoples
             favour
             ,
             who
             considered
             him
             as
             the
             Protectour
             of
             their
             Liberty
             .
             Therefore
             for
             this
             reason
             Caesar
             assembled
             the
             Senatours
             and
             Roman
             Knights
             ;
             he
             told
             them
             that
             
               his
               Enemies
               despised
               him
               ,
               because
               they
               thought
               that
               it
               was
               out
               of
               fear
               that
               he
               delayed
               to
               attack
               them
               ,
               but
               that
               now
               he
               intended
               to
               let
               them
               know
               the
               true
               reasons
               of
               this
               his
               conduct
               .
               As
               for
               his
               Army
               ,
               that
               dayly
               was
               increased
               and
               strengthned
               with
               old
               tried
               Souldiers
               ,
               who
               breathed
               nothing
               but
               War
               ,
               but
               that
               he
               had
               an
               extreme
               regret
               to
               come
               to
               that
               extremity
               ,
               as
               unwilling
               to
               act
               over
               again
               the
               horrours
               of
               a
               Civil
               War
               ,
               of
               which
               not
            
             Thrace
             or
             Macedon
             
               was
               to
               be
               the
               Seat
               ,
               but
            
             Italy
             ,
             
               which
               must
               alone
               endure
               all
               the
               calumities
               that
               would
               follow
               this
               Division
               :
               That
               he
               could
               not
               blame
            
             
             Anthony
             ,
             
               who
               in
               like
               manner
               had
               no
               reason
               to
               complain
               of
               him
               ;
               th●●
               with
               all
               earnestness
               and
               passion
               he
               destred
               to
               live
               in
               amity
               with
            
             Lucius
             ,
             
               and
               that
               he
               desired
               them
               to
               use
               their
               endeavours
               to
               encline
               him
               to
               reason
               ,
               but
               that
               if
               by
               this
               he
               could
               not
               be
               influenced
               ,
               he
               would
               soon
               make
               him
               know
               that
               his
               Patience
               was
               the
               effect
               of
               his
               Goodness
               and
               Vertue
               ,
               not
               of
               his
               Fear
               ;
               that
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               ,
               he
               conjured
               them
               they
               would
               bear
               witness
               to
            
             Anthony
             
               of
               his
               sincerity
               ,
               and
               assist
               him
               against
            
             Lucius
             ,
             
               who
               so
               unjustly
               attacked
               him
            
             .
             Upon
             this
             the
             Senate
             and
             People
             deputed
             some
             of
             their
             Body
             to
             Lucius
             ,
             who
             answered
             them
             that
             Caesar
             
               had
               not
               done
               fairly
               ,
               but
               concealed
               several
               things
               from
               them
               .
               Manius
            
             shewed
             them
             some
             Letters
             of
             Caesar's
             ,
             (
             which
             were
             supposed
             to
             be
             fictitious
             )
             in
             which
             he
             requested
             them
             to
             assist
             him
             to
             maintain
             his
             dignity
             and
             authority
             by
             violence
             and
             force
             of
             Arms
             ;
             thereupon
             the
             Deputies
             demanding
             who
             they
             thought
             those
             were
             that
             would
             oppose
             him
             ,
             received
             nothing
             but
             vain
             equivocating
             Answers
             ,
             upon
             which
             they
             retired
             .
             Then
             both
             Parties
             betook
             themselves
             to
             their
             Arms.
             Caesar
             went
             out
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             left
             Lepidus
             to
             command
             there
             ;
             he
             sent
             home
             Clodia
             ,
             the
             Daughter
             of
             Fulvia
             by
             her
             former
             Husband
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             betrothed
             when
             he
             first
             made
             alliance
             with
             
               Anthony
               .
               Fulvia
            
             outraged
             at
             this
             affront
             ,
             to
             manifest
             her
             greater
             resentment
             of
             it
             ,
             went
             to
             the
             Camp
             ,
             where
             she
             appeared
             at
             the
             head
             of
             the
             Troops
             with
             a
             Helmet
             
             on
             her
             Head
             ,
             and
             a
             Sword
             by
             her
             Side
             .
             And
             at
             the
             same
             time
             two
             Legions
             of
             Anthony's
             ,
             who
             were
             in
             Garrison
             in
             Alba
             ,
             mutined
             ;
             which
             obliged
             Caesar
             and
             Lucius
             to
             march
             thitherwards
             to
             reap
             some
             advantage
             from
             that
             disorder
             .
             Lucius
             got
             thither
             first
             ,
             and
             quelled
             the
             Sedition
             .
             Caesar
             in
             his
             march
             meeting
             with
             Lucius's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             who
             was
             carring
             him
             a
             great
             reinforcement
             charged
             him
             as
             he
             recreated
             to
             a
             Mountain
             ;
             the
             Night
             hindred
             his
             defeat
             ,
             and
             gave
             Furnius
             an
             opportunity
             to
             get
             into
             the
             Town
             of
             Sentia
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             immediately
             besieged
             by
             
               Caesar.
               Lucius
            
             seeing
             him
             engaged
             in
             this
             Siege
             ,
             took
             the
             occasion
             to
             return
             to
             Rome
             ,
             and
             sent
             thither
             his
             Cavalry
             ,
             which
             was
             there
             received
             by
             Nonius
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             after
             he
             arrived
             there
             himself
             with
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Legions
             .
             Lepidus
             durst
             not
             stay
             his
             coming
             ,
             since
             he
             had
             openly
             declared
             himself
             against
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             but
             fled
             and
             saved
             himself
             in
             Caesar's
             Camp.
             And
             in
             effect
             ,
             Lucius
             before
             the
             People
             declaimed
             against
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             which
             he
             plainly
             called
             Tyranny
             :
             He
             told
             them
             that
             Caesar
             and
             Lepidus
             
               should
               soon
               be
               punished
               for
               their
               violences
               ,
               and
               that
               his
               Brother
               would
               renounce
               this
               unjust
               power
               to
               take
               the
               more
               lawfull
               one
               of
               Consul
               .
            
             This
             Discourse
             pleased
             the
             Romans
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             saluted
             him
             with
             the
             Title
             of
             Emperour
             .
             Caesar
             having
             notice
             of
             this
             inconstancy
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             left
             his
             Lieutenant
             to
             carry
             on
             the
             Siege
             ,
             and
             
             marched
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             Lucius
             durst
             not
             expect
             him
             .
             In
             this
             while
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             took
             the
             Town
             of
             Sentia
             ,
             which
             Furnius
             quitted
             to
             follow
             
               Caesar.
               Lucius
            
             when
             he
             was
             got
             out
             of
             Rome
             ,
             increased
             his
             Army
             with
             Anthony's
             Souldiers
             ▪
             who
             daily
             joined
             him
             :
             But
             as
             a
             great
             misfortune
             to
             his
             designs
             ,
             Anthony's
             *
             Questor
             ,
             arrived
             in
             Italy
             ,
             having
             left
             his
             General
             by
             reason
             of
             some
             distast
             .
             Several
             Persons
             demanded
             of
             him
             what
             were
             Anthony's
             sentiments
             of
             these
             transactions
             in
             Italy
             when
             he
             was
             informed
             of
             them
             by
             Fulvia's
             Letters
             .
             The
             Questor
             told
             them
             that
             Anthony
             did
             not
             at
             all
             approve
             of
             the
             measures
             they
             took
             to
             quarrel
             with
             Caesar
             for
             what
             he
             did
             to
             maintain
             the
             authority
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             This
             report
             immediately
             spread
             it self
             ,
             and
             quite
             changed
             the
             affections
             of
             many
             ,
             so
             that
             believing
             they
             should
             not
             disoblige
             Anthony
             by
             making
             their
             Court
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             without
             any
             hesitation
             adhered
             to
             Caesar's
             Party
             ,
             where
             they
             were
             convinced
             all
             the
             authority
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             was
             united
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
             The
             Forces
             of
             the
             two
             Parties
             .
             The
             Characters
             of
             the
             principal
             Officers
             ,
             as
             
               Agrippa
               ,
               Salvidienu●
               ,
               Ventidius
            
             and
             
               Pollio
               .
               Lucius
            
             is
             besieged
             in
             Perusia
             .
          
           
             THE
             Forces
             of
             each
             side
             consisted
             in
             three
             distinct
             Bodies
             ,
             which
             besides
             the
             two
             Heads
             of
             the
             Parties
             ,
             were
             commanded
             by
             very
             able
             Generals
             ,
             and
             who
             afterwards
             performed
             very
             extraordinary
             actions
             .
             These
             were
             Agrippa
             and
             Salvidienus
             on
             Caesar's
             side
             ,
             and
             Pollio
             and
             Ventidius
             on
             that
             of
             Lucius
             .
             But
             Pollio
             had
             this
             advantage
             over
             the
             other
             three
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             a
             Man
             of
             Letters
             and
             an
             excellent
             Oratour
             ;
             yet
             though
             he
             had
             a
             great
             passion
             for
             Learning
             and
             Arts
             ,
             he
             was
             no
             less
             a
             good
             Souldier
             and
             skilled
             in
             the
             art
             of
             War.
             He
             professed
             himself
             besides
             an
             exact
             Man
             of
             honour
             and
             a
             steadfast
             Friend
             :
             It
             was
             this
             last
             Vertue
             that
             made
             him
             a
             Partizan
             of
             Anthony's
             ,
             being
             bound
             to
             him
             by
             all
             the
             bands
             of
             Friendship
             which
             they
             had
             contracted
             when
             they
             served
             together
             under
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             .
             Both
             he
             and
             the
             others
             were
             but
             meanly
             born
             ,
             and
             particularly
             Ventidius
             was
             reproached
             for
             being
             a
             Slave
             ;
             for
             in
             the
             War
             of
             the
             Allies
             his
             Mother
             was
             led
             in
             Triumph
             by
             Pompey's
             Father
             ,
             carrying
             her
             little
             Son
             in
             her
             Armes
             ;
             afterwards
             mere
             necessity
             reduced
             him
             to
             hire
             
             out
             Mules
             to
             the
             Magistrates
             that
             were
             employed
             in
             the
             Provinces
             ,
             this
             gave
             him
             an
             opportunity
             of
             doing
             a
             service
             for
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             which
             gained
             him
             the
             favour
             of
             that
             great
             Man.
             He
             then
             received
             him
             under
             his
             Command
             ,
             where
             Ventidius
             by
             his
             valour
             making
             himself
             remarkable
             ,
             he
             came
             afterwards
             to
             be
             Tribune
             of
             the
             People
             and
             then
             Pretor
             .
             In
             this
             dignity
             he
             by
             his
             interest
             with
             the
             Souldiery
             ,
             was
             a
             great
             help
             to
             Anthony's
             affairs
             ,
             whom
             he
             assisted
             very
             powerfully
             .
             Anthony
             out
             of
             gratitude
             used
             all
             his
             interest
             and
             authority
             to
             get
             him
             the
             charge
             of
             Chief-Priest
             and
             Consul
             ;
             whereupon
             the
             People
             were
             very
             much
             choqued
             at
             his
             preferment
             ,
             and
             published
             Lebels
             against
             him
             .
             Some
             of
             the
             Verses
             were
             to
             this
             purpose
             :
             
               Assemble
               your selves
               and
               consult
               ,
               O
               ye
               Augurs
               and
               Southsayers
               ,
               upon
               this
               extraordinary
               Prodigy
               ,
               he
               that
               curried
               the
               Mules
               is
               become
               Consul
               .
            
             But
             for
             all
             this
             ,
             this
             very
             Man
             ,
             so
             despised
             by
             the
             Romans
             ,
             was
             the
             onely
             Man
             that
             ever
             revenged
             that
             signal
             shame
             and
             affront
             given
             them
             by
             the
             Parthians
             in
             the
             overthrow
             of
             Crassus
             .
             He
             defeated
             them
             in
             three
             Battels
             ,
             killed
             their
             King's
             Son
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             onely
             General
             of
             all
             the
             Romans
             that
             ever
             had
             the
             honour
             and
             happiness
             of
             triumphing
             over
             that
             Nation
             .
             And
             indeed
             the
             Romans
             ,
             though
             late
             ,
             were
             sensible
             of
             the
             justice
             they
             owed
             to
             his
             valour
             ,
             in
             ordaining
             magnificent
             Funeral
             Rites
             for
             him
             at
             the
             charge
             of
             the
             publick
             .
             Agrippa
             had
             no
             less
             merit
             ,
             and
             
             his
             vertue
             was
             less
             envied
             ;
             he
             particularly
             signalized
             himself
             whereever
             he
             had
             any
             command
             ,
             but
             above
             all
             in
             the
             defeat
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             the
             Victory
             over
             Anthony
             at
             Actium
             .
             He
             had
             besides
             ever
             the
             chiefest
             place
             in
             Augustus
             his
             favour
             ,
             and
             had
             the
             honour
             to
             be
             his
             Son-in-law
             ,
             and
             to
             leave
             Emperours
             of
             his
             posterity
             .
             He
             justly
             passed
             for
             the
             greatest
             Captain
             of
             his
             time
             ,
             and
             never
             did
             Man
             shew
             more
             obedience
             to
             his
             Prince
             ,
             nor
             more
             ambition
             to
             command
             others
             .
             He
             was
             a
             great
             enemy
             to
             all
             delays
             ,
             and
             had
             no
             sooner
             formed
             any
             enterprise
             but
             he
             immediately
             put
             it
             in
             execution
             ;
             withall
             he
             was
             generous
             ,
             sincere
             ,
             and
             above
             all
             affected
             a
             frank
             liberty
             of
             speaking
             his
             mind
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             even
             spared
             not
             taxing
             his
             Prince
             of
             some
             actions
             that
             were
             displeasing
             to
             him
             ,
             as
             savoured
             too
             much
             of
             cruelty
             .
             Salvidienus
             his
             character
             was
             very
             different
             from
             this
             ;
             he
             was
             no
             better
             born
             than
             the
             others
             ,
             or
             to
             say
             better
             ,
             much
             worse
             ;
             for
             he
             was
             but
             a
             poor
             Peasant
             ,
             forced
             for
             want
             to
             look
             after
             Cattel
             :
             whilst
             he
             was
             such
             ,
             there
             happened
             to
             him
             something
             that
             appeared
             a
             prodigy
             ,
             his
             Head
             seemed
             as
             if
             all
             in
             a
             slame
             ;
             this
             moved
             him
             to
             list
             himself
             in
             the
             Army
             ,
             where
             by
             his
             valour
             he
             rose
             to
             the
             most
             considerable
             commands
             ,
             but
             then
             he
             was
             carried
             on
             by
             an
             unmeasurable
             ambition
             to
             undertake
             any
             thing
             to
             satisfie
             his
             unreasonable
             desires
             ;
             he
             was
             of
             a
             depraved
             mind
             ,
             and
             of
             an
             ill
             turned
             mischievous
             temper
             ,
             those
             wicked
             inclinations
             
             made
             him
             most
             ungratefully
             conspire
             against
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             made
             him
             Consul
             against
             the
             received
             rule
             ,
             without
             being
             a
             Senatour
             ;
             but
             Salvidienus
             was
             punished
             for
             this
             Treason
             as
             he
             deserved
             ,
             and
             so
             his
             Death
             was
             as
             infamous
             as
             his
             Birth
             .
             He
             had
             now
             repassed
             the
             Alps
             ,
             and
             was
             marching
             to
             join
             Caesar
             in
             spight
             of
             Ventidius
             and
             Pollio
             ,
             who
             were
             at
             the
             heels
             of
             him
             with
             their
             Armies
             .
             As
             this
             joining
             was
             a
             matter
             of
             very
             great
             importance
             ,
             Lucius
             chiefly
             strove
             to
             hinder
             it
             ;
             and
             Salvidienus
             had
             been
             utterly
             lost
             if
             Agrippa
             had
             not
             advanced
             between
             Lucius
             and
             him
             ,
             and
             attacked
             the
             Town
             of
             Sutrium
             ,
             which
             he
             carried
             by
             storm
             .
             This
             Town
             had
             shewed
             it self
             very
             affectionate
             to
             Lucius
             ,
             and
             the
             danger
             it
             was
             in
             moved
             him
             to
             turn
             head
             and
             relieve
             it
             ;
             which
             gave
             Salvidienus
             opportunity
             to
             join
             Agrippa
             ,
             and
             so
             they
             made
             themselves
             Masters
             of
             the
             Passes
             and
             Defiles
             ,
             through
             which
             the
             Armies
             of
             Ventidius
             and
             Pollio
             were
             to
             march
             ,
             and
             Lucius
             not
             being
             strong
             enough
             to
             oppose
             them
             retreated
             into
             Perusia
             ,
             and
             there
             expected
             his
             Generals
             .
             Caesar
             having
             news
             of
             this
             strait
             ,
             made
             thither
             and
             rallied
             Agrippa
             and
             Salvidienus
             to
             besiege
             Lucius
             in
             that
             place
             .
             It
             is
             seated
             in
             that
             Countrey
             which
             was
             formerly
             called
             Hetruria
             ,
             and
             now
             belongs
             to
             the
             Ecclesiastical
             Dominion
             ;
             it
             was
             strongly
             situated
             ,
             as
             being
             built
             upon
             a
             Hill
             ,
             which
             made
             Lucius
             hope
             Caesar
             would
             ruine
             his
             Army
             by
             this
             Siege
             :
             he
             then
             dispatched
             
             Manius
             to
             Pollio
             and
             Ventidius
             to
             oblige
             them
             to
             come
             to
             his
             relief
             ;
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             sent
             out
             Trissinius
             with
             4000
             Horse
             to
             ravage
             those
             Towns
             that
             were
             for
             
               Caesar.
               Pollio
            
             and
             Ventidius
             were
             none
             of
             the
             best
             Friends
             ,
             for
             each
             of
             them
             would
             have
             commanded
             in
             chief
             ,
             neither
             being
             willing
             to
             submit
             to
             his
             equal
             .
             Besides
             too
             ,
             they
             were
             not
             certain
             what
             sentiments
             Anthony
             would
             have
             upon
             this
             occasion
             of
             this
             War
             ,
             by
             reason
             Lucius
             had
             openly
             declared
             himself
             an
             enemy
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             As
             for
             Fulvia
             ,
             she
             was
             always
             governed
             by
             her
             own
             passion
             ;
             she
             had
             raised
             Forces
             under
             the
             command
             of
             Plancus
             ,
             and
             by
             her
             Letters
             never
             ceased
             pressing
             
               Pollio
               ,
               Ventidius
               ,
               Ateius
            
             and
             Calenus
             to
             succour
             their
             General
             's
             Brother
             .
             But
             there
             hapned
             a
             disgrace
             to
             her
             ,
             that
             mortified
             her
             extremely
             ,
             for
             as
             she
             was
             going
             to
             Rome
             to
             manage
             some
             new
             Broil
             ,
             she
             met
             with
             a
             Legion
             of
             Caesar's
             ,
             who
             charged
             her
             Convoy
             that
             guarded
             her
             ,
             defeated
             it
             and
             took
             all
             her
             equipage
             .
             At
             length
             Pollio
             and
             Ventidius
             took
             a
             resolution
             to
             advance
             towards
             Perusia
             in
             two
             distinct
             Bodies
             .
             Caesar
             having
             intelligence
             of
             their
             motion
             ,
             with
             Agrippa
             marched
             against
             them
             ,
             hindred
             their
             joining
             with
             Plancus
             ,
             and
             forced
             Ventidius
             into
             Ariminum
             ,
             (
             now
             Rimini
             )
             and
             Pollio
             into
             Ravenna
             ,
             or
             according
             to
             Velleius
             ,
             into
             that
             Isle
             where
             Venice
             now
             is
             ,
             and
             Plancus
             into
             Pollentia
             ,
             and
             leaving
             sufficient
             Forces
             to
             maintain
             the
             several
             Blocades
             he
             returned
             to
             his
             Siege
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             VIII
             .
             The
             Siege
             of
             
               Perusia
               .
               Caesar
            
             in
             danger
             .
             The
             extreme
             misery
             of
             the
             besieged
             .
          
           
             AS
             Caesar
             could
             not
             pretend
             to
             force
             so
             great
             an
             Army
             in
             a
             place
             of
             that
             importance
             ,
             so
             neither
             would
             he
             make
             a
             formal
             Siege
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             resolved
             to
             reduce
             it
             by
             Famine
             ;
             to
             this
             end
             he
             drew
             about
             it
             a
             Line
             of
             contravallation
             of
             fifty
             six
             stadiums
             in
             compass
             ,
             and
             withall
             ,
             carried
             two
             Trenches
             to
             the
             River
             Tibur
             to
             hinder
             any
             attempt
             or
             relief
             of
             the
             Enemies
             on
             that
             side
             ,
             this
             Line
             he
             strengthened
             with
             a
             Rampart
             ,
             flanked
             with
             Towers
             at
             equal
             distances
             ,
             and
             at
             his
             return
             he
             sunk
             the
             Trenches
             thirty
             Foot
             deep
             ,
             and
             covered
             it
             with
             a
             Wall
             ,
             upon
             which
             he
             placed
             wooden
             Towers
             ,
             1500
             in
             number
             ,
             distant
             one
             from
             the
             other
             sixty
             Foot
             ;
             and
             these
             were
             all
             fortified
             with
             great
             Beams
             ,
             and
             filled
             with
             Archers
             and
             Slingers
             and
             all
             sorts
             of
             offensive
             Engines
             .
             The
             besieged
             strove
             to
             hinder
             these
             Works
             by
             frequent
             and
             fierce
             Sallies
             ,
             and
             Lucius
             having
             abundance
             of
             Gladiators
             with
             him
             ,
             had
             always
             the
             better
             of
             it
             when
             they
             came
             to
             '
             handy-blows
             ;
             but
             then
             Caesar's
             Men
             had
             the
             advantage
             of
             them
             by
             their
             Artillery
             and
             missive
             Weapons
             ,
             at
             which
             they
             were
             very
             expert
             ▪
             It
             was
             in
             one
             of
             these
             actions
             that
             Caesar
             ran
             an
             extreme
             hazard
             by
             a
             very
             extraordinary
             
             accident
             .
             Lucius
             seeing
             his
             Provisions
             daily
             diminished
             ,
             resolved
             to
             make
             one
             great
             attempt
             on
             a
             famous
             festival
             night
             ,
             believing
             that
             the
             besiegers
             would
             be
             busied
             in
             the
             celebration
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             be
             less
             upon
             their
             guard
             .
             Caesar
             was
             then
             offering
             Sacrifice
             very
             near
             the
             Walls
             of
             Perusia
             ;
             the
             Diviners
             inspecting
             the
             entrails
             of
             the
             Victim
             ,
             found
             nothing
             but
             fatal
             presages
             in
             them
             ,
             at
             which
             Caesar
             was
             much
             concerned
             ,
             while
             at
             that
             instant
             Lucius's
             Gladiators
             made
             a
             Sally
             ,
             the
             Sacrifice
             was
             left
             ,
             the
             Sacrificers
             fled
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             had
             certainly
             been
             either
             slain
             or
             taken
             Prisoner
             ,
             if
             the
             Legion
             that
             was
             upon
             the
             guard
             in
             the
             nearest
             Trenches
             had
             not
             speedily
             advanced
             to
             his
             relief
             ;
             in
             the
             mean
             while
             the
             Gladiators
             carried
             away
             the
             Victim
             ,
             Entrails
             and
             all
             the
             preparation
             of
             the
             Sacrifice
             :
             these
             were
             reinforced
             and
             backed
             by
             more
             Troops
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             charged
             to
             the
             Trenches
             where
             the
             same
             Legion
             made
             head
             against
             them
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             rallying
             some
             Cohorts
             of
             his
             Guards
             ,
             charged
             them
             in
             the
             Flank
             ,
             and
             beat
             them
             into
             the
             Town
             .
             Whilst
             this
             general
             distraction
             was
             in
             the
             Army
             ,
             for
             Caesar's
             safety
             ,
             the
             Diviners
             alone
             came
             to
             him
             very
             joyfull
             ,
             and
             told
             him
             that
             
               the
               Gods
               were
               propitious
               to
               him
               ,
            
             and
             that
             
               all
               the
               misfortune
               threatned
               by
               the
               ill-boding
               Entrails
               of
               the
               Victim
               ,
               concerned
               onely
               the
               Enemies
               that
               had
               them
               in
               their
               possession
               .
            
             Perhaps
             Caesar
             himself
             did
             not
             believe
             it
             so
             ,
             however
             the
             thing
             was
             well
             imagined
             ,
             and
             
             adroilty
             turned
             to
             re-assure
             the
             dismayed
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             indeed
             afterwards
             the
             event
             confirmed
             this
             prediction
             .
             The
             City
             of
             Rome
             had
             her
             share
             in
             the
             calamities
             of
             this
             War
             ,
             Corn
             was
             excessive
             dear
             ,
             and
             the
             rabble
             that
             upon
             these
             occasions
             observe
             no
             measures
             nor
             duty
             ,
             understanding
             that
             Caesar's
             Officers
             had
             laid
             up
             great
             stores
             ,
             rose
             and
             plundred
             the
             Magazines
             and
             several
             of
             the
             wealthiest
             houses
             in
             the
             City
             .
             Now
             
               Ventidius
               ,
               Pollio
            
             and
             Plancus
             believed
             they
             were
             obliged
             in
             honour
             ,
             not
             to
             let
             Lucius
             be
             any
             longer
             besieged
             ,
             and
             resolved
             by
             agreement
             to
             march
             and
             force
             Caesar
             to
             a
             battel
             or
             else
             to
             raise
             his
             siege
             against
             them
             ;
             he
             detached
             Agrippa
             and
             Salvidienus
             with
             a
             Body
             ,
             who
             could
             not
             however
             hinder
             their
             joyning
             and
             advancing
             to
             Fulsina
             distant
             from
             Perusia
             160
             Stadiums
             .
             Lucius
             having
             notice
             of
             their
             approach
             by
             the
             Signals
             they
             made
             him
             in
             the
             night
             by
             fire
             was
             extremely
             rejoyced
             at
             it
             ,
             not
             doubting
             in
             the
             least
             but
             they
             would
             make
             some
             great
             push
             for
             his
             relief
             .
             This
             was
             indeed
             the
             intention
             of
             Ventidius
             and
             Pollio
             ,
             but
             Plancus
             who
             always
             abounded
             in
             reasons
             and
             cool
             counsels
             ,
             when
             they
             were
             to
             avoid
             fighting
             ,
             remonstrated
             to
             them
             ,
             that
             Agrippa
             who
             was
             as
             strong
             as
             they
             upon
             their
             least
             motion
             would
             charge
             them
             in
             the
             rere
             ,
             and
             having
             Caesar
             before
             them
             there
             was
             no
             avoiding
             the
             defeat
             of
             their
             Troops
             ,
             for
             which
             they
             alone
             were
             responsible
             to
             Anthony
             ;
             this
             Counsel
             which
             was
             not
             without
             ground
             ,
             
             added
             to
             the
             dislike
             they
             had
             of
             Lucius
             his
             conduct
             made
             them
             think
             of
             a
             retreat
             ,
             which
             put
             the
             besieged
             into
             utter
             despair
             ,
             they
             attempted
             another
             Sally
             though
             with
             as
             little
             success
             as
             the
             former
             ,
             for
             all
             the
             fight
             lasted
             from
             nine
             at
             night
             till
             next
             morning
             .
             Then
             Lucius
             made
             a
             review
             and
             an
             inventory
             of
             all
             the
             provisions
             that
             were
             in
             the
             place
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             the
             better
             distribute
             by
             measure
             amongst
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             without
             any
             consideration
             of
             the
             Slaves
             ,
             and
             to
             hinder
             them
             that
             they
             should
             not
             desert
             ,
             he
             set
             Guards
             upon
             them
             lest
             they
             should
             inform
             the
             enemy
             of
             the
             extreme
             necessity
             they
             were
             in
             :
             These
             poor
             wretches
             reduced
             to
             this
             horrible
             misery
             ,
             wandered
             about
             the
             works
             to
             seek
             out
             herbs
             ,
             grass
             and
             roots
             ,
             and
             some
             fed
             upon
             the
             vilest
             Ordurci
             which
             onely
             served
             to
             make
             an
             end
             of
             them
             the
             sooner
             ,
             for
             almost
             all
             of
             them
             died
             and
             Lucius
             made
             them
             be
             buried
             in
             ditches
             on
             heaps
             ,
             not
             being
             willing
             to
             burn
             them
             ,
             as
             well
             for
             that
             the
             besiegers
             should
             not
             have
             any
             notice
             of
             it
             by
             the
             fires
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             corrupt
             the
             Air
             by
             the
             stench
             of
             the
             burning
             Bodies
             .
             At
             length
             the
             Souldiers
             pressed
             by
             the
             want
             and
             famine
             which
             daily
             encreased
             ,
             begged
             him
             to
             give
             them
             leave
             to
             make
             a
             general
             Sally
             ,
             as
             desiring
             rather
             to
             dye
             with
             their
             Arms
             in
             their
             hands
             ,
             than
             to
             perish
             by
             so
             terrible
             a
             death
             as
             starving
             .
             Yet
             they
             hoped
             to
             behave
             themselves
             so
             gallantly
             ,
             as
             to
             put
             an
             end
             to
             all
             their
             sufferings
             by
             a
             glorious
             Victory
             over
             their
             enemies
             .
             Immediately
             
             Lucius
             approved
             of
             this
             resolution
             of
             theirs
             ,
             telling
             them
             ,
             
               that
               they
               had
               nothing
               else
               to
               trust
               to
               now
               ,
               but
               either
               to
               dye
               or
               Conquer
            
             ;
             they
             resolved
             therefore
             to
             sally
             at
             break
             of
             day
             to
             avoid
             the
             disorder
             that
             might
             happen
             in
             the
             dark
             ,
             and
             provided
             good
             store
             of
             iron
             Crows
             ,
             Mattocks
             ,
             Spades
             and
             other
             tools
             to
             break
             Caesar's
             wall
             ,
             and
             they
             had
             Ladders
             and
             long
             Hooks
             to
             scale
             the
             Walls
             and
             pass
             the
             Trenches
             ,
             and
             so
             oppose
             the
             enemies
             Towers
             ,
             which
             had
             beams
             and
             timbers
             in
             them
             to
             fling
             upon
             the
             Walls
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             Bridges
             ,
             with
             such
             like
             preparation
             these
             brave
             Souldiers
             with
             an
             amazing
             resolution
             fiercely
             attacked
             Caesar's
             lines
             .
             The
             ditch
             was
             immediately
             filled
             up
             ,
             and
             the
             Palisade
             pulled
             down
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             came
             to
             the
             Wall
             which
             they
             undermined
             on
             all
             sides
             ,
             while
             others
             strove
             by
             the
             help
             of
             scaling
             Ladders
             to
             get
             upon
             it
             ;
             the
             rowling
             Towers
             advanced
             ,
             raining
             a
             dreadfull
             storm
             of
             Darts
             and
             Arrows
             upon
             the
             besiegers
             ,
             who
             were
             astonished
             at
             this
             furious
             assault
             ,
             for
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             Lucius
             fought
             as
             men
             reduced
             to
             despair
             ,
             death
             appearing
             nothing
             so
             terrible
             to
             them
             as
             famine
             ,
             and
             though
             they
             fought
             with
             all
             the
             disadvantage
             imaginable
             ,
             and
             though
             they
             were
             struck
             through
             with
             Darts
             and
             Arrows
             ,
             with
             which
             the
             enemies
             flanked
             them
             from
             the
             Ramparts
             ;
             they
             still
             vigorously
             employed
             both
             Crows
             and
             Beams
             to
             make
             a
             breach
             in
             the
             Wall
             ,
             openly
             exposing
             themselves
             to
             the
             enemies
             shot
             ,
             by
             
             though
             great
             numbers
             fell
             ,
             yet
             the
             rest
             were
             not
             in
             the
             least
             dismayed
             .
             By
             this
             time
             the
             nimblest
             that
             had
             mounted
             the
             Wall
             came
             to
             handy
             strokes
             with
             the
             foe
             ,
             and
             the
             battel
             grew
             warmer
             ,
             no
             body
             could
             retreat
             without
             falling
             headlong
             down
             ,
             and
             the
             besieged
             fought
             with
             that
             unexpressible
             fury
             ,
             that
             when
             they
             wanted
             arms
             like
             wild
             Beasts
             they
             used
             their
             hands
             and
             teeth
             ,
             and
             doubtless
             this
             obstinate
             bravery
             had
             gained
             them
             an
             absolute
             Victory
             had
             the
             forces
             been
             any-ways
             equal
             ;
             but
             Caesar
             having
             more
             men
             than
             Lucius
             ,
             he
             from
             time
             to
             time
             reinforced
             them
             with
             fresh
             reserves
             ,
             which
             at
             last
             beat
             the
             tired
             besieged
             with
             their
             Engines
             from
             off
             the
             Wall
             ;
             these
             gallant
             men
             though
             stunned
             at
             their
             fall
             still
             clung
             to
             the
             Wall
             with
             their
             hands
             ,
             and
             either
             strove
             to
             pull
             out
             the
             stones
             ,
             or
             else
             by
             their
             words
             encouraged
             their
             fellows
             who
             still
             fought
             .
             Lucius
             moved
             at
             so
             extraordinary
             a
             valour
             and
             fidelity
             ,
             and
             knowing
             he
             had
             very
             great
             reason
             to
             preserve
             them
             ,
             whose
             courage
             now
             onely
             served
             to
             destroy
             them
             ,
             commanded
             a
             Retreat
             to
             be
             sounded
             :
             Caesars
             men
             immediately
             gave
             loud
             shouts
             of
             Joy
             ,
             and
             according
             to
             the
             Romans
             custome
             when
             they
             gained
             a
             Victory
             struck
             their
             Swords
             against
             their
             Bucklers
             ,
             the
             others
             raging
             at
             this
             with
             all
             haste
             and
             fury
             got
             together
             those
             Ladders
             that
             remained
             and
             returned
             to
             the
             attack
             ,
             resolved
             either
             to
             carry
             the
             Rampart
             or
             be
             buried
             in
             the
             Ditch
             ,
             if
             Lucius
             had
             not
             withheld
             them
             ,
             
             and
             by
             his
             Prayers
             and
             even
             moving
             them
             with
             his
             tears
             made
             them
             retreat
             .
             At
             last
             they
             obeyed
             him
             ,
             though
             with
             that
             regret
             as
             cannot
             be
             expressed
             .
             Caesar
             at
             night
             doubled
             his
             Guards
             and
             Watches
             fearing
             another
             attack
             ,
             and
             gave
             his
             orders
             for
             the
             speedy
             marching
             of
             relief
             in
             case
             of
             necessity
             .
             As
             for
             the
             besieged
             their
             weariness
             and
             vexation
             scarce
             gave
             them
             leasure
             to
             think
             of
             placing
             advanced
             Guards
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             gave
             opportunity
             to
             many
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             several
             considerable
             Officers
             to
             go
             over
             to
             Caesar.
             
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             IX
             .
             Lucius
             resolves
             to
             treat
             with
             Caesar.
             He
             Harangues
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             sends
             Deputies
             to
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             LVcius
             finding
             himself
             reduced
             to
             the
             utmost
             extremity
             ,
             and
             finding
             no
             probability
             of
             relief
             ,
             concluded
             at
             last
             to
             give
             way
             to
             this
             cruel
             necessity
             ,
             and
             think
             of
             capitulating
             :
             He
             therefore
             communicated
             his
             intentions
             to
             his
             chief
             Officers
             ,
             and
             though
             among
             them
             some
             particular
             enemies
             of
             Caesar
             opposed
             it
             ,
             yet
             he
             persisted
             in
             his
             resolution
             ;
             but
             fearing
             that
             the
             Souldiers
             might
             deliver
             him
             up
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             he
             drew
             them
             together
             and
             told
             them
             ,
             
               That
               in
               all
               this
               War
               he
               had
               no
               other
               design
               ,
               but
               by
               abolishing
               
               the
               Tyranny
               of
               the
               Triumvirate
               to
               set
               his
               Countrey
               at
               liberty
               ,
               which
               he
               undertook
               with
               more
               Justice
               ,
               by
               reason
               all
               pretences
               to
               this
               pernicious
               League
               were
               ceased
               by
               the
               defeat
               of
               Brutus
               and
               Cassius
               ;
               that
               Lepidus
               had
               in
               a
               manner
               quitted
               his
               part
               of
               the
               Empire
               ,
               and
               Anthony
               in
               Asia
               minded
               nothing
               but
               his
               delights
               and
               heaping
               up
               money
               ,
               but
               that
               Caesar
               alone
               bouyed
               up
               the
               remains
               of
               that
               unjust
               power
               ,
               which
               had
               moved
               him
               to
               lay
               hold
               on
               the
               Troubles
               occasioned
               by
               the
               distribution
               of
               Lands
               ,
               to
               restore
               that
               rightfull
               Authority
               to
               the
               Commonwealth
               which
               had
               been
               so
               usurped
               from
               it
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               had
               the
               greater
               obligation
               upon
               him
               to
               doe
               it
               ,
               by
               reason
               he
               was
               Consul
               .
               But
               that
               Caesar
               to
               overthrow
               so
               just
               a
               design
               ,
               had
               loaded
               him
               with
               the
               ill
               Will
               and
               hatred
               of
               all
               the
               Souldiery
               ,
               maliciously
               taxing
               him
               of
               endeavouring
               to
               oppose
               and
               hinder
               them
               of
               the
               rewards
               they
               had
               deserved
               ,
               in
               favour
               of
               the
               Peasants
               ;
               that
               at
               first
               he
               knew
               nothing
               of
               these
               reports
               ,
               and
               that
               when
               he
               did
               he
               despised
               them
               ,
               that
               he
               had
               besides
               deputed
               Commissioners
               to
               divide
               the
               Lands
               ,
               and
               so
               he
               might
               have
               hindred
               the
               Veteran
               Souldiers
               joyning
               Caesar
               ,
               and
               fighting
               against
               their
               own
               Interests
               ,
               as
               they
               would
               plainly
               see
               by
               the
               event
               :
               knowing
               therefore
               we
               were
               ruined
               by
               Famine
               ,
               not
               by
               the
               Valour
               of
               our
               foes
               ,
               and
               since
               our
               Officers
               abandon
               
               us
               ;
               I
               could
               have
               made
               use
               of
               several
               expedients
               for
               my
               own
               security
               ,
               besides
               the
               satisfaction
               I
               felt
               for
               doing
               my
               duty
               and
               behaving
               my self
               like
               a
               man
               of
               honour
               :
               But
               however
               ,
               this
               is
               none
               of
               my
               intention
               ,
               I
               consult
               your
               safety
               before
               my
               own
               Glory
               ,
               and
               am
               now
               sending
               to
               the
               Conquerour
               to
               offer
               him
               my
               Life
               and
               Person
               ,
               provided
               ,
               in
               making
               me
               the
               object
               of
               all
               his
               hatred
               and
               revenge
               ,
               he
               spares
               you
               ,
               ye
               that
               are
               Roman
               Citizens
               ,
               ye
               that
               have
               formerly
               served
               under
               him
               ,
               and
               who
               in
               maintaining
               a
               just
               and
               noble
               Cause
               ,
               are
               not
               vanquished
               by
               the
               force
               of
               his
               Arms
               ,
               but
               by
               extreme
               Famine
               .
            
             After
             this
             discourse
             ,
             he
             chose
             out
             three
             of
             his
             chief
             Commanders
             to
             go
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             the
             Souldiers
             saw
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             regret
             ,
             and
             withall
             were
             full
             of
             Praises
             of
             the
             Vertue
             and
             Goodness
             of
             their
             General
             .
             These
             Deputies
             represented
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             as
             the
             Souldiers
             and
             Officers
             on
             both
             sides
             had
             one
             and
             the
             same
             Countrey
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             all
             of
             them
             allied
             to
             one
             another
             ,
             either
             by
             kindred
             or
             friendship
             ,
             having
             served
             together
             under
             his
             Father
             and
             under
             him
             ,
             the
             besieged
             hoped
             he
             would
             not
             treat
             them
             as
             objects
             of
             his
             revenge
             ;
             since
             it
             was
             not
             any
             aversion
             against
             him
             ,
             that
             made
             them
             take
             up
             Arms
             ,
             but
             out
             of
             a
             motive
             of
             pure
             affection
             to
             their
             Countrey
             ;
             taking
             example
             of
             those
             noble
             Romans
             that
             were
             their
             Ancestours
             .
             To
             this
             they
             added
             many
             other
             reasons
             ,
             
             to
             moderate
             Caesar's
             resentments
             .
             Caesar
             who
             was
             well
             informed
             of
             the
             several
             Interests
             and
             Inclinations
             of
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             and
             knowing
             that
             there
             were
             several
             among
             them
             that
             had
             never
             born
             Arms
             but
             against
             him
             ,
             and
             others
             that
             entred
             into
             this
             party
             onely
             to
             have
             their
             share
             of
             the
             Lands
             ,
             answered
             very
             discreetly
             ,
             
               That
               he
               pardoned
               those
               who
               had
               served
               under
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               but
               as
               to
               the
               others
               they
               should
               yield
               upon
               Discretion
               :
            
             this
             he
             said
             in
             publick
             ,
             but
             he
             privately
             told
             Furnius
             one
             of
             the
             Deputies
             ,
             
               That
               he
               intended
               not
               the
               least
               injury
               to
            
             Lucius
             
               and
               his
               Souldiers
               for
               what
               was
               past
               ,
               but
               onely
               to
               some
               Enemies
               of
               his
               ,
               who
               out
               of
               Malice
               to
               him
               had
               been
               the
               occasion
               of
               all
               these
               disorders
               :
            
             When
             the
             Deputies
             returned
             to
             Perusia
             ,
             all
             those
             that
             judged
             Caesar's
             hate
             by
             what
             they
             bore
             him
             ,
             were
             extremely
             enraged
             with
             Furnius
             ,
             for
             his
             private
             conference
             with
             Caesar.
             They
             represented
             to
             Lucius
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             intended
             as
             Victims
             to
             Caesar's
             cruelty
             ,
             because
             he
             knew
             their
             affection
             to
             their
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             should
             capitulate
             for
             their
             safety
             ,
             or
             else
             resolve
             all
             to
             dye
             with
             their
             Arms
             in
             their
             hands
             .
             Lucius
             moved
             with
             Compassion
             for
             so
             many
             People
             ,
             saw
             there
             was
             a
             necessity
             of
             sending
             other
             Deputies
             ,
             but
             he
             knew
             none
             more
             proper
             than
             himself
             ,
             and
             therefore
             immediately
             went
             without
             taking
             any
             hostage
             or
             caution
             for
             his
             security
             .
             Caesar
             advertised
             of
             this
             went
             to
             receive
             him
             ,
             and
             to
             shew
             his
             earnest
             desire
             he
             had
             
             to
             put
             an
             end
             to
             this
             War
             ,
             was
             the
             first
             that
             came
             out
             of
             his
             Camp
             :
             As
             soon
             as
             ever
             Lucius
             espied
             him
             ,
             he
             commanded
             those
             that
             were
             with
             him
             to
             make
             a
             halt
             ,
             and
             he
             alone
             advanced
             to
             the
             brink
             of
             the
             Ditch
             .
             They
             were
             both
             of
             them
             clad
             in
             their
             Ornaments
             of
             War
             ,
             and
             adorned
             with
             all
             the
             marks
             of
             their
             Dignity
             ;
             after
             the
             first
             complements
             and
             actions
             of
             Civility
             ;
             Lucius
             spoke
             after
             this
             manner
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             X.
             Lucius
             Speech
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             his
             Answer
             .
          
           
             IF
             I
             had
             not
             the
             honour
             to
             be
             a
             Roman
             I
             should
             now
             appear
             full
             of
             Confusion
             ,
             for
             being
             Conquered
             and
             yielding
             upon
             discretion
             ,
             having
             that
             in
             my
             hands
             that
             would
             keep
             me
             from
             that
             shame
             ;
             but
             after
             I
             had
             fought
             against
             a
             Roman
             for
             the
             common
             good
             of
             our
             Countrey
             ,
             I
             do
             not
             in
             the
             least
             think
             my self
             dishoured
             by
             being
             vanquished
             by
             a
             General
             that
             is
             a
             Roman
             .
             I
             do
             not
             speak
             this
             to
             avoid
             whatever
             you
             decree
             against
             my
             Person
             ,
             for
             you
             see
             I
             am
             come
             alone
             into
             the
             midst
             of
             the
             Troops
             to
             surrender
             my self
             to
             your
             disposal
             ,
             without
             any
             conditions
             for
             my self
             ,
             or
             demanding
             any
             security
             ,
             or
             making
             any
             other
             request
             than
             for
             the
             pardon
             of
             those
             that
             have
             served
             me
             in
             this
             War
             ;
             even
             the
             reasonableness
             of
             the
             thing
             may
             be
             a
             motive
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             your
             own
             
             interest
             requires
             it
             :
             and
             therefore
             to
             convince
             you
             throughly
             of
             this
             ,
             I
             will
             first
             speak
             as
             to
             my self
             ,
             and
             after
             of
             those
             that
             followed
             me
             .
             I
             do
             not
             pretend
             to
             conceal
             from
             you
             ,
             that
             I
             alone
             am
             the
             Authour
             of
             all
             that
             has
             been
             acted
             against
             you
             ,
             and
             therefore
             think
             it
             just
             that
             all
             the
             resentments
             should
             light
             on
             me
             ,
             and
             if
             I
             seem
             to
             make
             some
             excuses
             ,
             't
             is
             not
             that
             I
             vainly
             hope
             for
             any
             assistance
             from
             my
             Brother
             or
             his
             Friends
             ,
             for
             that
             is
             now
             too
             late
             ,
             but
             that
             it
             is
             necessary
             you
             should
             know
             the
             truth
             which
             I
             will
             not
             now
             disguise
             or
             palliate
             .
             When
             I
             undertook
             this
             War
             ,
             my
             design
             was
             not
             to
             usurp
             your
             Authority
             ,
             but
             to
             re-establish
             that
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             oppressed
             by
             the
             power
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             and
             you
             your self
             must
             needs
             yield
             this
             truth
             ,
             since
             by
             the
             very
             Edict
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             you
             owned
             your
             Authority
             was
             not
             lawfull
             ;
             but
             that
             you
             had
             this
             Pretext
             ,
             that
             you
             were
             forced
             to
             take
             up
             Arms
             against
             Brutus
             and
             Cassius
             .
             Now
             they
             are
             destroyed
             and
             none
             of
             their
             party
             are
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             oppose
             you
             ,
             what
             pretence
             have
             you
             to
             be
             in
             Arms
             ,
             unless
             it
             be
             to
             make
             your selves
             feared
             and
             obeyed
             ?
             I
             saw
             the
             five
             years
             of
             your
             League
             expired
             ,
             and
             hoped
             to
             restore
             the
             Consular
             dignity
             ,
             and
             the
             rightfull
             and
             lawfull
             power
             of
             the
             other
             Magistrates
             .
             I
             own
             that
             in
             persuance
             of
             this
             ,
             I
             had
             less
             consideration
             for
             my
             Brother
             than
             the
             Republick
             ,
             my
             intent
             being
             to
             force
             him
             if
             need
             were
             at
             his
             arrival
             to
             concur
             with
             me
             in
             this
             design
             ,
             and
             as
             I
             passionately
             desired
             this
             Glorious
             action
             should
             be
             done
             in
             my
             Consulship
             ,
             and
             you
             might
             have
             
             had
             the
             honour
             of
             it
             in
             renouncing
             your
             Authority
             ,
             but
             seeing
             all
             your
             motions
             tended
             otherwise
             ,
             I
             came
             to
             Rome
             to
             force
             you
             to
             it
             ,
             knowing
             ▪
             my self
             a
             Roman
             ,
             and
             considerable
             both
             by
             birth
             and
             for
             the
             Office
             I
             bore
             :
             these
             therefore
             are
             the
             true
             reasons
             that
             carried
             me
             to
             take
             up
             Arms
             ,
             and
             not
             the
             Counsels
             of
             a
             Manius
             and
             Fulvia
             ,
             much
             less
             the
             division
             of
             the
             Lands
             you
             allotted
             the
             Souldiers
             that
             fought
             at
             Philippi
             ,
             nor
             was
             it
             any
             Compassion
             for
             those
             that
             were
             driven
             from
             their
             Houses
             and
             Inheritances
             ;
             quite
             contrary
             ,
             I
             had
             named
             Commissioners
             for
             the
             distribution
             ,
             who
             had
             order
             to
             strain
             a
             point
             in
             favour
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             against
             the
             Peasants
             ,
             this
             however
             is
             the
             pretence
             you
             have
             used
             to
             animate
             the
             Veteran
             Souldiers
             against
             me
             ,
             by
             making
             them
             believe
             I
             opposed
             it
             :
             it
             was
             this
             that
             moved
             them
             against
             me
             ,
             and
             that
             has
             taken
             away
             all
             the
             Confidence
             that
             I
             had
             in
             them
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Will
             they
             had
             to
             serve
             me
             ,
             by
             which
             I
             confess
             you
             have
             your
             own
             interest
             in
             the
             intention
             you
             had
             of
             making
             War
             with
             me
             ,
             and
             I
             have
             mine
             in
             declaring
             War
             to
             compass
             my
             intent
             .
             And
             since
             I
             have
             put
             my self
             into
             your
             hands
             ,
             I
             do
             not
             in
             the
             least
             fear
             to
             tell
             you
             plainly
             the
             true
             Sense
             I
             had
             and
             still
             have
             of
             your
             Conduct
             ,
             whatever
             you
             please
             to
             decree
             against
             me
             :
             It
             is
             this
             as
             I
             have
             already
             told
             you
             ,
             that
             moved
             me
             to
             come
             to
             you
             my self
             ,
             and
             as
             to
             what
             concerns
             my
             Kindred
             ,
             my
             Friends
             and
             my
             Troops
             ,
             if
             you
             will
             but
             take
             it
             in
             good
             part
             ,
             I
             will
             now
             give
             you
             advice
             that
             shall
             turn
             both
             to
             your
             Glory
             and
             advantage
             ;
             and
             
             this
             is
             not
             to
             shew
             any
             resentment
             for
             what
             has
             passed
             in
             this
             difference
             ,
             but
             to
             consider
             the
             unconstancy
             of
             fortune
             that
             depends
             on
             the
             chance
             of
             War
             ,
             not
             to
             fright
             the
             Souldiers
             by
             punishing
             them
             ,
             but
             by
             Gentleness
             draw
             them
             to
             serve
             you
             upon
             occasion
             ,
             as
             they
             have
             already
             against
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             and
             shew
             them
             by
             your
             usage
             of
             them
             ,
             that
             their
             greatest
             security
             will
             be
             to
             follow
             the
             Conquerour
             .
             But
             if
             this
             Counsel
             is
             suspected
             as
             given
             by
             an
             Enemy
             ,
             I
             conjure
             you
             not
             to
             impute
             as
             a
             fault
             the
             fidelity
             they
             have
             shewed
             me
             ,
             nor
             the
             misfortune
             that
             has
             followed
             it
             ,
             but
             to
             turn
             all
             your
             Vengeance
             against
             me
             ,
             as
             the
             onely
             cause
             of
             these
             ills
             :
             it
             was
             this
             that
             obliged
             me
             to
             speak
             to
             you
             in
             private
             ,
             to
             take
             away
             all
             the
             suspicion
             they
             might
             have
             had
             ,
             that
             in
             seeming
             to
             affect
             speaking
             for
             their
             interest
             and
             safety
             I
             might
             onely
             consult
             my
             own
             .
             
               This
               discourse
               that
               shewed
               a
               resolution
               and
               greatness
               of
               Soul
               ,
               worthy
               of
               an
               ancient
            
             Roman
             
               was
               not
               very
               pleasing
               to
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               but
               he
               took
               care
               not
               to
               testifie
               all
               his
               resentment
               against
               him
               ,
               that
               was
               the
               brother
               of
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               whom
               for
               several
               reasons
               he
               was
               obliged
               to
               have
               a
               consideration
               for
               .
               As
               he
               had
               a
               great
               presence
               of
               mind
               and
               a
               ready
               Wit
               ,
               he
               thus
               answered
               him
               .
            
             As
             soon
             as
             I
             understood
             you
             came
             to
             me
             ,
             I
             advanced
             out
             of
             my
             Camp
             to
             meet
             you
             ,
             to
             give
             you
             full
             liberty
             of
             explaining
             your
             Thoughts
             ;
             the
             Submission
             you
             have
             shewn
             in
             yielding
             your self
             to
             me
             as
             those
             ought
             to
             doe
             ,
             that
             are
             touched
             with
             remorse
             ,
             keeps
             me
             from
             remarking
             the
             Crimes
             you
             unjustly
             
             charge
             me
             with
             ,
             and
             the
             disguising
             so
             many
             known
             truths
             ,
             though
             this
             discourse
             of
             yours
             injures
             me
             more
             than
             your
             former
             Actions
             ;
             but
             since
             you
             frankly
             give
             me
             up
             both
             your self
             ,
             your
             Friends
             and
             your
             Troops
             ,
             this
             generous
             proceeding
             hinders
             me
             from
             acting
             what
             I
             ought
             ,
             both
             as
             Conquerour
             and
             injured
             .
             You
             have
             by
             this
             quite
             disarmed
             my
             Choler
             and
             my
             Power
             :
             I
             therefore
             return
             you
             yours
             in
             letting
             you
             enjoy
             the
             conditions
             of
             our
             former
             agreement
             ,
             though
             the
             Law
             of
             Arms
             might
             oblige
             you
             to
             obey
             without
             resistence
             ,
             the
             Will
             of
             the
             Vanquisher
             .
             I
             will
             however
             doe
             what
             is
             worthy
             of
             me
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             respect
             I
             owe
             the
             Gods
             ,
             my
             Dignity
             and
             your
             own
             Person
             ,
             which
             so
             nobly
             you
             abandon
             to
             me
             ,
             I
             will
             not
             at
             all
             betray
             the
             trust
             you
             have
             placed
             in
             my
             Goodness
             and
             Clemency
             .
             
               As
               these
               discourses
               are
               not
               Fictitious
               or
               merely
               Ornamental
               ,
               and
               that
            
             Appian
             
               who
               reports
               them
               ,
               assures
               he
               took
               them
               out
               of
               very
               faithfull
               Memoirs
               which
               remained
               concerning
               this
               War
               ,
               it
               is
               hoped
               the
               length
               of
               them
               will
               not
               be
               displeasing
               ,
               what
               intention
               soever
               there
               were
               of
               not
               being
               engaged
               in
               the
               recital
               of
               Speeches
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XI
             .
             Lucius
             and
             Caesar
             part
             .
             Lucius
             delivers
             up
             the
             Town
             .
             Caesar
             speaks
             to
             the
             besieged
             Souldiers
             with
             indignation
             ,
             he
             punishes
             the
             Senatours
             of
             Perusia
             ,
             the
             Town
             is
             pillaged
             and
             by
             accident
             burnt
             .
             Tiberius
             continues
             the
             War
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Naples
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             is
             driven
             by
             Caesar.
             
          
           
             THE
             two
             Generals
             parted
             well
             enough
             satisfied
             with
             each
             other
             in
             appearance
             .
             Caesar
             could
             not
             forbear
             praising
             Lucius
             his
             great
             courage
             ,
             which
             all
             his
             misfortunes
             had
             not
             been
             able
             to
             abate
             .
             Lucius
             above
             all
             things
             esteemed
             Caesar's
             great
             moderation
             ,
             and
             his
             manner
             of
             expressing
             things
             of
             such
             moment
             in
             so
             few
             words
             ;
             he
             commanded
             all
             his
             Officers
             to
             go
             and
             receive
             their
             Orders
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             carry
             him
             their
             muster
             Rolls
             ,
             as
             was
             usual
             with
             the
             Romans
             ,
             who
             when
             they
             took
             Orders
             from
             the
             General
             always
             shewed
             the
             muster
             Rolls
             of
             the
             Legions
             .
             Caesar
             in
             giving
             it
             out
             commanded
             them
             on
             their
             side
             to
             keep
             a
             Guard
             ,
             and
             he
             did
             the
             like
             on
             his
             .
             The
             next
             morning
             by
             break
             of
             day
             he
             offered
             Sacrifice
             ,
             and
             Lucius
             marched
             out
             his
             Troops
             in
             good
             order
             ,
             who
             saluted
             Caesar
             as
             far
             as
             they
             could
             discern
             him
             :
             He
             commanded
             them
             to
             halt
             upon
             the
             ground
             he
             shewed
             them
             ,
             the
             old
             Legions
             who
             demanded
             their
             share
             of
             the
             Inheritances
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             and
             
             the
             new
             raised
             ones
             on
             the
             other
             .
             The
             Sacrifice
             ended
             ,
             Caesar
             crowned
             with
             Laurel
             mounted
             on
             a
             Tribunal
             ,
             and
             commanded
             all
             the
             vanquished
             Souldiers
             to
             lay
             down
             their
             Arms
             ;
             he
             then
             reproached
             the
             ingratitude
             of
             the
             old
             Legions
             with
             terrible
             threats
             ,
             and
             though
             they
             had
             notice
             before
             he
             would
             doe
             so
             ,
             it
             filled
             them
             all
             with
             fear
             .
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             ,
             whether
             by
             permission
             of
             their
             General
             ,
             or
             moved
             with
             Pity
             at
             their
             dejected
             Companions
             ,
             advanced
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             embracing
             them
             with
             tears
             begged
             mercy
             for
             them
             .
             Caesar
             as
             very
             much
             moved
             ,
             fiercely
             told
             them
             ,
             
               they
               always
               opposed
               his
               Intentions
               ,
               and
               though
               in
               truth
               he
               knew
               them
               to
               be
               very
               brave
               ,
               yet
               he
               would
               fain
               know
               of
               them
               what
               injury
               they
               had
               received
               from
               him
               ,
               or
               what
               advantage
               they
               hoped
               for
               from
               his
               Enemies
               ,
               that
               should
               make
               them
               bear
               Arms
               against
               his
               Person
               ,
               his
               Souldiers
               ,
               and
               indeed
               against
               themselves
               ,
               since
               he
               onely
               laboured
               for
               their
               interest
               ;
               but
               that
               he
               would
               not
               insist
               upon
               this
               any
               farther
               ,
               and
               therefore
               in
               consideration
               of
               his
               Souldiers
               he
               pardoned
               them
               ,
               and
               for
               the
               future
               would
               not
               look
               upon
               them
               as
               Enemies
               ,
               but
               Souldiers
               that
               would
               follow
               none
               but
               himself
               .
            
             This
             Speech
             was
             followed
             by
             general
             shouts
             of
             Praises
             and
             Acclamations
             ;
             he
             then
             ordered
             his
             Officers
             to
             receive
             those
             of
             Lucius
             into
             their
             Tents
             ,
             and
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             encamp
             where
             they
             were
             ,
             till
             he
             had
             resolved
             upon
             what
             part
             to
             send
             them
             to
             ,
             and
             what
             Officers
             should
             command
             them
             .
             Afterwards
             
             without
             coming
             down
             from
             his
             Tribunal
             ,
             he
             sent
             to
             Lucius
             to
             come
             out
             of
             Perusia
             :
             This
             Consul
             then
             appeared
             a
             little
             after
             accompanied
             by
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Senatours
             that
             were
             of
             his
             party
             ,
             who
             were
             very
             much
             cast
             down
             at
             this
             revolution
             .
             Caesar's
             Troops
             entred
             Perusia
             ,
             and
             seized
             upon
             all
             the
             Posts
             and
             places
             of
             Arms
             :
             he
             caused
             Lucius
             to
             seat
             himself
             by
             him
             ,
             and
             his
             chief
             Officers
             received
             all
             the
             Senatours
             with
             orders
             to
             use
             them
             well
             ,
             but
             withall
             to
             look
             well
             after
             them
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             Town
             were
             upon
             the
             Walls
             ,
             from
             whence
             with
             lamentable
             Cries
             they
             sued
             for
             pardon
             .
             Caesar
             ordered
             they
             should
             all
             come
             forth
             ,
             except
             those
             that
             composed
             the
             Council
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             against
             these
             that
             he
             employed
             all
             his
             vengeance
             and
             severity
             ;
             it
             is
             said
             ,
             that
             when
             they
             were
             brought
             before
             him
             laden
             with
             Chains
             and
             begging
             for
             mercy
             ,
             he
             replyed
             onely
             these
             terrible
             words
             ,
             
               Ye
               must
               die
            
             ,
             and
             then
             made
             three
             hundred
             of
             them
             be
             slain
             as
             Victims
             near
             an
             Altar
             ,
             erected
             in
             honour
             of
             his
             Father
             upon
             the
             Ides
             of
             March
             the
             same
             day
             he
             was
             murthered
             ;
             one
             onely
             named
             
               Lucius
               Emilius
            
             was
             spared
             ,
             because
             being
             at
             Rome
             after
             the
             murther
             of
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             ,
             he
             counselled
             the
             Conspiratours
             should
             be
             put
             to
             death
             .
             The
             Town
             was
             going
             to
             be
             pillaged
             ,
             when
             one
             of
             the
             noblest
             Inhabitants
             called
             Macedonicus
             ,
             put
             fire
             to
             his
             own
             house
             and
             stabbed
             himself
             ;
             this
             fire
             carried
             on
             by
             a
             
             high
             wind
             spread
             it self
             from
             house
             to
             house
             ,
             and
             in
             less
             than
             an
             hour
             laid
             all
             Perusia
             in
             ashes
             ,
             except
             the
             Temple
             of
             
               Vulcan
               .
               Appian
            
             reports
             ,
             that
             this
             Macedonicus
             was
             one
             of
             Lucius
             his
             Souldiers
             named
             Cestius
             ,
             who
             had
             this
             Sirname
             given
             him
             ,
             because
             he
             had
             served
             a
             long
             time
             in
             Macedon
             :
             Thus
             ended
             this
             fatal
             War
             which
             threatned
             Italy
             with
             utter
             desolation
             .
             For
             although
             
               Pollio
               ,
               Ventidius
               ,
               Plancus
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Commanders
             of
             Anthony
             had
             still
             thirteen
             Legions
             and
             fifteen
             hundred
             Horse
             ,
             whether
             it
             were
             that
             there
             was
             no
             good
             understanding
             among
             them
             ,
             or
             that
             they
             did
             not
             approve
             of
             Lucius
             his
             Conduct
             ,
             they
             all
             withdrew
             and
             retired
             themselves
             ;
             some
             to
             Brundusium
             ,
             as
             Plancus
             ,
             who
             left
             the
             two
             Legions
             he
             commanded
             to
             Agrippa
             ,
             others
             to
             Tarentum
             ,
             and
             some
             to
             
               Ravenna
               .
               Pollio
            
             alone
             made
             an
             honourable
             Retreat
             ,
             and
             went
             and
             joyned
             himself
             to
             
               Domitius
               .
               Fulvia
            
             desperate
             with
             these
             misfortunes
             saved
             her self
             at
             Brundusium
             ,
             and
             from
             thence
             passed
             over
             into
             
               Macedon
               .
               Tiberius
            
             maintained
             the
             remainders
             of
             the
             party
             a
             long
             time
             after
             near
             Naples
             .
             He
             was
             a
             man
             illustrious
             for
             his
             Family
             ,
             but
             much
             more
             considerable
             for
             his
             Valour
             and
             Wit
             ;
             he
             had
             been
             Pretor
             ,
             and
             was
             then
             High
             Priest
             ,
             yet
             his
             name
             had
             remained
             in
             Oblivion
             had
             it
             not
             been
             for
             his
             marriage
             with
             Livia
             :
             She
             was
             of
             a
             noble
             Family
             ,
             a
             branch
             of
             the
             Claudian
             entred
             by
             Adoption
             into
             the
             Livian
             .
             She
             was
             Mistress
             of
             abundance
             of
             Vertue
             and
             Beauty
             ,
             but
             of
             
             much
             more
             agreeableness
             and
             address
             .
             The
             Friendship
             of
             Tiberius
             with
             Lucius
             had
             engaged
             him
             to
             his
             party
             ,
             and
             his
             defeat
             had
             not
             discouraged
             him
             ,
             he
             endeavoured
             all
             he
             could
             to
             repair
             this
             misfortune
             ,
             even
             to
             set
             Slaves
             free
             and
             make
             them
             Souldiers
             :
             Caesar
             to
             quench
             this
             fire
             in
             the
             beginning
             marched
             towards
             Naples
             with
             diligence
             ,
             and
             attacked
             Tiberius
             so
             briskly
             ,
             that
             all
             he
             could
             doe
             was
             to
             save
             himself
             in
             Sicily
             .
             One
             may
             here
             with
             Velleius
             reflect
             upon
             the
             strange
             turns
             of
             Fortune
             ,
             which
             may
             learn
             us
             ,
             that
             as
             to
             what
             regards
             the
             future
             ,
             fears
             are
             often
             as
             false
             as
             hopes
             .
             Livia
             flying
             the
             fury
             of
             Caesar
             waited
             on
             onely
             by
             one
             servant
             ,
             and
             carrying
             her
             Son
             in
             her
             Armes
             after
             she
             had
             made
             prodigious
             escapes
             from
             danger
             ,
             was
             forced
             to
             get
             into
             a
             little
             Boat
             to
             get
             to
             her
             Husband
             ;
             her
             Son
             who
             was
             then
             but
             two
             years
             old
             had
             like
             to
             have
             been
             the
             innocent
             cause
             of
             death
             to
             her
             that
             gave
             him
             life
             ,
             by
             discovering
             twice
             by
             his
             crying
             .
             This
             extremity
             of
             theirs
             ,
             and
             the
             small
             hopes
             they
             had
             of
             Caesar's
             Clemency
             gave
             them
             but
             very
             slender
             hopes
             :
             However
             ,
             after
             the
             return
             of
             Tiberius
             to
             Italy
             by
             the
             Treaty
             made
             with
             
               Pompey
               ,
               Livia
            
             was
             so
             fortunate
             by
             her
             beauty
             to
             Conquer
             the
             heart
             of
             Caesar
             ;
             he
             married
             her
             and
             loved
             her
             passionately
             to
             the
             very
             day
             of
             his
             death
             :
             And
             this
             Woman
             ,
             whom
             Caligula
             was
             wont
             to
             call
             Vlysses
             in
             Petty-coats
             ,
             so
             well
             knew
             how
             to
             manage
             Caesar's
             Temper
             by
             her
             cunning
             ,
             that
             she
             obtained
             of
             him
             the
             Empire
             for
             her
             Son.
             
             Since
             therefore
             there
             appeared
             to
             Enemy
             in
             Italy
             after
             the
             defeat
             of
             
               Tiberius
               ,
               Caesar
            
             went
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             he
             entred
             in
             Triumphant
             Robes
             ,
             and
             Crowned
             with
             Laurel
             .
             There
             were
             celebrated
             publick
             Feasts
             ,
             and
             it
             was
             ordained
             ,
             that
             whatever
             General
             should
             hereafter
             merit
             the
             Honour
             of
             Triumph
             and
             should
             be
             Crowned
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             should
             have
             a
             share
             in
             all
             his
             Honours
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XII
             .
             The
             diversions
             of
             Anthony
             and
             Cleopatra
             .
             The
             Prodigality
             of
             their
             Entertainments
             .
             The
             ingenuity
             of
             Cleopatra
             .
          
           
             ANthony
             was
             still
             fixed
             at
             Alexandria
             by
             the
             Charms
             of
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             thought
             of
             nothing
             but
             enjoying
             those
             Pleasures
             ,
             she
             every
             day
             presented
             him
             with
             ,
             in
             some
             new
             and
             delightfull
             shape
             :
             Never
             did
             any
             one
             possess
             like
             her
             the
             Art
             of
             refining
             and
             heightning
             them
             by
             the
             Charms
             of
             Novelty
             .
             She
             introduced
             them
             in
             the
             most
             serious
             business
             ,
             and
             even
             the
             most
             inconsiderable
             trifles
             when
             managed
             by
             her
             ,
             received
             such
             an
             Air
             as
             made
             them
             agreeable
             Diversions
             ;
             so
             that
             whether
             they
             played
             or
             treated
             one
             another
             ,
             or
             hunted
             ,
             this
             Queen
             still
             made
             one
             ,
             and
             was
             the
             Soul
             of
             all
             intermingling
             by
             some
             lively
             piece
             of
             Wit.
             She
             would
             often
             run
             about
             the
             Town
             with
             Anthony
             in
             disguise
             ,
             and
             go
             into
             Tradesmens
             shops
             ,
             and
             jeer
             and
             scold
             with
             them
             ,
             where
             
             they
             many
             times
             met
             with
             very
             pleasant
             replies
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             blows
             .
             'T
             was
             on
             these
             occasions
             that
             Cleopatra
             shewed
             all
             her
             Gayety
             and
             Wit
             ,
             whether
             it
             were
             in
             maintaining
             or
             retorting
             Raillery
             ,
             or
             in
             telling
             the
             story
             of
             such
             Adventures
             ,
             with
             an
             unparallel'd
             grace
             :
             these
             ways
             however
             were
             very
             odious
             ,
             and
             disgustfull
             to
             the
             graver
             and
             soberer
             sort
             of
             People
             .
             But
             the
             Egyptians
             who
             in
             general
             have
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             Wit
             ,
             were
             not
             at
             all
             displeased
             with
             this
             familiar
             Carriage
             of
             theirs
             ,
             and
             said
             pleasantly
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             
               shewed
               them
               his
               Comical
               Countenance
               ,
               and
               kept
               a
               Tragical
               one
               for
               the
            
             Romans
             .
             The
             Queen
             had
             besides
             invented
             a
             Society
             ,
             they
             called
             the
             Inimitable
             life
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             made
             the
             most
             sumptuous
             Entertainments
             carried
             away
             the
             Prize
             .
             The
             expence
             of
             these
             Treats
             were
             excessive
             ,
             as
             appears
             by
             these
             two
             examples
             .
             A
             Greek
             Physician
             Friend
             to
             Anthony's
             Clerk
             of
             the
             Kitchin
             ,
             came
             one
             day
             where
             the
             Meat
             was
             dressing
             ,
             and
             among
             abundance
             of
             other
             provisions
             ,
             he
             saw
             eight
             whole
             wild
             Boars
             a-roasting
             ;
             he
             imagined
             that
             these
             were
             making
             ready
             for
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Guests
             ,
             and
             asking
             his
             Friend
             ,
             he
             told
             him
             smiling
             ,
             
               that
               there
               were
               to
               be
               but
               twelve
               at
               this
               Feast
               ,
               but
               that
               the
               exact
               hour
               being
               uncertain
               ,
               and
               the
               Meat
               to
               be
               served
               at
               a
               punctual
               nick
               of
               time
               ,
               when
               it
               was
               exquisitely
               drest
               ,
               and
               that
               being
               past
               ,
               others
               of
               the
               same
               kind
               were
               prepared
               to
               be
               ready
               when
               called
               for
               .
            
             This
             Physician
             being
             afterwards
             in
             the
             service
             
             of
             Anthony's
             eldest
             Son
             ,
             was
             one
             day
             at
             his
             Dinner
             ,
             whither
             there
             came
             a
             canting
             kind
             of
             Mountebank
             ,
             who
             as
             it's
             usual
             with
             such
             sort
             of
             Fellows
             ,
             tired
             every
             body
             with
             the
             impertinence
             of
             his
             talk
             ;
             the
             Physician
             put
             him
             this
             Argument
             ,
             
               there
               is
               some
               kind
               of
               Ague
               ,
               wherein
               cold
               Water
               is
               good
               .
               All
               those
               that
               have
               Agues
               ,
               have
               some
               kind
               of
               Ague
               ,
               therefore
               cold
               water
               is
               good
               for
               all
               those
               that
               have
               Agues
               .
            
             The
             Quack
             remained
             silent
             and
             non-plust
             ,
             and
             Anthony's
             Son
             was
             so
             pleased
             with
             it
             that
             he
             said
             to
             the
             Physician
             ,
             
               I
               give
               thee
            
             ,
             Philotas
             ,
             
               for
               this
               Iest
               all
               that
               thou
               seest
               there
               ,
               pointing
               to
               a
               Cupboard
               of
               golden
               Plates
               of
               a
               great
               value
               .
               Philotas
            
             thanked
             him
             for
             this
             favour
             ,
             believing
             he
             was
             onely
             obliged
             to
             him
             for
             his
             Good
             will.
             But
             he
             was
             very
             much
             surprized
             the
             next
             day
             ,
             when
             he
             saw
             the
             rich
             Vessels
             brought
             home
             to
             his
             house
             by
             Slaves
             ,
             followed
             by
             an
             Officer
             of
             the
             young
             Prince
             ,
             who
             bid
             him
             put
             his
             mark
             upon
             them
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             excused
             himself
             out
             of
             a
             belief
             some
             inconvenience
             might
             happen
             to
             him
             ,
             what
             says
             the
             Officer
             to
             him
             ,
             
               do
               not
               you
               know
               that
               he
               who
               makes
               you
               this
               Present
               is
               the
               Son
               of
            
             Anthony
             ?
             But
             however
             ,
             
               If
               you
               will
               take
               my
               Counsel
               accept
               rather
               of
               the
               value
               in
               Money
               ,
               for
               it
               may
               happen
               ,
               that
               his
               Father
               may
               be
               concerned
               for
               the
               loss
               of
               some
               of
               them
               ,
               because
               they
               are
               antick
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               hands
               of
               excellent
               Masters
               .
            
             The
             other
             example
             did
             not
             happen
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             but
             yet
             it
             sitteth
             our
             subject
             too
             well
             to
             be
             omitted
             .
             Anthony
             by
             that
             time
             he
             
             returned
             from
             the
             Parthian
             War
             ,
             was
             grown
             a
             great
             proficient
             in
             the
             Aegyptian
             sumptuousness
             and
             Luxury
             ,
             and
             daily
             carried
             it
             on
             with
             greater
             delicacy
             and
             expence
             ;
             yet
             Cleopatra
             affected
             being
             nauseated
             ,
             and
             looked
             upon
             his
             Entertainments
             with
             a
             despising
             Air
             ,
             onely
             to
             oblige
             him
             to
             ask
             her
             ,
             as
             he
             did
             ,
             
               What
               she
               could
               add
               to
               the
               Magnificence
               of
               his
               Treats
               .
            
             I
             will
             said
             she
             ,
             
               give
               you
               one
               that
               shall
               cost
            
             10000
             Sesterces
             ;
             
             he
             judged
             the
             thing
             impossible
             ,
             and
             out
             of
             pure
             curiosity
             would
             lay
             a
             Wager
             with
             her
             of
             a
             considerable
             Sum.
             Next
             day
             she
             made
             a
             noble
             Feast
             ,
             but
             it
             had
             nothing
             in
             it
             extraordinary
             .
             Anthony
             then
             believed
             it
             was
             his
             turn
             to
             Rally
             her
             ,
             and
             already
             demanded
             his
             Wager
             ,
             when
             the
             Queen
             desired
             him
             not
             to
             be
             so
             hasty
             ,
             that
             this
             was
             but
             the
             first
             Course
             ,
             and
             that
             she
             would
             sup
             alone
             on
             that
             Sum
             ;
             bring
             in
             said
             she
             the
             second
             Course
             ,
             they
             brought
             in
             onely
             a
             golden
             Cup
             filled
             with
             a
             very
             strong
             dissolving
             Vinegar
             .
             Anthony
             was
             waiting
             all
             this
             while
             for
             the
             end
             of
             this
             Mystery
             .
             Cleopatra
             had
             two
             Pearls
             for
             her
             Pendants
             of
             an
             inestimable
             price
             ,
             never
             was
             there
             any
             thing
             seen
             more
             beautifull
             ,
             either
             for
             the
             water
             ,
             the
             largeness
             ,
             or
             the
             shape
             of
             them
             .
             She
             then
             took
             off
             one
             and
             put
             it
             into
             the
             Cup
             ,
             which
             when
             it
             was
             immediately
             dissolved
             she
             drank
             it
             up
             .
             Plancus
             that
             was
             judge
             of
             the
             Wager
             ,
             presently
             laid
             hold
             on
             the
             other
             which
             she
             was
             taking
             off
             ,
             and
             condemned
             Anthony
             to
             loose
             the
             Wager
             ,
             who
             was
             extremely
             troubled
             
             for
             the
             loss
             of
             such
             a
             Jewel
             .
             The
             remaining
             Pearl
             after
             the
             death
             of
             Cleopatra
             came
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             caused
             it
             to
             be
             cut
             asunder
             ,
             and
             made
             of
             it
             two
             Pendants
             for
             the
             image
             of
             Venus
             ,
             which
             he
             thought
             gloriously
             adorned
             with
             half
             of
             this
             prodigal
             Queen's
             supper
             .
             In
             this
             manner
             did
             this
             witty
             Aegyptian
             Charm
             this
             great
             man
             ,
             delightfully
             carrying
             him
             from
             one
             Pleasure
             to
             another
             ,
             and
             as
             she
             had
             an
             admirable
             turn
             of
             Wit
             ,
             she
             sometimes
             changed
             her
             pleasantness
             into
             an
             agreeable
             serious
             Moral
             .
             Anthony
             loved
             Fishing
             ,
             but
             had
             never
             any
             good
             luck
             ,
             and
             he
             seemed
             to
             be
             troubled
             at
             it
             ,
             which
             indeed
             was
             a
             very
             pleasant
             subject
             for
             a
             man
             of
             his
             Character
             ;
             but
             in
             this
             he
             was
             of
             the
             Humour
             of
             all
             Lovers
             ,
             who
             are
             out
             of
             all
             patience
             when
             they
             doe
             any
             thing
             ill
             before
             those
             they
             love
             ,
             and
             Cleopatra
             as
             has
             been
             said
             was
             at
             all
             his
             Diversions
             ;
             he
             made
             some
             Divers
             go
             under
             water
             and
             fasten
             Fish
             they
             had
             ready
             to
             his
             hooks
             ,
             in
             this
             manner
             he
             pulled
             up
             his
             line
             two
             or
             three
             times
             well
             loaden
             ,
             with
             an
             extreme
             satisfaction
             .
             The
             Queen
             though
             she
             soon
             understood
             that
             trick
             ,
             seemed
             to
             admire
             his
             good
             fortune
             :
             She
             laught
             heartily
             at
             it
             at
             night
             among
             her
             Favorites
             ,
             and
             invited
             them
             to
             the
             same
             sport
             the
             next
             day
             ,
             every
             one
             came
             and
             they
             took
             Boat
             to
             begin
             to
             Fish.
             Anthony
             threw
             out
             his
             line
             and
             presently
             felt
             it
             loaded
             ,
             over-joyed
             he
             plucked
             it
             up
             ,
             but
             was
             ready
             to
             fall
             down
             for
             shame
             ,
             when
             he
             saw
             a
             piece
             of
             old
             Salt-fish
             
             at
             his
             hook
             ,
             which
             the
             Divers
             had
             fastned
             to
             it
             by
             Cleopatra's
             order
             ,
             every
             body
             laughed
             at
             this
             pleasant
             adventure
             ,
             and
             the
             Queen
             ingeniously
             told
             him
             ,
             
               Leave
               ,
               my
               Lord
               ,
               the
               Line
               and
               Nets
               to
               us
            
             Aegyptians
             ;
             
               fishing
               is
               our
               business
               ,
               who
               are
               Sovereigns
               of
            
             Pharos
             and
             Canopus
             ,
             
               yours
               is
               to
               take
               Cities
               ,
               Provinces
               and
               Kings
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XIII
             .
             Anthony
             receives
             the
             news
             of
             his
             Brother's
             defeat
             .
             He
             resolves
             for
             War
             ,
             and
             makes
             an
             alliance
             with
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             marries
             Scribonia
             .
             The
             death
             of
             
               Fulvia
               .
               Anthony
            
             is
             Master
             of
             Domitius
             his
             Fleet
             which
             yields
             to
             him
             .
          
           
             THere
             was
             more
             than
             need
             of
             such
             important
             News
             as
             he
             then
             received
             to
             draw
             Anthony
             from
             the
             Charms
             that
             held
             him
             so
             sure
             ;
             he
             understood
             that
             his
             Brother
             had
             been
             overthrown
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             his
             Wife
             and
             all
             his
             Friends
             had
             quitted
             Italy
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             had
             made
             himself
             Master
             of
             Gaul
             which
             belonged
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             had
             constrained
             the
             Son
             of
             Calenus
             after
             the
             death
             of
             his
             Father
             to
             deliver
             him
             up
             eleven
             Legions
             which
             he
             commanded
             in
             that
             Province
             .
             From
             another
             part
             they
             sent
             him
             word
             ,
             that
             the
             Parthians
             under
             the
             command
             of
             Pacorus
             their
             King's
             Son
             ,
             assisted
             by
             Labienus
             and
             Barzapharnes
             had
             made
             
             themselves
             Masters
             of
             Syria
             .
             That
             Antigenus
             the
             Brother
             of
             Hircanus
             High
             Priest
             of
             the
             Jews
             ,
             had
             brought
             them
             to
             Ierusalem
             ,
             which
             they
             sackt
             ,
             and
             carried
             away
             Prisoners
             ,
             Hircanus
             and
             Phasactus
             ,
             and
             Herod's
             brother
             who
             was
             himself
             fled
             into
             the
             mountains
             of
             Iudaea
             .
             These
             successes
             so
             disadtagious
             to
             Anthony's
             affairs
             made
             him
             think
             of
             War
             ,
             and
             to
             this
             end
             he
             got
             together
             two
             hundred
             Ships
             ,
             his
             intent
             was
             immediately
             to
             fall
             upon
             his
             Enemies
             ;
             but
             the
             earnest
             instances
             of
             Fulvia
             and
             his
             Friends
             forced
             him
             to
             turn
             toward
             Italy
             .
             He
             went
             from
             Alexandria
             to
             Tyre
             ,
             from
             whence
             passing
             by
             the
             Isles
             of
             Cyprus
             and
             Rhodes
             he
             came
             to
             Athens
             ,
             where
             he
             met
             Fulvia
             :
             He
             was
             extraordinary
             angry
             at
             what
             had
             happened
             ,
             and
             above
             all
             with
             Manius
             ,
             whom
             he
             accused
             as
             the
             cause
             of
             all
             these
             disorders
             .
             Pompey's
             Father
             in-Law
             ,
             with
             Saturninus
             and
             some
             other
             Senatours
             ,
             tryed
             to
             make
             a
             League
             between
             these
             two
             Generals
             ,
             for
             that
             Pompey
             had
             received
             Anthony's
             Mother
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             respect
             ,
             he
             told
             them
             ,
             
               that
               he
               was
               extremely
               obliged
               to
            
             Pompey
             
               for
               his
               Civility
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               would
               let
               slip
               no
               occasion
               of
               returning
               it
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               would
               joyn
               Interests
               with
               him
               if
            
             Caesar
             
               came
               to
               an
               open
               breach
               ,
               but
               that
               if
               he
               kept
               to
               the
               Agreement
               they
               had
               made
               ,
               he
               would
               engage
            
             Caesar
             
               to
               grant
               him
               his
               Friendship
               .
               Caesar
            
             advertised
             of
             his
             intentions
             was
             very
             willing
             to
             it
             ,
             but
             withall
             forgot
             nothing
             that
             might
             make
             for
             his
             own
             interest
             .
             He
             underhand
             
             animated
             the
             Veterans
             against
             Anthony
             ,
             under
             pretence
             that
             Pompey
             who
             was
             engaged
             with
             him
             ,
             would
             hinder
             them
             of
             their
             rewards
             which
             they
             enjoyed
             :
             though
             they
             had
             reason
             to
             believe
             that
             Pompey
             would
             doe
             so
             ,
             yet
             the
             reputation
             that
             Anthony
             had
             gained
             at
             the
             Battel
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             made
             them
             have
             a
             great
             Veneration
             for
             his
             Valour
             ;
             so
             that
             though
             Caesar
             knew
             himself
             stronger
             at
             Land
             ,
             than
             both
             Anthony
             and
             Pompey
             joyned
             together
             ,
             having
             no
             less
             than
             forty
             Legions
             ,
             yet
             as
             he
             was
             not
             well
             assured
             of
             the
             affection
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             wanted
             ships
             of
             which
             they
             had
             great
             store
             ;
             he
             thought
             it
             convenient
             to
             hearken
             to
             an
             accommodation
             .
             Scribonia
             the
             Sister
             of
             Libo
             was
             a
             rich
             Widow
             ,
             very
             considerable
             for
             the
             Dignity
             of
             the
             two
             Husbands
             she
             had
             had
             ,
             but
             she
             was
             one
             of
             those
             perverse
             Women
             ,
             whose
             uneasie
             vexatious
             Pride
             is
             a
             great
             plague
             to
             a
             Husband
             .
             Caesar
             did
             not
             stick
             at
             preferring
             her
             before
             the
             fairest
             and
             noblest
             Ladies
             of
             Rome
             ,
             that
             he
             might
             gain
             the
             Friendship
             of
             Libo
             who
             esteemed
             himself
             very
             much
             honoured
             by
             this
             alliance
             ,
             and
             sent
             his
             free
             Consent
             from
             Sicily
             .
             Among
             the
             Legions
             of
             Caesar
             there
             were
             six
             ,
             who
             were
             very
             affectionate
             to
             Anthony's
             interest
             ;
             and
             as
             Lepidus
             lived
             now
             in
             Italy
             as
             a
             private
             Person
             ,
             Caesar
             made
             as
             if
             it
             were
             unbecoming
             the
             Majesty
             of
             the
             Triumviri
             ,
             and
             so
             sent
             him
             to
             Africa
             ,
             the
             Government
             whereof
             was
             designed
             for
             him
             ,
             with
             these
             six
             Legions
             .
             After
             he
             had
             got
             rid
             of
             Lepidus
             and
             the
             suspected
             
             Legions
             ,
             he
             set
             himself
             to
             flatter
             Lucius
             ,
             and
             in
             all
             their
             Discourses
             praised
             his
             great
             Courage
             and
             his
             Zeal
             for
             his
             Countrey
             ,
             and
             finding
             he
             valued
             himself
             very
             much
             upon
             this
             particular
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             saying
             that
             he
             was
             ready
             to
             take
             up
             Arms
             against
             his
             own
             Brother
             ,
             if
             he
             would
             not
             submit
             his
             Authority
             to
             that
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             he
             gave
             him
             very
             great
             praises
             for
             this
             high
             piece
             of
             Gallantry
             ,
             and
             said
             it
             was
             not
             reasonable
             he
             should
             be
             employed
             against
             his
             own
             Flesh
             and
             Bloud
             ,
             and
             to
             that
             end
             desired
             him
             to
             go
             and
             Command
             in
             Spain
             ,
             but
             gave
             him
             such
             Lieutenants
             ,
             as
             in
             effect
             were
             real
             Guards
             upon
             him
             .
             The
             merit
             and
             Character
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             was
             very
             extraordinary
             ,
             and
             the
             World
             must
             own
             that
             he
             is
             with
             all
             Justice
             ranked
             among
             the
             greatest
             Princes
             that
             ever
             were
             .
             Suetonius
             and
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Historians
             give
             sufficient
             testimony
             of
             it
             ;
             but
             they
             have
             none
             of
             them
             penetrated
             to
             the
             bottom
             of
             this
             exquisite
             Politician's
             designs
             ,
             which
             in
             this
             place
             appear
             in
             their
             greatest
             excellency
             ,
             and
             contributed
             full
             as
             much
             to
             his
             Rise
             as
             his
             own
             proper
             deserts
             :
             't
             is
             true
             indeed
             that
             this
             great
             Cunning
             was
             joined
             with
             great
             Vertues
             and
             very
             noble
             Qualities
             ,
             for
             without
             them
             it
             wou'd
             be
             but
             a
             kind
             of
             sordid
             Craft
             ,
             which
             commonly
             raises
             men
             onely
             for
             their
             greater
             confusion
             .
             Anthony
             ,
             informed
             of
             these
             Transactions
             ,
             advanced
             towards
             Italy
             ,
             without
             shewing
             the
             least
             concern
             for
             Fulvia
             whom
             he
             left
             sick
             at
             Sicyonia
             ;
             
             this
             last
             neglect
             and
             scorn
             of
             her
             Husband
             finished
             what
             his
             infidelity
             had
             begun
             ,
             she
             was
             not
             able
             to
             bear
             so
             many
             misfortunes
             at
             once
             ,
             but
             dyed
             in
             that
             City
             lamented
             by
             very
             few
             .
             Anthony
             was
             now
             in
             a
             very
             great
             perplexity
             .
             Domitius
             cruzed
             the
             Ionian
             Seas
             with
             a
             Fleet
             much
             more
             powerfull
             than
             his
             ,
             and
             there
             was
             a
             necessity
             of
             fighting
             his
             passage
             .
             At
             *
             Corfu
             they
             met
             ,
             and
             here
             Anthony
             shewed
             that
             all
             the
             delights
             of
             Aegypt
             had
             not
             in
             the
             least
             diminished
             that
             great
             courage
             which
             he
             had
             signalized
             in
             so
             many
             actions
             .
             He
             commanded
             his
             whole
             Fleet
             to
             lye
             by
             upon
             their
             Oars
             ,
             and
             with
             five
             Gallies
             onely
             made
             up
             to
             that
             of
             
               Domitius
               .
               Plancus
            
             ,
             who
             was
             none
             of
             the
             bravest
             ,
             by
             no
             means
             approved
             of
             this
             conduct
             of
             his
             ,
             terming
             it
             an
             extravagant
             piece
             of
             rashness
             ;
             telling
             Anthony
             ,
             It
             was
             impossible
             that
             ever
             Domitius
             wou'd
             be
             his
             friend
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             engaged
             in
             the
             Conspiracy
             against
             
               I.
               Caesar.
            
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             the
             Vessels
             stood
             their
             course
             notwithstanding
             all
             his
             politick
             reasons
             ,
             and
             he
             was
             ready
             to
             dye
             with
             fear
             to
             see
             himself
             almost
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             an
             Enemy's
             Fleet
             that
             came
             up
             in
             a
             fighting
             posture
             .
             One
             of
             Anthony's
             Guards
             ,
             who
             stood
             upon
             the
             Prow
             of
             his
             Gally
             ,
             fiercely
             called
             to
             those
             of
             Domitius
             to
             strike
             their
             Flag
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             was
             of
             a
             higher
             quality
             than
             their
             Commander
             in
             chief
             .
             They
             immediately
             obeyed
             ;
             and
             after
             they
             had
             with
             loud
             shouts
             and
             all
             tokens
             of
             respect
             saluted
             him
             General
             ,
             
             drew
             up
             round
             Anthony
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             on
             both
             sides
             saluted
             each
             other
             ,
             and
             Domitius
             himself
             came
             on
             board
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             delivered
             him
             up
             the
             command
             of
             his
             Fleet.
             In
             this
             manner
             Appian
             relates
             this
             action
             .
             But
             Velleius
             with
             more
             probability
             says
             ,
             it
             was
             thus
             managed
             by
             an
             Intrigue
             of
             Pollio's
             ,
             who
             by
             this
             acquitted
             himself
             of
             all
             the
             Obligations
             he
             owed
             to
             Anthony
             .
             The
             two
             Fleets
             being
             join'd
             came
             to
             an
             Anchor
             at
             Palante
             ,
             a
             Town
             in
             Epirus
             ,
             from
             whence
             they
             stood
             over
             to
             Brundusium
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XIV
             .
             Anthony
             arrives
             at
             Brundusium
             .
             He
             is
             refused
             entrance
             .
             The
             Veterans
             force
             Caesar
             and
             him
             to
             agree
             .
             They
             come
             to
             a
             Treaty
             by
             the
             mediation
             of
             
               Cocceius
               .
               Anthony
            
             marrys
             Octavia
             .
             The
             Punishment
             and
             Death
             of
             Salvidienus
             .
          
           
             IN
             this
             City
             Caesar
             had
             five
             Legions
             which
             shut
             the
             Gates
             against
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             stood
             upon
             their
             guard
             ,
             not
             against
             him
             they
             said
             ,
             but
             Caesar's
             declared
             Enemy
             ;
             upon
             this
             refusal
             ,
             he
             made
             himself
             Master
             of
             the
             Haven
             and
             Isles
             ,
             and
             blocked
             up
             the
             Place
             .
             This
             Town
             is
             almost
             encompassed
             with
             the
             Sea
             ,
             except
             one
             avenue
             on
             the
             Land
             side
             ,
             which
             Anthony
             defended
             by
             a
             Trench
             fortified
             by
             many
             Towers
             .
             He
             sent
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             to
             advance
             with
             his
             Forces
             and
             
             enter
             Anthony's
             Troops
             besides
             took
             Sigionte
             in
             Ausonia
             ,
             and
             Pompey
             besieged
             the
             Cities
             of
             Thuria
             and
             
               Cosance
               .
               Caesar
            
             marched
             with
             his
             Army
             in
             all
             haste
             ,
             after
             he
             had
             detached
             Agrippa
             ,
             against
             
               Pompey
               .
               Agrippa
            
             re-took
             Sigionte
             ,
             and
             beat
             Pompey
             from
             Thuria
             .
             The
             Veterans
             were
             vexed
             at
             this
             War
             ,
             and
             while
             they
             were
             drawn
             together
             by
             order
             of
             Caesar
             to
             goe
             against
             Pompey
             ,
             as
             soon
             as
             they
             knew
             Anthony
             and
             he
             were
             joined
             ,
             they
             refused
             to
             march
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             though
             he
             found
             they
             were
             so
             distasted
             ,
             made
             them
             follow
             him
             ,
             which
             they
             did
             but
             onely
             out
             of
             a
             design
             to
             come
             to
             an
             agreement
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Anthony
             had
             sent
             for
             his
             Army
             from
             Macedonia
             and
             hardly
             pressed
             the
             besieged
             .
             He
             had
             besides
             manned
             several
             Vessels
             with
             Peasants
             and
             useless
             People
             ,
             and
             brought
             them
             into
             the
             Port
             of
             Brundusium
             which
             did
             much
             intimidate
             the
             besieged
             ,
             thinking
             he
             had
             been
             re-inforced
             with
             considerable
             Succours
             .
             He
             had
             here
             a
             misfortune
             which
             yet
             he
             fully
             repaired
             by
             his
             Valour
             .
             Servilius
             ,
             one
             of
             his
             Officers
             ,
             with
             1200
             Horse
             which
             he
             commanded
             ,
             went
             over
             to
             
               Caesar.
               Anthony
            
             received
             this
             News
             as
             he
             was
             at
             Table
             ;
             he
             with
             all
             his
             friends
             that
             were
             with
             him
             immediately
             rose
             ,
             and
             march'd
             with
             onely
             400
             Horse
             to
             Iria
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             had
             placed
             a
             body
             of
             Cavalry
             of
             1500.
             
             These
             men
             ,
             astonished
             with
             the
             presence
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             whom
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Victory
             of
             Philippi
             they
             believed
             invincible
             ,
             
             yielded
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             he
             brought
             them
             to
             his
             Camp.
             The
             advanced
             Parties
             on
             both
             sides
             came
             up
             to
             the
             very
             Works
             ,
             and
             reproached
             each
             other
             :
             at
             length
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             declared
             to
             Anthony's
             that
             they
             were
             come
             thither
             to
             no
             other
             end
             than
             to
             oblige
             their
             two
             Generals
             to
             a
             Peace
             ;
             and
             that
             if
             Anthony
             would
             not
             yield
             to
             it
             ,
             though
             they
             had
             always
             a
             great
             veneration
             for
             his
             Valour
             ,
             yet
             they
             were
             too
             much
             obliged
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             not
             to
             serve
             him
             till
             death
             .
             As
             Anthony
             very
             well
             knew
             their
             Valour
             and
             Experience
             ;
             these
             Discourses
             made
             him
             seriously
             reflect
             upon
             the
             Consequences
             of
             these
             Jarrs
             .
             It
             hapned
             ,
             the
             year
             before
             ,
             Caesar
             had
             sent
             to
             him
             Cocceius
             and
             Cecinna
             ;
             the
             former
             of
             these
             was
             a
             very
             wise
             ,
             well-meaning
             man
             ,
             and
             equally
             obliged
             to
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             ;
             he
             easily
             foresaw
             there
             might
             arise
             some
             difference
             between
             them
             ;
             he
             therefore
             sent
             back
             Cecinna
             ,
             and
             staid
             himself
             with
             Anthony
             .
             When
             they
             came
             to
             Brundusium
             ,
             he
             asked
             permission
             to
             return
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             offering
             to
             carry
             any
             Letter
             from
             him
             .
             Anthony
             refused
             to
             write
             ,
             telling
             him
             ,
             That
             Caesar
             
               was
               his
               Enemy
               ,
               That
               he
               had
               nothing
               to
               send
               to
               him
               but
               Reproaches
               for
               his
               foul
               dealing
               ,
               which
               he
               had
               already
               told
               him
               by
            
             Cecinna
             :
             however
             added
             laughing
             ,
             
               If
               you
               please
               ,
               I
               'll
               send
               twice
               as
               many
               Letters
               by
               you
               to
               the
               same
               purpose
               .
               Cocceius
            
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               he
               ought
               not
               to
               account
            
             Caesar
             
               his
               Enemy
               who
               had
               had
               so
               much
               consideration
               for
               his
               brother
            
             Lucius
             
               and
               his
               other
               
               friends
               .
               'T
               is
               then
               ,
            
             replied
             
               Anthony
               ,
               out
               of
               pure
               friendship
               that
               he
               shuts
               the
               Gates
               of
            
             Brundusium
             
               against
               me
               ,
               debauches
               my
               Souldiers
               ,
               and
               seizeth
               upon
               the
               Provinces
               that
               are
               fallen
               to
               my
               share
               ;
               for
               ,
               as
               to
               his
               Civilities
               ,
               we
               understand
               the
               motives
               of
               them
               well
               enough
               ;
               he
               uses
               my
               friends
               well
               ,
               that
               by
               his
               self-interested
               Liberalities
               he
               may
               make
               them
               my
               Enemies
               .
               Cocceius
            
             finding
             him
             too
             much
             moved
             ,
             would
             insist
             upon
             it
             no
             longer
             ,
             but
             went
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             appeared
             amazed
             at
             his
             return
             and
             reproached
             him
             with
             his
             long
             stay
             among
             his
             Enemies
             .
             After
             some
             Excuses
             ,
             which
             Caesar
             took
             in
             good
             part
             ,
             Cocceius
             laid
             before
             him
             the
             Reasons
             Anthony
             pretended
             he
             had
             to
             complain
             of
             him
             ,
             upon
             which
             Caesar
             to
             clear
             himself
             said
             ,
             
               He
               had
               not
               taken
               the
               Command
               of
               the
               Army
               from
               the
               Son
               of
            
             Calenus
             ,
             
               a
               young
               man
               and
               unexperienced
               ,
               but
               onely
               to
               hinder
               the
               design
               of
            
             Lucius
             ,
             
               who
               intended
               to
               re-establish
               the
               Authority
               of
               the
               Common-wealth
               ;
               and
               that
               it
               was
               contrary
               to
               his
               Orders
               that
               the
               Gates
               of
            
             Brundusium
             
               were
               shut
               against
               him
               ;
               but
               that
               those
               who
               commanded
               there
               thought
               they
               were
               obliged
               to
               it
               ,
               seeing
            
             Anthony
             
               allied
               with
            
             Pompey
             
               their
               common
               Enemy
               ,
               and
               accompanied
               with
            
             Domitius
             
               one
               of
               the
               Assassines
               of
               his
               Father
            
             Julius
             ,
             
               and
               who
               had
               declared
               himself
               his
               Enemy
               by
               several
               acts
               of
               hostility
               .
               Cocceius
            
             answered
             ,
             
               It
               was
               true
               ,
               that
               by
               their
               Treaty
               they
               engaged
               themselves
               not
               to
               enter
               into
               any
               Alliance
               with
               the
               Murtherers
               of
            
             Julius
             Caesar
             ,
             
               and
               that
            
             Anthony
             
               had
               not
               ,
               neither
               
               would
               he
               ever
               forget
               the
               respect
               he
               owed
               to
               his
               memory
               ;
               that
            
             Domitius
             
               was
               none
               of
               the
               Conspiracy
               ,
               not
               being
               named
               in
               the
               Decree
               made
               against
               them
               :
               It
               was
               true
               indeed
               ,
               he
               had
               followed
            
             Brutus
             ;
             
               but
               if
               he
               intended
               to
               call
               in
               question
               all
               those
               that
               had
               done
               the
               like
               ,
               he
               would
               have
               enough
               to
               doe
               :
               As
               for
            
             Pompey
             ,
             Anthony
             
               had
               not
               called
               him
               to
               the
               War
               but
               for
               his
               assistence
               in
               case
               he
               were
               attacked
               ,
               or
               to
               bring
               them
               to
               accommodation
               ,
               if
               he
               found
            
             Caesar
             
               disposed
               to
               it
            
             .
             That
             besides
             ,
             
               He
               thought
               himself
               obliged
               to
               tell
               him
               ,
               that
               he
               himself
               was
               partly
               the
               cause
               of
               their
               joining
               ,
               by
               his
               making
               War
               with
               the
               friends
               of
            
             Anthony
             in
             Italy
             ,
             
               without
               which
               ,
               none
               durst
               ever
               have
               entertained
               any
               correspondence
               with
            
             Pompey
             .
             Says
             Caesar
             then
             ,
             
               Since
               you
               speak
               of
            
             Italy
             ,
             
               you
               should
               not
               forget
               the
               War
               that
            
             Fulvia
             and
             Manius
             
               kindled
               against
               me
               ,
               though
               all
               this
               while
            
             Pompey
             
               had
               never
               the
               courage
               to
               enterprise
               any
               thing
               upon
               this
               Countrey
               ,
               onely
               now
               he
               ravages
               the
               Coasts
               ,
               backed
               with
               the
               assistence
               of
            
             Anthony
             .
             
               There
               is
            
             ,
             replies
             
               Cocceius
               ,
               something
               more
               than
               this
               ,
               which
               I
               will
               not
               offer
               to
               conceal
               from
               you
               ,
               'T
               is
               not
               the
               Encouragement
               of
            
             Anthony
             
               that
               gives
            
             Pompey
             
               this
               boldness
               ;
               'T
               is
               his
               positive
               and
               particular
               Command
               :
               He
               '
               has
               order
               to
               make
               a
               descent
               ,
               and
               land
               his
               whole
               Army
               ,
               which
               is
               very
               considerable
               ,
               and
               not
               barely
               to
               amuse
               himself
               to
               spoil
               the
               Sea
               coasts
               ,
               but
               bring
               the
               War
               into
               the
               very
               heart
               of
            
             Italy
             ,
             
               if
               you
               do
               not
               quickly
               make
               Peace
               '
               .
               Caesar
            
             saw
             well
             enough
             whither
             these
             Discourses
             tended
             ,
             and
             did
             
             not
             in
             the
             least
             take
             it
             amiss
             from
             Cocceius
             ;
             he
             onely
             told
             him
             that
             Pompey
             had
             not
             yet
             any
             reason
             to
             value
             himself
             for
             his
             brave
             Exploits
             .
             Cocceius
             then
             told
             him
             of
             the
             Death
             of
             Fulvia
             ,
             caused
             by
             her
             vexation
             ,
             and
             the
             neglect
             and
             scorn
             of
             her
             Husband
             ;
             and
             added
             that
             ,
             this
             Obstacle
             being
             removed
             ,
             there
             wanted
             nothing
             but
             to
             come
             to
             a
             clear
             understanding
             of
             each
             other
             ,
             to
             make
             a
             perfect
             Reconciliation
             .
             Caesar
             kept
             Cocceius
             at
             Supper
             ,
             and
             made
             him
             lodge
             with
             him
             ,
             but
             he
             could
             not
             be
             prevailed
             upon
             to
             write
             to
             Anthony
             ;
             he
             onely
             complained
             of
             Iulia
             ,
             because
             she
             chose
             rather
             to
             retire
             into
             Sicily
             ,
             than
             give
             him
             an
             opportunity
             of
             shewing
             her
             the
             respect
             he
             always
             had
             for
             her
             ,
             as
             being
             his
             Kinswoman
             ;
             and
             that
             he
             would
             honour
             her
             no
             less
             than
             his
             own
             Mother
             :
             he
             prayed
             Cocceius
             to
             assure
             Iulia
             of
             his
             Sentiments
             to
             her
             ,
             and
             so
             sent
             him
             back
             to
             Anthony
             :
             as
             he
             went
             ,
             he
             saw
             Caesar's
             chief
             Officers
             and
             many
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             all
             testified
             the
             earnest
             desire
             they
             had
             of
             an
             Accommodation
             ,
             because
             they
             were
             not
             willing
             to
             bear
             Arms
             against
             Anthony
             :
             he
             therefore
             informed
             him
             of
             the
             Intentions
             of
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             advised
             him
             to
             cause
             Pompey
             to
             retire
             to
             his
             Island
             ,
             and
             send
             away
             
               Domitius
               .
               Iulia
            
             by
             her
             Authority
             seconded
             his
             Councils
             ,
             so
             that
             Anthony
             desired
             Pompey
             to
             carry
             back
             his
             Troops
             to
             Sicily
             ,
             and
             sent
             Domitius
             to
             command
             in
             Bithynia
             :
             Upon
             this
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             both
             Armies
             named
             
             three
             Commissioners
             to
             mediate
             the
             Accommodation
             .
             Pollio
             was
             appointed
             on
             Anthony's
             side
             ,
             Mecoenas
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             Cocceius
             who
             had
             the
             greatest
             share
             in
             this
             negotiation
             ,
             had
             the
             honour
             to
             be
             the
             Arbitratour
             .
             Mecoenas
             ,
             so
             well
             known
             by
             the
             praises
             of
             Virgil
             and
             Horace
             ,
             was
             a
             Gentleman
             of
             an
             exquisite
             well-turned
             wit
             ,
             of
             a
             very
             gentle
             taking
             humour
             ,
             his
             merit
             joined
             with
             expertness
             in
             business
             made
             him
             be
             much
             loved
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             whose
             favour
             he
             shared
             with
             Agrippa
             .
             The
             latter
             rendred
             himself
             considerable
             by
             his
             great
             services
             ,
             the
             former
             by
             his
             wit
             ;
             the
             one
             had
             his
             esteem
             ,
             the
             other
             his
             affection
             .
             Mecoenas
             was
             of
             an
             illustrious
             race
             ,
             which
             he
             derived
             from
             the
             ancient
             Kings
             of
             Hetruria
             ,
             however
             he
             contented
             himself
             with
             the
             degree
             of
             a
             Roman
             Knight
             ,
             making
             all
             the
             end
             of
             his
             Ambition
             to
             merit
             the
             Favour
             of
             his
             Master
             ,
             and
             protect
             and
             advance
             desert
             wherever
             he
             found
             it
             .
             The
             testimonies
             of
             this
             generous
             and
             bountifull
             disposition
             are
             seen
             with
             admiration
             in
             the
             Works
             of
             the
             greatest
             Men
             of
             his
             Age
             ;
             he
             heaped
             his
             Liberalities
             upon
             them
             to
             that
             degree
             till
             they
             were
             obliged
             to
             say
             ,
             they
             had
             nothing
             more
             to
             wish
             for
             :
             this
             Generosity
             of
             his
             has
             appeared
             so
             great
             an
             example
             to
             those
             that
             have
             pretended
             to
             be
             eminent
             for
             wit
             or
             learning
             ,
             that
             in
             all
             Ages
             since
             ,
             their
             Protectours
             have
             been
             honoured
             with
             the
             Name
             of
             this
             illustrious
             Roman
             ,
             to
             excite
             them
             to
             follow
             his
             Example
             .
             The
             Mediatours
             had
             order
             to
             
             propose
             to
             the
             two
             Generals
             a
             perfect
             Oblivion
             of
             all
             matters
             of
             complaint
             ;
             to
             enter
             into
             a
             perpetual
             firm
             Bond
             of
             friendship
             ;
             and
             to
             establish
             it
             yet
             more
             by
             the
             tyes
             of
             bloud
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             desired
             Anthony
             should
             marry
             Caesar's
             sister
             :
             she
             was
             the
             Widow
             of
             Marcellus
             ,
             by
             whom
             she
             had
             a
             Son
             who
             afterward
             dyed
             very
             young
             ,
             when
             his
             merit
             and
             vertues
             were
             preparing
             for
             him
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             by
             succeeding
             Augustus
             in
             the
             Empire
             :
             It
             was
             of
             him
             that
             Virgil
             said
             ,
             the
             Destinies
             had
             onely
             shewn
             him
             to
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             taken
             him
             away
             ,
             fearing
             lest
             Rome
             should
             have
             had
             too
             much
             vanity
             for
             the
             possession
             of
             so
             much
             good
             .
             Caesar
             had
             an
             extreme
             love
             and
             tenderness
             for
             his
             Sister
             ,
             though
             they
             were
             not
             by
             the
             same
             Mother
             ;
             and
             ,
             to
             doe
             her
             justice
             ,
             never
             any
             of
             her
             sex
             deserved
             so
             much
             esteem
             for
             her
             excellent
             qualities
             :
             her
             beauty
             was
             the
             least
             thing
             that
             Octavia
             prized
             in
             her self
             ,
             which
             yet
             outshined
             all
             that
             was
             glorious
             both
             at
             Rome
             and
             elsewhere
             ,
             and
             even
             Anthony
             himself
             yielded
             that
             Cleopatra
             could
             not
             dispute
             even
             this
             with
             her
             :
             she
             onely
             valued
             her self
             upon
             her
             vertue
             ,
             all
             her
             Sentiments
             were
             generous
             and
             noble
             ;
             and
             though
             all
             her
             actions
             were
             animated
             by
             an
             incomparable
             grace
             and
             carriage
             ,
             yet
             her
             greatest
             charm
             was
             sweetness
             and
             modesty
             ,
             this
             gallant
             Character
             she
             always
             maintained
             with
             a
             most
             admirable
             constancy
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             debauches
             of
             her
             Husband
             .
             All
             
             these
             Conditions
             of
             the
             Treaty
             were
             agreed
             to
             ;
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             had
             an
             enterview
             and
             embraced
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             two
             Armies
             ,
             who
             by
             their
             Acclamations
             testified
             their
             Joy
             for
             it
             :
             but
             these
             rejoycings
             lasted
             not
             long
             ,
             for
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             addressed
             to
             Anthony
             for
             the
             recompences
             he
             had
             promised
             them
             after
             the
             Battel
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             and
             because
             he
             gave
             them
             a
             fierce
             denial
             and
             repulse
             ,
             they
             had
             used
             some
             violence
             to
             him
             ,
             if
             Caesar
             with
             large
             Promises
             had
             not
             appeased
             them
             .
             These
             two
             Generals
             then
             made
             a
             new
             Division
             .
             Anthony
             had
             all
             the
             Provinces
             of
             the
             East
             to
             Euphrates
             ,
             from
             a
             line
             drawn
             through
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Ionian
             Sea
             ,
             from
             Cadropolis
             a
             City
             of
             Illyria
             to
             Cyrene
             in
             Africk
             ;
             all
             from
             that
             line
             to
             the
             Ocean
             fell
             to
             
               Caesar.
               Lepidus
            
             remained
             in
             possession
             of
             Africk
             .
             It
             was
             concluded
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             should
             make
             War
             with
             the
             Parthians
             and
             Caesar
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             if
             he
             refused
             to
             submit
             to
             reasonable
             conditions
             ;
             that
             Caesar
             should
             give
             Domitius
             the
             same
             assurance
             that
             Anthony
             had
             ,
             and
             pardon
             all
             those
             that
             had
             born
             Arms
             against
             him
             at
             Perusia
             .
             This
             plainly
             manifests
             that
             in
             a
             Civil
             War
             ,
             the
             Heads
             for
             the
             most
             part
             consider
             their
             own
             Interests
             ,
             by
             which
             alone
             they
             regulate
             their
             hatred
             or
             their
             friendship
             .
             To
             these
             Conditions
             they
             added
             also
             that
             the
             Triumviri
             might
             in
             Italy
             levy
             as
             many
             Souldiers
             as
             they
             had
             occasion
             for
             .
             Anthony
             sent
             Ventidius
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             and
             Caesar's
             freed-man
             ,
             went
             into
             Sardinia
             ,
             where
             Menas
             
             made
             War
             with
             Caesar's
             Lieutenant
             .
             Menas
             had
             already
             destroyed
             and
             spoiled
             the
             Coasts
             of
             *
             Hetruria
             ,
             and
             taken
             Titius
             ,
             who
             was
             gathering
             Forces
             in
             
               Gallia
               Narbonensis
               .
               Pompey
            
             pardoned
             Titius
             in
             favour
             of
             his
             Father
             who
             was
             with
             him
             in
             Sicilia
             ,
             and
             because
             his
             had
             the
             name
             of
             Pompey
             written
             on
             their
             shields
             ;
             but
             afterwards
             we
             shall
             see
             that
             Titius
             requited
             this
             favour
             with
             a
             piece
             of
             horrible
             ingratitude
             .
             As
             for
             Menas
             ,
             after
             some
             skirmishes
             ,
             he
             beat
             Lucius
             and
             took
             Helenus
             ,
             whom
             with
             the
             other
             Prisoners
             he
             sent
             to
             Caesar
             ;
             but
             he
             ,
             provoked
             with
             the
             loss
             of
             Sardinia
             ,
             would
             not
             hear
             of
             any
             Accommodation
             with
             Pompey
             .
             The
             two
             Triumviri
             went
             to
             Rome
             ,
             where
             Anthony
             married
             Octavia
             with
             a
             dispensation
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             because
             Widows
             were
             forbid
             to
             marry
             till
             the
             tenth
             month
             after
             their
             Husbands
             decease
             .
             All
             Reconciliations
             between
             great
             Men
             are
             ever
             made
             at
             some
             body's
             cost
             ;
             whether
             it
             is
             they
             imagine
             their
             confidence
             to
             be
             more
             firmly
             established
             by
             these
             Sacrifices
             they
             make
             one
             another
             ,
             or
             that
             a
             Secret
             is
             burthensome
             to
             them
             ,
             or
             that
             they
             vent
             their
             common
             fury
             and
             discontent
             upon
             some
             unfortunate
             perfidious
             person
             ,
             who
             by
             taking
             his
             measures
             on
             both
             sides
             ,
             and
             Trimming
             ,
             thinks
             to
             make
             his
             fortune
             ;
             but
             so
             it
             was
             ,
             that
             Salvidienus
             was
             the
             Victim
             of
             this
             Reconciliation
             .
             Anthony
             revealed
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             this
             Man
             had
             offered
             him
             his
             Troops
             and
             his
             Service
             when
             he
             sent
             him
             into
             Gall
             ,
             
             and
             had
             repeated
             these
             Offers
             to
             him
             at
             
               Brundusium
               .
               Caesar
            
             ,
             mortally
             offended
             at
             this
             perfidiousness
             ,
             accused
             him
             before
             the
             Senate
             ;
             he
             was
             by
             it
             declared
             Foe
             to
             Caesar
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             ,
             and
             dragged
             to
             punishment
             ;
             there
             were
             publick
             Prayers
             made
             and
             Thanks
             given
             to
             the
             Gods
             for
             the
             discovery
             of
             this
             Treason
             .
             Anthony
             was
             blamed
             for
             discovering
             this
             ,
             and
             censured
             for
             being
             too
             fond
             of
             a
             new-made
             friendship
             :
             he
             on
             his
             part
             would
             make
             his
             Justice
             remarkable
             in
             putting
             Manius
             to
             death
             ,
             who
             had
             been
             the
             principal
             Authour
             of
             the
             War
             of
             Perusia
             and
             Instigatour
             of
             the
             ungovern'd
             Passions
             of
             Fulvia
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XV.
             Rome
             afflicted
             with
             Famine
             ;
             the
             People
             mutiny
             against
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             ;
             they
             agree
             with
             Pompey
             ;
             his
             Generosity
             .
          
           
             THE
             People
             of
             Rome
             had
             but
             very
             little
             share
             in
             the
             rejoicing
             for
             this
             marriage
             ;
             they
             were
             reduced
             to
             a
             very
             great
             extremity
             by
             the
             dearth
             of
             Corn.
             Pompey
             who
             was
             Master
             of
             Sicilia
             hindred
             the
             traffick
             and
             importation
             from
             Greece
             and
             the
             East
             ,
             and
             his
             Lieutenants
             in
             Sardinia
             stopp'd
             that
             of
             Africk
             and
             Spain
             .
             One
             cannot
             but
             wonder
             that
             this
             People
             who
             
             treated
             all
             other
             Nations
             as
             Slaves
             ,
             at
             this
             time
             were
             dying
             of
             hunger
             ,
             without
             their
             assistence
             ;
             such
             a
             dependence
             they
             were
             reduced
             to
             ,
             which
             was
             without
             doubt
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             incredible
             number
             of
             the
             Inhabitants
             and
             the
             Desolation
             the
             Wars
             had
             made
             in
             Italy
             ;
             and
             this
             is
             no
             ordinary
             Example
             of
             the
             revolution
             of
             humane
             things
             ,
             that
             at
             this
             time
             Africa
             was
             the
             refuge
             ,
             and
             as
             one
             may
             say
             ,
             the
             Nurse
             of
             
               Rome
               .
               Anthony
            
             pressed
             Caesar
             either
             to
             an
             Accommodation
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             or
             to
             a
             vigorous
             open
             War
             with
             him
             ,
             to
             open
             the
             Trade
             ;
             but
             they
             wanted
             Money
             ,
             which
             obliged
             them
             to
             lay
             on
             two
             Impositions
             ,
             the
             one
             of
             four
             drachma's
             and
             a
             half
             for
             every
             Slave
             ,
             the
             other
             upon
             Successions
             and
             Legacies
             left
             by
             Testaments
             .
             The
             People
             irritated
             by
             want
             ,
             rose
             up
             in
             opposition
             to
             these
             Edicts
             ,
             and
             assaulted
             Caesar
             in
             the
             Forum
             ;
             and
             Anthony
             going
             to
             his
             aid
             was
             at
             first
             spared
             by
             the
             Rabble
             ,
             who
             cryed
             out
             ,
             and
             bid
             him
             retire
             while
             he
             advised
             them
             to
             be
             peaceable
             ;
             but
             when
             he
             endeavoured
             to
             scatter
             the
             Mutineers
             ,
             they
             threw
             Stones
             at
             him
             too
             ,
             and
             he
             had
             like
             to
             have
             been
             slain
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             not
             drawn
             some
             Troops
             which
             were
             encamped
             just
             without
             into
             the
             Town
             ,
             who
             charged
             the
             Mobile
             and
             killed
             several
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             the
             Souldiers
             threw
             their
             bodies
             into
             the
             Tyber
             .
             This
             chastising
             of
             them
             quelled
             the
             Mutiny
             ,
             but
             not
             the
             Famine
             ;
             and
             therefore
             Anthony
             was
             forced
             to
             write
             to
             Libo
             ,
             to
             desire
             him
             to
             come
             to
             
               Rome
               .
               Pompey
            
             ,
             
             as
             was
             said
             before
             ,
             was
             Libo's
             Son-in-law
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             had
             married
             his
             Sister
             .
             Libo
             came
             as
             far
             as
             the
             Island
             of
             *
             Aenaria
             ,
             where
             he
             expected
             his
             Pass-ports
             ;
             no
             sooner
             was
             his
             Voyage
             known
             at
             Rome
             ,
             but
             the
             People
             tumultuously
             assembled
             to
             demand
             Peace
             of
             the
             Triumviri
             ,
             and
             threatned
             Pompey's
             Mother
             ,
             to
             burn
             her
             in
             her
             own
             house
             if
             she
             did
             not
             incline
             her
             Son
             to
             it
             .
             It
             was
             no
             less
             desired
             on
             his
             side
             .
             Murcus
             ,
             whose
             credit
             with
             him
             was
             very
             great
             ,
             advised
             it
             with
             all
             earnestness
             .
             Menas
             alone
             opposed
             it
             for
             his
             own
             particular
             interest
             ,
             because
             he
             was
             onely
             valued
             by
             Pompey
             for
             his
             experience
             in
             War
             :
             he
             wrote
             to
             him
             ,
             that
             Murcus
             aspired
             to
             the
             Sovereign
             Authority
             ,
             which
             Pompey
             too
             easily
             believed
             upon
             the
             instigation
             of
             this
             enfranchized
             Slave
             .
             Murcus
             by
             his
             usage
             soon
             perceived
             it
             ,
             which
             made
             him
             retire
             to
             Syracusa
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             murthered
             by
             some
             Slaves
             ,
             whom
             afterwards
             Pompey
             executed
             ,
             to
             clear
             himself
             from
             the
             Murther
             .
             It
             was
             believed
             however
             that
             he
             was
             the
             Authour
             of
             it
             ,
             or
             that
             Menas
             had
             done
             it
             by
             his
             order
             .
             This
             Action
             very
             much
             displeased
             the
             Senatours
             that
             were
             retired
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             by
             this
             saw
             themselves
             exposed
             to
             the
             capricious
             humour
             of
             a
             Man
             governed
             by
             Creatures
             whose
             base
             originals
             and
             condition
             made
             them
             capable
             of
             all
             sorts
             of
             Villany
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Libo
             came
             to
             Rome
             ,
             and
             persuaded
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             to
             an
             enterview
             with
             Pompey
             ,
             that
             they
             in
             person
             ,
             face
             to
             face
             ,
             
             might
             put
             an
             end
             to
             their
             differences
             .
             Pompey
             at
             the
             earnest
             solicitation
             of
             all
             his
             Officers
             ,
             not
             being
             able
             to
             refuse
             this
             ,
             with
             his
             Fleet
             advanced
             to
             *
             Puteoli
             ,
             there
             was
             a
             kind
             of
             a
             Mole
             made
             ,
             where
             the
             Mount
             Misenus
             runs
             into
             the
             Sea
             ,
             for
             the
             convenience
             of
             the
             Conference
             .
             Pompey
             and
             Libo
             in
             a
             Gally
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             others
             upon
             the
             Peere
             .
             Pompey
             immediately
             demanded
             to
             be
             an
             Associate
             in
             the
             Empire
             instead
             of
             Lepidus
             ,
             which
             was
             absolutely
             refused
             ,
             as
             a
             piece
             of
             injustice
             they
             scorned
             to
             use
             to
             their
             Companion
             that
             was
             absent
             ;
             there
             was
             much
             contest
             about
             this
             Article
             ,
             and
             they
             parted
             without
             doing
             any
             thing
             .
             The
             following
             days
             they
             treated
             by
             Deputies
             .
             Pompey
             then
             let
             fall
             this
             Pretension
             ,
             so
             that
             all
             the
             difficulty
             of
             the
             Negotiation
             was
             reduced
             to
             these
             three
             Articles
             .
             1.
             
             That
             those
             who
             were
             Accomplices
             in
             the
             Assassination
             of
             
               Iulius
               Caesar
            
             should
             be
             onely
             banished
             into
             some
             Place
             they
             would
             make
             choice
             of
             themselves
             .
             2.
             
             That
             those
             who
             for
             other
             causes
             were
             proscribed
             ,
             should
             have
             liberty
             of
             returning
             to
             Rome
             .
             And
             ,
             3.
             
             That
             these
             last
             should
             be
             restored
             to
             their
             Estates
             .
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             rejected
             the
             two
             first
             Articles
             ,
             and
             onely
             granted
             the
             Proscripts
             ,
             who
             were
             none
             of
             the
             Conspiratours
             ,
             leave
             to
             buy
             their
             Estates
             .
             Those
             who
             were
             about
             Pompey
             ,
             terrified
             by
             the
             Example
             of
             Murcus
             ,
             consented
             to
             return
             to
             Rome
             upon
             this
             condition
             .
             But
             he
             was
             very
             much
             displeased
             with
             them
             for
             it
             ,
             and
             
             tearing
             his
             Clothes
             for
             very
             rage
             and
             spight
             ,
             called
             them
             Deserters
             and
             Fugitives
             ;
             and
             said
             that
             
               of
               all
               his
               friends
            
             Menas
             
               alone
               had
               given
               him
               faithfull
               and
               ●ninterested
               counsell
               .
            
             In
             the
             end
             ,
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             pressing
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             and
             Mutia
             and
             Iulia
             on
             the
             other
             ,
             they
             had
             a
             second
             enterview
             ,
             and
             the
             Treaty
             was
             concluded
             upon
             these
             Conditions
             ;
             That
             from
             this
             moment
             the
             War
             should
             cease
             both
             by
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ;
             That
             Commerce
             and
             Navigation
             should
             be
             free
             ;
             That
             Pompey
             should
             withdraw
             his
             Troops
             from
             Italy
             ;
             That
             he
             should
             not
             retain
             the
             Slaves
             that
             fled
             to
             him
             .
             That
             he
             should
             suffer
             to
             Inroads
             or
             Descents
             to
             be
             made
             upon
             the
             Coasts
             or
             in
             the
             Ports
             of
             Italy
             ;
             That
             he
             should
             build
             no
             more
             Vessels
             than
             those
             he
             had
             already
             ;
             and
             that
             he
             should
             immediately
             send
             all
             the
             Corn
             he
             had
             stored
             up
             to
             Rome
             :
             upon
             this
             Condition
             they
             granted
             him
             for
             five
             years
             
               Sicilia
               ,
               Sardinia
               ,
               Corsica
            
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Isles
             which
             he
             was
             in
             possession
             of
             ,
             and
             Peloponnesus
             .
             All
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             to
             remain
             to
             the
             Triumviri
             .
             They
             agreed
             besides
             ,
             That
             Pompey
             might
             in
             his
             absence
             ,
             by
             any
             of
             his
             friends
             ,
             demand
             the
             Consulship
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             should
             have
             the
             dignity
             of
             Pontifex
             or
             High-priest
             .
             As
             for
             those
             who
             were
             proscribed
             ,
             all
             those
             who
             had
             not
             had
             a
             hand
             in
             the
             Conspiracy
             might
             return
             to
             Rome
             ;
             those
             who
             had
             not
             committed
             any
             Crime
             ,
             but
             were
             fled
             to
             Pompey
             onely
             for
             fear
             ▪
             should
             enjoy
             all
             their
             Estates
             ,
             and
             the
             culpable
             the
             fourth
             part
             
             onely
             .
             The
             Slaves
             which
             had
             served
             under
             Pompey
             should
             be
             declared
             free
             ;
             and
             the
             free
             Souldiers
             ,
             after
             their
             time
             of
             Service
             was
             expired
             ,
             should
             have
             their
             share
             of
             the
             division
             of
             Lands
             ,
             as
             those
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             .
             This
             Treaty
             was
             signed
             by
             the
             three
             Chiefs
             ,
             and
             after
             it
             was
             sealed
             they
             sent
             it
             to
             Rome
             ,
             to
             be
             deposited
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             Vestals
             .
             They
             then
             agreed
             to
             treat
             each
             other
             ,
             as
             a
             mark
             and
             token
             of
             their
             sincere
             reconciliation
             .
             Pompey
             chose
             to
             begin
             ,
             and
             when
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             asked
             him
             where
             he
             would
             receive
             them
             ;
             shewing
             them
             his
             Galley
             ,
             answered
             pleasantly
             ,
             In
             my
             Vessels
             .
             The
             word
             Carinas
             in
             Latine
             signifies
             Vessels
             or
             Ships
             ,
             and
             was
             likewise
             the
             name
             of
             a
             Place
             in
             Rome
             where
             Pompey
             the
             Great
             had
             a
             noble
             Palace
             ,
             which
             Anthony
             had
             seized
             on
             by
             right
             of
             Confiscation
             ▪
             He
             understood
             the
             Raillery
             well
             enough
             ,
             but
             here
             we
             must
             allow
             that
             Caesar
             and
             he
             extremely
             forgot
             their
             prudence
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ;
             and
             this
             entertainment
             had
             like
             to
             have
             cost
             them
             dear
             ,
             if
             Pompey
             had
             not
             had
             a
             generous
             great
             Soul
             :
             as
             he
             was
             at
             Table
             with
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             they
             began
             to
             railly
             Anthony
             upon
             his
             fondness
             for
             
               Cleopatra
               ,
               Menas
            
             approached
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             whispering
             him
             in
             the
             Ear
             told
             him
             ,
             
               My
               Lord
               ,
               You
               may
               now
               revenge
               the
               death
               of
               your
               father
               and
               brother
               ,
               and
               make
               your self
               master
               of
               the
               world
               ;
               't
               is
               but
               cutting
               the
               Cables
               ,
               let
               me
               alone
               for
               the
               rest
               .
            
             The
             blow
             was
             sure
             ,
             and
             the
             temptation
             violent
             .
             Pompey
             
             had
             there
             all
             his
             Fleet
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             and
             the
             Troops
             of
             the
             other
             two
             were
             ashoar
             .
             He
             ,
             after
             a
             little
             pause
             ,
             answered
             him
             ,
             Menas
             
               may
               violate
               his
               faith
               ,
               that
               may
               be
               fit
               for
               him
               ,
               but
               not
               for
            
             Pompey
             .
             We
             have
             already
             mentioned
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             a
             very
             unfortunate
             thing
             to
             have
             the
             Character
             of
             great
             men
             onely
             from
             Historians
             ,
             who
             either
             through
             fear
             or
             flattery
             decryed
             the
             Enemies
             of
             the
             Prince
             they
             followed
             .
             Velleius
             ,
             who
             wrote
             in
             the
             time
             of
             Augustus
             ,
             gives
             us
             a
             very
             ill
             Portraicture
             of
             Pompey
             .
             'T
             is
             easily
             perceived
             he
             had
             not
             all
             the
             prudence
             and
             dexterity
             of
             wit
             that
             Caesar
             had
             ,
             that
             was
             rather
             a
             defect
             in
             his
             education
             ;
             but
             that
             nobleness
             of
             mind
             which
             he
             drew
             from
             his
             birth
             and
             disposition
             ,
             and
             which
             he
             shewed
             here
             against
             his
             own
             Interest
             ,
             is
             enough
             to
             cover
             all
             his
             defects
             ,
             and
             ought
             to
             oblige
             them
             to
             treat
             his
             memory
             more
             favourably
             ,
             which
             even
             this
             action
             alone
             is
             sufficient
             to
             render
             illustrious
             .
             Plutarch
             relates
             this
             adventure
             somewhat
             differently
             ,
             he
             makes
             Pompey
             give
             this
             answer
             to
             the
             Proposal
             of
             
               Menas
               ;
               You
               should
               have
               done
               it
               without
               telling
               me
               ,
               but
               now
               I
               'm
               of
               opinion
               we
               ought
               to
               keep
               our
               word
               ,
               and
               keep
               inviolable
               that
               faith
               we
               have
               engaged
               .
            
             We
             may
             perceive
             by
             this
             Answer
             that
             so
             considerable
             an
             advantage
             joined
             to
             the
             pleasure
             of
             Revenge
             ,
             at
             first
             surprized
             his
             Generosity
             ,
             but
             it
             was
             onely
             to
             make
             it
             break
             out
             with
             greater
             force
             ,
             and
             triumph
             the
             more
             in
             rejecting
             a
             perfidious
             action
             ,
             
             what
             profit
             soever
             might
             accrue
             ,
             and
             for
             this
             reason
             this
             act
             of
             his
             deserves
             no
             less
             praise
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XVI
             .
             The
             People's
             Ioy
             upon
             the
             first
             News
             of
             the
             Peace
             .
             Caesar
             goes
             into
             Gaul
             ,
             and
             Anthony
             stays
             at
             Athens
             .
          
           
             THese
             Diversions
             did
             not
             hinder
             them
             from
             thinking
             of
             more
             firmly
             establishing
             their
             Authority
             by
             Alliances
             .
             Pompey
             promised
             his
             daughter
             to
             
               Marcus
               Marcellus
            
             the
             Son
             of
             Octavia
             ,
             and
             they
             named
             the
             Consuls
             for
             the
             four
             following
             years
             .
             Anthony
             and
             Libo
             were
             declared
             the
             first
             ,
             on
             condition
             that
             Anthony
             might
             exercise
             his
             Office
             by
             the
             deputation
             of
             one
             of
             his
             friends
             ;
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             were
             designed
             the
             second
             ;
             Domitius
             and
             Sosius
             the
             third
             ;
             and
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             were
             appointed
             to
             succeed
             them
             for
             the
             fourth
             .
             Upon
             this
             they
             parted
             .
             Pompey
             returned
             to
             Sicilia
             ,
             and
             the
             two
             Triumviri
             to
             Rome
             .
             This
             Peace
             ,
             which
             put
             an
             end
             to
             all
             the
             Civil-wars
             ,
             was
             received
             and
             welcomed
             through
             all
             Italy
             with
             an
             incredible
             Joy
             ;
             the
             People
             whereever
             they
             past
             offered
             publick
             Sacrifices
             ;
             they
             ran
             in
             Crowds
             before
             them
             ,
             giving
             them
             a
             thousand
             Thanks
             and
             Praises
             .
             
             The
             Romans
             above
             all
             witnessed
             their
             satisfaction
             by
             Bonefires
             ,
             Games
             and
             publick
             Feasts
             :
             they
             had
             prepared
             them
             a
             magnificent
             entry
             ;
             but
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             refused
             that
             honour
             ,
             and
             went
             into
             Rome
             by
             night
             :
             those
             onely
             were
             troubled
             at
             the
             Peace
             ,
             who
             had
             made
             their
             profit
             and
             advantage
             by
             the
             Confiscations
             of
             the
             banished
             persons
             which
             they
             had
             usurped
             ,
             and
             which
             got
             them
             powerfull
             Enemies
             ,
             for
             all
             the
             proscribed
             persons
             returned
             to
             Rome
             after
             they
             had
             assured
             Pompey
             of
             their
             eternal
             acknowledgments
             and
             obligations
             to
             him
             .
             Thus
             had
             he
             the
             glory
             of
             preserving
             many
             illustrious
             members
             of
             the
             Republick
             ,
             as
             
               Tiberius
               ,
               Silanus
               ,
               Sentius
               ,
               Arontius
            
             the
             Son
             of
             Cicero
             ,
             and
             other
             Senatours
             ;
             their
             return
             redoubled
             the
             Romans
             Joy
             ,
             who
             for
             this
             gave
             publick
             thanks
             to
             the
             Gods.
             Caesar
             ,
             to
             keep
             his
             Souldiers
             exercised
             and
             in
             military
             discipline
             ,
             of
             which
             Idleness
             is
             the
             greatest
             plague
             and
             destruction
             ,
             sent
             one
             part
             of
             his
             Forces
             into
             Dalmatia
             ,
             and
             led
             the
             rest
             himself
             into
             Gaul
             ,
             where
             some
             Rebels
             had
             begun
             to
             make
             some
             stirs
             .
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             remained
             at
             Rome
             ,
             left
             it
             some
             time
             after
             ,
             to
             go
             to
             the
             Parthian
             War.
             Before
             he
             went
             ,
             he
             caused
             to
             be
             ratified
             by
             the
             Senate
             all
             he
             had
             done
             in
             Asia
             ;
             and
             besides
             ,
             approve
             all
             he
             had
             designed
             to
             doe
             for
             the
             future
             .
             The
             Kings
             he
             had
             established
             were
             confirmed
             by
             Ordinance
             of
             the
             Senate
             in
             their
             several
             Kingdoms
             ,
             as
             Darius
             in
             
               Pontus
               ,
               Pharnaces
            
             in
             
               Idumaea
               ,
               Herod
            
             in
             
               Iudaea
               ,
               
               Amintas
            
             in
             Pisidia
             ,
             and
             Polemon
             in
             Cilicia
             .
             One
             part
             of
             his
             Troops
             was
             sent
             into
             Illy●ria
             ,
             another
             against
             the
             Dardanians
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             into
             Epirus
             .
             The
             City
             of
             Athens
             he
             chose
             to
             pass
             the
             Winter
             away
             in
             with
             Octavia
             ,
             in
             this
             place
             he
             pleased
             himself
             so
             much
             ,
             that
             he
             intirely
             gave
             himself
             over
             to
             his
             pleasures
             and
             diversions
             ,
             quitting
             all
             the
             tokens
             and
             marks
             of
             his
             Authority
             to
             live
             like
             a
             private
             person
             .
             At
             the
             publick
             Games
             and
             Exercises
             he
             assisted
             clad
             in
             Grecian
             habit
             ,
             and
             took
             the
             pains
             himself
             to
             part
             the
             Combatants
             .
             In
             his
             Court
             there
             was
             no
             business
             talked
             of
             but
             onely
             Learning
             and
             Philosophy
             .
             He
             often
             visited
             the
             Academia
             ,
             the
             Lyceum
             ,
             and
             those
             places
             destined
             to
             the
             study
             of
             Philosophy
             which
             have
             given
             so
             much
             reputation
             to
             that
             famous
             City
             .
             He
             spent
             whole
             days
             to
             hear
             their
             Disputations
             and
             their
             Conferences
             ;
             their
             Feasts
             and
             Entertainments
             always
             ended
             these
             pleasing
             Diversions
             ,
             and
             these
             Treats
             were
             not
             made
             with
             the
             Profusion
             of
             the
             Aegyptians
             ,
             but
             according
             to
             the
             Sobriety
             and
             Modesty
             of
             the
             
               Greeks
               .
               Octavia
            
             went
             with
             him
             every
             where
             :
             In
             this
             charming
             Wife
             he
             enjoyed
             all
             the
             delights
             of
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             those
             excellent
             Vertues
             besides
             ,
             which
             the
             Aegyptian
             had
             not
             .
             Octavia
             had
             certainly
             been
             Mistress
             of
             his
             Heart
             ,
             if
             she
             had
             not
             had
             the
             misfortune
             of
             being
             his
             Wife
             :
             but
             Anthony
             was
             one
             of
             those
             who
             think
             all
             innocent
             pleasures
             insipid
             .
             But
             Octavia
             had
             not
             onely
             this
             Rival
             ,
             the
             
             extravagance
             of
             the
             Athenians
             went
             as
             far
             as
             heaven
             to
             find
             her
             out
             another
             ;
             however
             ●ordid
             Flatterers
             were
             never
             better
             served
             ;
             Anthony
             they
             always
             called
             Bacchus
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             quality
             all
             mortals
             were
             much
             below
             him
             ;
             they
             proposed
             he
             should
             marry
             Minerva
             ,
             the
             Patroness
             of
             their
             City
             .
             Anthony
             accepted
             of
             the
             match
             ;
             but
             for
             the
             more
             honour
             of
             such
             an
             Alliance
             ,
             he
             asked
             a
             thousand
             talents
             for
             her
             portion
             ;
             but
             says
             one
             of
             the
             Match-makers
             pleasantly
             to
             him
             ,
             
               My
               Lord
            
             ,
             Jupiter
             
               asked
               nothing
               with
               your
               Mother
            
             Semele
             .
             Anthony
             ,
             however
             he
             laugh'd
             at
             this
             Jest
             ,
             would
             bate
             nothing
             of
             the
             Sum.
             It
             was
             levyed
             upon
             all
             the
             Inhabitants
             ,
             who
             revenged
             themselves
             according
             to
             their
             custome
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             by
             raillery
             ,
             of
             which
             the
             Love
             of
             Cleopatra
             was
             the
             principal
             subject
             .
             Under
             the
             Statue
             of
             Anthony
             they
             wrote
             these
             words
             ,
             Octavia
             and
             Minerva
             ,
             to
             
               Anthony
               ,
               take
               the
               baggage
               again
               ,
               and
               let
               's
               part
               .
            
             He
             laugh'd
             at
             their
             Jests
             ,
             but
             took
             their
             money
             ,
             though
             Dellius
             ,
             to
             mortifie
             them
             the
             more
             ,
             made
             as
             if
             he
             seriously
             told
             him
             he
             acted
             against
             the
             Roman
             Laws
             ,
             which
             allowed
             three
             years
             for
             the
             payment
             of
             a
             Portion
             .
             As
             soon
             as
             the
             Winter
             was
             passed
             ,
             Anthony
             re-assumed
             with
             the
             marks
             of
             his
             dignity
             all
             the
             Majesty
             of
             an
             Emperour
             ;
             he
             was
             no
             more
             seen
             but
             in
             the
             company
             of
             his
             Commanders
             .
             Athens
             was
             filled
             with
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             soon
             scared
             away
             the
             Muses
             .
             He
             received
             the
             Ambassadours
             of
             all
             the
             Princes
             ,
             and
             
             thought
             of
             nothing
             but
             putting
             his
             Fleet
             to
             Sea
             ,
             building
             of
             Gallies
             ,
             and
             preparing
             all
             things
             necessary
             for
             the
             War
             he
             was
             going
             to
             undertake
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XVII
             .
             New
             Causes
             of
             breach
             between
             Caesar
             and
             
               Pompey
               .
               Caesar
            
             marries
             Livia
             .
             Several
             Fights
             between
             the
             Lieutenants
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             THE
             Treaty
             of
             Peace
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Pompey
             had
             regulated
             their
             pretension
             ,
             but
             not
             their
             Ambition
             ;
             it
             had
             not
             extinguished
             in
             them
             that
             Enmity
             which
             was
             in
             a
             manner
             natural
             to
             them
             ,
             considering
             what
             fatal
             effects
             it
             had
             produced
             between
             their
             Fathers
             ,
             whose
             animosity
             yet
             subsisted
             in
             the
             minds
             of
             their
             adherents
             :
             the
             apparent
             subject
             of
             their
             difference
             was
             
               Peloponnesus
               .
               Caesar
            
             pretended
             that
             the
             sums
             due
             upon
             account
             by
             that
             Province
             were
             by
             the
             Treaty
             due
             to
             the
             Triumviri
             ;
             that
             Pompey
             ought
             to
             be
             responsible
             for
             them
             ;
             and
             either
             recover
             it
             ,
             or
             permit
             them
             to
             doe
             it
             .
             Pompey
             maintained
             that
             ,
             in
             giving
             him
             that
             Countrey
             ,
             they
             gave
             it
             him
             exempt
             from
             all
             Charges
             :
             he
             had
             still
             a
             very
             formidable
             Fleet
             ,
             which
             by
             the
             Council
             of
             Menas
             he
             daily
             augmented
             ;
             this
             was
             another
             subject
             of
             Complaint
             for
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             ,
             at
             taking
             
             some
             Pirates
             ,
             they
             owned
             that
             Pompey
             had
             given
             them
             Commissions
             to
             pillage
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Italy
             :
             It
             hapned
             that
             the
             Senatours
             that
             were
             about
             Pompey
             ,
             offended
             at
             the
             insolence
             of
             his
             freed-men
             ,
             killed
             some
             of
             them
             ;
             and
             Menas
             ,
             not
             thinking
             Pompey
             concern'd
             enough
             for
             it
             ,
             was
             disgusted
             with
             him
             .
             Philadelphus
             ,
             the
             Freed-man
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             had
             an
             opportunity
             of
             seeing
             Menas
             in
             the
             heat
             of
             his
             resentment
             and
             dealt
             with
             him
             to
             draw
             him
             to
             the
             service
             of
             Caesar
             ;
             promising
             him
             the
             Government
             of
             Sardinia
             and
             Corsica
             ,
             with
             three
             Legions
             .
             Caesar
             immediately
             disowned
             his
             freed-man
             ,
             not
             being
             willing
             ,
             as
             he
             said
             ,
             to
             begin
             the
             War
             ;
             he
             wrote
             to
             Anthony
             to
             return
             to
             Italy
             to
             regulate
             all
             these
             differences
             by
             his
             Authority
             :
             but
             though
             Caesar
             seemed
             intirely
             taken
             up
             by
             such
             important
             affairs
             ,
             he
             found
             some
             in
             another
             place
             which
             were
             much
             more
             agreeable
             ;
             and
             Livia
             was
             the
             subject
             of
             them
             .
             The
             beauty
             of
             this
             woman
             ,
             joined
             with
             a
             refined
             and
             dextrous
             wit
             ,
             made
             the
             greater
             impression
             upon
             his
             heart
             ,
             which
             was
             disgusted
             at
             the
             bitter
             insupportable
             humour
             of
             Scribonia
             ,
             since
             it
             is
             a
             known
             truth
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             nothing
             makes
             a
             Mistress
             appear
             more
             advantageous
             to
             the
             eyes
             of
             a
             discontented
             husband
             ,
             than
             the
             reflexion
             he
             makes
             upon
             the
             opposite
             disagreeable
             manners
             of
             an
             ill
             Wife
             .
             Caesar
             could
             not
             long
             hold
             out
             against
             so
             many
             charms
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             nor
             against
             the
             daily
             vexations
             Scribonia
             gave
             him
             on
             the
             other
             ;
             he
             divorced
             her
             ,
             
             and
             his
             love
             for
             the
             other
             was
             so
             violent
             ,
             that
             either
             by
             his
             entreaties
             or
             his
             authority
             he
             obliged
             Tiberius
             to
             yield
             him
             Livia
             ,
             although
             then
             big
             with
             child
             ;
             but
             as
             this
             great
             belly
             was
             an
             obstacle
             to
             his
             passion
             ,
             he
             consulted
             the
             Priests
             ,
             to
             know
             if
             it
             was
             lawfull
             to
             marry
             her
             in
             this
             condition
             .
             The
             Answer
             was
             ,
             that
             if
             there
             was
             any
             doubt
             who
             was
             the
             Father
             of
             the
             child
             ,
             it
             was
             unlawfull
             to
             marry
             the
             Mother
             ,
             but
             that
             the
             Vertue
             of
             Livia
             leaving
             no
             room
             for
             doubt
             ,
             Caesar
             might
             lawfully
             receive
             her
             from
             the
             hands
             of
             her
             Husband
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             custome
             of
             the
             Roman
             Laws
             ,
             which
             permitted
             divorce
             .
             Perhaps
             ,
             says
             Dion
             ,
             this
             Answer
             was
             founded
             upon
             the
             ancient
             Law
             ;
             but
             if
             it
             had
             not
             ,
             they
             would
             have
             been
             cautious
             to
             have
             decided
             it
             otherwise
             .
             In
             the
             Ceremony
             of
             marriage
             Tiberius
             performed
             the
             office
             of
             Father
             ,
             and
             there
             then
             fell
             out
             an
             accident
             which
             was
             very
             pleasant
             .
             Livia
             had
             with
             her
             a
             little
             child
             who
             usually
             diverted
             her
             by
             a
             hundred
             pretty
             prattling
             stories
             ,
             and
             seeing
             she
             was
             at
             Table
             near
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             that
             Tiberius
             was
             in
             another
             place
             farther
             off
             ,
             said
             to
             
               Livia
               ,
               What
               do
               you
               doe
               there
               ,
               Madam
               ?
               Look
               ,
               There
               's
               your
               Husband
            
             ;
             shewing
             her
             Tiberius
             :
             this
             was
             not
             the
             onely
             Jest
             upon
             this
             Subject
             ;
             for
             Livia
             being
             delivered
             at
             his
             house
             at
             the
             end
             of
             three
             months
             ,
             they
             said
             at
             Rome
             that
             every
             thing
             favoured
             the
             fortunate
             ;
             since
             their
             very
             children
             came
             in
             three
             months
             time
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             while
             ,
             the
             Lieutenants
             of
             Caesar
             
             had
             got
             together
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Vessels
             at
             Ravenna
             ,
             and
             the
             Forces
             were
             recalled
             from
             Gallia
             when
             Anthony
             arrived
             at
             Brundusium
             ;
             but
             Caesar
             not
             being
             there
             at
             the
             time
             appointed
             ,
             he
             returned
             into
             Greece
             ,
             whether
             it
             was
             because
             he
             was
             ill
             attended
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             had
             some
             mistrust
             from
             Caesar's
             Fleet
             which
             was
             very
             strong
             ,
             or
             terrified
             by
             prodigies
             ,
             is
             uncertain
             .
             One
             of
             his
             Sentinels
             was
             devoured
             by
             Wolves
             ,
             who
             left
             nothing
             of
             him
             whole
             but
             his
             Face
             ,
             and
             the
             main
             Guard
             which
             was
             near
             perceived
             nothing
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             City
             told
             Anthony
             that
             ,
             at
             break
             of
             day
             they
             had
             seen
             a
             Wolf
             come
             out
             of
             his
             Tent.
             Whatever
             his
             reasons
             were
             ,
             he
             went
             back
             and
             left
             Letters
             for
             Caesar
             ,
             whereby
             he
             exhorted
             him
             to
             keep
             to
             the
             Conditions
             of
             the
             last
             Treaty
             ,
             and
             claimed
             Menas
             as
             belonging
             to
             him
             from
             the
             succession
             of
             Pompey
             the
             Great
             ,
             which
             was
             allotted
             to
             him
             .
             This
             freed-man
             without
             any
             more
             deliberation
             went
             over
             to
             Caesar
             to
             have
             his
             protection
             ,
             and
             delivered
             him
             up
             Sardinia
             and
             Corsica
             :
             he
             was
             very
             well
             received
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             they
             granted
             him
             all
             the
             rights
             and
             privileges
             of
             one
             free-born
             :
             this
             his
             deserting
             broke
             all
             the
             measures
             that
             were
             possible
             to
             be
             taken
             for
             an
             accommodation
             .
             Caesar
             wrote
             to
             the
             Senate
             to
             justifie
             his
             conduct
             ,
             he
             harangued
             his
             Army
             ,
             and
             made
             his
             Lieutenant
             Calvisius
             advance
             ,
             and
             he
             soon
             after
             followed
             accompanied
             with
             
               Menas
               .
               Pompey
            
             was
             then
             at
             Messana
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             sent
             out
             his
             Fleet
             
             commanded
             by
             Menecrates
             ,
             a
             mortal
             foe
             to
             Menas
             ;
             the
             two
             Fleets
             came
             up
             to
             each
             other
             about
             Sun
             set
             ,
             near
             the
             Island
             of
             Caesar's
             Fleet
             passed
             the
             night
             in
             the
             Bay
             of
             Cumes
             ,
             and
             Menecrates
             rode
             at
             Anchor
             without
             :
             in
             the
             morning
             he
             made
             up
             to
             the
             enemies
             who
             lay
             near
             the
             shoar
             ,
             either
             to
             force
             them
             to
             fight
             or
             to
             run
             foul
             upon
             the
             Rock
             .
             Menecrates
             was
             the
             more
             advantageously
             posted
             by
             reason
             he
             might
             receive
             assistence
             from
             the
             Sea-ward
             ,
             and
             the
             others
             were
             shut
             up
             between
             the
             Fleet
             and
             Shoar
             ,
             and
             had
             nothing
             but
             their
             valour
             to
             trust
             to
             ;
             as
             for
             Menas
             ,
             he
             was
             courageous
             even
             to
             rashness
             ;
             who
             as
             he
             had
             distinguished
             Menecrates
             ,
             he
             made
             down
             upon
             him
             with
             extraordinary
             fury
             .
             The
             use
             of
             Cannon
             was
             not
             known
             in
             those
             days
             ,
             so
             that
             Sea-fights
             were
             decided
             by
             handy-stroaks
             ,
             grappling
             the
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             coming
             board
             and
             board
             ,
             after
             they
             had
             born
             the
             first
             shock
             ,
             which
             was
             usually
             very
             violent
             ,
             because
             the
             beak
             or
             spur
             of
             their
             Gallies
             was
             armed
             with
             Iron
             or
             Brass
             ;
             the
             weakest
             went
             often
             to
             the
             bottom
             by
             this
             first
             on-set
             ,
             and
             almost
             all
             their
             Ships
             of
             war
             had
             Oars
             in
             the
             nature
             of
             our
             Gallies
             to
             goe
             with
             greater
             force
             .
             The
             first
             brunt
             of
             these
             freed-men
             was
             very
             terrible
             ;
             Menas
             lost
             the
             beak
             head
             of
             his
             Gally
             ,
             and
             Menecrates
             had
             his
             rudder
             broke
             .
             Then
             they
             grappled
             ;
             and
             ,
             as
             if
             this
             Fight
             between
             them
             were
             to
             decide
             the
             fortune
             of
             the
             Battel
             ,
             they
             fought
             with
             desperation
             ,
             the
             hatred
             of
             these
             men
             animating
             them
             as
             
             much
             as
             glory
             did
             others
             .
             Menecrates
             his
             Vessel
             was
             h●gher
             than
             the
             other
             ,
             which
             was
             a
             considerable
             advantage
             to
             him
             for
             the
             lancing
             of
             darts
             ,
             which
             were
             thrown
             downright
             upon
             that
             of
             Menas
             ,
             who
             ,
             by
             his
             extreme
             courage
             ,
             seconded
             by
             the
             bravery
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             maintained
             a
             stout
             Fight
             ,
             though
             he
             had
             a
             pile
             through
             his
             Arm
             ,
             which
             he
             pulled
             out
             without
             quitting
             his
             post
             ;
             in
             this
             instant
             Menecrates
             was
             hurt
             in
             his
             Thigh
             by
             a
             barbed
             Dart
             ,
             which
             put
             him
             from
             fighting
             himself
             ;
             and
             ,
             though
             he
             still
             encouraged
             his
             men
             ,
             yet
             Menas's
             made
             more
             bold
             by
             this
             advantage
             boarded
             his
             Gally
             so
             vigorously
             that
             they
             soon
             made
             themselves
             Masters
             of
             it
             .
             Menecrates
             ,
             in
             despair
             for
             his
             Defeat
             ,
             threw
             himself
             into
             the
             Sea
             ,
             rather
             than
             fall
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             his
             Enemy
             ,
             who
             sent
             the
             conquered
             Ship
             towards
             the
             shoar
             ,
             and
             he
             himself
             bore
             down
             to
             help
             Calvisius
             ,
             who
             fought
             in
             the
             starboard
             division
             or
             the
             right
             wing
             of
             the
             Battel
             .
             This
             Lieutenant
             or
             Vice-admiral
             had
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             engagement
             broke
             the
             larboard
             division
             or
             left
             wing
             of
             Pompey
             ;
             but
             ,
             as
             he
             too
             closely
             persued
             those
             that
             ran
             ,
             Menecrates's
             Vice-admiral
             ,
             rallied
             and
             prest
             the
             remainder
             of
             Calvisius's
             squadron
             so
             warmly
             that
             he
             took
             some
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             forced
             the
             others
             to
             buldge
             upon
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             where
             he
             burn'd
             them
             .
             Calvisius
             ,
             though
             a
             little
             of
             the
             latest
             ,
             perceived
             his
             errour
             ,
             came
             up
             to
             the
             assistence
             of
             his
             squadron
             ,
             and
             saved
             some
             
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             ,
             night
             coming
             on
             ,
             retired
             into
             the
             Bay
             of
             Cumes
             ,
             although
             the
             loss
             fell
             heaviest
             on
             Caesar's
             side
             .
             Demochares
             ,
             astonished
             at
             the
             death
             of
             Menecrates
             ,
             retreated
             to
             Sicilia
             ,
             which
             gave
             opportunity
             to
             Calvisius
             to
             goe
             out
             of
             this
             Gulf
             in
             a
             very
             ill
             equipage
             .
             Caesar
             was
             then
             with
             a
             powerfull
             Fleet
             at
             Tarentum
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             went
             to
             Rhegium
             to
             attack
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             had
             onely
             four
             Sail
             in
             the
             Port
             of
             
               Messana
               .
               Caesar
            
             ,
             against
             the
             Advice
             of
             his
             Officers
             ,
             would
             stay
             for
             Calvisius
             ,
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             Demochares
             joined
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             made
             Apollophanes
             ,
             his
             Rere-admiral
             ;
             they
             were
             both
             of
             them
             freed-men
             ,
             and
             certainly
             these
             fellows
             ,
             whom
             he
             preferred
             before
             so
             many
             noble
             Romans
             ,
             had
             either
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             gallantry
             and
             desert
             ,
             or
             a
             very
             great
             influence
             over
             him
             :
             In
             this
             Place
             Caesar
             received
             the
             News
             of
             the
             Fight
             at
             Cumes
             ,
             and
             resolved
             to
             pass
             the
             Strait
             or
             Phare
             of
             Messina
             to
             meet
             
               Calvisius
               .
               Pompey
            
             ,
             seeing
             him
             engaged
             in
             this
             narrow
             passage
             ,
             engaged
             the
             rere-most
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             forced
             the
             others
             to
             draw
             up
             close
             aboard
             the
             shoar
             to
             make
             head
             against
             him
             .
             Demochares
             ,
             having
             a
             Port
             behind
             him
             ,
             attacked
             them
             with
             great
             advantage
             in
             this
             narrow
             strait
             ,
             where
             every
             Ship
             of
             Caesar's
             had
             two
             Enemies
             upon
             the
             Bow
             ,
             without
             being
             able
             to
             be
             relieved
             by
             the
             others
             ,
             several
             of
             them
             ran
             a-shoar
             either
             purposely
             or
             forced
             to
             it
             .
             Caesar
             himself
             was
             constrained
             to
             throw
             himself
             a-shoar
             ,
             and
             never
             did
             he
             run
             more
             risque
             
             than
             at
             this
             time
             ;
             and
             as
             he
             went
             upon
             the
             coast
             to
             rally
             his
             men
             that
             saved
             themselves
             out
             of
             the
             shattered
             Vessels
             ,
             he
             perceived
             some
             Brigantines
             that
             came
             close
             along
             the
             shoar
             ,
             he
             imagined
             them
             to
             belong
             to
             his
             own
             Fleet
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             perceive
             his
             Errour
             till
             he
             was
             surrounded
             by
             the
             Enemies
             that
             landed
             .
             The
             knowledge
             that
             he
             had
             of
             the
             turning
             ways
             of
             a
             neighbouring
             mountain
             ,
             at
             that
             time
             preserved
             him
             from
             that
             danger
             to
             throw
             him
             into
             another
             no
             less
             hazardous
             .
             A
             Slave
             of
             
               Emilius
               Paulus
            
             ,
             who
             was
             then
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             whose
             Father
             had
             been
             banished
             ,
             believed
             that
             a
             fit
             opportunity
             offered
             it self
             of
             revenging
             his
             Master
             .
             He
             came
             near
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             as
             they
             marched
             in
             disorder
             ,
             and
             stroke
             at
             him
             with
             his
             Sword
             ;
             the
             darkness
             of
             the
             night
             made
             him
             miss
             his
             blow
             ,
             and
             he
             was
             immediately
             killed
             by
             the
             Souldiers
             upon
             the
             Place
             ;
             so
             that
             Fortune
             ,
             or
             ,
             to
             speak
             more
             properly
             ,
             Providence
             preserved
             in
             one
             day
             from
             three
             imminent
             dangers
             the
             Man
             that
             was
             destined
             for
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             World.
             When
             he
             had
             gained
             the
             top
             of
             the
             Mountain
             ,
             he
             rallied
             as
             many
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             as
             he
             could
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Cornificius
             ,
             who
             commanded
             under
             him
             ,
             still
             maintained
             the
             Combat
             by
             his
             bravery
             and
             example
             ,
             he
             had
             given
             the
             Galley
             of
             Demochares
             so
             rude
             a
             shock
             that
             he
             sank
             it
             ,
             and
             as
             that
             freed
             man
             went
             aboard
             another
             ,
             he
             perceived
             Calvisius
             and
             Menas
             ,
             who
             came
             to
             Caesar's
             assistence
             :
             This
             made
             him
             sound
             
             a
             Retreat
             ,
             to
             the
             great
             wonder
             of
             Caesar's
             Army
             ,
             who
             were
             reduced
             to
             extremity
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             see
             the
             arrival
             of
             this
             succour
             .
             The
             weakness
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             the
             ill
             plight
             of
             the
             Vessels
             hindred
             them
             from
             pursuing
             the
             Enemies
             .
             They
             went
             a-shoar
             ,
             and
             there
             made
             great
             Fires
             .
             This
             night
             was
             very
             painfull
             to
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             but
             no
             body
             past
             it
             ▪
             with
             more
             perplexity
             than
             Caesar
             himself
             in
             the
             disquiet
             ,
             to
             know
             the
             fate
             of
             his
             Fleet
             :
             these
             Fires
             ,
             which
             he
             descryed
             from
             the
             top
             of
             the
             mountain
             ,
             gave
             him
             some
             Hopes
             ,
             which
             he
             endeavoured
             to
             inspire
             the
             Souldiers
             with
             that
             were
             with
             him
             .
             But
             incertainty
             and
             doubt
             are
             very
             vexatious
             ,
             and
             the
             state
             he
             left
             his
             Fleet
             in
             gave
             him
             mortal
             apprehensions
             .
             His
             Troops
             that
             were
             spread
             along
             the
             Coast
             had
             no
             less
             ,
             hearing
             no
             news
             of
             their
             General
             .
             By
             good
             fortune
             the
             thirteenth
             Legion
             ,
             which
             was
             nearest
             him
             ,
             perceived
             the
             Fires
             he
             had
             lighted
             on
             the
             top
             of
             the
             mountain
             :
             they
             were
             detached
             to
             know
             what
             it
             was
             ;
             and
             when
             they
             understood
             who
             it
             was
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             this
             Legion
             mounted
             the
             Rocks
             without
             following
             any
             Path
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             him
             :
             he
             had
             then
             none
             of
             his
             houshold
             about
             him
             ;
             so
             that
             night
             he
             was
             waited
             on
             by
             the
             Souldiers
             :
             he
             sent
             every
             where
             to
             learn
             news
             of
             his
             Troops
             ;
             and
             knowing
             Calvisius
             was
             safe
             arrived
             ,
             he
             passed
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             night
             with
             more
             tranquillity
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XVIII
             .
             The
             wreck
             of
             Caesar's
             Fleet.
             The
             arrival
             of
             Anthony
             at
             Brundusium
             .
             He
             agreed
             with
             Caesar
             ,
             by
             means
             of
             Octavia
             .
          
           
             THE
             day
             appearing
             Caesar
             saw
             his
             Vessels
             stranded
             upon
             the
             Coast
             ,
             some
             half
             burnt
             ,
             others
             quite
             consumed
             ,
             the
             Sea
             was
             all
             covered
             with
             the
             Wreck
             ;
             but
             that
             which
             afflicted
             him
             most
             was
             ,
             to
             see
             the
             Enemy
             approach
             to
             finish
             his
             Defeat
             .
             He
             sent
             to
             Calvisius
             to
             put
             the
             remainders
             of
             his
             Fleet
             into
             a
             fighting
             posture
             ;
             and
             he
             himself
             prepared
             to
             assist
             him
             .
             The
             Enemies
             were
             ready
             drawn
             up
             in
             battalia
             ,
             without
             moving
             ,
             waiting
             to
             engage
             Calvisius
             as
             soon
             as
             ever
             he
             began
             to
             work
             :
             When
             immediately
             the
             Sea
             began
             to
             run
             very
             high
             with
             a
             Southerly
             wind
             .
             Pompey
             retired
             into
             the
             Port
             of
             
               Messana
               .
               Menas
            
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             perfect
             experience
             in
             Sea
             affairs
             ,
             stood
             into
             the
             Ossin
             with
             his
             Vessels
             ,
             where
             he
             rode
             with
             all
             his
             Anchors
             down
             ,
             and
             stemmed
             the
             head
             Sea
             with
             the
             force
             of
             his
             Oars
             :
             so
             the
             greatest
             fury
             of
             the
             Storm
             fell
             upon
             Caesar's
             Gallies
             ,
             who
             were
             anchored
             close
             by
             the
             shoar
             ,
             and
             had
             ran
             out
             Booms
             betwixt
             them
             and
             it
             ,
             to
             hinder
             their
             striking
             .
             But
             the
             Wind
             increasing
             ,
             and
             the
             Sea
             rolling
             upon
             them
             very
             furiously
             ,
             all
             fell
             into
             disorder
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             Cables
             broke
             and
             gave
             
             way
             ,
             some
             were
             buldged
             against
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             and
             others
             stranded
             .
             The
             noise
             of
             the
             Storm
             hindred
             the
             Pilots
             from
             being
             heard
             :
             they
             could
             no
             longer
             work
             the
             Ships
             ;
             so
             that
             in
             this
             confusion
             falling
             foul
             of
             one
             another
             ,
             the
             weakest
             were
             split
             by
             the
             stronger
             .
             There
             one
             might
             see
             Souldiers
             ,
             Sailors
             and
             Officers
             swallowed
             by
             the
             Waves
             ,
             or
             else
             half
             dead
             striving
             to
             swim
             to
             land
             .
             Night
             came
             on
             and
             increased
             the
             horrour
             and
             disorder
             :
             there
             was
             nothing
             heard
             but
             lamentable
             Cryes
             mingled
             with
             the
             noise
             of
             the
             Waves
             and
             Wind.
             One
             cryed
             out
             for
             help
             ,
             another
             called
             to
             his
             Comrade
             ;
             almost
             all
             of
             them
             bewailed
             their
             miserable
             state
             and
             invoked
             the
             assistence
             of
             the
             Gods
             :
             the
             most
             courageous
             silently
             waited
             their
             destiny
             ;
             but
             there
             were
             some
             that
             ,
             moved
             by
             a
             fantastical
             kind
             of
             despair
             ,
             killed
             themselves
             ,
             as
             if
             in
             Death
             they
             expected
             something
             worse
             than
             Death
             it self
             .
             At
             the
             return
             of
             the
             Sun
             the
             fury
             of
             the
             Wind
             slackned
             ,
             and
             some
             time
             after
             the
             Storm
             ceased
             .
             The
             Inhabitants
             of
             those
             Coasts
             affirmed
             that
             in
             the
             memory
             of
             Man
             there
             had
             not
             been
             felt
             any
             so
             terrible
             as
             this
             .
             In
             this
             Caesar
             lost
             two
             thirds
             of
             his
             Fleet
             ,
             with
             what
             he
             lost
             in
             the
             Fight
             :
             to
             shun
             the
             sight
             of
             this
             dismal
             spectacle
             ,
             he
             went
             to
             Vibonium
             .
             From
             this
             Place
             he
             sent
             Orders
             to
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             to
             double
             their
             care
             and
             their
             guard
             ,
             that
             Pompey
             upon
             this
             advantage
             might
             not
             attempt
             some
             considerable
             Enterprize
             ,
             which
             he
             thought
             not
             on
             in
             the
             
             least
             ,
             for
             which
             oversight
             he
             was
             very
             much
             blamed
             ;
             nay
             ,
             he
             was
             so
             negligent
             as
             to
             let
             the
             rest
             of
             Caesar's
             shattered
             Fleet
             pass
             by
             him
             to
             Vibonium
             ;
             but
             this
             carelesness
             of
             his
             was
             the
             utter
             ruine
             of
             all
             his
             Designs
             and
             of
             his
             Reputation
             .
             Caesar
             went
             into
             Campania
             very
             much
             afflicted
             at
             his
             loss
             :
             he
             now
             found
             himself
             without
             Ships
             or
             Money
             ,
             and
             the
             People
             of
             Rome
             famished
             and
             in
             general
             crying
             out
             against
             this
             War
             :
             he
             dispatched
             Mecoenas
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             to
             demand
             his
             assistence
             ,
             and
             to
             explain
             himself
             upon
             some
             small
             occasion
             of
             complaints
             between
             them
             ,
             and
             at
             all
             hazard
             resolved
             to
             transport
             his
             Army
             into
             Sicilia
             upon
             Ships
             of
             burthen
             and
             Hulks
             ,
             and
             attack
             Pompey
             in
             his
             Isle
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             the
             City
             of
             Rome
             was
             much
             terrified
             with
             the
             Prodigies
             which
             hapned
             at
             that
             time
             :
             from
             Africk
             there
             came
             News
             ,
             that
             at
             Clypea
             a
             shoal
             of
             Dolphins
             had
             fought
             with
             so
             much
             fury
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             all
             killed
             ;
             that
             it
             had
             rained
             bloud
             :
             it
             was
             besides
             observed
             at
             Rome
             ,
             that
             on
             a
             very
             great
             Festival
             none
             of
             the
             Senatours
             had
             eaten
             in
             the
             Capitol
             that
             day
             ,
             which
             was
             taken
             for
             a
             very
             ill
             omen
             .
             One
             of
             these
             Prodigies
             onely
             was
             welcome
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             because
             it
             was
             very
             pleasing
             to
             Livia
             ;
             as
             she
             was
             in
             the
             Countrey
             ,
             an
             Eagle
             let
             fall
             into
             her
             lap
             ▪
             a
             milk
             white
             Hen
             ,
             who
             held
             a
             branch
             of
             Laurel
             in
             her
             Bill
             :
             She
             was
             no
             less
             glad
             than
             surprized
             at
             so
             extraordinary
             an
             adventure
             .
             She
             bred
             up
             the
             Hen
             ,
             and
             planted
             the
             Laurel
             ,
             which
             thrived
             
             so
             well
             in
             a
             short
             time
             ,
             that
             it
             afforded
             crowns
             to
             all
             those
             that
             triumph'd
             afterward
             ,
             from
             that
             time
             till
             Nero
             ;
             under
             whom
             this
             Laurel
             and
             all
             the
             young
             shoots
             of
             it
             withered
             all
             on
             a
             sudden
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ended
             the
             race
             of
             the
             white
             Hens
             ,
             which
             presaged
             the
             Death
             of
             that
             Emperour
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             last
             of
             the
             Caesar
             Family
             .
             But
             ,
             in
             spight
             of
             all
             these
             dire
             Portents
             ,
             Caesar
             had
             intelligence
             of
             two
             things
             ,
             which
             very
             much
             re-assured
             him
             ;
             the
             one
             was
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             was
             coming
             to
             his
             aid
             ,
             and
             that
             in
             Agrippa
             he
             had
             quite
             routed
             the
             Gaules
             in
             a
             very
             great
             Battel
             .
             This
             turn
             of
             good
             fortune
             ,
             as
             it
             's
             very
             usual
             ,
             confirmed
             several
             of
             his
             Party
             to
             his
             Interest
             ,
             who
             by
             this
             time
             began
             to
             waver
             .
             Every
             one
             strove
             to
             offer
             him
             Money
             and
             Vessels
             ,
             by
             which
             means
             he
             set
             forth
             a
             gallant
             Fleet
             ,
             which
             at
             this
             time
             very
             much
             raised
             his
             hopes
             .
             Anthony
             arrived
             at
             Brundusium
             with
             three
             hundred
             Sail
             ,
             giving
             out
             ,
             he
             came
             to
             assist
             Caesar
             in
             this
             War.
             Caesar
             could
             very
             well
             have
             dispensed
             with
             it
             .
             He
             thought
             he
             was
             already
             too
             powerfull
             ,
             and
             therefore
             sought
             all
             manner
             of
             Pretences
             to
             excuse
             his
             going
             to
             meet
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             was
             not
             over-well
             satisfied
             with
             his
             Proceedings
             .
             He
             had
             need
             of
             Souldiers
             ,
             to
             make
             War
             with
             the
             Parthians
             ;
             and
             willing
             to
             spare
             the
             charge
             of
             a
             Fleet
             ,
             he
             designed
             Caesar
             should
             take
             his
             Fleet
             and
             give
             him
             Land-forces
             .
             Octavia
             offered
             to
             goe
             to
             her
             Brother
             ,
             to
             clear
             all
             their
             doubts
             and
             suspicions
             ,
             
             and
             induce
             him
             to
             give
             her
             Husband
             this
             satisfaction
             .
             As
             soon
             as
             Caesar
             saw
             her
             ,
             he
             gave
             her
             a
             large
             account
             of
             the
             Dangers
             he
             had
             run
             in
             his
             War
             with
             Pompey
             ;
             very
             much
             amplifying
             them
             and
             Anthony's
             negligence
             in
             assisting
             him
             .
             Octavia
             presently
             stopp'd
             his
             Accusations
             ,
             telling
             him
             ,
             Mecoenas
             
               had
               already
               received
               full
               satisfaction
               as
               to
               this
               point
               ;
               and
               that
               he
               had
               assured
               that
               there
               should
               be
               no
               more
               said
               of
               it
               .
               Caesar
            
             twitted
             her
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             
               had
               sent
            
             Callias
             to
             Lepidus
             
               to
               engage
               him
               to
               make
               War
               against
               him
               .
            
             She
             replied
             ,
             Callias
             
               had
               no
               Commission
               ,
               but
               onely
               to
               propose
               a
               Match
               between
               his
               son
               and
            
             Anthony
             
               's
               daughter
               ,
               and
               offered
               to
               deliver
               him
               up
               the
               man
               ,
               that
               he
               might
               draw
               the
               truth
               from
               him
               by
               torture
               .
            
             And
             finding
             Caesar
             began
             to
             hearken
             to
             her
             ,
             she
             endeavoured
             to
             gain
             his
             Ministers
             ,
             the
             chief
             of
             whom
             were
             Agrippa
             and
             Mecoenas
             :
             they
             had
             both
             of
             them
             a
             profound
             respect
             for
             Octavia
             ,
             being
             very
             sensible
             of
             the
             influence
             she
             had
             over
             her
             Brother's
             humour
             .
             
               You
               see
            
             ,
             said
             she
             ,
             Octavia
             ,
             
               a
               woman
               of
               the
               greatest
               quality
               in
               the
               world
               ,
               just
               upon
               the
               point
               of
               being
               made
               the
               most
               miserable
               of
               her
               sex
               ,
               if
               by
               your
               care
               and
               good
               counsels
               you
               keep
               her
               not
               from
               these
               misfortunes
               .
               All
               the
            
             Roman
             
               Empire
               has
               their
               eyes
               upon
               me
               ,
               as
               being
               the
               sister
               of
            
             Caesar
             
               and
               wife
               of
            
             Anthony
             ;
             
               if
               my
               evil
               destiny
               should
               carry
               them
               to
               make
               war
               ,
               you
               have
               a
               chance
               of
               fortune
               in
               favour
               of
               you
               ;
               but
               what
               side
               soever
               falls
               ,
               I
               shall
               be
               unfortunate
               ,
               and
               shall
               be
               reduced
               to
               the
               cruel
               
               necessity
               of
               bewailing
               the
               loss
               of
               a
               husband
               or
               a
               brother
               .
            
             This
             moving
             Argument
             ,
             joined
             with
             the
             affection
             Caesar
             had
             for
             his
             Sister
             ,
             obliged
             him
             to
             come
             to
             an
             interview
             with
             Anthony
             .
             For
             this
             end
             they
             chose
             a
             place
             between
             Metapontum
             and
             Tarentum
             ,
             upon
             a
             River
             that
             bears
             the
             name
             of
             the
             latter
             .
             Anthony
             came
             thither
             the
             first
             ,
             and
             as
             soon
             as
             he
             saw
             Caesar
             coming
             ,
             he
             leaped
             into
             a
             Boat
             ,
             to
             goe
             and
             receive
             him
             on
             the
             other
             side
             the
             River
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             not
             to
             be
             behind-hand
             with
             him
             in
             Civility
             ,
             hastily
             advanced
             in
             another
             Boat
             ;
             they
             met
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             the
             River
             ,
             where
             ,
             after
             they
             embraced
             ,
             they
             had
             a
             very
             obliging
             contest
             ,
             on
             which
             side
             they
             should
             land
             ;
             Anthony
             was
             earnest
             to
             land
             on
             Caesar's
             ,
             and
             he
             on
             Anthony's
             :
             Caesar
             at
             last
             prevailed
             ,
             under
             Pretence
             of
             waiting
             on
             his
             Sister
             who
             was
             returned
             to
             Tarentum
             :
             they
             walked
             together
             to
             this
             Town
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             spent
             the
             night
             without
             any
             other
             Guards
             about
             his
             person
             than
             those
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             next
             day
             went
             likewise
             without
             Guards
             ,
             and
             lay
             in
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ;
             upon
             which
             Appion
             says
             very
             well
             ,
             that
             this
             excess
             of
             confidence
             was
             as
             great
             a
             sign
             of
             their
             Levity
             ,
             as
             the
             differences
             they
             had
             upon
             every
             slight
             occasion
             .
             They
             concluded
             that
             Caesar
             should
             put
             off
             his
             Enterprize
             against
             Pompey
             till
             Spring
             ,
             because
             Anthony
             could
             no
             longer
             defer
             his
             expedition
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             that
             he
             should
             give
             Caesar
             120
             Sail
             ,
             who
             should
             furnish
             him
             with
             two
             Legions
             of
             Italian
             Souldiers
             ;
             and
             Octavia
             ,
             
             upon
             her
             own
             account
             ,
             gave
             her
             Brother
             twenty
             great
             Vessels
             ,
             the
             best
             that
             were
             in
             her
             Husband's
             Fleet
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             complemented
             her
             with
             4000
             old
             Souldiers
             ,
             to
             increase
             the
             number
             of
             her
             Guards
             ;
             and
             the
             five
             years
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             being
             almost
             finished
             ,
             they
             prolonged
             it
             five
             more
             purely
             by
             their
             own
             Authority
             ,
             without
             valuing
             the
             consent
             of
             the
             People
             or
             the
             ratification
             of
             the
             Senate
             .
             But
             that
             which
             is
             most
             surprizing
             in
             this
             Argument
             is
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             found
             Octavia
             so
             amiable
             ,
             who
             so
             much
             admired
             her
             vertue
             ,
             and
             who
             owed
             to
             her
             care
             all
             the
             advantages
             he
             reaped
             by
             this
             Treaty
             ,
             would
             leave
             her
             and
             a
             daughter
             he
             had
             by
             her
             in
             Italy
             ;
             and
             ,
             for
             all
             this
             ,
             Caesar
             did
             not
             blame
             the
             injustice
             of
             his
             Proceeding
             .
             The
             reasons
             they
             both
             had
             for
             their
             proceeding
             thus
             are
             not
             come
             to
             our
             knowledge
             ,
             and
             therefore
             the
             Historians
             have
             left
             us
             the
             liberty
             to
             guess
             at
             them
             .
             'T
             is
             not
             very
             hard
             to
             divine
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             ,
             returning
             into
             the
             East
             with
             his
             Soul
             filled
             with
             the
             imagination
             of
             those
             pleasures
             with
             which
             Cleopatra
             had
             so
             long
             charmed
             him
             ,
             he
             look●d
             upon
             his
             Wife
             but
             onely
             as
             an
             obstacle
             to
             his
             pleasures
             ,
             upon
             the
             false
             principle
             of
             men
             of
             his
             character
             ;
             that
             all
             the
             honour
             and
             reputation
             is
             the
             Wife
             's
             right
             ,
             but
             the
             heart
             and
             affection
             the
             Mistresse's
             .
             And
             as
             he
             knew
             Octavia's
             vertue
             would
             remain
             unshaken
             in
             spight
             of
             all
             his
             ill-usage
             and
             infidelity
             ,
             he
             knew
             he
             could
             leave
             no
             body
             near
             Caesar
             who
             would
             inspire
             
             him
             with
             better
             Sentiments
             for
             him
             and
             his
             interest
             .
             As
             for
             Caesar
             ,
             whose
             reach
             was
             so
             extraordinary
             ,
             although
             he
             were
             very
             sensible
             of
             this
             injury
             ,
             he
             knew
             well
             enough
             the
             noise
             Anthony's
             usage
             of
             his
             wife
             would
             make
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             and
             how
             it
             would
             load
             him
             with
             all
             the
             hatred
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             who
             had
             a
             great
             veneration
             for
             his
             Sister
             ;
             and
             therefore
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             ,
             was
             very
             glad
             of
             the
             occasion
             of
             so
             just
             a
             pretence
             of
             a
             breach
             with
             Anthony
             ,
             when
             he
             saw
             it
             was
             most
             for
             his
             advantage
             .
             At
             this
             time
             Menas
             ,
             incited
             by
             his
             natural
             levity
             and
             inconstancy
             ,
             or
             outraged
             he
             was
             not
             considered
             as
             he
             deserved
             ,
             abandoned
             the
             party
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             returned
             to
             Pompey
             with
             his
             Gallies
             ,
             without
             Calvisius
             perceiving
             his
             revolt
             ;
             which
             made
             Caesar
             take
             from
             him
             the
             Command
             of
             the
             Navy
             ,
             to
             give
             it
             to
             Agrippa
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XIX
             .
             Caesar
             puts
             a
             powerfull
             Fleet
             to
             Sea
             ,
             commanded
             by
             Agrippa
             .
             He
             attacks
             Pompey
             in
             
               Sicilia
               .
               Lepidus
            
             comes
             to
             Caesar's
             assistence
             .
             Several
             Actions
             .
          
           
             AGrippa
             ,
             the
             better
             to
             acquit
             himself
             with
             honour
             in
             this
             Command
             ,
             resolved
             to
             have
             a
             potent
             Navy
             at
             Sea
             ,
             and
             to
             fit
             it
             out
             with
             more
             ease
             and
             convenience
             ,
             
             he
             made
             use
             of
             two
             Lakes
             ,
             the
             Lucrinus
             and
             the
             Avernus
             .
             The
             Lakes
             were
             Reservoirs
             ,
             of
             a
             prodigious
             extent
             ,
             made
             by
             incredible
             labour
             and
             expence
             in
             places
             where
             the
             Sea
             working
             over
             the
             banks
             in
             foul
             weather
             had
             naturally
             formed
             a
             kind
             of
             Basin
             or
             Pool
             :
             in
             these
             Places
             ,
             Art
             assisting
             Nature
             had
             hollowed
             these
             vast
             Receptacles
             ,
             and
             made
             them
             capable
             of
             holding
             a
             great
             Fleet
             :
             here
             too
             were
             used
             and
             fattened
             those
             Oisters
             ,
             Lampreys
             and
             other
             Sea-fish
             ,
             which
             were
             made
             so
             famous
             by
             being
             made
             the
             chief
             ingredients
             of
             the
             Roman
             Luxury
             :
             these
             Places
             had
             communication
             with
             the
             Sea
             by
             Sluices
             .
             Caesar
             had
             given
             freedom
             to
             Twenty
             thousand
             Slaves
             ,
             upon
             condition
             they
             were
             to
             serve
             at
             the
             Oar.
             After
             Agrippa
             had
             employed
             the
             remainder
             of
             this
             year
             and
             all
             the
             next
             to
             build
             several
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             fit
             out
             the
             other
             ,
             he
             daily
             exercised
             his
             Souldiers
             and
             his
             Chiorme
             ,
             sometimes
             by
             Prizes
             which
             he
             gave
             the
             best
             Rowers
             ,
             otherwhiles
             by
             Mock-fights
             ,
             wherein
             he
             put
             in
             practice
             all
             the
             necessary
             motions
             that
             belonged
             to
             Sea-fights
             :
             by
             this
             means
             he
             trained
             up
             expert
             Mariners
             and
             good
             Souldiers
             :
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             knew
             his
             zeal
             and
             active
             diligence
             ,
             entirely
             relied
             on
             him
             .
             But
             as
             the
             Loss
             he
             had
             formerly
             sustained
             was
             believed
             to
             be
             an
             effect
             of
             the
             anger
             of
             the
             Gods
             ;
             he
             resolved
             to
             appease
             them
             with
             great
             Sacrifices
             .
             He
             assembled
             all
             his
             Navy
             at
             Puteoli
             ,
             where
             the
             Ministers
             designed
             for
             this
             function
             were
             also
             met
             :
             they
             raised
             Altars
             
             on
             the
             Sea-shoar
             ,
             which
             were
             sprinkled
             with
             the
             Sea-water
             ,
             in
             sight
             of
             all
             the
             Souldiers
             who
             were
             in
             the
             Vessels
             in
             a
             profound
             Silence
             :
             after
             which
             the
             Sacrificers
             in
             Pinnaces
             offered
             up
             Victims
             ,
             and
             ,
             accompanied
             by
             the
             principal
             Commanders
             ,
             rowed
             round
             the
             Fleet
             ,
             carrying
             the
             limbs
             of
             the
             Sacrifices
             ;
             they
             beseeched
             the
             Gods
             ,
             that
             all
             the
             misfortunes
             the
             Fleet
             was
             threatned
             with
             might
             fall
             upon
             those
             Victims
             then
             offered
             ;
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             threw
             some
             into
             the
             Sea
             ;
             the
             rest
             were
             burned
             :
             and
             then
             ,
             they
             returned
             to
             the
             Altars
             ,
             which
             they
             perfumed
             with
             Incense
             and
             sweet
             odours
             ,
             while
             all
             the
             Assistents
             offered
             up
             their
             Vows
             ,
             Prayers
             and
             Supplications
             .
             In
             this
             manner
             the
             Romans
             used
             to
             bless
             and
             purifie
             their
             Ships
             before
             they
             undertook
             any
             great
             expedition
             .
             Caesar
             had
             taken
             order
             to
             assault
             Pompey
             on
             all
             sides
             ,
             in
             his
             Fort
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             in
             
               Sicilia
               .
               Lepidus
            
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             sent
             for
             ,
             was
             to
             land
             on
             the
             South
             of
             the
             Isle
             ,
             at
             
               Lilybaeum
               .
               Taurus
            
             ,
             who
             was
             at
             Tarentum
             ,
             attacked
             him
             on
             the
             East
             side
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             himself
             on
             the
             West
             :
             he
             made
             choice
             of
             the
             day
             of
             the
             New
             moon
             dedicated
             to
             the
             honour
             of
             
               I.
               Caesar
            
             in
             the
             month
             of
             Iuly
             (
             which
             yet
             retains
             his
             name
             )
             to
             weigh
             his
             Anchors
             and
             set
             sail
             .
             Pompey
             on
             his
             part
             prepared
             to
             make
             a
             very
             vigorous
             defence
             :
             he
             sent
             Pliny
             to
             Lilybaum
             with
             eight
             Legions
             and
             a
             great
             number
             of
             light
             armed
             Foot
             ;
             he
             guarded
             all
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Sicilia
             and
             the
             Isles
             of
             Lipari
             and
             Carcyra
             ,
             to
             hinder
             Caesar
             from
             
             seizing
             on
             them
             ,
             he
             himself
             kept
             in
             the
             Port
             of
             Messina
             with
             his
             best
             Ships
             ,
             to
             carry
             Succours
             where
             it
             was
             necessary
             .
             Lepidus
             was
             come
             from
             Africa
             with
             twelve
             Legions
             and
             Five
             thousand
             Numidian
             Horse
             upon
             eighty
             Ships
             of
             War
             and
             a
             thousand
             Barks
             .
             Taurus
             had
             a
             hundred
             and
             two
             Vessels
             that
             were
             Anthony's
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             followed
             by
             Appius
             who
             was
             his
             Lieutenant-general
             ,
             was
             come
             from
             Puzzolo
             with
             a
             favourable
             gale
             .
             But
             it
             seems
             that
             neither
             the
             Sea
             nor
             Winds
             were
             appeased
             by
             the
             Sacrifices
             .
             Lepidus
             ,
             by
             a
             Southerly
             wind
             which
             sank
             several
             of
             his
             Barks
             ,
             was
             thrown
             upon
             the
             Coast
             of
             Sicily
             ,
             where
             he
             landed
             with
             much
             pain
             and
             hazzard
             :
             However
             he
             put
             his
             Troops
             in
             good
             order
             ;
             and
             ,
             after
             he
             had
             taken
             several
             small
             Places
             ,
             he
             besieged
             Pliny
             in
             
               Lilybaeum
               .
               Taurus
            
             ,
             foreseeing
             the
             Storm
             ,
             retired
             to
             Tarentum
             :
             but
             Caesar
             suffered
             most
             of
             all
             ;
             his
             Lieutenant
             ,
             cast
             upon
             the
             Rocks
             near
             Catanea
             ,
             had
             the
             best
             part
             of
             his
             Vessels
             split
             and
             bulged
             ;
             he
             himself
             with
             the
             loss
             of
             one
             Galley
             made
             in
             to
             a
             Gulf
             near
             Eleata
             ;
             but
             this
             Bay
             lying
             open
             to
             the
             Southerly
             wind
             ,
             which
             more
             and
             more
             increased
             ,
             Caesar's
             Fleet
             was
             so
             beaten
             by
             stress
             of
             weather
             that
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             save
             himself
             a-shoar
             ,
             with
             so
             violent
             a
             displeasure
             that
             ,
             they
             say
             ,
             he
             cryed
             out
             that
             ,
             however
             ,
             in
             spight
             of
             even
             Neptune
             himself
             ,
             he
             would
             get
             the
             Victory
             .
             He
             lost
             six
             of
             the
             great
             Ships
             that
             Octavia
             had
             given
             him
             ,
             twenty
             six
             others
             ,
             and
             many
             light
             Brigantines
             
             or
             pirating
             Boats
             called
             Liburnicae
             .
             He
             omitted
             no
             care
             nor
             diligence
             to
             repair
             this
             Misfortune
             .
             He
             sent
             Mecoenas
             to
             Rome
             ,
             to
             hinder
             all
             commotions
             this
             accident
             might
             cause
             in
             favour
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             whose
             name
             the
             People
             had
             respect
             for
             .
             He
             encouraged
             the
             Veterane
             Souldiers
             by
             fresh
             Promises
             of
             Rewards
             .
             And
             after
             he
             had
             visited
             Taurus
             at
             Tarentum
             ,
             where
             his
             Ships
             were
             in
             good
             order
             ,
             he
             came
             to
             Vibonium
             ,
             where
             he
             gave
             order
             for
             the
             re-establishment
             of
             his
             Navy
             ;
             but
             ,
             to
             shew
             the
             weakness
             and
             misfortune
             of
             these
             men
             thus
             clouded
             by
             a
             false
             Superstition
             ,
             he
             would
             never
             forgive
             Neptune
             this
             last
             disgrace
             ,
             and
             made
             his
             Image
             be
             taken
             from
             among
             the
             other
             Divinities
             the
             day
             the
             publick
             Games
             were
             celebrated
             in
             the
             Circus
             .
             On
             the
             other
             hand
             ,
             Pompey
             gave
             thanks
             and
             offered
             Sacrifices
             to
             this
             God
             ,
             and
             trusted
             so
             much
             to
             his
             assistence
             ,
             that
             he
             never
             minded
             taking
             any
             advantage
             from
             his
             Adversaries
             disorder
             ;
             he
             said
             that
             ,
             
               these
               repeated
               Shipwrecks
               in
               Summer
               when
               the
               Sea
               is
               commonly
               calm
               were
               visible
               tokens
               of
               the
               favour
               and
               protection
               of
            
             Neptune
             .
             And
             he
             was
             so
             vain
             as
             to
             adorn
             himself
             with
             a
             Robe
             of
             Yellow
             ,
             the
             Colour
             consecrated
             to
             this
             God
             instead
             of
             a
             Purple
             one
             ,
             the
             usual
             Ornament
             of
             Roman
             Generals
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Caesar
             refitted
             his
             Fleet
             with
             incredible
             diligence
             ,
             which
             soon
             made
             Pompey
             be
             of
             another
             mind
             ;
             convincing
             him
             of
             his
             false
             hopes
             he
             had
             flattered
             himself
             with
             ,
             that
             so
             many
             losses
             would
             
             discourage
             Caesar.
             He
             therefore
             sent
             Menas
             ,
             with
             the
             Squadron
             he
             commanded
             ,
             to
             see
             what
             posture
             the
             Enemies
             were
             in
             .
             This
             freed-man
             ,
             whose
             courage
             and
             experience
             deserved
             better
             than
             to
             be
             joined
             to
             so
             inconstant
             and
             perfidious
             a
             mind
             ,
             already
             repented
             he
             had
             gone
             back
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             whose
             Fleet
             he
             thought
             to
             have
             commanded
             ,
             but
             was
             disappointed
             .
             Therefore
             he
             resolved
             to
             perform
             some
             remarkable
             Exploit
             ,
             to
             make
             himself
             considerable
             and
             be
             courted
             ;
             so
             ,
             after
             he
             had
             gained
             the
             affection
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             by
             the
             Money
             he
             distributed
             among
             them
             ,
             in
             three
             days
             he
             made
             1500
             Stadiums
             ,
             and
             fell
             upon
             Caesar's
             guard
             Ships
             .
             He
             took
             three
             immediately
             ,
             sank
             some
             Victuallers
             ,
             burn'd
             others
             ;
             and
             by
             these
             brave
             Exploits
             astonished
             the
             whole
             Fleet
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             at
             that
             time
             had
             no
             Commander
             in
             chief
             .
             He
             ,
             besides
             ,
             made
             use
             of
             this
             Strategeme
             ,
             he
             ran
             his
             Galley
             into
             a
             kind
             of
             Bay
             ,
             which
             had
             owzy
             ground
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             had
             been
             drown'd
             and
             stranded
             ,
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             the
             Legions
             who
             were
             a-shoar
             ran
             to
             seize
             upon
             it
             ;
             but
             when
             Menas
             saw
             them
             within
             reach
             of
             his
             Darts
             ,
             he
             threw
             an
             infinite
             number
             among
             them
             ,
             and
             stood
             out
             again
             to
             Sea
             ,
             laughing
             at
             and
             mocking
             them
             with
             Shouts
             .
             When
             he
             thought
             he
             had
             made
             himself
             sufficiently
             formidable
             ,
             he
             sent
             a
             man
             to
             Mindius
             ,
             an
             Officer
             of
             Caesar's
             ,
             to
             speak
             with
             him
             .
             Mindius
             went
             ,
             and
             Menas
             told
             him
             that
             he
             was
             willing
             to
             return
             to
             Caesar's
             service
             ,
             which
             the
             hatred
             and
             injustice
             
             of
             Calvisius
             made
             him
             forsake
             .
             Mindius
             told
             Messala
             of
             it
             ,
             who
             being
             a
             Man
             of
             honour
             onely
             ,
             scorned
             his
             Inconstancy
             .
             However
             he
             made
             Caesar
             acquainted
             with
             what
             Mindius
             had
             done
             with
             him
             .
             Caesar
             gave
             him
             what
             Security
             he
             desired
             ,
             but
             it
             was
             rather
             to
             weaken
             Pompey's
             Party
             ,
             than
             strengthen
             his
             own
             by
             a
             Man
             who
             was
             not
             to
             be
             trusted
             .
             Menas
             came
             and
             threw
             himself
             at
             Caesar's
             Feet
             ,
             who
             pardoned
             him
             ,
             without
             leaving
             him
             any
             Command
             ,
             and
             displaced
             and
             changed
             all
             the
             Officers
             of
             his
             Vessels
             .
             However
             ,
             if
             we
             will
             beleive
             
               Horace
               ,
               Menas
            
             retired
             himself
             with
             great
             wealth
             ,
             and
             served
             afterwards
             in
             the
             Post
             of
             a
             military
             Tribune
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XX.
             The
             Actions
             of
             Agrippa
             against
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             beats
             Caesar's
             Fleet.
             
          
           
             A
             Little
             after
             this
             ,
             Messala
             ,
             by
             order
             from
             Caesar
             ,
             went
             for
             Sicilia
             with
             three
             Legions
             ,
             which
             he
             encamped
             near
             the
             Bay
             of
             Taurominum
             above
             Lepidus
             his
             Camp.
             Three
             other
             Legions
             were
             sent
             to
             Stilide
             ,
             on
             the
             other
             side
             .
             And
             Taurus
             went
             from
             Tarentum
             with
             all
             the
             Squadron
             he
             commanded
             ,
             to
             make
             himself
             Master
             of
             the
             Cape
             of
             Squlazzo
             ,
             over
             against
             Taormina
             ;
             
             in
             the
             mean
             time
             four
             of
             Lepidus
             his
             Legions
             ,
             who
             came
             out
             of
             Africk
             in
             Barks
             ,
             were
             defeated
             by
             Pompey's
             Lieutenant
             .
             Two
             of
             these
             Legions
             were
             utterly
             lost
             ,
             except
             some
             few
             Souldiers
             that
             saved
             themselves
             and
             got
             to
             Lepidus
             his
             Camp.
             The
             other
             two
             went
             back
             into
             
               Africa
               .
               Caesar
            
             was
             then
             with
             all
             his
             Navy
             at
             the
             Isle
             of
             Strongyle
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             saw
             the
             Coast
             of
             Sicily
             defended
             by
             Pompey's
             Forces
             who
             were
             at
             
               Pylorus
               ,
               Myles
               ,
               Tindaride
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Places
             .
             He
             left
             Agrippa
             to
             command
             the
             Fleet
             ,
             and
             returned
             to
             Vibonium
             ,
             from
             whence
             going
             into
             Sicily
             he
             marched
             towards
             Taurominum
             with
             Messala's
             three
             Legions
             .
             Agrippa
             ,
             who
             longed
             for
             an
             opportunity
             of
             signalizing
             his
             Valour
             ,
             seeing
             himself
             Commander
             in
             chief
             of
             so
             mighty
             a
             Fleet
             ,
             besieged
             Hiera
             upon
             the
             Coast
             of
             Sicily
             ;
             and
             after
             he
             had
             taken
             it
             ,
             he
             had
             surprized
             Demochares
             with
             fourty
             Sail
             in
             the
             Port
             of
             Myles
             ,
             if
             Pompey
             had
             not
             sent
             Apollophanes
             with
             fourty
             five
             others
             to
             his
             aid
             ,
             whom
             he
             some
             time
             after
             followed
             with
             eighty
             .
             Agrippa
             had
             left
             half
             his
             Fleet
             at
             Hiera
             ,
             and
             went
             with
             the
             rest
             to
             intercept
             Papias
             ,
             who
             intended
             to
             get
             into
             the
             Port
             of
             Myles
             ,
             when
             at
             the
             same
             instant
             he
             discovered
             Apollophanes
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             made
             towards
             him
             .
             He
             then
             commanded
             the
             Ships
             that
             were
             at
             Hiera
             with
             all
             speed
             to
             come
             up
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             dispatched
             a
             light
             Brigantine
             to
             let
             Caesar
             know
             what
             danger
             he
             was
             in
             .
             But
             that
             he
             might
             not
             be
             hemmed
             in
             ,
             he
             resolved
             
             first
             to
             engage
             Papias
             ,
             who
             was
             nearest
             hand
             .
             Papias
             his
             Gallies
             were
             light
             and
             well
             manned
             with
             Rowers
             ;
             Agrippa's
             were
             heavy
             ,
             but
             stronger
             and
             loftier
             ,
             and
             his
             Souldiers
             all
             brave
             and
             men
             of
             service
             ;
             which
             gave
             them
             great
             advantage
             in
             boarding
             ;
             for
             no
             sooner
             was
             one
             of
             Pompey's
             Gallies
             grappled
             but
             it
             was
             taken
             ;
             therefore
             they
             avoided
             this
             way
             of
             Fighting
             ,
             and
             onely
             attacked
             Agrippa's
             by
             surprize
             ,
             bearing
             upon
             their
             Quarter
             ,
             breaking
             their
             Rudders
             and
             their
             Oars
             .
             Pompey
             advanced
             with
             his
             Vessels
             to
             encompass
             Agrippa
             before
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Fleet
             came
             to
             his
             relief
             from
             Hiera
             ;
             while
             Papias
             made
             a
             brave
             Fight
             ,
             though
             his
             Galley
             were
             split
             by
             Agrippa's
             and
             he
             forced
             to
             change
             his
             Ship.
             Pompey
             seeing
             the
             Vessels
             come
             from
             Hiera
             ,
             judged
             his
             would
             be
             too
             weak
             for
             them
             ,
             and
             therefore
             thought
             of
             a
             Retreat
             ;
             and
             though
             he
             endeavoured
             it
             with
             all
             order
             imaginable
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             hinder
             Agrippa
             from
             taking
             thirty
             Gallies
             ,
             with
             the
             loss
             of
             onely
             five
             of
             his
             own
             .
             The
             Swiftness
             of
             Pompey's
             Vessels
             was
             the
             occasion
             of
             saving
             the
             remainder
             ,
             because
             they
             ran
             into
             places
             where
             Agrippa
             durst
             not
             follow
             them
             ,
             because
             his
             drew
             more
             water
             ,
             and
             would
             have
             been
             aground
             .
             Agrippa
             was
             minded
             to
             block
             them
             up
             but
             his
             Officers
             represented
             to
             him
             that
             
               it
               was
               not
               convenient
               to
               hazard
               the
               honour
               of
               so
               brave
               an
               action
               ,
               by
               exposing
               the
               Fleet
               to
               the
               danger
               of
               the
               Winds
               and
               Seas
               ,
               which
               they
               had
               but
               too
               much
               experience
               of
               already
               .
            
             
             he
             followed
             their
             advice
             ,
             and
             retired
             ▪
             Pompey
             ,
             seeing
             his
             Souldiers
             much
             discouraged
             by
             this
             ill
             success
             ,
             thought
             it
             was
             not
             in
             the
             least
             proper
             for
             him
             to
             shew
             any
             signs
             of
             discontent
             himself
             .
             Quite
             contrary
             ,
             he
             praised
             their
             Valour
             ,
             and
             laid
             the
             blame
             of
             his
             misfortunes
             upon
             the
             weak
             building
             of
             his
             Ships
             :
             nay
             ,
             he
             gave
             rewards
             to
             those
             that
             had
             behaved
             themselves
             well
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             had
             gained
             a
             Victory
             ;
             and
             this
             management
             of
             his
             in
             this
             conjuncture
             was
             a
             great
             reason
             of
             assuring
             him
             of
             the
             affection
             of
             his
             Troops
             :
             These
             differences
             thus
             balancing
             the
             Successes
             of
             both
             Parties
             were
             very
             convenient
             for
             the
             designs
             of
             Lepidus
             ;
             he
             was
             then
             in
             Sicilia
             with
             a
             great
             Army
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             were
             onely
             come
             to
             be
             a
             peaceable
             Spectatour
             of
             the
             Battels
             ,
             and
             to
             see
             both
             Parties
             Ruine
             by
             the
             fury
             and
             length
             of
             this
             War.
             This
             Trimming
             of
             his
             gave
             Caesar
             great
             occasion
             of
             suspicion
             ,
             but
             it
             was
             not
             now
             time
             to
             shew
             it
             .
             He
             was
             at
             Squlazzo
             with
             Taurus
             and
             Messala's
             Legions
             when
             he
             heard
             the
             News
             of
             Agrippa's
             Victory
             ,
             and
             thereupon
             attempted
             to
             take
             Taormina
             ,
             thinking
             Pompey
             was
             blocked
             up
             by
             Agrippa
             ,
             and
             could
             not
             come
             to
             relieve
             it
             .
             It
             was
             a
             Post
             of
             great
             importance
             ;
             and
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             had
             foreseen
             this
             design
             ,
             left
             his
             Fleet
             with
             Demochares
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             Messina
             ,
             where
             he
             drew
             into
             a
             Body
             all
             his
             Forces
             :
             his
             absence
             gave
             Agrippa
             an
             opportunity
             to
             assault
             Tindaride
             ,
             from
             whence
             being
             repulsed
             he
             took
             some
             small
             places
             on
             the
             Sea-side
             .
             Caesar
             going
             
             on
             Ship-board
             with
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             his
             Army
             ,
             leaving
             the
             rest
             with
             M●ssala
             ,
             came
             before
             Taur●minum
             and
             summoned
             the
             Garrison
             .
             Pompey's
             Souldiers
             answered
             him
             as
             became
             men
             of
             honour
             ,
             and
             upon
             their
             refusal
             Caesar
             with
             his
             Fleet
             stood
             over
             to
             the
             other
             side
             of
             the
             mouth
             of
             the
             River
             O●●●balm
             ,
             and
             disembarked
             them
             near
             a
             Temple
             of
             Venus
             ,
             and
             from
             thence
             went
             and
             encamped
             at
             Artemisa
             ,
             a
             Temple
             of
             Diana
             ,
             which
             he
             fortified
             ,
             the
             better
             from
             thence
             to
             attack
             Taurominum
             .
             Whilst
             his
             Army
             was
             drawn
             up
             in
             Battalia
             ,
             staying
             till
             their
             several
             Quarters
             were
             allotted
             them
             ,
             they
             saw
             the
             Army
             of
             Pompey
             appear
             both
             by
             Sea
             and
             Land.
             Caesar
             was
             extremely
             surprised
             at
             this
             ,
             and
             his
             Troops
             were
             seized
             with
             so
             great
             a
             fear
             that
             ,
             seeing
             Pompey's
             Horse
             charge
             their
             advanced
             Guards
             ,
             they
             put
             themselves
             into
             disorder
             .
             Upon
             this
             occasion
             Pompey
             wanted
             both
             conduct
             and
             counsel
             ;
             for
             Caesar
             had
             been
             utterly
             defeated
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             been
             but
             warmly
             attack'd
             .
             The
             night
             that
             came
             on
             was
             the
             pretext
             of
             Pompey's
             Retreat
             which
             he
             made
             towards
             the
             Mountain
             Coccineum
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             sent
             all
             his
             Foot
             to
             Phenice
             ,
             not
             daring
             to
             encamp
             with
             it
             so
             near
             Caesar
             in
             an
             open
             Countrey
             .
             Caesar
             fortified
             his
             Camp
             with
             extraordinary
             diligence
             ▪
             so
             that
             he
             quickly
             put
             himself
             out
             of
             danger
             of
             being
             forced
             .
             He
             had
             with
             him
             three
             Legions
             ,
             five
             hundred
             dismounted
             Horse
             ,
             a
             thousand
             light
             ●rmed
             Foot
             ,
             and
             two
             thousand
             auxiliary
             
             Forces
             of
             the
             Allies
             .
             The
             Fault
             Pompey
             had
             committed
             confirmed
             him
             in
             the
             opinion
             he
             had
             of
             his
             want
             of
             experience
             ;
             and
             ,
             to
             make
             some
             advantage
             of
             it
             ,
             he
             put
             aboard
             his
             best
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             went
             and
             engaged
             the
             Enemies
             Fleet.
             The
             Fight
             was
             very
             hot
             ,
             but
             unfortunate
             for
             
               Caesar.
               Pompey
            
             soon
             made
             him
             sensible
             that
             ,
             if
             he
             wanted
             Conduct
             ,
             he
             did
             not
             want
             Valour
             ;
             so
             that
             he
             took
             several
             Vessels
             ,
             and
             burn'd
             others
             ,
             and
             had
             quite
             put
             an
             end
             to
             this
             War
             by
             a
             glorious
             Victory
             ,
             had
             it
             not
             been
             for
             the
             assistence
             of
             Cornificius
             ,
             who
             commanded
             Caesar's
             Army
             on
             Land.
             The
             Battel
             was
             fought
             not
             far
             from
             Land
             ,
             so
             that
             most
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             saved
             themselves
             on
             Shoar
             ;
             but
             Caesar
             lost
             many
             Gallies
             in
             this
             Defeat
             :
             he
             was
             left
             alone
             with
             onely
             one
             Attendant
             in
             a
             Shallop
             ,
             which
             landed
             him
             at
             the
             Port
             of
             Abal●
             .
             These
             great
             misfortunes
             ,
             joined
             to
             his
             extreme
             fatigues
             ,
             brought
             him
             so
             low
             both
             in
             body
             and
             mind
             ,
             that
             he
             laid
             aside
             all
             care
             of
             his
             preservation
             ,
             and
             endeavoured
             to
             forget
             his
             troubles
             by
             the
             assistence
             of
             Sleep
             ,
             which
             the
             solitude
             he
             was
             in
             with
             onely
             one
             Slave
             ,
             and
             the
             risque
             he
             ran
             of
             the
             Enemies
             ,
             could
             not
             hinder
             him
             from
             .
             In
             this
             state
             he
             was
             found
             by
             his
             Officers
             ,
             who
             were
             along
             the
             Coast
             to
             meet
             with
             him
             ,
             and
             a-sleep
             as
             he
             was
             ,
             without
             waking
             him
             ,
             they
             carried
             him
             from
             one
             Boat
             to
             another
             ,
             till
             they
             had
             brought
             him
             safe
             to
             Messala's
             Camp
             :
             here
             a
             Prodigy
             happened
             to
             him
             ,
             which
             gave
             him
             great
             hopes
             :
             a
             
             great
             Fish
             threw
             himself
             out
             of
             the
             Sea
             upon
             the
             shoar
             ,
             and
             expired
             at
             his
             feet
             ;
             and
             as
             the
             Romans
             were
             superstitious
             and
             gave
             great
             credit
             to
             these
             Presages
             ,
             Caesar
             believed
             this
             betokened
             Victory
             to
             him
             ,
             as
             if
             the
             Sea
             by
             this
             tribute
             and
             submission
             had
             acknowledged
             his
             Power
             .
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXI
             .
             Caesar
             gives
             new
             Orders
             for
             the
             fighting
             of
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             in
             a
             general
             battel
             is
             entirely
             defeated
             .
          
           
             THE
             first
             care
             of
             Caesar
             was
             ,
             to
             preserve
             the
             Forces
             he
             had
             left
             under
             the
             command
             of
             Cornificius
             ;
             he
             therefore
             dispatched
             away
             Courriers
             to
             his
             men
             that
             kept
             the
             Passes
             of
             the
             mountains
             ,
             with
             positive
             order
             ,
             to
             come
             up
             to
             that
             General
             ,
             to
             whom
             he
             sent
             a
             Brigantine
             ,
             to
             bid
             him
             be
             ready
             to
             receive
             them
             .
             After
             this
             forecast
             he
             took
             a
             little
             rest
             ,
             and
             then
             came
             to
             Stilide
             with
             great
             diligence
             .
             Messala's
             Lieutenant
             ,
             had
             orders
             to
             go
             to
             
               Lipara
               .
               Agrippa
            
             was
             to
             send
             aid
             to
             Cornificius
             ,
             and
             Messala
             to
             return
             to
             Pu●eoli
             ,
             to
             make
             Recruits
             ,
             and
             bring
             the
             first
             Legion
             to
             Vibonium
             .
             For
             had
             he
             not
             used
             all
             the
             Precaution
             ,
             Cornificius
             had
             been
             utterly
             lost
             ;
             for
             Pompey
             having
             declined
             to
             fight
             him
             when
             
             he
             offered
             him
             Battel
             ;
             he
             had
             retrenched
             himself
             in
             sight
             of
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             cut
             off
             all
             Provisions
             from
             him
             ;
             he
             was
             at
             length
             constrained
             to
             decamp
             ,
             and
             by
             Pompey's
             Numidian
             Cavalry
             was
             forced
             into
             a
             place
             called
             by
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             Countrey
             the
             fiery
             Brook.
             This
             in
             all
             appearance
             was
             some
             place
             near
             mount
             Etna
             ;
             and
             the
             Land
             all
             here
             about
             ,
             being
             burnt
             and
             breathing
             out
             sulphureous
             exhalations
             ,
             dryes
             up
             the
             Torrents
             that
             fall
             ,
             so
             that
             all
             is
             covered
             with
             onely
             ashes
             and
             dust
             .
             Here
             the
             Troops
             of
             Cornificius
             had
             perished
             with
             thirst
             ,
             if
             the
             Succours
             that
             Agrippa
             sent
             to
             him
             by
             Aronius
             had
             not
             come
             in
             very
             good
             time
             to
             disengage
             him
             in
             this
             Extremity
             .
             However
             ,
             Cornificius
             was
             so
             much
             puffed
             up
             with
             vanity
             for
             this
             Retreat
             ,
             that
             when
             he
             returned
             to
             Rome
             ,
             as
             a
             mark
             of
             honour
             to
             himself
             ,
             he
             never
             came
             home
             from
             Supper
             from
             his
             friends
             houses
             but
             mounted
             in
             triumph
             upon
             an
             Elephant
             .
             At
             the
             appearance
             of
             Agrippa's
             Legions
             the
             Numidians
             retreated
             ,
             and
             Cornificius
             joined
             Agrippa
             ,
             who
             had
             taken
             Tindaride
             ,
             whither
             he
             afterwards
             came
             with
             all
             his
             land
             Forces
             ,
             which
             consisted
             of
             one
             and
             twenty
             Legions
             ,
             two
             thousand
             Horse
             and
             five
             thousand
             light-armed
             Foot.
             Pompey
             was
             not
             so
             strong
             by
             Land
             ,
             but
             had
             a
             better
             Fleet
             than
             Caesar.
             They
             made
             several
             motions
             ,
             and
             had
             some
             slight
             skirmishes
             ;
             but
             at
             length
             ,
             Caesar
             ,
             s●izing
             upon
             all
             the
             passages
             of
             Provision
             by
             land
             ,
             made
             Pompey's
             Forces
             retire
             ,
             and
             reduced
             him
             to
             the
             necessity
             of
             
             finishing
             their
             differences
             by
             a
             Sea-sight
             ;
             though
             Caesar
             was
             not
             very
             willing
             to
             it
             ,
             because
             the
             Sea
             had
             never
             been
             favourable
             to
             him
             .
             However
             ,
             he
             found
             himself
             obliged
             to
             it
             in
             honour
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             confidence
             he
             placed
             in
             the
             Conduct
             and
             Valour
             of
             Agrippa
             .
             They
             fixed
             an
             appointed
             day
             of
             Battel
             ,
             and
             both
             sides
             prepared
             for
             it
             .
             The
             two
             Generals
             were
             to
             meet
             ,
             each
             with
             four
             hundred
             Vessels
             .
             Agrippa
             ,
             contriving
             all
             ways
             to
             get
             the
             Victory
             ,
             invented
             a
             kind
             of
             Engine
             ,
             which
             succeeded
             very
             well
             :
             This
             was
             a
             Grappling
             hook
             ,
             made
             of
             a
             piece
             of
             Timber
             five
             cubits
             long
             ,
             covered
             over
             with
             Plates
             of
             Iron
             ,
             at
             each
             end
             whereof
             was
             a
             Ring
             of
             Iron
             ;
             to
             one
             end
             was
             fastned
             a
             Scyth
             ,
             or
             rather
             a
             great
             Hook
             ,
             to
             the
             other
             several
             Cables
             to
             draw
             it
             home
             when
             any
             Vessel
             was
             grappled
             .
             The
             impatience
             of
             the
             Generals
             made
             them
             come
             very
             betime
             to
             the
             place
             of
             Battel
             between
             Myles
             and
             Naulocus
             .
             Their
             Souldiers
             carried
             on
             by
             an
             equal
             ardor
             soon
             came
             to
             handy-blows
             ,
             and
             as
             they
             had
             sufficient
             leisure
             to
             prepare
             for
             it
             ,
             Darts
             ,
             Piles
             ,
             Stones
             ,
             Arrows
             and
             Fire-pots
             were
             all
             employed
             .
             That
             which
             more
             particularly
             appears
             in
             Civil
             wars
             you
             may
             be
             sure
             happened
             here
             ,
             where
             the
             animosity
             of
             particular
             persons
             made
             the
             Combate
             more
             bloudy
             than
             if
             between
             neighbouring
             Nations
             ,
             onely
             for
             the
             motive
             of
             Glory
             and
             Conquest
             .
             All
             the
             Gallies
             were
             grappled
             by
             this
             Invention
             of
             Agrippa
             ,
             nor
             could
             those
             of
             Pompey
             avoid
             this
             disadvantageous
             
             way
             of
             fighting
             .
             The
             land
             Forces
             of
             both
             Parties
             stood
             as
             Spectators
             on
             the
             shoar
             waiting
             for
             the
             event
             of
             it
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             apprehension
             .
             The
             Victory
             was
             long
             dubious
             ,
             but
             at
             last
             by
             the
             bravery
             of
             Agrippa
             it
             turned
             in
             favour
             of
             Caesar.
             None
             could
             behave
             themselves
             better
             than
             he
             did
             upon
             this
             occasion
             .
             He
             was
             every
             where
             .
             He
             over-set
             the
             Enemies
             Gallies
             with
             the
             shock
             of
             his
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             best
             and
             strongest
             of
             the
             Fleet
             ,
             and
             put
             several
             of
             them
             out
             of
             condition
             of
             fighting
             ,
             and
             performed
             such
             gallant
             actions
             that
             Anthony
             afterwards
             reproached
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             not
             the
             courage
             so
             much
             as
             to
             see
             the
             Navies
             in
             Battel
             order
             ,
             but
             lay
             down
             in
             his
             Gally
             with
             his
             eyes
             to
             Heaven
             ,
             as
             one
             besides
             himself
             and
             frighted
             out
             of
             his
             senses
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             rise
             to
             shew
             himself
             to
             the
             Souldiers
             till
             after
             Agrippa
             had
             put
             his
             Enemies
             to
             flight
             .
             The
             truth
             of
             the
             story
             is
             ,
             that
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Engagement
             Caesar
             was
             overcome
             with
             so
             profound
             a
             Sleep
             that
             his
             familiars
             were
             forced
             to
             wake
             him
             to
             give
             the
             word
             and
             the
             signal
             for
             the
             Charge
             ,
             and
             this
             is
             the
             ground
             of
             Anthony's
             reproach
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             behaved
             himself
             like
             a
             man
             of
             prudence
             and
             courage
             .
             Nevertheless
             ,
             he
             gave
             all
             the
             honour
             of
             it
             to
             Agrippa
             ,
             whom
             he
             honoured
             with
             a
             blew
             Standard
             and
             a
             rostral
             Crown
             .
             This
             was
             so
             total
             a
             Defeat
             that
             Pompey
             had
             onely
             seventeen
             Gallies
             left
             of
             all
             that
             great
             Fleet
             ,
             with
             which
             he
             fled
             to
             
               Messina
               .
               Caesar
            
             onely
             lost
             three
             
             that
             were
             sunk
             ;
             but
             there
             were
             sunk
             of
             Pompey's
             twenty
             eight
             ,
             the
             others
             were
             either
             burnt
             or
             taken
             .
             This
             great
             Victory
             had
             this
             remarkable
             in
             it
             ,
             that
             the
             same
             day
             it
             was
             published
             at
             Rome
             by
             a
             Souldier
             ,
             who
             ,
             no
             doubt
             inspired
             ,
             proclaimed
             it
             aloud
             ,
             and
             ran
             to
             the
             Capitol
             and
             laid
             his
             Sword
             at
             the
             Feet
             of
             Iupiter's
             Image
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             had
             no
             more
             need
             of
             it
             .
             Pompey
             ,
             who
             had
             so
             often
             neglected
             his
             advantages
             in
             prosperity
             ,
             and
             had
             no
             more
             good
             conduct
             in
             adversity
             ,
             left
             his
             land
             Forces
             at
             the
             discretion
             of
             the
             Conquerour
             ,
             instead
             of
             going
             to
             them
             and
             reassuring
             them
             by
             his
             presence
             ;
             so
             that
             Tistenus
             ,
             who
             commanded
             them
             ,
             went
             with
             all
             his
             Troops
             into
             Caesar's
             service
             .
             Upon
             this
             Pompey
             forsook
             the
             marks
             and
             habit
             of
             a
             General
             ,
             and
             sent
             to
             those
             of
             Messina
             ,
             that
             if
             they
             intended
             to
             retire
             and
             save
             themselves
             ,
             they
             should
             speedily
             embark
             .
             Pliny
             had
             eight
             Legions
             at
             Lilybaeum
             ,
             and
             was
             marching
             to
             assist
             him
             according
             to
             the
             Orders
             he
             had
             received
             .
             Pompey
             was
             in
             Messina
             ,
             a
             very
             strong
             place
             ,
             and
             able
             to
             maintain
             a
             long
             Siege
             ;
             but
             he
             ,
             not
             staying
             for
             his
             Lieutenant
             ,
             bore
             through
             the
             strait
             ,
             to
             throw
             himself
             into
             the
             Power
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             whose
             protection
             he
             hoped
             for
             in
             requital
             of
             that
             he
             had
             formerly
             given
             his
             Mother
             Iulia.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXII
             .
             Pompey's
             flight
             .
             Lepidus
             endeavours
             to
             make
             himself
             Master
             of
             Sicily
             .
             His
             Souldiers
             forsake
             him
             to
             serve
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             orders
             the
             Affairs
             of
             Rome
             with
             great
             prudence
             .
          
           
             LEpidus
             as
             we
             have
             already
             mentioned
             quietly
             watched
             the
             success
             of
             this
             War
             ,
             at
             the
             head
             of
             fourteen
             Legions
             in
             very
             good
             quarters
             .
             As
             soon
             as
             he
             heard
             of
             Pompey's
             defeat
             he
             came
             near
             to
             Messina
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             already
             assaulted
             by
             
               Agrippa
               .
               Pliny
            
             had
             put
             himself
             and
             Forces
             into
             it
             after
             Pompey's
             departure
             ,
             but
             seeing
             there
             was
             no
             way
             but
             surrendring
             ,
             he
             sent
             to
             the
             two
             Generals
             to
             capitulate
             .
             Agrippa
             intreated
             Lepidus
             to
             stay
             till
             Caesar's
             arrival
             ,
             which
             at
             farthest
             would
             be
             next
             morning
             which
             Lepidus
             refused
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             was
             the
             strongest
             upon
             the
             place
             he
             received
             Pliny
             upon
             Composition
             ,
             and
             added
             his
             Troops
             to
             his
             Army
             ,
             after
             which
             he
             abandoned
             the
             Town
             to
             the
             pillage
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             .
             Caesar
             arriving
             at
             break
             of
             day
             ,
             sent
             to
             Lepidus
             to
             complain
             of
             these
             proceedings
             ,
             as
             also
             for
             his
             seizing
             upon
             several
             places
             in
             
               Sicilia
               .
               Lepidus
            
             fiercely
             answered
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             had
             taken
             upon
             him
             all
             the
             authority
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             whereto
             he
             had
             as
             much
             right
             as
             himself
             ,
             but
             the
             event
             shewed
             that
             if
             he
             ever
             had
             he
             knew
             not
             how
             to
             maintain
             it
             .
             Caesar
             was
             one
             of
             those
             extraordinary
             Persons
             ,
             whose
             wit
             and
             gallantry
             in
             so
             high
             
             Advancement
             keep
             firm
             ,
             and
             still
             raise
             them
             higher
             ;
             whereas
             in
             men
             of
             vulgar
             Spirits
             it
             often
             happeneth
             ,
             that
             either
             their
             wit
             prejudices
             their
             courage
             ,
             or
             their
             valour
             their
             understanding
             :
             He
             went
             alone
             to
             Lepidus
             his
             Camp
             without
             any
             other
             assistence
             than
             that
             of
             his
             own
             merit
             ,
             and
             the
             Authority
             he
             had
             gained
             by
             his
             Victories
             .
             The
             Souldiers
             of
             Pompey
             looked
             upon
             him
             with
             respect
             ,
             and
             drew
             round
             about
             him
             .
             Lepidus
             being
             told
             of
             it
             ,
             makes
             haste
             thither
             and
             scatters
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             made
             them
             charge
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             was
             hurt
             by
             a
             Dart
             thrown
             at
             him
             ,
             which
             yet
             did
             not
             hinder
             him
             from
             going
             to
             the
             place
             where
             the
             Eagles
             of
             the
             Legions
             were
             planted
             ,
             taking
             one
             of
             them
             which
             he
             advanced
             in
             the
             Air
             ,
             whereupon
             all
             the
             Legionary
             Souldiers
             ran
             in
             crowds
             and
             saluted
             him
             as
             their
             General
             .
             Lepidus
             being
             the
             second
             time
             abandoned
             by
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             quitted
             all
             the
             marks
             of
             his
             Authority
             which
             he
             could
             no
             longer
             keep
             ,
             took
             a
             mourning
             Gown
             ,
             and
             after
             he
             had
             remained
             a
             good
             while
             unregarded
             in
             the
             throng
             of
             those
             who
             flocked
             to
             salute
             Caesar
             ,
             he
             came
             and
             threw
             himself
             at
             his
             feet
             .
             This
             was
             a
             terrible
             mortifying
             spectacle
             worthy
             of
             reflexion
             to
             see
             a
             Tri●●vi●
             ,
             who
             had
             disposed
             of
             the
             Lives
             of
             many
             noble
             Persons
             ,
             to
             be
             reduced
             to
             beg
             his
             own
             ,
             of
             one
             whom
             he
             had
             so
             lately
             insulted
             over
             Caesar
             des●ised
             him
             too
             much
             to
             take
             it
             from
             him
             ,
             he
             pardoned
             him
             ,
             but
             took
             from
             him
             the
             Rank
             and
             Authority
             ,
             
             and
             onely
             left
             him
             his
             Estate
             and
             the
             Dignity
             of
             sovereign
             Priest.
             The
             Greek
             Historians
             to
             give
             more
             honour
             to
             Caesar's
             prudence
             take
             from
             his
             Courage
             ,
             they
             report
             that
             he
             was
             already
             assured
             of
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             Lepidus
             his
             Officers
             before
             he
             went
             into
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             had
             with
             him
             a
             Troop
             of
             Horse
             ,
             and
             that
             being
             charged
             by
             Lepidus
             he
             was
             hurt
             ,
             and
             his
             Esquire
             killed
             close
             by
             him
             ,
             and
             that
             in
             his
             retreat
             he
             cut
             to
             pieces
             a
             Cohort
             of
             Pompey's
             ;
             who
             insulted
             at
             his
             misfortune
             .
             That
             the
             next
             day
             Lepidus
             seeing
             his
             Army
             march
             in
             order
             with
             their
             Ensigns
             advanced
             to
             yield
             themselves
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             he
             offered
             to
             seize
             upon
             an
             Eagle
             that
             a
             Souldier
             carried
             ,
             who
             insolently
             told
             him
             he
             must
             endure
             it
             ,
             or
             it
             would
             cost
             him
             his
             Life
             :
             however
             it
             was
             ,
             they
             all
             agree
             that
             Lepidus
             came
             to
             Caesar
             to
             beg
             his
             Life
             ,
             which
             was
             granted
             him
             with
             his
             Office
             of
             Priesthood
             and
             Estate
             .
             Su●tonius
             alone
             says
             ,
             that
             Caesar
             banished
             him
             to
             Cyrceum
             .
             In
             this
             manner
             the
             Authority
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             without
             any
             Competitor
             ,
             came
             wholly
             into
             the
             hands
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             though
             between
             them
             they
             shared
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             even
             that
             would
             not
             suffice
             their
             Ambition
             .
             Caesar
             would
             not
             suffer
             Pompey
             to
             be
             persued
             ,
             whether
             it
             were
             ,
             that
             he
             feared
             that
             carried
             on
             by
             the●r
             heat
             in
             the
             Chase
             of
             him
             ,
             they
             would
             ●o
             beyond
             the
             bounds
             of
             his
             Dominions
             ,
             and
             that
             Anthony
             would
             be
             offended
             at
             it
             ,
             or
             that
             he
             was
             willing
             to
             spare
             
             the
             Life
             of
             one
             who
             was
             not
             an
             Accomplice
             in
             the
             murther
             of
             his
             Father
             .
             These
             are
             the
             reasons
             he
             gave
             out
             ,
             but
             those
             who
             look
             into
             the
             bottom
             of
             his
             Politicks
             ,
             believe
             that
             he
             was
             willing
             to
             leave
             an
             unfortunate
             Wretch
             upon
             Anthony's
             hands
             ,
             who
             might
             be
             a
             considerable
             mischief
             to
             him
             ,
             but
             of
             no
             use
             at
             all
             ;
             for
             if
             he
             received
             him
             kindly
             he
             took
             a
             Companion
             ,
             who
             might
             become
             very
             uneasie
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             whenever
             Caesar
             thought
             fit
             would
             be
             always
             an
             occasion
             of
             a
             quarrel
             ,
             On
             the
             other
             side
             in
             putting
             him
             to
             death
             ,
             he
             would
             draw
             upon
             himself
             the
             aversion
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             the
             particular
             hatred
             of
             all
             the
             party
             of
             Pompey
             the
             Great
             .
             Never
             any
             Roman
             General
             was
             ever
             at
             the
             head
             of
             so
             great
             an
             Army
             as
             was
             at
             this
             time
             in
             Sicilia
             ,
             he
             had
             there
             forty
             five
             Legions
             ,
             twenty
             five
             thousand
             Horse
             ,
             one
             hundred
             and
             sixty
             thousand
             light
             armed
             Foot
             ,
             with
             six
             hundred
             ships
             of
             War
             ,
             without
             counting
             the
             Barks
             and
             smaller
             Vessels
             which
             were
             without
             number
             ,
             and
             which
             Caesar
             restored
             to
             their
             particular
             owners
             ,
             from
             whom
             they
             had
             been
             taken
             .
             With
             so
             much
             power
             as
             this
             ,
             he
             saw
             himself
             in
             a
             state
             of
             being
             able
             to
             undertake
             any
             thing
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             not
             now
             been
             checked
             by
             the
             insolence
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             out
             of
             season
             always
             gave
             him
             some
             occasion
             of
             disgust
             to
             interrupt
             the
             satisfaction
             of
             his
             Victories
             .
             Though
             he
             had
             distributed
             among
             them
             great
             sums
             of
             Money
             ,
             and
             promised
             them
             much
             more
             ,
             though
             he
             had
             given
             
             great
             store
             of
             military
             Crowns
             ,
             and
             other
             marks
             of
             honour
             ,
             t●e
             Souldiers
             were
             not
             content
             ;
             when
             they
             begin
             to
             reflect
             on
             their
             great
             number
             they
             no
             longer
             are
             obedient
             to
             Discipline
             ,
             and
             think
             it
             a
             disparagement
             to
             obtain
             that
             by
             Prayers
             which
             they
             carry
             by
             force
             :
             it
             was
             in
             this
             manner
             that
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             asked
             their
             dismission
             ,
             and
             the
             same
             rewards
             that
             were
             granted
             to
             those
             who
             fought
             at
             
               Philippi
               .
               Caesar
            
             brought
             himself
             out
             of
             this
             plunge
             ,
             partly
             by
             prayers
             and
             partly
             by
             threats
             ;
             he
             deferred
             the
             distributing
             their
             recompences
             ,
             till
             the
             return
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             told
             them
             the
             Illyrians
             had
             declared
             War
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             were
             to
             be
             vanquished
             before
             any
             thing
             else
             were
             done
             ;
             the
             Legions
             refused
             to
             march
             before
             they
             had
             satisfaction
             .
             Caesar
             commanded
             to
             bring
             out
             more
             Crowns
             ,
             Spears
             and
             Bracelets
             ,
             and
             even
             purple
             Robes
             for
             the
             Officers
             ,
             giving
             them
             the
             Dignity
             and
             rank
             of
             Senatours
             ;
             but
             a
             Tribune
             named
             Hostitius
             insolently
             told
             him
             .
             
               He
               might
               keep
               those
               Bawbles
               for
               Children
               ,
               that
               the
               Souldiers
               had
               need
               of
               nothing
               but
               Money
               and
               Land
               ,
            
             all
             the
             Army
             shouted
             at
             this
             saying
             :
             Caesar
             thereupon
             in
             great
             anger
             came
             down
             from
             his
             Tribunal
             and
             retired
             .
             Hostitius
             with
             other
             mutineers
             went
             even
             up
             to
             his
             Tent
             ;
             but
             the
             next
             morning
             the
             Tribune
             was
             not
             to
             be
             found
             ,
             which
             terr●fied
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             made
             every
             one
             c●nsult
             his
             own
             safety
             .
             At
             length
             Caesar
             dismist
             those
             who
             had
             been
             at
             the
             Wars
             of
             Modena
             and
             Macedonia
             ,
             the
             
             others
             he
             pacified
             by
             large
             promises
             ,
             and
             gave
             every
             one
             five
             hundred
             Drachmas
             which
             he
             got
             out
             of
             Sicilia
             ,
             that
             was
             condemned
             to
             pay
             him
             six
             hundred
             Talents
             ;
             he
             established
             Preton
             for
             his
             Lieutenant
             in
             Africa
             and
             Sicilia
             ,
             where
             he
             left
             the
             one
             half
             of
             his
             Troops
             .
             He
             sent
             all
             the
             ships
             he
             had
             of
             Anthony
             to
             Tarentum
             ,
             and
             kept
             the
             others
             with
             him
             to
             carry
             him
             into
             Italy
             ,
             his
             return
             to
             Rome
             was
             celebrated
             with
             all
             the
             honours
             the
             Senate
             and
             people
             could
             invent
             .
             The
             Senatours
             in
             a
             Body
             received
             him
             at
             the
             Gates
             of
             the
             City
             ,
             and
             conducted
             him
             to
             the
             Capitol
             followed
             by
             all
             the
             people
             ,
             Crowned
             with
             Garlands
             of
             Flowers
             ;
             where
             after
             he
             had
             given
             thanks
             to
             the
             Gods
             ,
             they
             waited
             on
             him
             to
             his
             Palace
             .
             Seeing
             himself
             rid
             of
             so
             formidable
             a
             Rival
             as
             Pompey
             ,
             he
             thought
             of
             establishing
             and
             confirming
             his
             power
             ,
             and
             to
             give
             it
             stronger
             Foundation
             ,
             he
             would
             begin
             with
             the
             hearts
             and
             inclinations
             of
             the
             Romans
             themselves
             ,
             putting
             in
             practice
             those
             wise
             and
             great
             Maximes
             which
             rendred
             his
             Reign
             so
             happy
             ,
             as
             justly
             to
             acquire
             it
             the
             name
             of
             August
             .
             He
             went
             to
             the
             Senate-house
             ,
             where
             he
             gave
             an
             account
             of
             his
             actions
             in
             a
             very
             Elegant
             studied
             Speech
             ,
             which
             he
             caused
             afterwards
             to
             be
             published
             ,
             the
             conclusion
             of
             it
             was
             ,
             
               That
               after
               he
               had
               undergone
               so
               many
               toils
               ,
               and
               ●●●t
               through
               so
               many
               dangers
               to
               put
               an
               end
               to
               the
               Civil
               Wars
               ,
               be
               thought
               himself
               very
               happy
               ,
               to
               see
               his
               countrey
               in
               profound
               Peace
               and
               perfect
               Union
               ,
               and
               that
               
               to
               make
               it
               sensible
               of
               some
               advantage
               by
               it
               ,
               he
               remitted
               all
               the
               Arrears
               that
               were
               due
               to
               the
               publick
               Treasury
               of
               what
               nature
               soever
               the
               Debt
               were
               ;
               as
               for
               the
               publick
               Honours
               they
               offered
               him
               be
               onely
               desired
               the
               Permission
               to
               sacrifice
               in
               publick
               on
               those
               days
               on
               which
               he
               had
               won
               his
               Victories
               ,
               and
               a
               golden
               Statue
               in
               the
            
             Forum
             
               with
               an
               Inscription
               which
               should
               declare
               that
               the
               Senate
               and
               people
               of
            
             Rome
             
               had
               decreed
               him
               that
               Honour
               ,
               for
               having
               given
               them
               Peace
               and
               quiet
               both
               by
               Sea
               and
               Land
               :
            
             He
             refused
             the
             Office
             of
             
               Pontifex
               Maximus
            
             which
             Laepidus
             yet
             enjoyed
             ,
             and
             rejected
             with
             anger
             and
             scorn
             the
             Proposition
             that
             was
             made
             to
             put
             him
             to
             death
             ,
             as
             an
             Enemy
             to
             his
             Countrey
             .
             He
             sent
             Letters
             to
             his
             Lieutenants
             with
             orders
             to
             open
             them
             exactly
             all
             at
             the
             same
             hour
             which
             he
             specified
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             same
             time
             execute
             the
             Contents
             of
             them
             ,
             this
             concerned
             the
             Slaves
             who
             were
             lifted
             under
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             who
             were
             declared
             free
             by
             the
             last
             Agreement
             made
             with
             him
             ;
             they
             were
             all
             seized
             at
             the
             same
             time
             .
             Caesar
             restored
             them
             to
             their
             owners
             ,
             or
             their
             heirs
             ,
             those
             whose
             Masters
             were
             not
             to
             be
             found
             ,
             were
             hanged
             upon
             Crosses
             near
             the
             Cities
             ,
             from
             which
             they
             had
             escaped
             :
             last
             of
             all
             to
             secure
             the
             publick
             Peace
             ,
             he
             ordered
             Sabinus
             with
             his
             Troops
             to
             persue
             and
             bring
             to
             punishment
             all
             the
             Thieves
             that
             wer●
             to
             be
             found
             in
             Italy
             and
             Sicily
             ,
             and
             established
             at
             Rome
             some
             Companies
             for
             the
             Guard
             of
             the
             City
             .
             All
             this
             was
             executed
             with
             so
             much
             order
             and
             diligence
             ,
             
             that
             the
             Romans
             began
             to
             have
             an
             extraordinary
             Veneration
             for
             a
             Man
             who
             had
             so
             great
             a
             prudence
             at
             the
             age
             of
             twenty
             eight
             years
             .
             Some
             Cities
             in
             Italy
             ,
             went
             even
             to
             the
             erecting
             Altars
             to
             him
             ,
             especially
             after
             one
             gallant
             thing
             he
             did
             ;
             he
             found
             among
             the
             Papers
             of
             Pompey
             a
             great
             number
             of
             Letters
             and
             Memoirs
             of
             the
             chief
             Senatours
             ,
             which
             were
             sufficient
             to
             occasion
             among
             them
             very
             troublesome
             Affairs
             .
             He
             brought
             them
             all
             into
             the
             Forum
             ,
             and
             before
             all
             the
             people
             threw
             them
             all
             into
             a
             fire
             ,
             protesting
             that
             he
             there
             Sacrificed
             all
             his
             private
             Resentments
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             with
             a
             design
             to
             give
             up
             his
             Authority
             as
             soon
             as
             Anthony
             should
             return
             from
             the
             Parthian
             expedition
             ;
             if
             this
             action
             appeared
             pleasing
             unto
             the
             people
             ,
             the
             Protestation
             which
             followed
             it
             absolutely
             gained
             the
             hearts
             of
             the
             Romans
             ;
             they
             praised
             him
             to
             the
             Skies
             ,
             and
             to
             shew
             that
             they
             desired
             always
             to
             obey
             him
             ,
             they
             chose
             him
             Tribune
             of
             the
             people
             for
             all
             his
             Life-time
             .
             Besides
             ,
             by
             this
             they
             thought
             to
             oblige
             him
             ,
             to
             quit
             the
             more
             odious
             Dignity
             of
             Triumvi●
             ;
             though
             Caesar
             understood
             their
             meaning
             well
             enough
             ,
             he
             did
             not
             decline
             accepting
             the
             Office
             of
             perpetual
             Tribune
             ,
             which
             rendred
             his
             Person
             sacred
             and
             inviolable
             ;
             as
             for
             the
             suppr●ssion
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             ,
             he
             deferred
             that
             till
             Anthony's
             return
             ,
             and
             sent
             Bibulus
             ,
             to
             communicate
             to
             him
             this
             resolution
             ,
             and
             after
             he
             had
             disposed
             of
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             provinces
             he
             went
             against
             the
             Illyrians
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIII
             .
             Pompey
             goes
             into
             Asia
             ,
             where
             he
             makes
             War.
             The
             Lieutenants
             of
             Anthony
             fight
             and
             take
             him
             .
             The
             death
             of
             Pompey
             .
          
           
             POmpey
             was
             at
             this
             time
             at
             Mitilene
             ,
             where
             he
             understood
             Anthony
             was
             engaged
             in
             a
             War
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ,
             who
             in
             some
             encounters
             had
             the
             better
             of
             him
             ;
             and
             as
             Pompey
             was
             a
             man
             of
             no
             great
             reach
             ,
             he
             presently
             imagined
             that
             he
             might
             take
             Anthony's
             post
             in
             the
             East
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             come
             in
             for
             a
             share
             of
             his
             Empire
             .
             In
             persuance
             of
             this
             design
             he
             sent
             to
             the
             Kings
             of
             Pontus
             and
             Thracia
             ,
             and
             to
             draw
             them
             to
             his
             party
             proposed
             great
             advantages
             to
             them
             ;
             he
             sent
             also
             some
             of
             his
             Friends
             to
             the
             Parthian
             King
             to
             offer
             him
             his
             Service
             and
             his
             Person
             ,
             which
             he
             supposed
             they
             made
             great
             account
             of
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             Reputation
             of
             his
             Father's
             name
             .
             The
             return
             of
             Anthony
             to
             Alexandria
             did
             not
             make
             him
             change
             his
             intentions
             ,
             he
             resolved
             onely
             to
             send
             to
             salute
             him
             ,
             and
             desire
             his
             Protection
             :
             But
             all
             this
             while
             he
             still
             got
             Ships
             together
             ,
             and
             levied
             Souldiers
             under
             pretence
             of
             defending
             himself
             against
             
               Caesar.
               Anthony
            
             advertised
             of
             these
             doings
             ,
             ordered
             Titius
             to
             take
             the
             Army
             and
             Fleet
             that
             lay
             in
             Syria
             ,
             and
             go
             to
             Pompey
             and
             make
             him
             explain
             himself
             what
             he
             intended
             to
             
             doe
             ;
             and
             either
             to
             fight
             him
             ,
             or
             to
             treat
             him
             with
             all
             honour
             and
             respect
             if
             he
             yielded
             himself
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             ,
             those
             whom
             Pompey
             had
             sent
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             had
             executed
             their
             Commission
             very
             well
             ,
             they
             omitted
             nothing
             that
             might
             encline
             him
             to
             favour
             their
             Master
             ;
             they
             layed
             before
             him
             the
             unmeasurable
             Ambition
             of
             Caesar
             and
             the
             Protection
             that
             Pompey
             had
             afforded
             Anthony's
             Mother
             ;
             to
             this
             they
             added
             that
             reason
             of
             state
             absolutely
             required
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             should
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             the
             progress
             of
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             withall
             the
             deposing
             of
             Lepidus
             and
             the
             Consequences
             of
             that
             example
             were
             not
             forgot
             ,
             and
             the
             forces
             of
             Pompey
             which
             they
             magnified
             ,
             besides
             the
             Glory
             of
             protecting
             the
             Son
             of
             the
             greatest
             Man
             among
             the
             
               Romans
               .
               Anthony
            
             ,
             throughly
             informed
             of
             the
             truth
             ,
             to
             all
             these
             discourses
             onely
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               if
               what
               they
               told
               him
               of
            
             Pompey's
             
               intentions
               were
               true
               ,
               he
               would
               soon
               confirm
               it
               himself
               by
               coming
               along
               with
            
             Titius
             ,
             
               whom
               he
               had
               sent
               to
               him
               .
            
             But
             by
             misfortune
             to
             Pompey
             it
             chanced
             ,
             that
             his
             Envoys
             he
             sent
             to
             the
             Parthian
             King
             ,
             were
             taken
             with
             their
             instructions
             .
             Anthony
             shewed
             them
             to
             these
             Deputies
             who
             were
             terribly
             surprized
             .
             They
             begged
             Anthony
             ,
             he
             would
             not
             impute
             this
             perfidiousness
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             would
             suspend
             his
             Resentment
             against
             Pompey
             ,
             till
             he
             had
             seen
             what
             would
             pass
             between
             Titius
             and
             him
             .
             Anthony's
             Lieutenant
             in
             Asia
             ,
             had
             been
             obliged
             to
             Pompey
             ,
             and
             not
             being
             yet
             instructed
             how
             
             Anthony
             was
             inclined
             ,
             had
             received
             him
             with
             respect
             ,
             but
             seeing
             he
             d●●ly
             gave
             new
             occasions
             of
             suspicion
             he
             sent
             word
             of
             it
             to
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             caused
             Domitius
             with
             his
             Troops
             to
             approach
             :
             Upon
             this
             Pompey
             complained
             that
             they
             looked
             ●pon
             him
             as
             an
             Enemy
             ,
             and
             yet
             ●o
             all
             this
             while
             carried
             on
             a
             private
             Intrigue
             ,
             to
             gain
             Pomilius
             by
             the
             means
             of
             Curius
             who
             was
             in
             his
             Army
             ;
             but
             Curius
             being
             taken
             and
             executed
             as
             a
             Traitour
             ,
             Pompey
             immediately
             made
             away
             with
             Theodorus
             one
             of
             his
             fre●●
             Men
             ,
             who
             onely
             was
             privy
             to
             the
             whole
             secret
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             believed
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             quite
             smothered
             and
             hush'd
             up
             ,
             he
             seized
             upon
             Lampsacus
             a
             strong
             City
             ,
             and
             well
             peopled
             with
             Italians
             ,
             with
             whom
             he
             augmented
             his
             Forces
             :
             he
             had
             already
             on
             Foot
             three
             Legions
             and
             two
             hundred
             Horse
             ,
             which
             gave
             him
             the
             boldness
             to
             besiege
             Cy●icum
             ;
             being
             beaten
             from
             thence
             ,
             Furnius
             who
             was
             much
             stronger
             than
             he
             in
             Horse
             charged
             him
             in
             his
             retreat
             .
             Pompey
             laid
             an
             Ambuscade
             for
             him
             ,
             where
             Furnius
             lost
             some
             men
             ,
             and
             this
             advantage
             which
             passed
             for
             a
             great
             Victory
             ,
             drew
             into
             his
             Service
             several
             vagabond
             Souldiers
             out
             of
             Mysia
             and
             the
             Propontis
             .
             These
             succours
             made
             him
             think
             on
             vast
             designs
             :
             He
             assaulted
             and
             took
             Nice
             and
             Nicomedia
             ,
             where
             he
             got
             good
             store
             of
             money
             but
             no
             provisions
             ,
             which
             he
             stood
             most
             in
             need
             of
             ,
             because
             Furnius
             with
             his
             Cavalry
             cut
             them
             off
             from
             him
             every
             way
             .
             And
             as
             soon
             as
             Titius
             arrived
             at
             Procon●●sus
             with
             a
             strong
             
             Army
             and
             a
             great
             many
             Ships
             ▪
             Cassius
             of
             
               Parma
               ,
               Nas●di●s
               ,
               Saturninu●
               ,
               Thermus
            
             and
             Antistius
             all
             noble
             Romans
             treated
             with
             Titius
             ,
             and
             yielded
             themselves
             to
             Anthony
             ;
             but
             that
             which
             quite
             made
             an
             end
             of
             ruining
             him
             ,
             was
             the
             defection
             of
             Fannius
             and
             Libo
             his
             Father-in-Law
             ,
             who
             were
             a
             great
             stay
             to
             his
             party
             ,
             by
             their
             credit
             and
             their
             merit
             ;
             he
             would
             have
             retreated
             through
             the
             plains
             of
             Bithynia
             ,
             but
             
               Titius
               ,
               Furnius
            
             and
             Amintas
             opposed
             his
             retreat
             ,
             and
             as
             they
             were
             much
             stronger
             than
             he
             ,
             it
             gave
             them
             so
             much
             Confidence
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             not
             take
             the
             pains
             to
             fortifie
             their
             Camp.
             Pompey
             undertook
             with
             three
             thousand
             Legionary
             Souldiers
             to
             force
             it
             ,
             and
             charging
             them
             in
             the
             night
             ,
             he
             put
             them
             into
             so
             great
             disorder
             ,
             that
             there
             could
             be
             no
             reason
             given
             ,
             why
             he
             did
             not
             utterly
             defeat
             them
             ,
             unless
             it
             were
             his
             unlucky
             fate
             .
             They
             after
             had
             time
             to
             rally
             ,
             and
             hemmed
             him
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             which
             forced
             him
             to
             demand
             a
             conference
             with
             
               Furnius
               .
               Pompey
            
             offered
             to
             yield
             himself
             to
             him
             or
             to
             Amintas
             ,
             who
             was
             a
             foreign
             Prince
             .
             Furnius
             told
             him
             ,
             
               That
               neither
               he
               nor
            
             Amintas
             
               would
               receive
               him
               in
               prejudice
               of
            
             Titius
             ,
             
               who
               had
               orders
               concerning
               him
               from
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               and
               that
               in
               the
               condition
               he
               was
               then
               ,
               he
               had
               more
               need
               to
               think
               of
               saving
               himself
               ,
               than
               of
               sowing
               Division
               among
               them
               .
               Pompey
            
             then
             reproached
             Furnius
             with
             the
             favour
             he
             had
             done
             him
             ,
             in
             saving
             him
             when
             he
             was
             in
             his
             hands
             ,
             and
             very
             much
             insisted
             he
             should
             
             not
             yield
             himself
             to
             Titius
             ,
             who
             treated
             him
             very
             ungratefully
             .
             Furnius
             though
             he
             had
             an
             extreme
             regret
             could
             not
             consent
             to
             it
             ;
             and
             Pompey
             retired
             quite
             besides
             himself
             with
             grief
             .
             He
             forbid
             any
             fire
             should
             be
             made
             in
             his
             Camp
             ,
             and
             fiercely
             marched
             away
             with
             the
             most
             resolute
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             with
             a
             design
             to
             burn
             Titius
             his
             Ships
             ;
             and
             it
             may
             be
             ,
             this
             enterprize
             might
             have
             succeeded
             if
             by
             a
             total
             excess
             of
             misfortune
             ,
             he
             had
             not
             been
             betrayed
             by
             Scaurus
             .
             This
             persidious
             man
             left
             him
             to
             yield
             himself
             to
             the
             Enemies
             whom
             he
             advertised
             of
             Pompey's
             design
             ,
             which
             he
             onely
             conjectured
             at
             .
             Amintas
             was
             detached
             with
             fifteen
             hundred
             Horse
             to
             persue
             him
             ,
             and
             soon
             overtook
             Pompey
             who
             had
             onely
             foot
             with
             him
             ;
             all
             his
             Souldiers
             abandoned
             him
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             yield
             upon
             discretion
             to
             Amintas
             ,
             who
             carried
             him
             to
             Titius
             :
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             his
             Forces
             surrendred
             themselves
             to
             this
             General
             ,
             who
             sent
             Pompey
             to
             Miletus
             ,
             where
             he
             sacrificed
             him
             to
             his
             Resentment
             .
             For
             which
             the
             Romans
             conceived
             such
             a
             hatred
             to
             Titius
             ,
             that
             some
             time
             afterwards
             they
             drove
             him
             out
             of
             the
             Circus
             ,
             where
             he
             gave
             them
             publick
             Games
             ,
             and
             in
             effect
             it
             was
             always
             doubted
             ,
             whether
             Titius
             received
             orders
             from
             Anthony
             ,
             or
             whether
             Plancus
             who
             commanded
             in
             Syria
             ,
             did
             not
             abuse
             the
             Name
             and
             Signet
             of
             his
             General
             ,
             to
             put
             Pompey
             to
             death
             ,
             out
             of
             fear
             ,
             left
             Cleopatra
             should
             save
             him
             for
             his
             Father's
             
             sake
             ,
             or
             to
             make
             use
             of
             him
             for
             an
             occasion
             of
             division
             between
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             .
             Thus
             fell
             the
             youngest
             Son
             of
             Pompey
             the
             Great
             at
             the
             age
             of
             forty
             years
             ,
             after
             he
             had
             for
             some
             time
             maintained
             and
             kept
             up
             his
             Father's
             faction
             ;
             as
             much
             by
             his
             own
             valour
             as
             the
             assistence
             of
             that
             great
             Name
             :
             Beside
             that
             ,
             Wisedom
             did
             not
             go
             along
             with
             his
             courage
             ;
             he
             had
             to
             doe
             with
             two
             ,
             whereof
             one
             was
             the
             wisest
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             the
             bravest
             Captain
             of
             their
             time
             .
             He
             had
             too
             the
             misfortune
             of
             having
             none
             about
             him
             ,
             but
             people
             whose
             Souls
             as
             mean
             as
             their
             extraction
             were
             not
             capable
             by
             their
             Counsels
             to
             raise
             his
             vulgar
             Genius
             .
             This
             is
             was
             that
             made
             him
             loose
             so
             many
             fair
             opportunities
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             precipitated
             him
             into
             his
             destruction
             at
             last
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIV
             .
             The
             causes
             of
             the
             division
             between
             Anthony
             and
             Anthony's
             unfortunate
             expedition
             against
             the
             Parthians
             ;
             his
             return
             to
             Alexandria
             .
          
           
             IT
             was
             believed
             ,
             that
             the
             death
             of
             Pompey
             would
             have
             established
             a
             Peace
             through
             all
             the
             World
             ,
             especially
             since
             Anthony
             and
             Caesar
             might
             in
             the
             extent
             and
             riches
             of
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             ,
             find
             all
             that
             was
             capable
             of
             satisfying
             their
             Ambition
             .
             It
             was
             very
             probable
             too
             ,
             that
             their
             distance
             might
             take
             away
             all
             occasions
             of
             jealousie
             that
             daily
             grow
             between
             Persons
             ,
             whose
             Authority
             is
             equal
             ,
             and
             who
             are
             often
             together
             .
             But
             yet
             by
             their
             management
             of
             Affairs
             it
             was
             quickly
             seen
             ,
             which
             has
             been
             confirmed
             by
             so
             many
             examples
             ,
             that
             the
             desire
             of
             reigning
             observes
             no
             measures
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             sacred
             things
             .
             The
             Passion
             of
             Anthony
             for
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             the
             gifts
             he
             daily
             gave
             her
             of
             the
             Provinces
             that
             belonged
             to
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             ,
             served
             Caesar
             for
             a
             pretext
             to
             renew
             the
             War
             ,
             and
             free
             himself
             from
             a
             Competitor
             ,
             who
             was
             so
             formidable
             ,
             both
             by
             his
             valour
             ,
             and
             his
             Reputation
             in
             the
             opinion
             of
             he
             Souldiery
             .
             Anthony
             had
             added
             to
             
               Aegypt
               ,
               Phoenicia
            
             ,
             the
             lower
             Syria
             ,
             the
             Isle
             of
             Cyprus
             and
             a
             great
             part
             of
             Cilicia
             ,
             besides
             Arabia
             the
             happy
             and
             that
             part
             of
             Iuda●
             ,
             where
             the
             true
             Balsame
             grows
             ,
             and
             all
             this
             before
             he
             went
             to
             the
             Parthian
             War.
             
             These
             Presents
             that
             he
             made
             to
             a
             foreign
             Princess
             at
             the
             Romans
             cost
             ,
             very
             much
             displeased
             them
             ;
             and
             as
             they
             had
             nothing
             of
             ●●●ir
             ancient
             Liberty
             left
             them
             ,
             but
             the
             privilege
             of
             censuring
             the
             actions
             of
             their
             Governours
             ,
             there
             were
             daily
             published
             at
             Rome
             very
             scurrilous
             discourses
             of
             Anthony's
             prodigality
             .
             Caesar
             abetted
             these
             murmurings
             ,
             and
             privately
             encouraged
             them
             who
             were
             discontented
             ,
             whenas
             they
             farther
             heard
             at
             Rome
             ,
             that
             Anthony
             had
             given
             foreign
             Names
             to
             the
             Children
             he
             had
             by
             Cleopatra
             ,
             calling
             the
             Son
             Alexander
             ,
             and
             the
             daughter
             Cleopatra
             ;
             and
             adding
             to
             them
             the
             Sirnames
             of
             the
             Sun
             and
             Moon
             .
             Anthony
             had
             yet
             remaining
             in
             Rome
             several
             Friends
             ,
             who
             gave
             him
             notice
             of
             the
             discourses
             that
             went
             in
             his
             prejudice
             ;
             whereupon
             he
             published
             an
             Apology
             for
             himself
             ,
             wherein
             he
             affirmed
             ,
             that
             the
             Grandeur
             of
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             Romans
             was
             not
             more
             conspicuous
             for
             the
             Conquests
             ,
             they
             made
             than
             for
             the
             liberality
             they
             practised
             in
             bestowing
             the
             conquered
             Provinces
             ,
             and
             that
             true
             Nobility
             was
             multiplyed
             by
             the
             posterity
             that
             sovereign
             Princes
             left
             in
             several
             places
             ;
             and
             that
             was
             the
             reason
             that
             obliged
             Hercules
             ,
             from
             whom
             he
             derived
             himself
             ,
             not
             to
             subject
             himself
             to
             the
             single
             tye
             of
             a
             Lawfull
             wife
             ,
             but
             to
             leave
             the
             foundation
             of
             several
             illustrious
             Races
             in
             all
             parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             where
             he
             extended
             his
             Conquests
             .
             These
             false
             reasons
             with
             which
             he
             endeavoured
             to
             justifie
             his
             
             Passion
             seemed
             abominable
             to
             the
             Romans
             ,
             who
             made
             profession
             of
             a
             stricter
             Morality
             .
             At
             this
             time
             too
             ,
             it
             was
             that
             Anthony
             marched
             against
             the
             Parthians
             with
             thirteen
             Legions
             ,
             ten
             thousand
             Gallick
             or
             Spanish
             Horse
             ,
             and
             above
             thirty
             thousand
             other
             light
             armed
             Foot
             and
             Horse
             ;
             but
             this
             great
             preparation
             that
             made
             all
             the
             East
             tremble
             ,
             served
             onely
             to
             render
             his
             retreat
             more
             shamefull
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             him
             loose
             that
             great
             Reputation
             which
             he
             had
             gained
             in
             all
             other
             occasions
             ;
             at
             the
             very
             first
             the
             Parthians
             slew
             one
             of
             his
             Lieutenants
             ,
             and
             entirely
             defeated
             two
             Legions
             ,
             and
             even
             Anthony
             himself
             was
             reduced
             to
             such
             extremities
             ,
             that
             he
             often
             despaired
             of
             his
             own
             safety
             .
             At
             last
             after
             he
             had
             lost
             the
             fourth
             part
             of
             his
             Troops
             ,
             and
             all
             his
             baggage
             and
             Engines
             of
             Artillary
             ,
             or
             Engines
             ,
             he
             saved
             himself
             in
             Armenia
             ,
             by
             the
             advice
             of
             a
             Roman
             who
             had
             been
             a
             Prisoner
             among
             the
             Parthians
             ever
             since
             the
             death
             of
             Crassus
             .
             This
             man
             counselled
             him
             to
             leave
             the
             Plains
             and
             gain
             the
             Mountains
             ,
             where
             though
             the
             ways
             were
             difficult
             ,
             yet
             he
             was
             free
             from
             the
             insults
             and
             attacks
             of
             the
             Enemy
             ,
             all
             whose
             force
             consisted
             in
             their
             Cavalry
             .
             But
             though
             Anthony
             in
             this
             War
             behaved
             himself
             with
             his
             usual
             bravery
             ;
             nevertheless
             the
             loss
             he
             sustained
             of
             his
             best
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             the
             shamefull
             retreat
             of
             such
             a
             General
             as
             he
             ,
             who
             in
             all
             likelyhood
             was
             once
             able
             to
             have
             conquered
             his
             Enemies
             ,
             made
             an
             end
             of
             ruining
             
             his
             Reputation
             .
             It
             is
             said
             ,
             that
             all
             these
             misfortunes
             were
             the
             consequences
             of
             his
             Passion
             for
             the
             Queen
             of
             Aegypt
             ,
             for
             that
             he
             had
             begun
             the
             War
             in
             a
             wrong
             season
             ;
             and
             that
             he
             finished
             it
             too
             soon
             ;
             and
             lastly
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             taken
             no
             measures
             rightly
             ,
             but
             those
             that
             might
             hasten
             his
             return
             to
             Cleopatra
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             neglecting
             all
             that
             advantage
             that
             was
             offered
             him
             by
             the
             division
             of
             the
             Parthians
             and
             the
             Medes
             .
             But
             that
             which
             principally
             outraged
             the
             Romans
             was
             ,
             the
             taking
             Art●bazus
             King
             of
             Armeniae
             ,
             whom
             Anthony
             led
             in
             Triumph
             into
             Alexandria
             :
             the
             Pride
             of
             Rome
             could
             not
             bear
             ,
             that
             a
             Roman
             General
             should
             impart
             that
             honour
             to
             a
             foreign
             Nation
             ,
             and
             that
             she
             should
             be
             deprived
             of
             the
             advantage
             of
             insulting
             over
             vanquished
             Kings
             ,
             which
             for
             so
             many
             years
             she
             had
             enjoyed
             .
             Caesar
             made
             all
             these
             faults
             of
             Anthony
             be
             taken
             notice
             of
             ,
             and
             above
             all
             exaggerated
             the
             little
             value
             he
             had
             for
             his
             Countrey
             ;
             when
             he
             found
             their
             spirits
             sufficiently
             exasperated
             against
             him
             ,
             he
             resolved
             to
             send
             Octavia
             to
             her
             Husband
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             he
             might
             have
             a
             plausible
             occasion
             to
             declare
             War
             if
             he
             should
             offer
             her
             the
             affront
             of
             sending
             her
             back
             without
             seeing
             her
             .
             Anthony
             was
             then
             at
             Leucopolis
             ,
             between
             Tyre
             and
             Sidon
             ,
             where
             he
             stayed
             for
             Cleopatra
             with
             an
             impatience
             he
             was
             not
             able
             to
             conceal
             :
             what
             means
             soever
             he
             used
             to
             amuse
             himself
             and
             forget
             her
             in
             the
             pleasures
             of
             his
             Debauches
             ,
             he
             daily
             left
             the
             Table
             to
             run
             
             to
             the
             Sea-side
             ,
             to
             see
             if
             the
             Queen
             were
             not
             coming
             :
             at
             last
             she
             came
             ,
             bringing
             with
             her
             great
             quantity
             of
             Clothing
             for
             the
             Souldiers
             and
             a
             vast
             Sum
             of
             money
             ;
             at
             least
             Anthony
             gave
             her
             the
             honour
             of
             it
             when
             he
             distributed
             it
             ;
             though
             it
             is
             believed
             it
             all
             came
             out
             of
             his
             own
             Pocket
             .
             Almost
             at
             the
             same
             time
             Niger
             arrived
             ,
             sent
             by
             Octavia
             ,
             who
             stayed
             at
             Athens
             ,
             from
             whence
             she
             sent
             him
             word
             that
             she
             had
             brought
             him
             Clothes
             and
             Arms
             ,
             Horses
             and
             Presents
             for
             his
             Officers
             ;
             and
             that
             she
             had
             brought
             him
             2000
             chosen
             Souldiers
             all
             well
             armed
             .
             This
             was
             very
             heavy
             news
             for
             the
             Queen
             :
             she
             feared
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             reason
             ,
             that
             the
             vertue
             of
             Octavia
             joined
             with
             the
             consideration
             of
             her
             brother
             would
             deprive
             her
             of
             the
             Heart
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             that
             she
             could
             not
             prevail
             against
             so
             powerfull
             a
             Rival
             ,
             the
             moment
             she
             appeared
             .
             She
             bethought
             her self
             to
             feign
             a
             deep
             Melancholy
             :
             she
             abstained
             from
             almost
             all
             kind
             of
             food
             on
             purpose
             to
             make
             herself
             lean
             ;
             and
             when
             she
             was
             near
             Anthony
             ,
             she
             beheld
             him
             with
             languishing
             eyes
             ,
             after
             a
             very
             passionate
             manner
             ,
             as
             one
             quite
             besides
             her self
             with
             Love
             ;
             she
             let
             fall
             Tears
             in
             his
             presence
             ,
             and
             turned
             away
             her
             Face
             ,
             as
             if
             she
             desired
             to
             hide
             from
             him
             those
             marks
             of
             her
             grief
             .
             And
             besides
             all
             this
             ,
             their
             Flatterers
             told
             Anthony
             ,
             that
             
               he
               was
               very
               cruel
               and
               hard
               hearted
               to
               let
               a
               beautifull
               Princess
               ,
               who
               loved
               him
               with
               so
               much
               Passion
               ,
               languish
               so
               for
               him
               ;
               that
               her
               sorrow
               was
               ready
               to
               take
               away
               her
               life
               ,
               which
               
               she
               onely
               kept
               for
               his
               sake
               :
            
             that
             Octavia
             
               ought
               to
               be
               contented
               with
               being
               considered
               as
               his
               Wife
               ,
               though
               he
               married
               her
               but
               by
               constraint
               and
               upon
               a
               politick
               account
               ;
               whereas
               such
               a
               great
               Queen
               as
            
             Cleopatra
             
               had
               no
               more
               but
               the
               title
               of
               his
               Mistress
               ,
               and
               yet
               thought
               he
               did
               her
               a
               great
               deal
               of
               honour
               ,
               if
               he
               would
               be
               so
               gratious
               to
               her
               as
               not
               to
               send
               her
               from
               his
               presence
               ,
               which
               she
               could
               not
               bear
               without
               the
               loss
               of
               her
               life
               .
            
             These
             Flatteries
             prevailed
             so
             much
             upon
             Anthony's
             weakness
             ,
             that
             they
             quite
             turned
             his
             thoughts
             in
             favour
             of
             Cleopatra
             .
             He
             broke
             off
             his
             enterprize
             against
             the
             Parthians
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             instances
             of
             the
             King
             of
             the
             Medes
             who
             offered
             to
             join
             with
             him
             and
             oppose
             the
             Enemies
             with
             his
             Cavalry
             accustomed
             to
             their
             way
             of
             Fighting
             ,
             who
             when
             they
             were
             backed
             by
             the
             Roman
             Legions
             would
             have
             totally
             defeated
             them
             .
             He
             onely
             contented
             himself
             to
             make
             a
             match
             between
             one
             of
             the
             Sons
             he
             had
             by
             Cleopatra
             and
             a
             Daughter
             of
             that
             King.
             And
             after
             he
             had
             sent
             word
             to
             Octavia
             she
             should
             return
             to
             Rome
             ,
             he
             waited
             on
             Cleopatra
             back
             to
             Alexandria
             ,
             where
             he
             passed
             the
             Winter
             in
             all
             kind
             of
             Pleasures
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXV
             .
             Caesar
             accuses
             Anthony
             in
             the
             Senate
             .
             He
             declares
             War
             against
             Anthony
             .
             His
             Forces
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             was
             not
             at
             all
             surprized
             at
             the
             Contempt
             Anthony
             shewed
             for
             Octavia
             ,
             but
             yet
             he
             testified
             an
             extreme
             Resentment
             for
             it
             .
             As
             soon
             as
             ever
             his
             Sister
             came
             to
             Rome
             he
             ordered
             her
             to
             leave
             Anthony's
             house
             where
             she
             had
             always
             lived
             ;
             and
             it
             was
             upon
             this
             occasion
             that
             Octavia
             made
             her
             vertue
             be
             admired
             :
             She
             said
             ,
             
               Though
               she
               had
               a
               great
               respect
               for
               her
               brother
               ,
               yet
               she
               could
               not
               dispense
               with
               her self
               to
               obey
               him
               ;
               and
               therefore
               conjured
               him
               not
               to
               force
               her
               to
               quit
               the
               house
               of
               a
               person
               she
               would
               always
               honour
               as
               her
               husband
               ,
               in
               spight
               of
               his
               inconstancy
               ;
               and
               begged
               him
               to
               forget
               all
               the
               resentment
               he
               might
               have
               for
               an
               injury
               which
               onely
               reguarded
               her
               alone
            
             ;
             adding
             moreover
             ,
             
               that
               her
               interest
               ought
               not
               to
               oblige
               him
               to
               declare
               himself
            
             Anthony
             
               's
               enemy
               ,
               since
               it
               would
               be
               a
               very
               shamefull
               thing
               if
               it
               should
               one
               day
               be
               said
               ,
               that
               the
               love
               of
               one
               woman
               and
               the
               jealousie
               of
               another
               had
               carried
               two
               persons
               that
               governed
               such
               a
               great
               Empire
               to
               plunge
               the
            
             Romans
             
               into
               the
               mischiefs
               of
               a
               Civil-war
               .
               Caesar
            
             left
             his
             Sister
             at
             her
             liberty
             ,
             to
             doe
             as
             she
             pleased
             ;
             and
             indeed
             the
             carriage
             of
             Octavia
             did
             not
             belye
             her
             words
             .
             She
             always
             kept
             at
             Anthony's
             house
             ,
             and
             took
             an
             
             extraordinary
             care
             of
             the
             education
             of
             his
             Children
             ,
             without
             making
             any
             distinction
             between
             her
             own
             Children
             and
             those
             he
             had
             by
             Fulvia
             .
             She
             took
             into
             her
             protection
             all
             those
             whom
             her
             Husband
             sent
             to
             Rome
             to
             sue
             for
             Offices
             .
             She
             assisted
             their
             Pretensions
             with
             the
             Authority
             she
             had
             with
             the
             People
             ;
             and
             never
             left
             importuning
             her
             Brother
             till
             she
             had
             obtained
             for
             them
             what
             they
             desired
             .
             But
             nothing
             did
             more
             prejudice
             Anthony's
             interest
             than
             this
             behaviour
             of
             Octavia
             ,
             though
             it
             were
             quite
             against
             her
             intention
             ;
             this
             great
             generosity
             of
             hers
             made
             her
             Husband
             's
             ill
             usage
             of
             a
             person
             of
             her
             worth
             seem
             the
             more
             odious
             ,
             was
             that
             which
             purchased
             the
             general
             hatred
             of
             the
             Romans
             ;
             which
             was
             yet
             more
             confirmed
             by
             what
             he
             did
             at
             
               Alexandria
               .
               Anthony
            
             intending
             as
             it
             were
             to
             spight
             the
             Romans
             ,
             to
             dispose
             of
             the
             Provinces
             of
             his
             Dominions
             in
             favour
             of
             Cleopatra
             and
             her
             Children
             ,
             erected
             a
             Throne
             of
             Silver
             in
             the
             Gymnasium
             ,
             the
             place
             where
             the
             young
             men
             performed
             their
             bodily
             Exercises
             :
             Upon
             this
             Throne
             were
             two
             Seats
             of
             Gold
             ,
             one
             for
             him
             ,
             and
             another
             for
             Cleopatra
             ;
             and
             there
             in
             presence
             of
             all
             the
             People
             he
             declared
             her
             Queen
             of
             
               Aegypt
               ,
               Cyprus
               ,
               Lydia
            
             and
             lower
             Syria
             ,
             associating
             with
             her
             Caesarion
             ,
             the
             Son
             she
             had
             by
             
               I.
               Caesar.
            
             To
             the
             Children
             which
             he
             had
             by
             her
             he
             gave
             the
             Title
             of
             
               King
               of
               Kings
            
             ;
             and
             for
             their
             Dominions
             ,
             to
             Alexander
             ,
             the
             eldest
             ,
             he
             allotted
             
               Armenia
               ,
               Media
            
             and
             Parthia
             ,
             which
             he
             pretended
             to
             conquer
             in
             a
             
             little
             time
             ,
             Ptolemy
             ,
             the
             younger
             ,
             had
             Phoenicia
             ,
             upper
             Syria
             and
             Cilicia
             :
             then
             they
             appeared
             ,
             Alexander
             in
             a
             long
             Median
             Vest
             ,
             with
             a
             high
             Cidaris
             and
             Tiara
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             mark
             of
             Sovereignty
             among
             those
             Nations
             .
             Ptolemy
             had
             Grecian
             Buskins
             ,
             a
             royal
             Mantle
             and
             a
             large
             Hat
             adorned
             with
             a
             Diadem
             ,
             after
             the
             manner
             of
             the
             Macedonian
             Kings
             ,
             the
             Successors
             of
             Alexander
             .
             Thus
             habited
             ,
             they
             came
             to
             thank
             Anthony
             and
             Cleopatra
             ,
             who
             embraced
             them
             ,
             and
             immediately
             two
             Companies
             of
             Guards
             ,
             all
             chosen
             handsome
             persons
             ,
             the
             one
             Armenians
             ▪
             the
             other
             Macedonians
             ,
             were
             drawn
             up
             near
             these
             young
             Princes
             .
             But
             that
             which
             appeared
             most
             remarkable
             in
             this
             Solemnity
             was
             ,
             that
             Cleopatra
             appeared
             drest
             like
             the
             Goddess
             Isis
             ,
             and
             ever
             after
             ,
             when
             she
             appeared
             in
             publick
             ,
             she
             always
             wore
             that
             habit
             ;
             and
             all
             her
             Edicts
             and
             Decrees
             were
             ever
             after
             received
             as
             Oracles
             of
             the
             New
             
               Isis.
               Caesar
            
             then
             thought
             it
             was
             a
             convenient
             time
             openly
             to
             declare
             himself
             :
             he
             accused
             Anthony
             of
             all
             these
             Attempts
             against
             the
             Majesty
             of
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             before
             the
             Senate
             and
             the
             People
             of
             
               Rome
               .
               Anthony
            
             sent
             to
             Rome
             to
             make
             his
             defence
             ,
             and
             to
             complain
             of
             Caesar.
             He
             said
             ,
             
               He
               had
               seized
               upon
               all
            
             Sicily
             ,
             
               without
               giving
               him
               any
               share
               ;
               that
               he
               had
               dispossessed
            
             Lepidus
             ,
             
               and
               kept
               all
               his
               Governments
               for
               himself
               ;
               and
               that
               he
               had
               divided
               all
            
             Italy
             
               among
               his
               Souldiers
               ,
               and
               reserved
               nothing
               for
               those
               that
               served
               in
            
             Asia
             .
             To
             these
             Accusations
             Caesar
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               ,
               as
               
               for
            
             Lepidus
             ,
             
               he
               was
               obliged
               to
               depose
               him
               for
               his
               conduct
               ,
               for
               which
               he
               was
               justly
               punished
               :
               for
               the
               Conquests
               he
               had
               made
               ,
               he
               was
               willing
               to
               share
               them
               with
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               when
               he
               would
               divide
            
             Armenia
             
               which
               he
               had
               conquered
               ;
               and
               for
               the
               Souldiers
               that
               served
               with
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               there
               was
               no
               likelyhood
               that
               they
               would
               desire
               some
               pitifull
               lands
               in
            
             Italy
             
               after
               they
               had
               conquered
            
             Media
             
               and
               the
               Empire
               of
               the
            
             Parthians
             
               by
               the
               great
               Exploits
               they
               had
               done
               in
               following
               their
               General
               .
               Anthony
            
             was
             so
             nettled
             with
             this
             Jear
             ,
             that
             he
             ordered
             Canidius
             ,
             who
             commanded
             his
             Army
             ,
             to
             march
             without
             intermission
             towards
             the
             Sea-coasts
             with
             sixteen
             Legions
             to
             pass
             over
             into
             Europe
             ,
             and
             he
             himself
             with
             Cleopatra
             came
             to
             Ephesus
             ,
             where
             his
             Lieutenants
             had
             got
             together
             eight
             hundred
             Vessels
             ,
             whereof
             Cleopatra
             furnished
             two
             hundred
             with
             
             twenty
             thousand
             Talents
             and
             Provisions
             for
             all
             his
             Forces
             .
             Anthony
             ,
             by
             the
             Advice
             of
             Domitius
             ,
             resolved
             to
             send
             back
             the
             Queen
             into
             Aegypt
             till
             the
             War
             was
             ended
             ;
             but
             she
             ,
             fearing
             lest
             Octavia
             should
             make
             an
             advantage
             of
             this
             opportunity
             to
             come
             to
             her
             Husband
             and
             make
             a
             Peace
             ,
             she
             ,
             by
             great
             Presents
             ,
             gained
             Canidius
             to
             represent
             to
             
               Anthony
               ,
               That
               it
               was
               not
               just
               to
               drive
               away
               a
               Princess
               with
               disgrace
               ,
               who
               alone
               maintained
               almost
               all
               the
               expence
               of
               the
               War.
               That
               ,
               besides
               ,
               her
               departure
               would
               deprive
               him
               of
               the
               assistence
               of
               the
            
             Aegyptians
             ,
             
               who
               were
               the
               best
               part
               of
               his
               Navy
               .
               And
               that
               he
               knew
               there
               was
               no
               King
               among
               the
               Allies
               to
               whom
            
             Cleopatra
             
             
               yielded
               in
               prudence
               or
               understanding
               ,
               as
               it
               appeared
               by
               the
               manner
               of
               her
               governing
               so
               mighty
               a
               Kingdom
               ;
               besides
               the
               experience
               she
               had
               gained
               in
               her
               long
               acquaintance
               with
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               whereby
               she
               had
               perfectly
               instructed
               hir self
               in
               the
               management
               of
               the
               most
               important
               affairs
               .
            
             The
             good
             fortune
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony's
             evil
             destiny
             caused
             this
             Counsel
             to
             take
             place
             .
             Cleopatra
             stayed
             ,
             and
             they
             went
             to
             Samos
             ,
             where
             ,
             for
             preparation
             for
             so
             great
             an
             enterprise
             ,
             they
             began
             with
             all
             the
             pleasures
             that
             could
             be
             devised
             ;
             their
             care
             was
             very
             pleasantly
             divided
             ;
             on
             one
             side
             all
             the
             Kings
             ,
             Princes
             and
             Nations
             from
             Aegypt
             to
             the
             Euxine
             Sea
             ,
             and
             from
             Armenia
             to
             Dalmatia
             ,
             had
             order
             to
             send
             Arms
             ,
             Provisions
             and
             Souldiers
             to
             Samos
             ;
             on
             the
             other
             ,
             all
             the
             Comedians
             ,
             Dancers
             ,
             Musicians
             and
             Bouffons
             were
             obliged
             to
             come
             to
             his
             Isle
             :
             so
             that
             sometimes
             a
             Ship
             that
             was
             thought
             to
             be
             laden
             with
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             conveyed
             a
             considerable
             succour
             of
             Arms
             and
             Amunition
             ,
             proved
             to
             be
             laden
             with
             Players
             ,
             Scenes
             and
             Machines
             ,
             for
             the
             Stage
             ;
             and
             whilst
             all
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             World
             was
             in
             extreme
             desolation
             ,
             Joy
             and
             all
             kinds
             of
             pleasure
             ruled
             here
             ,
             as
             if
             they
             had
             all
             made
             choice
             of
             this
             place
             to
             retire
             to
             :
             But
             how
             magnificent
             soever
             their
             entertainments
             were
             ,
             they
             wanted
             their
             chiefest
             relish
             which
             was
             confidence
             ,
             for
             Anthony's
             displeasures
             had
             sowred
             his
             temper
             to
             that
             degree
             that
             he
             ,
             as
             to
             make
             him
             suspect
             Cleopatra
             her self
             ,
             ate
             of
             no
             thing
             with
             her
             without
             
             
             
             
             
             a
             Taster
             :
             but
             as
             this
             Precaution
             seemed
             to
             be
             very
             injurious
             to
             Cleopatra
             ,
             she
             undertook
             to
             let
             him
             see
             that
             it
             was
             in
             vain
             to
             stand
             upon
             his
             guard
             against
             her
             adress
             .
             She
             always
             added
             life
             to
             the
             entertainment
             by
             her
             pleasant
             company
             ,
             so
             that
             once
             at
             a
             meal
             she
             proposed
             a
             new
             kind
             of
             diversion
             of
             drinking
             one
             anothers
             Garlands
             ,
             which
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             mode
             of
             those
             times
             ,
             all
             the
             Guests
             were
             crowned
             with
             ,
             dipping
             the
             Flowers
             of
             them
             in
             the
             Wine
             .
             Anthony
             applauded
             the
             Frolick
             ,
             and
             would
             begin
             it
             with
             Cleopatra's
             Garland
             ,
             as
             she
             very
             well
             foresaw
             ;
             all
             the
             outside
             Flowers
             of
             it
             were
             poisoned
             ,
             the
             Garland
             was
             pulled
             to
             pieces
             and
             put
             into
             a
             golden
             Cup
             full
             of
             Wine
             which
             Anthony
             was
             just
             carrying
             to
             his
             Lips
             when
             Cleopatra
             told
             him
             ,
             
               My
               Lord
            
             ,
             said
             she
             ,
             
               now
               know
            
             Cleopatra
             
               better
               and
               learn
               by
               this
               example
               ;
               that
               all
               the
               Precautions
               signifie
               nothing
               against
               her
               ,
               if
               her
               heart
               were
               not
               interested
               in
               your
               preservation
               ;
               whereupon
               by
               her
               order
               a
               Criminal
               was
               immediately
               brought
               ,
               who
               drank
               the
               poisoned
               Wine
               ,
               and
               expired
               upon
               the
               place
               .
            
             This
             Action
             cured
             Anthony
             of
             his
             suspicion
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             made
             him
             leave
             off
             troublesome
             Precaution
             ,
             which
             it
             seems
             was
             but
             useless
             against
             the
             art
             of
             this
             Princess
             ,
             who
             could
             so
             skilfully
             mingle
             inevitable
             Snares
             of
             death
             among
             her
             pleasures
             .
             Every
             City
             of
             Anthony's
             Empire
             had
             a
             share
             in
             these
             Sacrifices
             and
             sent
             an
             Ox
             thither
             to
             be
             offered
             :
             and
             the
             Kings
             who
             accompanied
             him
             contented
             who
             
             should
             make
             the
             noblest
             entertainments
             ;
             so
             that
             it
             was
             asked
             by
             one
             ,
             
               What
               rejoicing
               they
               would
               make
               for
               a
               Victory
               ,
               who
               made
               such
               magnificent
               Treats
               just
               before
               a
               bloudy
               War.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             CHAP.
             XXVI
             .
             Anthony
             (
             with
             Cleopatra
             )
             goes
             to
             
               Athens
               .
               Plancus
            
             and
             several
             others
             of
             his
             Friends
             forsake
             him
             .
          
           
             THE
             stay
             Anthony
             made
             at
             Samos
             was
             very
             favourable
             ;
             for
             Caesar
             had
             made
             no
             provision
             for
             the
             War
             ,
             by
             reason
             all
             Italy
             mutinied
             against
             him
             ,
             because
             of
             the
             imposition
             he
             laid
             upon
             the
             People
             .
             The
             news
             of
             Anthony's
             approach
             with
             such
             formidable
             Forces
             had
             augmented
             this
             disorder
             and
             quite
             astonished
             the
             Romans
             :
             but
             when
             they
             saw
             that
             all
             these
             Preparations
             served
             onely
             to
             fill
             the
             publick
             Places
             and
             the
             Theatres
             of
             the
             Isle
             of
             
               Samos
               ,
               Caesar
            
             reassured
             them
             ;
             and
             after
             he
             had
             appeased
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             grumbled
             according
             to
             custome
             when
             money
             was
             demanded
             ;
             though
             when
             they
             have
             payed
             ,
             they
             never
             think
             of
             it
             afterwards
             :
             He
             put
             himself
             into
             a
             posture
             of
             disputing
             the
             Empire
             with
             Forces
             equal
             to
             his
             Enemy
             .
             And
             now
             Cleopatra
             ,
             envying
             the
             honours
             she
             had
             received
             at
             Athens
             ,
             had
             likewise
             a
             desire
             to
             see
             that
             
             City
             ,
             and
             was
             carried
             thither
             by
             Anthony
             ;
             she
             distributed
             great
             Gifts
             to
             the
             Athenians
             ,
             who
             in
             recompence
             were
             not
             behind-hand
             with
             their
             usual
             Flatteries
             :
             they
             accorded
             honours
             beyond
             the
             condition
             of
             mortals
             ;
             and
             the
             most
             noble
             Citizens
             were
             deputed
             to
             carry
             her
             the
             Decree
             .
             Anthony
             ,
             in
             the
             capacity
             of
             a
             Citizen
             of
             Athens
             ,
             would
             be
             the
             chief
             of
             the
             Embassy
             ,
             he
             was
             Spokesman
             and
             harangued
             the
             Queen
             in
             the
             name
             of
             the
             People
             :
             At
             length
             ,
             to
             give
             her
             the
             utmost
             of
             his
             Passion
             ,
             he
             sent
             order
             to
             Octavia
             to
             goe
             out
             of
             his
             house
             :
             she
             obeyed
             ,
             without
             murmuring
             at
             this
             horrible
             piece
             of
             injustice
             ,
             and
             retired
             to
             her
             own
             house
             ,
             and
             all
             Anthony's
             Children
             with
             her
             ,
             except
             Antyllus
             ,
             who
             was
             with
             his
             Father
             .
             She
             onely
             lamented
             her
             hard
             fate
             ,
             because
             she
             was
             forced
             to
             serve
             for
             a
             pretence
             to
             a
             War
             ,
             whose
             consequences
             must
             needs
             be
             fatal
             to
             her
             .
             Several
             of
             Anthony's
             friends
             not
             being
             able
             any
             longer
             to
             bear
             with
             his
             disorders
             ,
             abandoned
             him
             :
             but
             it
             was
             not
             this
             nor
             the
             choice
             of
             a
             better
             side
             that
             made
             Plancus
             leave
             him
             ,
             onely
             Inconstancy
             ,
             the
             natural
             disease
             of
             his
             mind
             :
             he
             had
             been
             the
             basest
             and
             most
             sordid
             of
             Cleopatra's
             Flatterers
             ,
             and
             had
             abased
             himself
             to
             the
             lowest
             employments
             about
             Anthony
             ;
             even
             to
             the
             writing
             his
             bawdy
             Letters
             and
             being
             his
             Pimp
             .
             And
             though
             he
             had
             been
             Consul
             ,
             General
             of
             an
             Army
             ,
             and
             Governour
             of
             a
             Province
             ,
             he
             was
             not
             ashamed
             to
             appear
             at
             a
             Feast
             among
             the
             Actors
             in
             a
             Play
             and
             represent
             
             Glaucus
             ,
             a
             Sea
             God.
             It
             was
             doubtless
             a
             very
             pleasant
             spectacle
             to
             see
             a
             man
             of
             his
             quality
             naked
             and
             painted
             green
             ,
             and
             crowned
             with
             Reeds
             ,
             with
             a
             long
             Beard
             down
             to
             his
             middle
             ,
             and
             a
             huge
             Tail
             of
             a
             Fish
             ,
             dancing
             upon
             his
             Knees
             ,
             and
             making
             a
             hundred
             ridiculous
             postures
             :
             nor
             did
             this
             Action
             fail
             of
             making
             him
             be
             scorned
             .
             Anthony
             abused
             him
             and
             reproached
             him
             for
             some
             Extortions
             whereof
             he
             was
             accused
             ,
             which
             soon
             made
             him
             resolve
             to
             goe
             to
             Caesar
             with
             Titius
             who
             was
             his
             Nephew
             .
             When
             he
             came
             to
             Rome
             ,
             he
             accused
             Anthony
             before
             the
             Senate
             of
             several
             Crimes
             with
             so
             much
             heat
             ,
             that
             Coponius
             could
             not
             forbear
             saying
             to
             him
             ,
             
               Sure
               you
               never
               observed
               these
               Crimes
               of
            
             Anthony
             
               but
               the
               evening
               before
               your
               departure
               :
            
             by
             which
             he
             reproached
             either
             his
             baseness
             in
             enduring
             those
             Crimes
             so
             long
             ,
             or
             his
             sottishness
             not
             to
             find
             them
             out
             sooner
             .
             But
             Pollio's
             proceeding
             was
             as
             generous
             as
             Plancus's
             was
             infamous
             .
             Pollio
             had
             retired
             into
             Italy
             after
             the
             Peace
             was
             made
             at
             Tarentum
             ;
             nor
             had
             he
             ever
             seen
             Cleopatra
             or
             served
             under
             Anthony
             since
             his
             Intrigue
             with
             that
             Princess
             :
             yet
             when
             Caesar
             pressed
             him
             to
             follow
             him
             in
             this
             War
             ,
             he
             frankly
             said
             ,
             
               I
               have
               served
            
             Anthony
             Anthony's
             
             Will
             and
             Testament
             was
             at
             Rome
             ,
             in
             the
             hands
             of
             the
             Vestals
             ,
             and
             Plancus
             it
             was
             who
             gave
             Caesar
             notice
             of
             it
             ,
             who
             ,
             as
             he
             would
             omit
             nothing
             that
             might
             serve
             his
             designs
             ,
             demanded
             the
             sight
             of
             it
             :
             the
             Vestals
             refused
             to
             deliver
             it
             into
             his
             hands
             ;
             but
             by
             an
             equivocating
             turn
             they
             told
             him
             ,
             
               If
               he
               would
               come
               and
               fetch
               it
               ,
               they
               would
               not
               hinder
               him
               .
               Caesar
            
             went
             and
             took
             it
             ;
             and
             when
             he
             had
             it
             ,
             he
             chose
             out
             the
             Places
             that
             were
             most
             odious
             in
             it
             ,
             and
             read
             them
             in
             full
             Senate
             .
             But
             this
             action
             was
             not
             approved
             of
             at
             all
             .
             They
             said
             ,
             
               It
               was
               against
               the
               course
               of
               nature
               to
               punish
               a
               man
               whilst
               living
               for
               what
               he
               ordered
               to
               be
               done
               when
               he
               was
               dead
               .
               Caesar
            
             chiefly
             insisted
             upon
             Anthony's
             disposing
             of
             his
             Sepulture
             :
             he
             ordained
             ,
             
               That
               if
               he
               dyed
               in
            
             Rome
             ,
             
               his
               body
               should
               be
               carried
               in
               funeral
               pomp
               through
               the
               principal
               places
               of
               the
               City
               ,
               and
               then
               sent
               into
            
             Aegypt
             to
             Cleopatra
             .
             But
             all
             the
             bustle
             that
             Caesar
             made
             upon
             this
             occasion
             did
             not
             succeed
             according
             to
             his
             wish
             ;
             so
             that
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             goe
             to
             work
             another
             way
             .
             Calvisius
             accused
             Anthony
             publickly
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               given
            
             Cleopatra
             
               the
               famous
               Library
               of
               the
               Kings
               of
            
             Pergamus
             
               composed
               of
               two
               hundred
               thousand
               Volumes
               ;
               That
               he
               had
               trod
               on
               her
               Toe
               at
               a
               publick
               entertainment
               ,
               and
               permitted
               the
            
             Ephesians
             
               to
               give
               her
               the
               quality
               of
               their
               Sovereign
               in
               his
               presence
               .
            
             But
             more
             particularly
             he
             insisted
             on
             two
             Articles
             :
             One
             was
             ,
             That
             Anthony
             ,
             
               having
               received
               Love-letters
               from
            
             Cleopatra
             ,
             
               he
               had
               read
               them
               
               in
               his
               Tribunal
               ,
               where
               he
               sate
               judging
               the
               differences
               of
               several
               Kings
               of
            
             Asia
             .
             The
             other
             ,
             
               That
               one
               day
               ,
               when
            
             Furnius
             
               the
               most
               eloquent
               Oratour
               among
               the
            
             Romans
             
               was
               pleading
               before
               him
               ,
               he
               left
               the
               Oratour
               and
               the
               Audience
               to
               follow
            
             Cleopatra
             
               's
               litter
               that
               by
               chance
               pass'd
               by
               .
            
             Nothing
             gives
             us
             a
             truer
             Image
             of
             the
             Roman
             gravity
             than
             this
             Passage
             in
             the
             History
             .
             The
             heads
             of
             this
             Accusation
             ,
             that
             at
             present
             appear
             frivolous
             and
             ridiculous
             ,
             were
             all
             nevertheless
             seriously
             proposed
             by
             Calvisius
             .
             Nay
             ,
             Plutarch
             affirms
             ,
             they
             were
             such
             shrewd
             ones
             ,
             that
             the
             Accuser
             invented
             one
             part
             of
             them
             .
             Certain
             it
             is
             that
             they
             appeared
             of
             that
             moment
             and
             weight
             to
             Anthony's
             Friends
             ,
             that
             they
             began
             to
             bestir
             themselves
             and
             solicit
             in
             his
             favour
             ,
             to
             hinder
             the
             Decree
             of
             the
             Senate
             ,
             by
             which
             he
             was
             to
             be
             declared
             an
             Enemy
             to
             the
             Senate
             and
             People
             of
             Rome
             .
             Therefore
             they
             sent
             Geminius
             to
             Athens
             to
             make
             the
             last
             attempt
             upon
             his
             Temper
             .
             The
             arrival
             of
             this
             man
             so
             much
             alarmed
             Cleopatra
             ,
             that
             she
             offered
             him
             a
             hundred
             signal
             Affronts
             and
             several
             very
             abusive
             Jears
             .
             But
             he
             not
             being
             mortified
             at
             it
             ,
             she
             caused
             Anthony
             one
             day
             to
             ask
             him
             the
             cause
             of
             his
             coming
             .
             Geminius
             answered
             ,
             
               That
               things
               of
               that
               nature
               were
               not
               to
               be
               talked
               of
               over
               a
               bottle
            
             ;
             and
             ,
             
               that
               it
               was
               necessary
               to
               be
               sober
               and
               fasting
               when
               they
               were
               to
               be
               examined
               ;
               but
               this
               he
               was
               sure
               of
               ,
               that
               both
               before
               and
               after
               a
               Debauch
               he
               saw
               matters
               would
               goe
               well
               enough
               ,
               if
            
             Cleopatra
             
               were
               sent
               into
            
             Aegypt
             .
             
             Anthony
             was
             troubled
             at
             this
             discourse
             ,
             and
             Cleopatra
             said
             to
             
               Geminius
               ,
               You
               doe
               very
               wisely
               to
               own
               the
               truth
               ,
               without
               staying
               till
               it
               is
               extorted
               from
               you
               by
               torments
               .
               Geminius
            
             did
             not
             think
             it
             convenient
             to
             stay
             for
             the
             effect
             of
             this
             Threat
             ,
             but
             fled
             to
             Rome
             ,
             followed
             by
             several
             other
             Romans
             who
             were
             disgusted
             at
             the
             audaciousness
             of
             Cleopatra
             and
             the
             insolence
             of
             her
             Parasites
             .
             The
             most
             considerable
             persons
             of
             those
             who
             forsook
             them
             were
             Syllanus
             and
             the
             famous
             Dellius
             ,
             who
             at
             a
             meal
             where
             the
             Wine
             was
             not
             to
             his
             mind
             said
             ,
             
               That
               they
               made
               them
               drink
               Vinegar
               there
               ,
               whilst
               at
            
             Rome
             ,
             Sarmentus
             drank
             Falernian
             Wine
             .
             This
             Sarmentus
             was
             a
             kind
             of
             a
             Bouffon
             to
             Caesar.
             As
             there
             is
             in
             all
             Courts
             some
             certain
             moments
             when
             every
             thing
             that
             is
             spoke
             is
             interpreted
             to
             have
             a
             secret
             meaning
             in
             it
             ;
             This
             raillery
             of
             Dellius
             was
             so
             ill
             taken
             by
             Cleopatra
             ,
             that
             she
             gave
             order
             to
             have
             him
             murthered
             .
             Dellius
             ,
             who
             had
             notice
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             not
             being
             willing
             to
             hazard
             himself
             to
             gain
             the
             reputation
             of
             a
             resolute
             man
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             was
             it
             may
             be
             glad
             of
             the
             opportunity
             to
             follow
             his
             inclination
             ,
             and
             justly
             deserve
             the
             name
             of
             Vaulter
             ,
             which
             afterwards
             Messala
             gave
             him
             at
             Rome
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXVII
             .
             The
             Forces
             of
             Caesar
             and
             Anthony
             .
             They
             write
             sharp
             Letters
             to
             each
             other
             .
             Caesar
             approaches
             Anthony's
             Army
             which
             lay
             at
             Actium
             .
          
           
             NO
             sooner
             did
             Caesar
             find
             himself
             strong
             enough
             to
             carry
             on
             the
             War
             ,
             but
             he
             publickly
             proclaimed
             it
             against
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             abrogated
             the
             Authority
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             who
             had
             already
             in
             a
             manner
             parted
             with
             it
             in
             favour
             of
             that
             Princess
             .
             The
             Decree
             implied
             besides
             ,
             That
             Anthony
             
               was
               no
               longer
               Master
               of
               his
               own
               will
               ,
               by
               reason
            
             Cleopatra
             
               with
               her
               Philtres
               had
               taken
               away
               the
               very
               use
               of
               his
               reason
               ;
               so
               that
               he
               was
               not
               to
               be
               accounted
               as
               any
               body
               in
               this
               War
               ,
               which
               was
               onely
               managed
               by
            
             Mardion
             
               her
               Eunuch
               ,
               and
            
             Iras
             and
             Charmia
             
               her
               Women
               ,
               who
               absolutely
               governed
            
             Anthony
             
               's
               Empire
            
             .
             The
             Prodigies
             too
             were
             not
             forgot
             :
             
               The
               Town
               of
            
             Pisaurum
             that
             Anthony
             
               had
               rebuilt
               on
               the
               shoar
               of
               the
            
             Adriatick
             
               Sea
               was
               swallowed
               up
               by
               an
               Earthquake
               .
               At
            
             Alva
             
               a
               Statue
               of
               this
            
             Triumvir
             
               sweat
               for
               many
               days
               together
               .
               The
               Temple
               of
            
             Hercules
             at
             Patras
             
               was
               burnt
               by
               Lightning
            
             .
             And
             at
             Athens
             
               the
               Image
               of
            
             Bacchus
             
               that
               stood
               among
               several
               other
               Images
               of
               the
               Gods
               was
               alone
               ●verthrown
               by
               the
               Wind.
            
             The
             same
             thing
             happened
             to
             two
             Colossus's
             called
             the
             Antonii
             .
             Last
             of
             all
             ,
             The
             Swallows
             
               that
               had
               built
               
               their
               nests
               in
               the
               Poop
               of
            
             Cleopatra's
             
               Admiral
               Galley
               were
               driven
               away
               by
               other
            
             Swallows
             
               who
               destroyed
               what
               the
               former
               had
               made
               .
            
             All
             these
             were
             explained
             very
             justly
             ,
             but
             't
             was
             after
             Anthony's
             Defeat
             .
             The
             Forces
             of
             the
             two
             Triumviri
             were
             answerable
             to
             the
             Empire
             they
             shared
             between
             them
             ;
             nor
             were
             there
             ever
             seen
             two
             so
             great
             Powers
             oppose
             each
             other
             .
             Anthony
             commanded
             over
             all
             the
             Provinces
             from
             Armenia
             and
             the
             Red-sea
             to
             the
             Adriatick
             Gulph
             and
             the
             Euxine
             Sea
             ;
             and
             Caesar
             had
             all
             those
             from
             Sicily
             to
             the
             Ocean
             .
             All
             the
             Kings
             of
             Asia
             that
             were
             Allies
             to
             the
             Romans
             followed
             the
             fortune
             of
             Anthony
             ;
             namely
             ,
             Tarcondemus
             King
             of
             
               Cilicia
               ,
               Archelaus
            
             of
             
               Cappadocia
               ,
               Philadelphus
            
             of
             
               Paphlagonia
               ,
               Mithridates
            
             of
             Comagena
             of
             Thrace
             ,
             these
             Princes
             were
             in
             person
             in
             his
             Army
             .
             But
             Polemon
             King
             of
             
               Pontus
               ,
               Malchus
            
             King
             of
             
               Arabia
               ,
               Herod
            
             King
             of
             the
             Iews
             ,
             and
             Amintas
             King
             of
             Galatia
             ,
             onely
             sent
             their
             Troops
             ;
             besides
             these
             ,
             Bacchus
             King
             of
             Mauritania
             ,
             who
             brought
             his
             along
             with
             him
             ;
             all
             these
             together
             made
             an
             hundred
             thousand
             Foot
             and
             twelve
             thousand
             Horse
             ,
             The
             Navy
             was
             composed
             of
             five
             hundred
             Ships
             of
             War
             ,
             whereof
             some
             had
             eight
             or
             ten
             Banks
             of
             Oars
             .
             Caesar
             in
             his
             Party
             had
             no
             foreign
             Princes
             ,
             and
             his
             Army
             amounted
             to
             b●t
             eighty
             thousand
             ;
             but
             he
             was
             as
             strong
             in
             Cavalry
             as
             his
             Enemy
             .
             He
             had
             but
             two
             hundred
             and
             fifty
             Vessels
             ,
             all
             light
             ,
             and
             very
             well
             manned
             with
             Sailers
             ,
             Rowers
             and
             Souldiers
             ;
             whereas
             
             those
             of
             Anthony
             were
             vast
             ,
             high
             and
             heavy
             ,
             and
             wanted
             Rowers
             ;
             so
             that
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             take
             up
             all
             the
             Artisans
             and
             Labourers
             of
             Greece
             to
             employ
             them
             at
             the
             Oar.
             Then
             their
             Hatred
             shewed
             it self
             by
             very
             bitter
             Letters
             ;
             and
             when
             Caesar
             reproached
             Anthony
             with
             his
             Love
             for
             Cleopatra
             and
             the
             Prodigality
             of
             his
             Feasts
             ,
             he
             on
             the
             other
             side
             put
             him
             in
             mind
             of
             the
             famous
             Feasts
             of
             the
             twelve
             Gods
             ,
             where
             Caesar
             and
             the
             other
             Guests
             were
             clad
             as
             they
             represented
             the
             Deities
             they
             adored
             .
             To
             this
             he
             added
             his
             hasty
             marriage
             with
             Livia
             ,
             and
             the
             shamefull
             divorcing
             of
             Scribonia
             because
             she
             would
             not
             bear
             with
             the
             Insolence
             of
             that
             new
             Mistress
             ;
             and
             all
             the
             Roman
             Ladies
             with
             whom
             Caesar
             had
             ever
             had
             any
             Gallantry
             or
             Intrigue
             were
             brought
             upon
             the
             Stage
             .
             He
             even
             proceeded
             to
             tax
             him
             with
             Cowardise
             at
             the
             Battels
             of
             Modena
             and
             Sicily
             ,
             with
             all
             those
             scandalous
             Circumstances
             that
             were
             mentioned
             before
             ;
             whereupon
             Caesar
             wrote
             to
             him
             ,
             
               That
               it
               was
               needless
               to
               fight
               any
               longer
               with
               the
               Pen.
               That
               if
               he
               would
               advance
               with
               his
               Army
               he
               should
               have
               Ports
               in
            
             Italy
             
               where
               he
               should
               land
               without
               any
               molestation
               ;
               and
               that
            
             Caesar
             
               would
               draw
               his
               Troops
               far
               enough
               from
               the
               Sea-side
               ,
               to
               give
            
             Anthony
             
               the
               liberty
               of
               encamping
               ,
               and
               putting
               his
               Army
               into
               Battalia
               .
            
             To
             make
             a
             return
             to
             this
             Bravade
             ;
             Anthony
             ,
             though
             he
             were
             much
             older
             ,
             challenged
             Caesar
             to
             fight
             a
             single
             combat
             ;
             or
             if
             he
             liked
             not
             this
             ,
             he
             offer'd
             to
             give
             him
             Battel
             in
             the
             Plain
             of
             
             Pharsalia
             ,
             where
             
               I.
               Caesar
            
             and
             Pompey
             had
             formerly
             decided
             their
             Differences
             .
             So
             each
             of
             the
             Generals
             endeavoured
             to
             manage
             it
             to
             his
             own
             advantage
             ,
             in
             striving
             to
             make
             his
             own
             Dominions
             the
             field
             of
             Combat
             .
             But
             Fortune
             ordered
             it
             should
             be
             otherwise
             .
             At
             that
             time
             Anthony
             was
             at
             Actium
             ,
             where
             ,
             while
             he
             spent
             his
             time
             to
             no
             purpose
             ,
             Caesar
             went
             from
             Tarentum
             ,
             where
             his
             Fleet
             lay
             ,
             and
             surprized
             Toryne
             ,
             a
             City
             near
             Actium
             .
             This
             Exploit
             astonished
             Anthony's
             Souldiers
             ,
             because
             his
             Legions
             were
             not
             yet
             arrived
             .
             But
             Cleopatra
             ,
             to
             re-assure
             them
             ,
             made
             flight
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             said
             ,
             
               What
               matter
               is
               it
               if
            
             Caesar
             
               has
               taken
               the
               Scummer
            
             ,
             alluding
             to
             the
             word
             Toryne
             which
             signifies
             so
             .
             The
             Town
             of
             Actium
             ,
             which
             this
             action
             has
             made
             so
             famous
             ,
             was
             seated
             upon
             a
             point
             at
             the
             entrance
             of
             the
             Gulf
             of
             Ambracia
             on
             the
             Coast
             of
             Epirus
             ,
             between
             the
             Islands
             of
             Corcyra
             and
             
               Cephalonia
               .
               Anthony
            
             had
             retired
             all
             his
             Ships
             into
             the
             Gulf
             ,
             whither
             Caesar
             ,
             the
             next
             day
             after
             the
             taking
             of
             Toryne
             came
             and
             offered
             him
             Battel
             .
             Anthony
             was
             at
             a
             grievous
             plunge
             because
             his
             Vessels
             wanted
             Souldiers
             to
             man
             them
             .
             But
             that
             drew
             them
             into
             their
             fighting
             posture
             with
             the
             Oars
             a-peek
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             intended
             to
             bear
             down
             upon
             the
             Enemy
             .
             This
             strategeme
             had
             its
             effect
             .
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             durst
             not
             engage
             him
             in
             that
             narrow
             passage
             ,
             retreated
             off
             to
             Sea
             ,
             but
             the
             other
             came
             not
             off
             the
             Gulf
             ,
             and
             as
             he
             perfectly
             knew
             the
             Countrey
             thereabouts
             ,
             on
             every
             side
             he
             cut
             off
             
             the
             Water
             from
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             which
             threw
             his
             Army
             into
             great
             distress
             .
             Agrippa
             omitted
             not
             to
             take
             the
             Cities
             of
             Leucadia
             and
             Petras
             ,
             and
             seize
             upon
             Corinth
             .
             These
             happy
             Successes
             occasioned
             Amintas
             and
             Dejotarus
             to
             declare
             for
             
               Caesar.
               Domitius
            
             ,
             carried
             on
             by
             their
             Example
             ,
             saved
             himself
             in
             a
             Cock-boat
             ,
             and
             came
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             whose
             side
             he
             did
             not
             much
             favour
             by
             his
             revolt
             ,
             because
             Anthony
             ,
             according
             to
             his
             natural
             generosity
             ,
             sent
             him
             his
             People
             and
             all
             his
             Equipage
             ,
             though
             it
             were
             against
             the
             opinion
             of
             Cleopatra
             her self
             ,
             which
             so
             sensibly
             touch'd
             Domitius
             who
             was
             sick
             already
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             not
             able
             to
             out-live
             the
             grief
             of
             abandoning
             a
             man
             who
             by
             kindness
             revenged
             himself
             for
             his
             perfidiousness
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Canidius
             arrived
             with
             the
             Legions
             ,
             who
             as
             he
             saw
             the
             danger
             nearer
             ,
             he
             changed
             his
             mind
             concerning
             Cleopatra
             :
             He
             would
             have
             had
             Anthony
             send
             back
             the
             Queen
             ,
             and
             himself
             goe
             into
             Macedonia
             ,
             and
             fight
             by
             Land
             with
             so
             much
             more
             advantage
             ,
             because
             Dicomes
             ,
             King
             of
             the
             Getes
             ,
             promised
             him
             a
             powerfull
             assistence
             .
             Then
             said
             
               Canidius
               ,
               One
               ought
               not
               to
               regard
               a
               false
               kind
               of
               shame
               ,
               in
               having
            
             Caesar
             
               Master
               of
               the
               Sea
               ,
               where
               his
               Souldiers
               had
               gained
               a
               great
               deal
               of
               experience
               during
               the
               War
               with
            
             Pompey
             .
             
               That
               it
               would
               be
               a
               renouncing
               both
               sense
               and
               reason
               ,
               to
               put
               to
               the
               hazard
               of
               the
               Sea
               and
               Winds
               a
               Victory
               which
               by
               Land
               they
               were
               certain
               of
               by
               the
               Valour
               and
               Experience
               of
               their
               General
               ,
               who
               to
               this
               day
               had
               kept
               up
               
               the
               title
               of
            
             Invincible
             ;
             
               and
               by
               the
               Courage
               of
               their
               Souldiers
               whom
               he
               had
               tried
               in
               so
               many
               dangers
               .
               Anthony
            
             was
             very
             much
             inclined
             to
             follow
             this
             Advice
             ;
             but
             Cleopatra
             byassed
             him
             the
             other
             way
             ,
             and
             obliged
             him
             against
             his
             will
             to
             hazard
             both
             his
             Empire
             and
             his
             Life
             in
             a
             Sea-fight
             .
             Here
             also
             it
             was
             that
             Anthony
             had
             like
             to
             have
             fallen
             into
             a
             very
             great
             danger
             .
             And
             this
             may
             serve
             for
             an
             Instruction
             to
             persons
             of
             his
             rank
             ,
             not
             too
             freely
             to
             expose
             themselves
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             near
             the
             Enemies
             .
             They
             had
             made
             a
             kind
             of
             Causey
             ,
             which
             ran
             out
             very
             far
             into
             the
             Sea
             ,
             to
             go
             from
             Anthony's
             Camp
             to
             his
             Fleet
             ;
             as
             he
             passed
             often
             in
             this
             place
             without
             any
             distrust
             ,
             and
             slenderly
             accompanied
             ;
             some
             of
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             having
             notice
             of
             it
             by
             a
             Slave
             ,
             made
             out
             a
             Party
             to
             carry
             him
             off
             ;
             and
             came
             so
             near
             ,
             that
             they
             took
             the
             Officer
             that
             marched
             before
             him
             :
             they
             had
             likewise
             taken
             Anthony
             ,
             if
             their
             Impatience
             had
             not
             discovered
             them
             too
             soon
             ;
             he
             had
             much
             a-doe
             to
             save
             himself
             ;
             and
             Caesar's
             men
             retreated
             with
             their
             Prisoner
             ,
             extremely
             troubled
             at
             their
             too
             much
             haste
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXVIII
             .
             The
             battel
             of
             Actium
             .
             The
             retreat
             of
             Cleopatra
             .
             The
             flight
             of
             
               Anthony
               .
               Caesar
            
             makes
             himself
             Master
             of
             Anthony's
             Navy
             and
             his
             Land-forces
             .
          
           
             ANthony
             having
             taken
             a
             resolution
             to
             fight
             by
             Sea
             ,
             burnt
             all
             his
             ships
             of
             burthen
             ,
             except
             sixty
             that
             belonged
             to
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             of
             his
             Men
             of
             War
             kept
             only
             those
             that
             had
             from
             three
             to
             ten
             Rows
             or
             Oars
             ,
             which
             he
             manned
             with
             twenty
             two
             thousand
             Foot
             ,
             and
             ten
             thousand
             Archers
             .
             As
             he
             was
             putting
             his
             Fleet
             into
             order
             of
             battel
             ,
             and
             going
             about
             to
             give
             his
             necessary
             orders
             ,
             an
             old
             Officer
             ,
             a
             very
             brave
             man
             ,
             and
             all
             covered
             with
             Scars
             ,
             thus
             spoke
             to
             him
             aloud
             ,
             
               My
               noble
               General
               ,
               Do
               you
               despise
               this
               Sword
               and
               this
               Arm
               ,
               which
               my
               very
               wounds
               have
               not
               been
               able
               to
               weaken
               :
               That
               you
               will
               place
               your
               hopes
               in
               brittle
               Boats
               ▪
               Leave
               the
            
             Aegyptians
             and
             Phoenicians
             
               to
               fight
               at
               Sea
               ,
               but
               put
               us
               ashore
               where
               we
               are
               used
               to
               meet
               or
               give
               death
               with
               a
               firm
               foot
               and
               an
               assured
               look
               .
               Anthony
            
             answered
             nothing
             ▪
             he
             onely
             made
             a
             sign
             with
             his
             head
             ,
             as
             if
             it
             were
             to
             encourage
             him
             ,
             though
             he
             himself
             did
             not
             seem
             as
             if
             he
             were
             very
             well
             assured
             ,
             for
             when
             the
             Commanders
             of
             his
             ships
             propo●ed
             taking
             away
             the
             Sails
             he
             opposed
             it
             ;
             saying
             ,
             
               He
               would
               not
               have
               one
               
               of
               the
               Enemies
               escape
               :
               for
               four
               days
               together
               ,
               the
               Sea
               ran
               so
               high
               ,
               that
               it
               was
               impossible
               to
               fight
               the
               fifth
               ;
               the
               Wind
               was
               down
               ,
               and
               then
               the
               two
               Fleets
               advanced
               towards
               each
               other
               with
               their
               Oars
               in
               very
               good
               order
               .
            
             It
             was
             a
             terrible
             but
             a
             very
             noble
             sight
             ,
             and
             worthy
             the
             reward
             they
             contended
             for
             ,
             to
             see
             on
             one
             side
             the
             Shore
             ,
             where
             there
             were
             two
             hundred
             thousand
             Men
             all
             at
             their
             Arms
             ,
             and
             on
             the
             other
             side
             the
             Sea
             covered
             with
             an
             incredible
             number
             of
             Vessels
             filled
             with
             Men
             ;
             who
             were
             just
             ready
             to
             employ
             both
             Fire
             and
             Steel
             for
             each
             others
             destruction
             .
             *
             Anthony
             was
             at
             the
             right
             Division
             of
             his
             Navy
             ,
             where
             Publicola
             commanded
             :
             Calius
             was
             upon
             the
             left
             ,
             or
             according
             to
             other
             Authours
             
               Sosius
               .
               Marcus
               Octavius
            
             with
             Insteius
             was
             in
             the
             Centre
             .
             Caesar's
             General
             kept
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Fleet
             ,
             having
             Carius
             upon
             the
             right
             ,
             and
             Aruntu
             upon
             the
             lef●
             :
             Caesar
             himself
             onely
             kept
             the
             Command
             of
             a
             reserve
             to
             carry
             relief
             where
             it
             was
             needfull
             ;
             they
             tell
             us
             nothing
             more
             of
             the
             order
             of
             the
             two
             Fleets
             ,
             but
             we
             may
             believe
             ;
             that
             the
             Vessels
             that
             Caesar
             commanded
             made
             a
             second
             Line
             or
             Division
             ,
             and
             that
             Cleopatra
             with
             her
             Gallies
             did
             the
             same
             in
             Anthony's
             .
             This
             General
             in
             a
             Brigantine
             went
             about
             encouraging
             his
             Men
             with
             the
             remembrance
             of
             so
             many
             Victories
             they
             had
             gained
             under
             his
             Conduct
             .
             He
             told
             them
             ,
             
               That
               this
               day
               he
               expected
               the
               Empire
               of
               the
               World
               from
               their
               valour
               ,
               and
               
               that
               they
               might
               promise
               themselves
               answerable
               rewards
               ;
               that
               the
               largeness
               of
               his
               Vessels
               gave
               them
               opportunity
               of
               fighting
               as
               firmly
               ,
               and
               with
               as
               much
               assurance
               as
               if
               they
               were
               on
               Land
               ;
               and
               for
               this
               reason
               he
               ordered
               the
               Pilots
               not
               to
               quit
               their
               Posts
               ,
               but
               expect
               the
               Enemies
               at
               the
               entrance
               of
               the
               Gulf.
               Caesar
            
             on
             his
             side
             gave
             no
             less
             hopes
             to
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             but
             with
             more
             confidence
             in
             regard
             he
             was
             animated
             by
             a
             happy
             Augury
             .
             At
             break
             of
             day
             coming
             out
             of
             his
             Tent
             to
             go
             on
             board
             ,
             he
             met
             a
             Countreyman
             driving
             an
             Ass
             before
             him
             ;
             moved
             by
             I
             know
             not
             what
             Curiosity
             or
             instinct
             he
             asked
             him
             his
             Name
             :
             
               My
               Lord
               ,
               says
               he
               ,
               my
               name
               is
            
             Eutyches
             ,
             
               and
               I
               call
               my
               Ass
            
             Nicon
             ;
             the
             first
             of
             these
             Names
             in
             Greek
             signifies
             Happy
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Conquerour
             .
             This
             rencounter
             made
             Caesar
             so
             glad
             ,
             that
             he
             no
             longer
             doubted
             of
             the
             Victory
             ,
             and
             published
             the
             adventure
             through
             the
             whole
             Army
             ;
             and
             when
             afterwards
             he
             erected
             a
             Trophy
             for
             the
             Victory
             ,
             with
             the
             Spurs
             and
             Breakheads
             of
             Anthony's
             Gallies
             ;
             the
             Statues
             of
             the
             Man
             and
             the
             Ass
             were
             made
             in
             Brass
             .
             When
             Caesar's
             Fleet
             was
             drawn
             up
             ,
             he
             went
             to
             the
             right
             Wing
             and
             staid
             to
             see
             how
             the
             Enemies
             would
             work
             to
             give
             the
             Onset
             ;
             their
             Gallies
             lay
             as
             if
             they
             were
             at
             an
             Anchor
             in
             the
             entrance
             of
             the
             Gulf
             ,
             and
             lay
             so
             till
             Noon
             ,
             when
             a
             fresh
             gale
             carried
             Anthony's
             left
             Division
             out
             of
             the
             Gulf.
             Caesar
             made
             his
             right
             ,
             where
             it
             was
             ,
             fall
             a
             Stern
             ,
             to
             draw
             them
             farther
             out
             to
             Sea
             ,
             
             that
             he
             might
             encompass
             them
             with
             his
             Vessels
             which
             were
             lighter
             and
             much
             better
             fitted
             ;
             his
             design
             succeeded
             ,
             and
             the
             battel
             began
             here
             but
             in
             a
             different
             manner
             than
             usaul
             .
             For
             there
             was
             no
             shock
             ,
             because
             Anthony's
             Gallies
             were
             too
             heavy
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             Caesar
             avoided
             it
             ;
             fearing
             splitting
             against
             those
             huge
             Vessels
             ,
             fortified
             with
             thick
             Timber
             and
             iron
             Spikes
             ,
             so
             that
             this
             fight
             resembled
             rather
             an
             assault
             .
             Caesar's
             Souldiers
             attacked
             the
             Enemies
             with
             Pikes
             ,
             Javelins
             ,
             Piles
             and
             Fire
             pots
             ,
             and
             they
             defended
             themselves
             with
             Arrows
             and
             Darts
             thrown
             from
             their
             Engines
             planted
             on
             wooden
             Towers
             Agrippa
             ,
             whose
             experience
             out-went
             all
             the
             Commanders
             of
             his
             time
             ,
             stood
             out
             with
             the
             point
             of
             his
             left
             Division
             to
             flank
             Anthony's
             ,
             which
             made
             Publicola
             advance
             to
             hinder
             it
             .
             Aruntius
             laying
             hold
             on
             this
             occasion
             ,
             bore
             into
             the
             midst
             of
             the
             Enemies
             Fleet
             which
             he
             put
             into
             some
             disorder
             ;
             but
             the
             valour
             of
             the
             Souldiers
             made
             the
             Victory
             yet
             doubtfull
             :
             as
             they
             were
             all
             of
             them
             chosen
             Troops
             ,
             they
             defended
             themselves
             with
             invincible
             Courage
             ,
             and
             made
             a
             great
             slaughter
             of
             the
             Enemies
             that
             attempted
             to
             approach
             them
             .
             When
             streight
             they
             saw
             Cleopatra's
             sixty
             Ga●lies
             advance
             between
             the
             two
             Fleets
             with
             all
             their
             Sails
             abroad
             ,
             this
             movement
             equally
             surprized
             both
             Navies
             .
             Anthony's
             was
             already
             in
             some
             disorder
             ;
             and
             when
             he
             expected
             some
             great
             action
             from
             these
             Gallies
             which
             were
             th●
             
             best
             of
             his
             Fleet
             ;
             he
             was
             amazed
             to
             see
             them
             all
             of
             a
             sudden
             tack
             about
             ,
             and
             run
             towards
             Peloponnesus
             withall
             the
             Sail
             they
             could
             bear
             :
             thus
             the
             Historians
             relate
             it
             after
             Plutarch
             ,
             without
             giving
             any
             other
             reason
             of
             this
             baseness
             of
             the
             Aegyptians
             ,
             than
             the
             timorousness
             of
             their
             Queen
             ;
             that
             which
             they
             add
             is
             yet
             more
             surprizing
             .
             Anthony
             had
             given
             too
             many
             proofs
             of
             his
             Courage
             ,
             ever
             to
             be
             suspected
             of
             Cowardize
             ;
             and
             in
             this
             occasion
             ,
             not
             onely
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             but
             his
             own
             Life
             was
             at
             stake
             ;
             and
             there
             was
             nothing
             to
             make
             him
             despair
             of
             Success
             ,
             for
             quite
             contrary
             the
             resolution
             of
             his
             Men
             ,
             and
             their
             firmness
             in
             maintaining
             the
             Combate
             ,
             seem
             to
             assure
             him
             of
             the
             Victory
             ,
             if
             they
             had
             been
             but
             well
             led
             on
             .
             But
             when
             he
             saw
             Cleopatra
             fly
             ,
             he
             forgot
             the
             care
             ,
             both
             of
             his
             honour
             and
             safety
             ,
             to
             make
             himself
             an
             Accomplice
             of
             her
             Cowardly
             flight
             ;
             and
             as
             if
             he
             had
             nothing
             more
             to
             apprehend
             than
             her
             absence
             ,
             he
             thought
             of
             nothing
             then
             but
             to
             run
             after
             her
             .
             He
             threw
             himself
             into
             a
             Gally
             ,
             with
             onely
             Scellus
             and
             Alexander
             the
             Syrian
             ,
             abandoning
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             that
             so
             generously
             exposed
             ▪
             their
             lives
             for
             his
             interest
             ,
             and
             followed
             the
             Course
             that
             Cleopatra
             stood
             .
             She
             soon
             knew
             him
             ,
             and
             put
             a
             flag
             abroad
             at
             the
             Prow
             of
             her
             Gally
             ;
             he
             came
             near
             ,
             and
             when
             he
             was
             aboard
             ,
             he
             retired
             to
             the
             Prow
             without
             so
             much
             as
             seeing
             the
             Queen
             ,
             and
             was
             a
             good
             while
             alone
             leaning
             his
             head
             upon
             his
             hand
             .
             
             The
             Gallantry
             and
             Fidelity
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             cannot
             be
             enough
             admired
             upon
             this
             occasion
             ,
             although
             the
             General
             had
             left
             them
             ,
             and
             the
             report
             of
             his
             flight
             was
             spread
             all
             about
             the
             Fleet
             ;
             they
             acted
             like
             people
             that
             would
             not
             believe
             it
             ,
             and
             still
             fought
             with
             the
             same
             eagerness
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             had
             still
             been
             at
             the
             head
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             they
             might
             have
             got
             the
             Victory
             which
             they
             disputed
             till
             five
             in
             the
             Evening
             ,
             if
             the
             Wind
             that
             rose
             had
             not
             separated
             them
             ,
             and
             given
             the
             Enemies
             the
             advantage
             to
             beat
             them
             by
             piece-meal
             ,
             for
             want
             of
             a
             Commander
             to
             rally
             them
             .
             Three
             hundred
             Vessels
             yielded
             to
             the
             Conquerour
             ,
             but
             there
             were
             but
             five
             thousand
             Men
             killed
             on
             the
             beaten
             side
             ;
             Caesar
             having
             done
             all
             he
             could
             to
             spare
             the
             Lives
             of
             those
             brave
             Souldiers
             ,
             whom
             he
             looked
             upon
             as
             his
             Subjects
             :
             He
             made
             Anthony's
             flight
             be
             every
             where
             published
             ,
             and
             those
             that
             obstinately
             defended
             themselves
             ,
             he
             asked
             who
             they
             fought
             for
             now
             .
             He
             drew
             off
             his
             Souldiers
             ,
             whom
             he
             saw
             too
             eager
             after
             the
             slaughter
             ,
             and
             gave
             here
             such
             marks
             of
             his
             Clemency
             ,
             as
             served
             to
             efface
             the
             memory
             of
             the
             battel
             of
             Philippi
             ,
             and
             the
             horrible
             Proscriptions
             of
             the
             Triumvirate
             .
             He
             granted
             a
             general
             pardon
             before
             it
             was
             desired
             ,
             and
             satisfied
             himself
             with
             the
             Punishment
             of
             a
             very
             few
             ,
             and
             those
             his
             particular
             declared
             Enemies
             .
             Caesar
             lay
             in
             his
             Gally
             upon
             the
             place
             ,
             and
             the
             next
             day
             went
             ashore
             .
             The
             Legions
             of
             Anthony
             
             testified
             no
             less
             faith
             and
             affection
             to
             their
             General
             ,
             than
             the
             Souldiers
             of
             his
             Fleet.
             Though
             several
             of
             them
             had
             seen
             his
             retreat
             ,
             yet
             they
             could
             not
             tell
             how
             to
             believe
             that
             he
             ,
             who
             so
             often
             had
             experience
             of
             the
             inconstancy
             of
             fortune
             ,
             and
             had
             still
             surmounted
             all
             his
             misfortunes
             with
             greater
             Courage
             ,
             should
             be
             capable
             of
             leaving
             all
             ,
             having
             sufficient
             Forces
             to
             dispute
             the
             Empire
             ,
             there
             remaining
             nineteen
             Legions
             entire
             ,
             and
             twelve
             thousand
             Horse
             ;
             they
             still
             hoped
             he
             would
             come
             and
             put
             himself
             at
             the
             head
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             try
             a
             second
             battel
             ;
             and
             though
             at
             last
             they
             lost
             that
             hope
             ,
             and
             were
             quite
             surrounded
             both
             by
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ,
             they
             kept
             themselves
             yet
             seven
             days
             in
             their
             Camp
             ;
             but
             the
             flight
             of
             Canidius
             and
             all
             their
             chief
             Officers
             ,
             so
             broke
             their
             measures
             that
             they
             resolved
             to
             accept
             of
             the
             conditions
             that
             Caesar
             offered
             them
             .
             Thus
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             so
             long
             torn
             by
             the
             Ambition
             of
             three
             men
             ,
             at
             last
             with
             much
             Joy
             submitted
             to
             the
             Command
             of
             one
             alone
             ,
             hoping
             to
             see
             an
             end
             of
             all
             the
             mischiefs
             that
             were
             caused
             by
             the
             Divisions
             of
             the
             Triumviri
             ;
             all
             whose
             Authority
             by
             this
             Victory
             was
             united
             in
             the
             Person
             of
             Caesar.
             
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXIX
             .
             Anthony
             's
             displeasure
             against
             Cleopatra
             .
             He
             retires
             into
             Libya
             ,
             and
             returns
             into
             Aegypt
             .
          
           
             Anthony
             was
             still
             taken
             up
             with
             those
             Melancholy
             reflexions
             ,
             the
             present
             condition
             of
             his
             fortune
             inspired
             him
             with
             ,
             when
             he
             perceived
             some
             light
             Gallies
             of
             Caesar's
             that
             rowed
             up
             to
             him
             ;
             in
             spight
             of
             all
             his
             despair
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             bear
             that
             his
             Enemies
             should
             come
             and
             brave
             him
             without
             being
             able
             to
             defend
             himself
             .
             He
             therefore
             commanded
             the
             Pilot
             to
             tack
             about
             and
             face
             them
             ;
             this
             dispensed
             them
             all
             except
             one
             ,
             whereupon
             there
             appeared
             a
             man
             with
             a
             Javelin
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             that
             came
             up
             to
             him
             very
             fiercely
             ,
             threatning
             him
             ;
             
               Who
               art
               thou
               ,
               cryes
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               that
               hast
               the
               Insolence
               to
               dare
               persue
               them
            
             ?
             I
             am
             ,
             answered
             he
             ,
             Eurycles
             the
             Lacedemonian
             
               brought
               hither
               by
               the
               good
               fortune
               of
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               to
               revenge
               my
               Father
               whom
               you
               put
               to
               death
               .
            
             This
             was
             Lachares
             whom
             Anthony
             had
             punished
             for
             his
             extortions
             and
             oppressions
             :
             however
             Eurycles
             durst
             not
             engage
             Anthony's
             Gally
             ,
             but
             attacked
             Cleopatra's
             Admiral
             ,
             and
             gave
             him
             so
             rude
             a
             shock
             ,
             that
             he
             ran
             him
             all
             on
             one
             side
             ,
             and
             easily
             took
             him
             and
             another
             Vessel
             laden
             with
             all
             that
             Princess's
             Equipage
             .
             After
             he
             retired
             with
             his
             Prize
             ,
             
             which
             was
             very
             rich
             ,
             Anthony
             fell
             again
             into
             his
             Melancholy
             ,
             and
             continued
             so
             three
             days
             without
             seeing
             the
             Queen
             ,
             hindred
             either
             through
             shame
             or
             anger
             .
             They
             arrived
             so
             at
             Tenarus
             ,
             where
             Cleopatra's
             women
             so
             bestirred
             themselves
             ,
             that
             they
             brought
             them
             to
             see
             one
             another
             ,
             and
             to
             eat
             together
             ;
             in
             this
             place
             several
             of
             Anthony's
             Vessels
             came
             to
             him
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             his
             Friends
             who
             informed
             him
             of
             the
             total
             defeat
             of
             his
             Fleet
             ;
             but
             believing
             his
             Legions
             held
             out
             yet
             ,
             he
             sent
             to
             Canidius
             to
             retreat
             through
             Macedonia
             ,
             and
             return
             into
             Asia
             .
             Then
             he
             purposed
             to
             retire
             into
             Africa
             ,
             and
             assembled
             his
             Friends
             ,
             to
             exhort
             them
             to
             retire
             and
             take
             their
             measures
             for
             their
             safety
             .
             After
             which
             ,
             he
             made
             a
             Vessel
             draw
             near
             wherein
             was
             all
             his
             Money
             ,
             and
             what
             else
             he
             had
             of
             value
             ,
             which
             he
             gave
             them
             to
             divide
             among
             them
             .
             They
             all
             refused
             his
             Presents
             ,
             and
             weeping
             told
             him
             ,
             
               They
               would
               always
               follow
               his
               Fortune
               .
            
             This
             testimony
             of
             their
             Fidelity
             moved
             him
             so
             much
             to
             Compassion
             ,
             that
             he
             could
             not
             refrain
             Tears
             :
             Complaining
             of
             his
             fortune
             that
             put
             him
             out
             of
             Capacity
             of
             giving
             them
             tokens
             of
             his
             acknowledgement
             and
             gratitude
             ,
             who
             had
             given
             him
             such
             signal
             marks
             of
             their
             affection
             ;
             he
             added
             that
             he
             should
             very
             much
             injure
             them
             ,
             if
             he
             should
             suffer
             them
             any
             longer
             to
             be
             entangled
             in
             his
             Misfortunes
             .
             So
             he
             absolutely
             Commanded
             them
             to
             retire
             themselves
             ,
             and
             wrote
             to
             Theopilus
             Governour
             
             of
             Corinth
             ,
             to
             grant
             them
             refuge
             till
             they
             had
             made
             their
             Peace
             with
             Caesar.
             After
             he
             had
             given
             these
             orders
             he
             went
             into
             Africa
             ;
             from
             whence
             he
             sent
             Cleopatra
             into
             Aegypt
             ,
             and
             remained
             almost
             alone
             ,
             wandring
             through
             the
             Desarts
             of
             Libya
             ,
             without
             any
             other
             company
             than
             Aristocrates
             and
             Lucilius
             ;
             one
             a
             Greek
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             a
             Roman
             ,
             both
             excellent
             Rhetoricians
             .
             Lucilius
             was
             he
             that
             saved
             Brutus
             ,
             from
             being
             taken
             at
             the
             battel
             of
             Philippi
             ;
             and
             ever
             since
             following
             Anthony
             ,
             even
             to
             his
             death
             continued
             his
             affection
             .
             But
             Anthony
             then
             heard
             that
             the
             Governour
             had
             revolted
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             which
             put
             him
             into
             such
             a
             violent
             despair
             ,
             that
             he
             attempted
             to
             kill
             himself
             .
             His
             Friends
             hindred
             him
             from
             that
             fatal
             resolution
             by
             their
             Prayers
             and
             Remonstrances
             ,
             and
             persuaded
             him
             to
             return
             to
             Alexandria
             ,
             where
             he
             found
             Cleopatra
             about
             an
             enterprize
             ,
             that
             shewed
             the
             greatness
             of
             her
             spirit
             .
             As
             that
             neck
             of
             Land
             which
             joyns
             Asia
             and
             Africa
             is
             but
             three
             hundred
             furlongs
             over
             ,
             this
             Queen
             drew
             her
             Gallies
             upon
             Carriages
             into
             the
             Red
             Sea
             ;
             where
             she
             designed
             to
             embark
             her self
             withall
             her
             Treasures
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             affectionate
             of
             her
             Subjects
             ;
             and
             go
             and
             plant
             her self
             in
             some
             remote
             part
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             far
             from
             the
             dangers
             of
             War
             ,
             and
             the
             fear
             of
             slavery
             .
             But
             the
             Arabians
             near
             the
             City
             of
             Petra
             ,
             that
             were
             Enemies
             to
             the
             Aegyptians
             ,
             burned
             those
             Vessels
             that
             were
             first
             transported
             thus
             ,
             which
             made
             Cleopatra
             
             abandon
             that
             design
             ,
             and
             apply
             her self
             to
             fortifie
             the
             avenues
             of
             her
             Kingdom
             ,
             which
             were
             of
             very
             difficult
             access
             .
             Anthony's
             behaviour
             was
             very
             different
             ,
             he
             shewed
             nothing
             but
             a
             shamefull
             weakness
             :
             He
             shunned
             all
             Company
             ,
             and
             built
             a
             house
             near
             the
             Pharos
             ,
             far
             out
             into
             the
             Sea
             ;
             where
             he
             shut
             himself
             up
             without
             either
             Friends
             or
             Domesticks
             ,
             to
             imitate
             Timon
             ,
             as
             he
             said
             ,
             since
             he
             had
             no
             less
             reason
             than
             that
             Athenian
             to
             hate
             mankind
             ,
             that
             seeing
             himself
             betrayed
             by
             those
             whom
             he
             had
             most
             obliged
             ,
             this
             perfidiousness
             gave
             him
             occasion
             to
             suspect
             and
             hate
             all
             others
             .
             In
             this
             retirement
             Canidius
             brought
             him
             the
             News
             of
             the
             loss
             of
             his
             Legions
             ,
             and
             here
             he
             heard
             how
             Herod
             King
             of
             the
             Iews
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             other
             Kings
             of
             Asia
             had
             quitted
             his
             party
             ,
             to
             take
             Caesar's
             side
             .
             He
             could
             no
             longer
             force
             his
             natural
             Temper
             ,
             and
             as
             debauching
             is
             a
             great
             relief
             to
             people
             of
             his
             humour
             against
             all
             their
             troubles
             ;
             he
             quitted
             his
             Cell
             ,
             to
             fall
             a-feasting
             upon
             the
             Solemnity
             of
             Caesarion's
             being
             received
             into
             the
             degree
             of
             young
             men
             ,
             and
             Antyllus
             ,
             his
             Son
             by
             Fulvia
             ,
             his
             putting
             off
             a
             Gown
             all
             of
             one
             colour
             ,
             and
             without
             any
             ornament
             ;
             for
             the
             Romans
             distinguished
             the
             ages
             of
             their
             Children
             ,
             by
             peculiar
             habits
             ;
             the
             first
             was
             the
             Praetexta
             or
             painted
             Gown
             ,
             like
             our
             flowered
             Stuffs
             ,
             which
             they
             wore
             till
             fourteeen
             ;
             the
             Pura
             or
             white
             Robe
             ,
             which
             was
             worn
             till
             eighteen
             or
             twenty
             ,
             and
             then
             they
             took
             the
             degree
             
             of
             young
             men
             ,
             and
             every
             one
             wore
             Clothes
             according
             to
             his
             quality
             .
             All
             this
             was
             usually
             performed
             with
             great
             Ceremonies
             ,
             which
             served
             Anthony
             as
             a
             pretence
             to
             set
             on
             foot
             again
             the
             Society
             or
             Club
             they
             had
             formerly
             ,
             but
             instead
             of
             the
             name
             it
             had
             of
             the
             
               Inimitable
               Life
            
             ,
             they
             called
             it
             ,
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             Synapothanoumen●i
             ,
             that
             is
             ,
             
               of
               those
               that
               dye
               together
            
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Cleopatra
             made
             tryal
             of
             all
             sorts
             of
             Poisons
             upon
             Criminals
             ,
             even
             to
             the
             biting
             of
             S●●p●●●s
             ;
             they
             say
             ,
             that
             after
             many
             Experiments
             ,
             they
             found
             that
             the
             sting
             of
             the
             Asp
             gave
             the
             quickest
             and
             easiest
             Death
             ,
             and
             there
             is
             reason
             to
             believe
             ,
             she
             from
             that
             very
             time
             made
             choice
             of
             that
             kind
             of
             death
             ,
             if
             her
             ill
             fortune
             should
             drive
             her
             to
             an
             extremity
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXX
             .
             Caesar
             goes
             into
             Italy
             .
             He
             pacifies
             the
             Souldiers
             ,
             and
             besieges
             Alexandria
             .
          
           
             CAesar
             was
             yet
             in
             Italy
             ,
             whither
             he
             was
             recalled
             by
             Agrippa's
             Letters
             ,
             after
             he
             had
             passed
             one
             part
             of
             the
             Winter
             at
             Athens
             and
             the
             other
             at
             Samos
             .
             The
             occasion
             of
             his
             return
             into
             Italy
             was
             the
             Mutiny
             of
             his
             Souldiers
             whom
             he
             had
             sent
             to
             Brundustum
             after
             the
             Victory
             .
             After
             their
             usual
             Custome
             they
             asked
             their
             Rewards
             and
             their
             Discharge
             .
             In
             his
             passage
             he
             had
             like
             to
             have
             been
             a
             Cast-away
             twice
             ;
             the
             first
             time
             upon
             the
             Coast
             of
             Italy
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             near
             the
             Ceraunian
             Mountains
             ,
             where
             he
             lost
             several
             of
             his
             Vessels
             .
             He
             stayed
             at
             Brundustum
             but
             twenty
             seven
             days
             ,
             to
             appease
             the
             Souldiers
             and
             give
             orders
             ,
             after
             which
             with
             his
             Navy
             he
             sailed
             into
             Syria
             ,
             while
             his
             Army
             marched
             a●long
             the
             Coasts
             of
             Africa
             to
             attack
             Aegypt
             on
             the
             other
             side
             .
             All
             the
             Kings
             of
             Asia
             ,
             Allies
             to
             the
             Romans
             ,
             came
             to
             assure
             him
             of
             their
             obedience
             ;
             but
             none
             appeared
             more
             forward
             than
             Herod
             ,
             who
             went
             as
             far
             as
             Rhodes
             to
             lay
             his
             Crown
             at
             Caesar's
             Feet
             ,
             and
             offered
             him
             his
             Person
             and
             his
             Troops
             .
             This
             Prince
             had
             very
             great
             obligations
             unto
             Anthony
             ,
             from
             whom
             he
             held
             both
             his
             Kingdom
             and
             his
             Life
             ,
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             he
             had
             maintained
             his
             Interests
             in
             the
             East
             with
             so
             much
             Zeal
             that
             it
             
             was
             not
             doubted
             ,
             but
             Caesar
             would
             treat
             him
             as
             one
             of
             his
             greatest
             Enemies
             .
             Herod
             himself
             had
             so
             little
             hopes
             of
             the
             success
             of
             his
             voyage
             ,
             that
             in
             persuance
             of
             his
             natural
             bent
             to
             Cruelty
             ,
             he
             left
             order
             with
             two
             of
             his
             Confidents
             to
             put
             his
             Wife
             Mariamne
             ,
             whom
             he
             passionately
             loved
             ,
             to
             death
             ,
             in
             case
             he
             miscarried
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             were
             not
             disposed
             to
             pardon
             him
             .
             This
             Secret
             was
             revealed
             to
             Mariamne
             by
             one
             of
             his
             Instruments
             ,
             which
             she
             no●
             being
             able
             to
             keep
             ,
             but
             reproaching
             her
             Husband
             with
             it
             at
             his
             return
             to
             Iudaea
             ,
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             the
             death
             of
             this
             unfortunate
             Princess
             ,
             who
             for
             her
             admirable
             beauty
             and
             her
             noble
             race
             ,
             which
             was
             that
             of
             the
             Maccabees
             ,
             deserved
             a
             gentler
             destiny
             .
             Caesar
             to
             give
             a
             famous
             instance
             of
             his
             Clemency
             ,
             pardoned
             Herod
             ,
             gave
             him
             his
             Crown
             ,
             and
             received
             him
             into
             the
             number
             of
             his
             Friends
             .
             Yet
             he
             refused
             him
             the
             Pardon
             of
             Alexander
             the
             Syrian
             ,
             who
             was
             one
             of
             Cleopatra's
             most
             dangerous
             Flatterers
             ,
             and
             for
             that
             reason
             very
             much
             esteemed
             by
             Anthony
             ,
             whom
             he
             betrayed
             after
             a
             very
             base
             manner
             .
             Anthony
             had
             sent
             him
             to
             the
             Kings
             of
             Asia
             ,
             to
             keep
             them
             in
             his
             Interests
             ,
             and
             this
             perfidious
             Villain
             was
             the
             first
             that
             persuaded
             Herod
             to
             follow
             the
             Fortune
             of
             Caesar
             ;
             to
             whom
             this
             Treason
             seemed
             so
             odious
             that
             he
             put
             him
             to
             death
             notwithstanding
             all
             Herod's
             Entreaties
             .
             Anthony
             and
             Cleopatra
             ,
             seeing
             themselves
             abandoned
             by
             all
             their
             Allies
             ,
             resolved
             though
             too
             late
             to
             send
             Euphronius
             ,
             
             their
             Childrens
             Tutor
             ,
             to
             make
             some
             Proposals
             to
             
               Caesar.
               Cleopatra
            
             asked
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Aegypt
             for
             her
             Children
             ,
             and
             Anthony
             desired
             he
             might
             live
             as
             a
             private
             man
             at
             Athens
             ,
             if
             Caesar
             was
             not
             willing
             he
             should
             tarry
             in
             Aegypt
             .
             He
             absolutely
             rejected
             Anthony's
             Propositions
             ;
             and
             sent
             to
             
               Cleopatra
               ,
               That
               he
               would
               refuse
               her
               nothing
               that
               was
               just
               and
               reasonable
               ,
               if
               she
               would
               rid
               her self
               of
            
             Anthony
             
               or
               drive
               him
               out
               of
               her
               Kingdom
               .
            
             With
             this
             Answer
             Euphronius
             returned
             ,
             and
             with
             him
             Thyreus
             ,
             a
             freed-man
             of
             Caesar's
             ,
             he
             was
             a
             man
             very
             cunning
             ,
             and
             very
             fit
             to
             mannage
             an
             Intrigue
             ;
             who
             coming
             with
             a
             message
             from
             a
             young
             Emperour
             to
             an
             ambitious
             Princess
             possest
             with
             a
             great
             opinion
             of
             her
             own
             beauty
             ,
             had
             no
             difficulty
             of
             access
             to
             her
             .
             But
             these
             secret
             Conferences
             between
             him
             and
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             the
             honours
             she
             did
             him
             ,
             threw
             Anthony
             into
             such
             a
             furious
             Passion
             of
             Jealousie
             ,
             that
             he
             made
             poor
             Thyreus
             be
             taken
             and
             cruelly
             scourged
             ,
             and
             in
             this
             pickle
             sent
             him
             to
             Caesar
             with
             Letters
             ,
             
               That
               he
               had
               chastised
            
             Thyreus
             
               for
               his
               Insolence
               ,
               and
               because
               he
               insulted
               over
               him
               at
               a
               time
               when
               his
               ill
               fortune
               had
               put
               him
               into
               an
               ill
               humour
               :
            
             But
             added
             he
             ,
             
               If
               this
               proceeding
               of
               mine
               offend
               you
               ,
               you
               have
            
             Hipparchus
             ,
             
               one
               of
               my
               freed-men
               ,
               in
               your
               hands
               ,
               whip
               him
               ,
               or
               hang
               him
               if
               you
               please
               ,
               and
               so
               we
               shall
               be
               even
               .
            
             But
             this
             was
             a
             pleasant
             way
             of
             being
             revenged
             upon
             Hipparchus
             ,
             the
             Son
             of
             Theophilus
             ,
             Governour
             of
             Corinth
             ,
             who
             was
             the
             very
             first
             
             of
             Anthony's
             freed-men
             that
             went
             over
             to
             
               Caesar.
               Cleopatra
            
             omitted
             nothing
             to
             clear
             Anthony's
             mind
             of
             Jealousie
             and
             Suspicion
             ;
             she
             redoubled
             her
             Fondness
             and
             Caresses
             ;
             and
             whereas
             she
             used
             to
             celebrate
             her
             Birth-day
             with
             great
             Feastings
             and
             Solemnities
             ,
             she
             neglected
             that
             ;
             but
             on
             Anthony's
             Birth-day
             she
             made
             such
             a
             noble
             entertainment
             ,
             that
             all
             the
             Guests
             were
             even
             enriched
             with
             the
             Presents
             she
             made
             them
             for
             Anthony's
             sake
             .
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             Caesar
             ,
             having
             got
             all
             his
             Forces
             together
             ,
             surprized
             the
             City
             of
             Pelusium
             ,
             which
             was
             delivered
             to
             him
             by
             Seleucus
             ,
             and
             the
             report
             went
             ,
             that
             this
             Governour
             had
             received
             such
             order
             from
             the
             Queen
             ,
             who
             ,
             to
             justifie
             her self
             ,
             delivered
             his
             Wife
             and
             Children
             up
             into
             Anthony's
             hands
             .
             Cleopatra
             ,
             near
             the
             Temple
             of
             Isis
             had
             built
             a
             stately
             building
             which
             she
             designed
             for
             her
             Sepulchre
             :
             into
             this
             place
             was
             carried
             by
             her
             order
             all
             her
             Treasure
             ;
             as
             Gold
             ,
             Jewels
             ,
             Pearls
             ,
             Ivory
             ,
             Ebony
             ,
             Cinnamon
             ,
             and
             other
             pretious
             Woods
             of
             those
             times
             .
             It
             was
             filled
             besides
             with
             Torches
             ,
             Fagots
             ,
             Tow
             and
             other
             combustible
             matter
             ;
             so
             that
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             had
             notice
             of
             it
             ,
             was
             afraid
             lest
             out
             of
             despair
             she
             should
             burn
             her self
             in
             it
             with
             all
             those
             vast
             Riches
             :
             as
             he
             always
             kept
             some
             kind
             of
             correspondence
             ,
             he
             sent
             People
             to
             her
             to
             give
             her
             hopes
             ,
             that
             she
             might
             expect
             all
             good
             usage
             from
             the
             esteem
             he
             had
             for
             her
             .
             But
             in
             this
             time
             he
             advanced
             with
             his
             Army
             and
             encamped
             in
             sight
             of
             Alexandria
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXI
             .
             Anthony
             defeats
             Caesar's
             Cavalry
             .
             He
             is
             forsaken
             by
             his
             men
             .
             His
             Despair
             .
             He
             wounds
             himself
             .
             Is
             carried
             to
             Cleopatra
             .
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             THE
             Pretence
             of
             so
             formidable
             a
             Rival
             revived
             all
             those
             sparks
             of
             Generosity
             in
             Anthony's
             breast
             that
             seemed
             to
             be
             quite
             extinct
             .
             Caesar's
             hatred
             was
             declared
             too
             well
             ,
             to
             let
             him
             hope
             for
             any
             thing
             but
             dying
             like
             a
             true
             Roman
             ,
             and
             this
             Anthony
             resolved
             upon
             .
             He
             rallyed
             all
             the
             Troups
             he
             had
             ,
             and
             made
             a
             Sally
             upon
             Caesar's
             Horse
             which
             was
             advanced
             .
             This
             action
             shewed
             what
             Anthony
             might
             have
             hoped
             if
             he
             had
             fought
             by
             Land
             as
             he
             was
             advised
             .
             He
             beat
             this
             Cavalry
             ,
             and
             forced
             it
             home
             to
             Caesar's
             Camp
             ,
             which
             he
             put
             into
             disorder
             ;
             nor
             did
             he
             ever
             shew
             more
             Courage
             and
             Conduct
             than
             now
             .
             After
             this
             Victory
             he
             entred
             Alexandria
             as
             in
             Triumph
             ,
             and
             went
             all
             armed
             as
             he
             was
             to
             Cleopatra
             ,
             to
             tell
             her
             the
             News
             of
             his
             Advantage
             .
             He
             presented
             one
             of
             his
             Cavaliers
             to
             her
             which
             had
             behaved
             himself
             very
             bravely
             in
             the
             Fight
             .
             The
             Queen
             rewarded
             his
             Valour
             with
             an
             Armour
             of
             Gold
             ;
             but
             that
             very
             night
             ,
             this
             ungratefull
             wretch
             went
             to
             
               Caesar.
               Anthony
            
             was
             very
             much
             troubled
             with
             this
             Man
             ,
             that
             shewed
             such
             a
             
             dangerous
             Example
             .
             He
             tried
             to
             provoke
             Caesar's
             Generosity
             ,
             and
             proposed
             a
             Duel
             to
             him
             ;
             but
             he
             very
             coldly
             answered
             ,
             Anthony
             
               had
               ways
               enough
               to
               dye
               without
               seeking
               that
               .
            
             He
             resolved
             then
             to
             make
             the
             last
             Push
             both
             by
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ,
             with
             a
             design
             to
             conquer
             or
             dye
             bravely
             .
             He
             ordered
             his
             People
             to
             treat
             him
             with
             more
             magnificence
             than
             usually
             they
             did
             .
             Perhaps
             ,
             said
             he
             to
             them
             ,
             
               this
               may
               be
               the
               last
               Service
               ye
               may
               doe
               me
               ,
               for
               it
               may
               happen
               that
               to
               morrow
               you
               may
               have
               another
               Master
               ,
               and
               ye
               may
               see
               me
               no
               more
               .
               However
               ,
            
             added
             he
             ,
             
               I
               do
               not
               pretend
               to
               lead
               you
               where
               death
               is
               more
               certain
               than
               victory
               .
            
             The
             following
             night
             was
             troubled
             by
             a
             Prodigy
             ;
             there
             was
             heard
             a
             great
             noise
             of
             Voices
             ,
             Instruments
             and
             Cryes
             ,
             like
             those
             of
             Bacchanals
             ,
             all
             this
             passed
             through
             the
             City
             of
             Alexandria
             ,
             and
             went
             out
             of
             the
             Gate
             that
             looked
             towards
             the
             Enemies
             Camp.
             As
             Anthony
             had
             all
             his
             life
             time
             affected
             to
             imitate
             Bacchus
             ,
             this
             prodigy
             was
             interpreted
             to
             his
             disadvantage
             ;
             and
             it
             was
             said
             ,
             that
             this
             God
             abandoned
             him
             .
             At
             break
             of
             day
             Anthony
             posted
             those
             few
             Troops
             that
             were
             left
             him
             upon
             the
             rising
             ground
             near
             the
             Town
             ,
             from
             whence
             he
             sent
             orders
             to
             his
             Gallies
             to
             engage
             the
             Enemy
             .
             They
             advanced
             in
             order
             of
             Batttel
             ;
             but
             as
             soon
             as
             Anthony's
             Souldiers
             came
             near
             they
             held
             down
             their
             Arms
             and
             saluted
             Caesar's
             ,
             who
             returning
             the
             Salute
             ,
             both
             Fleets
             joined
             and
             moved
             against
             the
             City
             .
             All
             his
             Cavalry
             seeing
             
             this
             left
             him
             ,
             and
             went
             over
             to
             Caesar's
             Camp.
             This
             unfortunate
             General
             ,
             forsaken
             by
             his
             men
             ,
             and
             seeing
             he
             could
             not
             be
             so
             happy
             to
             dye
             with
             glory
             ,
             his
             Arms
             in
             his
             hands
             ,
             he
             was
             forced
             to
             go
             back
             to
             Alexandria
             quite
             besides
             himself
             with
             rage
             and
             spight
             ,
             crying
             out
             ,
             Cleopatra
             had
             betrayed
             him
             ,
             in
             favour
             of
             those
             whom
             he
             had
             not
             made
             War
             with
             ,
             but
             upon
             her
             account
             .
             This
             being
             told
             the
             Queen
             ,
             the
             fury
             and
             despair
             of
             Anthony
             terrified
             her
             so
             that
             she
             retired
             to
             her
             Monument
             or
             Sepulchre
             ,
             and
             fastned
             up
             the
             doors
             ,
             and
             let
             down
             the
             Portcullis
             ,
             the
             Place
             being
             very
             strong
             ;
             and
             then
             made
             a
             report
             be
             spread
             ,
             that
             she
             was
             dead
             ,
             which
             was
             told
             Anthony
             :
             this
             sad
             news
             recalled
             all
             that
             tenderness
             he
             had
             for
             this
             Princess
             ;
             
               Miserable
               man
            
             ,
             cryed
             he
             ,
             
               what
               doest
               thou
               stay
               for
               longer
               ,
               when
               fortune
               has
               deprived
               thee
               of
               all
               that
               is
               worth
               living
               for
            
             ?
             At
             these
             words
             he
             entred
             into
             a
             Cabinet
             ,
             where
             ,
             laying
             aside
             his
             Armour
             ,
             Cleopatra
             ,
             cryed
             he
             ,
             
               my
               greatest
               grief
               is
               ,
               not
               that
               I
               am
               separated
               from
               thee
               ,
               for
               we
               shall
               soon
               meet
               ;
               but
               that
               I
               ,
               who
               have
               commanded
               so
               many
               gallant
               men
               ,
               should
               be
               out-done
               by
               a
               woman
               in
               Courage
               .
            
             In
             this
             moment
             he
             called
             Eros
             ,
             the
             most
             faithfull
             of
             his
             freed-men
             ,
             whom
             he
             had
             engaged
             by
             Oath
             to
             kill
             him
             when
             he
             was
             reduced
             to
             a
             necessity
             of
             dying
             .
             It
             was
             to
             perform
             his
             Promise
             that
             he
             called
             for
             him
             .
             Eros
             drew
             out
             his
             Sword
             ,
             as
             if
             he
             intended
             to
             perform
             that
             fatal
             Duty
             ,
             and
             turning
             a
             little
             a-side
             gave
             himself
             a
             wound
             ,
             
             which
             made
             him
             fall
             dead
             at
             his
             Master's
             Feet
             .
             Dear
             Eros
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               I
               thank
               thee
               for
               shewing
               me
               what
               I
               should
               doe
               .
            
             He
             then
             gave
             himself
             a
             blow
             in
             the
             Belly
             with
             that
             Violence
             that
             he
             fell
             backward
             upon
             a
             Bed
             that
             was
             near
             ;
             though
             the
             wound
             were
             mortal
             ,
             yet
             the
             bloud
             was
             stopped
             by
             the
             situation
             his
             body
             was
             in
             as
             he
             fell
             ,
             so
             that
             he
             came
             to
             himself
             ,
             and
             begged
             of
             his
             friends
             who
             were
             come
             to
             him
             ,
             that
             they
             would
             dispatch
             him
             .
             But
             they
             all
             ran
             from
             him
             ,
             leaving
             him
             in
             a
             condition
             to
             move
             the
             most
             insensible
             to
             pity
             ;
             the
             anguish
             of
             his
             wound
             ,
             and
             the
             rage
             to
             be
             so
             cruelly
             forsaken
             made
             him
             cry
             out
             and
             tumble
             about
             the
             strive
             ,
             when
             Cleopatra
             hearing
             of
             it
             sent
             Diomedes
             to
             bring
             him
             to
             her
             .
             Anthony
             understanding
             Cleopatra
             yet
             lived
             ,
             ceased
             lamenting
             ,
             to
             beg
             his
             Officers
             ,
             who
             were
             then
             returned
             ,
             in
             the
             most
             moving
             manner
             in
             the
             world
             ,
             to
             carry
             him
             to
             her
             :
             with
             much-a-doe
             they
             lifted
             him
             up
             to
             the
             door
             of
             the
             Tomb.
             Cleopatra
             durst
             not
             or
             could
             not
             open
             it
             ,
             for
             she
             had
             no
             body
             with
             her
             besides
             two
             of
             her
             Women
             ,
             but
             she
             threw
             out
             some
             Cords
             from
             a
             window
             .
             All
             the
             People
             of
             Alexandria
             were
             present
             at
             this
             sad
             spectacle
             ,
             and
             owned
             there
             could
             be
             nothing
             more
             lamentable
             than
             to
             see
             this
             great
             man
             ,
             renowned
             for
             so
             many
             Victories
             ,
             bathed
             in
             his
             Bloud
             and
             exspiring
             ,
             holding
             out
             his
             hands
             to
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             weakly
             endeavouring
             to
             raise
             himself
             ;
             and
             her
             holding
             her
             Head
             down
             ,
             and
             her
             Body
             almost
             out
             of
             the
             Window
             ,
             striving
             
             with
             the
             help
             of
             her
             Women
             to
             pull
             him
             up
             .
             All
             the
             Spectatours
             shewed
             no
             less
             sorrow
             by
             their
             several
             motions
             :
             they
             encouraged
             her
             ,
             and
             seemed
             to
             assist
             her
             with
             their
             Cryes
             ,
             for
             that
             was
             all
             the
             help
             they
             could
             give
             her
             .
             At
             last
             ,
             after
             much
             pain
             ,
             she
             drew
             him
             up
             to
             the
             Window
             ,
             where
             she
             embraced
             him
             ,
             and
             laid
             him
             on
             a
             Bed.
             Anthony
             had
             loved
             her
             too
             much
             ;
             and
             the
             state
             he
             was
             in
             was
             too
             moving
             ,
             not
             to
             shew
             a
             real
             grief
             .
             She
             tore
             her
             Clothes
             and
             her
             Face
             ,
             and
             beat
             her
             Breast
             ,
             calling
             Anthony
             her
             Lord
             ,
             her
             Husband
             ,
             her
             Emperour
             ;
             and
             though
             she
             had
             her self
             great
             occasions
             of
             grief
             ,
             yet
             that
             deplorable
             object
             before
             her
             eyes
             was
             more
             than
             all
             the
             rest
             .
             Anthony
             conjured
             her
             to
             stop
             her
             tears
             and
             moderate
             her
             transports
             ,
             and
             asked
             for
             some
             Wine
             ;
             whether
             it
             were
             that
             he
             was
             thirsty
             or
             that
             he
             thought
             it
             would
             the
             sooner
             end
             him
             .
             After
             he
             had
             drank
             ,
             he
             exhorted
             Cleopatra
             to
             endeavour
             to
             save
             her
             life
             if
             she
             could
             doe
             it
             with
             Honour
             ,
             and
             to
             that
             end
             she
             might
             put
             more
             confidence
             in
             Proculus
             than
             in
             any
             else
             about
             Caesar
             ;
             that
             she
             should
             not
             make
             too
             much
             reflexion
             upon
             the
             cruel
             turn
             of
             Fortune
             which
             he
             felt
             at
             the
             end
             of
             his
             days
             ,
             but
             think
             what
             glory
             he
             had
             lived
             in
             ,
             famous
             for
             so
             many
             Victories
             ,
             Triumphs
             and
             Dignities
             ;
             and
             after
             he
             had
             been
             the
             first
             man
             of
             the
             world
             ,
             and
             the
             worthiest
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             he
             was
             overcome
             by
             a
             Roman
             .
             He
             expired
             in
             finishing
             this
             Discourse
             in
             the
             moment
             that
             
             Proculus
             arrived
             from
             
               Caesar.
               Dercetes
            
             one
             of
             Anthony's
             Guards
             had
             given
             notice
             of
             the
             Death
             of
             his
             Master
             ,
             and
             had
             carried
             the
             Sword
             with
             which
             he
             slew
             himself
             ,
             yet
             stained
             with
             his
             Bloud
             .
             This
             sad
             Sight
             forced
             Caesar
             to
             retire
             into
             his
             Tent.
             And
             now
             the
             strict
             friendship
             he
             had
             had
             with
             Anthony
             ,
             their
             Affinity
             ,
             the
             Dangers
             they
             had
             past
             together
             came
             into
             his
             thoughts
             .
             All
             this
             joined
             with
             his
             Noble
             extraction
             ,
             his
             Fame
             for
             so
             many
             Triumphs
             and
             Dignities
             ,
             followed
             by
             such
             a
             deplorable
             end
             drew
             Tears
             from
             him
             .
             He
             called
             his
             Friends
             in
             and
             laid
             before
             them
             how
             he
             had
             not
             contributed
             any
             thing
             to
             the
             overthrow
             of
             Anthony
             by
             any
             hatred
             or
             ambition
             .
             He
             shewed
             them
             the
             Copies
             of
             the
             Letters
             he
             had
             written
             to
             him
             ,
             which
             contained
             nothing
             but
             reasonable
             and
             just
             Proposals
             ,
             and
             Anthony's
             Answers
             full
             of
             Passion
             and
             Disdain
             .
             After
             this
             he
             sent
             Proculus
             to
             employ
             all
             his
             Art
             and
             Address
             to
             seize
             upon
             
               Cleopatra
               .
               Caesar
            
             passionately
             desired
             in
             his
             Triumph
             to
             expose
             to
             the
             sight
             of
             the
             Romans
             ,
             this
             Queen
             who
             had
             so
             long
             triumphed
             over
             one
             of
             their
             Emperours
             ,
             and
             was
             also
             very
             desirous
             to
             save
             her
             Treasures
             .
             Cleopatra
             would
             not
             let
             Proculus
             enter
             ;
             she
             spoke
             to
             him
             through
             the
             Chinks
             of
             the
             Dore.
             She
             was
             heard
             to
             ask
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Aegypt
             for
             her
             Children
             ;
             and
             Proculus
             exhorted
             her
             to
             put
             an
             intire
             confidence
             in
             Caesar's
             Clemency
             ,
             and
             the
             affection
             he
             had
             for
             her
             .
             And
             all
             this
             while
             he
             considered
             well
             all
             the
             Avenues
             
             of
             this
             monument
             :
             when
             he
             had
             taken
             good
             notice
             of
             them
             he
             returned
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             the
             same
             instant
             sent
             Gallus
             to
             make
             her
             other
             Propositions
             ;
             while
             Proculus
             with
             two
             others
             entred
             by
             the
             Window
             they
             drew
             Anthony
             in
             at
             :
             the
             Queen
             was
             earnest
             in
             discourse
             with
             Gallus
             ,
             when
             one
             of
             her
             Women
             perceiving
             Proculus
             make
             hastily
             up
             to
             her
             ,
             cryed
             out
             ,
             
               Poor
               Princess
               ,
               you
               are
               taken
               .
            
             At
             this
             Cry
             Cleopatra
             turned
             her
             Head
             ,
             and
             drew
             out
             a
             dagger
             she
             had
             at
             her
             Girdle
             ,
             to
             strike
             it
             into
             her
             Heart
             :
             but
             the
             Roman
             caught
             hold
             of
             her
             Arm.
             Madam
             ,
             said
             he
             ,
             
               will
               you
               with
               the
               same
               Crime
               injure
               both
               your self
               and
            
             Caesar
             ,
             
               in
               depriving
               him
               of
               the
               most
               illustrious
               testimony
               he
               can
               give
               of
               his
               generosity
               ;
               and
               make
               the
               best
               and
               gentlest
               of
               Princes
               pass
               for
               Cruel
            
             ?
             He
             then
             took
             the
             dagger
             from
             her
             and
             searched
             all
             her
             Clothes
             with
             Care
             lest
             she
             should
             have
             any
             Poison
             concealed
             about
             her
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             CHAP.
             XXXII
             .
             Caesar
             enters
             into
             Alexandria
             .
             He
             visits
             Cleopatra
             .
             Her
             Death
             .
             The
             Posterity
             of
             Anthony
             .
          
           
             THIS
             News
             gave
             Caesar
             an
             extreme
             satisfaction
             .
             He
             saw
             himself
             Master
             of
             the
             World
             by
             the
             Death
             of
             his
             Enemy
             ;
             and
             had
             in
             his
             hands
             that
             haughty
             Queen
             ,
             who
             had
             lifted
             the
             Crown
             of
             Aegypt
             above
             the
             Empire
             of
             the
             Romans
             .
             He
             commanded
             Epaphroditus
             to
             guard
             her
             with
             exactest
             care
             ,
             and
             yet
             serve
             her
             like
             a
             Queen
             .
             He
             then
             made
             his
             Entrance
             into
             Alexandria
             .
             And
             as
             in
             all
             his
             actions
             he
             still
             had
             something
             of
             the
             Politician
             ,
             he
             chose
             Arius
             the
             Philosopher
             to
             be
             near
             him
             ,
             who
             was
             of
             this
             City
             ;
             and
             during
             that
             Solemnity
             to
             give
             him
             more
             respect
             ,
             Caesar
             almost
             always
             talked
             to
             him
             ,
             sometimes
             very
             familiarly
             ,
             holding
             out
             his
             hand
             to
             him
             .
             He
             went
             thus
             to
             the
             Place
             of
             Exercises
             where
             all
             the
             People
             were
             assembled
             by
             his
             order
             .
             The
             Majesty
             of
             Caesar
             followed
             by
             so
             many
             armed
             Souldiers
             ,
             who
             breathed
             nothing
             but
             destruction
             threw
             the
             Aegyptians
             into
             a
             mighty
             fear
             .
             They
             all
             fell
             on
             their
             Knees
             and
             implored
             his
             Pardon
             ;
             and
             when
             Silence
             was
             made
             ,
             Caesar
             told
             them
             he
             pardoned
             the
             People
             in
             consideration
             of
             their
             illustrious
             Founder
             Alexander
             the
             Great
             ,
             for
             the
             Beauty
             of
             the
             
             Town
             which
             he
             admired
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             Friendship
             he
             bore
             to
             his
             Friend
             Arius
             their
             fellow
             Citizen
             :
             he
             would
             needs
             see
             the
             Tomb
             and
             Body
             of
             Alexander
             which
             he
             honoured
             with
             a
             Crown
             of
             Gold
             and
             covered
             it
             with
             Flowers
             according
             to
             the
             custome
             of
             those
             times
             .
             But
             when
             they
             asked
             him
             if
             he
             would
             see
             the
             Sepulchres
             of
             the
             Ptolemies
             too
             .
             He
             answered
             ,
             
               He
               desired
               to
               see
               a
               great
               King
               ,
               not
               dead
               Corpses
               that
               were
               not
               .
               Aegypt
            
             was
             reduced
             into
             a
             Province
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             caused
             his
             Souldiers
             to
             cleanse
             the
             Chanels
             of
             the
             Nile
             ,
             which
             very
             much
             contributed
             to
             the
             fertility
             of
             that
             Kingdom
             which
             abounded
             in
             Corn.
             Several
             Kings
             ,
             Princes
             and
             Roman
             Senatours
             begged
             of
             him
             the
             Body
             of
             Anthony
             to
             pay
             their
             last
             respects
             to
             it
             ,
             but
             he
             would
             not
             deprive
             Cleopatra
             of
             that
             satisfaction
             .
             She
             performed
             it
             with
             a
             great
             deal
             of
             magnificence
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             took
             care
             to
             furnish
             her
             with
             what
             was
             needfull
             for
             the
             Pomp
             of
             the
             Funeral
             .
             She
             appeared
             here
             with
             excess
             of
             grief
             ;
             though
             Caesar
             strove
             to
             moderate
             her
             affliction
             by
             the
             kind
             usage
             of
             her
             Children
             whom
             he
             esteemed
             as
             his
             Allies
             .
             Onely
             Antyllus
             ,
             the
             eldest
             of
             Anthony's
             Children
             by
             Fulvia
             ,
             was
             partaker
             of
             his
             Father's
             misfortune
             ,
             as
             being
             of
             an
             age
             capable
             of
             Resentment
             ,
             and
             having
             been
             always
             bred
             up
             with
             his
             Father
             ,
             had
             imbibed
             his
             Sentiments
             ;
             he
             was
             betrayed
             by
             Theodorus
             ,
             his
             Tutor
             ;
             who
             betrayed
             him
             ,
             to
             rob
             him
             of
             a
             stone
             of
             great
             value
             .
             Antyllus
             threw
             himself
             at
             the
             Feet
             of
             an
             Image
             of
             
             
               I.
               Caesar
            
             ,
             but
             this
             Sanctuary
             stood
             him
             in
             no
             more
             stead
             than
             his
             Prayers
             and
             Tears
             ,
             for
             he
             was
             by
             the
             Souldiers
             taken
             from
             thence
             and
             slain
             .
             The
             traiterous
             Schoolmaster
             did
             not
             long
             enjoy
             the
             fruits
             of
             his
             Treason
             ;
             for
             he
             ,
             not
             confessing
             his
             Theft
             ,
             they
             searched
             him
             ,
             and
             found
             the
             stone
             sowed
             up
             in
             his
             Girdle
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             made
             him
             be
             fastned
             to
             a
             Cross
             ,
             where
             the
             People
             of
             Alexandria
             ,
             with
             Joy
             saw
             him
             expire
             .
             Casarion
             ,
             the
             son
             of
             
               I.
               Caesar
            
             and
             Cleopatra
             ,
             was
             also
             delivered
             up
             by
             Rhodon
             ,
             to
             whom
             this
             Princess
             had
             trusted
             him
             .
             This
             Son
             whom
             she
             tenderly
             loved
             and
             sent
             him
             with
             a
             great
             Mass
             of
             Treasure
             to
             Ethiopia
             ;
             it
             was
             for
             this
             that
             this
             perfidious
             Governour
             deceived
             Caesarion
             by
             the
             shewing
             him
             feigned
             Letters
             by
             which
             Caesar
             recalled
             him
             to
             put
             him
             upon
             the
             Throne
             of
             Aegypt
             .
             When
             he
             came
             to
             
               Alexandria
               ,
               Caesar
            
             was
             sometime
             in
             suspence
             between
             policy
             and
             humanity
             ,
             till
             Arius
             made
             him
             resolve
             by
             this
             saying
             ,
             
               It
               is
               not
               safe
               to
               h●ve
               many
            
             Caesars
             ;
             this
             was
             an
             allusion
             to
             a
             Verse
             in
             Homer
             ,
             which
             was
             ill
             cited
             by
             this
             Philosopher
             ,
             since
             it
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             Caesarion's
             death
             .
             This
             death
             not
             being
             till
             after
             that
             of
             Cleopatra
             ,
             and
             Antyllus
             slain
             before
             was
             none
             of
             her
             Son
             ,
             she
             had
             no
             cause
             for
             the
             encrease
             of
             her
             afflictions
             ;
             but
             the
             greatness
             of
             her
             Courage
             ,
             made
             the
             loss
             of
             her
             Liberty
             insupportable
             to
             her
             .
             This
             Melancholy
             with
             the
             blows
             with
             which
             she
             had
             bruised
             her
             Breast
             ,
             put
             her
             into
             a
             slow
             Fever
             ,
             which
             gave
             her
             hopes
             she
             should
             soon
             
             end
             her
             sorrows
             with
             her
             Life
             ;
             she
             had
             besides
             resolved
             to
             abstain
             from
             eating
             ,
             if
             Olympius
             her
             Physician
             who
             wrote
             this
             story
             had
             not
             discovered
             this
             secret
             she
             had
             trusted
             him
             with
             to
             Caesar.
             They
             threatned
             to
             put
             her
             Children
             to
             death
             ,
             if
             she
             persisted
             in
             this
             obstinacy
             ,
             this
             was
             the
             onely
             thing
             she
             could
             be
             sensible
             of
             ;
             so
             she
             suffered
             her self
             to
             be
             drest
             ,
             and
             took
             all
             they
             desired
             her
             :
             then
             Caesar
             resolved
             to
             see
             her
             ;
             by
             his
             Civilities
             to
             re-assure
             her
             mind
             .
             He
             found
             her
             upon
             a
             low
             bed
             very
             plain
             ,
             and
             as
             soon
             as
             she
             perceived
             him
             ,
             she
             rose
             in
             her
             Smock
             to
             throw
             her self
             at
             his
             feet
             ;
             her
             hair
             was
             in
             disorder
             ,
             and
             torn
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             her
             face
             bleeding
             and
             scratched
             ,
             and
             her
             breast
             bruised
             ,
             her
             eyes
             were
             red
             with
             weeping
             ,
             and
             her
             voice
             weak
             and
             trembling
             .
             But
             yet
             all
             these
             accidents
             had
             not
             defaced
             that
             great
             beauty
             ,
             nor
             the
             brightness
             of
             her
             eyes
             ,
             nor
             the
             charming
             air
             of
             her
             face
             .
             Caesar
             civilly
             lifted
             her
             up
             ,
             and
             sate
             down
             at
             her
             Beds-head
             .
             She
             began
             to
             enter
             into
             a
             justification
             of
             her
             Conduct
             ;
             but
             there
             were
             too
             palpable
             Proofs
             against
             her
             ,
             so
             she
             turned
             her
             discourse
             into
             humble
             Prayers
             and
             put
             into
             his
             hand
             an
             Inventory
             of
             all
             her
             Treasure
             and
             Jewels
             .
             
               Seleucus
               ,
               Cleopatra's
            
             Treasurer
             had
             followed
             Caesar
             ,
             and
             by
             a
             barbarous
             ingratitude
             maintained
             the
             Queen
             had
             concealed
             several
             things
             which
             were
             not
             in
             that
             account
             .
             Cleopatra's
             choler
             cannot
             better
             be
             expressed
             than
             by
             the
             effects
             of
             it
             ,
             she
             threw
             her
             
             self
             out
             of
             bed
             ,
             and
             ran
             and
             took
             this
             persidious
             Officer
             by
             the
             hair
             and
             beat
             him
             severely
             ;
             her
             anger
             might
             be
             real
             ,
             but
             the
             Character
             of
             this
             woman
             may
             give
             a
             suspicion
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             but
             a
             protence
             to
             shew
             Caesar
             her
             beautifull
             shape
             and
             body
             ,
             which
             she
             had
             too
             great
             a
             Confidence
             in
             .
             He
             did
             not
             appear
             moved
             by
             it
             ,
             he
             onely
             laughed
             at
             this
             action
             ,
             and
             led
             the
             Queen
             to
             her
             Bed.
             Caesar
             ,
             said
             she
             to
             him
             ,
             
               after
               the
               honour
               you
               have
               done
               me
               ,
               to
               visit
               me
               notwithstanding
               of
               the
               miserable
               condition
               I
               am
               reduced
               to
               ,
               is
               it
               not
               very
               cruel
               ,
               that
               a
               vile
               Slave
               should
               accuse
               me
               of
               a
               Crime
               ,
               because
               I
               laid
               aside
               some
               trifles
               ;
               Not
               ,
               alas
               ,
               to
               adorn
               my self
               ,
               but
               to
               present
               to
            
             Octavia
             and
             Livia
             ,
             
               to
               make
               use
               of
               their
               intercession
               to
               obtain
               your
               favour
               ?
            
             This
             discourse
             very
             much
             pleased
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             believed
             that
             they
             implyed
             a
             desire
             she
             had
             to
             preserve
             her
             Life
             .
             He
             assured
             her
             ,
             
               She
               might
               keep
               her
               Iewels
               ,
               and
               that
               he
               would
               keep
               her
               yet
               more
               generously
               than
               she
               could
               hope
               for
               ,
               and
               then
               retired
               very
               well
               satisfied
               with
               his
               Success
               .
            
             The
             fame
             of
             Cleopatra's
             great
             beauty
             had
             inspired
             all
             the
             young
             Gentlemen
             in
             Caesar's
             Court
             with
             a
             desire
             to
             see
             her
             .
             But
             above
             all
             the
             rest
             ,
             Dolabella
             one
             of
             the
             greatest
             Quality
             ,
             whether
             moved
             to
             it
             by
             love
             or
             pity
             shewed
             the
             greatest
             concern
             for
             her
             ,
             and
             certain
             it
             was
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             he
             who
             informed
             her
             of
             Caesar's
             intentions
             ,
             to
             return
             to
             Rome
             through
             Syria
             ,
             and
             that
             he
             had
             resolved
             within
             three
             days
             ,
             to
             send
             her
             and
             
             her
             Children
             away
             .
             Upon
             this
             news
             ,
             Cleopatra
             desired
             Caesar
             ,
             that
             he
             would
             permit
             her
             to
             pay
             certain
             Funeral
             Rites
             to
             the
             memory
             of
             Anthony
             ,
             which
             he
             granted
             her
             ;
             she
             then
             caused
             her self
             to
             be
             carried
             to
             the
             stately
             Sepulchre
             before
             mentioned
             ,
             where
             he
             was
             laid
             ,
             and
             there
             without
             any
             other
             attendance
             but
             her
             two
             women
             ,
             she
             was
             a
             good
             space
             without
             doing
             any
             thing
             besides
             embracing
             the
             Tomb
             ,
             and
             pouring
             forth
             abundance
             of
             tears
             ;
             at
             length
             the
             excess
             of
             her
             grief
             thus
             broke
             forth
             ,
             
               My
               dearest
            
             Anthony
             ,
             
               said
               she
               ,
               I
               was
               a
               Queen
               and
               free
               ,
               nor
               did
               these
               armes
               of
               mine
               wear
               chains
               when
               they
               received
               thee
               in
               this
               Monument
               ;
               but
               now
               I
               offer
               thee
               these
               Sacrifices
               in
               a
               base
               state
               of
               servitude
               ,
               nor
               dare
               I
               even
               print
               the
               marks
               of
               my
               grief
               upon
               this
               captive
               Body
               ,
               that
               ,
               it
               seems
               ,
               is
               reserved
               to
               be
               an
               ornament
               of
               the
               Triumph
               of
               thy
               Enemy
               ;
               expect
               therefore
               no
               more
               oblations
               of
               sorrow
               from
               thy
            
             Cleopatra
             ,
             
               she
               is
               ready
               to
               be
               forced
               from
               thee
               ,
               and
               this
               is
               the
               last
               token
               of
               her
               love
               and
               duty
               she
               is
               able
               to
               give
               thee
               :
               No
               chance
               was
               able
               to
               separate
               us
               while
               we
               lived
               ,
               but
               I
               am
               afraid
               our
               cruel
               destiny
               will
               part
               us
               in
               our
               deaths
               ;
               and
               as
               by
               a
               strange
               turn
               of
               fate
            
             Aegypt
             
               hath
               afforded
               thee
               a
               Tomb
               ,
               so
            
             Rome
             
               will
               me
               ,
               which
               will
               be
               the
               onely
               courtesie
               I
               shall
               receive
               from
               thy
               Countrey
               :
               Yet
               I
               hope
               the
               Deities
               of
               those
               happy
               abodes
               ,
               where
               thou
               now
               art
               (
               for
               those
               who
               govern
               here
               below
               ,
               have
               delivered
               us
               up
               to
               our
               Enemies
               )
               will
               not
               abandon
               thy
               yet
               living
               Wife
               to
               their
               insolence
               ,
               
               nor
               shall
               a
               proud
               Conquerour
               have
               the
               pleasure
               of
               Triumphing
               over
               thee
               in
               her
               Person
               ;
               hide
               me
               therefore
               here
               ,
               and
               receive
               me
               into
               thy
               Tomb
               ,
               for
               the
               greatest
               Woe
               I
               have
               ever
               yet
               endured
               ,
               has
               been
               the
               little
               time
               that
               I
               have
               lived
               without
               thee
               .
            
             After
             she
             had
             ended
             these
             sad
             Lamentations
             ,
             she
             crowned
             the
             Tomb
             and
             covered
             it
             with
             Garlands
             and
             Flowers
             ,
             every
             moment
             embracing
             it
             ,
             as
             if
             she
             designed
             to
             grow
             to
             it
             ,
             till
             her
             women
             took
             her
             from
             thence
             to
             carry
             her
             into
             a
             Bath
             ;
             when
             she
             had
             bathed
             ,
             she
             attired
             her self
             very
             richly
             ,
             which
             she
             had
             not
             done
             since
             her
             Misfortune
             ,
             and
             was
             served
             at
             Table
             by
             Caesar's
             order
             ,
             with
             as
             much
             Magnificence
             as
             if
             she
             had
             still
             been
             seated
             on
             her
             Throne
             .
             While
             she
             was
             eating
             ,
             a
             Countrey-man
             came
             and
             desired
             to
             speak
             to
             the
             Queen
             ;
             the
             Guards
             stop'd
             him
             ,
             and
             would
             know
             what
             he
             carried
             in
             a
             basket
             that
             he
             had
             in
             his
             hand
             .
             The
             Aegyptian
             turned
             up
             some
             leaves
             and
             shewed
             them
             very
             large
             and
             lovely
             Figs
             ,
             and
             offered
             some
             of
             them
             to
             the
             Souldiers
             in
             so
             innocent
             a
             manner
             ,
             that
             they
             let
             him
             goe
             in
             .
             As
             soon
             as
             Cleopatra
             had
             dined
             ,
             she
             commanded
             all
             to
             void
             the
             Room
             except
             Iras
             and
             Charmion
             who
             had
             always
             attended
             her
             .
             These
             two
             women
             shut
             the
             Gates
             after
             the
             Queen
             had
             sent
             her
             Tablets
             carefully
             sealed
             up
             to
             Caesar
             ,
             who
             as
             soon
             as
             he
             opened
             them
             imagined
             what
             had
             hapned
             :
             She
             there
             complained
             of
             her
             sad
             fate
             ,
             and
             begged
             him
             to
             lay
             her
             body
             by
             Anthony
             .
             He
             immediately
             sent
             people
             
             in
             all
             haste
             to
             prevent
             the
             mischief
             he
             feared
             ;
             they
             found
             the
             Guards
             very
             quiet
             ,
             and
             ran
             hastily
             into
             the
             Queens
             Chamber
             ,
             and
             found
             her
             laid
             upon
             a
             Golden
             bed
             ,
             adorned
             with
             her
             Royal
             Robes
             in
             the
             posture
             of
             one
             a-sleep
             .
             Iras
             was
             laid
             dead
             at
             her
             feet
             ,
             and
             Charmion
             who
             was
             yet
             breathing
             ,
             was
             placing
             her
             Diadem
             right
             ;
             one
             of
             Caesar's
             Messengers
             very
             angrily
             said
             to
             her
             ,
             
               Is
               this
               well
               done
            
             Charmion
             ?
             
               Very
               well
               answered
               she
               ,
               and
               as
               becomes
               a
               Princess
               descended
               from
               so
               many
               Kings
            
             ;
             she
             said
             no
             more
             ,
             but
             expired
             at
             her
             Mistress
             feet
             .
             It
             is
             yet
             uncertain
             which
             way
             Cleopatra
             killed
             her self
             so
             suddenly
             and
             so
             easily
             ,
             it
             was
             believed
             ,
             it
             was
             by
             the
             poison
             of
             an
             Asp
             that
             bit
             her
             ,
             and
             Caesar
             seemed
             to
             confirm
             this
             opinion
             by
             her
             image
             he
             carried
             in
             Triumph
             with
             an
             Asp
             fastned
             to
             her
             Arme.
             They
             say
             that
             this
             Serpent
             was
             brought
             her
             hidden
             under
             the
             Figs
             ,
             as
             she
             had
             contrived
             ,
             that
             it
             might
             sting
             her
             as
             she
             put
             her
             hand
             into
             the
             Basket
             ,
             and
             that
             perceiving
             it
             ,
             she
             said
             ,
             holding
             out
             her
             Arme
             ,
             
               Thou
               art
               there
               then
            
             ;
             others
             say
             she
             kept
             one
             on
             purpose
             ,
             and
             enraged
             it
             by
             pricking
             it
             with
             a
             golden
             Needle
             ,
             but
             all
             this
             is
             but
             conjectured
             ,
             as
             that
             she
             carried
             poison
             in
             a
             hollow
             Bodkin
             she
             hid
             in
             her
             hair
             .
             For
             there
             appeared
             on
             her
             body
             no
             spots
             or
             marks
             of
             Poison
             ,
             but
             onely
             two
             small
             pricks
             on
             her
             Arme
             scarce
             to
             be
             perceived
             ,
             and
             no
             Asp
             was
             to
             be
             found
             in
             the
             Sepulchre
             ;
             but
             they
             imagined
             they
             found
             some
             kind
             of
             track
             in
             the
             Sand
             on
             
             that
             side
             next
             the
             Sea.
             Caesar
             was
             extremely
             troubled
             at
             her
             death
             ,
             as
             being
             by
             it
             deprived
             of
             the
             noblest
             ornament
             of
             his
             Triumph
             :
             however
             ,
             he
             could
             not
             but
             admire
             the
             greatness
             of
             her
             Courage
             ,
             who
             notwithstanding
             the
             weakness
             of
             her
             sex
             ,
             preferred
             death
             before
             the
             loss
             of
             Liberty
             .
             He
             ordered
             her
             a
             very
             magnificent
             funeral
             ,
             and
             her
             body
             as
             she
             had
             desired
             was
             laid
             by
             that
             of
             Anthony
             ;
             and
             her
             two
             women
             were
             interred
             with
             Pomp
             in
             memory
             of
             their
             Fidelity
             .
             Thus
             this
             Princess
             ,
             whose
             Wit
             and
             Beauty
             had
             made
             so
             great
             a
             noise
             in
             the
             World
             ,
             died
             in
             the
             flower
             of
             her
             Age
             ,
             at
             thirty
             eight
             years
             old
             .
             She
             reigned
             in
             Aegypt
             twenty
             two
             years
             ,
             fourteen
             whereof
             she
             past
             with
             Anthony
             ,
             and
             all
             that
             while
             had
             a
             total
             ascendent
             over
             the
             Soul
             of
             that
             Emperour
             .
             Caesar
             preserved
             her
             Statues
             entire
             ,
             but
             beat
             down
             all
             those
             of
             Anthony
             ;
             but
             the
             consideration
             for
             Cleopatra's
             memory
             did
             not
             contribute
             so
             much
             to
             the
             preservation
             of
             her
             Images
             ,
             as
             the
             thousand
             Talents
             which
             Archibius
             one
             of
             her
             Friends
             gave
             Caesar
             for
             that
             end
             .
             Those
             therefore
             erected
             to
             Anthony's
             memory
             were
             entirely
             demolished
             both
             in
             Aegypt
             and
             Rome
             ,
             where
             the
             Senate
             pronounced
             his
             memory
             infamous
             ,
             and
             decreed
             that
             none
             of
             his
             Family
             should
             bear
             the
             name
             of
             Marcus.
             He
             died
             at
             the
             Age
             of
             fifty
             three
             ,
             or
             as
             some
             say
             fifty
             six
             years
             ,
             and
             by
             his
             three
             Wives
             left
             seven
             Children
             .
             The
             fortune
             of
             Alexander
             and
             Ptolemy
             
             his
             Sons
             by
             Cleopatra
             is
             unknown
             ,
             but
             for
             his
             Daughter
             young
             
               Cleopatra
               ,
               Octavia
            
             took
             care
             and
             bred
             her
             up
             with
             her
             Children
             ,
             and
             married
             her
             to
             Iuba
             King
             of
             Mauritania
             one
             of
             the
             most
             learned
             and
             most
             vertuous
             Princes
             of
             his
             Age.
             Antyllus
             his
             eldest
             Son
             by
             Fulvia
             ,
             was
             slain
             as
             before
             mentioned
             ,
             and
             
               Iulius
               Antonius
            
             the
             youngest
             ,
             was
             very
             much
             esteemed
             by
             Caesar
             ,
             to
             that
             degree
             that
             Octavia
             ,
             whose
             Generosity
             for
             that
             unfortunate
             Family
             was
             without
             bounds
             ,
             married
             him
             to
             Marcella
             ,
             one
             of
             her
             Daughters
             by
             her
             first
             Husband
             .
             He
             afterwards
             indiscreetly
             engaged
             himself
             in
             the
             intrigues
             and
             debauches
             of
             Caesar's
             Daughter
             ;
             which
             Crime
             was
             the
             cause
             of
             his
             death
             :
             Octavia
             had
             by
             Anthony
             onely
             two
             Daughters
             ,
             who
             were
             both
             called
             Antonia
             .
             The
             eldest
             married
             Nero's
             Grandfather
             ,
             and
             the
             youngest
             who
             inherited
             both
             her
             Mothers
             beauty
             and
             vertue
             ,
             was
             married
             to
             Drusus
             the
             Son
             of
             Tiberius
             and
             Livia
             ,
             and
             Son-in-Law
             to
             Caesar.
             From
             this
             Marriage
             came
             Germanicus
             ,
             who
             was
             esteemed
             the
             greatest
             General
             of
             his
             time
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             accomplished
             Person
             among
             the
             Romans
             ,
             and
             Claudius
             who
             was
             Emperour
             before
             
               Nero
               ,
               Caius
            
             ,
             Sirnamed
             Caligula
             ,
             the
             Son
             of
             Germanicus
             ,
             did
             also
             govern
             the
             Roman
             Empire
             three
             years
             after
             Tiberius
             .
             So
             that
             Anthony's
             Family
             in
             spight
             of
             their
             unfortunate
             destiny
             ,
             possest
             the
             Throne
             and
             gave
             three
             Emperours
             to
             the
             Romans
             .
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A33186-e12130
           
             *
             Caius
             Julius
             Caesar
             ,
             Aeneus
             Pompeius
             Magnus
             ,
             
               the
               second
               Name
               was
               that
               of
               their
               Families
               .
            
          
           
             *
             1500000
             Crowns
             .
          
           
             *
             Plutarch
             .
          
           
             *
             Luctatius
             ,
          
           
             †
             Calphurnius
             ,
          
           
             ‖
             Claudius
             ,
          
           
             *
             Tullius
             .
          
           
             *
             Cornelius
             .
          
           
             *
             Caeci●ius
             .
          
           
             †
             Calphurnius
             .
          
           
             *
             Marcus
             Porcius
             Cato
             .
          
           
             *
             Minutius
             .
          
           
             *
             Lucius
             Murena
             .
          
           
             *
             Caecilius
             Marcus
             Lucullus
             .
          
           
             *
             
               The
               People
               of
               that
               Countrey
               ,
               called
               now
            
             Georgia
             .
          
           
             †
             
               The
               People
               inhabiting
               near
               the
               Caspian
               Sea.
               
            
          
           
             ‖
             
               A
               Neighbouring
               Province
               to
            
             Syria
             .
          
           
             *
             
               The
               year
               after
               the
               foundation
               of
            
             Rome
             ,
             693.
             
          
           
             *
             
               The
               year
               of
            
             Rome
             ,
             699.
             
          
           
             *
             Tiberius
             and
             Caius
             ,
             
               who
               strongly
               asserting
               that
               Law
               ,
               were
               slain
               by
               the
               Senatours
               .
               The
               name
               of
               their
               Family
               was
            
             Sempronius
             .
          
           
             *
             Servilius
             ,
             
               who
               kill'd
            
             Metius
             ,
             
               when
               he
               aspired
               to
               the
               Tyranny
               .
            
          
           
             †
             
               He
               who
               drove
               the
            
             Tarquins
             
               out
               of
            
             Rome
             .
          
           
             *
             
               These
               were
               a
               sort
               of
               Officers
               like
               our
               City
               Serjeants
               .
            
          
           
             *
             Cornelius
             Lentulus
             Marcellinus
             .
          
           
             
               The
               year
               of
            
             Rome
             699.
             
          
           
             *
             
               A
               Little
               Town
               not
               far
               from
            
             Rome
             .
          
           
             *
             Vibullius
             .
          
           
             †
             Munatius
             .
          
           
             *
             The
             Romans
             ,
             
               since
               the
               time
               of
            
             Sylla
             ,
             
               burned
               the
               Bodies
               of
               their
               Dead
               ,
               instead
               of
               Burying
               them
               .
            
          
           
             *
             
               In
               the
               year
               of
            
             Rome
             701
             ,
             
               there
               were
               two
               Families
               which
               bore
               the
               Name
               of
            
             Domitius
             ;
             
               one
               sirnamed
            
             Enotarbus
             ,
             
               and
               the
               other
            
             Calvinus
             .
          
           
             †
             Cornellus
             .
          
           
             *
             Cajus
             .
          
           
             †
             Cornelius
             .
          
           
             *
             Nero.
             
          
           
             †
             Lucan
             .
          
           
             *
             Pollentia
             .
          
           
             *
             Aretium
             .
          
           
             *
             Picenum
             .
          
           
             †
             Ascasum
             .
          
           
             *
             Pollentia
             .
          
           
             *
             Dyrachium
             .
          
           
             *
             Ilerd●
             .
          
           
             *
             Junius
             .
          
           
             *
             Aemilius
             .
          
           
             *
             Cornelius
             
          
           
             
               The
               year
               of
               the
               world
               4006
               ,
               since
               the
               foundation
               of
            
             Rome
             
               76
               ,
               before
               the
               birth
               of
               our
               Saviour
               47.
               
            
          
           
             Aunoe
             ,
             the
             wife
             of
             Bagud
             ,
             one
             of
             the
             Kings
             of
             Mauritania
             .
          
           
             *
             
               A
               Province
               of
               the
               lesser
            
             Asia
             .
          
           
             †
             
               This
               was
               a
               Title
               which
               was
               given
               to
               those
               Princes
               who
               were
               not
               really
               Kings
               ,
               though
               they
               exercised
               Sovereign
               Authority
               .
            
          
           
             *
             
               This
               is
               that
               Countrey
               which
               lies
               on
               the
               other
               side
               of
               the
               Channel
               over
               against
            
             Constantinople
             .
          
           
             *
             Tripoli
             .
          
           
             *
             
               This
               distinction
               is
               made
               ,
               because
               the
               Numidians
               carried
               their
               Horses
               to
               the
               Wars
               without
               any
               Bridles
               ,
               causing
               them
               to
               turn
               to
               the
               right
               or
               left
               with
               a
               certain
               switch
               or
               rod.
               
            
          
           
             *
             Veni
             ,
             vidi
             ,
             vici
             .
          
           
             *
             
               That
               is
               ,
               because
               these
               Games
               were
               instituted
               by
               the
               Trojans
               .
            
          
           
             *
             Sevill
             .
          
           
             †
             Tariffa
             .
          
           
             *
             Junius
             Brutus
             .
          
           
             
               In
               the
               〈…〉
               of
            
             Rome
             710
             ,
             
               before
               the
               birth
               of
               our
               Saviour
            
             ▪
             43.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A33186-e46650
           
             *
             
               They
               had
               both
               one
               Mother
               ,
               but
               two
               Fathers
               .
            
          
           
             *
             Cornelius
             .
          
           
             *
             Lucius
             Pinarius
             ,
             and
             Quintus
             Pedius
             
               were
               also
            
             Caesar's
             
               Grand
               Nephews
            
             .
          
           
             *
             
               By
               reason
               of
            
             Charon's
             
               Bark
               that
            
             Caesar
             
               had
               passed
               in
            
             .
          
           
             *
             Julius
             .
          
           
             *
             
               This
               man
               was
               of
               no
               great
               Family
               ,
               but
               was
               afterwards
               the
               chief
               Favourite
               of
            
             Augustus
             ,
             
               by
               reason
               of
               his
               Valour
               and
               Merit
               ,
               he
               married
            
             Julia
             
               the
               Daughter
               of
            
             Augustus
             ,
             
               the
               Name
               of
               his
               Family
               was
            
             Vipsallius
             .
          
           
             *
             
               He
               was
               called
            
             Decimus
             Junius
             Brutus
             .
          
           
             *
             
               He
               was
               called
            
             Cornelius
             ,
             
               and
               governed
               Tyrannically
               in
            
             Rome
             
               during
               the
               Wars
               between
            
             Marius
             and
             Sylla
             .
          
           
             *
             Valerius
             .
          
           
             *
             
               This
               was
               not
               he
               that
               Triumphed
               over
               the
               Parthians
               .
            
          
           
             *
             Cajus
             Cilnius
             Mecoenas
             
               he
               was
               the
               Favourite
               of
            
             Augustus
             ,
             
               and
               the
               man
               whose
               name
               is
               so
               Celebrated
               amongst
               the
               learned
               .
            
          
           
             *
             
               One
               of
               the
               Sons
               of
            
             Agrippa
             and
             Julia
             ,
             called
             Cajus
             .
          
           
             *
             
               This
               was
               another
               ,
               and
               not
            
             Caesar
             
               's
               Friend
               who
               had
               accused
            
             Brutus
             .
          
           
             *
             
               A
               King
               of
            
             Pontus
             ,
             
               who
               made
               War
               upon
               the
               Romans
            
             40
             years
             .
          
           
             †
             
               A
               King
               of
            
             Macedonia
             ,
             
               and
               the
               Son
               of
            
             Antigonus
             ,
             
               one
               of
            
             Alexander
             
               's
               Commanders
            
             .
          
           
             *
             
               A
               City
               of
            
             Thrace
             .
          
           
             *
             
               A
               Sow
               ,
               a
               Sheep
               ,
               and
               a
               Bull.
               
            
          
           
             *
             
               Lustrare
               exercitum
            
             .
          
           
             *
             
               An
               Island
               near
            
             Thrace
             .
          
           
             †
             
               A
               City
               of
            
             Thrace
             .
          
           
             *
             
               This
               was
               a
               Physician
            
             .
          
           
             
               The
               year
               of
               the
               World
            
             4012.
             
               since
               the
               building
               of
            
             Rome
             712.
             
               before
               the
               birth
               of
               our
               Saviour
            
             41.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Mart.
               l.
            
             1.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A33186-e70680
           
             *
             Nemausus
             .
          
           
             *
             Treasurer
             .
          
           
             52000
             l.
             
          
           
             *
             Corcyra
             .
          
           
             *
             Tuscany
             .
          
           
             *
             Ischia
             .
          
           
             *
             Puzzolo
             .
          
           
             
               Three
               Millions
            
             .
          
           
             *
             Anno
             ab
             U.
             c.
             721.
             
             
               Thirty
               one
               years
               before
               Iesus
               Christ.