Distant Reader - subject-religionAndState-freebo

Introduction

This is a Distant Reader "study carrel", a set of structured data intended to help the student, researcher, or scholar use & understand a corpus.

This study carrel was created on 2021-05-24 by Eric Morgan <emorgan@nd.edu>. The carrel was created using the Distant Reader zip2carrel process, and the input was a Zip file locally cached with the name input-file.zip. Documents in the Zip file have been saved in a cache, and each of them have been transformed & saved as a set of plain text files. All of the analysis -- "reading" -- has been done against these plain text files. For example, a short narrative report has been created. This Web page is a more verbose version of that report.

All study carrels are self-contained -- no Internet connection is necessary to use them. Download this carrel for offline reading. The carrel is made up of many subdirectories and data files. The manifest describes each one in greater detail.

Size

There are 6 item(s) in this carrel, and this carrel is 62,987 words long. Each item in your study carrel is, on average, 10,497 words long. If you dig deeper, then you might want to save yourself some time by reading a shorter item. On the other hand, if your desire is for more detail, then you might consider reading a longer item. The following charts illustrate the overall size of the carrel.

Readability

On a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 is very difficult and 100 is very easy, the documents have an average readability score of 89. Consequently, if you want to read something more simplistic, then consider a document with a higher score. If you want something more specialized, then consider something with a lower score. The following charts illustrate the overall readability of the carrel.

Word Frequencies

By merely counting & tabulating the frequency of individual words or phrases, you can begin to get an understanding of the carrel's "aboutness". Excluding "stop words", some of the more frequent words include:

god, shall, ark, will, church, men, may, king, one, beast, good, time, now, great, peace, us, people, roman, must, much, text, man, non, say, rome, therefore, yet, christ, power, first, witnesses, day, many, make, religion, government, world, kings, gospel, england, ten, rev, without, though, reason, well, danger, ministers, true, subjects

Using the three most frequent words, the three files containing all of those words the most are Lingua testium: wherein monarchy is proved, 1. To be jure divino. 2. To be successive in the Church (except in time of a nationall desertion) from Adam untill Christ. 3. That monarchy is the absolute true government under the Gospel. 4. That immediately after extraordinary gifts in the Church ceased, God raised up a monarch for to defend the Church. 5. That Christian monarchs are one of the witnesses spoken of Rev. 11. 6. That England is the place from whence God fetched the first witnesse of this kind. 7. England was the place whither the witnesses, (viz. godly magistracy and ministry) never drove by Antichrist. Where is proved, first, that there hath been a visible magistracy, (though in sackcloth,) these 1260. yeares in England. ... Amongst these things are proved that the time of the calling of the Jews, the fall of Antichrist, and the ruine of the Beast of the earth is at hand. Wherein you have the hard places of Mat. 24, and Rev. 17. explained with severall other hard texts: ... / Written by Testis-Mundus Catholicus, in the yeare of the Beasts of the earth''s raign, 1651., Eli trembling for fear of the ark a sermon preached at St. Mary Aldermanbury, December 28, 1662 / by Edmund Calamy ... upon the preaching of which he was committed prisoner to the gaol of Newgate, Jan. 6, 1662 ; together with the mittimus and manner of his imprisonment, annexed hereunto., and The demeanour of a good subject in order to the acquiring and establishing peace.

The most frequent two-word phrases (bigrams) include:

roman non, ten horns, early english, english books, good subject, holy ghost, books online, every man, early works, good subjects, page images, seven heads, twelve tribes, creation partnership, old eli, text creation, learned men, god will, good men, mens consciences, god may, three years, tells us, will never, must needs, great day, mona logarbo, bottomlesse pit, jews conversion, let us, hundred years, edmund calamy, among us, witnesses shall, image sets, tcp assigned, textual changes, right honourable, antichrists raign, characters represented, creative commons, financial support, will say, encoded edition, online text, pfs batch, ten kings, tcp schema, great britain, ten tribes

And the three file that use all of the three most frequent phrases are Tolleration iustified, and persecution condemn''d. In an answer or examination, of the London-ministers letter whereof, many of them are of the synod, and yet framed this letter at Sion-Colledge; to be sent among others, to themselves at the Assembly: in behalf of reformation and church-government, 2 Corinth. II. vers. 14. 15. And no marvail, for Sathan himself is transformed into an angell of light. Therefore it is no great thing, though his ministers transform themselves, as though they were ministers of righteousnesse; whose end shall be according to their works. Lingua testium: wherein monarchy is proved, 1. To be jure divino. 2. To be successive in the Church (except in time of a nationall desertion) from Adam untill Christ. 3. That monarchy is the absolute true government under the Gospel. 4. That immediately after extraordinary gifts in the Church ceased, God raised up a monarch for to defend the Church. 5. That Christian monarchs are one of the witnesses spoken of Rev. 11. 6. That England is the place from whence God fetched the first witnesse of this kind. 7. England was the place whither the witnesses, (viz. godly magistracy and ministry) never drove by Antichrist. Where is proved, first, that there hath been a visible magistracy, (though in sackcloth,) these 1260. yeares in England. ... Amongst these things are proved that the time of the calling of the Jews, the fall of Antichrist, and the ruine of the Beast of the earth is at hand. Wherein you have the hard places of Mat. 24, and Rev. 17. explained with severall other hard texts: ... / Written by Testis-Mundus Catholicus, in the yeare of the Beasts of the earth''s raign, 1651., and The declaration of the Right Honourable the Duke of Buckingham, and the Earles of Holland, and Peterborough, and other lords and gentlemen now associated for the King and Parliament, the religion, lawes, and peace of His Majesties kingdomes. With three letters (delivered July the 6.) one to the House of Peers; another to the House of Commons: and the third to the Ld. Major, aldermen, and commons of the City, in Common-councell, assembled..

While often deemed superficial or sophomoric, rudimentary frequencies and their associated "word clouds" can be quite insightful:

Keywords

Sets of keywords -- statistically significant words -- can be enumerated by comparing the relative frequency of words with the number of times the words appear in an entire corpus. Some of the most statistically significant keywords in the carrel include:

god, tcp, king, church, witnesses, subjects, rome, roman, religion, publick, princes, presbyters, pope, people, peace, obedience, nation, ministers, lord, kingdome, joy, jews, independents, government, gospel, good, england, duke, conscience, beast, ark

And now word clouds really begin to shine:

Topic Modeling

Topic modeling is another popular approach to connoting the aboutness of a corpus. If the study carrel could be summed up in a single word, then that word might be god, and The declaration of the Right Honourable the Duke of Buckingham, and the Earles of Holland, and Peterborough, and other lords and gentlemen now associated for the King and Parliament, the religion, lawes, and peace of His Majesties kingdomes. With three letters (delivered July the 6.) one to the House of Peers; another to the House of Commons: and the third to the Ld. Major, aldermen, and commons of the City, in Common-councell, assembled. is most about that word.

If the study carrel could be summed up in three words ("topics") then those words and their significantly associated titles include:

If the study carrel could be summed up in five topics, and each topic were each denoted with three words, then those topics and their most significantly associated files would be:

Moreover, the totality of the study carrel's aboutness, can be visualized with the following pie chart:

Noun & Verbs

Through an analysis of your study carrel's parts-of-speech, you are able to answer question beyonds aboutness. For example, a list of the most frequent nouns helps you answer what questions; "What is discussed in this collection?":

men, time, people, man, day, t, text, power, world, kings, reason, way, danger, ark, peace, others, years, nothing, religion, end, place, hath, things, part, subjects, opinion, beast, ▪, works, times, texts, ruine, government, enemies, work, truth, p., conversion, thing, state, heart, hand, witnesses, none, mens, year, self, king, horns, title

An enumeration of the verbs helps you learn what actions take place in a text or what the things in the text do. Very frequently, the most common lemmatized verbs are "be", "have", and "do"; the more interesting verbs usually occur further down the list of frequencies:

is, be, are, have, was, were, had, do, being, say, been, make, said, made, did, know, let, called, according, am, taken, see, give, come, put, take, learned, find, came, think, slain, makes, set, read, lost, keep, go, become, answer, believe, prove, tell, hath, encoded, went, speak, shew, given, finished, done

Proper Nouns

An extraction of proper nouns helps you determine the names of people and places in your study carrel.

god, church, ark, king, beast, rome, christ, ●, england, peace, rev., hath, witnesses, tcp, magistracy, gospel, government, 〉, pope, lord, antichrist, parliament, jews, israel, monarchy, ministers, gods, ◊, religion, princes, holy, 〈, text, prince, good, independents, state, men, earth, monarch, ministery, joy, covenant, kingdom, subject, r., london, heaven, english, david

An analysis of personal pronouns enables you to answer at least two questions: 1) "What, if any, is the overall gender of my study carrel?", and 2) "To what degree are the texts in my study carrel self-centered versus inclusive?"

it, their, his, they, i, he, them, we, our, him, you, us, my, her, themselves, me, its, himself, your, she, thy, theirs, thee, mine, ye, s, one, l

Below are words cloud of your study carrel's proper & personal pronouns.

Adjectives & Verbs

Learning about a corpus's adjectives and adverbs helps you answer how questions: "How are things described and how are things done?" An analysis of adjectives and adverbs also points to a corpus's overall sentiment. "In general, is my study carrel positive or negative?"

great, other, such, roman, non, -, own, good, many, same, much, true, more, first, most, glorious, lawfull, old, last, common, early, least, little, greatest, english, contrary, whole, saith, visible, subject, private, general, false, former, religious, greater, clear, best, able, wise, like, distinct, different, very, second, present, free, particular, high, happy

not, so, then, now, more, therefore, up, most, as, never, well, here, only, much, yet, down, even, out, onely, that, indeed, together, there, too, is, away, first, ever, very, long, again, in, also, just, certainly, thus, rather, ver, on, truly, otherwise, especially, off, far, early, thereof, forth, whatsoever, still, no

Next steps

There is much more to a study carrel than the things outlined above. Use this page's menubar to navigate and explore in more detail. There you will find additional features & functions including: ngrams, parts-of-speech, grammars, named entities, topic modeling, a simple search interface, etc.

Again, study carrels are self-contained. Download this carrel for offline viewing and use.

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