The history of Poland. vol. 1 in several letters to persons of quality, giving an account of the antient and present state of that kingdom, historical, geographical, physical, political and ecclesiastical ... : with sculptures, and a new map after the best geographers : with several letters relating to physick / by Bern. Connor ... who, in his travels in that country, collected these memoirs from the best authors and his own observations ; publish'd by the care and assistance of Mr. Savage.
         Connor, Bernard, 1666?-1698.
      
       
         
           1698
        
      
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             The history of Poland. vol. 1 in several letters to persons of quality, giving an account of the antient and present state of that kingdom, historical, geographical, physical, political and ecclesiastical ... : with sculptures, and a new map after the best geographers : with several letters relating to physick / by Bern. Connor ... who, in his travels in that country, collected these memoirs from the best authors and his own observations ; publish'd by the care and assistance of Mr. Savage.
             Connor, Bernard, 1666?-1698.
             Savage, John, 1673-1747.
          
           2 v., [2] leaves of plates : ill., 1 folded map, ports.
           
             Printed by J.D. for Dan Brown ... and A. Roper ...,
             London :
             1698.
          
           
             Vol. 2, with the exception of letter I, is by John Savage.
             Imprint of v. 2 varies: London : Printed for Dan. Brown, and A. Roper and T. Leigh, 1698.
             Reproduction of original in British Library.
             Miscellaneous letters of the author relating to "physik" at the end of v. 1.
             Bibliography: v. 1, p. xiv-xv.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Poland -- History -- 17th century.
           Poland -- Description and travel.
           Poland -- Politics and government -- 1572-1763.
        
      
    
     
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                   Iohn
                   iij
                   King
                   of
                   POLAND
                   Great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   Russia
                   ,
                   Prussia
                   Samogitia
                   ,
                   &c
                
                 
                   Pag.
                   163
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
               The
               History
               of
               POLAND
               ,
               IN
               Several
               LETTERS
               to
               Persons
               of
               Quality
               .
            
             
               Giving
               an
               Account
               of
               the
               Antient
               and
               Present
               State
               of
               that
               Kingdom
               ,
               
                 
                   Historical
                   ,
                
                 
                   Geographical
                   ,
                
                 
                   Physical
                   ,
                
                 
                   Political
                   ,
                   and
                
                 
                   Ecclesiastical
                   ;
                
              
               VIZ.
               
            
             
               It
               s
               Origin
               and
               Extent
               ,
               with
               a
               Description
               of
               its
               Towns
               and
               Provinces
               ,
               the
               Succession
               and
               remarkable
               Actions
               of
               all
               its
               Kings
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               Great
               Dukes
               of
               Lithuania
               :
               The
               Election
               Power
               and
               Coronit●●●
               o●●
               the
               King
               :
               The
               Senate
               ,
               or
               House
               of
               Lords
               :
               The
               〈◊〉
               and
               Form
               of
               Government
               :
               The
               Privileges
               of
               the
               G●●●●ry
               their
               Religion
               ,
               Learning
               ,
               Language
               ,
               Customs
               ,
               Ha●●●s
               ,
               Manners
               ,
               Riches
               ,
               Trade
               ,
               and
               Military
               ▪
               Affairs
               ;
               together
               with
               the
               State
               of
               Physick
               and
               Natural
               Knowledg
               〈◊〉
               also
               an
               Account
               of
               the
               Teutonick
               Order
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               Duke
               of
               Curland
               ,
               his
               Family
               and
               Territories
               .
               With
               Sculptures
               ,
               and
               a
               new
               Map
               after
               the
               best
               Geographers
               .
            
             
               With
               several
               Letters
               relating
               to
               Physick
               .
            
             
               VOL.
               I.
               
            
             
               By
               
                 BERN.
                 CONNOR
              
               ,
               M.
               D.
               Fellow
               of
               the
               Royal
               Society
               ,
               and
               Member
               of
               the
               College
               of
               Physicians
               ;
               who
               in
               his
               Travels
               in
               that
               Country
               collected
               these
               Memoirs
               from
               the
               best
               Authors
               ,
               and
               his
               own
               Observations
               .
            
             
               
                 Publish'd
                 by
                 the
                 Care
                 and
                 Assistance
                 of
                 Mr.
              
               SAVAGE
               .
            
             
               London
               ,
               Printed
               by
               
                 J.
                 D.
              
               for
               
                 Dan.
                 Brown
              
               without
               Temple-Bar
               ,
               and
               
                 A.
                 Roper
              
               in
               Fleetstreet
               .
               M
               DC
               XCVIII
               .
            
          
           
             
             
             
               THE
               PREFACE
               .
            
             
               HAving
               neither
               a
               Genius
               ,
               nor
               a
               Talent
               for
               History
               ,
               much
               less
               for
               Politicks
               ,
               and
               having
               passed
               but
               a
               very
               small
               time
               at
               the
               late
               King
               of
               
               Poland's
               Court
               ,
               I
               can
               neither
               promise
               the
               Criticks
               ,
               nor
               Politicians
               ,
               that
               Politeness
               of
               Stile
               ,
               nor
               those
               exact
               Rules
               and
               Circumstances
               of
               History
               they
               generally
               expect
               ,
               and
               are
               accustom'd
               to
               meet
               with
               in
               Rela●●ions
               of
               this
               nature
               .
               For
               the
               Memoirs
               I
               collected
               ,
               and
               the
               Remarks
               I
               made
               in
               that
               Nation
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               in
               other
               Foreign
               Countries
               ,
               were
               first
               intended
               for
               my
               own
               Curiosity
               ;
               until
               being
               come
               some
               few
               Years
               ago
               from
               my
               Travels
               into
               England
               ,
               and
               finding
               there
               had
               not
               been
               yet
               publish'd
               in
               our
               Tongue
               any
               Account
               of
               this
               vast
               neighbouring
               Kingdom
               ,
               I
               was
               often
               discours'd
               ,
               chiefly
               during
               this
               last
               Election
               ,
               about
               the
               Constitution
               of
               that
               Country
               ,
               and
               was
               desir'd
               to
               communicate
               to
               the
               Publick
               what
               I
               knew
               of
               it
               .
               This
               gave
               me
               occasion
               to
               revise
               my
               Memoirs
               ,
               and
               to
               consider
               that
               if
               they
               were
               put
               into
               good
               order
               ,
               they
               might
               perhaps
               be
               of
               some
               use
               ,
               because
               the
               Form
               of
               Government
               in
               Poland
               is
               in
               some
               respect
               like
               that
               of
               ours
               .
               But
               the
               first
               Year
               I
               came
               over
               ,
               I
               spent
               
               some
               Months
               at
               Oxford
               to
               publish
               a
               small
               Latin
               Treatise
               of
               Physical
               Matters
               ,
               and
               to
               communicate
               to
               the
               Ingenious
               Gentlemen
               there
               what
               small
               Insight
               I
               was
               thought
               to
               have
               in
               Anatomy
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               
                 Materia
                 Medica
              
               .
               The
               Summer
               following
               I
               made
               some
               Chymical
               and
               Anatomical
               Demonstrations
               at
               Cambridg
               .
               These
               two
               last
               Winters
               I
               have
               been
               much
               taken
               up
               here
               in
               Town
               in
               trying
               a
               great
               many
               Chymical
               and
               Anatomical
               Experiments
               ,
               and
               in
               publishing
               my
               Treatise
               
                 de
                 Medicina
                 Mystica
              
               ;
               and
               besides
               ,
               being
               busied
               in
               my
               other
               Occupations
               in
               the
               Practice
               of
               Physick
               ,
               to
               which
               I
               have
               entirely
               applied
               my self
               of
               late
               ,
               as
               being
               more
               sutable
               to
               my
               Temper
               and
               Profession
               than
               Historical
               ones
               ,
               I
               neither
               could
               take
               any
               Delight
               ,
               nor
               have
               any
               Leisure
               to
               write
               over
               ,
               or
               to
               put
               into
               due
               method
               the
               Memoirs
               I
               brought
               from
               Poland
               :
               so
               that
               the
               Publick
               is
               indebted
               to
               my
               ingenious
               Friend
               Mr.
               Savage
               ;
               for
               without
               his
               help
               this
               Account
               of
               Poland
               could
               not
               doubtless
               have
               thus
               appear'd
               these
               several
               Years
               .
            
             
               I
               hope
               Ingenuous
               and
               Candid
               Persons
               will
               excuse
               the
               Faults
               and
               Defects
               they
               will
               undoubtedly
               meet
               with
               in
               this
               Historical
               Relation
               ;
               since
               what
               I
               design'd
               only
               to
               do
               at
               my
               own
               leisure
               in
               some
               Years
               ,
               I
               have
               dispatch'd
               with
               too
               much
               Precipitation
               in
               few
               Months
               ,
               to
               satisfy
               the
               Curiosity
               of
               People
               during
               the
               late
               Election
               in
               Poland
               ,
               who
               long'd
               to
               see
               some
               Account
               of
               that
               Kingdom
               publish'd
               .
               Wherefore
               I
               neither
               deserve
               nor
               desire
               any
               other
               Reputation
               by
               it
               ,
               than
               that
               being
               the
               first
               that
               has
               given
               any
               History
               of
               that
               Country
               in
               our
               Language
               ,
               I
               give
               occasion
               to
               others
               that
               may
               travel
               after
               me
               in
               Poland
               ,
               to
               give
               a
               more
               satisfactory
               Account
               thereof
               .
            
             
             
               I
               admire
               our
               English
               Gentry
               ,
               who
               travel
               into
               Germany
               ,
               have
               never
               the
               Curiosity
               to
               go
               either
               from
               Berlin
               through
               Prussia
               or
               Posnania
               to
               Warsaw
               ,
               or
               from
               Vienna
               through
               Silesia
               to
               Cracow
               .
               They
               may
               with
               ease
               perform
               this
               Journey
               in
               three
               Months
               time
               ,
               and
               not
               think
               their
               time
               lost
               ;
               for
               tho
               there
               are
               not
               so
               many
               Rarities
               to
               be
               seen
               ,
               nor
               that
               Conveniency
               of
               travelling
               ●●s
               in
               most
               other
               Countries
               ,
               yet
               they
               may
               observe
               the
               most
               remarkable
               Places
               in
               Poland
               ,
               the
               peculiar
               form
               of
               Government
               ,
               the
               Splendor
               of
               the
               Court
               ,
               and
               the
               extraordinary
               Grandeur
               of
               the
               Nobility
               ,
               who
               are
               not
               so
               barbarous
               nor
               so
               unpolish'd
               ,
               as
               they
               are
               generally
               represented
               .
               For
               these
               sixty
               or
               seventy
               Years
               past
               ,
               the
               Poles
               have
               taken
               a
               Humour
               to
               travel
               ,
               and
               have
               of
               late
               refin'd
               themselves
               extreamly
               ,
               having
               had
               French
               Queens
               and
               French
               Factions
               reigning
               amongst
               them
               during
               the
               four
               last
               Reigns
               successively
               ;
               which
               has
               produc'd
               this
               good
               Effect
               ,
               contrary
               to
               the
               private
               Designs
               of
               France
               ,
               that
               not
               only
               the
               rough
               Temper
               of
               the
               Poles
               is
               made
               more
               polite
               ,
               and
               their
               Behaviour
               more
               civil
               ,
               but
               likewise
               their
               Judgment
               improv'd
               ,
               and
               they
               themselves
               rendred
               more
               capable
               of
               knowing
               their
               own
               Interest
               ,
               and
               more
               wary
               than
               formerly
               of
               a
               Despotic
               Power
               ,
               which
               their
               Kings
               of
               late
               ,
               assisted
               by
               the
               French
               ,
               have
               labour'd
               to
               introduce
               :
               for
               the
               Poles
               are
               now
               sensible
               that
               the
               French
               King
               ,
               who
               is
               absolute
               at
               home
               ,
               and
               well
               known
               to
               be
               ambitious
               enough
               to
               enlarge
               his
               Conquests
               abroad
               ,
               has
               just
               reason
               to
               think
               that
               it
               would
               have
               been
               casier
               for
               him
               to
               manage
               his
               Interest
               against
               the
               Empire
               with
               a
               King
               of
               Poland
               ,
               who
               was
               likewise
               absolute
               ,
               than
               it
               is
               now
               with
               one
               who
               entirely
               depends
               on
               the
               uncertain
               Resolutions
               of
               a
               free
               Parliament
               :
               Because
               ,
               
               let
               a
               King
               of
               Poland
               be
               ever
               so
               Despotic
               ,
               his
               Kingdom
               being
               poor
               ,
               he
               will
               always
               want
               Money
               either
               to
               satisfy
               his
               Pleasure
               ,
               or
               to
               gratify
               his
               Ambition
               ,
               and
               will
               scarcely
               ever
               be
               proof
               against
               fifty
               thousand
               Louis-d'Or's
               .
            
             
               The
               Poles
               are
               not
               only
               watchful
               against
               the
               encroaching
               Factions
               of
               France
               ,
               but
               likewise
               they
               begin
               to
               consider
               the
               unhappy
               Condition
               of
               their
               inslaved
               Neighbours
               ,
               the
               
                 Muscovites
                 ,
                 Swedes
                 ,
                 Danes
                 ,
                 Germans
              
               and
               Turks
               ,
               who
               groan
               under
               the
               heavy
               Yoke
               of
               the
               unlimited
               Power
               of
               their
               Soveraigns
               .
               These
               visible
               Examples
               make
               them
               so
               very
               jealous
               of
               their
               Kings
               ,
               and
               so
               extream
               fond
               of
               their
               Liberty
               ,
               that
               they
               will
               not
               only
               always
               keep
               their
               Crown
               elective
               ,
               but
               likewise
               oblige
               their
               new
               King
               to
               enlarge
               their
               Privileges
               ,
               which
               are
               at
               this
               time
               more
               ample
               than
               ever
               they
               have
               been
               before
               .
               And
               it
               is
               not
               to
               be
               imagin'd
               that
               the
               King
               of
               Poland
               will
               become
               Despotic
               as
               the
               King
               of
               Denmark
               did
               ;
               because
               in
               Denmark
               the
               King
               ,
               Clergy
               and
               common
               People
               being
               kept
               under
               by
               the
               exorbitant
               Power
               of
               the
               Nobility
               ,
               join'd
               together
               ,
               and
               soon
               brought
               the
               Nobility
               to
               declare
               the
               King
               Absolute
               ,
               choosing
               rather
               to
               be
               under
               one
               Master
               than
               under
               several
               petty
               Tyrants
               .
               But
               in
               Poland
               ,
               both
               Gentry
               and
               Clergy
               ,
               who
               are
               very
               numerous
               and
               powerful
               ,
               have
               a
               joint
               Interest
               to
               limit
               the
               King's
               Power
               ,
               and
               to
               keep
               the
               Common
               People
               in
               subjection
               ,
               who
               are
               stupidly
               pleas'd
               with
               ,
               or
               rather
               insensible
               of
               their
               Slavery
               .
               And
               the
               Notion
               of
               Liberty
               is
               so
               inbred
               with
               the
               Polish
               Gentry
               ,
               that
               if
               they
               should
               suspect
               that
               their
               King
               did
               aim
               at
               making
               any
               Breach
               upon
               their
               Laws
               ,
               they
               not
               only
               think
               themselves
               no
               longer
               oblig'd
               to
               pay
               him
               Allegiance
               ,
               but
               likewise
               exclude
               
               his
               Children
               :
               For
               they
               maintain
               ,
               That
               
                 ●●ex
                 est
                 Rex
                 ,
                 their
                 Law
                 is
                 their
                 King
              
               ;
               and
               that
               they
               elect
               a
               Prince
               only
               to
               head
               their
               Army
               ,
               against
               the
               Invasion
               of
               Foreigners
               ,
               and
               to
               govern
               the
               turbulent
               Spirit
               of
               the
               Gr●●●●●●
               who
               think
               they
               are
               all
               equal
               among
               themselves
               ,
               and
               their
               King
               but
               the
               first
               among
               his
               Eq●●ls
               .
               So
               th●●
               the
               ●●urest
               way
               for
               a
               King
               of
               Poland
               to
               ma●●
               the
               Crown
               Hereditary
               ,
               is
               never
               to
               〈◊〉
               but
               to
               ●●ave
               entirely
               to
               the
               free
               will
               of
               the
               Di●●
               to
               ●●ouse
               whom
               they
               please
               .
               Which
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               by
               the
               bad
               Success
               Prime
               〈◊〉
               had
               in
               the
               ●●te
               Election
               ,
               caused
               by
               the
               ill
               Con●●●●
               of
               King
               ●●obieski
               his
               Father
               ,
               who
               prompted
               by
               his
               〈◊〉
               and
               French
               Counsel
               ,
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               ●●ears
               before
               his
               Death
               ,
               to
               perswade
               the
               Die●●
               i●●
               thuse
               a
               Successor
               ;
               which
               drew
               such
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               and
               Jealousy
               upon
               his
               Children
               ,
               that
               very
               few
               appear'd
               for
               them
               in
               the
               last
               Election
               ,
               th●●
               he
               ●●lig'd
               the
               Chief
               Officers
               to
               whom
               he
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               ●●onsiderable
               Employment
               ,
               to
               take
               an
               Oath
               to
               〈◊〉
               his
               Childrens
               Interest
               after
               his
               〈◊〉
               But
               the
               Poles
               ,
               who
               think
               themselves
               to
               longer
               ●●ound
               by
               their
               Oaths
               ,
               than
               they
               find
               them
               conformable
               to
               their
               Laws
               and
               Interest
               ,
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               t●●
               abandon
               those
               Princes
               to
               chuse
               the
               Elector
               of
               Saxony
               ;
               and
               to
               give
               a
               new
               Precedent
               for
               two
               things
               they
               never
               practised
               before
               ,
               to
               exclude
               their
               own
               King's
               Sons
               ,
               and
               to
               elect
               a
               German
               Prince
               .
               For
               the
               distance
               and
               situ●●i●●n
               of
               the
               Elector
               of
               
               Saxony's
               Hereditary
               Dominions
               ,
               and
               the
               Jealousies
               the
               other
               German
               Princes
               would
               have
               conceiv'd
               ,
               had
               he
               usurp'd
               more
               Power
               than
               the
               Laws
               allow'd
               ,
               took
               away
               from
               the
               Poles
               all
               suspicion
               that
               this
               Prince
               would
               ever
               attempt
               
               to
               invade
               their
               Privileges
               ,
               as
               they
               apprehended
               the
               Prince
               of
               Conti
               ,
               and
               perhaps
               John
               III's
               Children
               would
               have
               done
               .
            
             
               When
               I
               came
               first
               into
               this
               Nation
               ,
               my
               chief
               Design
               was
               to
               converse
               with
               Physicians
               ,
               and
               other
               Naturalists
               ,
               to
               improve
               my
               Knowledg
               in
               the
               Practice
               of
               Physick
               ,
               and
               in
               Natural
               History
               :
               But
               finding
               little
               here
               to
               satisfy
               my
               Curiosity
               in
               these
               Matters
               ,
               that
               I
               might
               not
               lose
               my
               Labour
               in
               travelling
               in
               so
               remote
               a
               Country
               ,
               I
               resolv'd
               to
               look
               into
               their
               Chronicles
               ,
               to
               inform
               my self
               of
               the
               Origin
               of
               the
               Monarchy
               ;
               of
               the
               Succession
               ,
               and
               Remarkable
               Actions
               of
               all
               its
               Kings
               ;
               of
               its
               Geography
               ,
               and
               its
               Products
               ;
               and
               to
               enquire
               into
               the
               Antient
               and
               Present
               State
               of
               that
               vast
               Kingdom
               .
               Which
               I
               have
               done
               with
               as
               much
               Care
               and
               Accuracy
               as
               I
               could
               well
               compass
               in
               so
               short
               a
               time
               .
            
             
               People
               perhaps
               will
               admire
               how
               I
               could
               pretend
               to
               give
               an
               Account
               of
               so
               large
               and
               Antient
               a
               Kingdom
               ,
               not
               having
               been
               in
               it
               a
               full
               Twelve-month
               .
               I
               own
               this
               were
               no
               small
               presumption
               in
               me
               ,
               had
               I
               undertaken
               to
               give
               a
               compleat
               History
               thereof
               ;
               but
               as
               I
               only
               relate
               briefly
               either
               what
               I
               have
               gather'd
               from
               the
               best
               Polish
               Authors
               ,
               learned
               from
               the
               most
               Intelligent
               Natives
               ,
               or
               observ'd
               my self
               ,
               I
               hope
               the
               Publick
               will
               have
               no
               ill
               Thoughts
               of
               me
               for
               this
               Attempt
               .
            
             
               The
               first
               Writers
               of
               the
               Polish
               History
               ,
               like
               most
               other
               Historians
               ,
               were
               credulous
               and
               superstitious
               ,
               and
               have
               fill'd
               their
               Writings
               with
               a
               great
               many
               Romantio
               and
               almost
               fabulous
               Stories
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               omitted
               ,
               tho
               I
               have
               inserted
               some
               ,
               as
               the
               
                 golden
                 Tooth
              
               ,
               the
               
                 devouring
                 Dragon
              
               ,
               Popiel's
               being
               eaten
               by
               Rats
               ,
               and
               some
               others
               ;
               not
               with
               a
               
               design
               to
               make
               the
               Publick
               believe
               them
               ,
               or
               that
               I
               believ'd
               'em
               my self
               ,
               but
               only
               to
               shew
               how
               the
               Ignorance
               of
               some
               ,
               and
               the
               unfair
               Relations
               of
               others
               ,
               have
               impos'd
               upon
               the
               World
               in
               all
               Ages
               .
            
             
               I
               knew
               something
               of
               the
               Constitution
               of
               Poland
               before
               I
               went
               thither
               ,
               having
               formerly
               conversed
               with
               several
               Gentlemen
               of
               that
               Country
               at
               Paris
               ,
               in
               Italy
               ,
               and
               Germany
               ;
               which
               inclined
               me
               in
               some
               measure
               to
               travel
               with
               some
               of
               them
               from
               thence
               into
               that
               Kingdom
               .
               Besides
               ,
               I
               came
               out
               of
               Poland
               with
               the
               Electoress
               of
               Bavaria
               ,
               the
               King's
               Daughter
               ,
               in
               Company
               with
               several
               Natives
               thereof
               ,
               who
               attended
               her
               Highness
               from
               Warsaw
               to
               Brussels
               .
               In
               this
               long
               Journey
               I
               had
               likewise
               opportunity
               to
               inform
               my self
               further
               of
               the
               present
               State
               of
               that
               Country
               .
               So
               that
               I
               have
               not
               only
               collected
               this
               imperfect
               Account
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               ventur'd
               to
               give
               of
               it
               ,
               during
               the
               little
               time
               I
               resided
               at
               the
               King's
               Court
               ,
               but
               likewise
               before
               I
               came
               thither
               ,
               and
               since
               I
               left
               it
               .
            
             
               I
               did
               not
               at
               first
               design
               this
               Historical
               Account
               should
               swell
               to
               so
               great
               a
               Bulk
               ,
               nor
               that
               chiefly
               the
               Geographical
               Part
               should
               be
               so
               tediously
               long
               ,
               but
               thought
               to
               reduce
               the
               whole
               to
               the
               narrow
               compass
               of
               one
               Volume
               ;
               until
               Mr.
               S
               —
               considering
               the
               Inconveniency
               of
               too
               small
               an
               Epitome
               ,
               enlarg'd
               the
               Geography
               of
               the
               Kingdom
               of
               Poland
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               Great
               Dutchy
               of
               Lithuania
               ,
               to
               make
               the
               Relation
               of
               them
               both
               more
               exact
               ,
               and
               more
               satisfactory
               to
               such
               as
               are
               desirous
               to
               compare
               the
               Towns
               and
               Provinces
               with
               the
               Map.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               THE
               CONTENTS
               OF
               THE
               First
               Volume
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   Letter
                   I.
                
                 TO
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 William
                 Lord
                 Dartmouth
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Origin
                     of
                     the
                     Kingdom
                     of
                     Poland
                     ,
                     with
                     the
                     Succession
                     and
                     remarkable
                     Actions
                     of
                     its
                     first
                     Dukes
                     from
                     the
                     Year
                     550
                     to
                     830.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   II
                
                 :
                 To
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 Laurence
                 Earl
                 of
                 Rochester
                 ,
                 Embassador
                 from
                 his
                 Majesty
                 
                   Charles
                   II.
                
                 into
                 Poland
                 .
                 
                   
                     Containing
                     the
                     second
                     and
                     third
                     Classes
                     of
                     the
                     Kings
                     of
                     that
                     Country
                     ,
                     or
                     the
                     Succession
                     and
                     Remarkable
                     Actions
                     of
                     the
                     Families
                     of
                     Piastus
                     and
                     Jagello
                     ,
                     from
                     the
                     Year
                     830
                     ,
                     to
                     the
                     Year
                     1574.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   III.
                
                 To
                 his
                 Grace
                 William
                 Duke
                 of
                 Devonshire
                 ,
                 Lord
                 Steward
                 of
                 his
                 Majesty's
                 Houshold
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Succession
                     and
                     remarkable
                     Actions
                     of
                     the
                     four
                     Classes
                     of
                     the
                     Kings
                     of
                     Poland
                     ,
                     consisting
                     of
                     mixt
                     Families
                     ,
                     from
                     the
                     Year
                     1574
                     ,
                     to
                     1674.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 
                   Let.
                   IV.
                
                 To
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 William
                 Earl
                 of
                 Yarmouth
                 .
                 
                   
                     Concerning
                     the
                     Family
                     and
                     remarkable
                     Actions
                     of
                     
                       John
                       III.
                    
                     King
                     of
                     Poland
                     .
                     As
                     also
                     his
                     Daughter's
                     Marriage
                     to
                     the
                     present
                     Elector
                     of
                     Bavaria
                     ,
                     &c.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   V.
                
                 To
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 Charles
                 Lord
                 Townsend
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Extent
                     and
                     Products
                     of
                     Poland
                     ,
                     together
                     with
                     a
                     Description
                     of
                     the
                     chief
                     Towns
                     and
                     Provinces
                     of
                     that
                     Kingdom
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   VI.
                
                 To
                 
                   George
                   Stepney
                
                 ,
                 Esq
                 ;
                 His
                 Majesty's
                 Envoy
                 Extraordinary
                 to
                 the
                 Princes
                 of
                 the
                 Empire
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Extent
                     and
                     Products
                     of
                     the
                     Great
                     Dutchy
                     of
                     Lithuania
                     ,
                     with
                     an
                     Account
                     of
                     its
                     chief
                     Towns
                     and
                     Provinces
                     .
                  
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
               The
               CONTENTS
               of
               the
               Second
               Volume
               ,
               being
               the
               present
               State
               of
               Poland
               .
               In
               several
               Letters
               .
            
             
               
                 
                   Letter
                   I.
                   To
                
                 his
                 Grace
                 Thomas
                 Lord
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 Canterbury
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Form
                     of
                     the
                     Government
                     in
                     Poland
                     ,
                     and
                     of
                     the
                     King's
                     Power
                     and
                     Revenues
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   II.
                
                 To
                 his
                 Grace
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Norfolk
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Senate
                     of
                     Poland
                     ,
                     or
                     House
                     of
                     peers
                     ,
                     consisting
                     of
                     Bishops
                     ,
                     Palatins
                     ,
                     Castellans
                     ,
                     and
                     the
                     ten
                     great
                     Officers
                     of
                     the
                     Crown
                     ;
                     as
                     likewise
                     of
                     the
                     Starosta's
                     and
                     other
                     Persons
                     of
                     Note
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   III.
                
                 To
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 
                   James
                   Vernon
                
                 ,
                 Esq
                 ;
                 Principal
                 Secretary
                 of
                 State.
                 
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Diet
                     or
                     Parliament
                     of
                     Poland
                     ,
                     and
                     other
                     Courts
                     of
                     Judicature
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   IV.
                
                 To
                 the
                 Earl
                 of
                 Marlborough
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Election
                     and
                     Coronation
                     of
                     a
                     King
                     of
                     Poland
                     ,
                     with
                     the
                     Interregnum
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   V.
                
                 To
                 the
                 Lord
                 Marquess
                 of
                 —
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Power
                     of
                     the
                     Gentry
                     ,
                     and
                     Slavery
                     of
                     the
                     People
                     in
                     Poland
                     ;
                     where
                     the
                     Genius
                     ,
                     Character
                     ,
                     and
                     manner
                     of
                     living
                     of
                     the
                     Poles
                     are
                     related
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   VI.
                
                 To
                 his
                 Grace
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Ormond
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     state
                     of
                     the
                     Army
                     ,
                     Forts
                     ,
                     and
                     Military
                     Affairs
                     in
                     Poland
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   VII
                
                 .
                 To
                 his
                 Excellency
                 Monsieur
                 
                   de
                   Cleverskerk
                
                 Embassador
                 from
                 Holland
                 .
                 
                   
                     An
                     Account
                     of
                     the
                     Trade
                     and
                     Riches
                     of
                     Poland
                     ,
                     as
                     likewise
                     of
                     the
                     City
                     of
                     Dantzic
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 
                   Let.
                   VIII
                
                 .
                 To
                 the
                 Earl
                 of
                 Burlington
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     Origin
                     of
                     the
                     Teutonic
                     Order
                     ,
                     and
                     the
                     Succession
                     of
                     its
                     great
                     Masters
                     in
                     Prussia
                     ,
                     and
                     in
                     Livonia
                     ;
                     with
                     its
                     present
                     State
                     in
                     the
                     Empire
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   IX
                
                 .
                 To
                 Sir
                 
                   Thomas
                   Millington
                
                 ,
                 President
                 of
                 the
                 College
                 of
                 Physicians
                 .
                 
                   
                     Of
                     the
                     state
                     of
                     Learning
                     ,
                     of
                     Natural
                     Knowledg
                     ,
                     and
                     particularly
                     of
                     the
                     Practice
                     of
                     Physick
                     in
                     Poland
                     ;
                     with
                     an
                     account
                     of
                     some
                     natural
                     things
                     ,
                     chiefly
                     of
                     a
                     Disease
                     in
                     the
                     Hair
                     peculiar
                     to
                     the
                     Poles
                     ,
                     call'd
                     
                       Plica
                       Polonica
                    
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   X.
                
                 From
                 Baron
                 Blomberg
                 ,
                 his
                 Highness
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Curland's
                 Minister
                 ,
                 to
                 Dr.
                 Connor
                 .
                 
                   
                     Giving
                     an
                     Account
                     of
                     the
                     Duke
                     of
                     
                     Curland's
                     Family
                     ,
                     Strength
                     and
                     Revenues
                     ,
                     as
                     likewise
                     the
                     Extent
                     and
                     Products
                     of
                     his
                     Territories
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Let.
                   XI
                
                 .
                 To
                 the
                 Honourable
                 Mr.
                 Bridges
                 ,
                 eldest
                 Son
                 to
                 my
                 Lord
                 Chandois
                 ,
                 and
                 Fellow
                 of
                 the
                 Royal
                 Society
                 .
                 
                   
                     Giving
                     an
                     Anatomical
                     Account
                     of
                     the
                     Natural
                     Cause
                     why
                     People
                     must
                     necessarily
                     die
                     of
                     old
                     Age
                     alone
                     ,
                     attended
                     with
                     no
                     other
                     Disease
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 Let.
                 XII
                 .
                 To
                 —
                 
                   
                     Explaining
                     the
                     Nature
                     of
                     curable
                     and
                     incurable
                     Wounds
                     ,
                     demonstrating
                     by
                     Practical
                     Observations
                     ,
                     and
                     Anatomical
                     Experiments
                     ,
                     the
                     small
                     number
                     of
                     Wounds
                     which
                     are
                     of
                     themselves
                     absolutely
                     mortal
                     ,
                     and
                     shewing
                     the
                     true
                     use
                     and
                     common
                     abuse
                     of
                     Styptic
                     Waters
                     and
                     Pouders
                     in
                     the
                     Practice
                     of
                     Surgery
                     .
                  
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
               A
               Catalogue
               of
               such
               Authors
               as
               have
               been
               consulted
               in
               both
               Volumes
               of
               this
               Book
               ;
               whereof
               some
               have
               been
               quoted
               ,
               and
               others
               omitted
               on
               account
               of
               Consent
               in
               Opinion
               .
            
             
               
                 POmponius
                 Mela
                 de
                 Sarmatiâ
              
               
                 Commentariolus
                 Hartmanni
                 Schedii
                 de
                 Sarmatiâ
              
               
                 Aeneas
                 Sylvius
                 de
                 Poloniâ
                 ,
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 &
                 Prussiâ
                 ,
                 five
                 Borussiâ
                 .
              
               
                 Martini
                 Cromeri
                 Polonia
                 .
              
               
                 Alexandri
                 Guagnini
                 Rerum
                 Polonicarum
                 .
              
               
                 Sigismundi
                 
                   Liberi
                   Baronis
                   in
                
                 Herberstein
                 Descriptio
                 Lithuaniae
                 .
              
               
                 Jacobi
                 Pritusii
                 
                   de
                   Provinciis
                
                 Polonicis
                 .
              
               
                 Chronicon
                 Poloniae
                 Vincentii
                 Kadlub●●i
                 .
              
               
                 Matth.
                 de
                 Michovia
                 Chronica
                 Polonorum
                 .
              
               
                 Polonici
                 
                   Regni
                   tredecem
                   Mutationes
                
                 .
              
               
                 Johannes
                 Duglossus
                 Annales
                 Polonorum
                 .
              
               
                 Salomonis
                 Neugebaveri
                 Historia
                 Polonica
                 .
              
               
                 Johannes
                 Herburtus
                 à
                 Fulstin
                 
                   Compendium
                   Historiae
                
                 Polonicae
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Flosculi
                   Legum
                
                 Polonicarum
                 .
              
               
                 Stanislai
                 Orichovii
                 Annales
                 .
              
               
                 Mariciani
                 Mattbiae
                 Ladovli
                 Constitut
                 .
                 Polon
                 .
                 Compendium
                 .
              
               
                 Pastorii
                 Florus
                 Polonicus
                 .
              
               
                 Johannis
                 Boteri
                 Poloniae
                 Descriptio
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Historia
                   Reformationis
                
                 Polonicae
                 .
                 Authore
                 Stanistao
                 Lubiensko
                 Equite
                 Polono
                 .
              
               
                 Stanislai
                 Krzistanowicksi
                 Status
                 Poloniae
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Simonis
                 Star●●vols●●ii
                 Poloniae
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Relation
                   Historique
                   de
                
                 Pologne
                 .
                 
                   Par
                   Mons
                
                 .
                 Hauteville
                 .
              
               
                 Hartk●●●bii
                 Respublica
                 Polonorum
                 .
              
               
                 Adam
                 Bremensis
                 
                   Seculi
                   IX
                   .
                   Scriptor
                   ,
                   Historia
                   Ecclesiastics
                   .
                
              
               
                 Alhini
                 Chronicon
                 .
              
               
                 Hornii
                 Arca
                 Noae
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Historia
                   de
                   Vitâ
                   &
                   Obitu
                
                 Sigismundi
                 Augusti
                 .
              
               
                 Heidenstein
                 
                   de
                   Rebus
                
                 Polonicis
                 
                   ab
                   exoessii
                
                 Sigismundi
                 Augusti
                 .
              
               
                 D●●●●soanorum
                 Clades
                 a
                 Johanne
                 Lasicio
                 Polon●●
                 .
              
               
                 ●●ob●●slaus
                 Balbinus
                 Historis
                 Bohemiae
                 .
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 Historia
                 Bohemiae
                 .
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 Chronica
                 Pomeranie
                 .
              
               
                 Alberti
                 Cranzii
                 Polonicarum
                 Rerum
                 .
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 Annal●●s
                 Polon
                 .
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 I.
                 Regis
                 Poloniae
                 cum
                 Fragmentls
                 〈◊〉
                 .
              
               
                 Vladislai
                 Boloni●●
                 &
                 Sueciae
                 
                   Principis
                   Vita
                
                 .
              
               
                 Casamir
                 
                   Roy
                   de
                
                 Pologne
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Guerre
                   Civili
                   di
                
                 Poliniae
                 ,
                 di
                 Alberto
                 Vi●●ina
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Description
                   d'
                
                 Vkraine
                 ,
                 par
                 Beauplan
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Cuerres
                   des
                
                 Turcs
                 
                   avec
                   la
                
                 Pologne
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Histoire
                   des
                
                 Cosaques
                 
                   &
                   leurs
                   Guerres
                   contre
                   la
                
                 Pologne
                 .
              
               
                 
                   La
                   Politique
                   des
                
                 Polonois
                 .
              
               
                 
                   〈◊〉
                   diere
                   Histoire
                   des
                   Dietes
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Philippi
                   Honorii
                   de
                   Interregno
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Grammatica
                   seu
                   Institutio
                   Polonice
                   Linguae
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Effata
                   Regum
                
                 Poloniae
                 .
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 Polonica
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
             
               
                 Books
                 printed
                 for
              
               Daniel
               Brown
               and
               Abel
               Roper
               .
            
             
               1.
               
               FOur
               Treatises
               of
               Physick
               and
               Chirurgery
               .
               1.
               
               A
               Physico-Medical
               Essay
               concerning
               Alkaly
               and
               Acid.
               2.
               
               Farther
               Considerations
               on
               the
               said
               Essay
               .
               3.
               
               A
               new
               Light
               of
               Chirurgery
               .
               4.
               
               The
               new
               Light
               of
               Chirurgery
               vindicated
               from
               many
               unjust
               Aspersions
               .
               By
               
                 J.
                 Colebatch
              
               ,
               a
               Member
               of
               the
               College
               of
               Physicians
               .
            
             
               2.
               —
               His
               Treatise
               of
               the
               Gout
               .
            
             
               3.
               —
               His
               Doctrine
               of
               Acids
               in
               the
               Cure
               of
               Diseases
               farther
               asserted
               ;
               in
               which
               is
               contained
               some
               things
               relating
               to
               the
               History
               of
               Blood
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               4.
               
               Nature
               and
               Qualification
               of
               Religion
               ,
               in
               reference
               to
               Civil
               Society
               .
               Written
               by
               
                 Sam.
                 Puffendorf
              
               ,
               Counsellor
               of
               State
               to
               the
               late
               King
               of
               Sweden
               .
               Translated
               from
               the
               Original
               .
            
             
               The
               Present
               and
               Antient
               State
               of
               Muscovy
               ,
               in
               which
               is
               inserted
               all
               things
               material
               to
               be
               known
               in
               relation
               to
               that
               vast
               Country
               ;
               with
               several
               Sculptures
               ,
               and
               a
               new
               Map.
               
            
          
           
             
             
             
               
                 
                   A
                   New
                   Map
                   of
                   POLAND
                   Exactly
                   delineated
                   after
                   the
                   best
                   Modern
                   Geographer
                   .
                
              
            
          
        
         
           
             
             
               
               THE
               ●●ntient
               and
               Present
               STATE
               OF
               ●●OLAND
               .
            
             
               PART
               I.
               
                 The
                 Antient
                 State.
              
               
            
             
               
                 LETTER
                 I.
                 
              
               
                 〈◊〉
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 WILLIAM
                 Lord
                 Dartmouth
                 .
              
               
                 
                   〈◊〉
                   the
                   Origin
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   of
                   Poland
                   ;
                   with
                   the
                   Succession
                   and
                   Remarkable
                   Actions
                   of
                   its
                   first
                   Dukes
                   ,
                   from
                   the
                   Year
                   550
                   ,
                   to
                   830.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   MY
                   LORD
                   ,
                
              
               
                 HAving
                 had
                 the
                 good
                 Fortune
                 ,
                 some
                 Years
                 since
                 ,
                 to
                 meet
                 your
                 Lordship
                 at
                 Venice
                 ,
                 in
                 my
                 Travels
                 from
                 France
                 ,
                 ●●hrough
                 Italy
                 and
                 Germany
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 I
                 ●●ound
                 ,
                 that
                 not
                 contented
                 with
                 a
                 superficial
                 ●●nd
                 transitory
                 Account
                 of
                 Places
                 ,
                 your
                 Genius
                 
                 led
                 you
                 naturally
                 to
                 enquire
                 not
                 only
                 into
                 the
                 Government
                 ,
                 Laws
                 ,
                 and
                 Characters
                 of
                 the
                 several
                 Nations
                 you
                 passed
                 through
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 to
                 examine
                 nicely
                 into
                 their
                 Maxims
                 of
                 State
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 different
                 Interests
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 discovering
                 the
                 Excellency
                 of
                 some
                 of
                 their
                 Constitutions
                 ,
                 and
                 Defects
                 in
                 others
                 ,
                 you
                 might
                 ,
                 like
                 a
                 wise
                 and
                 thinking
                 Patriot
                 ,
                 admire
                 the
                 Perfections
                 of
                 our
                 own
                 Government
                 ,
                 Goodness
                 of
                 our
                 Laws
                 ,
                 and
                 Wisdom
                 of
                 our
                 Senate
                 ,
                 whereof
                 you
                 your self
                 are
                 so
                 worthy
                 a
                 Member
                 .
              
               
                 
                   My
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 You
                 may
                 remember
                 ,
                 that
                 after
                 your
                 Resolution
                 to
                 take
                 Medicines
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 my
                 small
                 Skill
                 in
                 prescribing
                 them
                 ,
                 had
                 had
                 the
                 good
                 Effect
                 of
                 curing
                 your
                 Lordship
                 at
                 Venice
                 of
                 that
                 acute
                 Disease
                 which
                 made
                 me
                 almost
                 despair
                 of
                 your
                 Recovery
                 ,
                 I
                 left
                 you
                 at
                 Padua
                 with
                 the
                 Earl
                 of
                 Kildare
                 to
                 gather
                 strength
                 ;
                 and
                 went
                 thro'
                 
                   Tyrol
                   ,
                   Bavaria
                
                 and
                 Austria
                 down
                 the
                 Danube
                 ,
                 to
                 Vienna
                 ;
                 where
                 having
                 staid
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 to
                 see
                 the
                 Emperour's
                 Court
                 ,
                 I
                 set
                 forward
                 ,
                 with
                 some
                 Noblemen
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 through
                 Moravia
                 and
                 Silesia
                 to
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 the
                 Capital
                 City
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 from
                 whence
                 ,
                 in
                 eight
                 days
                 ,
                 we
                 arrived
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 numerous
                 Attendance
                 ,
                 at
                 the
                 King's
                 Court
                 ,
                 which
                 always
                 resides
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 ;
                 where
                 I
                 was
                 kindly
                 receiv'd
                 by
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 ,
                 who
                 did
                 me
                 the
                 Honour
                 to
                 intrust
                 me
                 with
                 the
                 Care
                 of
                 his
                 decaying
                 Health
                 :
                 and
                 sometime
                 afterwards
                 his
                 Majesty
                 sent
                 me
                 with
                 her
                 Electoral
                 Highness
                 the
                 Princess
                 Tcresa
                 ,
                 his
                 only
                 Daughter
                 ,
                 then
                 married
                 to
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 ,
                 to
                 take
                 care
                 likewise
                 of
                 her
                 Health
                 in
                 her
                 long
                 Winter
                 Journey
                 
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 to
                 Brussels
                 ;
                 which
                 gave
                 me
                 opportunity
                 to
                 come
                 sooner
                 out
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 than
                 I
                 at
                 first
                 apprehended
                 I
                 cou'd
                 .
              
               
                 Tho
                 ,
                 
                   my
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 my
                 chief
                 business
                 both
                 in
                 Poland
                 and
                 other
                 Countries
                 has
                 been
                 always
                 ●●o
                 improve
                 my self
                 in
                 what
                 related
                 pecu●●iarly
                 to
                 the
                 Practice
                 of
                 Physick
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 Natural
                 Knowledg
                 ;
                 yet
                 for
                 my
                 own
                 Satisfaction
                 and
                 Curiosity
                 ,
                 I
                 was
                 desirous
                 to
                 be
                 in●●ormed
                 further
                 ,
                 both
                 from
                 the
                 Natives
                 themselves
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 Historians
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 true
                 State
                 and
                 Origin
                 of
                 this
                 vast
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 I
                 found
                 that
                 Poland
                 has
                 met
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 Fate
                 with
                 most
                 other
                 Countries
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 little
                 known
                 from
                 its
                 Minority
                 :
                 For
                 when
                 this
                 Monarchy
                 was
                 first
                 founded
                 by
                 Lechus
                 ,
                 there
                 were
                 no
                 Learned
                 Men
                 to
                 hand
                 down
                 to
                 Posterity
                 by
                 their
                 Writings
                 the
                 true
                 State
                 thereof
                 from
                 ●●ts
                 Infancy
                 ;
                 but
                 what
                 small
                 Account
                 there
                 is
                 extant
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 was
                 written
                 some
                 Ages
                 after
                 :
                 Wherefore
                 ,
                 not
                 having
                 besides
                 been
                 a
                 twelve-month
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 I
                 cannot
                 presume
                 to
                 give
                 that
                 satisfaction
                 which
                 perhaps
                 your
                 Lordship
                 might
                 otherwise
                 expect
                 from
                 the
                 discourse
                 I
                 lately
                 had
                 with
                 you
                 ;
                 yet
                 I
                 can
                 securely
                 assert
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 following
                 Relation
                 of
                 the
                 Origin
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 is
                 drawn
                 out
                 of
                 its
                 most
                 authentick
                 Historians
                 .
              
               
                 
                 POLAND
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Romans
                 call'd
                 *
                 
                   Sar●●natia
                   Europaea
                
                 ,
                 came
                 to
                 be
                 a
                 distinct
                 Nation
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 be
                 govern'd
                 by
                 Elective
                 Princes
                 ,
                 much
                 about
                 the
                 Middle
                 of
                 the
                 Sixth
                 Century
                 ,
                 sometime
                 
                 after
                 that
                 the
                 Goths
                 and
                 Vandals
                 had
                 ravag'd
                 the
                 South
                 parts
                 of
                 Europe
                 ,
                 and
                 abandon'd
                 their
                 own
                 bleak
                 Northern
                 Habitations
                 to
                 establish
                 themselves
                 in
                 warmer
                 Regions
                 ,
                 
                   Italy
                   ,
                   France
                   ,
                   Spain
                
                 and
                 Africk
                 ,
                 which
                 gave
                 occasion
                 to
                 the
                 *
                 Sclavonians
                 ,
                 as
                 
                   Sabellicus
                   ,
                   Thuanus
                
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Authors
                 have
                 it
                 ,
                 to
                 quit
                 the
                 
                   Cimmerian
                   Bosphorus
                
                 or
                 Straits
                 of
                 Caffa
                 ,
                 Great
                 Sarmatia
                 ,
                 and
                 Great
                 Russia
                 ,
                 or
                 Moscovy
                 ,
                 to
                 inhabit
                 those
                 desolate
                 Countries
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 ,
                 this
                 People
                 ,
                 dividing
                 themselves
                 into
                 two
                 considerable
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 one
                 pass'd
                 the
                 Danube
                 ,
                 and
                 settled
                 in
                 
                   Dalmatia
                   ,
                   Istria
                   ,
                   Bosnia
                   ,
                   Carynthia
                   ,
                   Bulgaria
                   ,
                
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 Greece
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 some
                 part
                 of
                 †
                 Germany
                 ;
                 while
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 Conduct
                 of
                 three
                 Brothers
                 ,
                 
                   Lechus
                   ,
                   Cechus
                
                 and
                 Russus
                 ,
                 turn'd
                 towards
                 the
                 North
                 to
                 possess
                 themselves
                 of
                 those
                 Provinces
                 which
                 the
                 Goths
                 and
                 Vandals
                 had
                 forsaken
                 .
              
               
                 These
                 Brothers
                 𝄁
                 are
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 built
                 Bremen
                 in
                 Germany
                 ,
                 so
                 naming
                 it
                 from
                 a
                 Sclavonian
                 Word
                 ,
                 signifying
                 a
                 Burden
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 had
                 there
                 ,
                 as
                 one
                 may
                 say
                 ,
                 laid
                 down
                 their
                 Burden
                 ,
                 and
                 were
                 in
                 great
                 measure
                 freed
                 from
                 their
                 former
                 Miseries
                 .
                 These
                 Princes
                 likewise
                 divided
                 their
                 Followers
                 into
                 three
                 Parties
                 ,
                 whereof
                 one
                 commanded
                 by
                 Cechus
                 ,
                 settled
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 which
                 lies
                 between
                 Poland
                 and
                 Germany
                 ,
                 now
                 call'd
                 Bohemia
                 ;
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 headed
                 by
                 Lechus
                 ,
                 fix'd
                 in
                 the
                 lower
                 part
                 of
                 Great
                 Sarmatia
                 ,
                 a
                 Flat
                 and
                 Champain
                 Country
                 ;
                 whence
                 the
                 Natives
                 have
                 since
                 call'd
                 
                 it
                 Polska
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 word
                 Pole
                 ,
                 which
                 
                 either
                 signifies
                 Plainness
                 ,
                 or
                 Hunting
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 
                   Germans
                   ,
                   Poland
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Even-Ground
                 .
                 *
                 Hartknoch
                 is
                 of
                 Opinion
                 that
                 Poland
                 was
                 an
                 antient
                 Name
                 of
                 Sarmatia
                 in
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 Ptolomey
                 ,
                 before
                 the
                 Poles
                 inhabited
                 this
                 Champain
                 Country
                 ,
                 which
                 it
                 might
                 have
                 taken
                 from
                 the
                 Bulani
                 or
                 Bolani
                 ,
                 that
                 are
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 settled
                 near
                 the
                 Vistula
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 have
                 come
                 from
                 Sarmatia
                 .
                 The
                 third
                 Brother
                 †
                 Russus
                 establish'd
                 himself
                 in
                 that
                 Province
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 now
                 call'd
                 from
                 his
                 Name
                 Russia
                 .
              
               
                 Not
                 only
                 the
                 Testimony
                 of
                 Authentick
                 Writers
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 our
                 own
                 Reason
                 will
                 convince
                 us
                 ,
                 that
                 all
                 these
                 Nations
                 have
                 originally
                 been
                 the
                 same
                 ;
                 which
                 may
                 appear
                 by
                 their
                 Languages
                 ,
                 being
                 but
                 as
                 so
                 many
                 Dialects
                 of
                 one
                 Mother-Tongue
                 ,
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 ;
                 which
                 is
                 now
                 spoke
                 in
                 more
                 Countries
                 than
                 any
                 Language
                 of
                 Europe
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Here
                 Lechus
                 had
                 no
                 great
                 need
                 of
                 Force
                 to
                 establish
                 himself
                 ;
                 he
                 met
                 with
                 but
                 little
                 resistance
                 ,
                 all
                 this
                 Country
                 having
                 been
                 left
                 desolate
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 before
                 by
                 the
                 Vandals
                 :
                 Only
                 𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
                 Regulus
                 ,
                 a
                 German
                 Prince
                 ,
                 is
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 oppos
                 d
                 him
                 at
                 first
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 have
                 challeng'd
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 soon
                 vanquish'd
                 by
                 him
                 in
                 a
                 Duel
                 ;
                 whereby
                 he
                 became
                 Master
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 then
                 Regulus
                 his
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 these
                 days
                 there
                 were
                 no
                 Cities
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 no
                 Money
                 was
                 yet
                 known
                 ,
                 nor
                 any
                 Laws
                 writ
                 ,
                 such
                 as
                 they
                 had
                 being
                 only
                 pronounc'd
                 
                 
                 by
                 their
                 Princes
                 Mouths
                 ,
                 and
                 handed
                 down
                 by
                 Tradition
                 to
                 the
                 People
                 .
                 *
                 Princes
                 were
                 then
                 rather
                 Fathers
                 of
                 Families
                 ,
                 than
                 Lords
                 and
                 Masters
                 ;
                 and
                 their
                 Revenue
                 consisted
                 only
                 in
                 a
                 moderate
                 Imposition
                 on
                 their
                 Subjects
                 Labour
                 .
              
               
                 Lechus
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 settled
                 in
                 that
                 great
                 Province
                 which
                 joins
                 the
                 State
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 since
                 call'd
                 Posnania
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 built
                 the
                 first
                 
                 City
                 ,
                 naming
                 it
                 †
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 word
                 Gniazdo
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 that
                 Language
                 signifies
                 a
                 Nest
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 because
                 ,
                 that
                 where
                 it
                 was
                 building
                 ,
                 a
                 Tree
                 was
                 cut
                 down
                 which
                 had
                 an
                 Eagle's
                 Nest
                 on
                 the
                 Top
                 of
                 it
                 :
                 which
                 Lechus
                 taking
                 for
                 a
                 good
                 Omen
                 ,
                 not
                 only
                 call'd
                 his
                 City
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 it
                 the
                 Metropolis
                 of
                 his
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 but
                 also
                 order'd
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Arms
                 of
                 Poland
                 should
                 for
                 ever
                 after
                 be
                 a
                 Spread-Eagle
                 ,
                 which
                 has
                 so
                 continu'd
                 even
                 down
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
                 He
                 likewise
                 built
                 
                 another
                 City
                 in
                 a
                 Wood
                 ,
                 eight
                 Miles
                 from
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 nam'd
                 Posnania
                 (
                 by
                 the
                 present
                 Inhabitants
                 call'd
                 Posnan
                 )
                 signifying
                 in
                 the
                 Polish
                 Tongue
                 Knowledg
                 ,
                 because
                 he
                 there
                 met
                 and
                 knew
                 his
                 Brother
                 Cechus
                 ,
                 Prince
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 ,
                 after
                 above
                 twenty
                 years
                 absence
                 .
                 This
                 City
                 gave
                 occasion
                 for
                 naming
                 the
                 Province
                 Posnania
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 Memory
                 of
                 Lechus
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 stile
                 their
                 Country
                 in
                 their
                 Poems
                 Lechia
                 :
                 and
                 Mr.
                 
                   Mountague
                   North
                
                 ,
                 who
                 liv'd
                 for
                 sometime
                 at
                 Constantinople
                 ,
                 has
                 lately
                 told
                 me
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Turks
                 call
                 a
                 Polander
                 ,
                 in
                 their
                 Language
                 ,
                 
                 Lech
                 ,
                 making
                 the
                 Poles
                 likewise
                 derive
                 their
                 Name
                 from
                 their
                 Founder
                 .
              
               
                 Tho
                 ,
                 
                   my
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 this
                 Lechus
                 brought
                 that
                 People
                 under
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Monarchical
                 Government
                 ,
                 yet
                 neither
                 he
                 ,
                 nor
                 any
                 of
                 his
                 Successors
                 could
                 ever
                 so
                 far
                 prevail
                 upon
                 them
                 as
                 to
                 make
                 the
                 Succession
                 Hereditary
                 ;
                 they
                 having
                 continued
                 Elective
                 for
                 above
                 Eleven
                 hundred
                 years
                 ;
                 always
                 reserving
                 a
                 full
                 Power
                 and
                 Authority
                 to
                 themselves
                 ,
                 of
                 choosing
                 whom
                 they
                 pleas'd
                 for
                 their
                 King.
                 Nevertheless
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 observ'd
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 have
                 still
                 hitherto
                 elected
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Royal
                 Family
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 deceas'd
                 King
                 had
                 any
                 Issue
                 left
                 ,
                 except
                 in
                 this
                 present
                 Election
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 like
                 to
                 go
                 otherwise
                 .
                 I
                 find
                 by
                 their
                 Chronicles
                 ,
                 that
                 not
                 so
                 much
                 as
                 a
                 Daughter
                 has
                 been
                 excluded
                 when
                 there
                 has
                 been
                 no
                 Son
                 :
                 However
                 ,
                 they
                 always
                 thought
                 fit
                 to
                 acquaint
                 'em
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 their
                 Election
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 not
                 to
                 attribute
                 
                 their
                 Accession
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 to
                 any
                 Right
                 contracted
                 from
                 their
                 Parents
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 altogether
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 the
                 Senate
                 and
                 Gentry
                 for
                 putting
                 that
                 Scepter
                 into
                 their
                 hands
                 .
                 Hereby
                 they
                 intimated
                 how
                 much
                 their
                 Kings
                 were
                 indebted
                 to
                 'em
                 ,
                 and
                 what
                 Necessity
                 they
                 lay
                 under
                 to
                 behave
                 themselves
                 well
                 towards
                 a
                 People
                 that
                 were
                 pleas'd
                 to
                 raise
                 'em
                 to
                 a
                 Supreme
                 Dignity
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 had
                 no
                 better
                 Claim
                 to
                 than
                 the
                 meanest
                 Gentleman
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 They
                 acquainted
                 them
                 likewise
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 thought
                 themselves
                 no
                 longer
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 pay
                 them
                 Obedience
                 ,
                 than
                 that
                 they
                 kept
                 to
                 their
                 Oaths
                 :
                 And
                 moreover
                 ,
                 they
                 always
                 reserv'd
                 to
                 themselves
                 a
                 Right
                 of
                 deposing
                 them
                 whenever
                 they
                 violated
                 their
                 Laws
                 .
              
               
               
                 This
                 Maxim
                 has
                 hitherto
                 prov'd
                 very
                 beneficial
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 for
                 enlarging
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 maintaining
                 their
                 Privileges
                 ;
                 and
                 might
                 well
                 have
                 extended
                 their
                 Dominions
                 beyond
                 those
                 of
                 any
                 State
                 in
                 Europe
                 ,
                 had
                 their
                 other
                 Constitutions
                 been
                 as
                 well
                 grounded
                 ,
                 or
                 as
                 exactly
                 observed
                 :
                 For
                 tho
                 the
                 Poles
                 have
                 been
                 constantly
                 molested
                 by
                 their
                 Neighbours
                 ,
                 the
                 
                   Suedes
                   ,
                   Moscovites
                   ,
                   Tartars
                   ,
                   Turks
                   ,
                   Hungarians
                   ,
                
                 and
                 Germans
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 Kingdom
                 been
                 several
                 times
                 reduc'd
                 to
                 Extremities
                 ,
                 burnt
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 by
                 frequent
                 Incursions
                 ,
                 put
                 into
                 Convulsions
                 and
                 Desolations
                 ,
                 and
                 thousands
                 of
                 their
                 People
                 been
                 carry'd
                 away
                 into
                 
                 Captivity
                 ;
                 yet
                 by
                 the
                 prudent
                 Conduct
                 and
                 Courage
                 of
                 their
                 Kings
                 ,
                 through
                 a
                 desire
                 of
                 gaining
                 the
                 Affection
                 of
                 their
                 Subjects
                 by
                 serving
                 their
                 Country
                 zealously
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 end
                 their
                 Fame
                 and
                 Merits
                 might
                 raise
                 their
                 Children
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 after
                 their
                 deaths
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 have
                 not
                 only
                 always
                 oppos'd
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 repuls'd
                 the
                 exorbitant
                 Force
                 of
                 their
                 Enemies
                 :
                 They
                 have
                 also
                 by
                 degrees
                 enlarg'd
                 their
                 Country
                 by
                 vast
                 Conquests
                 ,
                 and
                 render'd
                 it
                 several
                 times
                 the
                 most
                 formidable
                 of
                 any
                 Kingdom
                 in
                 Europe
                 :
                 They
                 have
                 likewise
                 never
                 submitted
                 to
                 any
                 Foreign
                 Power
                 ,
                 no
                 not
                 even
                 to
                 the
                 Romans
                 by
                 force
                 :
                 They
                 have
                 also
                 hitherto
                 inviolably
                 maintain'd
                 their
                 Liberties
                 ,
                 Properties
                 and
                 peculiar
                 manner
                 of
                 Government
                 ,
                 against
                 all
                 the
                 Attempts
                 ,
                 both
                 of
                 their
                 Enemies
                 abroad
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Cabals
                 form'd
                 either
                 by
                 themselves
                 or
                 their
                 Kings
                 at
                 home
                 :
                 and
                 I
                 believe
                 I
                 may
                 say
                 to
                 their
                 great
                 Commendation
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 are
                 the
                 only
                 Nation
                 in
                 the
                 World
                 who
                 have
                 kept
                 the
                 longest
                 Succession
                 
                 of
                 Kings
                 without
                 subjecting
                 themselves
                 either
                 to
                 a
                 Despotic
                 or
                 Hereditary
                 Monarchy
                 ;
                 their
                 Princes
                 being
                 now
                 ,
                 as
                 most
                 are
                 thought
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 at
                 first
                 ,
                 wholly
                 elected
                 by
                 the
                 People
                 .
              
               
                 Tho
                 ,
                 
                   My
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 said
                 the
                 Poles
                 have
                 never
                 excluded
                 their
                 Kings
                 Children
                 ,
                 yet
                 must
                 it
                 be
                 understood
                 that
                 their
                 Crown
                 has
                 not
                 always
                 been
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Family
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 from
                 time
                 to
                 time
                 the
                 Royal
                 Line
                 has
                 fail'd
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 they
                 have
                 consequently
                 been
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 elect
                 Princes
                 out
                 of
                 other
                 Families
                 ;
                 but
                 still
                 I
                 may
                 very
                 well
                 affirm
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 has
                 never
                 been
                 any
                 Stranger
                 chosen
                 ,
                 except
                 in
                 the
                 present
                 Election
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 preceding
                 King
                 had
                 any
                 Issue
                 surviving
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Princes
                 and
                 Princesses
                 of
                 this
                 Kingdom
                 have
                 in
                 all
                 been
                 fifty
                 ,
                 two
                 whereof
                 were
                 Women
                 ,
                 as
                 Venda
                 ,
                 and
                 Hedwigis
                 ,
                 both
                 having
                 had
                 the
                 Government
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 forty
                 eight
                 were
                 Men.
                 *
                 At
                 first
                 these
                 Princes
                 were
                 only
                 stil'd
                 Duces
                 ,
                 Dukes
                 or
                 Generals
                 of
                 Poland
                 ;
                 as
                 if
                 their
                 Office
                 in
                 those
                 times
                 had
                 been
                 no
                 other
                 than
                 to
                 head
                 Armies
                 :
                 for
                 't
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 observ'd
                 that
                 to
                 
                   Boleslaus
                   Chrobry
                
                 they
                 were
                 not
                 so
                 much
                 as
                 crown'd
                 .
                 This
                 Title
                 continu'd
                 from
                 the
                 Year
                 550
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1005.
                 when
                 the
                 Emperour
                 Otho
                 III.
                 created
                 Boleslaus
                 I.
                 the
                 Sixteenth
                 Duke
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 
                 King
                 ,
                 being
                 the
                 second
                 Christian
                 Prince
                 that
                 had
                 govern'd
                 that
                 Country
                 ,
                 all
                 before
                 him
                 and
                 Miecislaus
                 I.
                 his
                 Father
                 having
                 been
                 Pagans
                 ;
                 as
                 were
                 likewise
                 the
                 Poles
                 themselves
                 till
                 the
                 tenth
                 Century
                 ,
                 when
                 this
                 Miecislaus
                 
                 the
                 fifteenth
                 Duke
                 of
                 Poland
                 turn'd
                 Christian
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 964
                 ,
                 in
                 Pope
                 John
                 the
                 XIIIth's
                 time
                 ;
                 by
                 which
                 means
                 his
                 Son
                 Boleslaus
                 came
                 to
                 have
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 King.
                 
              
               
                 All
                 the
                 Princes
                 of
                 Poland
                 may
                 be
                 divided
                 
                 into
                 four
                 Classes
                 ,
                 whereof
                 the
                 first
                 and
                 last
                 are
                 of
                 different
                 Families
                 ;
                 the
                 second
                 and
                 third
                 of
                 but
                 one
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 the
                 Crown
                 passes
                 from
                 the
                 Father
                 to
                 the
                 Daughter
                 .
                 The
                 first
                 Class
                 reign'd
                 from
                 the
                 Year
                 550
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 830
                 ;
                 The
                 second
                 from
                 830
                 ,
                 to
                 1382
                 ;
                 The
                 third
                 from
                 1382
                 ,
                 to
                 1574
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 last
                 from
                 thence
                 down
                 to
                 our
                 Time.
                 
              
               
                 I
                 shall
                 now
                 proceed
                 to
                 give
                 your
                 Lordship
                 some
                 short
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 Succession
                 and
                 most
                 Remarkable
                 Actions
                 of
                 the
                 first
                 Class
                 of
                 the
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 Year
                 550
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 830.
                 
              
               
                 
                 LECHUS
                 *
                 Son
                 of
                 Annon
                 ,
                 first
                 Duke
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 said
                 before
                 ,
                 founded
                 this
                 Nation
                 :
                 
                 He
                 built
                 the
                 first
                 City
                 there
                 ,
                 naming
                 it
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 now
                 the
                 Primate's
                 See
                 ;
                 as
                 likewise
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Posnan
                 ,
                 Capital
                 of
                 Posnania
                 .
                 'T
                 is
                 uncertain
                 how
                 many
                 govern'd
                 before
                 his
                 Race
                 came
                 to
                 be
                 extinct
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 is
                 great
                 Contest
                 among
                 the
                 Polish
                 Historians
                 about
                 his
                 Successor
                 :
                 but
                 some
                 affirm
                 that
                 he
                 order'd
                 by
                 his
                 last
                 Will
                 (
                 like
                 Alexander
                 the
                 Great
                 )
                 that
                 they
                 should
                 elect
                 the
                 most
                 worthy
                 Person
                 among
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                 VISIMIRUS
                 his
                 †
                 Nephew
                 was
                 thereupon
                 chosen
                 ,
                 who
                 is
                 reported
                 to
                 have
                 extended
                 his
                 
                 Dominions
                 even
                 to
                 the
                 very
                 Borders
                 of
                 Denmark
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 have
                 built
                 a
                 very
                 great
                 Ship
                 which
                 was
                 an
                 exceeding
                 Terror
                 to
                 the
                 Danes
                 .
                 He
                 is
                 also
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 given
                 that
                 Nation
                 a
                 great
                 Overthrow
                 by
                 Sea
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 have
                 pursued
                 his
                 Victory
                 into
                 the
                 very
                 Bowels
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 subdued
                 many
                 Provinces
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 built
                 several
                 Cities
                 ,
                 whereof
                 one
                 was
                 Wismar
                 ,
                 which
                 retains
                 his
                 Name
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
                 In
                 one
                 Battel
                 this
                 Visimirus
                 is
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 taken
                 the
                 Danish
                 King
                 Prisoner
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 have
                 carried
                 him
                 into
                 Poland
                 ;
                 whence
                 afterwards
                 being
                 releas'd
                 ,
                 and
                 conspiring
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Swedes
                 and
                 Holsatians
                 ,
                 he
                 made
                 an
                 Incursion
                 into
                 Poland
                 with
                 a
                 numerous
                 Army
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 soon
                 met
                 and
                 vanquish'd
                 again
                 by
                 Wisimir
                 ,
                 who
                 thereupon
                 push'd
                 on
                 his
                 Victory
                 so
                 far
                 as
                 to
                 reduce
                 the
                 greatest
                 part
                 of
                 Denmark
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 then
                 united
                 to
                 Poland
                 .
                 In
                 opposition
                 to
                 this
                 Story
                 Monsicur
                 Pauli
                 ,
                 Minister
                 here
                 from
                 Denmark
                 ,
                 has
                 assured
                 me
                 that
                 the
                 Poles
                 never
                 made
                 any
                 Conquest
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 ,
                 which
                 may
                 give
                 some
                 Exception
                 to
                 the
                 truth
                 of
                 this
                 King's
                 Reign
                 :
                 tho
                 it
                 may
                 very
                 well
                 be
                 suppos'd
                 that
                 several
                 Kings
                 reign'd
                 during
                 the
                 space
                 of
                 150
                 Years
                 ,
                 there
                 being
                 so
                 much
                 time
                 between
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 Lechus
                 his
                 Reign
                 and
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 Cracus
                 .
                 However
                 ,
                 to
                 gratify
                 the
                 Curiosity
                 of
                 the
                 Publick
                 ,
                 I
                 hope
                 I
                 have
                 not
                 done
                 amiss
                 to
                 insert
                 it
                 ,
                 since
                 I
                 withal
                 quote
                 my
                 Author
                 .
                 After
                 many
                 glorious
                 Actions
                 ,
                 having
                 greatly
                 augmented
                 his
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 this
                 Wisimir
                 died
                 
                 without
                 Issue
                 .
              
               
                 Vapovius
                 says
                 that
                 Lechus
                 his
                 Posterity
                 reign'd
                 all
                 that
                 space
                 of
                 time
                 between
                 him
                 and
                 Cracus
                 ,
                 being
                 150
                 Years
                 :
                 yet
                 having
                 
                 consulted
                 all
                 their
                 Historians
                 ,
                 I
                 can
                 find
                 no
                 manner
                 of
                 Account
                 given
                 of
                 their
                 Reig●●
                 ▪
                 nor
                 of
                 the
                 Government
                 of
                 Poland
                 in
                 all
                 that
                 space
                 of
                 time
                 .
              
               
                 Lechus
                 his
                 Issue
                 being
                 extinct
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 certain
                 the
                 
                 People
                 elected
                 twelve
                 Woievods
                 (
                 in
                 the
                 Polish
                 Language
                 
                   Captains
                   of
                   War
                
                 )
                 to
                 govern
                 'em
                 ,
                 who
                 divided
                 that
                 Country
                 into
                 twelve
                 parts
                 :
                 for
                 the
                 Poles
                 sticking
                 close
                 to
                 their
                 Liberty
                 ,
                 would
                 then
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 put
                 the
                 Government
                 into
                 one
                 Man's
                 hands
                 .
                 But
                 soon
                 after
                 these
                 
                 Palatins
                 disagreeing
                 among
                 themselves
                 ,
                 the
                 People
                 chose
                 one
              
               
                 
                 CRACUS
                 for
                 their
                 Head
                 ,
                 a
                 very
                 Rich
                 and
                 Popular
                 Person
                 ,
                 reported
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 of
                 the
                 Race
                 of
                 the
                 Gracchi
                 at
                 Rome
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 banish'd
                 into
                 this
                 Country
                 by
                 King
                 Ancus
                 .
                 Who
                 this
                 Cracus
                 was
                 all
                 Historians
                 do
                 not
                 agree
                 :
                 The
                 Polish
                 Writers
                 say
                 he
                 was
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 twelve
                 Woievods
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 *
                 Bohemians
                 affirm
                 he
                 was
                 a
                 Prince
                 of
                 their
                 Country
                 .
                 He
                 gain'd
                 extremely
                 upon
                 the
                 good
                 Will
                 of
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 soon
                 appeas'd
                 the
                 impending
                 Storms
                 of
                 a
                 Civil
                 War
                 ,
                 built
                 a
                 City
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Vistula
                 ,
                 
                 calling
                 it
                 after
                 his
                 own
                 Name
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 and
                 transfer'd
                 his
                 Residence
                 from
                 Gnesna
                 thither
                 ;
                 which
                 is
                 the
                 reason
                 that
                 this
                 City
                 has
                 ever
                 since
                 been
                 the
                 Metr●●polis
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 all
                 the
                 Kings
                 by
                 the
                 Constitution
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 crown'd
                 ,
                 tho
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 live
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 .
              
               
                 †
                 There
                 goes
                 a
                 frivolous
                 Story
                 of
                 a
                 monstrous
                 Dragon
                 that
                 rag'd
                 in
                 those
                 days
                 near
                 this
                 City
                 ,
                 who
                 with
                 his
                 poisonous
                 Breath
                 kill'd
                 all
                 
                 that
                 came
                 near
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 sometimes
                 sally'd
                 abroad
                 to
                 the
                 Destruction
                 of
                 thousands
                 ;
                 to
                 prevent
                 which
                 they
                 were
                 wont
                 to
                 throw
                 him
                 every
                 day
                 three
                 Oxen
                 ,
                 which
                 at
                 length
                 almost
                 causing
                 a
                 Famine
                 ,
                 Duke
                 Cracus
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 a
                 Stratagem
                 to
                 destroy
                 him
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 this
                 :
                 He
                 order'd
                 an
                 Ox's
                 Hide
                 to
                 be
                 stuff'd
                 full
                 of
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 Nitre
                 ,
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 like
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 be
                 cast
                 to
                 the
                 Monster
                 ,
                 who
                 taking
                 it
                 for
                 no
                 other
                 than
                 his
                 daily
                 Offering
                 ,
                 greedily
                 devour'd
                 it
                 ,
                 but
                 quickly
                 found
                 himself
                 enflam'd
                 with
                 so
                 great
                 a
                 Drought
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 soon
                 after
                 burst
                 with
                 drinking
                 in
                 the
                 River
                 Vistula
                 .
              
               
                 
                 After
                 this
                 Duke's
                 Death
                 he
                 was
                 ●●uried
                 ,
                 by
                 his
                 own
                 Orders
                 ,
                 on
                 a
                 little
                 Hill
                 in
                 sight
                 of
                 the
                 Town
                 ,
                 and
                 this
                 to
                 put
                 the
                 Citizens
                 in
                 mind
                 of
                 their
                 Founder
                 .
                 He
                 left
                 three
                 Children
                 ,
                 
                 
                   Cracus
                   ,
                   Lechus
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Venda
                 ,
                 whereof
              
               
                 
                 LECHUS
                 II.
                 to
                 obtain
                 the
                 Principality
                 murder'd
                 his
                 elder
                 Brother
                 Cracus
                 in
                 a
                 Wood
                 ;
                 
                 which
                 being
                 soon
                 detected
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 banish'd
                 the
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 died
                 in
                 Exile
                 .
              
               
                 
                 VENDA
                 a
                 Virgin
                 (
                 which
                 shews
                 the
                 Affection
                 the
                 Poles
                 have
                 always
                 had
                 for
                 the
                 Royal
                 Family
                 )
                 succeeded
                 him
                 .
                 She
                 was
                 a
                 very
                 beautiful
                 Princess
                 ,
                 and
                 amongst
                 several
                 others
                 was
                 courted
                 by
                 one
                 *
                 Ritiger
                 a
                 German
                 Prince
                 ,
                 who
                 not
                 proving
                 much
                 in
                 her
                 Favour
                 ,
                 came
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 to
                 force
                 her
                 to
                 marry
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 bravely
                 oppos'd
                 and
                 vanquish'd
                 by
                 her
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Polish
                 Historians
                 will
                 have
                 it
                 ;
                 tho
                 the
                 German
                 affirm
                 the
                 contrary
                 ,
                 and
                 say
                 she
                 drown'd
                 her self
                 upon
                 his
                 pursuing
                 her
                 close
                 ,
                 
                 
                 which
                 the
                 others
                 pretend
                 was
                 occasion'd
                 by
                 her
                 hearing
                 Ritiger
                 was
                 a
                 handsome
                 Man
                 ,
                 and
                 had
                 kill'd
                 himself
                 in
                 a
                 rage
                 .
              
               
                 With
                 this
                 Princess
                 Cracus
                 his
                 Family
                 being
                 
                 extinct
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 chose
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 twelve
                 Woievods
                 ,
                 who
                 falling
                 out
                 as
                 before
                 among
                 themselves
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Hungarians
                 and
                 Moravians
                 
                 invading
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 they
                 thought
                 fit
                 to
                 elect
                 one
                 Premislus
                 a
                 Goldsmith
                 for
                 their
                 Duke
                 ,
                 afterwards
                 call'd
              
               
                 
                 LESCUS
                 I.
                 The
                 reason
                 of
                 whose
                 being
                 chosen
                 was
                 a
                 Stratagem
                 he
                 had
                 contriv'd
                 ,
                 that
                 sav'd
                 the
                 Poles
                 when
                 they
                 were
                 in
                 Distress
                 .
                 
                 The
                 manner
                 of
                 which
                 was
                 as
                 follows
                 :
                 They
                 being
                 in
                 the
                 Field
                 against
                 the
                 Hungarians
                 and
                 Moravians
                 ,
                 and
                 finding
                 themselves
                 much
                 inferior
                 in
                 number
                 to
                 their
                 Enemies
                 ,
                 this
                 Goldsmith
                 contriv'd
                 a
                 way
                 to
                 make
                 'em
                 seem
                 more
                 numerous
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 to
                 gain
                 'em
                 a
                 compleat
                 Victory
                 ;
                 to
                 effect
                 which
                 he
                 got
                 a
                 certain
                 number
                 of
                 Helmets
                 made
                 of
                 the
                 Bark
                 
                 of
                 Trees
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 dawb'd
                 over
                 with
                 Quicksilver
                 and
                 Gall
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 Night
                 hung
                 'em
                 in
                 order
                 of
                 an
                 Army
                 on
                 small
                 Boughs
                 at
                 the
                 side
                 of
                 a
                 Wood
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Enemy
                 next
                 Morning
                 perceiving
                 ,
                 by
                 Reflection
                 of
                 the
                 Sun
                 upon
                 'em
                 ,
                 believing
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 Polish
                 Army
                 ,
                 march'd
                 directly
                 towards
                 'em
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 Poles
                 who
                 were
                 behind
                 the
                 Trees
                 removing
                 the
                 Helmets
                 ,
                 the
                 Enemy
                 thought
                 they
                 had
                 retreated
                 for
                 fear
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 hotly
                 pursuing
                 'em
                 into
                 the
                 very
                 heart
                 of
                 the
                 Wood
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 lay
                 in
                 Ambush
                 ,
                 surrounded
                 and
                 cut
                 'em
                 all
                 to
                 pieces
                 .
              
               
                 He
                 govern'd
                 the
                 Poles
                 in
                 Peace
                 and
                 Quietness
                 for
                 a
                 good
                 while
                 ,
                 none
                 during
                 his
                 Reign
                 daring
                 
                 to
                 molest
                 that
                 Country
                 .
                 How
                 long
                 he
                 
                 reign'd
                 ,
                 and
                 where
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 what
                 Distemper
                 he
                 died
                 ,
                 is
                 uncertain
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Duke
                 leaving
                 no
                 Issue
                 ,
                 a
                 Horse-race
                 was
                 instituted
                 ,
                 wherein
                 the
                 Victor
                 was
                 to
                 succeed
                 in
                 the
                 Government
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 a
                 Stone
                 Pillar
                 was
                 rais'd
                 before
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 on
                 which
                 were
                 ●●aid
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 Scepter
                 ,
                 Globe
                 and
                 other
                 Regalia
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 a
                 Herald
                 proclaim'd
                 the
                 Throne
                 to
                 him
                 that
                 got
                 first
                 from
                 the
                 River
                 Pardnic
                 to
                 the
                 Goal
                 .
                 Upon
                 which
                 several
                 Candidates
                 appearing
                 ,
                 one
                 Lescus
                 thinking
                 himself
                 wiser
                 than
                 the
                 rest
                 ,
                 laid
                 Iron
                 Spikes
                 in
                 the
                 Road
                 where
                 the
                 Race
                 was
                 to
                 be
                 run
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 the
                 others
                 Horses
                 being
                 
                 ●●am'd
                 ,
                 he
                 came
                 first
                 to
                 the
                 Pillar
                 :
                 but
                 this
                 Fraud
                 being
                 soon
                 detected
                 ,
                 instead
                 of
                 being
                 chosen
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 torn
                 to
                 pieces
                 on
                 the
                 spot
                 ,
                 and
              
               
                 
                 LESCUS
                 II.
                 a
                 poor
                 Country
                 Fellow
                 ,
                 whom
                 the
                 Poles
                 look'd
                 upon
                 to
                 be
                 destin'd
                 for
                 their
                 Prince
                 ,
                 was
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 776
                 ,
                 who
                 while
                 the
                 others
                 Horses
                 were
                 hamper'd
                 by
                 the
                 way
                 ,
                 running
                 the
                 Race
                 on
                 foot
                 for
                 want
                 of
                 a
                 Horse
                 ,
                 tho
                 rather
                 to
                 shew
                 his
                 Swiftness
                 than
                 out
                 of
                 any
                 thoughts
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 got
                 next
                 the
                 Impostor
                 to
                 the
                 Goal
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Duke
                 in
                 Commemoration
                 of
                 his
                 former
                 Condition
                 would
                 once
                 a
                 Year
                 solemnly
                 ●●ay
                 by
                 his
                 Robes
                 ,
                 and
                 put
                 on
                 his
                 Country
                 Clothes
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 preserv'd
                 whilst
                 he
                 liv'd
                 for
                 that
                 purpose
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 induc'd
                 all
                 the
                 Courtiers
                 to
                 be
                 as
                 meanly
                 clothed
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 .
                 They
                 write
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 kill'd
                 in
                 the
                 
                 Wars
                 against
                 Charles
                 the
                 Great
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 LESCUS
                 III.
                 his
                 Son
                 succeeded
                 him
                 ,
                 being
                 chosen
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 804.
                 
                 He
                 soon
                 forc'd
                 the
                 
                 aforesaid
                 Emperor
                 to
                 a
                 Peace
                 ,
                 but
                 when
                 he
                 died
                 I
                 find
                 no
                 mention
                 made
                 .
                 He
                 is
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 had
                 above
                 twenty
                 natural
                 Sons
                 .
              
               
                 
                 POPIEL
                 his
                 Son
                 succeeded
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 810.
                 
                 This
                 Prince
                 had
                 none
                 of
                 the
                 good
                 Qualities
                 either
                 of
                 his
                 Father
                 or
                 Grandfather
                 ,
                 his
                 greatest
                 
                 care
                 being
                 to
                 make
                 much
                 of
                 himself
                 without
                 any
                 regard
                 to
                 the
                 Publick
                 .
                 He
                 thought
                 Cracow
                 too
                 much
                 expos'd
                 to
                 the
                 Incursions
                 of
                 the
                 Hungarians
                 and
                 Russians
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 ,
                 for
                 security
                 of
                 his
                 Person
                 ,
                 withdrew
                 into
                 the
                 Heart
                 of
                 the
                 Country
                 ,
                 first
                 to
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 to
                 Cruswitz
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 soon
                 after
                 
                 died
                 suddenly
                 .
                 *
                 His
                 common
                 Execration
                 was
                 wont
                 to
                 be
                 
                   that
                   he
                   might
                   be
                   devour'd
                   by
                   Rats
                   ,
                
                 which
                 tho
                 it
                 happened
                 not
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 yet
                 his
                 Son
                 Popiel
                 perish'd
                 by
                 that
                 Fate
                 .
              
               
                 
                 POPIEL
                 II.
                 Son
                 to
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 was
                 elected
                 next
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 815
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 to
                 830
                 ,
                 who
                 being
                 a
                 loose
                 and
                 profligate
                 Prince
                 ,
                 was
                 more
                 universally
                 hated
                 than
                 his
                 Father
                 ;
                 which
                 his
                 Wife
                 perceiving
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 that
                 his
                 Father's
                 Brothers
                 were
                 more
                 belov'd
                 ,
                 contriv'd
                 a
                 way
                 to
                 poison
                 them
                 ,
                 thereby
                 the
                 better
                 to
                 secure
                 the
                 Succession
                 to
                 her
                 Children
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 ,
                 
                 by
                 her
                 Stratagem
                 ,
                 Popiel
                 feigns
                 a
                 dangerous
                 Sickness
                 ,
                 and
                 invites
                 his
                 Uncles
                 to
                 visit
                 him
                 ;
                 which
                 they
                 speedily
                 obeying
                 ,
                 he
                 caus'd
                 'em
                 to
                 come
                 to
                 his
                 Bed-side
                 ,
                 where
                 taking
                 'em
                 by
                 the
                 Hands
                 ,
                 as
                 if
                 just
                 going
                 to
                 leave
                 
                 e
                 World
                 ,
                 he
                 recommends
                 to
                 'em
                 a
                 Cup
                 to
                 ink
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 ,
                 little
                 suspecting
                 any
                 Poison
                 ,
                 urteously
                 accepted
                 ,
                 and
                 drank
                 off
                 ;
                 when
                 king
                 leave
                 of
                 their
                 Nephew
                 ,
                 a
                 little
                 while
                 ter
                 they
                 fell
                 into
                 excessive
                 Pains
                 ,
                 and
                 soon
                 ed.
                 
                 Upon
                 which
                 this
                 barbarous
                 Duke
                 ,
                 by
                 e
                 instigation
                 of
                 his
                 Wife
                 ,
                 gave
                 out
                 that
                 it
                 as
                 a
                 Judgment
                 from
                 the
                 Gods
                 upon
                 'em
                 for
                 ●●e
                 treacherous
                 Designs
                 they
                 had
                 form'd
                 a●●inst
                 him
                 and
                 his
                 Children
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 ●●dered
                 their
                 Bodies
                 to
                 lie
                 unburied
                 for
                 a
                 con●●erable
                 time
                 ,
                 the
                 better
                 to
                 take
                 away
                 all
                 spicion
                 of
                 his
                 Crime
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 no
                 body
                 ●●er
                 so
                 much
                 as
                 suspected
                 either
                 Popiel
                 or
                 ●●s
                 Wife
                 of
                 their
                 Deaths
                 ,
                 till
                 at
                 length
                 Dine
                 Justice
                 discover'd
                 ,
                 and
                 punish'd
                 the
                 Offeners
                 after
                 an
                 extraordinary
                 manner
                 :
                 For
                 all
                 ●●e
                 Chronicles
                 ,
                 Histories
                 ,
                 and
                 general
                 Tradions
                 of
                 Poland
                 agree
                 ,
                 that
                 out
                 of
                 these
                 dead
                 odies
                 came
                 a
                 vast
                 number
                 of
                 huge
                 Rats
                 ,
                 
                 ●●hich
                 guided
                 by
                 an
                 unknown
                 Intelligence
                 ,
                 ●●llowed
                 Popiel
                 ,
                 his
                 Wife
                 and
                 Children
                 where●●ver
                 they
                 went
                 ;
                 neither
                 Rivers
                 ,
                 nor
                 strong
                 ●●alls
                 ,
                 close
                 Rooms
                 ,
                 nor
                 their
                 very
                 Guards
                 as
                 they
                 say
                 )
                 were
                 able
                 to
                 prevent
                 these
                 Ani●●als
                 from
                 crawling
                 about
                 'em
                 ,
                 and
                 continually
                 eeding
                 on
                 their
                 Bodies
                 both
                 night
                 and
                 day
                 :
                 They
                 first
                 devour'd
                 the
                 Sons
                 ,
                 afterwards
                 the
                 Wife
                 ,
                 and
                 lastly
                 Popiel
                 himself
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 retir'd
                 or
                 safety
                 to
                 an
                 Island
                 in
                 the
                 River
                 Vistula
                 .
                 T
                 is
                 said
                 the
                 Water-men
                 were
                 afraid
                 that
                 hey
                 should
                 gnaw
                 through
                 their
                 Boat
                 ,
                 and
                 sink
                 ●●m
                 before
                 they
                 reach'd
                 the
                 Island
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 ●●lways
                 pursu'd
                 through
                 Fire
                 ,
                 or
                 whatever
                 else
                 was
                 oppos'd
                 to
                 'em
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Noise
                 ●●nd
                 Fierceness
                 .
              
               
               
                 This
                 doubtless
                 your
                 Lordship
                 will
                 think
                 f●●bulous
                 ;
                 yet
                 since
                 all
                 their
                 Historians
                 una●●mously
                 agree
                 in
                 it
                 ,
                 I
                 thought
                 my self
                 oblig
                 to
                 relate
                 it
                 as
                 they
                 do
                 .
                 'T
                 is
                 certain
                 the
                 Po●●
                 would
                 never
                 elect
                 any
                 of
                 
                 Popiel's
                 Nephews
                 ,
                 ●●
                 any
                 other
                 of
                 his
                 Relations
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Aversio●●
                 they
                 had
                 conceiv'd
                 to
                 his
                 Name
                 after
                 this
                 ●●
                 normous
                 Crime
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 h●●
                 Family
                 that
                 reign'd
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 the
                 last
                 ●●
                 the
                 first
                 Class
                 of
                 the
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 Popiel
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 electe
                 one
                 Piastus
                 ,
                 a
                 Wheelright
                 ,
                 nothing
                 related
                 ●●
                 ther
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 or
                 any
                 of
                 his
                 Predecessors
                 .
                 H
                 Family
                 reign'd
                 successively
                 ,
                 without
                 interru●●tion
                 ,
                 for
                 about
                 800
                 Years
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 it
                 woul●●
                 be
                 too
                 tedious
                 to
                 trouble
                 your
                 Lordship
                 wit
                 a
                 Relation
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 I
                 will
                 conclude
                 wit
                 giving
                 you
                 only
                 this
                 imperfect
                 Account
                 ●●
                 the
                 first
                 Princes
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 subscribing
                 my self
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   My
                   LORD
                   ,
                
                 
                   Your
                   Lordship
                   's
                   most
                   obedient
                   Humble
                   Servant
                   ,
                   
                     B.
                     ●●
                  
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 LETTER
                 II.
                 
              
               
                 To
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 LAURENCE
                 Earl
                 of
                 Rochester
                 ,
                 Embassador
                 from
                 his
                 Majesty
                 Charles
                 II.
                 into
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Containing
                   the
                   second
                   and
                   third
                   Classes
                   of
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   that
                   Country
                   ,
                   or
                   the
                   Succession
                   and
                   remarkable
                   Actions
                   of
                   the
                   Families
                   of
                   Piastus
                   and
                   Jagello
                   ,
                   from
                   the
                   Year
                   830
                   ,
                   to
                   the
                   Year
                   1574.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   My
                   LORD
                   ;
                
              
               
                 THE
                 great
                 Character
                 I
                 found
                 your
                 Lordship
                 had
                 left
                 behind
                 you
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Honour
                 of
                 the
                 English
                 Nation
                 ,
                 makes
                 me
                 as
                 well
                 admire
                 your
                 prudent
                 Conduct
                 ,
                 and
                 circumspect
                 Behaviour
                 at
                 that
                 Court
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 happy
                 Choice
                 so
                 great
                 a
                 Prince
                 made
                 of
                 you
                 ,
                 to
                 represent
                 his
                 Royal
                 Person
                 there
                 :
                 for
                 tho
                 this
                 Western
                 part
                 of
                 Europe
                 will
                 hardly
                 allow
                 the
                 Poles
                 the
                 same
                 proportion
                 of
                 Sense
                 and
                 Judgment
                 with
                 most
                 other
                 Nations
                 ,
                 yet
                 Politicians
                 readily
                 own
                 that
                 there
                 is
                 more
                 Art
                 and
                 Policy
                 requir'd
                 in
                 an
                 Ambassador
                 to
                 manage
                 his
                 Master's
                 Credit
                 and
                 Advantage
                 with
                 the
                 turbulent
                 Spirit
                 of
                 the
                 Senate
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 than
                 with
                 any
                 other
                 Court
                 whatever
                 govern'd
                 by
                 well
                 regulated
                 Methods
                 ,
                 and
                 refin'd
                 Maxims
                 .
              
               
               
                 This
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 the
                 vigilant
                 Court
                 of
                 France
                 and
                 wise
                 Republick
                 of
                 Venice
                 have
                 long
                 experienc'd
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 of
                 late
                 ,
                 have
                 sent
                 into
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 none
                 but
                 their
                 most
                 accomplish'd
                 Statesmen
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Esteem
                 the
                 Court
                 of
                 Poland
                 profess'd
                 for
                 your
                 Lordship's
                 Memory
                 was
                 fresh
                 enough
                 in
                 my
                 time
                 to
                 convince
                 me
                 ,
                 that
                 you
                 were
                 throughly
                 acquainted
                 with
                 the
                 Genius
                 and
                 Constitution
                 of
                 that
                 Nation
                 ;
                 Two
                 things
                 Publick
                 Ministers
                 ought
                 chiefly
                 to
                 be
                 vers'd
                 in
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 are
                 the
                 Rules
                 they
                 generally
                 go
                 by
                 in
                 their
                 Ministry
                 ,
                 to
                 compass
                 more
                 effectually
                 their
                 Designs
                 .
                 It
                 would
                 therefore
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 appear
                 vain
                 in
                 me
                 to
                 presume
                 to
                 tell
                 you
                 any
                 thing
                 New
                 as
                 to
                 the
                 present
                 State
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 since
                 ,
                 by
                 conversing
                 with
                 your
                 Lordship
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 learn'd
                 some
                 Particulars
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 I
                 knew
                 nothing
                 of
                 before
                 .
                 The
                 Subject
                 I
                 thought
                 most
                 agreeable
                 for
                 your
                 Entertainment
                 ,
                 was
                 a
                 short
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 Renowned
                 Families
                 of
                 Piastus
                 and
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 who
                 reign'd
                 about
                 eight
                 hundred
                 Years
                 ,
                 and
                 whose
                 remarkable
                 Actions
                 were
                 doubtless
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Memory
                 of
                 those
                 Grandees
                 you
                 convers'd
                 with
                 ,
                 being
                 only
                 recorded
                 in
                 voluminous
                 Annals
                 ,
                 which
                 ,
                 probably
                 ,
                 Publick
                 and
                 more
                 Important
                 Affairs
                 might
                 not
                 allow
                 your
                 Lordship
                 leisure
                 to
                 peruse
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Poland
                 beginning
                 to
                 make
                 some
                 considerable
                 Figure
                 in
                 the
                 World
                 about
                 the
                 *
                 ninth
                 Century
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 imbraced
                 the
                 Christian
                 Religion
                 in
                 the
                 tenth
                 ,
                 foreign
                 Nations
                 ,
                 particularly
                 its
                 Neighbours
                 ,
                 began
                 to
                 
                 look
                 more
                 nicely
                 into
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 embody
                 its
                 History
                 with
                 their
                 own
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 from
                 thence
                 forward
                 I
                 can
                 promise
                 your
                 Lordship
                 a
                 more
                 certain
                 Account
                 of
                 this
                 Country
                 than
                 hitherto
                 I
                 have
                 given
                 from
                 the
                 sixth
                 Century
                 to
                 that
                 time
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 the
                 inhuman
                 Popiel
                 ,
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 the
                 first
                 Class
                 of
                 the
                 Princes
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 his
                 Cousin
                 Germans
                 ,
                 whose
                 Father
                 he
                 had
                 poison'd
                 ,
                 aspiring
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 were
                 unanimously
                 rejected
                 by
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 either
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 thought
                 unqualified
                 or
                 undeserving
                 ,
                 or
                 by
                 reason
                 of
                 
                 Popiel's
                 Crimes
                 ,
                 which
                 had
                 entail'd
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Odium
                 both
                 on
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 his
                 Posterity
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 a
                 General
                 Assembly
                 or
                 Diet
                 was
                 call'd
                 at
                 Cruswitz
                 ,
                 a
                 small
                 Town
                 in
                 Lower
                 Poland
                 ;
                 but
                 not
                 being
                 able
                 to
                 agree
                 ,
                 their
                 Session
                 was
                 dissolv'd
                 .
                 A
                 little
                 while
                 after
                 another
                 was
                 conven'd
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 place
                 ,
                 which
                 being
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 pitch
                 upon
                 some
                 body
                 to
                 prevent
                 farther
                 Disorders
                 ,
                 elected
                 one
              
               
                 
                 PIASTUS
                 a
                 Wheelright
                 ,
                 Son
                 to
                 Cossisco
                 a
                 Citizen
                 of
                 Cruswitz
                 ,
                 in
                 gratitude
                 for
                 having
                 supply'd
                 their
                 want
                 of
                 Provisions
                 after
                 the
                 following
                 manner
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 
                 Piastus
                 having
                 provided
                 a
                 small
                 Collation
                 for
                 the
                 naming
                 of
                 a
                 Child
                 ,
                 born
                 about
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 that
                 Convention
                 ,
                 happen'd
                 to
                 be
                 visited
                 by
                 two
                 Pilgrims
                 ,
                 Paul
                 and
                 John
                 ,
                 whom
                 they
                 report
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 afterwards
                 Martyrs
                 at
                 Rome
                 .
                 These
                 Mendicants
                 being
                 repuls'd
                 
                 at
                 the
                 Hall
                 of
                 Election
                 ,
                 were
                 notwithstanding
                 kindly
                 receiv'd
                 by
                 him
                 ,
                 whereupon
                 to
                 return
                 his
                 Civility
                 ,
                 they
                 named
                 his
                 Child
                 Ziemovitus
                 ,
                 and
                 departed
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 great
                 Concourse
                 of
                 Electors
                 ,
                 Provisions
                 growing
                 scarce
                 at
                 Cruswitz
                 ,
                 and
                 many
                 applying
                 themselves
                 to
                 Piastus
                 for
                 Relief
                 ,
                 he
                 furnish'd
                 them
                 all
                 gratis
                 ,
                 (
                 but
                 that
                 not
                 without
                 being
                 thought
                 a
                 Miracle
                 ,
                 for
                 't
                 was
                 believ'd
                 the
                 Blessing
                 of
                 those
                 good
                 Men
                 remain'd
                 upon
                 him
                 )
                 and
                 extended
                 his
                 Bounty
                 much
                 beyond
                 his
                 suppos'd
                 Ability
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 'em
                 look
                 upon
                 him
                 as
                 a
                 Man
                 sent
                 from
                 the
                 Gods
                 to
                 govern
                 'em
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 unanimously
                 chose
                 him
                 for
                 their
                 Prince
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 good
                 Man
                 ,
                 having
                 thus
                 obtain'd
                 the
                 
                 Principality
                 ,
                 did
                 not
                 yet
                 change
                 his
                 Life
                 with
                 his
                 Condition
                 ;
                 but
                 his
                 Power
                 being
                 encreas'd
                 ,
                 continued
                 his
                 Bounty
                 comparatively
                 .
                 In
                 his
                 Reign
                 there
                 arose
                 many
                 intestine
                 Disorders
                 ,
                 all
                 which
                 he
                 soon
                 quieted
                 rather
                 by
                 his
                 Clemency
                 than
                 Severity
                 .
                 So
                 being
                 belov'd
                 by
                 good
                 Men
                 ,
                 and
                 respected
                 by
                 bad
                 ;
                 and
                 having
                 remov'd
                 his
                 Court
                 from
                 Cruswitz
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 abominated
                 for
                 having
                 been
                 the
                 Scene
                 of
                 
                 
                 Popiel's
                 wicked
                 Life
                 ,
                 to
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 he
                 died
                 in
                 the
                 120th
                 Year
                 of
                 his
                 Age.
                 
              
               
                 His
                 Family
                 reign'd
                 above
                 600
                 Years
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 nay
                 ,
                 a
                 Branch
                 of
                 'em
                 were
                 *
                 Princes
                 of
                 Silesia
                 a
                 long
                 while
                 after
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1675
                 ,
                 when
                 
                   George
                   William
                
                 ,
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 that
                 House
                 ,
                 dying
                 without
                 Issue
                 ,
                 the
                 Dukedoms
                 of
                 Lignitz
                 and
                 Brieg
                 in
                 Silesia
                 fell
                 to
                 the
                 Emperor
                 .
                 In
                 memory
                 of
                 this
                 Piastus
                 ,
                 when
                 any
                 Native
                 ever
                 after
                 obtain'd
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 
                 Poland
                 ,
                 they
                 call'd
                 him
                 a
                 Piasto
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 succeeded
                 by
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 ZIEMOVITUS
                 by
                 his
                 Wife
                 Repicha
                 ,
                 a
                 ●●rave
                 and
                 warlike
                 Prince
                 .
                 This
                 Duke
                 had
                 considerable
                 Advantages
                 by
                 having
                 the
                 Administration
                 of
                 the
                 Government
                 long
                 before
                 his
                 Father's
                 Death
                 ,
                 who
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 was
                 super●●nnuated
                 .
                 He
                 obtain'd
                 great
                 Conquests
                 over
                 the
                 
                   Hungarians
                   ,
                   Moravians
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Germans
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 was
                 the
                 *
                 first
                 that
                 brought
                 the
                 Polish
                 Army
                 to
                 a
                 Discipline
                 ,
                 by
                 instituting
                 Generals
                 ,
                 Colonels
                 ,
                 Captains
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Subaltern
                 Officers
                 among
                 them
                 .
                 He
                 regain'd
                 what
                 the
                 
                 Popiels
                 ●●ost
                 ,
                 and
                 besides
                 ,
                 considerably
                 enlarg'd
                 his
                 Dominions
                 by
                 new
                 Conquests
                 .
              
               
                 
                 He
                 was
                 a
                 Person
                 of
                 a
                 boundless
                 Resolution
                 ,
                 seem'd
                 destin'd
                 for
                 War
                 †
                 (
                 being
                 able
                 to
                 undergo
                 the
                 greatest
                 Fatigues
                 )
                 and
                 consequently
                 was
                 exceedingly
                 admir'd
                 and
                 belov'd
                 by
                 his
                 Subjects
                 .
                 He
                 dy'd
                 at
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 was
                 buried
                 
                 there
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 succeeded
                 by
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 LESCUS
                 IV.
                 who
                 being
                 elected
                 young
                 ,
                 was
                 under
                 the
                 Care
                 of
                 Governours
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 of
                 a
                 quiet
                 and
                 peaceable
                 Disposition
                 ,
                 
                 enclin'd
                 rather
                 to
                 Peace
                 than
                 War
                 ,
                 and
                 contented
                 to
                 preserve
                 what
                 his
                 Father
                 had
                 left
                 him
                 ,
                 without
                 ever
                 aiming
                 to
                 enlarge
                 his
                 Dominions
                 .
                 He
                 dy'd
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 913
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 
                 succeeded
                 by
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 ZIEMOVISTUS
                 ,
                 who
                 reigned
                 51
                 Years
                 .
                 This
                 Prince
                 was
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Temper
                 
                 with
                 his
                 Father
                 ,
                 there
                 having
                 been
                 no
                 Wars
                 in
                 his
                 time
                 .
                 He
                 had
                 but
                 one
                 Son
                 ●●ecislaus
                 I.
                 who
                 being
                 born
                 blind
                 ,
                 was
                 miracu●●ously
                 restor'd
                 to
                 his
                 sight
                 about
                 the
                 Age
                 of
                 seven
                 Years
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 was
                 about
                 to
                 have
                 his
                 Head
                 shaven
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 Pagan
                 Custom
                 ;
                 which
                 gave
                 occasion
                 to
                 the
                 Magi
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 to
                 prognosticate
                 that
                 he
                 should
                 be
                 the
                 Light
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 which
                 ,
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 his
                 Election
                 ,
                 
                 came
                 to
                 pass
                 .
                 Ziemovistus
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 buried
                 at
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 MIECISLAUS
                 I.
                 came
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 next
                 .
                 He
                 had
                 seven
                 Wives
                 at
                 a
                 time
                 ,
                 yet
                 could
                 have
                 no
                 Children
                 by
                 them
                 ,
                 which
                 opened
                 a
                 way
                 
                 for
                 the
                 Christian
                 Faith
                 to
                 enter
                 Poland
                 ;
                 for
                 there
                 being
                 then
                 several
                 Christians
                 wandring
                 up
                 and
                 down
                 that
                 Country
                 to
                 convert
                 those
                 Pagans
                 ,
                 they
                 came
                 to
                 this
                 Duke
                 ,
                 and
                 told
                 him
                 he
                 could
                 never
                 have
                 any
                 Issue
                 till
                 he
                 had
                 turn'd
                 Christian
                 ;
                 which
                 Miecislaus
                 hearkning
                 to
                 ,
                 immediately
                 put
                 away
                 all
                 his
                 Wives
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 married
                 Dambrawca
                 Daughter
                 to
                 Boleslaus
                 Duke
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 ,
                 on
                 condition
                 to
                 turn
                 Christian
                 and
                 be
                 baptized
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 Pope
                 John
                 XIII
                 .
                 sent
                 Cardinal
                 Aegidius
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 number
                 of
                 Priests
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 to
                 preach
                 the
                 Gospel
                 there
                 ,
                 which
                 before
                 had
                 been
                 altogether
                 unknown
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Duke
                 erected
                 the
                 Arch-bishopricks
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 and
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 with
                 several
                 Bishopricks
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 while
                 Miecislaus
                 had
                 a
                 Son
                 call'd
                 Bolesl●●us
                 ,
                 which
                 mightily
                 augmented
                 his
                 Zeal
                 to
                 oblige
                 his
                 Subjects
                 to
                 be
                 converted
                 :
                 *
                 for
                 
                 he
                 caused
                 a
                 Law
                 to
                 be
                 made
                 ,
                 that
                 while
                 any
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Gospel
                 was
                 reading
                 at
                 Mass
                 ,
                 every
                 Man
                 should
                 half
                 draw
                 his
                 Scimiter
                 ,
                 to
                 testify
                 their
                 forwardness
                 to
                 defend
                 that
                 Faith.
                 
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Duke
                 had
                 Wars
                 with
                 
                   Vlodimirus
                   ▪
                
                 Duke
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 he
                 lost
                 Premislia
                 and
                 other
                 Towns.
                 He
                 sent
                 Lambert
                 Arch-bishop
                 of
                 Cracow
                 to
                 Rome
                 ,
                 to
                 obtain
                 leave
                 of
                 Pope
                 Benedict
                 VII
                 .
                 for
                 the
                 Princes
                 of
                 Poland
                 to
                 be
                 stil'd
                 Kings
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 refus'd
                 ,
                 this
                 Pontiff
                 not
                 being
                 yet
                 dispos'd
                 to
                 grant
                 that
                 Favour
                 .
                 He
                 buried
                 Dambrawca
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 married
                 Judith
                 Daughter
                 of
                 Jesse
                 Prince
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 succeeded
                 by
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 BOLESLAUS
                 CHROBRY
                 ,
                 a
                 vertuous
                 Prince
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 999.
                 and
                 *
                 after
                 some
                 Years
                 reign
                 by
                 Consent
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 was
                 dignified
                 with
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 King
                 by
                 
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Otho
                 III.
                 who
                 also
                 remitted
                 the
                 Pretensions
                 his
                 Predecessors
                 had
                 to
                 Poland
                 as
                 being
                 Emperors
                 of
                 the
                 Romans
                 ,
                 and
                 this
                 in
                 consideration
                 of
                 a
                 kind
                 Entertainment
                 made
                 him
                 by
                 Boleslaus
                 in
                 his
                 Pilgrimage
                 ,
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 his
                 Health
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Tomb
                 of
                 St.
                 Adalbert
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Prague
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 martyr'd
                 by
                 some
                 Pagans
                 to
                 whom
                 he
                 offer'd
                 to
                 preach
                 the
                 Christian
                 Faith.
                 Of
                 these
                 Barbarians
                 Boleslaus
                 bought
                 his
                 Body
                 ,
                 and
                 caus'd
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 buried
                 at
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 whither
                 great
                 numbers
                 from
                 all
                 parts
                 came
                 to
                 pay
                 their
                 Devotion
                 at
                 his
                 Shrine
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Emperor
                 Otho
                 also
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 married
                 his
                 Niece
                 Rixa
                 to
                 Boleslaus
                 his
                 young
                 
                 Son
                 Miecislaus
                 ,
                 who
                 succeeded
                 his
                 Father
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 To
                 confirm
                 his
                 being
                 crown'd
                 King
                 by
                 Otho
                 the
                 Emperor
                 ,
                 it
                 would
                 not
                 be
                 amiss
                 to
                 recite
                 part
                 of
                 an
                 old
                 Epitaph
                 written
                 upon
                 him
                 ;
                 
                   
                     Ob
                     famam
                     bonam
                     tibi
                     contulit
                     Otto
                     Coronam
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Propter
                     Luctamen
                     sit
                     tibi
                     salus
                     .
                     
                       Amen
                       .
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 *
                 This
                 King
                 was
                 surnamed
                 Chrobry
                 (
                 signifying
                 in
                 Polish
                 Acute
                 )
                 from
                 the
                 Quickness
                 and
                 Excellency
                 of
                 his
                 Parts
                 .
                 Boleslaus
                 made
                 
                   Bohemia
                   ,
                   Moravia
                
                 and
                 Prussia
                 tributary
                 to
                 Poland
                 .
                 
                 He
                 also
                 declar'd
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Saxons
                 ,
                 who
                 made
                 Incursions
                 into
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 then
                 govern'd
                 by
                 Lescus
                 III's
                 Family
                 .
                 He
                 
                 likewise
                 instituted
                 twelve
                 Senators
                 to
                 assist
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Government
                 .
                 This
                 King's
                 Death
                 was
                 so
                 sincerely
                 regretted
                 ,
                 that
                 for
                 a
                 Year's
                 time
                 there
                 was
                 no
                 Mirth
                 nor
                 Splendor
                 in
                 Poland
                 .
                 †
                 This
                 Prince
                 was
                 of
                 an
                 undaunted
                 
                 Spirit
                 ,
                 tho
                 withal
                 modest
                 ,
                 courteous
                 and
                 endearing
                 .
                 Both
                 Boleslaus
                 and
                 his
                 Father
                 lie
                 buried
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 of
                 the
                 Cathedral
                 Church
                 
                 of
                 Posnan
                 ,
                 whose
                 Tombs
                 I
                 have
                 there
                 seen
                 .
                 His
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 MIECISLAUS
                 II.
                 being
                 about
                 35
                 Years
                 old
                 was
                 elected
                 next
                 ,
                 being
                 crown'd
                 by
                 Hypolitus
                 Arch-bishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 .
                 He
                 degenerated
                 in
                 all
                 respects
                 from
                 his
                 Father
                 ,
                 and
                 lost
                 most
                 of
                 those
                 Conquests
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 added
                 
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
                 To
                 him
                 the
                 Bohemians
                 and
                 
                 ●●avians
                 refus'd
                 to
                 pay
                 Tribute
                 ;
                 yet
                 he
                 ●●ued
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 which
                 belong'd
                 of
                 right
                 he
                 Polish
                 Crown
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 a
                 Person
                 very
                 ●●y
                 and
                 stupid
                 ,
                 and
                 chose
                 rather
                 to
                 be
                 
                 ●●ed
                 by
                 his
                 Queen
                 and
                 Companions
                 than
                 Council
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 him
                 soon
                 slighted
                 and
                 ●●is'd
                 both
                 by
                 his
                 Friends
                 and
                 Enemies
                 :
                 Yet
                 reign'd
                 almost
                 nine
                 Years
                 ,
                 and
                 liv'd
                 forty
                 〈◊〉
                 'T
                 is
                 said
                 he
                 died
                 mad
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 but
                 
                 Son
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 CASIMIR
                 I.
                 who
                 being
                 elected
                 young
                 ,
                 his
                 ●●ther
                 Rixa
                 officiated
                 the
                 Regency
                 during
                 
                 Minority
                 .
                 This
                 King
                 was
                 not
                 chosen
                 with●●
                 much
                 difficulty
                 ,
                 for
                 many
                 of
                 the
                 Electors
                 ,
                 ●●ing
                 he
                 might
                 follow
                 his
                 Father's
                 steps
                 ,
                 vi●●ously
                 oppos'd
                 him
                 at
                 first
                 :
                 Also
                 the
                 
                 Poles
                 ●●re
                 dissatisfied
                 with
                 his
                 Mother's
                 Admi●●ration
                 for
                 several
                 Reasons
                 ,
                 among
                 which
                 〈◊〉
                 was
                 ,
                 her
                 robbing
                 the
                 Treasury
                 ,
                 and
                 after●●rds
                 flying
                 with
                 her
                 Son
                 to
                 her
                 Brother
                 ●●sar
                 in
                 Saxony
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 young
                 Prince
                 being
                 sent
                 afterwards
                 his
                 Mother
                 to
                 study
                 at
                 Paris
                 ,
                 became
                 a
                 Bedictin
                 Monk
                 at
                 the
                 Abby
                 of
                 ●●luncy
                 in
                 France
                 .
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 having
                 no
                 body
                 to
                 ●●eside
                 in
                 their
                 Government
                 ,
                 had
                 great
                 Dis●●sions
                 among
                 them
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 earnest●●
                 entreated
                 the
                 Pope
                 to
                 dispense
                 with
                 
                 Casi●●r's
                 Vow
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 might
                 return
                 to
                 his
                 Throne
                 ,
                 ●●hich
                 they
                 at
                 length
                 obtain'd
                 upon
                 *
                 Agreeent
                 ,
                 that
                 for
                 each
                 Head
                 ,
                 except
                 those
                 of
                 the
                 obility
                 and
                 Clergy
                 ,
                 they
                 would
                 contribute
                 early
                 a
                 farthing
                 to
                 maintain
                 a
                 Lamp
                 perpetually
                 
                 burning
                 in
                 St.
                 
                 Peter's
                 Church
                 at
                 R●●
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 for
                 ever
                 after
                 cause
                 their
                 H●●
                 to
                 be
                 shav'd
                 about
                 their
                 Ears
                 like
                 Mo●●
                 (
                 which
                 is
                 practis'd
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 )
                 as
                 like●●
                 stand
                 in
                 a
                 white
                 Surplice
                 while
                 Mass
                 was
                 ●●ciating
                 
                 on
                 all
                 Holidays
                 :
                 upon
                 these
                 Condit●●
                 they
                 had
                 their
                 King
                 again
                 ;
                 but
                 when
                 he
                 ●●
                 crown'd
                 I
                 could
                 never
                 learn.
                 
              
               
                 He
                 enter'd
                 into
                 an
                 Alliance
                 with
                 Jaro●●
                 
                 Duke
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 Son
                 to
                 Vlodomirus
                 ,
                 and
                 〈◊〉
                 ry'd
                 his
                 Sister
                 Mary
                 afterwards
                 ,
                 call'd
                 Do●●neva
                 ,
                 whose
                 Mother
                 was
                 the
                 Princess
                 〈◊〉
                 Sister
                 to
                 Basil
                 and
                 Constantine
                 ,
                 Emperoun
                 Constantinople
                 .
              
               
                 He
                 conquer'd
                 the
                 Province
                 of
                 Maso●●
                 
                 where
                 now
                 lies
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 and
                 defeated
                 ●●
                 Army
                 of
                 Maslaus
                 ,
                 then
                 Duke
                 of
                 that
                 Co●●try
                 ;
                 who
                 retiring
                 among
                 the
                 neighbour●●
                 Barbarians
                 ,
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 return'd
                 〈◊〉
                 greater
                 Force
                 ,
                 and
                 ravag'd
                 
                 Masovia
                 ●●
                 along
                 to
                 the
                 Vistula
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 soon
                 met
                 〈◊〉
                 overthrown
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 by
                 Casimir
                 ;
                 wh●●
                 flying
                 to
                 his
                 Friends
                 ,
                 as
                 he
                 thought
                 ,
                 that
                 〈◊〉
                 assisted
                 him
                 ,
                 they
                 took
                 ,
                 flea'd
                 ,
                 and
                 fastned
                 〈◊〉
                 to
                 an
                 exceeding
                 high
                 Cross
                 ,
                 saying
                 ,
                 *
                 
                   That
                   was
                   but
                   just
                   that
                   he
                   should
                   be
                   exalted
                   whose
                   A●●
                   tion
                   was
                   so
                   boundless
                   .
                
                 Afterwards
                 Casimir
                 bei●●
                 mindful
                 of
                 the
                 Benefits
                 he
                 formerly
                 receiv●●
                 in
                 the
                 Abby
                 of
                 Cluny
                 ,
                 sent
                 thither
                 great
                 Pr●●sents
                 and
                 Offerings
                 .
              
               
                 At
                 length
                 this
                 good
                 King
                 having
                 setled
                 h●●
                 
                 Kingdom
                 in
                 its
                 former
                 Tranquillity
                 ,
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 three
                 Sons
                 ,
                 
                   Boleslaus
                   ,
                   Vladislaus
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Mi●●cistaus
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 one
                 Daughter
                 Suentochna
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 ●●y'd
                 at
                 Posnan
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1058.
                 
              
               
                 
                 BOLESLAUS
                 II.
                 his
                 Son
                 ,
                 surnam'd
                 
                   the
                   d
                
                 ,
                 succeeded
                 him
                 ,
                 who
                 reign'd
                 23
                 Years
                 .
                 n
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 his
                 Reign
                 he
                 had
                 Wars
                 
                 ●●h
                 the
                 
                   Hungarians
                   ,
                   Bohemians
                   ,
                   Russians
                
                 and
                 ●●ssians
                 ,
                 all
                 caus'd
                 by
                 the
                 protecting
                 of
                 three
                 ●●les
                 .
                 He
                 vigorously
                 maintain'd
                 the
                 Cause
                 Bela
                 Prince
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 then
                 mar●●d
                 to
                 his
                 Aunt
                 ,
                 and
                 banish'd
                 by
                 King
                 An●●
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 he
                 dethron'd
                 Andrew
                 ,
                 and
                 ●●wn'd
                 Bela
                 King
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 notwithstand●●
                 the
                 considerable
                 Succours
                 sent
                 to
                 
                 Andrew
                 ●●
                 of
                 Germany
                 and
                 Bohemia
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 ,
                 re●●ning
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 he
                 marry'd
                 Viseslava
                 ,
                 
                 ughter
                 and
                 Heiress
                 of
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 by
                 om
                 he
                 had
                 that
                 Dukedom
                 for
                 a
                 Portion
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 Towards
                 the
                 latter
                 end
                 of
                 his
                 Reign
                 he
                 came
                 very
                 dissolute
                 and
                 lewd
                 ;
                 oppress'd
                 the
                 ●●ple
                 with
                 extraordinary
                 and
                 insupportable
                 xes
                 ;
                 took
                 away
                 publickly
                 Gentlemens
                 dies
                 to
                 satisfy
                 his
                 Lust
                 ;
                 could
                 not
                 endure
                 ●●
                 that
                 took
                 notice
                 of
                 his
                 Irregularities
                 ;
                 ●●ish'd
                 such
                 as
                 complain'd
                 of
                 his
                 Tyrannical
                 
                 ●●vernment
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 length
                 kill'd
                 
                   Stanislaus
                   ●●zepanovius
                
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 for
                 refusing
                 ●●
                 the
                 Sacrament
                 of
                 the
                 Altar
                 ;
                 the
                 manner
                 which
                 was
                 thus
                 :
                 Boleslaus
                 continuing
                 in
                 enormous
                 Crimes
                 and
                 Extravagancies
                 ,
                 this
                 od
                 Man
                 earnestly
                 entreated
                 him
                 to
                 amend
                 Life
                 ;
                 but
                 perceiving
                 his
                 Obstinacy
                 ,
                 one
                 y
                 he
                 refus'd
                 him
                 the
                 Communion
                 :
                 Which
                 s
                 Prince
                 being
                 highly
                 offended
                 at
                 ,
                 watch'd
                 
                 an
                 opportunity
                 to
                 revenge
                 ;
                 and
                 a
                 little
                 while
                 after
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Bishop
                 was
                 officiating
                 at
                 Mass
                 ,
                 he
                 gave
                 him
                 such
                 a
                 blow
                 with
                 his
                 Sabre
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 made
                 his
                 Brains
                 fly
                 against
                 the
                 Wall
                 ;
                 and
                 afterwards
                 his
                 Guards
                 entring
                 ,
                 cut
                 the
                 good
                 Bishop
                 to
                 pieces
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 he
                 was
                 soon
                 pursu'd
                 with
                 Vatican
                 Thunder
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 render'd
                 odious
                 to
                 his
                 Subjects
                 :
                 Wherefore
                 fearing
                 some
                 Conspiracy
                 might
                 be
                 
                 rais'd
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 he
                 left
                 his
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 and
                 retir'd
                 with
                 his
                 Son
                 Miecislaus
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 by
                 his
                 Queen
                 Viseslava
                 ,
                 to
                 Ladislaus
                 King
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 where
                 't
                 is
                 reported
                 ,
                 that
                 out
                 of
                 
                 meer
                 Madness
                 he
                 afterwards
                 kill'd
                 himself
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Bishop
                 Stanislaus
                 was
                 Canoniz'd
                 by
                 Pope
                 Gregory
                 VII
                 .
                 and
                 has
                 all
                 along
                 from
                 thence
                 
                 been
                 receiv'd
                 for
                 the
                 Patron
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 The
                 Pope
                 also
                 excommunicated
                 the
                 whole
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 Boleslaus
                 his
                 Successors
                 were
                 for
                 a
                 
                 considerable
                 time
                 *
                 depriv'd
                 of
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 Kings
                 .
                 Next
                 came
              
               
                 
                 ULADISLAUS
                 HERMANNUS
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 Boleslaus
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 elected
                 ;
                 who
                 being
                 afraid
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 or
                 else
                 fearing
                 his
                 Brother's
                 return
                 ,
                 would
                 only
                 accept
                 of
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 †
                 Prince
                 .
                 He
                 recall'd
                 his
                 Nephew
                 Miecislaus
                 ,
                 who
                 died
                 in
                 six
                 Years
                 after
                 .
                 He
                 built
                 many
                 Churches
                 and
                 Monasteries
                 ,
                 all
                 which
                 he
                 richly
                 endow'd
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Prince
                 also
                 brought
                 over
                 the
                 rebellious
                 
                 Pomeranians
                 and
                 Prussians
                 ,
                 and
                 defeated
                 likewise
                 the
                 Army
                 of
                 Vratislaus
                 Prince
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 ,
                 whom
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Henry
                 IV.
                 had
                 
                 dignified
                 with
                 the
                 Character
                 of
                 King
                 ,
                 giving
                 him
                 moreover
                 a
                 Right
                 over
                 Poland
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 had
                 no
                 Title
                 to
                 dispose
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 his
                 Predecessor
                 Otho
                 III.
                 when
                 he
                 crown'd
                 Boleslaus
                 I.
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 having
                 renounc'd
                 both
                 for
                 himself
                 and
                 his
                 Successors
                 all
                 Claim
                 to
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 Nay
                 ,
                 I
                 heard
                 the
                 Poles
                 themselves
                 say
                 that
                 this
                 was
                 rather
                 a
                 piece
                 of
                 Civility
                 in
                 Otho
                 ,
                 than
                 any
                 Obligation
                 upon
                 them
                 ,
                 their
                 Country
                 having
                 never
                 been
                 conquer'd
                 by
                 any
                 Foreigner
                 ,
                 not
                 even
                 by
                 the
                 Romans
                 themselves
                 .
              
               
                 
                 He
                 married
                 Judith
                 ,
                 Daughter
                 of
                 Vratislaus
                 King
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 ,
                 by
                 whom
                 he
                 had
                 Boleslaus
                 III.
                 surnam'd
                 Krivoustus
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Wry-mouth'd
                 ;
                 and
                 afterwards
                 by
                 a
                 Daughter
                 of
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Henry
                 IV.
                 he
                 had
                 three
                 Daughters
                 .
                 He
                 died
                 
                 in
                 the
                 fiftieth
                 Year
                 of
                 his
                 Age
                 ,
                 was
                 buried
                 at
                 Ploscow
                 ,
                 and
                 succeeded
                 by
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 BOLESLAUS
                 III.
                 surnam'd
                 Krivoustus
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Wry-mouth'd
                 .
              
               
                 He
                 was
                 the
                 most
                 warlike
                 and
                 successful
                 Prince
                 that
                 Poland
                 ever
                 had
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 length
                 subdu'd
                 his
                 Bastard
                 Brother
                 Sbigneius
                 that
                 rebell'd
                 
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 whom
                 at
                 last
                 he
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 cause
                 to
                 be
                 *
                 murder'd
                 .
                 But
                 of
                 all
                 others
                 ,
                 his
                 Contest
                 with
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Henry
                 V.
                 is
                 most
                 famous
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 as
                 follows
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Emperor
                 having
                 declar'd
                 War
                 against
                 Colomannus
                 King
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 and
                 engag'd
                 the
                 Bohemians
                 on
                 his
                 side
                 ,
                 Boleslaus
                 join'd
                 Colomannus
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 make
                 a
                 strong
                 Diversion
                 enter'd
                 Bohemia
                 ,
                 and
                 destroy'd
                 the
                 greatest
                 part
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 reveng'd
                 
                 on
                 Boleslaus
                 ,
                 the
                 Emperor
                 surpriz'd
                 the
                 Provinces
                 of
                 Silesia
                 and
                 Marchia
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 then
                 in
                 the
                 hands
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 and
                 had
                 been
                 absolute
                 Master
                 of
                 them
                 had
                 not
                 Boleslaus
                 speedily
                 marched
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 to
                 oppose
                 him
                 ;
                 who
                 finding
                 his
                 Enemies
                 much
                 superiour
                 in
                 number
                 ,
                 at
                 first
                 thought
                 it
                 better
                 to
                 compose
                 the
                 matter
                 amicably
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 sent
                 an
                 Ambassador
                 to
                 treat
                 of
                 Peace
                 ;
                 to
                 which
                 the
                 Emperor
                 ,
                 thinking
                 he
                 had
                 the
                 Advantage
                 ,
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 condescend
                 ,
                 except
                 upon
                 very
                 dishonourable
                 Terms
                 for
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 *
                 And
                 hereupon
                 leading
                 Scarbicus
                 the
                 Ambassador
                 to
                 see
                 his
                 Treasure
                 ,
                 he
                 told
                 him
                 ,
                 
                   that
                   that
                
                 (
                 pointing
                 to
                 his
                 Gold
                 )
                 
                   would
                   bring
                   the
                
                 Poles
                 
                   to
                   what
                   Terms
                   he
                   pleas'd
                
                 :
                 at
                 which
                 Scarbicus
                 being
                 highly
                 affronted
                 ,
                 took
                 off
                 a
                 Gold
                 Ring
                 from
                 his
                 Finger
                 ,
                 and
                 throwing
                 it
                 into
                 the
                 Treasury
                 ,
                 said
                 ,
                 
                   Whatever
                   be
                   your
                   Imperial
                   Majesty's
                   Opinion
                   ,
                   I
                   do
                   not
                   question
                   but
                   the
                   Polish
                   Iron
                
                 (
                 meaning
                 their
                 Swords
                 )
                 
                   will
                   prove
                   as
                   good
                   Metal
                   as
                   the
                   German
                   Gold.
                
                 Which
                 said
                 ,
                 he
                 immediately
                 took
                 his
                 leave
                 ,
                 and
                 returning
                 to
                 his
                 Master
                 ,
                 acquainted
                 him
                 with
                 his
                 Negotiation
                 ;
                 which
                 the
                 haughty
                 Pole
                 highly
                 resenting
                 ,
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 hazard
                 a
                 Battel
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 did
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 the
                 Bravery
                 of
                 his
                 Army
                 obtain'd
                 a
                 signal
                 Victory
                 in
                 the
                 Dogs-field
                 near
                 Breslaw
                 chief
                 City
                 of
                 Silesia
                 :
                 whereupon
                 the
                 Emperor
                 immediately
                 struck
                 up
                 a
                 Peace
                 with
                 him
                 ,
                 gave
                 him
                 
                 his
                 Sister
                 Adleida
                 in
                 Marriage
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Daughter
                 Christina
                 to
                 his
                 young
                 Son
                 Vladislaus
                 .
                 This
                 Prince
                 forc'd
                 the
                 Pomeranians
                 to
                 the
                 Christian
                 Faith
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 had
                 often
                 rejected
                 before
                 .
                 
                 The
                 Poles
                 all
                 this
                 while
                 were
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 Silesia
                 ,
                 but
                 afterwards
                 the
                 Kings
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 conquer'd
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 it
                 consequently
                 now
                 is
                 under
                 the
                 Emperor
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 It
                 is
                 reported
                 of
                 this
                 Prince
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 had
                 fought
                 forty
                 seven
                 Battels
                 with
                 success
                 ,
                 except
                 
                 one
                 only
                 ▪
                 with
                 the
                 Red
                 Russians
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 meerly
                 lost
                 through
                 the
                 Cowardice
                 of
                 a
                 Woievod
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 the
                 King
                 after
                 the
                 Fight
                 sent
                 a
                 Hare-Skin
                 and
                 Spinning-wheel
                 for
                 Recompence
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 ,
                 this
                 one
                 Defeat
                 stuck
                 so
                 close
                 to
                 him
                 that
                 he
                 soon
                 after
                 died
                 ,
                 leaving
                 four
                 Sons
                 ,
                 among
                 whom
                 
                 he
                 divided
                 his
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 This
                 King
                 perform'd
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 more
                 memorable
                 Actions
                 ,
                 which
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 might
                 be
                 too
                 tedious
                 to
                 insert
                 here
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 omitted
                 .
              
               
                 †
                 
                 He
                 was
                 of
                 an
                 undaunted
                 Spirit
                 ,
                 a
                 great
                 despiser
                 of
                 Danger
                 ,
                 and
                 no
                 less
                 an
                 observer
                 of
                 Truth
                 and
                 Right
                 ;
                 very
                 liberal
                 and
                 generous
                 upon
                 the
                 smallest
                 Occasions
                 ,
                 and
                 moreover
                 endued
                 with
                 singular
                 Clemency
                 and
                 Modesty
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 further
                 very
                 ambitious
                 of
                 Glory
                 ,
                 but
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 no
                 Enemy
                 to
                 Peace
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 is
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 train'd
                 up
                 to
                 War
                 from
                 his
                 very
                 Cradle
                 .
                 To
              
               
                 
                 ULADISLAUS
                 ,
                 surnam'd
                 the
                 Driveler
                 ,
                 his
                 eldest
                 Son
                 ,
                 he
                 left
                 the
                 Supreme
                 Power
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 confirm'd
                 ,
                 and
                 he
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1140
                 ,
                 but
                 reign'd
                 only
                 six
                 Years
                 :
                 and
                 to
                 the
                 other
                 three
                 he
                 gave
                 only
                 some
                 separate
                 Provinces
                 ,
                 which
                 afterwards
                 was
                 the
                 occasion
                 
                 of
                 great
                 Disorders
                 in
                 Poland
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 elder
                 Brother
                 Vladislaus
                 pretending
                 to
                 dispossess
                 
                 the
                 other
                 three
                 ,
                 turn'd
                 his
                 Brother
                 Boleslaus
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Palatinates
                 of
                 Ploskow
                 and
                 Masovia
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Brother
                 Henry
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Province
                 of
                 Sendomir
                 ,
                 who
                 both
                 retir'd
                 to
                 their
                 third
                 Brother
                 that
                 govern'd
                 Posnania
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 Vladislaus
                 had
                 always
                 with
                 him
                 a
                 Nobleman
                 ,
                 call
                 d
                 
                   Peter
                   Dunin
                
                 ,
                 whom
                 taking
                 out
                 one
                 day
                 to
                 hunt
                 ,
                 they
                 happen'd
                 to
                 be
                 so
                 late
                 abroad
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 lie
                 all
                 Night
                 in
                 a
                 Wood
                 ;
                 where
                 ,
                 for
                 Diversion
                 ,
                 the
                 King
                 began
                 to
                 joke
                 with
                 his
                 Companion
                 after
                 this
                 manner
                 .
                 Dunin
                 (
                 quoth
                 he
                 )
                 
                   I.
                   believe
                   your
                   Wife
                   lies
                   more
                   at
                   ease
                   to
                   Night
                   with
                   the
                   Abbot
                
                 Scrinnen
                 ,
                 
                   than
                   we
                   do
                
                 :
                 To
                 which
                 Dunin
                 ,
                 forgetting
                 himself
                 ,
                 tartly
                 reply'd
                 ,
                 
                   And
                   it
                   may
                   be
                   your
                   Majesty's
                   does
                   the
                   same
                   with
                
                 Dobessus
                 :
                 Who
                 ,
                 it
                 seems
                 ,
                 was
                 a
                 handsom
                 Fellow
                 about
                 Court
                 that
                 his
                 Queen
                 Christina
                 lov'd
                 .
                 This
                 Answer
                 so
                 nettled
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 afterwards
                 employ'd
                 the
                 same
                 Dobessus
                 to
                 be
                 reveng'd
                 
                 on
                 Dunin
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 effected
                 by
                 pulling
                 out
                 his
                 Tongue
                 and
                 Eyes
                 .
              
               
                 Hereupon
                 the
                 People
                 perceiving
                 how
                 cruelly
                 Vladislaus
                 persecuted
                 his
                 own
                 Brothers
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 how
                 ill
                 he
                 treated
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 began
                 to
                 be
                 daily
                 more
                 and
                 more
                 disaffected
                 to
                 him
                 ;
                 whereby
                 his
                 Brothers
                 Party
                 greatly
                 encreasing
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 beaten
                 by
                 them
                 as
                 he
                 was
                 going
                 to
                 besiege
                 Posnan
                 .
                 Wherefore
                 discovering
                 new
                 Factions
                 hourly
                 appearing
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 fearing
                 some
                 ill
                 Fate
                 from
                 a
                 universal
                 Hatred
                 ,
                 he
                 timely
                 withdrew
                 into
                 
                 Germany
                 to
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Conrade
                 III.
                 Cousin
                 
                 German
                 to
                 his
                 Queen
                 Christina
                 ,
                 who
                 several
                 times
                 endeavour'd
                 to
                 restore
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 all
                 in
                 vain
                 ;
                 for
                 his
                 Brother
                 
                   Boleslaus
                   Crispus
                
                 having
                 got
                 possession
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 Vladislaus
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 compound
                 for
                 Silesia
                 only
                 ,
                 which
                 afterwards
                 fell
                 to
                 the
                 Principality
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 ,
                 and
                 has
                 ever
                 since
                 been
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 possession
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 This
                 Prince
                 lies
                 buried
                 at
                 Attenburg
                 ,
                 
                 a
                 City
                 of
                 Germany
                 in
                 
                   Alsace
                   .
                   Vladislaus
                
                 with
                 his
                 Son
                 having
                 abdicated
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 his
                 second
                 Brother
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 BOLESLAUS
                 CRISPUS
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Frizled
                 ,
                 was
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1146
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1175
                 ;
                 yet
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Conrade
                 did
                 what
                 he
                 could
                 to
                 restore
                 Vladislaus
                 .
                 To
                 effect
                 which
                 ,
                 he
                 first
                 sent
                 Embassadors
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 but
                 to
                 no
                 purpose
                 :
                 Then
                 he
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 make
                 War
                 with
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 but
                 defer'd
                 it
                 till
                 his
                 Expedition
                 against
                 Asia
                 was
                 over
                 ;
                 to
                 facilitate
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 obtain'd
                 leave
                 to
                 pass
                 through
                 Boleslaus
                 his
                 Dominions
                 to
                 the
                 Euxine
                 Sea
                 :
                 But
                 at
                 his
                 return
                 being
                 constantly
                 solicited
                 by
                 Vladislaus
                 and
                 his
                 Queen
                 ,
                 he
                 march'd
                 with
                 a
                 powerful
                 Army
                 against
                 Poland
                 ;
                 yet
                 
                 what
                 with
                 Delays
                 ,
                 Stratagems
                 ,
                 and
                 Ambuscades
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 so
                 fatigu'd
                 by
                 the
                 Poles
                 that
                 he
                 could
                 do
                 nothing
                 ,
                 till
                 at
                 last
                 he
                 was
                 call'd
                 home
                 to
                 appease
                 some
                 Intestine
                 Broils
                 in
                 his
                 own
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 which
                 having
                 effected
                 ,
                 he
                 soon
                 after
                 died
                 .
                 His
                 Successor
                 
                   Frederic
                   Barberossa
                
                 also
                 espous'd
                 Vladislaus
                 his
                 Cause
                 ,
                 but
                 not
                 being
                 able
                 to
                 do
                 any
                 thing
                 in
                 his
                 Favour
                 by
                 Embassadors
                 ,
                 he
                 march'd
                 with
                 a
                 numerous
                 Army
                 against
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 likewise
                 
                 harass'd
                 and
                 wearied
                 out
                 ,
                 till
                 they
                 had
                 oblig'd
                 that
                 Emperor
                 to
                 strike
                 up
                 a
                 Peace
                 with
                 'em
                 ,
                 he
                 being
                 in
                 War
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 against
                 Milan
                 ;
                 by
                 which
                 it
                 was
                 agreed
                 ,
                 that
                 Boleslaus
                 should
                 remit
                 Silesia
                 to
                 Vladislaus
                 ,
                 whose
                 Posterity
                 afterwards
                 divided
                 it
                 into
                 several
                 Dutchies
                 ,
                 till
                 at
                 last
                 it
                 came
                 to
                 the
                 Empire
                 .
                 This
                 great
                 Province
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 observ'd
                 in
                 my
                 Journy
                 through
                 it
                 ,
                 is
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 most
                 fertile
                 and
                 plentiful
                 Countries
                 in
                 all
                 Germany
                 .
              
               
                 Boleslaus
                 began
                 another
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Prussians
                 for
                 refusing
                 to
                 pay
                 him
                 Tribute
                 ,
                 and
                 forc'd
                 them
                 to
                 this
                 Compliance
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 should
                 submit
                 in
                 case
                 he
                 left
                 'em
                 to
                 their
                 Religion
                 ;
                 but
                 otherwise
                 they
                 boldly
                 declar'd
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 would
                 rather
                 die
                 than
                 become
                 Christians
                 again
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 Boleslaus
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 grant
                 them
                 Liberty
                 of
                 Conscience
                 ;
                 yet
                 they
                 soon
                 revolted
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 a
                 *
                 Stratagem
                 entirely
                 routed
                 the
                 Polish
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 kill'd
                 his
                 Brother
                 Henry
                 .
                 This
                 King
                 died
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 buried
                 at
                 Cracow
                 .
              
               
                 
                 MIECISLAUS
                 ,
                 surnam'd
                 the
                 Old
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 Boleslaus
                 ,
                 succeeded
                 him
                 ,
                 being
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1174
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 only
                 to
                 1178.
                 
                 He
                 was
                 call'd
                 the
                 Old
                 from
                 his
                 great
                 Sagacity
                 and
                 Prudence
                 in
                 his
                 Youth
                 .
                 His
                 Covetousness
                 
                 induc'd
                 him
                 to
                 hoard
                 up
                 great
                 Sums
                 of
                 Money
                 by
                 oppressing
                 the
                 Gentry
                 and
                 People
                 with
                 unreasonable
                 Taxes
                 ,
                 and
                 selling
                 all
                 Employments
                 ,
                 tho
                 against
                 the
                 Constitutions
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 This
                 extreme
                 Avarice
                 brought
                 him
                 to
                 be
                 generally
                 hated
                 by
                 the
                 Clergy
                 ,
                 Nobility
                 
                 and
                 People
                 :
                 whereupon
                 *
                 Gedeon
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Cracow
                 endeavour'd
                 several
                 times
                 to
                 encline
                 him
                 to
                 pity
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 and
                 despise
                 Money
                 ,
                 since
                 he
                 had
                 no
                 need
                 of
                 it
                 ;
                 but
                 he
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 hearken
                 to
                 his
                 Advice
                 ,
                 wherefore
                 this
                 Bishop
                 concerted
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Gentry
                 to
                 dethrone
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 remit
                 
                 the
                 Crown
                 to
                 Casimir
                 his
                 Brother
                 ,
                 who
                 more
                 deserv'd
                 it
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 effectually
                 did
                 after
                 some
                 little
                 Bloodshed
                 .
              
               
                 Here
                 we
                 may
                 observe
                 ,
                 that
                 Covertousness
                 is
                 the
                 greatest
                 Vice
                 that
                 any
                 Prince
                 can
                 be
                 guilty
                 of
                 ,
                 especially
                 a
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 whose
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 as
                 your
                 Lordship
                 doubtless
                 has
                 observ'd
                 ,
                 are
                 generally
                 liberal
                 even
                 to
                 Extravagance
                 .
              
               
                 At
                 first
                 Casimir
                 refus'd
                 the
                 Crown
                 offer'd
                 him
                 ,
                 alledging
                 it
                 was
                 his
                 Brother's
                 Right
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 such
                 an
                 Alteration
                 might
                 occasion
                 Civil
                 Wars
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 had
                 any
                 mind
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 Author
                 of
                 .
                 But
                 when
                 they
                 unanimously
                 declar'd
                 they
                 would
                 have
                 no
                 other
                 King
                 ,
                 and
                 could
                 never
                 more
                 obey
                 Miecislaus
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 CASIMIR
                 II.
                 consenting
                 to
                 accept
                 of
                 the
                 Government
                 ,
                 was
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1178
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 to
                 1195.
                 
                 He
                 was
                 surnam'd
                 the
                 Just
                 ,
                 being
                 altogether
                 unlike
                 his
                 Brother
                 ,
                 as
                 appears
                 by
                 the
                 following
                 Particular
                 .
                 †
                 Being
                 at
                 play
                 with
                 a
                 Gentleman
                 of
                 his
                 ,
                 nam'd
                 Conarius
                 ,
                 whilst
                 he
                 was
                 Prince
                 of
                 Sendomir
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 won
                 all
                 his
                 Adversary's
                 Money
                 ,
                 the
                 Gentleman
                 in
                 a
                 Passion
                 struck
                 him
                 over
                 
                 the
                 Face
                 ,
                 and
                 fled
                 ;
                 but
                 next
                 day
                 being
                 brought
                 before
                 him
                 ,
                 was
                 adjudged
                 by
                 every
                 body
                 to
                 have
                 deserv'd
                 Death
                 for
                 his
                 Insolence
                 .
                 Not
                 
                 
                   at
                   all
                
                 (
                 replied
                 the
                 good
                 Prince
                 )
                 
                   for
                   being
                   affected
                   with
                   his
                   Loss
                   ,
                   and
                   not
                   having
                   it
                   in
                   his
                   Power
                   to
                   revenge
                   himself
                   on
                   Fortune
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   no
                   wonder
                   if
                   he
                   fell
                   foul
                   of
                   her
                   Favourite
                   :
                
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 rather
                 blam'd
                 himself
                 for
                 condescending
                 to
                 play
                 with
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 thanked
                 him
                 for
                 putting
                 him
                 in
                 mind
                 by
                 that
                 Blow
                 ,
                 how
                 unworthy
                 it
                 was
                 for
                 a
                 Prince
                 to
                 bestow
                 his
                 time
                 so
                 ill
                 :
                 And
                 lastly
                 ,
                 as
                 a
                 further
                 .
                 Argument
                 of
                 his
                 dissenting
                 from
                 his
                 Brother's
                 Principles
                 ,
                 he
                 return'd
                 the
                 Courtier
                 all
                 his
                 Money
                 again
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Miecislaus
                 being
                 excluded
                 ,
                 retir'd
                 with
                 his
                 Princess
                 and
                 Children
                 to
                 Ratisbon
                 to
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Frederic
                 his
                 Kinsman
                 ,
                 who
                 yet
                 could
                 do
                 him
                 no
                 good
                 ,
                 he
                 being
                 engag'd
                 at
                 that
                 time
                 in
                 War
                 both
                 in
                 Italy
                 and
                 Asia
                 ;
                 therefore
                 his
                 next
                 Recourse
                 was
                 to
                 his
                 Brother's
                 Clemency
                 .
                 This
                 so
                 far
                 wrought
                 upon
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 made
                 a
                 Speech
                 to
                 the
                 Senate
                 to
                 recal
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 extremely
                 blam'd
                 by
                 them
                 for
                 offering
                 to
                 prefer
                 a
                 private
                 Kindness
                 to
                 the
                 Publick
                 Safety
                 .
                 All
                 this
                 while
                 Miecislaus
                 was
                 little
                 sensible
                 of
                 his
                 Brother
                 's
                 good
                 Nature
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 afterwards
                 under-hand
                 endeavour'd
                 again
                 to
                 get
                 him
                 restor'd
                 .
              
               
                 Casimir
                 begun
                 his
                 Reign
                 by
                 easing
                 his
                 Subjects
                 of
                 the
                 Taxes
                 his
                 Brother
                 had
                 impos'd
                 upon
                 'em
                 ,
                 and
                 restraining
                 the
                 Power
                 of
                 exorbitant
                 Magistrates
                 .
                 While
                 he
                 was
                 absent
                 in
                 Russia
                 ,
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 composing
                 some
                 Differences
                 ,
                 by
                 instigation
                 of
                 Miecislaus
                 ,
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 Nobles
                 conspir'd
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 endeavour'd
                 
                 to
                 re-instate
                 Miecislaus
                 ;
                 which
                 the
                 better
                 to
                 bring
                 about
                 and
                 satisfy
                 the
                 People
                 ,
                 they
                 pretended
                 that
                 Casimir
                 was
                 poison'd
                 in
                 Russia
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 Miecislaus
                 readily
                 arrives
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 receiv'd
                 every
                 where
                 but
                 in
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 which
                 Bishop
                 Fulco
                 held
                 out
                 against
                 him
                 .
                 Of
                 all
                 this
                 Casimir
                 being
                 soon
                 inform'd
                 ,
                 by
                 Assistance
                 of
                 the
                 Russians
                 ,
                 overcame
                 his
                 Brother
                 ,
                 and
                 gave
                 both
                 him
                 and
                 his
                 Army
                 their
                 Lives
                 ;
                 which
                 Goodness
                 of
                 his
                 at
                 length
                 so
                 wrought
                 upon
                 Miecislaus
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 never
                 after
                 aim'd
                 at
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
                 
              
               
                 After
                 Casimir
                 was
                 well
                 settled
                 ,
                 being
                 not
                 unmindful
                 of
                 the
                 rebellious
                 Prussians
                 ,
                 nor
                 of
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 his
                 Brother
                 Henry
                 ,
                 he
                 march'd
                 with
                 so
                 great
                 fury
                 against
                 them
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 had
                 regard
                 neither
                 for
                 Man
                 ,
                 Woman
                 nor
                 Child
                 ,
                 but
                 put
                 great
                 numbers
                 of
                 all
                 sorts
                 to
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 and
                 burnt
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 their
                 Country
                 to
                 that
                 degree
                 ,
                 that
                 at
                 last
                 they
                 quietly
                 submitted
                 to
                 the
                 absolute
                 Dominion
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 King
                 made
                 a
                 City
                 of
                 *
                 Dantzic
                 in
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 which
                 before
                 was
                 only
                 a
                 poor
                 Fisher-Town
                 on
                 the
                 Baltic
                 Sea.
                 He
                 lies
                 buried
                 at
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 having
                 left
                 two
                 Sons
                 Lescus
                 and
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 one
                 Daughter
                 Adleida
                 .
                 He
                 liv'd
                 to
                 the
                 Age
                 of
                 six
                 and
                 fifty
                 Years
                 .
                 After
                 his
                 Death
                 the
                 Poles
                 elected
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 LESCUS
                 V.
                 surnamed
                 the
                 White
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1195
                 ,
                 who
                 being
                 very
                 young
                 had
                 for
                 Guardians
                 ,
                 his
                 Mother
                 Helena
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 
                 Bishop
                 and
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 
                 time
                 his
                 Uncle
                 Miecislaus
                 being
                 yet
                 alive
                 
                 came
                 with
                 a
                 powerful
                 Army
                 of
                 Poles
                 and
                 Silesians
                 to
                 dethrone
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 gain'd
                 a
                 bloody
                 Battel
                 over
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 ,
                 who
                 commanded
                 Lescus
                 his
                 Army
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 he
                 immediately
                 dispatch'd
                 Embassadors
                 to
                 Helena
                 ,
                 to
                 represent
                 to
                 her
                 his
                 unquestionable
                 Right
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 his
                 Strength
                 ;
                 the
                 Disorder
                 among
                 Lescus
                 his
                 Tutors
                 ,
                 who
                 being
                 too
                 young
                 ,
                 was
                 not
                 able
                 of
                 himself
                 to
                 govern
                 ;
                 the
                 great
                 Advantages
                 he
                 had
                 obtain'd
                 in
                 the
                 late
                 Battel
                 ;
                 and
                 lastly
                 ,
                 his
                 great
                 Party
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 He
                 moreover
                 desires
                 Helena
                 to
                 make
                 him
                 Guardian
                 over
                 her
                 Son
                 ,
                 and
                 promises
                 to
                 adopt
                 him
                 for
                 his
                 own
                 ,
                 to
                 leave
                 him
                 the
                 Succession
                 after
                 his
                 Death
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 he
                 will
                 do
                 nothing
                 but
                 what
                 shall
                 be
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 Constiutions
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 All
                 these
                 
                 Proffers
                 having
                 been
                 throughly
                 weighed
                 by
                 
                 the
                 Queen
                 and
                 Council
                 :
                 At
                 last
                 Miecislaus
                 was
                 recall'd
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1199.
                 after
                 having
                 taken
                 a
                 solemn
                 Oath
                 to
                 perform
                 all
                 his
                 Promises
                 .
                 But
                 being
                 once
                 reinthron'd
                 he
                 soon
                 forgot
                 his
                 Oath
                 ,
                 and
                 fell
                 to
                 consiscating
                 several
                 of
                 his
                 Subjects
                 Estage
                 ,
                 and
                 giving
                 'em
                 to
                 others
                 ,
                 saying
                 ,
                 *
                 
                   That
                   a
                   King
                   was
                   no
                   longer
                   oblig'd
                   to
                   keep
                   his
                   Oath
                   ,
                   than
                   when
                   it
                   was
                   neither
                   safe
                   nor
                   beneficial
                   for
                   him
                   to
                   breake
                   it
                   .
                
                 Hereupon
                 
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 seizes
                 on
                 the
                 
                 City
                 of
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 and
                 receives
                 Lescus
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 ,
                 whilst
                 Miecislaus
                 ,
                 being
                 then
                 absent
                 ,
                 by
                 all
                 the
                 Intrigues
                 imaginable
                 endeavour'd
                 to
                 be
                 restor'd
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 he
                 flatter'd
                 the
                 People
                 ,
                 perswading
                 them
                 that
                 Lescus
                 his
                 Party
                 
                 had
                 cast
                 false
                 Aspersions
                 upon
                 him
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 if
                 he
                 did
                 any
                 thing
                 contrary
                 to
                 his
                 Oath
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 meerly
                 betray'd
                 to
                 it
                 by
                 the
                 malicious
                 Perswasions
                 of
                 his
                 pretended
                 Friends
                 .
                 By
                 these
                 and
                 such
                 like
                 fair
                 words
                 he
                 Iulls
                 asleep
                 the
                 credulous
                 People
                 ,
                 and
                 gains
                 their
                 Affections
                 the
                 third
                 time
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 he
                 sends
                 to
                 the
                 Queen
                 to
                 inform
                 her
                 that
                 Nicholas
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 had
                 been
                 the
                 Author
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 Disturbances
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 wills
                 her
                 to
                 remove
                 him
                 from
                 Court
                 ,
                 and
                 receive
                 himself
                 again
                 ;
                 which
                 she
                 ,
                 pitying
                 his
                 unfortunate
                 Case
                 ,
                 even
                 in
                 prejudice
                 of
                 her
                 own
                 Son
                 ,
                 was
                 inclin'd
                 to
                 do
                 ,
                 and
                 would
                 therefore
                 admit
                 of
                 no
                 Justification
                 from
                 the
                 Palatin
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 this
                 Person
                 being
                 a
                 Man
                 of
                 great
                 Authority
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 goes
                 and
                 joins
                 Miecislaus
                 ;
                 many
                 follow
                 his
                 Example
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 short
                 ,
                 the
                 Queen
                 was
                 quickly
                 forc'd
                 to
                 recal
                 Miecislaus
                 a
                 third
                 time
                 
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1202.
                 
                 When
                 being
                 reinthron'd
                 ,
                 he
                 requited
                 Queen
                 Helena
                 for
                 her
                 Services
                 by
                 seizing
                 upon
                 the
                 Territory
                 of
                 Voslicia
                 ,
                 and
                 three
                 other
                 Places
                 in
                 Sendomir
                 ,
                 which
                 of
                 right
                 belonged
                 to
                 her
                 :
                 and
                 being
                 about
                 to
                 do
                 the
                 same
                 to
                 several
                 others
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 prevented
                 by
                 a
                 sudden
                 Death
                 in
                 the
                 seventy
                 third
                 Year
                 of
                 
                 his
                 Age
                 ,
                 leaving
                 two
                 Sons
                 ,
                 Otho
                 and
                 
                   Vladislaus
                   Lasconogus
                
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 Miecislaus
                 his
                 Death
                 ,
                 the
                 greater
                 part
                 voted
                 for
                 Lescus
                 V.
                 that
                 was
                 still
                 alive
                 ;
                 but
                 Nicholas
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Cracow
                 his
                 Brother
                 ,
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 consent
                 to
                 it
                 *
                 unless
                 Lescus
                 would
                 
                 banish
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 Gouoric
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Sendomir
                 ,
                 of
                 whom
                 they
                 were
                 both
                 very
                 jealous
                 .
                 Lescus
                 answer'd
                 ,
                 
                   He
                   would
                   not
                   buy
                   a
                   Kingdom
                   (
                   which
                   by
                   right
                   was
                   his
                   own
                   )
                   by
                   doing
                   an
                   Injury
                   to
                   his
                   Friend
                   .
                
                 Hereupon
                 by
                 the
                 Bishop
                 and
                 Palatin's
                 Interest
                 he
                 was
                 put
                 by
                 ,
                 and
              
               
                 
                 ULADISLAUS
                 LASCONOGUS
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 Thin-foot
                 ,
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1203.
                 
                 But
                 this
                 good
                 Prince
                 ,
                 considering
                 Lescus
                 his
                 Right
                 ,
                 after
                 
                 three
                 Years
                 Reign
                 ,
                 voluntarily
                 surrender'd
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 when
              
               
                 
                 LESCUS
                 was
                 receiv'd
                 the
                 third
                 time
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1206
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1226.
                 
                 Under
                 his
                 Reign
                 the
                 Poles
                 heard
                 first
                 of
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 a
                 barbarous
                 Nation
                 that
                 came
                 from
                 the
                 Caspian
                 Sea
                 and
                 Mount
                 Imaus
                 in
                 Asia
                 ,
                 who
                 made
                 Irruptions
                 into
                 
                   Taurica
                   Chersonesus
                
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 of
                 Podolia
                 and
                 Russia
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 ever
                 since
                 been
                 most
                 inveterate
                 Enemies
                 to
                 
                   Poland
                   .
                   Lescus
                
                 had
                 a
                 Brother
                 call'd
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 he
                 gave
                 the
                 Provinces
                 of
                 Masovia
                 and
                 Cujavia
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 one
                 Suentopelus
                 Governour
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 whereof
                 one
                 was
                 Author
                 of
                 
                 Lescus's
                 Death
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 of
                 most
                 blood
                 Wars
                 in
                 Poland
                 :
                 For
                 this
                 Suentopelus
                 thinking
                 to
                 make
                 himself
                 absolute
                 in
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 employed
                 People
                 to
                 *
                 murder
                 Lescus
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 effected
                 accordingly
                 ,
                 
                 when
                 this
                 good
                 Prince
                 was
                 in
                 a
                 Bath
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 ,
                 after
                 his
                 Death
                 ,
                 Suentopelus
                 declared
                 himself
                 Duke
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 and
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 †
                 call'd
                 into
                 Poland
                 the
                 Knights
                 of
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 
                 Order
                 ,
                 (
                 who
                 were
                 then
                 banisht
                 out
                 of
                 Syria
                 by
                 the
                 Sarazens
                 ,
                 and
                 settled
                 in
                 Germany
                 )
                 to
                 help
                 him
                 against
                 the
                 Prussians
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 wont
                 to
                 make
                 frequent
                 Incursions
                 into
                 his
                 Country
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 for
                 Recompence
                 he
                 gave
                 the
                 Territory
                 of
                 Culm
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 other
                 small
                 Places
                 ,
                 on
                 condition
                 they
                 should
                 act
                 vigorously
                 against
                 the
                 Prussians
                 ;
                 but
                 after
                 they
                 had
                 conquer'd
                 those
                 People
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 to
                 resign
                 Culm
                 ,
                 &c.
                 and
                 have
                 the
                 half
                 of
                 their
                 Conquests
                 to
                 themselves
                 .
                 These
                 Auxiliary
                 Troops
                 prov'd
                 afterwards
                 very
                 pernicious
                 to
                 Poland
                 ,
                 having
                 been
                 the
                 Cause
                 of
                 many
                 bloody
                 Wars
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 .
                 This
                 Agreement
                 between
                 the
                 Knights
                 of
                 the
                 Cross
                 (
                 as
                 they
                 were
                 likewise
                 call'd
                 )
                 and
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 was
                 approv'd
                 and
                 confirm'd
                 by
                 Pope
                 Gregory
                 IX
                 .
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1228.
                 
                 In
                 a
                 short
                 time
                 these
                 Knights
                 effected
                 what
                 they
                 undertook
                 .
                 This
                 Lescus
                 lies
                 buried
                 in
                 the
                 Cathedral
                 at
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 behind
                 him
                 a
                 young
                 Son
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 BOLESLAUS
                 V.
                 surnam'd
                 
                   the
                   Chast
                
                 ,
                 whose
                 Guardians
                 he
                 order'd
                 to
                 be
                 his
                 Brother
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 and
                 Henry
                 Duke
                 of
                 Breslaw
                 his
                 Cousin
                 .
                 This
                 young
                 Prince
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 the
                 many
                 Intrigues
                 and
                 Cabals
                 Conrade
                 form'd
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 who
                 design'd
                 to
                 make
                 himself
                 King
                 ,
                 was
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1228
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1278.
                 
                 He
                 marry'd
                 Cunigunda
                 ,
                 Daughter
                 
                 to
                 Bela
                 King
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ;
                 but
                 after
                 they
                 were
                 bedded
                 ,
                 he
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 courage
                 to
                 consummate
                 the
                 Marriage
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 by
                 mutual
                 Consent
                 both
                 made
                 a
                 Vow
                 of
                 Chastity
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 *
                 'T
                 was
                 in
                 this
                 Prince's
                 Reign
                 the
                 Tartars
                 made
                 their
                 first
                 Irruptions
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 whereof
                 there
                 were
                 three
                 at
                 several
                 times
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 first
                 they
                 ravag'd
                 all
                 the
                 Country
                 about
                 Lublin
                 and
                 Russia
                 ,
                 and
                 carry'd
                 away
                 an
                 incredible
                 Number
                 of
                 Prisoners
                 with
                 great
                 Riches
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 second
                 they
                 return'd
                 with
                 more
                 fury
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 being
                 contented
                 with
                 the
                 Plunder
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 spread
                 likewise
                 all
                 over
                 Silesia
                 ,
                 where
                 near
                 Lignitz
                 they
                 entirely
                 defeated
                 the
                 Confederate
                 Army
                 of
                 the
                 Christians
                 ;
                 wherein
                 Henry
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                   Breslaw
                   ,
                   Boleslaus
                
                 Son
                 to
                 the
                 
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                   Moravia
                   ,
                   Pompo
                
                 Great
                 Master
                 of
                 the
                 Teutonick
                 Order
                 ,
                 and
                 several
                 other
                 Persons
                 of
                 Note
                 were
                 kill'd
                 .
                 †
                 The
                 Number
                 of
                 dead
                 Bodies
                 was
                 so
                 incredible
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 fill'd
                 nine
                 great
                 Sacks
                 with
                 the
                 Christians
                 Ears
                 ,
                 cutting
                 off
                 each
                 Head
                 but
                 one
                 ,
                 after
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 Hanibal
                 at
                 the
                 Battle
                 of
                 Cannae
                 fill'd
                 several
                 Bushels
                 with
                 the
                 Rings
                 cut
                 off
                 from
                 the
                 Fingers
                 of
                 the
                 Roman
                 Knights
                 only
                 ,
                 that
                 were
                 there
                 kill'd
                 .
                 Boleslaus
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 courage
                 to
                 march
                 in
                 Person
                 against
                 the
                 Tartars
                 when
                 they
                 came
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 to
                 invade
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 retir'd
                 with
                 
                 his
                 Court
                 into
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 and
                 thereby
                 left
                 his
                 Subjects
                 to
                 the
                 Mercy
                 of
                 their
                 Enemies
                 .
                 Which
                 base
                 Action
                 the
                 Poles
                 being
                 extremely
                 offended
                 at
                 ,
                 intended
                 to
                 have
                 elected
                 a
                 new
                 King
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 Boleslaus
                 ,
                 Son
                 to
                 Henry
                 Duke
                 of
                 Breslaw
                 that
                 was
                 kill'd
                 in
                 the
                 Battle
                 afterwards
                 ,
                 was
                 nam'd
                 ;
                 but
                 Conrade
                 vigorously
                 opposing
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 pretending
                 to
                 have
                 more
                 Right
                 ,
                 the
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 to
                 prevent
                 Civil
                 Wars
                 ,
                 
                 recall'd
                 their
                 former
                 King
                 Bolestaus
                 from
                 
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 Conrade
                 dy'd
                 .
                 Not
                 long
                 after
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 hitherto
                 Pagans
                 ,
                 made
                 Incursions
                 a
                 third
                 time
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 when
                 they
                 pillag'd
                 the
                 Country
                 up
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 Cracow
                 ;
                 which
                 City
                 ,
                 meeting
                 with
                 no
                 body
                 in
                 it
                 to
                 resist'em
                 ,
                 they
                 both
                 plunder'd
                 and
                 burnt
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 they
                 went
                 to
                 Vratislaw
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 found
                 
                 ready
                 fir'd
                 to
                 their
                 hands
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Townsmen
                 having
                 had
                 timely
                 notice
                 of
                 the
                 coming
                 of
                 the
                 Barbarians
                 ,
                 had
                 got
                 all
                 their
                 Treasure
                 together
                 and
                 fled
                 ,
                 whilst
                 the
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 distrusting
                 the
                 Strength
                 of
                 the
                 Place
                 ,
                 and
                 searing
                 it
                 might
                 become
                 a
                 Prey
                 to
                 the
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 set
                 fire
                 to
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 retir'd
                 into
                 the
                 Castle
                 ;
                 which
                 having
                 greatly
                 incens'd
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 they
                 laid
                 Siege
                 to
                 the
                 Castle
                 with
                 all
                 imaginable
                 Vigour
                 ,
                 and
                 would
                 soon
                 have
                 taken
                 it
                 ,
                 had
                 they
                 not
                 been
                 frighted
                 from
                 before
                 it
                 by
                 a
                 Prodigy
                 .
                 During
                 this
                 ,
                 Boleslaus
                 march'd
                 in
                 Person
                 against
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 overthrew
                 ,
                 and
                 kill'd
                 their
                 Duke
                 Mindacus
                 .
                 The
                 Prussians
                 likewise
                 being
                 yet
                 Pagans
                 ,
                 sided
                 with
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 Teutonick
                 Order
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 then
                 settled
                 in
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 call'd
                 to
                 their
                 Assistance
                 *
                 Ottocarus
                 King
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 ,
                 who
                 quickly
                 reduc'd
                 the
                 Prussians
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 better
                 
                 to
                 keep
                 them
                 in
                 Awe
                 ,
                 built
                 a
                 Fort
                 call'd
                 Koningsberg
                 or
                 
                   Royal
                   Hill.
                
                 
              
               
                 Boleslaus
                 was
                 a
                 pious
                 and
                 good
                 Prince
                 ,
                 and
                 lies
                 bury'd
                 at
                 Cracow
                 in
                 a
                 Monastery
                 founded
                 
                 by
                 himself
                 .
                 He
                 built
                 other
                 Religious
                 Houses
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 near
                 50
                 Years
                 ;
                 and
                 having
                 made
                 a
                 
                 Vow
                 of
                 Chastity
                 ,
                 left
                 no
                 Children
                 :
                 Wherefore
                 his
                 Uncle's
                 Son
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Father
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 LESCUS
                 VI.
                 surnam'd
                 
                   the
                   Black
                
                 ,
                 succeeded
                 him
                 ,
                 being
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1279
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 only
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1289.
                 
                 In
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 his
                 Reign
                 the
                 Russians
                 ,
                 summon'd
                 by
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 and
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 made
                 Incursions
                 into
                 
                 Poland
                 under
                 Command
                 of
                 Leo
                 their
                 Duke
                 ;
                 but
                 were
                 defeated
                 ,
                 first
                 by
                 Varsias
                 the
                 King's
                 General
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 were
                 beat
                 by
                 the
                 King
                 himself
                 out
                 of
                 a
                 Village
                 where
                 they
                 had
                 entrench'd
                 themselves
                 ,
                 which
                 from
                 that
                 
                 General
                 's
                 Name
                 has
                 been
                 since
                 call'd
                 *
                 Leopol
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 now
                 a
                 sine
                 City
                 .
                 Upon
                 this
                 Defeat
                 the
                 Enemy
                 were
                 forc'd
                 to
                 retire
                 with
                 great
                 Loss
                 .
                 Not
                 long
                 after
                 they
                 return'd
                 again
                 ,
                 but
                 more
                 to
                 their
                 prejudice
                 than
                 in
                 the
                 former
                 Irruption
                 :
                 for
                 then
                 ,
                 tho
                 their
                 Army
                 consisted
                 of
                 a
                 Prodigious
                 Number
                 of
                 Men
                 ,
                 and
                 an
                 innumerable
                 Company
                 of
                 Mastiff
                 Dogs
                 train'd
                 up
                 to
                 War
                 ;
                 yet
                 were
                 they
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 routed
                 by
                 Lescus
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 a
                 certain
                 People
                 call'd
                 Jazyges
                 ,
                 who
                 then
                 inhabited
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 and
                 came
                 only
                 to
                 plunder
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 were
                 so
                 totally
                 destroy'd
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 remains
                 nothing
                 left
                 of
                 'em
                 except
                 the
                 Name
                 .
                 But
                 at
                 Length
                 the
                 Tartars
                 making
                 another
                 Irruption
                 ,
                 had
                 better
                 success
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 not
                 only
                 vanquish'd
                 Lescus
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 carry'd
                 away
                 ,
                 besides
                 Men
                 ,
                 marry'd
                 Women
                 and
                 Children
                 ,
                 above
                 twenty
                 thousand
                 Maids
                 into
                 Captivity
                 .
              
               
                 
                 After
                 this
                 Defeat
                 ,
                 an
                 Insurrection
                 was
                 rais'd
                 against
                 Lescus
                 by
                 Paul
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Cracow
                 ;
                 for
                 
                 that
                 under
                 the
                 Reign
                 of
                 Boleslaus
                 the
                 Chast
                 ,
                 Lescus
                 had
                 kept
                 him
                 about
                 a
                 Month
                 in
                 Prison
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 ,
                 Conrade
                 Duke
                 of
                 Masovia
                 was
                 invited
                 to
                 accept
                 the
                 Crown
                 ;
                 who
                 ,
                 coming
                 into
                 Poland
                 for
                 that
                 purpose
                 ,
                 was
                 met
                 at
                 Sendomir
                 by
                 General
                 
                   Varsias
                   ,
                   Paul
                
                 the
                 Bishop
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 great
                 Number
                 of
                 the
                 Nobility
                 .
                 Upon
                 this
                 ,
                 Lescus
                 perceiving
                 himself
                 forsaken
                 ,
                 fled
                 into
                 
                 Hungary
                 to
                 King
                 Vladislaus
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Cracow
                 still
                 bearing
                 a
                 respect
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 continu'd
                 Loyal
                 ,
                 and
                 prepar'd
                 to
                 sustain
                 a
                 Siege
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 having
                 been
                 summon'd
                 to
                 surrender
                 ,
                 their
                 Answer
                 was
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   they
                   could
                   not
                   be
                   trea●●berous
                   to
                   their
                   lawful
                   Soveraign
                
                 Lescus
                 ,
                 
                   but
                   would
                   defend
                   his
                   Right
                   to
                   the
                   last
                   drop
                   of
                   their
                   Blood.
                
                 Hereat
                 the
                 Nobles
                 being
                 grievously
                 nettled
                 ,
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 sit
                 down
                 with
                 their
                 Army
                 before
                 that
                 City
                 ;
                 but
                 ,
                 upon
                 their
                 Approaches
                 ,
                 finding
                 it
                 empty
                 ,
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 being
                 retir'd
                 into
                 the
                 Castle
                 ,
                 they
                 set
                 sire
                 to
                 it
                 ,
                 thinking
                 by
                 those
                 means
                 to
                 bring
                 the
                 Enemy
                 sooner
                 to
                 a
                 Compliance
                 .
                 This
                 done
                 ,
                 Lescus
                 having
                 obtain'd
                 a
                 considerable
                 Army
                 of
                 King
                 Vladislaus
                 ,
                 was
                 marching
                 directly
                 towards
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 to
                 relieve
                 his
                 besieg'd
                 Friends
                 ;
                 when
                 meeting
                 with
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 who
                 came
                 to
                 oppose
                 him
                 ,
                 near
                 the
                 River
                 Raba
                 ,
                 he
                 entirely
                 routed
                 
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 forc'd
                 him
                 back
                 again
                 into
                 his
                 own
                 Country
                 .
                 This
                 hapned
                 about
                 the
                 Year
                 1285.
                 
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Prince
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 bury'd
                 in
                 the
                 Monastery
                 of
                 the
                 Trinity
                 at
                 Cracow
                 .
              
               
                 Lescus
                 the
                 VI.
                 leaving
                 no
                 Children
                 ,
                 his
                 Kingdom
                 consequently
                 fell
                 into
                 great
                 Distractions
                 ;
                 for
                 
                   Vladislaus
                   Locticus
                
                 his
                 Brother
                 seiz'd
                 on
                 the
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Siradia
                 ,
                 and
                 Boleslaus
                 Duke
                 
                 of
                 Ploskow
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 Conrade
                 Duke
                 of
                 Masovia
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 Palatinates
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 and
                 Sendomir
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 latter
                 was
                 soon
                 dispossess'd
                 by
              
               
                 
                 HENRY
                 Duke
                 of
                 Breslaw
                 ,
                 surnam'd
                 the
                 Honest
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Piastus
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1290
                 ;
                 who
                 was
                 likewise
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 turn'd
                 out
                 by
                 Locticus
                 ,
                 but
                 soon
                 restor'd
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 in
                 quality
                 of
                 King
                 for
                 the
                 space
                 of
                 five
                 Years
                 ,
                 tho
                 I
                 do
                 not
                 read
                 he
                 was
                 crown'd
                 .
                 He
                 appointed
                 Premislus
                 Duke
                 of
                 Great
                 Poland
                 ,
                 for
                 his
                 Successor
                 ,
                 being
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Piastus
                 likewise
                 .
                 This
                 Premislus
                 also
                 had
                 the
                 Province
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 left
                 him
                 by
                 Miescingus
                 Prince
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 
                 PREMISLUS
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 thirty
                 eighth
                 Year
                 of
                 his
                 Age
                 ,
                 was
                 crown'd
                 King
                 at
                 Gnesna
                 by
                 
                   James
                   Swinka
                
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 that
                 City
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 
                 Year
                 1296
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 an
                 Honour
                 that
                 had
                 not
                 been
                 *
                 done
                 to
                 any
                 Prince
                 of
                 Poland
                 before
                 for
                 above
                 two
                 hundred
                 Years
                 ,
                 since
                 Boleslaus
                 the
                 Bold
                 kill'd
                 Stanislaus
                 at
                 the
                 Altar
                 ;
                 but
                 Premislus
                 did
                 not
                 long
                 enjoy
                 this
                 Title
                 ,
                 for
                 seven
                 Months
                 after
                 his
                 Coronation
                 ,
                 he
                 is
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 
                 †
                 murder'd
                 by
                 some
                 Brandenburg
                 Emissaries
                 ,
                 that
                 Marquess
                 being
                 afraid
                 of
                 this
                 King
                 who
                 was
                 Master
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 which
                 join'd
                 to
                 his
                 Country
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 bury'd
                 among
                 his
                 Predecessors
                 at
                 Posnan
                 .
                 After
                 the
                 Murder
                 of
                 King
                 Premislus
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 ULADISLAUS
                 LOCTICUS
                 ,
                 (
                 so
                 call'd
                 from
                 the
                 word
                 𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
                 Lokiec
                 ,
                 an
                 Ell
                 ,
                 having
                 his
                 Name
                 from
                 his
                 low
                 Stature
                 )
                 Brother
                 of
                 
                 Lescus
                 the
                 Black
                 ,
                 was
                 chosen
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1296
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 only
                 four
                 Years
                 .
                 He
                 went
                 upon
                 an
                 Expedition
                 against
                 the
                 Silesians
                 that
                 were
                 
                 enclin'd
                 to
                 assist
                 the
                 Bohemians
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 who
                 then
                 pretended
                 a
                 Right
                 to
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 These
                 Locticus
                 subdu'd
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 considerably
                 ravag'd
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 return'd
                 home
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 afterwards
                 gave
                 himself
                 up
                 to
                 a
                 lewd
                 and
                 debauch'd
                 Life
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 
                 he
                 neglected
                 the
                 care
                 of
                 all
                 Publick
                 Business
                 ,
                 and
                 minded
                 nothing
                 but
                 his
                 own
                 private
                 Pleasures
                 .
                 These
                 his
                 intolerable
                 Vices
                 brought
                 upon
                 him
                 the
                 Ill-will
                 of
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 after
                 three
                 years
                 Reign
                 they
                 pronounc'd
                 him
                 unworthy
                 of
                 the
                 Scepter
                 ,
                 and
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 elect
                 another
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 Locticus
                 being
                 dethron'd
                 ,
                 
                 they
                 invite
              
               
                 
                 WINCESLAUS
                 King
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 to
                 accept
                 their
                 Crown
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 marry'd
                 to
                 Rixa
                 ,
                 Daughter
                 of
                 King
                 Premislus
                 ,
                 and
                 crown'd
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1300
                 ,
                 but
                 reign'd
                 only
                 to
                 1305.
                 
                 After
                 he
                 came
                 to
                 reign
                 he
                 persecuted
                 Locticus
                 ,
                 who
                 hid
                 himself
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 forc'd
                 at
                 last
                 to
                 quit
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 When
                 Winceslaus
                 thus
                 saw
                 himself
                 secure
                 at
                 home
                 by
                 the
                 flight
                 of
                 Locticus
                 ,
                 and
                 after
                 having
                 put
                 Bohemian
                 Garisons
                 into
                 the
                 several
                 Cities
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 which
                 seem'd
                 very
                 
                 uneasy
                 to
                 that
                 Nation
                 ,
                 he
                 thought
                 it
                 high
                 time
                 to
                 go
                 and
                 settle
                 Affairs
                 in
                 Bohemia
                 .
              
               
                 During
                 this
                 ,
                 
                   Vladislaus
                   Locticus
                
                 having
                 a
                 considerable
                 Party
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 which
                 daily
                 encreas'd
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 discontent
                 against
                 Winceslaus
                 ;
                 and
                 having
                 got
                 together
                 several
                 Troops
                 out
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 he
                 march'd
                 directly
                 
                 
                 towards
                 Poland
                 ,
                 hearing
                 that
                 the
                 Bohemian
                 Government
                 was
                 somewhat
                 burdensom
                 to
                 that
                 Nation
                 .
                 At
                 first
                 Locticus
                 had
                 considerable
                 Advantage
                 over
                 the
                 Bohemians
                 ,
                 but
                 by
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 Winceslaus
                 ,
                 which
                 followed
                 soon
                 after
                 ,
                 he
                 had
                 all
                 the
                 Success
                 he
                 could
                 desire
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Bohemians
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 possession
                 of
                 the
                 Garisons
                 ,
                 finding
                 themselves
                 in
                 a
                 strange
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 moreover
                 hated
                 and
                 ill
                 thought
                 on
                 by
                 the
                 People
                 ,
                 were
                 afraid
                 of
                 an
                 Insurrection
                 against
                 'em
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 made
                 no
                 great
                 difficulty
                 of
                 surrendring
                 to
                 Locticus
                 all
                 those
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 they
                 had
                 possession
                 of
                 ,
                 as
                 
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   Sendomir
                
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 young
                 Winceslaus
                 coming
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 to
                 dispute
                 his
                 Father's
                 Kingdom
                 with
                 Locticus
                 ,
                 was
                 *
                 murder'd
                 in
                 the
                 Expedition
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 thought
                 ,
                 by
                 Orders
                 of
                 the
                 Emperour
                 Albert
                 ;
                 and
                 since
                 his
                 time
                 the
                 Bohemians
                 have
                 ever
                 been
                 govern'd
                 by
                 foreign
                 Princes
                 .
                 Winceslaus
                 King
                 
                 of
                 Poland
                 and
                 Bohemia
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 bury'd
                 at
                 †
                 Prague
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1305.
                 
              
               
                 
                 After
                 the
                 Death
                 both
                 of
                 Winceslaus
                 the
                 Father
                 and
                 Son
                 ,
                 
                   Vladislaus
                   Locticus
                
                 was
                 restor'd
                 ,
                 almost
                 by
                 common
                 Consent
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1305
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1333.
                 
                 And
                 this
                 they
                 did
                 ,
                 either
                 because
                 they
                 thought
                 he
                 had
                 had
                 time
                 to
                 repent
                 and
                 mend
                 his
                 former
                 Life
                 ,
                 or
                 by
                 reason
                 they
                 were
                 afraid
                 of
                 Civil
                 Wars
                 if
                 they
                 should
                 elect
                 any
                 other
                 .
                 𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
                 Notwithstanding
                 
                 the
                 Palatinates
                 of
                 Posnania
                 and
                 Kalisch
                 having
                 a
                 fresh
                 Memory
                 of
                 his
                 past
                 dissolute
                 Life
                 ,
                 would
                 never
                 acknowledg
                 him
                 their
                 King.
                 
                 Also
                 the
                 Governour
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 which
                 then
                 belong'd
                 to
                 Poland
                 ,
                 being
                 brib'd
                 by
                 the
                 Marquess
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 deliver'd
                 up
                 to
                 him
                 all
                 the
                 Cities
                 of
                 that
                 Province
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Dantzic
                 ,
                 except
                 the
                 Castle
                 which
                 the
                 Governour
                 thereof
                 ,
                 one
                 Bogussa
                 ,
                 being
                 truly
                 loyal
                 to
                 his
                 King
                 ,
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 surrender
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 these
                 days
                 the
                 Knights
                 of
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Order
                 were
                 fully
                 settled
                 in
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 being
                 both
                 very
                 Strong
                 and
                 very
                 Rich.
                 They
                 were
                 establish'd
                 there
                 by
                 Agreement
                 with
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 King
                 
                   Vladislaus
                   Lasconogus
                
                 ,
                 for
                 assisting
                 him
                 against
                 the
                 Prussians
                 when
                 he
                 was
                 oppress'd
                 by
                 them
                 .
                 They
                 there
                 built
                 ,
                 some
                 years
                 before
                 ,
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 *
                 Marienburg
                 ,
                 appointed
                 for
                 
                 Residence
                 of
                 their
                 Great
                 Masters
                 .
                 Here
                 Locticus
                 was
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 crave
                 their
                 Aid
                 against
                 the
                 Rebels
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 and
                 Dantzic
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 readily
                 granted
                 ,
                 on
                 condition
                 that
                 half
                 the
                 Garison
                 of
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Dantzic
                 should
                 be
                 of
                 their
                 Troops
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 means
                 they
                 soon
                 became
                 Masters
                 of
                 the
                 whole
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 afterwards
                 not
                 only
                 turn'd
                 the
                 Poles
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 
                 Castle
                 ,
                 but
                 both
                 Brandenburghers
                 and
                 Pomeranians
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Dantzic
                 it self
                 ;
                 and
                 likewise
                 under
                 pretence
                 of
                 assisting
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 conquer'd
                 all
                 Pomerania
                 for
                 themselves
                 ;
                 when
                 being
                 Masters
                 thereof
                 ,
                 they
                 offer'd
                 to
                 buy
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 Locticus
                 for
                 Money
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 refus'd
                 .
                 Then
                 they
                 offer'd
                 the
                 same
                 Summ
                 to
                 the
                 Marquess
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 to
                 renounce
                 his
                 Right
                 to
                 that
                 Province
                 ;
                 which
                 he
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 had
                 no
                 Title
                 to
                 sell
                 ,
                 yet
                 was
                 wise
                 enough
                 to
                 accept
                 their
                 Prosser
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 Poles
                 were
                 very
                 sensible
                 of
                 all
                 these
                 Affronts
                 and
                 Injustices
                 offer'd
                 'em
                 by
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Order
                 ;
                 but
                 before
                 they
                 proceeded
                 to
                 Revenge
                 ,
                 they
                 thought
                 it
                 advisable
                 to
                 *
                 acquaint
                 the
                 Pope
                 therewith
                 ,
                 who
                 liv'd
                 then
                 at
                 Avignon
                 ,
                 who
                 ,
                 after
                 four
                 years
                 Delays
                 and
                 Debates
                 ,
                 order'd
                 the
                 Knights
                 to
                 give
                 due
                 fatisfaction
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 :
                 but
                 they
                 having
                 had
                 four
                 years
                 respit
                 to
                 fortify
                 themselves
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 make
                 strong
                 Alliances
                 with
                 some
                 Neighbouring
                 Princes
                 ;
                 and
                 besides
                 ,
                 having
                 a
                 very
                 considerable
                 Army
                 on
                 foot
                 ,
                 answer'd
                 his
                 Holiness
                 ,
                 That
                 they
                 had
                 often
                 done
                 great
                 Services
                 for
                 Poland
                 ;
                 that
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ow'd
                 them
                 Sums
                 of
                 Money
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 they
                 presum'd
                 that
                 not
                 only
                 the
                 Lands
                 they
                 were
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 in
                 Prussia
                 and
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 were
                 lawfully
                 theirs
                 ;
                 but
                 that
                 also
                 they
                 thought
                 the
                 Poles
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 give
                 'em
                 either
                 more
                 Land
                 or
                 more
                 Money
                 to
                 recompense
                 the
                 several
                 Kindnesses
                 they
                 had
                 done
                 
                 them
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 the
                 Pope
                 excommunicates
                 this
                 Order
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 under
                 command
                 of
                 their
                 King
                 ,
                 march'd
                 directly
                 against
                 '
                 em
                 .
              
               
                 Here
                 Locticus
                 made
                 an
                 eloquent
                 Speech
                 to
                 
                 his
                 Army
                 ,
                 representing
                 
                   the
                   many
                   Affronts
                   and
                   Injustices
                   they
                   had
                   receiv'd
                   from
                   a
                   little
                   Sect
                   of
                   People
                   ,
                   to
                   which
                   his
                   Predecessors
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                
                 Poland
                 
                   had
                   out
                   of
                   meer
                   Goodness
                   given
                   their
                   Protection
                   when
                   banish'd
                   from
                   their
                   own
                   Country
                   by
                   the
                
                 Sarazens
                 .
                 Then
                 he
                 enlarg'd
                 upon
                 the
                 Covetousness
                 and
                 Ambition
                 of
                 this
                 Order
                 ,
                 and
                 concluded
                 by
                 encouraging
                 his
                 Men
                 to
                 fight
                 bravely
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 suffer
                 those
                 to
                 become
                 their
                 Masters
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 at
                 first
                 their
                 Vassals
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 animated
                 by
                 this
                 Speech
                 of
                 their
                 King
                 ,
                 tho
                 much
                 inferior
                 in
                 Number
                 to
                 their
                 Enemies
                 ,
                 yet
                 fought
                 so
                 siercely
                 and
                 bravely
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 entirely
                 routed
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 
                 Order
                 ,
                 and
                 kill'd
                 about
                 twenty
                 thousand
                 of
                 their
                 Men
                 ,
                 tho
                 they
                 themselves
                 have
                 had
                 the
                 presumption
                 to
                 affirm
                 that
                 they
                 did
                 not
                 lose
                 above
                 five
                 or
                 six
                 hundred
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 Among
                 the
                 wounded
                 ,
                 there
                 was
                 one
                 
                   Florianus
                   Szari
                
                 ,
                 Knight
                 of
                 that
                 Order
                 ,
                 who
                 having
                 his
                 Belly
                 open'd
                 with
                 a
                 Scymiter
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Guts
                 dropping
                 out
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 held
                 up
                 with
                 his
                 hands
                 ;
                 the
                 King
                 passing
                 by
                 ,
                 pity'd
                 him
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 Knight
                 said
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 
                   Sir
                   ,
                   A
                   Man
                   in
                   his
                   Village
                   suffers
                   more
                   than
                   I
                   do
                   when
                   he
                   has
                   bad
                   Neighbours
                   .
                
                 The
                 King
                 admiring
                 at
                 this
                 dying
                 man's
                 Thought
                 ,
                 immediately
                 caus'd
                 his
                 Surgeons
                 to
                 take
                 care
                 of
                 him
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 he
                 was
                 well
                 ,
                 gave
                 him
                 Land
                 that
                 had
                 no
                 bad
                 Neighbours
                 about
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 >𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
                 This
                 Vladislaus
                 ,
                 it
                 seems
                 ,
                 not
                 being
                 throughly
                 satisfy'd
                 with
                 Premislus
                 his
                 Right
                 ,
                 to
                 transmit
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 King
                 to
                 his
                 Posterity
                 without
                 leave
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 sent
                 an
                 Embassador
                 to
                 his
                 Holiness
                 to
                 request
                 a
                 liberty
                 for
                 himself
                 
                 and
                 his
                 Queen
                 Hedwigis
                 to
                 be
                 crown'd
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 forthwith
                 granted
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Ceremony
                 perform'd
                 in
                 the
                 Cathedral
                 of
                 Cracow
                 by
                 the
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Bishops
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1320.
                 
                 The
                 King
                 long
                 after
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 bury'd
                 at
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1333.
                 
              
               
               
                 
                 CASIMIR
                 the
                 Great
                 succeeded
                 his
                 Father
                 Locticus
                 ,
                 being
                 elected
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1333
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 reign'd
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1370.
                 
                 He
                 made
                 a
                 Peace
                 with
                 the
                 
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                
                 ,
                 that
                 was
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 advantagious
                 or
                 honourable
                 to
                 the
                 Polish
                 Nation
                 ,
                 the
                 Knights
                 being
                 thereby
                 still
                 to
                 remain
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   Dantzic
                
                 and
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 the
                 Threatnings
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Bulls
                 of
                 Excommunication
                 .
                 This
                 Casimir
                 had
                 no
                 Children
                 :
                 He
                 is
                 the
                 last
                 Male
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Piastus
                 :
                 Wherefore
                 that
                 the
                 Crown
                 might
                 not
                 go
                 altogether
                 out
                 of
                 his
                 Family
                 ,
                 before
                 his
                 Death
                 he
                 *
                 prevail'd
                 with
                 the
                 Poles
                 to
                 elect
                 Charles
                 King
                 of
                 Hungary
                 his
                 own
                 Sister's
                 Son
                 ;
                 but
                 he
                 dying
                 before
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 his
                 Son
                 Lewis
                 was
                 chosen
                 .
                 The
                 Poles
                 had
                 several
                 
                 times
                 conquer'd
                 Russia
                 ,
                 but
                 it
                 was
                 never
                 enjoy'd
                 peaceably
                 till
                 
                 Casimir's
                 time
                 ;
                 who
                 having
                 had
                 better
                 success
                 than
                 any
                 of
                 his
                 Predecessors
                 ,
                 annex'd
                 it
                 as
                 a
                 Province
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 The
                 Province
                 of
                 Masovia
                 was
                 likewise
                 conquer'd
                 by
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 annex'd
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
                 †
                 The
                 Poles
                 had
                 never
                 hitherto
                 any
                 written
                 Laws
                 ,
                 and
                 but
                 very
                 few
                 made
                 
                 till
                 Casimir
                 began
                 to
                 make
                 Institutions
                 ,
                 name
                 Judges
                 ,
                 create
                 Magistrates
                 ,
                 build
                 Forts
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 establish
                 a
                 better
                 Oeconomy
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 than
                 any
                 Prince
                 before
                 him
                 .
                 The
                 Laws
                 and
                 Constitutions
                 of
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Knights
                 seem'd
                 very
                 rational
                 and
                 political
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 having
                 had
                 a
                 sensible
                 Experience
                 of
                 the
                 good
                 Government
                 of
                 this
                 Order
                 for
                 a
                 considerable
                 time
                 :
                 Wherefore
                 he
                 introduc'd
                 their
                 Laws
                 
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 which
                 have
                 continu'd
                 ever
                 since
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 call'd
                 the
                 Magdeburg
                 Laws
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Casimir
                 was
                 a
                 very
                 lewd
                 Prince
                 ,
                 but
                 withal
                 exceeding
                 Liberal
                 and
                 Just
                 :
                 He
                 kept
                 a
                 Jewish
                 Concubine
                 ,
                 at
                 whose
                 request
                 he
                 granted
                 great
                 Privileges
                 to
                 that
                 People
                 :
                 He
                 gain'd
                 so
                 well
                 the
                 good
                 Opinion
                 and
                 Affection
                 of
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 stil'd
                 
                   the
                   Father
                   of
                   the
                   Poor
                
                 ;
                 and
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 *
                 Germans
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 oppress'd
                 by
                 their
                 own
                 Princes
                 ,
                 in
                 his
                 time
                 came
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 ever
                 since
                 inhabited
                 the
                 Foot
                 of
                 the
                 Carpathian
                 Mountains
                 .
                 The
                 Daughter
                 of
                 Boguslaus
                 ,
                 Duke
                 of
                 Pomerania
                 ,
                 was
                 then
                 marry'd
                 to
                 the
                 Emperour
                 Charles
                 IV.
                 Casimir
                 celebrated
                 the
                 Nuptials
                 with
                 great
                 Splendor
                 and
                 Magnisicence
                 at
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 where
                 assisted
                 Lewis
                 King
                 of
                 
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   Sigismund
                
                 King
                 of
                 Denmark
                 ,
                 and
                 Petrua
                 King
                 of
                 Cyprus
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Emperour
                 ,
                 and
                 many
                 Princes
                 of
                 
                   Germany
                   ,
                   Poland
                
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Countries
                 .
              
               
                 Valachia
                 at
                 that
                 time
                 was
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Republick
                 of
                 it self
                 ,
                 having
                 before
                 had
                 Governours
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 call'd
                 Hospodars
                 ;
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 which
                 being
                 dead
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Children
                 aspiring
                 to
                 the
                 same
                 Dignity
                 ,
                 Casimir
                 sent
                 an
                 Army
                 to
                 support
                 
                 'em
                 ,
                 but
                 by
                 an
                 Ambush
                 of
                 the
                 Valachians
                 ,
                 plac'd
                 in
                 a
                 Wood
                 ,
                 was
                 entirely
                 defeated
                 .
                 Casimir
                 dy'd
                 soon
                 after
                 this
                 of
                 a
                 Fall
                 from
                 his
                 
                 Horse
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 bury'd
                 at
                 Cracow
                 .
                 This
                 King
                 reign'd
                 thirty
                 seven
                 Years
                 ,
                 and
                 liv'd
                 sixty
                 .
                 †
                 He
                 was
                 surnam'd
                 the
                 Great
                 (
                 being
                 the
                 only
                 Person
                 that
                 had
                 had
                 that
                 Title
                 among
                 the
                 
                 Polish
                 Princes
                 )
                 not
                 because
                 he
                 had
                 gain'd
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 Victories
                 ,
                 but
                 by
                 reason
                 of
                 the
                 many
                 beautiful
                 Structures
                 and
                 Fortresses
                 he
                 had
                 built
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 of
                 the
                 many
                 beneficial
                 Laws
                 and
                 Constituions
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 made
                 .
              
               
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 being
                 the
                 last
                 King
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Piastus
                 ,
                 had
                 caus'd
                 his
                 own
                 Nephew
                 by
                 his
                 Sister
                 ,
              
               
                 
                 LEWIS
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 elected
                 for
                 his
                 Successor
                 during
                 his
                 Life-time
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 crown'd
                 accordingly
                 in
                 Poland
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1370
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 12
                 Years
                 .
                 The
                 Poles
                 were
                 not
                 extraordinarily
                 well
                 satisfied
                 with
                 him
                 ,
                 being
                 a
                 Foreign
                 Prince
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 
                 oblig'd
                 him
                 before
                 they
                 would
                 crown
                 him
                 ,
                 to
                 take
                 an
                 *
                 Oath
                 ,
                 not
                 only
                 to
                 maintain
                 their
                 former
                 Privileges
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 to
                 enlarge
                 'em
                 ;
                 for
                 hitherto
                 the
                 Successors
                 of
                 Piastus
                 had
                 almost
                 had
                 an
                 absolute
                 Power
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 more
                 than
                 their
                 present
                 Kings
                 have
                 .
              
               
                 
                 After
                 some
                 time
                 Lewis
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 return
                 into
                 Hungary
                 to
                 settle
                 some
                 Affairs
                 there
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 left
                 the
                 Administration
                 of
                 the
                 Government
                 ,
                 during
                 his
                 Absence
                 ,
                 to
                 his
                 Mother
                 Elizabeth
                 .
                 His
                 going
                 away
                 occasion'd
                 great
                 Troubles
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Russians
                 rebell'd
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 made
                 Incursions
                 into
                 the
                 very
                 Heart
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 The
                 Poles
                 also
                 were
                 divided
                 among
                 themselves
                 ;
                 they
                 could
                 not
                 endure
                 to
                 see
                 their
                 Towns
                 in
                 the
                 hands
                 of
                 Hungarian
                 Garisons
                 ;
                 and
                 besides
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 so
                 much
                 displeas'd
                 with
                 their
                 King
                 's
                 leaving
                 'em
                 
                 to
                 the
                 Government
                 of
                 his
                 Mother
                 ,
                 whom
                 they
                 neither
                 lov'd
                 nor
                 esteem'd
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 sent
                 to
                 acquaint
                 him
                 ,
                 
                   that
                   they
                   thought
                   it
                   Honour
                   enough
                   for
                   himself
                   to
                   govern
                
                 Poland
                 .
                 All
                 these
                 Troubles
                 and
                 Distrusts
                 soon
                 oblig'd
                 the
                 King
                 to
                 return
                 into
                 Poland
                 with
                 a
                 strong
                 Army
                 of
                 Hungarians
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 first
                 march'd
                 
                 against
                 the
                 Rebel
                 Russians
                 ,
                 and
                 subdu'd
                 them
                 ;
                 next
                 against
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 and
                 oblig'd
                 them
                 to
                 a
                 Peace
                 :
                 soon
                 after
                 which
                 he
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 
                 buried
                 at
                 Belgrade
                 in
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 56th
                 Year
                 of
                 his
                 Age
                 ,
                 having
                 reigned
                 12
                 Years
                 .
                 He
                 
                 left
                 two
                 Daughters
                 ,
                 but
                 no
                 Sons
                 ,
                 one
                 of
                 which
                 married
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 the
                 Emperor's
                 Son
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 nam'd
                 Hedwigis
                 ,
                 he
                 left
                 to
                 succeed
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 This
                 Prince
                 was
                 very
                 curious
                 to
                 know
                 what
                 Opinion
                 People
                 had
                 of
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 also
                 exact
                 in
                 reforming
                 the
                 Faults
                 they
                 laid
                 to
                 his
                 
                 Charge
                 .
                 For
                 this
                 purpose
                 he
                 was
                 wont
                 to
                 disguise
                 himself
                 ,
                 and
                 enquire
                 among
                 the
                 People
                 
                   how
                   they
                   lik'd
                   their
                   King
                   ,
                   and
                   what
                   they
                   thought
                   amiss
                   in
                   him
                
                 ;
                 and
                 according
                 to
                 their
                 Answers
                 he
                 redress'd
                 the
                 Grievances
                 suggested
                 to
                 him
                 .
              
               
                 
                   My
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 hitherto
                 given
                 you
                 a
                 succinct
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Piastus
                 ;
                 next
                 I
                 shall
                 proceed
                 to
                 present
                 your
                 Lordship
                 likewise
                 with
                 that
                 of
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 being
                 still
                 a
                 Continuation
                 of
                 Piastus
                 his
                 Family
                 in
                 the
                 Line
                 of
                 a
                 Daughter
                 .
              
               
                 
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Family
                   of
                   Jagello
                   .
                
                 
                   When
                   Lewis
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   and
                   Hungary
                   dy'd
                   ,
                   his
                   Daughter
                   Hedwigis
                   being
                   with
                   her
                   Mother
                   the
                   Queen
                   Dowager
                   in
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   the
                   Poles
                   ,
                   tho
                   there
                   were
                   several
                   Princes
                   of
                   the
                   Race
                   of
                   Piastus
                   left
                   in
                   Poland
                   and
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   yet
                   either
                   because
                   they
                   did
                   not
                   think
                   them
                   deserving
                   ,
                   or
                   else
                   by
                   reason
                   that
                   they
                   believ'd
                   'em
                   engag'd
                   in
                   their
                   Enemies
                   Interests
                   ,
                   sent
                   a
                   solemn
                   Embassy
                   for
                   the
                   young
                   Princess
                
                 
                   
                   HEDWIGIS
                   ,
                   who
                   soon
                   came
                   into
                   Poland
                   ,
                   with
                   Cardinal
                   Demetrius
                   ,
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Strigonia
                   ,
                   and
                   several
                   others
                   of
                   the
                   chief
                   Nobility
                   of
                   Hungary
                   .
                   At
                   her
                   arrival
                   the
                   Poles
                   receiv'd
                   her
                   with
                   great
                   Joy
                   ,
                   Splendor
                   and
                   Magnificence
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   
                     Gnesna
                     ,
                     Bozenta
                  
                   ,
                   crown'd
                   her
                   after
                   the
                   usual
                   Ceremonies
                   at
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   Feast
                   of
                   St.
                   Hedwigis
                   (
                   always
                   religiously
                   observ'd
                   in
                   Poland
                   )
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1382
                   ,
                   and
                   she
                   reign'd
                   alone
                   four
                   Years
                   .
                   This
                   young
                   Princess
                   ,
                   being
                   not
                   yet
                   marry'd
                   ,
                   
                   had
                   several
                   noble
                   Suitors
                   ,
                   among
                   which
                   Ziemovitus
                   Duke
                   of
                   Masovia
                   was
                   the
                   first
                   ,
                   whom
                   she
                   refus'd
                   ;
                   the
                   next
                   was
                   William
                   of
                   Austria
                   ,
                   who
                   came
                   in
                   Person
                   to
                   court
                   her
                   :
                   Him
                   she
                   lik'd
                   ,
                   but
                   the
                   Senate
                   of
                   Poland
                   would
                   by
                   no
                   means
                   consent
                   to
                   a
                   Marriage
                   with
                   him
                   ,
                   having
                   always
                   had
                   a
                   Maxim
                   (
                   which
                   they
                   never
                   hitherto
                   broke
                   )
                   that
                   they
                   would
                   by
                   no
                   means
                   admit
                   any
                   of
                   that
                   Family
                   to
                   their
                   Crown
                   ,
                   and
                   this
                   ,
                   fearing
                   so
                   powerful
                   a
                   Neighbour
                   might
                   one
                   time
                   or
                   other
                   find
                   means
                   to
                   make
                   himself
                   Absolute
                   in
                   their
                   Country
                   .
                   But
                   at
                   last
                   Jagello
                   great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   had
                   better
                   Fortune
                   ,
                   
                   for
                   he
                   soon
                   obtain'd
                   her
                   by
                   the
                   great
                   
                   and
                   advantagious
                   Proffers
                   he
                   made
                   the
                   Poles
                   .
                   He
                   first
                   promis'd
                   to
                   embrace
                   the
                   Christian
                   Religion
                   with
                   all
                   his
                   Country
                   ,
                   who
                   were
                   before
                   Fagans
                   :
                   Next
                   to
                   unite
                   Lithuania
                   to
                   Poland
                   ,
                   during
                   his
                   time
                   ,
                   under
                   the
                   same
                   form
                   of
                   Government
                   ;
                   and
                   lastly
                   ,
                   that
                   in
                   case
                   his
                   Male
                   Race
                   fail'd
                   ,
                   it
                   should
                   for
                   ever
                   after
                   be
                   annex'd
                   to
                   that
                   Kingdom
                   .
                   Hereupon
                   Jagello
                   was
                   baptiz'd
                   ,
                   and
                   takes
                   upon
                   him
                   the
                   Name
                   of
                
                 
                   
                   ULADISLAUS
                   V.
                   and
                   after
                   having
                   consummated
                   the
                   Marriage
                   with
                   Hedwigis
                   ,
                   was
                   consecrated
                   by
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   Bozenta
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1386.
                   and
                   reign'd
                   48
                   Years
                   .
                   Not
                   long
                   after
                   his
                   Coronation
                   he
                   went
                   with
                   Priests
                   into
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   
                   and
                   in
                   a
                   twelve
                   Month's
                   time
                   converted
                   all
                   that
                   Nation
                   ;
                   but
                   this
                   not
                   so
                   much
                   by
                   their
                   Preaching
                   and
                   Vigilance
                   ,
                   as
                   by
                   his
                   own
                   exemplary
                   Zeal
                   and
                   Perswasion
                   .
                   *
                   After
                   
                   this
                   he
                   erected
                   the
                   University
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   which
                   Casimir
                   the
                   Great
                   had
                   only
                   begun
                   ,
                   and
                   sent
                   to
                   Prague
                   in
                   Bohemia
                   for
                   learned
                   Men
                   to
                   instruct
                   the
                   Youth
                   in
                   all
                   manner
                   of
                   Sciences
                   ,
                   which
                   had
                   never
                   before
                   been
                   taught
                   in
                   this
                   Country
                   .
                   About
                   this
                   time
                   Queen
                   Hedwigis
                   
                   dy'd
                   ,
                   after
                   having
                   endow'd
                   the
                   University
                   ,
                   to
                   encourage
                   Learning
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   This
                   Prince
                   had
                   long
                   Wars
                   with
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   ,
                   which
                   then
                   very
                   much
                   insulted
                   over
                   the
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   his
                   Kingdom
                   ;
                   whereupon
                   the
                   Poles
                   were
                   not
                   a
                   little
                   enclin'd
                   to
                   be
                   reveng'd
                   on
                   this
                   proud
                   and
                   powerful
                   People
                   .
                   Now
                   Poland
                   not
                   being
                   alone
                   sufficient
                   to
                   withstand
                   
                   'em
                   ,
                   Jagello
                   made
                   up
                   a
                   considerable
                   Army
                   of
                   
                     Poles
                     ,
                     Lithuanians
                     ,
                     Russians
                  
                   and
                   Tartars
                   ,
                   with
                   all
                   which
                   he
                   march'd
                   directly
                   towards
                   them
                   ,
                   who
                   were
                   got
                   ready
                   to
                   receive
                   him
                   with
                   a
                   Body
                   of
                   about
                   140000
                   Men
                   ;
                   yet
                   notwithstanding
                   ,
                   after
                   a
                   long
                   and
                   doubtful
                   Fight
                   ,
                   the
                   Poles
                   happen'd
                   to
                   have
                   the
                   better
                   ,
                   and
                   entirely
                   routed
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Army
                   ,
                   killing
                   their
                   great
                   Master
                   Conrade
                   of
                   Thuningen
                   with
                   about
                   30000
                   Souldiers
                   ,
                   and
                   near
                   15000
                   taken
                   Prisoners
                   .
                   This
                   Victory
                   the
                   Poles
                   pursued
                   so
                   far
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   took
                   most
                   of
                   the
                   Towns
                   in
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   and
                   doubtless
                   had
                   entirely
                   destroy'd
                   that
                   Order
                   had
                   not
                   the
                   Emperor
                   
                     Sigismund
                     '
                  
                   come
                   to
                   their
                   Relief
                   ,
                   who
                   soon
                   forc'd
                   the
                   Poles
                   to
                   make
                   Peace
                   with
                   'em
                   ,
                   and
                   to
                   restore
                   all
                   they
                   had
                   taken
                   from
                   '
                   em
                   .
                   Afterwards
                   Jagello
                   had
                   several
                   other
                   Conflicts
                   with
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   ,
                   in
                   all
                   which
                   he
                   conquer'd
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   He
                   dy'd
                   of
                   a
                   Fever
                   in
                   Russia
                   after
                   having
                   reign'd
                   forty
                   eight
                   Years
                   and
                   some
                   Months
                   ,
                   and
                   lies
                   buried
                   in
                   the
                   Cathedral
                   at
                   Cracow
                   .
                   This
                   King
                   had
                   had
                   four
                   Wives
                   ,
                   all
                   which
                   he
                   
                   caus'd
                   to
                   be
                   crown'd
                   ,
                   and
                   two
                   Sons
                   ,
                   Vladislaus
                   VI.
                   and
                   Casimir
                   IV.
                   Tho
                   his
                   Son
                
                 
                   
                   ULADISLAUS
                   the
                   Sixth
                   was
                   but
                   nine
                   Years
                   old
                   when
                   his
                   Father
                   dy'd
                   ,
                   yet
                   after
                   long
                   Debates
                   and
                   great
                   Opposition
                   in
                   the
                   Diet
                   ,
                   he
                   was
                   elected
                   at
                   Briescia
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1435
                   ,
                   and
                   reign'd
                   ten
                   Years
                   .
                   *
                   He
                   was
                   so
                   young
                   when
                   he
                   was
                   chosen
                   ,
                   that
                   his
                   Coronation
                   Oath
                   was
                   fain
                   to
                   be
                   dispens'd
                   with
                   ,
                   his
                   Mother
                   Sophia
                   and
                   some
                   of
                   the
                   Peers
                   having
                   promis'd
                   
                   he
                   should
                   take
                   it
                   when
                   he
                   came
                   of
                   Age.
                   
                   In
                   the
                   mean
                   time
                   the
                   Senate
                   were
                   Regents
                   during
                   his
                   Minority
                   .
                
                 
                   Some
                   while
                   after
                   the
                   Tartars
                   made
                   great
                   Incursions
                   into
                   Podolia
                   which
                   then
                   belong'd
                   to
                   Poland
                   ,
                   when
                   having
                   kill'd
                   the
                   Polish
                   General
                   Bucarius
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   greatest
                   part
                   of
                   his
                   Army
                   ,
                   they
                   retir'd
                   with
                   great
                   Booty
                   into
                   their
                   own
                   Country
                   .
                
                 
                   After
                   this
                   ,
                   by
                   the
                   Death
                   of
                   the
                   Emperor
                   
                     Albert
                     ,
                     Hungary
                  
                   having
                   no
                   King
                   to
                   defend
                   it
                   against
                   the
                   Turks
                   who
                   threaten'd
                   it
                   on
                   all
                   sides
                   ,
                   sent
                   Embassadors
                   to
                   Vladislaus
                   to
                   entreat
                   him
                   to
                   come
                   and
                   be
                   their
                   King
                   ,
                   which
                   ,
                   after
                   some
                   Deliberation
                   ,
                   he
                   accepted
                   of
                   ;
                   and
                   going
                   into
                   that
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   notwithstanding
                   the
                   Cabals
                   and
                   Party
                   of
                   the
                   Empress
                   Elizabeth
                   ,
                   who
                   was
                   left
                   four
                   Months
                   gone
                   with
                   Child
                   ,
                   he
                   was
                   crown'd
                   King
                   of
                   Hungary
                   at
                   Buda
                   .
                   The
                   Child
                   
                   the
                   Empress
                   went
                   with
                   was
                   afterwards
                   born
                   ,
                   and
                   call'd
                   Ladislaus
                   ;
                   but
                   she
                   dying
                   not
                   long
                   after
                   ,
                   left
                   King
                   Vladislaus
                   in
                   Peace
                   ,
                   at
                   least
                   at
                   home
                   ,
                   till
                   the
                   Turks
                   oblig'd
                   him
                   to
                   take
                   Arms
                   for
                   his
                   Defence
                   abroad
                   ;
                   for
                   Amurath
                   ,
                   Emperor
                   of
                   the
                   Turks
                   ,
                   was
                   not
                   only
                   then
                   on
                   his
                   March
                   to
                   besiege
                   Belgrade
                   in
                   Person
                   ,
                   but
                   also
                   commanded
                   the
                   Hungarians
                   to
                   pay
                   him
                   Tribute
                   .
                   Hereupon
                   Vladislaus
                   was
                   forc'd
                   to
                   declare
                   
                   War
                   against
                   him
                   ,
                   and
                   under
                   the
                   Command
                   of
                   Huniades
                   sent
                   an
                   Army
                   made
                   up
                   of
                   Poles
                   and
                   Hungarians
                   to
                   oppose
                   him
                   ,
                   which
                   coming
                   upon
                   him
                   by
                   Night
                   ,
                   surprized
                   the
                   Turkish
                   Army
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Morava
                   in
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   and
                   made
                   such
                   a
                   slaughter
                   of
                   'em
                   that
                   't
                   is
                   thought
                   the
                   Turks
                   lost
                   above
                   30000
                   Men
                   that
                   day
                   .
                   After
                   this
                   happy
                   Victory
                   Vladislaus
                   
                   banish'd
                   all
                   those
                   Infidels
                   out
                   of
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   and
                   pursu'd
                   'em
                   to
                   the
                   very
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   Macedon
                   in
                   Greece
                   ,
                   where
                   he
                   gain'd
                   a
                   second
                   Battel
                   over
                   Carambeius
                   General
                   of
                   the
                   Troops
                   of
                   Asia
                   ,
                   took
                   him
                   Prisoner
                   ,
                   and
                   drove
                   his
                   Army
                   into
                   Mountains
                   and
                   inaccessible
                   Places
                   .
                   The
                   King
                   was
                   wounded
                   in
                   this
                   Action
                   .
                
                 
                   *
                   Upon
                   this
                   occasion
                   
                     John
                     Palcologus
                  
                   Emperor
                   of
                   Constantinople
                   ,
                   the
                   Pope
                   ,
                   and
                   many
                   other
                   
                   Christian
                   Princes
                   ,
                   sent
                   Embassadors
                   to
                   compliment
                   him
                   .
                   Afterwards
                   Amurath
                   ,
                   under
                   pretence
                   of
                   ransoming
                   Carambeius
                   ,
                   sent
                   Ministers
                   to
                   treat
                   of
                   a
                   Peace
                   ,
                   but
                   Vladislaus
                   would
                   only
                   agree
                   to
                   a
                   Truce
                   for
                   ten
                   Years
                   .
                   After
                   this
                   the
                   Gentry
                   of
                   Poland
                   sent
                   to
                   their
                   King
                   Vladislaus
                   to
                   return
                   among
                   'em
                   ;
                   but
                   he
                   being
                   advis'd
                   by
                   several
                   Christian
                   Princes
                   ,
                   especially
                   the
                   Pope
                   who
                   sent
                   a
                   Nuncio
                   to
                   him
                   on
                   purpose
                   ,
                   to
                   break
                   the
                   Truce
                   and
                   continue
                   the
                   War
                   ,
                   instead
                   of
                   complying
                   with
                   the
                   Poles
                   Request
                   ,
                   march'd
                   immediately
                   with
                   all
                   the
                   Troops
                   he
                   could
                   get
                   together
                   ,
                   into
                   Bulgaria
                   ,
                   and
                   came
                   to
                   Nicopolis
                   Capital
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   ,
                   where
                   †
                   Dromla
                   or
                   Dracula
                   ,
                   Palatin
                   of
                   Moldavia
                   ,
                   meeting
                   him
                   ,
                   he
                   earnestly
                   entreated
                   him
                   to
                   keep
                   his
                   Royal
                   Promise
                   with
                   the
                   Turks
                   ,
                   tho
                   Enemies
                   to
                   the
                   Christian
                   Belief
                   ;
                   but
                   perceiving
                   the
                   King
                   's
                   inflexible
                   Resolution
                   to
                   continue
                   the
                   War
                   ,
                   gave
                   him
                   4000
                   Men
                   under
                   his
                   own
                   Son's
                   Command
                   .
                   In
                   the
                   mean
                   while
                   Amurath
                   ,
                   who
                   after
                   the
                   Truce
                   agreed
                   upon
                   with
                   Vladislaus
                   went
                   to
                   conquer
                   a
                   certain
                   
                   People
                   of
                   Asia
                   ,
                   call'd
                   Caramani
                   ,
                   hearing
                   of
                   this
                   great
                   Army's
                   marching
                   against
                   him
                   ,
                   turn'd
                   his
                   Forces
                   ,
                   consisting
                   ,
                   as
                   Jovius
                   relates
                   ,
                   of
                   about
                   80000
                   Men
                   ,
                   to
                   meet
                   'em
                   ,
                   and
                   near
                   the
                   Town
                   of
                   Varna
                   fought
                   'em
                   ;
                   where
                   by
                   his
                   Camels
                   frighting
                   the
                   Polish
                   and
                   Hungarian
                   Horse
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   the
                   invincible
                   Courage
                   of
                   his
                   Janizaries
                   ,
                   he
                   entirely
                   defeated
                   the
                   Christian
                   Army
                   ,
                   and
                   kill'd
                   King
                   Vladislaus
                   
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1445.
                   
                   Whereupon
                   some
                   body
                   made
                   a
                   Satyrical
                   Epitaph
                   upon
                   this
                   unfortunate
                   King
                   ,
                   as
                   follows
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     *
                     Romulidae
                     Cannas
                     ,
                     ego
                     Varnam
                     Clade
                     notavi
                     :
                  
                   
                     Discite
                     Mortales
                     non
                     temerare
                     fidem
                     .
                  
                   
                     Me
                     nisi
                     Pontifices
                     jussissent
                     rumpere
                     Foedus
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Non
                     ferret
                     Scythicum
                     Pannonis
                     Ora
                     Jugum
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Ever
                   after
                   this
                   ,
                   the
                   Turks
                   always
                   fortified
                   themselves
                   against
                   the
                   Christians
                   ,
                   who
                   they
                   thought
                   could
                   never
                   keep
                   either
                   their
                   Oaths
                   or
                   Word
                   ;
                   and
                   not
                   long
                   after
                   Mahomet
                   the
                   Great
                   took
                   Constantinople
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1453
                   ,
                   wherein
                   
                     Constantin
                     Paleologus
                  
                   ,
                   the
                   last
                   Christian
                   Emperor
                   of
                   the
                   East
                   ,
                   was
                   crowded
                   to
                   death
                   in
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   Gates
                   .
                   King
                   Vladislaus
                   leaving
                   no
                   Children
                   ,
                   his
                   Brother
                
                 
                   
                   CASIMIR
                   ,
                   great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   was
                   elected
                   next
                   ,
                   and
                   crown'd
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1446
                   ,
                   and
                   reign'd
                   forty
                   five
                   Years
                   .
                   He
                   married
                   
                   the
                   Princess
                   Elizabeth
                   ,
                   Daughter
                   to
                   the
                   Emperor
                   Albert
                   II.
                   
                
                 
                 
                   In
                   the
                   beginning
                   of
                   his
                   Reign
                   the
                   Prussians
                   threw
                   off
                   the
                   heavy
                   Yoke
                   of
                   the
                   
                     Teutonic
                     Order
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   put
                   themselves
                   under
                   
                   Casimir's
                   Protection
                   .
                   
                   Hereupon
                   this
                   King
                   went
                   in
                   Person
                   into
                   Prussia
                   to
                   take
                   their
                   Allegiance
                   and
                   Fidelity
                   ,
                   where
                   he
                   likewise
                   granted
                   them
                   many
                   Privileges
                   ;
                   who
                   thereupon
                   oblig'd
                   themselves
                   ,
                   especially
                   at
                   Dantzic
                   ,
                   to
                   maintain
                   the
                   King
                   and
                   his
                   Court
                   for
                   four
                   days
                   ,
                   whenever
                   he
                   should
                   please
                   to
                   come
                   again
                   in
                   Person
                   among
                   '
                   em
                   .
                   In
                   the
                   mean
                   time
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Knights
                   got
                   together
                   a
                   strong
                   Army
                   in
                   Bohemia
                   and
                   Germany
                   ,
                   with
                   which
                   they
                   immediately
                   march'd
                   against
                   Casimir
                   ,
                   and
                   routed
                   him
                   before
                   he
                   could
                   execute
                   his
                   Designs
                   of
                   besieging
                   
                   Marienburg
                   ,
                   and
                   several
                   other
                   Towns
                   which
                   that
                   Order
                   had
                   yet
                   left
                   in
                   
                     Prussia
                     .
                     Casimir
                  
                   ,
                   not
                   a
                   little
                   sensible
                   of
                   this
                   Affront
                   ,
                   to
                   lose
                   a
                   Battel
                   where
                   he
                   himself
                   was
                   like
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   kill'd
                   ,
                   call'd
                   a
                   Diet
                   ,
                   and
                   prevail'd
                   so
                   far
                   upon
                   the
                   Gentry
                   as
                   to
                   grant
                   him
                   half
                   their
                   Yearly
                   Revenues
                   to
                   carry
                   on
                   the
                   War
                   against
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   .
                   By
                   which
                   means
                   after
                   a
                   long
                   and
                   obstinate
                   Dispute
                   ,
                   he
                   at
                   last
                   oblig'd
                   'em
                   to
                   accept
                   of
                   Articles
                   of
                   Peace
                   ,
                   wherein
                   the
                   Pope's
                   Nuncio
                   was
                   Mediator
                   .
                   By
                   this
                   Agreement
                   they
                   were
                   to
                   restore
                   to
                   Poland
                   all
                   
                   Pomerania
                   ,
                   the
                   Territories
                   of
                   Culm
                   and
                   Michalow
                   ,
                   with
                   the
                   Cities
                   of
                   
                     Marienburg
                     ,
                     Stuma
                  
                   and
                   Elbing
                   ;
                   and
                   were
                   to
                   be
                   left
                   in
                   possession
                   of
                   the
                   rest
                   ,
                   only
                   on
                   condition
                   that
                   their
                   Great
                   Master
                   for
                   ever
                   after
                   should
                   be
                   Prince
                   and
                   Senator
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   take
                   Oath
                   of
                   Fidelity
                   to
                   the
                   King.
                   The
                   Moldavians
                   likewise
                   by
                   their
                   Hospodar
                   desire
                   
                   Casimir's
                   Protection
                   against
                   the
                   Turks
                   ,
                   and
                   offer
                   to
                   take
                   an
                   Oath
                   
                   to
                   him
                   as
                   Vassals
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Tributary
                   Nation
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   continu'd
                   for
                   a
                   long
                   while
                   after
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   This
                   King
                   had
                   four
                   Sons
                   ,
                   whereof
                   Vladislaus
                   was
                   first
                   chosen
                   King
                   of
                   Bohemia
                   ,
                   and
                   afterwards
                   of
                   Hungary
                   ;
                   for
                   this
                   last
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   after
                   their
                   King's
                   Death
                   ,
                   had
                   entreated
                   Casimir
                   to
                   send
                   one
                   of
                   his
                   Sons
                   to
                   reign
                   over
                   them
                   .
                   Whereupon
                   Vladislaus
                   ,
                   then
                   King
                   of
                   Bohemia
                   ,
                   march'd
                   speedily
                   into
                   Hungary
                   with
                   a
                   small
                   Body
                   ,
                   to
                   prevent
                   any
                   of
                   his
                   Brothers
                   pretending
                   to
                   that
                   Crown
                   :
                   Nevertheless
                   ,
                   his
                   Brother
                   
                     John
                     Albert
                  
                   went
                   soon
                   after
                   with
                   another
                   Army
                   to
                   oppose
                   him
                   ,
                   and
                   met
                   and
                   fought
                   him
                   ;
                   but
                   Vladislaus
                   having
                   got
                   the
                   better
                   ,
                   was
                   crown'd
                   not
                   long
                   after
                   ;
                   yet
                   he
                   was
                   kind
                   to
                   his
                   Brother
                   ,
                   and
                   gave
                   him
                   some
                   Towns
                   in
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   which
                   then
                   belong'd
                   to
                   Bohemia
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   In
                   the
                   time
                   of
                   this
                   King
                   Casimir
                   ,
                   the
                   Deputies
                   of
                   the
                   Provinces
                   first
                   appear'd
                   at
                   the
                   Diet
                   :
                   For
                   before
                   ,
                   the
                   King
                   and
                   Senators
                   had
                   the
                   supreme
                   Power
                   of
                   making
                   Laws
                   .
                   *
                   Hartknoch
                   says
                   ,
                   that
                   till
                   this
                   King's
                   Reign
                   the
                   Latin
                   Tongue
                   was
                   very
                   rarely
                   spoken
                   in
                   Poland
                   ;
                   for
                   that
                   when
                   the
                   King
                   of
                   Sueden
                   had
                   a
                   certain
                   Interview
                   with
                   Casimir
                   at
                   Dantzic
                   ,
                   neither
                   Casimir
                   nor
                   any
                   of
                   his
                   Court
                   could
                   discourse
                   with
                   him
                   in
                   Latin
                   ,
                   but
                   were
                   fain
                   to
                   be
                   beholden
                   to
                   a
                   Monk
                   to
                   do
                   that
                   Office
                   for
                   them
                   ;
                   which
                   Casimir
                   being
                   much
                   asham'd
                   of
                   ,
                   publickly
                   commanded
                   all
                   his
                   Officers
                   forthwith
                   to
                   set
                   about
                   the
                   Study
                   of
                   that
                   Language
                   ;
                   from
                   which
                   time
                   the
                   Poles
                   have
                   continu'd
                   great
                   Prosicients
                   therein
                   ,
                   nay
                   ,
                   beyond
                   any
                   other
                   Nation
                   whatsoever
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   This
                   Prince
                   dy'd
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1492
                   ,
                   and
                   lies
                   bury'd
                   at
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   having
                   reign'd
                   forty
                   five
                   Years
                   ,
                   and
                   liv'd
                   sixty
                   four
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   JOHN
                   ALBERT
                   succeeded
                   his
                   Father
                   Casimir
                   ,
                   being
                   thought
                   the
                   fittest
                   ,
                   tho
                   I
                   do
                   not
                   read
                   he
                   was
                   the
                   eldest
                   of
                   his
                   Sons
                   .
                   He
                   was
                   crown'd
                   King
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1493
                   ,
                   and
                   reign'd
                   
                   nine
                   Years
                   .
                   This
                   Prince
                   was
                   very
                   ambitions
                   ,
                   but
                   withal
                   unfortunate
                   ;
                   for
                   designing
                   to
                   reduce
                   the
                   Valachians
                   ,
                   who
                   were
                   then
                   Vassals
                   to
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   who
                   ,
                   according
                   to
                   the
                   Condition
                   they
                   saw
                   that
                   Kingdom
                   in
                   ,
                   would
                   refuse
                   or
                   pay
                   Obedience
                   ,
                   and
                   who
                   would
                   sometimes
                   side
                   with
                   the
                   Turks
                   and
                   Tartars
                   to
                   ravage
                   it
                   :
                   *
                   He
                   ,
                   the
                   better
                   to
                   compass
                   his
                   Intentions
                   ,
                   pretended
                   to
                   make
                   War
                   against
                   the
                   Turk
                   ,
                   and
                   for
                   that
                   purpose
                   march'd
                   with
                   his
                   Army
                   through
                   Valachia
                   ,
                   as
                   if
                   he
                   design'd
                   nothing
                   but
                   to
                   make
                   his
                   way
                   into
                   Turky
                   ;
                   but
                   being
                   once
                   got
                   into
                   this
                   Country
                   ,
                   he
                   caus'd
                   his
                   Souldiers
                   to
                   pick
                   a
                   quarrel
                   with
                   the
                   Valachians
                   for
                   not
                   providing
                   them
                   with
                   Forage
                   as
                   they
                   desir'd
                   ;
                   which
                   however
                   was
                   not
                   an
                   easy
                   matter
                   to
                   do
                   for
                   an
                   Army
                   of
                   80000
                   Men
                   which
                   he
                   
                   had
                   with
                   him
                   .
                   Hereupon
                   he
                   besieges
                   Sozisaw
                   ,
                   one
                   of
                   their
                   strongest
                   Towns
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   defended
                   themselves
                   so
                   well
                   ,
                   and
                   Stephen
                   their
                   Hospodar
                   so
                   fatigu'd
                   the
                   Besiegers
                   by
                   taking
                   their
                   Convoys
                   and
                   intercepting
                   their
                   Provisions
                   ,
                   that
                   at
                   last
                   Albert
                   was
                   forc'd
                   to
                   raise
                   the
                   Siege
                   ,
                   and
                   return
                   into
                   his
                   own
                   Country
                   ;
                   when
                   the
                   Hospodar
                   greedily
                   pursuing
                   him
                   ,
                   destroy'd
                   great
                   ●●art
                   of
                   his
                   Army
                   in
                   a
                   
                   Wood
                   ,
                   where
                   he
                   had
                   laid
                   an
                   Ambush
                   .
                   Soon
                   after
                   this
                   the
                   Hospodar
                   ,
                   to
                   be
                   farther
                   reveng'd
                   on
                   the
                   Poles
                   ,
                   call'd
                   to
                   his
                   Assistance
                   the
                   Turks
                   and
                   Tartars
                   ,
                   who
                   all
                   joining
                   together
                   ,
                   enter'd
                   Poland
                   with
                   a
                   prodigious
                   Army
                   ,
                   and
                   carry'd
                   away
                   about
                   100000
                   Captives
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   the
                   greatest
                   Part
                   were
                   Russians
                   .
                   The
                   Moldavians
                   and
                   Valachians
                   quickly
                   return'd
                   home
                   ,
                   but
                   the
                   Turks
                   out
                   of
                   covetousness
                   of
                   Plunder
                   ,
                   stay'd
                   till
                   the
                   great
                   Frosts
                   and
                   Snow
                   surpriz'd
                   'em
                   ,
                   when
                   not
                   being
                   us'd
                   to
                   such
                   excessive
                   Cold
                   as
                   this
                   Country
                   is
                   subject
                   to
                   ,
                   above
                   40000
                   of
                   them
                   were
                   frozen
                   to
                   death
                   .
                   *
                   Some
                   among
                   'em
                   that
                   escap'd
                   were
                   forc'd
                   to
                   cut
                   open
                   their
                   Horses
                   bellies
                   ,
                   and
                   thrust
                   themselves
                   into
                   them
                   to
                   preserve
                   their
                   natural
                   Heat
                   .
                   After
                   this
                   ,
                   
                   
                     John
                     Albert
                  
                   made
                   peace
                   with
                   the
                   Valachians
                   ,
                   and
                   Bajazet
                   Emperour
                   of
                   the
                   Turks
                   .
                   Next
                   he
                   went
                   in
                   Person
                   into
                   Prussia
                   to
                   oblige
                   Frederic
                   Duke
                   of
                   Saxony
                   ,
                   then
                   Great
                   Master
                   of
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   ,
                   to
                   take
                   Oath
                   of
                   Fidelity
                   to
                   him
                   ,
                   which
                   he
                   had
                   for
                   some
                   time
                   refus'd
                   ,
                   but
                   dy'd
                   suddenly
                   at
                   Thorn
                   before
                   he
                   could
                   effect
                   
                   his
                   design
                   .
                   Albert
                   leaving
                   no
                   Children
                   ,
                   the
                   Diet
                   thought
                   fit
                   to
                   elect
                   his
                   Brother
                
                 
                   
                   ALEXANDER
                   ,
                   Great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   the
                   better
                   to
                   renew
                   their
                   Alliance
                   with
                   that
                   Country
                   .
                   This
                   Prince
                   being
                   proclaim'd
                   King
                   ,
                   comes
                   to
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   where
                   by
                   his
                   Brother
                   Frederic
                   ,
                   Cardinal
                   and
                   Archbishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   he
                   was
                   crown'd
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1501
                   ,
                   and
                   reign'd
                   only
                   five
                   Years
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Archbishop
                   †
                   refus'd
                   
                   to
                   do
                   the
                   like
                   Office
                   for
                   his
                   Queen
                   Helena
                   ,
                   because
                   she
                   was
                   of
                   the
                   Greek
                   Church
                   ,
                   being
                   Daughter
                   to
                   John
                   Great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Muscovy
                   ;
                   which
                   Country
                   are
                   all
                   of
                   that
                   Persuasion
                   .
                   Soon
                   after
                   that
                   he
                   was
                   crown'd
                   ,
                   his
                   Father-in-Law
                   ,
                   
                   the
                   Great
                   Duke
                   ,
                   made
                   War
                   upon
                   him
                   ,
                   and
                   besieg'd
                   the
                   City
                   of
                   Smolensko
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   a
                   large
                   Province
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   ;
                   but
                   Alexander
                   coming
                   in
                   time
                   to
                   relieve
                   it
                   ,
                   oblig'd
                   the
                   Muscovite
                   to
                   make
                   Peace
                   for
                   six
                   Years
                   .
                   In
                   his
                   time
                   also
                   the
                   Moldavians
                   and
                   Tartars
                   made
                   Irruptions
                   into
                   Poland
                   ,
                   but
                   were
                   beaten
                   back
                   with
                   great
                   Loss
                   ;
                   insomuch
                   that
                   't
                   is
                   said
                   ,
                   there
                   were
                   kill'd
                   only
                   of
                   the
                   Tartars
                   in
                   that
                   Action
                   near
                   20000.
                   
                   The
                   King
                   was
                   not
                   in
                   Person
                   at
                   this
                   Victory
                   ,
                   he
                   then
                   lying
                   sick
                   at
                   Vilna
                   ,
                   Capital
                   
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   where
                   he
                   dy'd
                   soon
                   after
                   ,
                   and
                   was
                   buried
                   in
                   that
                   City
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   *
                   He
                   was
                   of
                   a
                   middle
                   Stature
                   ,
                   had
                   a
                   long
                   Visage
                   and
                   black
                   Hair
                   ;
                   was
                   very
                   strong
                   built
                   ,
                   but
                   exceeding
                   dull-witted
                   ,
                   and
                   consequently
                   but
                   a
                   little
                   Talker
                   .
                   He
                   exceeded
                   all
                   his
                   Brothers
                   in
                   Generosity
                   ,
                   and
                   was
                   wont
                   to
                   delight
                   much
                   in
                   Musicians
                   and
                   such
                   trifling
                   Artists
                   .
                   Nevertheless
                   ,
                   this
                   his
                   Liberality
                   was
                   generally
                   esteem'd
                   but
                   Prodigality
                   ,
                   insomuch
                   that
                   some
                   were
                   so
                   hold
                   as
                   to
                   say
                   ,
                   
                     That
                     he
                     dy'd
                     in
                     time
                     ,
                     or
                     else
                     both
                  
                   Poland
                   and
                   Lithuania
                   
                     might
                     have
                     been
                     lavish'd
                     away
                  
                   .
                   To
                   prevent
                   the
                   like
                   pernicious
                   Generosity
                   for
                   the
                   future
                   ,
                   †
                   the
                   Diet
                   made
                   a
                   Law
                   ,
                   calling
                   it
                   
                     Statutum
                     Alexandrinum
                  
                   ,
                   by
                   which
                   they
                   revok'd
                   all
                   this
                   King
                   's
                   profuse
                   Gifts
                   .
                   Alexander
                   leaving
                   no
                   Children
                   ,
                   and
                   but
                   two
                   Brothers
                   ,
                   the
                   Archbishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   dying
                   before
                   him
                   ,
                
                 
                 
                   
                   SIGISMUND
                   was
                   preferr'd
                   to
                   Vladislaus
                   ,
                   King
                   of
                   Hungary
                   and
                   Bohemia
                   ,
                   either
                   because
                   the
                   Gentry
                   were
                   more
                   affected
                   to
                   him
                   ,
                   being
                   bred
                   among
                   'em
                   ,
                   or
                   by
                   reason
                   they
                   were
                   afraid
                   of
                   
                   Vladislaus's
                   great
                   Power
                   .
                   He
                   was
                   elected
                   at
                   Petricovia
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1507
                   ,
                   and
                   reign'd
                   forty
                   one
                   Years
                   .
                
                 
                   When
                   Sigismund
                   left
                   his
                   Government
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   to
                   come
                   into
                   Poland
                   ,
                   he
                   substituted
                   one
                   Glinski
                   ,
                   a
                   great
                   ●●avourite
                   of
                   the
                   late
                   King
                   's
                   ,
                   in
                   his
                   room
                   .
                   *
                   This
                   Palatin
                   having
                   great
                   Authority
                   among
                   the
                   Lithuanians
                   ,
                   became
                   so
                   ambitious
                   as
                   to
                   think
                   of
                   making
                   himself
                   Absolute
                   ;
                   which
                   concealing
                   for
                   a
                   good
                   while
                   ,
                   at
                   length
                   he
                   agreed
                   with
                   Basilius
                   Great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Muscovy
                   ,
                   to
                   allow
                   him
                   his
                   share
                   of
                   that
                   Province
                   in
                   case
                   he
                   would
                   afford
                   him
                   his
                   Assistance
                   ;
                   which
                   Proposal
                   the
                   Great
                   Duke
                   being
                   pleas'd
                   with
                   ,
                   readily
                   consented
                   to
                   ,
                   and
                   with
                   all
                   Expedition
                   dispatch'd
                   away
                   an
                   Army
                   to
                   Glinski
                   :
                   but
                   as
                   such
                   great
                   Designs
                   are
                   not
                   
                   to
                   be
                   carried
                   on
                   without
                   great
                   Noise
                   and
                   Suspicions
                   ,
                   Sigismund
                   came
                   soon
                   to
                   hear
                   of
                   this
                   treacherous
                   Enterprize
                   ;
                   whereupon
                   drawing
                   up
                   all
                   his
                   Forces
                   to
                   oppose
                   the
                   intended
                   Invasion
                   ,
                   he
                   meets
                   and
                   defeats
                   their
                   Army
                   ,
                   ravages
                   and
                   destroys
                   their
                   Country
                   ,
                   and
                   at
                   last
                   obliges
                   them
                   to
                   sue
                   for
                   Peace
                   ,
                   which
                   he
                   not
                   without
                   some
                   difficulty
                   granted
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Afterwards
                   the
                   Valachians
                   and
                   Tartars
                   making
                   Incursions
                   into
                   Russia
                   and
                   Poland
                   ,
                   he
                   forces
                   them
                   to
                   return
                   home
                   with
                   great
                   Loss
                   .
                   The
                   Muscovites
                   likewise
                   making
                   War
                   upon
                   him
                   a
                   
                   second
                   time
                   ,
                   and
                   taking
                   the
                   City
                   of
                   Smolensko
                   ,
                   with
                   all
                   the
                   Country
                   about
                   it
                   ,
                   he
                   beat
                   their
                   Armies
                   in
                   several
                   Engagements
                   ,
                   and
                   having
                   kill'd
                   in
                   all
                   above
                   30000
                   of
                   their
                   Men
                   ,
                   retook
                   Smolensko
                   ,
                   and
                   made
                   'em
                   accept
                   of
                   a
                   Peace
                   the
                   second
                   time
                   for
                   five
                   Years
                   .
                   He
                   soon
                   after
                   
                   married
                   
                     Buona
                     Sforza
                  
                   ,
                   Daughter
                   to
                   
                     John
                     Galeatio
                  
                   Duke
                   of
                   Milan
                   .
                   Afterwards
                   he
                   made
                   
                   War
                   with
                   the
                   Knights
                   of
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   ,
                   the
                   reason
                   of
                   which
                   was
                   ,
                   because
                   Albert
                   Marquess
                   of
                   Brandenburgh
                   his
                   Sister's
                   Son
                   ,
                   and
                   then
                   Great
                   Master
                   ,
                   refus'd
                   to
                   take
                   an
                   Oath
                   as
                   it
                   was
                   agreed
                   in
                   the
                   late
                   Wars
                   .
                   Hereupon
                   Sigismund
                   took
                   from
                   him
                   some
                   Towns
                   ,
                   and
                   had
                   great
                   Advantages
                   over
                   him
                   in
                   several
                   Engagements
                   ;
                   but
                   however
                   Albert
                   having
                   considerable
                   Succors
                   sent
                   him
                   from
                   Germany
                   ,
                   prolong'd
                   the
                   War
                   for
                   a
                   good
                   while
                   in
                   Prussia
                   .
                
                 
                   About
                   this
                   time
                   Martin
                   Luther's
                   Doctrine
                   came
                   to
                   be
                   known
                   in
                   these
                   Parts
                   ,
                   and
                   most
                   of
                   the
                   Citizens
                   of
                   *
                   Dantzic
                   embrac'd
                   it
                   ;
                   for
                   which
                   at
                   first
                   the
                   King
                   was
                   very
                   severe
                   with
                   them
                   ,
                   but
                   at
                   length
                   ,
                   fearing
                   that
                   to
                   preserve
                   their
                   Religion
                   they
                   might
                   side
                   with
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   against
                   him
                   ,
                   he
                   granted
                   them
                   Liberty
                   of
                   Conscience
                   .
                   All
                   this
                   while
                   that
                   Order
                   made
                   vigorous
                   Resistance
                   ,
                   and
                   with
                   equal
                   Loss
                   on
                   both
                   sides
                   ,
                   fatigu'd
                   the
                   Polish
                   Army
                   ,
                   till
                   at
                   last
                   it
                   was
                   agreed
                   by
                   both
                   Parties
                   to
                   make
                   the
                   Emperor
                   Charles
                   V.
                   and
                   Lewis
                   King
                   of
                   Hungary
                   Arbitrators
                   ;
                   who
                   determin'd
                   that
                   Sigismund
                   should
                   relinquish
                   to
                   the
                   Marquess
                   of
                   Brandenburg
                   all
                   the
                   Eastern
                   part
                   of
                   
                   Prussia
                   (
                   which
                   is
                   above
                   half
                   of
                   that
                   great
                   Province
                   )
                   and
                   that
                   he
                   and
                   his
                   Heirs
                   should
                   
                   for
                   ever
                   enjoy
                   it
                   (
                   as
                   they
                   have
                   actually
                   done
                   ever
                   since
                   )
                   without
                   any
                   disturbance
                   from
                   Sigismund
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Marquess
                   of
                   Brandenburg
                   ,
                   as
                   Duke
                   of
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   for
                   himself
                   and
                   his
                   Heirs
                   was
                   to
                   take
                   an
                   Oath
                   of
                   Fidelity
                   to
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   to
                   send
                   to
                   their
                   Service
                   every
                   Year
                   in
                   time
                   of
                   War
                   a
                   hundred
                   Horse
                   ready
                   equipt
                   ,
                   which
                   those
                   Kings
                   were
                   to
                   maintain
                   at
                   their
                   own
                   Charges
                   from
                   the
                   time
                   they
                   went
                   out
                   of
                   Prussia
                   .
                
                 
                   At
                   this
                   time
                   the
                   House
                   of
                   Austria
                   was
                   not
                   a
                   little
                   jealous
                   of
                   the
                   exorbitant
                   Power
                   and
                   vast
                   Dominions
                   of
                   the
                   Family
                   of
                   Jagello
                   :
                   for
                   not
                   only
                   Sigismund
                   possess'd
                   Poland
                   ,
                   the
                   great
                   Dutchies
                   of
                   
                     Lithuania
                     ,
                     Smolensko
                  
                   and
                   Severia
                   ,
                   and
                   likewise
                   all
                   the
                   Countries
                   between
                   the
                   Euxine
                   and
                   Baltic
                   Seas
                   ;
                   but
                   also
                   his
                   Nephew
                   Lewis
                   ,
                   Son
                   of
                   Vladislaus
                   ,
                   was
                   King
                   of
                   
                     Hungary
                     ,
                     Bohemia
                  
                   and
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   insomuch
                   that
                   they
                   secretly
                   rais'd
                   several
                   Enemies
                   against
                   them
                   ;
                   whereupon
                   the
                   
                     Muscovites
                     ,
                     Moldavians
                  
                   and
                   Tartars
                   came
                   a
                   third
                   time
                   to
                   molest
                   Poland
                   ,
                   but
                   were
                   forc'd
                   to
                   withdraw
                   after
                   having
                   done
                   some
                   Mischief
                   .
                   About
                   this
                   time
                   Solyman
                   the
                   Great
                   ,
                   Emperor
                   of
                   the
                   Turks
                   ,
                   made
                   War
                   with
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   and
                   gain'd
                   the
                   famous
                   Battel
                   of
                   Mobac
                   ,
                   where
                   King
                   Lewis
                   and
                   the
                   flower
                   of
                   his
                   Army
                   were
                   slain
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   better
                   part
                   of
                   Hungary
                   subjected
                   to
                   the
                   Turk
                   .
                   This
                   King
                   Lewis
                   left
                   only
                   one
                   Daughter
                   ,
                   
                   which
                   was
                   married
                   to
                   Ferdinand
                   of
                   Austria
                   ,
                   whereby
                   that
                   House
                   came
                   into
                   possession
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdoms
                   of
                   Hungary
                   and
                   Bohemia
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   of
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   all
                   which
                   it
                   enjoys
                   to
                   this
                   day
                   .
                   
                   Sigismund
                   dy'd
                   not
                   long
                   after
                   the
                   Council
                   of
                   Trent
                   begun
                   ,
                   being
                   82
                   Years
                   old
                   ,
                   and
                   having
                   reign'd
                   about
                   40
                   with
                   great
                   Success
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     Paulus
                     Jovius
                  
                   says
                   that
                   in
                   this
                   King's
                   time
                   there
                   were
                   three
                   Heroes
                   ,
                   viz.
                   the
                   Emperor
                   Charles
                   V.
                   Francis
                   I.
                   King
                   of
                   France
                   ,
                   and
                   Sigismund
                   I.
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   each
                   of
                   which
                   deserv'd
                   alone
                   to
                   govern
                   the
                   Universe
                   ,
                   had
                   they
                   not
                   happen'd
                   to
                   live
                   at
                   the
                   same
                   time
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   This
                   King
                   was
                   as
                   famous
                   in
                   Peace
                   as
                   War
                   ,
                   being
                   adorn'd
                   with
                   more
                   Vertues
                   than
                   any
                   Prince
                   of
                   Poland
                   before
                   him
                   .
                   Besides
                   which
                   Perfections
                   of
                   his
                   Mind
                   ,
                   he
                   had
                   also
                   great
                   Strength
                   of
                   *
                   Body
                   ;
                   for
                   he
                   is
                   reported
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   accustom'd
                   to
                   snap
                   Horseshoes
                   asunder
                   ,
                   and
                   to
                   have
                   broke
                   the
                   strongest
                   Ropes
                   with
                   his
                   Hands
                   only
                   ,
                   as
                   I
                   am
                   credibly
                   inform'd
                   the
                   Elector
                   of
                   Saxony
                   ,
                   at
                   present
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   has
                   often
                   done
                   .
                   He
                   had
                   two
                   Wives
                   ,
                   Barbara
                   Daughter
                   of
                   
                     Stephen
                     Woievod
                  
                   of
                   Transilvania
                   ,
                   by
                   whom
                   he
                   had
                   one
                   Daughter
                   nam'd
                   Hedwigis
                   ,
                   married
                   to
                   Joachim
                   ,
                   Marquess
                   of
                   Brandenburg
                   ;
                   and
                   another
                   Wife
                   
                     Buona
                     Sforza
                  
                   ,
                   mention'd
                   before
                   ,
                   who
                   brought
                   him
                   four
                   Daughters
                   ,
                   which
                   were
                   Isabel
                   ,
                   married
                   to
                   John
                   King
                   of
                   
                     Hungary
                     ,
                     Sophia
                  
                   to
                   the
                   Duke
                   of
                   Brunswick
                   ,
                   and
                   Ann
                   and
                   Catherine
                   ,
                   both
                   successively
                   to
                   the
                   King
                   of
                   Sweden
                   ;
                   and
                   one
                   Son
                   
                     Sigismund
                     Augustus
                  
                   ,
                   who
                   succeeded
                   his
                   Father
                   in
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   †
                   
                     Martin
                     Bielski
                  
                   ,
                   a
                   Polander
                   ,
                   who
                   writ
                   the
                   Annals
                   of
                   his
                   Country
                   in
                   his
                   Native
                   
                   Language
                   ,
                   mentions
                   ,
                   that
                   in
                   the
                   beginning
                   of
                   this
                   King's
                   Reign
                   ,
                   a
                   certain
                   Gentleman
                   nam'd
                   
                     James
                     Melstinski
                     Starosta
                  
                   of
                   Brezina
                   ,
                   being
                   not
                   a
                   little
                   beside
                   himself
                   ,
                   pretended
                   to
                   be
                   Christ
                   descended
                   again
                   upon
                   the
                   Earth
                   ;
                   and
                   consequently
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   one
                   
                     Peter
                     Zatorski
                  
                   ,
                   a
                   Citizen
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   and
                   eleven
                   others
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   stamp
                   ,
                   set
                   forward
                   through
                   divers
                   Cities
                   and
                   Villages
                   ,
                   canting
                   and
                   imposing
                   upon
                   the
                   common
                   People
                   all
                   along
                   as
                   they
                   went
                   ;
                   sometimes
                   he
                   pretended
                   to
                   raise
                   the
                   Dea●●
                   ,
                   which
                   he
                   seemingly
                   effected
                   by
                   help
                   of
                   〈◊〉
                   Compact
                   with
                   some
                   of
                   his
                   fellow
                   Impostors
                   .
                   Next
                   he
                   work'd
                   several
                   pretended
                   Miracles
                   by
                   Legerdemain
                   ,
                   as
                   by
                   finding
                   things
                   in
                   places
                   where
                   it
                   was
                   almost
                   impossible
                   for
                   them
                   to
                   be
                   ,
                   which
                   nevertheless
                   he
                   had
                   prudently
                   taken
                   care
                   to
                   lay
                   there
                   before
                   ,
                   as
                   Fish
                   in
                   Bogs
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   like
                   .
                   Afterwards
                   he
                   went
                   to
                   the
                   Monastery
                   of
                   Cestochow
                   ,
                   where
                   it
                   seems
                   he
                   was
                   not
                   known
                   .
                   Here
                   he
                   caus'd
                   one
                   of
                   his
                   Followers
                   to
                   pretend
                   to
                   be
                   possess'd
                   with
                   the
                   Devil
                   ,
                   who
                   thereupon
                   being
                   immediately
                   seiz'd
                   on
                   was
                   led
                   by
                   the
                   Monks
                   to
                   the
                   Altar
                   at
                   a
                   time
                   when
                   a
                   great
                   Concourse
                   of
                   People
                   were
                   gathered
                   together
                   to
                   hear
                   Mass
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Impostor
                   having
                   provided
                   himself
                   a
                   large
                   Coat
                   with
                   several
                   deep
                   and
                   winding
                   Plights
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   of
                   divers
                   small
                   Pebbles
                   which
                   he
                   had
                   wrap'd
                   up
                   in
                   his
                   Sa●●
                   ,
                   broke
                   furiously
                   from
                   those
                   that
                   held
                   him
                   ,
                   and
                   immediately
                   leap'd
                   upon
                   the
                   Altar
                   ,
                   where
                   seizing
                   upon
                   all
                   the
                   Offerings
                   ,
                   he
                   soon
                   convey'd
                   them
                   into
                   these
                   obscure
                   Folds
                   of
                   his
                   Coat
                   ,
                   when
                   the
                   Monks
                   going
                   to
                   search
                   him
                   with
                   great
                   Violence
                   ,
                   found
                   only
                   the
                   Stones
                   in
                   his
                   Sash
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   believing
                   
                   to
                   be
                   the
                   Money
                   transmuted
                   by
                   the
                   Power
                   of
                   the
                   Devil
                   ,
                   immediately
                   fell
                   to
                   exorcising
                   the
                   Stones
                   ;
                   but
                   finding
                   the
                   same
                   Species
                   still
                   remain
                   ,
                   they
                   threw
                   down
                   their
                   Books
                   in
                   great
                   Indignation
                   ,
                   and
                   cry'd
                   ,
                   
                     Talem
                     Daemonem
                     nunquam
                     experti
                     sumus
                     ,
                     abite
                     cum
                     eo
                     ad
                     omnes
                     Daemones
                     .
                  
                   By
                   help
                   of
                   the
                   Money
                   they
                   had
                   thus
                   got
                   by
                   this
                   Cheat
                   ,
                   they
                   travell'd
                   all
                   over
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   and
                   at
                   last
                   came
                   to
                   a
                   Gentleman's
                   House
                   where
                   they
                   told
                   his
                   Wife
                   ,
                   that
                   Christ
                   and
                   his
                   Apostles
                   were
                   come
                   to
                   visit
                   her
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   she
                   must
                   make
                   some
                   Offering
                   ,
                   and
                   her
                   Soul
                   should
                   be
                   sav'd
                   ;
                   to
                   which
                   the
                   Woman
                   reply'd
                   ,
                   that
                   her
                   Husband
                   was
                   from
                   home
                   ,
                   and
                   therefore
                   she
                   could
                   not
                   possibly
                   comply
                   with
                   their
                   Requests
                   :
                   whereupon
                   they
                   demanded
                   of
                   her
                   ,
                   if
                   she
                   had
                   any
                   Linen
                   to
                   sacrifice
                   ;
                   she
                   answered
                   ,
                   she
                   had
                   ,
                   and
                   presently
                   fetch'd
                   them
                   down
                   a
                   small
                   parcel
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   receiving
                   from
                   her
                   hands
                   ,
                   told
                   her
                   ,
                   they
                   would
                   keep
                   that
                   for
                   themselves
                   ,
                   and
                   Christ
                   should
                   bless
                   her
                   ,
                   and
                   encrease
                   her
                   Store
                   :
                   whereupon
                   ,
                   enquiring
                   farther
                   if
                   she
                   had
                   any
                   more
                   ,
                   she
                   shew'd
                   them
                   another
                   Parcel
                   ;
                   but
                   they
                   being
                   about
                   to
                   do
                   the
                   like
                   by
                   that
                   as
                   they
                   did
                   by
                   the
                   other
                   ,
                   she
                   told
                   them
                   ,
                   her
                   Husband
                   not
                   being
                   within
                   ,
                   she
                   durst
                   by
                   no
                   means
                   part
                   with
                   it
                   :
                   which
                   Answer
                   displeasing
                   these
                   Impostors
                   ,
                   they
                   privily
                   slid
                   a
                   piece
                   of
                   lighted
                   Coal
                   among
                   the
                   Linen
                   ,
                   which
                   the
                   Woman
                   not
                   knowing
                   any
                   thing
                   of
                   ,
                   took
                   the
                   parcel
                   and
                   lock'd
                   it
                   up
                   in
                   her
                   Chest
                   as
                   before
                   ,
                   but
                   which
                   not
                   long
                   after
                   bursting
                   out
                   into
                   a
                   Flame
                   ,
                   first
                   burnt
                   the
                   Chest
                   ,
                   and
                   then
                   the
                   House
                   .
                   The
                   Husband
                   coming
                   home
                   and
                   finding
                   his
                   House
                   on
                   fire
                   ,
                   enquir'd
                   into
                   the
                   cause
                   of
                   it
                   ;
                   whereupon
                   his
                   
                   Wife
                   answer'd
                   ,
                   that
                   because
                   she
                   had
                   treated
                   Christ
                   disrespectfully
                   who
                   came
                   to
                   visit
                   her
                   ,
                   this
                   Judgment
                   had
                   befallen
                   them
                   .
                   At
                   this
                   the
                   Man
                   flying
                   out
                   into
                   a
                   Passion
                   ,
                   cry'd
                   ,
                   
                     This
                     was
                     an
                     Impostor
                     ,
                     and
                     no
                     Christ
                  
                   ;
                   wherefore
                   calling
                   his
                   Neighbours
                   together
                   ,
                   they
                   pursued
                   them
                   close
                   till
                   they
                   heard
                   of
                   them
                   in
                   a
                   Village
                   hard
                   by
                   ,
                   which
                   the
                   false
                   Saviour
                   being
                   inform'd
                   of
                   ,
                   said
                   to
                   that
                   Apostle
                   of
                   his
                   ,
                   nam'd
                   
                     Peter
                     ,
                     Peter
                     ,
                     now
                     is
                     my
                     Hour
                     come
                     ,
                     and
                     the
                     time
                     wherein
                     I
                     am
                     to
                     drink
                     that
                     bitter
                     Draught
                     approaches
                     ,
                     which
                     I
                     have
                     no
                     other
                     way
                     to
                     avoid
                     but
                     by
                     leaping
                     out
                     at
                     this
                     Window
                     :
                  
                   To
                   which
                   Peter
                   reply'd
                   ,
                   
                     I
                     also
                     will
                     follow
                     my
                     Master's
                     Example
                     ,
                     that
                     I
                     may
                     live
                     .
                  
                   Whereupon
                   they
                   both
                   leap'd
                   out
                   at
                   the
                   Window
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   rest
                   of
                   the
                   Apostles
                   fled
                   also
                   their
                   several
                   ways
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   deluded
                   Countrymen
                   closely
                   pursuing
                   them
                   ,
                   at
                   length
                   overtook
                   them
                   ,
                   and
                   surrounding
                   them
                   ,
                   with
                   Clubs
                   ,
                   Scourges
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   like
                   ,
                   laid
                   them
                   on
                   most
                   unmercifully
                   ,
                   crying
                   all
                   the
                   while
                   ,
                   
                     Prophesy
                     to
                     us
                     ,
                     O
                     Christ
                     ,
                     with
                     thy
                     Disciples
                     ,
                     in
                     what
                     Wood
                     did
                     these
                     Clubs
                     and
                     Scourges
                     grow
                     .
                  
                   By
                   this
                   severe
                   Discipline
                   these
                   Impostors
                   having
                   been
                   totally
                   reform'd
                   ,
                   confess'd
                   that
                   it
                   was
                   no
                   small
                   Task
                   to
                   imitate
                   Christ
                   and
                   his
                   Apostles
                   .
                
                 
                   Before
                   his
                   Death
                   ,
                   Sigismund
                   got
                   the
                   Diet
                   to
                   elect
                   his
                   Son
                
                 
                   
                   SIGISMUND
                   II.
                   surnam'd
                   afterwards
                   Augustus
                   ,
                   who
                   was
                   crown'd
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1548
                   ,
                   and
                   reign'd
                   to
                   1576.
                   
                   *
                   The
                   Diet
                   was
                   very
                   angry
                   
                   
                   with
                   him
                   ,
                   that
                   after
                   his
                   Coronation
                   he
                   married
                   the
                   Lady
                   Radzivil
                   Widow
                   to
                   a
                   Woievod
                   without
                   their
                   Consent
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   against
                   the
                   Constitution
                   of
                   that
                   Kingdom
                   ;
                   but
                   this
                   Queen
                   dying
                   soon
                   after
                   without
                   Children
                   ,
                   they
                   agreed
                   to
                   his
                   Marriage
                   with
                   the
                   Princess
                   Catharine
                   ,
                   another
                   Widow
                   of
                   the
                   House
                   of
                   Austria
                   ,
                   which
                   was
                   before
                   married
                   to
                   Francis
                   Duke
                   of
                   Mantua
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   his
                   time
                   Livonia
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   a
                   great
                   Province
                   that
                   lies
                   between
                   
                     Prussia
                     ,
                     Swedeland
                     ,
                     Muscovy
                  
                   and
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   whereof
                   part
                   belonged
                   to
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   ,
                   and
                   part
                   to
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Riga
                   ,
                   being
                   the
                   whole
                   under
                   Protection
                   of
                   the
                   Empire
                   ,
                   was
                   like
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   over-run
                   by
                   the
                   Great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Muscovy
                   ,
                   who
                   brought
                   thither
                   a
                   powerful
                   Army
                   for
                   that
                   purpose
                   ,
                   and
                   took
                   most
                   of
                   its
                   Towns.
                   Whereupon
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   finding
                   they
                   were
                   not
                   able
                   alone
                   to
                   resist
                   so
                   great
                   a
                   Force
                   ,
                   sent
                   to
                   the
                   Emperor
                   Ferdinand
                   for
                   Relief
                   ,
                   who
                   ,
                   being
                   then
                   busied
                   in
                   other
                   Wars
                   ,
                   answer'd
                   ,
                   he
                   could
                   spare
                   'em
                   none
                   ;
                   but
                   gave
                   'em
                   leave
                   to
                   have
                   recourse
                   to
                   whose
                   Protection
                   they
                   thought
                   fit
                   .
                   Some
                   therefore
                   among
                   them
                   put
                   themselves
                   under
                   Eric
                   King
                   of
                   Sweden
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Riga
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Great
                   Master
                   of
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   ,
                   with
                   all
                   the
                   Nobility
                   and
                   Gentry
                   ,
                   requested
                   the
                   Assistance
                   of
                   Sigismund
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   who
                   would
                   by
                   no
                   means
                   grant
                   it
                   them
                   ,
                   unless
                   they
                   would
                   submit
                   themselves
                   entirely
                   to
                   his
                   Obedience
                   ,
                   and
                   take
                   Oath
                   of
                   Fidelity
                   accordingly
                   ;
                   next
                   that
                   they
                   should
                   give
                   up
                   all
                   their
                   Towns
                   and
                   Country
                   ,
                   and
                   lastly
                   ,
                   annex
                   Livonia
                   for
                   ever
                   to
                   Poland
                   .
                   To
                   these
                   Terms
                   the
                   
                   Livonians
                   were
                   neither
                   ready
                   nor
                   willing
                   to
                   submit
                   ;
                   however
                   ,
                   at
                   length
                   they
                   thought
                   it
                   better
                   to
                   condescend
                   to
                   these
                   Proposals
                   ,
                   than
                   be
                   forc'd
                   to
                   accept
                   of
                   worse
                   from
                   the
                   irresistible
                   Fury
                   of
                   the
                   Muscovites
                   ;
                   and
                   therefore
                   ,
                   
                   having
                   maturely
                   deliberated
                   on
                   the
                   matter
                   ,
                   consented
                   that
                   
                     Gothotred
                     Ketler
                  
                   ,
                   a
                   Gentleman
                   of
                   Westphalia
                   ,
                   then
                   Great
                   Master
                   and
                   General
                   of
                   their
                   Army
                   ,
                   should
                   publickly
                   abdicate
                   his
                   Mastership
                   ,
                   and
                   give
                   up
                   to
                   
                     Nicholas
                     Radzivil
                  
                   Palatin
                   of
                   Vilna
                   ,
                   deputed
                   for
                   that
                   purpose
                   by
                   the
                   King
                   ,
                   the
                   City
                   and
                   Citadel
                   of
                   Riga
                   ,
                   and
                   declare
                   Livonia
                   from
                   thenceforward
                   subject
                   to
                   Poland
                   ,
                   which
                   was
                   accordingly
                   done
                   ;
                   and
                   at
                   the
                   same
                   time
                   ,
                   by
                   Order
                   of
                   the
                   King
                   his
                   Master
                   ,
                   Radzivil
                   proclaim'd
                   
                   
                     Gothotred
                     Ketler
                  
                   *
                   Duke
                   of
                   Curland
                   and
                   Semigallia
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   two
                   Provinces
                   of
                   Livonia
                   ;
                   and
                   next
                   day
                   by
                   further
                   Orders
                   ,
                   declar'd
                   him
                   Vice-roy
                   and
                   Governour
                   of
                   Livonia
                   .
                   These
                   two
                   Provinces
                   of
                   Curland
                   and
                   Semigallia
                   Ketler's
                   Posterity
                   have
                   enjoy'd
                   ever
                   since
                   by
                   Hereditary
                   Succession
                   ,
                   but
                   still
                   as
                   Vassals
                   to
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                   Upon
                   this
                   Agreement
                   the
                   King
                   declares
                   
                   War
                   immediately
                   against
                   the
                   Muscovites
                   ,
                   who
                   were
                   then
                   very
                   strong
                   ,
                   having
                   just
                   before
                   taken
                   from
                   the
                   Tartars
                   the
                   Kingdoms
                   of
                   Astracan
                   and
                   Casan
                   ;
                   nevertheless
                   he
                   defeated
                   their
                   Army
                   upon
                   the
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   and
                   forc'd
                   'em
                   to
                   retire
                   into
                   their
                   own
                   Country
                   ,
                   but
                   they
                   soon
                   return'd
                   a
                   second
                   time
                   ,
                   commanded
                   by
                   their
                   
                     Czar
                     ,
                     John
                     Basilowits
                  
                   ,
                   tho
                   with
                   as
                   little
                   success
                   as
                   before
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   *
                   This
                   Czar
                   is
                   reported
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   a
                   most
                   cruel
                   Tyrant
                   ,
                   it
                   having
                   been
                   his
                   chief
                   Diversion
                   to
                   invent
                   new
                   ways
                   of
                   torturing
                   ,
                   insomuch
                   that
                   't
                   is
                   said
                   ,
                   that
                   to
                   boil
                   and
                   roast
                   both
                   his
                   own
                   Subjects
                   and
                   the
                   Prisoners
                   he
                   took
                   ,
                   was
                   the
                   least
                   Punishments
                   he
                   made
                   'em
                   suffer
                   .
                   It
                   would
                   be
                   both
                   tedious
                   and
                   horrid
                   to
                   hear
                   all
                   the
                   Tortures
                   he
                   us'd
                   towards
                   Men
                   ,
                   Women
                   and
                   Children
                   .
                   He
                   was
                   wont
                   to
                   recompense
                   such
                   as
                   invented
                   new
                   ways
                   of
                   Torture
                   ;
                   but
                   these
                   his
                   inhuman
                   Cruelties
                   did
                   so
                   exasperate
                   his
                   Subjects
                   ,
                   that
                   Sigismund
                   found
                   no
                   great
                   difficulty
                   to
                   force
                   him
                   to
                   a
                   Peace
                   .
                
                 
                   After
                   this
                   Sigismund
                   sent
                   a
                   small
                   Army
                   into
                   Valachia
                   ,
                   to
                   support
                   Bogdan
                   in
                   his
                   Intentions
                   to
                   make
                   himself
                   Prince
                   thereof
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Valachians
                   ,
                   assisted
                   by
                   the
                   Turks
                   ,
                   soon
                   oblig'd
                   the
                   Poles
                   to
                   return
                   home
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   †
                   In
                   this
                   King's
                   Reign
                   the
                   Lutheran
                   Religion
                   got
                   great
                   ground
                   in
                   Poland
                   ,
                   the
                   cause
                   of
                   which
                   was
                   a
                   Quarrel
                   ,
                   upon
                   account
                   of
                   a
                   Whore
                   ,
                   between
                   the
                   Courtiers
                   and
                   Scholars
                   ,
                   which
                   induc'd
                   the
                   latter
                   to
                   retire
                   into
                   Germany
                   ,
                   where
                   they
                   first
                   imbib'd
                   these
                   Principles
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   upon
                   their
                   return
                   they
                   not
                   a
                   little
                   propagated
                   in
                   their
                   own
                   Country
                   .
                   The
                   first
                   Person
                   of
                   note
                   that
                   embrac'd
                   this
                   Religon
                   ,
                   was
                   
                     Johannes
                     a
                     Lasco
                  
                   Palatin
                   of
                   Lanschet
                   ,
                   who
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1540
                   left
                   his
                   Government
                   ,
                   and
                   went
                   into
                   Holland
                   and
                   England
                   ;
                   and
                   at
                   his
                   return
                   ,
                   converted
                   several
                   to
                   that
                   Perswasion
                   .
                   All
                   this
                   while
                   the
                   King
                   gave
                   disturbance
                   
                   to
                   none
                   that
                   abjur'd
                   the
                   Roman
                   Faith
                   ,
                   but
                   rather
                   *
                   favour'd
                   them
                   ,
                   having
                   heard
                   several
                   of
                   their
                   Preachers
                   in
                   his
                   Court
                   ,
                   particularly
                   two
                   ,
                   
                     Johannes
                     Cosminis
                  
                   and
                   
                     Laurencius
                     Prasnitius
                  
                   ,
                   which
                   occasion'd
                   most
                   of
                   the
                   Bishops
                   to
                   be
                   enclin'd
                   to
                   that
                   Belief
                   .
                
                 
                   Here
                   cannot
                   well
                   be
                   omitted
                   a
                   great
                   Escape
                   King
                   Sigismund
                   had
                   at
                   Koningsberg
                   in
                   Ducal
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   whither
                   being
                   invited
                   by
                   Albert
                   Marquess
                   of
                   Brandenburg
                   ,
                   and
                   at
                   his
                   Reception
                   saluted
                   with
                   all
                   the
                   Cannon
                   ,
                   by
                   negligence
                   of
                   a
                   Gunner
                   a
                   Bullet
                   was
                   left
                   in
                   one
                   of
                   them
                   ,
                   which
                   when
                   fir'd
                   came
                   so
                   near
                   the
                   King
                   as
                   to
                   dash
                   out
                   one
                   †
                   
                   Wisnoviec's
                   Brains
                   ,
                   who
                   march'd
                   just
                   behind
                   him
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   In
                   
                   Sigismund's
                   𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
                   time
                   flourish'd
                   the
                   jocular
                   Commonwealth
                   of
                   Babina
                   ,
                   consisting
                   of
                   several
                   merry
                   Gentlemen
                   of
                   Lublin
                   ,
                   who
                   met
                   together
                   at
                   a
                   place
                   call'd
                   Babin
                   to
                   exercise
                   their
                   Wits
                   upon
                   all
                   occasions
                   .
                   This
                   Meeting
                   ,
                   to
                   procure
                   the
                   greater
                   respect
                   for
                   their
                   Proceedings
                   ,
                   they
                   modell'd
                   into
                   the
                   form
                   of
                   the
                   Government
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   electing
                   a
                   King
                   and
                   Senate
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   divers
                   Officers
                   and
                   Magistrates
                   .
                   As
                   whenever
                   any
                   among
                   them
                   talk'd
                   out
                   of
                   his
                   Sphere
                   ,
                   and
                   meddled
                   with
                   matters
                   that
                   did
                   no
                   ways
                   belong
                   to
                   him
                   ,
                   they
                   created
                   him
                   an
                   Arch-bishop
                   or
                   Palatin
                   ;
                   such
                   a
                   one
                   as
                   made
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   Blunders
                   ,
                   and
                   delighted
                   in
                   Contradictions
                   ,
                   they
                   chose
                   for
                   their
                   Speaker
                   or
                   Chancellor
                   ;
                   and
                   whoever
                   boasted
                   too
                   inordinately
                   of
                   his
                   Valour
                   ,
                   they
                   prefer'd
                   to
                   be
                   
                   their
                   General
                   ,
                   passing
                   immediately
                   a
                   Patent
                   for
                   that
                   purpose
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   was
                   to
                   be
                   presented
                   to
                   him
                   with
                   a
                   great
                   deal
                   of
                   Submission
                   by
                   the
                   Bragadochios
                   of
                   a
                   Minor
                   Character
                   ;
                   but
                   if
                   the
                   Person
                   elect
                   refus'd
                   this
                   Command
                   ,
                   they
                   persecuted
                   him
                   with
                   hissing
                   and
                   hooting
                   till
                   he
                   had
                   accepted
                   it
                   .
                   Thus
                   they
                   created
                   several
                   other
                   Senators
                   of
                   different
                   Qualities
                   ,
                   whence
                   it
                   followed
                   that
                   in
                   short
                   time
                   they
                   became
                   judicious
                   Censurers
                   ,
                   wary
                   Talkers
                   ,
                   modest
                   Observers
                   ,
                   humble
                   Performers
                   ,
                   and
                   true
                   Relaters
                   of
                   any
                   Exploit
                   .
                   Whenever
                   they
                   admitted
                   any
                   of
                   their
                   Society
                   ,
                   they
                   first
                   enquir'd
                   into
                   his
                   Abilities
                   ,
                   and
                   requir'd
                   a
                   Specimen
                   of
                   his
                   Parts
                   ,
                   and
                   this
                   to
                   determine
                   the
                   better
                   what
                   Office
                   or
                   Employment
                   he
                   was
                   fittest
                   to
                   execute
                   in
                   their
                   Commonwealth
                   ,
                   they
                   having
                   several
                   others
                   of
                   an
                   inferior
                   Rank
                   besides
                   those
                   we
                   have
                   already
                   mention'd
                   :
                   As
                   if
                   any
                   one
                   introduc'd
                   an
                   impertinent
                   Discourse
                   of
                   his
                   Hounds
                   or
                   his
                   Hawks
                   ,
                   him
                   they
                   immediately
                   made
                   either
                   their
                   Huntsinan
                   or
                   their
                   Faulkoner
                   :
                   Likewise
                   if
                   a
                   Man
                   run
                   out
                   too
                   much
                   upon
                   Religion
                   ,
                   he
                   was
                   constituted
                   their
                   Chaplain
                   ;
                   and
                   where
                   any
                   dealt
                   too
                   much
                   in
                   Matters
                   of
                   Controversy
                   ,
                   he
                   was
                   forthwith
                   ordain'd
                   their
                   Inquisitor
                   :
                   lastly
                   ,
                   where
                   a
                   Man
                   was
                   too
                   exuberant
                   in
                   his
                   Discourse
                   about
                   Horses
                   ,
                   or
                   Houshold
                   Affairs
                   ,
                   him
                   they
                   either
                   promoted
                   to
                   be
                   their
                   Master
                   of
                   the
                   Horse
                   ,
                   or
                   their
                   Majordomo
                   .
                   By
                   these
                   means
                   in
                   a
                   little
                   time
                   they
                   reform'd
                   most
                   of
                   the
                   Abuses
                   and
                   Indecorums
                   crept
                   into
                   the
                   Government
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   prov'd
                   than
                   the
                   force
                   of
                   Satyr
                   is
                   of
                   no
                   less
                   benefit
                   than
                   that
                   of
                   Oratory
                   .
                   At
                   length
                   this
                   pleasant
                   Constitution
                   came
                   to
                   the
                   
                   King's
                   Ear
                   ,
                   who
                   was
                   often
                   delighted
                   with
                   hearing
                   of
                   their
                   Transactions
                   ;
                   and
                   one
                   day
                   enquiring
                   after
                   their
                   dignified
                   Members
                   ,
                   he
                   ask'd
                   ,
                   
                     whether
                     they
                     had
                     any
                     King
                     among
                     them
                     ?
                  
                   to
                   which
                   the
                   Starosta
                   of
                   Babina
                   ,
                   who
                   was
                   most
                   celebrated
                   for
                   his
                   pleasant
                   Countenance
                   and
                   jocular
                   Humour
                   ,
                   reply'd
                   ,
                   
                     Far
                     be
                     it
                     from
                     us
                     ,
                     most
                     Serene
                     Monarch
                     ,
                     that
                     we
                     should
                     make
                     choice
                     of
                     any
                     other
                     King
                     while
                     your
                     Majesty
                     is
                     living
                     .
                  
                   Which
                   Answer
                   so
                   extreamly
                   pleas'd
                   Sigismund
                   that
                   he
                   laugh'd
                   heartily
                   ,
                   and
                   was
                   so
                   far
                   from
                   shewing
                   any
                   signs
                   of
                   Dislike
                   ,
                   that
                   by
                   several
                   Expressions
                   which
                   dropt
                   from
                   him
                   he
                   occasion'd
                   great
                   Mirth
                   in
                   all
                   the
                   Company
                   .
                   Afterwards
                   there
                   arising
                   some
                   grave
                   Disputes
                   in
                   this
                   Society
                   about
                   the
                   Antiquity
                   of
                   the
                   Monarchies
                   of
                   
                     Persia
                     ,
                     Greece
                  
                   and
                   Rome
                   ,
                   a
                   certain
                   merry
                   Fellow
                   started
                   up
                   and
                   cry'd
                   ,
                   
                     What
                     makes
                     you
                     thus
                     boast
                     ,
                     Gentlemen
                     ,
                     of
                     the
                     Antiquity
                     and
                     Extent
                     of
                     these
                     Monarchies
                     ,
                     when
                     ours
                     of
                  
                   Babina
                   
                     is
                     much
                     more
                     antient
                     and
                     of
                     wider
                     Bounds
                     than
                     them
                     all
                     ?
                     What
                     says
                  
                   David
                   ?
                   Omnis
                   Homo
                   Mendax
                   ,
                   
                     all
                     Men
                     are
                     Liars
                     ;
                     wherefore
                     the
                     whole
                     Earth
                     must
                     consequently
                     have
                     been
                     comprehended
                     within
                     the
                     Limits
                     of
                     our
                     Jurisdiction
                     from
                     all
                     Ages
                     .
                  
                   His
                   Opinion
                   was
                   unanimously
                   receiv'd
                   with
                   Applause
                   .
                   This
                   Society
                   further
                   boasts
                   of
                   having
                   always
                   had
                   Privileges
                   and
                   Immunities
                   from
                   Emperors
                   and
                   Kings
                   :
                   but
                   still
                   such
                   as
                   were
                   too
                   severe
                   in
                   their
                   Reflections
                   ,
                   were
                   not
                   to
                   be
                   admitted
                   of
                   this
                   Republick
                   .
                   The
                   place
                   where
                   this
                   Assembly
                   met
                   the
                   Members
                   term'd
                   Gelda
                   ,
                   being
                   the
                   word
                   that
                   the
                   Dantzickers
                   use
                   for
                   a
                   Tavern
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   the
                   Poles
                   apply
                   to
                   a
                   merry
                   Company
                   of
                   witty
                   Fellows
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Sigismund
                   died
                   of
                   a
                   Chronical
                   Distemper
                   at
                   Knyssin
                   in
                   the
                   Consines
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   &c
                   ,
                   and
                   left
                   no
                   Children
                   ,
                   but
                   had
                   two
                   Sisters
                   surviving
                   ,
                   Catherine
                   and
                   Ann
                   ,
                   the
                   former
                   of
                   which
                   was
                   first
                   married
                   to
                   John
                   Duke
                   of
                   Finland
                   ,
                   and
                   then
                   to
                   the
                   King
                   of
                   Sweden
                   ;
                   she
                   was
                   Mother
                   to
                   Sigismund
                   III.
                   who
                   was
                   afterwards
                   King
                   of
                   Sweden
                   and
                   
                     Poland
                     .
                     Ann
                  
                   liv'd
                   a
                   long
                   while
                   a
                   Maid
                   till
                   she
                   was
                   married
                   to
                   
                     Stephen
                     Batori
                  
                   Prince
                   of
                   Transilvania
                   ,
                   and
                   afterwards
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   After
                   this
                   
                   Sigismund's
                   Death
                   the
                   Male
                   Race
                   of
                   the
                   Jagellonic
                   Family
                   was
                   quite
                   extinct
                   .
                
                 
                   I
                   am
                   afraid
                   I
                   have
                   almost
                   tir'd
                   your
                   Lordship's
                   Patience
                   with
                   this
                   prolix
                   Narrative
                   of
                   the
                   second
                   and
                   third
                   Classes
                   of
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   yet
                   I
                   can
                   safely
                   aver
                   that
                   I
                   have
                   been
                   as
                   concise
                   as
                   the
                   Subject
                   Matter
                   would
                   hear
                   ,
                   since
                   I
                   have
                   run
                   through
                   the
                   Course
                   of
                   about
                   800
                   Years
                   ;
                   where
                   your
                   Lordship
                   may
                   observe
                   ,
                   that
                   tho
                   these
                   Princes
                   could
                   never
                   prevail
                   with
                   their
                   Subjects
                   to
                   declare
                   their
                   Kingdom
                   Hereditary
                   ,
                   yet
                   they
                   had
                   sometimes
                   Influence
                   sufficient
                   over
                   them
                   ,
                   to
                   cause
                   them
                   to
                   elect
                   their
                   Children
                   for
                   their
                   Successors
                   while
                   they
                   themselves
                   were
                   yet
                   alive
                   :
                   And
                   likewise
                   sometimes
                   the
                   great
                   Service
                   they
                   had
                   render'd
                   their
                   Country
                   ,
                   oblig'd
                   the
                   Poles
                   in
                   Gratitude
                   to
                   advance
                   their
                   Issue
                   to
                   the
                   Throne
                   after
                   their
                   Deaths
                   :
                   Besides
                   ,
                   the
                   natural
                   Affection
                   which
                   this
                   Country
                   always
                   bore
                   to
                   the
                   Royal
                   Family
                   ,
                   enclin'd
                   them
                   to
                   elect
                   the
                   next
                   Relation
                   to
                   the
                   deceased
                   King.
                   But
                   notwithstanding
                   after
                   Sigismund
                   the
                   Second's
                   Death
                   ,
                   tho
                   there
                   were
                   several
                   of
                   the
                   
                   Family
                   of
                   Piastus
                   and
                   Jagello
                   remaining
                   alive
                   ,
                   both
                   in
                   Poland
                   and
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   yet
                   the
                   Poles
                   ,
                   for
                   fear
                   so
                   long
                   and
                   so
                   uninterrupted
                   a
                   Succession
                   of
                   Princes
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Line
                   might
                   subject
                   them
                   to
                   a
                   Despotic
                   Monarchy
                   ,
                   as
                   they
                   almost
                   were
                   in
                   
                   Sigismund's
                   time
                   ,
                   resolv'd
                   to
                   choose
                   Kings
                   out
                   of
                   other
                   Families
                   ,
                   as
                   they
                   effectually
                   did
                   afterwards
                   out
                   of
                   
                     France
                     ,
                     Transilvania
                  
                   and
                   Sweden
                   ,
                   which
                   it
                   would
                   be
                   too
                   tedious
                   to
                   give
                   your
                   Lordship
                   a
                   Relation
                   of
                   ;
                   and
                   therefore
                   to
                   ease
                   your
                   Impatience
                   ,
                   I
                   will
                   subscribe
                   my self
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     My
                     LORD
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Your
                     Lordship
                     's
                     most
                     Obedient
                     Humble
                     Servant
                     ,
                     
                       B.
                       C.
                    
                     
                  
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 LETTER
                 III.
                 
              
               
                 To
                 his
                 Grace
                 WILLIAM
                 Duke
                 of
                 Devonshire
                 ,
                 Lord
                 Steward
                 of
                 His
                 Majesty's
                 Houshold
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Succession
                   and
                   Remarkable
                   Actions
                   of
                   the
                   fourth
                   Class
                   of
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   consisting
                   of
                   mixt
                   Families
                   ,
                   from
                   the
                   Year
                   1574
                   ,
                   to
                   1674.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   My
                   LORD
                   ;
                
              
               
                 THE
                 great
                 Esteem
                 and
                 true
                 Respect
                 which
                 your
                 eminent
                 Qualities
                 and
                 gallant
                 Behaviour
                 ,
                 both
                 beyond
                 Sea
                 and
                 at
                 home
                 ,
                 command
                 from
                 all
                 those
                 who
                 have
                 heard
                 of
                 your
                 Name
                 ,
                 made
                 me
                 ambitious
                 to
                 give
                 your
                 Grace
                 ,
                 in
                 this
                 Account
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 a
                 Testimony
                 of
                 mine
                 ,
                 and
                 congratulate
                 my self
                 in
                 the
                 Honour
                 of
                 being
                 known
                 to
                 so
                 great
                 a
                 Person
                 .
                 The
                 Subject
                 ,
                 
                   my
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 I
                 thought
                 most
                 sutable
                 to
                 so
                 great
                 a
                 Mind
                 and
                 Genius
                 as
                 yours
                 ,
                 is
                 a
                 Relation
                 of
                 Heroic
                 Actions
                 ,
                 I
                 mean
                 the
                 Lives
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 the
                 Jagellonick
                 Family
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 ,
                 comprehending
                 the
                 space
                 of
                 a
                 hundred
                 Years
                 .
              
               
                 By
                 Sigismund
                 the
                 Second's
                 Death
                 ,
                 the
                 Great
                 and
                 Renown'd
                 Family
                 of
                 Jagello
                 came
                 to
                 be
                 extinct
                 as
                 to
                 Males
                 ;
                 for
                 he
                 left
                 no
                 Children
                 ,
                 and
                 had
                 only
                 two
                 Sisters
                 ,
                 Catherine
                 and
                 
                 Ann.
                 The
                 former
                 was
                 first
                 married
                 to
                 John
                 Duke
                 of
                 Finland
                 ,
                 and
                 next
                 to
                 John
                 III.
                 King
                 of
                 Sueden
                 ,
                 having
                 been
                 Mother
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 III.
                 who
                 was
                 afterwards
                 both
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 and
                 Sueden
                 .
                 The
                 latter
                 Ann
                 liv'd
                 a
                 Maid
                 for
                 a
                 considerable
                 while
                 ,
                 till
                 
                   Stephen
                   Batori
                
                 ,
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transylvania
                 ,
                 being
                 elected
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 marry'd
                 her
                 ,
                 but
                 had
                 no
                 Issue
                 by
                 her
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 ABp
                 of
                 
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   James
                   Vchanski
                
                 ,
                 having
                 notify'd
                 the
                 late
                 King's
                 Death
                 to
                 all
                 the
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 call'd
                 a
                 Diet
                 after
                 the
                 usual
                 manner
                 ,
                 to
                 Elect
                 another
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 several
                 Candidates
                 appearing
                 ,
                 they
                 all
                 had
                 their
                 different
                 Parties
                 and
                 Friends
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 The
                 chief
                 Pretenders
                 were
                 Ernest
                 of
                 Austria
                 the
                 Emperour's
                 Son
                 ,
                 John
                 III.
                 King
                 of
                 Sueden
                 ,
                 the
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 and
                 Henry
                 of
                 Valois
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 Charles
                 IX
                 .
                 of
                 France
                 ,
                 besides
                 several
                 Natives
                 of
                 the
                 Country
                 .
                 After
                 a
                 long
                 deliberation
                 ,
                 they
                 pitch'd
                 upon
              
               
                 
                 HENRY
                 of
                 Valois
                 Duke
                 of
                 Anjou
                 ,
                 and
                 sent
                 *
                 
                   Adam
                   Conarsky
                
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Posnan
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   Albert
                   Laski
                
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Siradia
                 ,
                 in
                 quality
                 of
                 Ambassadors
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 several
                 other
                 Senators
                 ,
                 into
                 France
                 ,
                 to
                 bring
                 him
                 into
                 his
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 after
                 having
                 agreed
                 to
                 the
                 following
                 Articles
                 ;
                 to
                 the
                 performance
                 of
                 which
                 ,
                 both
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 France
                 and
                 his
                 Brother
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 took
                 a
                 solemn
                 Oath
                 .
                 The
                 Articles
                 were
                 as
                 follows
                 :
              
               
                 
                   Imprimis
                   ,
                   That
                   Henry
                   of
                   Valois
                   should
                   transport
                   all
                   his
                   Effects
                   and
                   Annual
                   Revenues
                   in
                   France
                   into
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   2.
                   
                   That
                   the
                   King
                   of
                   France
                   should
                   pay
                   Sigismund
                   the
                   late
                   King's
                   Debts
                   with
                   his
                   own
                   Money
                   .
                
                 
                   3.
                   
                   That
                   the
                   French
                   King
                   should
                   maintain
                   a
                   hundred
                   young
                   Polish
                   Noblemen
                   at
                   his
                   Court
                   ,
                   and
                   fifty
                   in
                   other
                   Places
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     4.
                     
                     And
                     lastly
                  
                   ,
                   That
                   he
                   should
                   build
                   a
                   Fleet
                   in
                   the
                   Baltic
                   Sea
                   ,
                   and
                   help
                   the
                   Poles
                   to
                   carry
                   on
                   the
                   War
                   against
                   the
                   Muscovites
                   .
                
              
               
                 There
                 was
                 another
                 Article
                 the
                 King
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 consent
                 to
                 till
                 he
                 came
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 was
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   5.
                   
                   That
                   he
                   should
                   marry
                   the
                   Princess
                   Ann
                   ,
                   Sister
                   to
                   Sigismund
                   late
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                
              
               
                 King
                 Henry
                 having
                 thus
                 chiefly
                 satisfy'd
                 the
                 Conditions
                 ,
                 he
                 set
                 forth
                 from
                 Paris
                 about
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 October
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1576
                 ,
                 and
                 pass'd
                 through
                 Lorain
                 and
                 Germany
                 ,
                 directly
                 to
                 Posnan
                 in
                 Poland
                 ;
                 whence
                 he
                 soon
                 after
                 
                 went
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 crown'd
                 at
                 Cracow
                 the
                 21st
                 of
                 February
                 1577
                 :
                 but
                 in
                 four
                 Months
                 time
                 after
                 his
                 Coronation
                 ,
                 receiving
                 Letters
                 from
                 France
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 his
                 Brother
                 was
                 *
                 dead
                 without
                 Issue
                 ;
                 and
                 being
                 begg'd
                 to
                 return
                 to
                 enjoy
                 his
                 Right
                 ,
                 he
                 communicated
                 those
                 Letters
                 to
                 the
                 Senate
                 ,
                 acquainting
                 them
                 withal
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 necessary
                 he
                 should
                 return
                 into
                 France
                 to
                 prevent
                 Civil
                 Wars
                 ,
                 and
                 maintain
                 his
                 Title
                 to
                 that
                 Crown
                 .
                 But
                 fearing
                 lest
                 the
                 Poles
                 might
                 have
                 detain'd
                 him
                 ,
                 (
                 as
                 I
                 have
                 often
                 heard
                 them
                 say
                 they
                 would
                 certainly
                 have
                 
                 done
                 )
                 on
                 the
                 18th
                 of
                 March
                 he
                 stole
                 away
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 rid
                 Post
                 through
                 Silesia
                 and
                 Germany
                 into
                 Italy
                 ,
                 and
                 thence
                 to
                 France
                 .
                 The
                 King
                 being
                 miss'd
                 next
                 morning
                 ,
                 they
                 sent
                 several
                 Senators
                 after
                 him
                 ,
                 who
                 overtook
                 him
                 in
                 Silesia
                 ,
                 and
                 begg'd
                 of
                 him
                 to
                 return
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 abandon
                 a
                 Nation
                 so
                 shamefully
                 which
                 had
                 elected
                 him
                 with
                 such
                 Universal
                 Affection
                 ;
                 yet
                 nothing
                 could
                 prevail
                 upon
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 he
                 however
                 promis'd
                 ,
                 that
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 he
                 had
                 settled
                 his
                 Affairs
                 in
                 France
                 ,
                 he
                 would
                 return
                 among
                 them
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 acknowledg'd
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 extreamly
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 the
                 Polish
                 Nation
                 for
                 their
                 Kindness
                 and
                 Good-will
                 towards
                 him
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 the
                 Senate
                 afterwards
                 
                 sent
                 two
                 Embassadors
                 into
                 France
                 to
                 intreat
                 him
                 to
                 return
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 King
                 had
                 several
                 times
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 comply
                 with
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 lov'd
                 that
                 Nation
                 extreamly
                 well
                 ;
                 but
                 his
                 French
                 Subjects
                 still
                 prevail'd
                 upon
                 him
                 to
                 change
                 his
                 Mind
                 ,
                 representing
                 to
                 him
                 the
                 many
                 Dangers
                 he
                 would
                 expose
                 France
                 to
                 by
                 such
                 a
                 Journey
                 .
              
               
                 Thus
                 the
                 Poles
                 having
                 lost
                 all
                 Hopes
                 of
                 having
                 their
                 King
                 again
                 ,
                 the
                 Primate
                 Vchanski
                 calls
                 a
                 Diet
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 the
                 4th
                 of
                 November
                 following
                 ,
                 to
                 proceed
                 to
                 a
                 new
                 Election
                 ,
                 where
                 two
                 Princes
                 were
                 principally
                 propos'd
                 ,
                 which
                 
                 were
                 the
                 Emperour
                 Maximilian
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   Stephen
                   Batori
                
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transylvania
                 ;
                 but
                 they
                 could
                 never
                 unanimously
                 agree
                 which
                 of
                 the
                 two
                 to
                 choose
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 the
                 Diet
                 was
                 dissolv'd
                 .
                 
                 Maximilian's
                 Party
                 sent
                 Embassadors
                 to
                 acquaint
                 him
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 chosen
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 they
                 expected
                 he
                 should
                 speedily
                 come
                 and
                 be
                 crown'd
                 ,
                 while
                 
                 Batori's
                 Faction
                 did
                 the
                 like
                 for
                 
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 invited
                 him
                 to
                 come
                 forthwith
                 into
                 Poland
                 .
                 Hereupon
              
               
                 
                 BATORI
                 made
                 more
                 haste
                 than
                 the
                 Emperour
                 to
                 comply
                 with
                 their
                 Request
                 ;
                 for
                 he
                 immediately
                 left
                 Transylvania
                 ,
                 and
                 passing
                 through
                 Valachia
                 and
                 Russia
                 ,
                 quickly
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 Cracow
                 ;
                 where
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 18th
                 of
                 April
                 1577
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 receiv'd
                 and
                 crown'd
                 by
                 Karnkovius
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Vladislaw
                 ,
                 the
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 being
                 for
                 Maximilian
                 ;
                 who
                 yet
                 afterwards
                 ,
                 rather
                 than
                 he
                 would
                 undergo
                 a
                 Siege
                 in
                 his
                 Castle
                 of
                 Lowitz
                 ,
                 quietly
                 submitted
                 to
                 Batori
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 Emperour
                 was
                 more
                 slow
                 ,
                 resolving
                 to
                 come
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 to
                 dispute
                 his
                 Right
                 ;
                 but
                 his
                 Party
                 growing
                 less
                 and
                 less
                 every
                 day
                 ,
                 at
                 length
                 the
                 Senate
                 sent
                 Embassadors
                 to
                 acquaint
                 him
                 ,
                 that
                 his
                 Slowness
                 and
                 Indifference
                 had
                 superseded
                 his
                 Right
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 it
                 being
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 be
                 given
                 to
                 him
                 that
                 arriv'd
                 first
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 the
                 Emperour
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 then
                 at
                 the
                 Diet
                 at
                 Ratisbon
                 ,
                 order'd
                 the
                 Embassadors
                 to
                 be
                 put
                 in
                 Prison
                 ,
                 and
                 forthwith
                 determin'd
                 to
                 go
                 for
                 Poland
                 himself
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 prevented
                 by
                 a
                 dangerous
                 Sickness
                 ;
                 of
                 which
                 he
                 soon
                 after
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 Octob.
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 Batori
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 true
                 ,
                 was
                 chiefly
                 indebted
                 to
                 his
                 Merit
                 for
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ;
                 yet
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Zborowski
                 was
                 not
                 a
                 little
                 assisting
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 occasion'd
                 by
                 his
                 civil
                 Reception
                 of
                 one
                 Samuel
                 of
                 that
                 Family
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 been
                 banish'd
                 his
                 Country
                 for
                 striking
                 
                   John
                   Teczynski
                   Castellan
                
                 of
                 Wounitz
                 in
                 the
                 King's
                 Court.
                 Whereupon
                 Samuel
                 employ'd
                 all
                 his
                 
                 Interest
                 for
                 Batori
                 ,
                 for
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 the
                 Election
                 he
                 writ
                 to
                 several
                 of
                 his
                 Relations
                 and
                 Friends
                 to
                 Vote
                 for
                 that
                 Prince
                 ;
                 but
                 it
                 being
                 the
                 Temper
                 of
                 the
                 Polanders
                 never
                 to
                 think
                 themselves
                 sufficiently
                 recompens'd
                 after
                 they
                 have
                 done
                 a
                 Service
                 ,
                 Batori
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 sought
                 all
                 he
                 could
                 to
                 oblige
                 that
                 Family
                 ,
                 yet
                 could
                 not
                 keep
                 them
                 from
                 proving
                 his
                 most
                 inveterate
                 Enemies
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 he
                 would
                 not
                 submit
                 to
                 govern
                 according
                 to
                 their
                 Humours
                 :
                 which
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 cost
                 *
                 Samuel
                 his
                 Life
                 by
                 a
                 formal
                 Proceeding
                 in
                 a
                 Court
                 of
                 Justice
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Batori
                 was
                 first
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 find
                 him
                 ,
                 a
                 private
                 Gentleman
                 in
                 Transylvania
                 ;
                 but
                 at
                 length
                 by
                 his
                 Merit
                 and
                 Valour
                 came
                 to
                 have
                 great
                 Authority
                 among
                 the
                 People
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 was
                 once
                 sent
                 Embassadour
                 to
                 the
                 Emperour's
                 Court
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 manag'd
                 Affairs
                 to
                 the
                 satisfaction
                 and
                 advantage
                 of
                 both
                 Parties
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 after
                 Prince
                 
                   John
                   Sigismund
                
                 ,
                 Son
                 to
                 the
                 Sister
                 of
                 Sigismund
                 II.
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 they
                 elected
                 him
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transylvania
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 he
                 was
                 crown'd
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 by
                 Karnkouski
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 made
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 he
                 endeavour'd
                 to
                 appease
                 the
                 Disorders
                 among
                 the
                 great
                 People
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 win
                 the
                 Affections
                 of
                 the
                 Male-contents
                 ,
                 which
                 at
                 last
                 he
                 effected
                 by
                 marrying
                 the
                 Princess
                 Ann
                 ,
                 
                 Daughter
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 I.
                 and
                 Sister
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 II.
                 by
                 whom
                 he
                 had
                 no
                 Children
                 .
              
               
                 
                 †
                 About
                 this
                 time
                 the
                 Emperour
                 fomented
                 a
                 Sedition
                 among
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 of
                 Dantzic
                 ,
                 
                 which
                 induc'd
                 them
                 to
                 refuse
                 to
                 take
                 an
                 Oath
                 of
                 Fidelity
                 to
                 Batori
                 ,
                 and
                 moreover
                 to
                 raise
                 an
                 Army
                 and
                 stand
                 upon
                 their
                 Defence
                 .
                 But
                 the
                 Senate
                 of
                 Poland
                 having
                 declar'd
                 'em
                 Rebels
                 ,
                 their
                 Army
                 was
                 soon
                 defeated
                 ,
                 and
                 Town
                 besieg'd
                 ;
                 and
                 at
                 last
                 they
                 were
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 comply
                 by
                 Mediation
                 of
                 the
                 Electors
                 of
                 Saxony
                 and
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 and
                 Lantgrave
                 of
                 Hesse
                 .
                 The
                 chief
                 Cause
                 of
                 this
                 War
                 was
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Citizens
                 of
                 Dantzic
                 pretended
                 not
                 to
                 be
                 subject
                 to
                 the
                 Republic
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 but
                 only
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 ;
                 yet
                 notwithstanding
                 this
                 Treaty
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 forc'd
                 to
                 submit
                 themselves
                 to
                 both
                 .
              
               
                 
                 *
                 Hitherto
                 there
                 were
                 no
                 Courts
                 of
                 Judicature
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 all
                 Differences
                 being
                 decided
                 by
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 Council
                 .
                 But
                 the
                 Gentry
                 finding
                 this
                 way
                 of
                 Procedure
                 too
                 tedious
                 to
                 the
                 Nation
                 ,
                 and
                 too
                 burdensom
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 obtain'd
                 leave
                 of
                 Batori
                 to
                 erect
                 two
                 Courts
                 of
                 Judicature
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 commonly
                 call
                 Tribunals
                 ;
                 one
                 at
                 Petricovia
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 at
                 Lublin
                 ,
                 where
                 all
                 Civil
                 Causes
                 were
                 to
                 be
                 determin'd
                 absolutely
                 without
                 any
                 Appeal
                 to
                 Court
                 ,
                 unless
                 upon
                 any
                 Matter
                 relating
                 to
                 the
                 State
                 ;
                 in
                 which
                 Case
                 ,
                 the
                 last
                 Decision
                 was
                 to
                 be
                 reserv'd
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 Diet
                 together
                 .
              
               
                 †
                 This
                 King
                 was
                 more
                 severe
                 in
                 his
                 Punishments
                 than
                 the
                 Polish
                 Laws
                 allow'd
                 ,
                 yet
                 he
                 molested
                 none
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 Religion
                 ,
                 always
                 affirming
                 that
                 three
                 Things
                 God
                 had
                 wholly
                 reserv'd
                 to
                 himself
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 ,
                 
                   to
                   make
                   something
                   out
                   of
                   nothing
                   ,
                   to
                   foretel
                   Things
                   to
                   come
                   ,
                   and
                   to
                   govern
                   and
                   direct
                   Consciences
                   .
                
                 
                 This
                 Prince
                 ,
                 like
                 Sigismund
                 I.
                 very
                 much
                 encourag'd
                 speaking
                 Latin
                 in
                 his
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 being
                 reported
                 to
                 have
                 said
                 often
                 to
                 the
                 Gentlemens
                 Sons
                 ,
                 
                   Discite
                   Isatinè
                   ,
                   nam
                   unum
                   ex
                   vobis
                   aliquando
                   faciam
                
                 Mosci
                 Pan
                 ,
                 (
                 a
                 great
                 Lord.
                 )
                 Whereby
                 the
                 Youth
                 being
                 all
                 in
                 Hopes
                 ,
                 practis'd
                 that
                 Language
                 with
                 great
                 Diligence
                 ,
                 which
                 very
                 much
                 contributed
                 towards
                 the
                 Encrease
                 of
                 Arts
                 and
                 Sciences
                 in
                 this
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 When
                 Sigismund
                 I.
                 sent
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Varmia
                 his
                 Embassador
                 to
                 Vienna
                 ,
                 the
                 Emperour
                 was
                 surpriz'd
                 to
                 hear
                 even
                 the
                 Polish
                 Coachmen
                 speak
                 Latin
                 fluently
                 .
                 Also
                 after
                 Sigismund
                 the
                 Second's
                 Death
                 ,
                 when
                 Embassadors
                 were
                 sent
                 to
                 bring
                 Henry
                 of
                 Valois
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 the
                 French
                 wonder'd
                 that
                 not
                 one
                 of
                 all
                 their
                 Train
                 but
                 spoke
                 this
                 Language
                 with
                 great
                 Address
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 King
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 his
                 Reign
                 ,
                 was
                 like
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 over-run
                 by
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 had
                 so
                 great
                 Advantages
                 over
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 took
                 several
                 Towns
                 from
                 them
                 in
                 a
                 Dutchies
                 of
                 
                   Severia
                   ,
                   Smolensko
                
                 and
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 In
                 these
                 Wars
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 were
                 
                 not
                 a
                 little
                 politick
                 ,
                 for
                 they
                 took
                 occasion
                 to
                 invade
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 either
                 when
                 they
                 had
                 Wars
                 abroad
                 ,
                 or
                 Disturbances
                 at
                 home
                 ;
                 but
                 at
                 last
                 King
                 Batori
                 having
                 appeas'd
                 his
                 own
                 intestine
                 Jars
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 Peace
                 with
                 his
                 Neighbours
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 concurrence
                 of
                 a
                 general
                 Diet
                 declar'd
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 ,
                 and
                 pour'd
                 in
                 upon
                 'em
                 with
                 such
                 Vigour
                 and
                 Success
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 three
                 Years
                 time
                 he
                 re-took
                 all
                 his
                 own
                 Towns
                 ,
                 and
                 besides
                 carry'd
                 the
                 War
                 into
                 the
                 very
                 heart
                 of
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 plundering
                 and
                 
                 destroying
                 wherever
                 he
                 came
                 .
                 In
                 this
                 Expedition
                 he
                 got
                 from
                 them
                 above
                 twenty
                 great
                 Cities
                 and
                 Provinces
                 ,
                 such
                 as
                 
                   Polotia
                   ,
                   Sokola
                   ,
                   Sussa
                   ,
                   Krasna
                   ,
                   Vsviata
                   ,
                   Sitna
                   ,
                   Jeseriscia
                   ,
                   Kossiano
                   ,
                   Nescerda
                   ,
                
                 all
                 the
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 
                   Plotia
                   ,
                   Lukis
                   ,
                   Neuela
                   ,
                   Zavolotia
                   ,
                   Ostrovia
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 
                 All
                 this
                 put
                 the
                 poor
                 Muscovites
                 into
                 such
                 a
                 fright
                 that
                 they
                 immediately
                 dispatch'd
                 an
                 *
                 Embassador
                 to
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 to
                 give
                 him
                 hopes
                 ,
                 that
                 if
                 he
                 could
                 prevail
                 upon
                 the
                 Poles
                 to
                 withdraw
                 their
                 Army
                 out
                 of
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 make
                 an
                 honourable
                 Peace
                 with
                 'em
                 ,
                 they
                 would
                 all
                 submit
                 to
                 the
                 Roman
                 Church
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 your
                 Grace
                 may
                 imagine
                 soon
                 put
                 the
                 Holy
                 Father
                 upon
                 a
                 pious
                 Stratagem
                 ;
                 for
                 he
                 sent
                 his
                 Nuncio
                 Possevinus
                 to
                 assure
                 the
                 Czar
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 would
                 employ
                 all
                 his
                 Interest
                 in
                 his
                 behalf
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 having
                 besieg'd
                 Pleskow
                 ,
                 the
                 strongest
                 Town
                 in
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 with
                 ill
                 success
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 having
                 lost
                 above
                 forty
                 thousand
                 Men
                 during
                 the
                 War
                 ,
                 at
                 length
                 ,
                 through
                 the
                 prudent
                 Management
                 of
                 Possevinus
                 ,
                 
                 they
                 agreed
                 to
                 a
                 Suspension
                 of
                 Arms
                 for
                 ten
                 Years
                 ;
                 and
                 farther
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 should
                 restore
                 to
                 Muscovy
                 all
                 the
                 Provinces
                 and
                 Towns
                 he
                 had
                 taken
                 in
                 this
                 War
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 other
                 side
                 ,
                 the
                 Czar
                 should
                 give
                 up
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 all
                 Livonia
                 :
                 yet
                 the
                 Czar
                 made
                 no
                 Alteration
                 in
                 his
                 Greek
                 Religion
                 ,
                 as
                 he
                 had
                 made
                 the
                 Pope
                 believe
                 he
                 design'd
                 to
                 do
                 .
                 Thus
                 ended
                 the
                 War
                 with
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 like
                 to
                 have
                 prov'd
                 so
                 fatal
                 to
                 that
                 Country
                 .
              
               
               
                 *
                 The
                 Tartars
                 durst
                 not
                 make
                 any
                 Incursions
                 into
                 Poland
                 during
                 his
                 Reign
                 ;
                 and
                 their
                 Cham
                 having
                 sent
                 Embassadors
                 thither
                 to
                 demand
                 the
                 Tribute
                 formerly
                 paid
                 them
                 for
                 Transylvania
                 ,
                 he
                 dismiss'd
                 their
                 Embassy
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Indignation
                 ,
                 declaring
                 
                   he
                   would
                   pay
                   Tribute
                   to
                   no
                   Man.
                
                 The
                 Turk
                 likewise
                 shew'd
                 great
                 Deference
                 for
                 this
                 Prince
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 never
                 made
                 any
                 Hostilities
                 in
                 Transylvania
                 while
                 Batori
                 govern'd
                 there
                 ;
                 but
                 his
                 Nephew
                 being
                 elected
                 Prince
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 ,
                 the
                 Port
                 would
                 have
                 augmented
                 their
                 Tribute
                 ;
                 but
                 Batori
                 espousing
                 his
                 Cause
                 by
                 an
                 Embassy
                 to
                 the
                 
                   Grand
                   Seignior
                
                 ,
                 the
                 Port
                 chose
                 rather
                 to
                 be
                 contented
                 with
                 little
                 than
                 to
                 hazard
                 the
                 losing
                 of
                 all
                 by
                 disobliging
                 so
                 powerful
                 a
                 Prince
                 .
              
               
                 All
                 that
                 huge
                 Tract
                 of
                 Land
                 ,
                 above
                 three
                 hundred
                 Miles
                 long
                 from
                 East
                 to
                 West
                 ,
                 and
                 above
                 a
                 hundred
                 broad
                 from
                 South
                 to
                 North
                 ,
                 was
                 for
                 fifty
                 Years
                 before
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 call'd
                 by
                 one
                 general
                 Name
                 Vkraina
                 ,
                 
                 which
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Selavonian
                 Language
                 ,
                 signifies
                 a
                 †
                 Frontier
                 ,
                 serving
                 for
                 Bounds
                 betwixt
                 them
                 ,
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 .
                 This
                 vast
                 and
                 fertil
                 Country
                 is
                 divided
                 into
                 two
                 great
                 Provinces
                 ,
                 Volhynia
                 and
                 Podolia
                 .
                 Of
                 Volhynia
                 ,
                 the
                 capital
                 Town
                 is
                 Kiovia
                 ,
                 built
                 on
                 the
                 Borysthenes
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 formerly
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 say
                 ,
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 largest
                 in
                 Europe
                 .
                 It
                 antiently
                 belong'd
                 to
                 the
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 but
                 now
                 is
                 entirely
                 ruin'd
                 between
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 .
                 The
                 capital
                 Town
                 of
                 Podolia
                 is
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 a
                 fortify'd
                 City
                 built
                 on
                 a
                 Rock
                 .
                 The
                 Inhabitants
                 of
                 Vkraina
                 
                 
                 are
                 commonly
                 call'd
                 𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
                 Cosacks
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 Language
                 signifies
                 Robbers
                 .
                 At
                 first
                 they
                 were
                 Peasants
                 that
                 came
                 from
                 Russia
                 and
                 other
                 neighbouring
                 Countries
                 ,
                 settling
                 in
                 the
                 Islands
                 of
                 the
                 River
                 Boristhenes
                 ,
                 and
                 who
                 afterwards
                 spread
                 all
                 over
                 Vkraina
                 ,
                 and
                 liv'd
                 on
                 Robbery
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 us'd
                 to
                 make
                 Inroads
                 into
                 Tartary
                 and
                 Turky
                 ,
                 plunder
                 Trebisond
                 and
                 Sinope
                 ,
                 and
                 ravage
                 even
                 up
                 to
                 the
                 Gates
                 of
                 Constantinople
                 .
                 They
                 also
                 us'd
                 to
                 pirate
                 on
                 the
                 Black
                 Sea
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 been
                 very
                 useful
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 when
                 they
                 were
                 engag'd
                 in
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Infidels
                 .
                 I
                 can
                 compare
                 'em
                 to
                 no
                 People
                 better
                 than
                 to
                 the
                 Miquelets
                 of
                 Spain
                 ,
                 or
                 Highlanders
                 of
                 Scotland
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 King
                 Stephen
                 ,
                 to
                 make
                 this
                 People
                 more
                 serviceable
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 put
                 'em
                 
                 under
                 a
                 good
                 Discipline
                 ,
                 order'd
                 'em
                 Officers
                 and
                 a
                 General
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 gave
                 'em
                 the
                 Town
                 of
                 Techtimoravia
                 upon
                 the
                 River
                 Boristhenes
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 made
                 a
                 Magazine
                 ,
                 as
                 also
                 the
                 Place
                 of
                 Residence
                 for
                 their
                 Governours
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 a
                 Bulwark
                 against
                 the
                 Irruptions
                 of
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 who
                 frequently
                 infested
                 them
                 .
                 He
                 endow'd
                 'em
                 likewise
                 with
                 many
                 Privileges
                 ;
                 for
                 all
                 which
                 they
                 afterwards
                 did
                 him
                 considerable
                 Services
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 will
                 not
                 here
                 be
                 amiss
                 to
                 give
                 your
                 Grace
                 some
                 farther
                 Account
                 of
                 this
                 People
                 ,
                 who
                 are
                 often
                 much
                 talk'd
                 of
                 ,
                 and
                 yet
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 but
                 very
                 little
                 known
                 .
              
               
                 †
                 
                 
                   Alberto
                   Vimina
                
                 in
                 his
                 Civil
                 Wars
                 of
                 Poland
                 says
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 certain
                 that
                 they
                 have
                 their
                 Name
                 
                 from
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 Word
                 Coza
                 ,
                 which
                 signifies
                 a
                 Goat
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 either
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 wont
                 to
                 be
                 cloth'd
                 with
                 Garments
                 of
                 Goats
                 Hair
                 ,
                 or
                 that
                 they
                 liv'd
                 like
                 Goat-herds
                 in
                 Huts
                 ;
                 or
                 else
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 they
                 skipt
                 about
                 like
                 Goats
                 ,
                 and
                 found
                 no
                 Country
                 of
                 too
                 difficult
                 Access
                 for
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Country
                 they
                 first
                 possess'd
                 was
                 not
                 above
                 eighteen
                 Leagues
                 on
                 either
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Borysthenes
                 ,
                 not
                 far
                 from
                 the
                 Place
                 where
                 Ovid
                 was
                 sent
                 into
                 Banishment
                 ,
                 and
                 where
                 they
                 affirm
                 is
                 a
                 Castle
                 still
                 that
                 goes
                 by
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 Ovidoua
                 ,
                 where
                 Ovid
                 may
                 be
                 suppos'd
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 buried
                 :
                 This
                 Vimina
                 says
                 he
                 does
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 discredit
                 ,
                 the
                 Country
                 agreeing
                 with
                 a
                 Passage
                 of
                 Ovid
                 in
                 his
                 Elegies
                 writ
                 to
                 Rufinus
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Non
                   Ager
                   hic
                   Pomum
                   ,
                   non
                   dulces
                   educat
                   uvas
                   ;
                
                 
                   Non
                   salices
                   Ripa
                   :
                   robora
                   monte
                   virent
                   :
                
                 
                   Neve
                   fretum
                   laudes
                   terra
                   magis
                   ,
                   aequora
                   semper
                
                 
                   Ventorum
                   rabie
                   ,
                   solibus
                   orba
                   tument
                   .
                
              
               
                 And
                 the
                 Fierceness
                 of
                 the
                 People
                 describ'd
                 by
                 Ovid
                 in
                 another
                 place
                 ,
                 encreases
                 his
                 Opinion
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Maxima
                   pars
                   hominum
                   ,
                   nec
                   te
                   pulchorrima
                   curat
                
                 
                   Roma
                   ,
                   nec
                   Ausonii
                   Militis
                   Arma
                   timet
                   .
                
              
               
                 Notwithstanding
                 all
                 this
                 ,
                 we
                 must
                 not
                 pretend
                 to
                 derive
                 this
                 Modern
                 People
                 from
                 Antiquity
                 ,
                 for
                 it
                 is
                 certain
                 they
                 were
                 at
                 first
                 a
                 Body
                 of
                 Vagabonds
                 that
                 fled
                 from
                 Justice
                 into
                 this
                 Country
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 liv'd
                 only
                 upon
                 fishing
                 and
                 hunting
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 last
                 ,
                 as
                 now
                 ,
                 upon
                 Piracy
                 and
                 Robbery
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 *
                 The
                 present
                 Extent
                 of
                 their
                 Country
                 is
                 much
                 larger
                 than
                 formerly
                 ,
                 for
                 now
                 it
                 reaches
                 100
                 Leagues
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 and
                 above
                 40
                 in
                 breadth
                 .
                 They
                 report
                 the
                 Grass
                 here
                 generally
                 grows
                 so
                 high
                 ,
                 that
                 a
                 Man
                 on
                 Horse-back
                 is
                 easily
                 hid
                 under
                 it
                 .
                 This
                 Country
                 abounds
                 so
                 with
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Grain
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 know
                 not
                 what
                 to
                 do
                 with
                 it
                 ,
                 their
                 Rivers
                 being
                 shallow
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 not
                 capable
                 to
                 transport
                 it
                 to
                 other
                 places
                 .
                 They
                 have
                 also
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Beasts
                 ,
                 Fish
                 and
                 Fowl
                 ,
                 with
                 most
                 other
                 Necessaries
                 ,
                 except
                 Wine
                 and
                 Salt
                 ,
                 whereof
                 the
                 first
                 comes
                 from
                 
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   Transilvania
                   ,
                   Valachia
                
                 and
                 Moldavia
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 second
                 is
                 fetch'd
                 from
                 the
                 Mines
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 
                 †
                 The
                 Houses
                 of
                 this
                 Country
                 are
                 generally
                 of
                 Wood
                 ,
                 built
                 in
                 like
                 manner
                 as
                 in
                 Muscovy
                 and
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 rarely
                 above
                 one
                 Story
                 high
                 .
                 The
                 Walls
                 of
                 their
                 Towns
                 are
                 most
                 commonly
                 made
                 of
                 Earth
                 kept
                 up
                 with
                 Stakes
                 and
                 Planks
                 ,
                 such
                 being
                 most
                 proper
                 to
                 resist
                 the
                 force
                 of
                 Cannon
                 .
              
               
                 
                 𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
                 The
                 Inhabitants
                 of
                 Vkraina
                 are
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 robust
                 and
                 strong
                 ,
                 generous
                 ,
                 and
                 great
                 Despisers
                 of
                 Covetousness
                 ,
                 inconceivable
                 Lovers
                 of
                 Liberty
                 ,
                 and
                 impatient
                 under
                 the
                 mildest
                 Slavery
                 :
                 They
                 are
                 likewise
                 indefatigable
                 ,
                 bold
                 and
                 brave
                 ,
                 but
                 withal
                 excessive
                 Drunkards
                 ,
                 treacherous
                 Friends
                 ,
                 and
                 perfidious
                 Enemies
                 :
                 Their
                 common
                 Employments
                 are
                 Hunting
                 and
                 Fishing
                 ,
                 and
                 they
                 are
                 indifferently
                 skill'd
                 in
                 all
                 the
                 necessary
                 Arts
                 of
                 
                 Peace
                 and
                 War
                 ;
                 but
                 what
                 they
                 excel
                 most
                 in
                 is
                 ,
                 the
                 preparing
                 Saltpetre
                 ,
                 with
                 which
                 they
                 furnish
                 several
                 parts
                 of
                 Europe
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 moreover
                 excellent
                 in
                 making
                 Gunpowder
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Peasants
                 of
                 this
                 and
                 the
                 Neighbouring
                 Countries
                 are
                 very
                 Slaves
                 ,
                 being
                 forc'd
                 to
                 work
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 days
                 in
                 a
                 Week
                 for
                 their
                 Lords
                 gratis
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 pay
                 besides
                 several
                 rigorous
                 Duties
                 ;
                 but
                 still
                 this
                 is
                 nothing
                 ,
                 for
                 their
                 Lords
                 Power
                 extends
                 not
                 only
                 over
                 their
                 Goods
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 their
                 Lives
                 ;
                 wherefore
                 it
                 cannot
                 be
                 wonder'd
                 at
                 if
                 these
                 miserable
                 Wretches
                 have
                 often
                 rebell'd
                 ,
                 and
                 defended
                 their
                 Liberty
                 with
                 great
                 Obstinacy
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Their
                 Religion
                 is
                 generally
                 the
                 Greek
                 Perswasion
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 receiv'd
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 942
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 Reign
                 of
                 Vlodomir
                 Prince
                 of
                 Russia
                 ;
                 yet
                 the
                 greatest
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Gentry
                 profess
                 either
                 the
                 Roman
                 or
                 Reform'd
                 Religion
                 .
                 These
                 Greek
                 Principles
                 extend
                 all
                 over
                 
                   Muscovy
                   ,
                   Moldavia
                   ,
                   Valachia
                   ,
                   Turky
                
                 and
                 Persia
                 .
                 The
                 Cosack
                 Priests
                 are
                 call'd
                 Pops
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 their
                 Language
                 signifies
                 Guides
                 .
              
               
                 Their
                 Fasts
                 are
                 very
                 frequent
                 and
                 rigid
                 ,
                 for
                 then
                 they
                 not
                 only
                 abstain
                 from
                 Flesh
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 from
                 Butter
                 ,
                 Milk
                 ,
                 Cheese
                 ,
                 Eggs
                 ,
                 &c.
                 feeding
                 only
                 on
                 Herbs
                 ,
                 Pulse
                 ,
                 Roots
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 like
                 .
                 There
                 are
                 some
                 among
                 them
                 so
                 excessive
                 devout
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 will
                 never
                 eat
                 Bread
                 ,
                 nor
                 drink
                 Water
                 but
                 on
                 Saturdays
                 and
                 Sundays
                 .
                 The
                 Women
                 court
                 the
                 Men
                 in
                 this
                 Country
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 so
                 common
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 thought
                 immodest
                 ,
                 for
                 they
                 speak
                 only
                 to
                 the
                 Person
                 's
                 Relations
                 whom
                 they
                 design
                 to
                 make
                 their
                 Husband
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 This
                 Country
                 is
                 so
                 very
                 much
                 incommoded
                 by
                 Flies
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 Summer
                 the
                 Inhabtaints
                 are
                 forc'd
                 to
                 fortify
                 themselves
                 several
                 ways
                 against
                 them
                 ;
                 but
                 it
                 abounds
                 much
                 more
                 with
                 Grashoppers
                 ,
                 who
                 in
                 a
                 dry
                 Season
                 come
                 in
                 Clouds
                 of
                 five
                 or
                 six
                 Leagues
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 four
                 in
                 breadth
                 ,
                 and
                 darken
                 the
                 Sky
                 even
                 at
                 Noon-day
                 :
                 Where-ever
                 they
                 settle
                 they
                 make
                 a
                 clean
                 Harvest
                 in
                 less
                 than
                 two
                 hours
                 :
                 They
                 live
                 but
                 sixth
                 Months
                 .
                 Where
                 they
                 reside
                 in
                 Aumun
                 they
                 lay
                 their
                 Eggs
                 ,
                 each
                 having
                 about
                 three
                 hundred
                 ;
                 these
                 they
                 hatch
                 in
                 the
                 Spring
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 but
                 very
                 few
                 prove
                 addle
                 :
                 Great
                 Rains
                 ,
                 or
                 a
                 violent
                 North-East
                 Wind
                 can
                 only
                 remove
                 them
                 .
                 Before
                 the
                 young
                 ones
                 are
                 strong
                 enough
                 to
                 fly
                 ,
                 they
                 creep
                 into
                 the
                 Houses
                 ,
                 hop
                 upon
                 the
                 Beds
                 ,
                 Tables
                 ,
                 Victuals
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 like
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 scarce
                 a
                 bit
                 can
                 be
                 swallowed
                 without
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 of
                 them
                 along
                 with
                 it
                 :
                 At
                 Night
                 they
                 lie
                 in
                 the
                 Roads
                 and
                 Fields
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 most
                 commonly
                 cover'd
                 with
                 them
                 above
                 a
                 Foot
                 thick
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 a
                 Couch
                 or
                 Wagon
                 passes
                 over
                 them
                 ,
                 it
                 raises
                 a
                 most
                 intolerable
                 Stink
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Language
                 of
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 is
                 a
                 Dinlect
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 ,
                 as
                 that
                 is
                 of
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 very
                 soft
                 ,
                 and
                 full
                 of
                 Diminutives
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 very
                 delightful
                 both
                 to
                 the
                 Hearer
                 and
                 Speaker
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 chief
                 Study
                 of
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 is
                 Arms
                 ,
                 which
                 ,
                 tho
                 they
                 practise
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 on
                 Horse-back
                 ,
                 yet
                 they
                 will
                 sometimes
                 alight
                 to
                 do
                 the
                 Duty
                 of
                 Foot.
                 They
                 endure
                 the
                 Hardships
                 of
                 War
                 to
                 a
                 wonder
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 live
                 upon
                 little
                 or
                 nothing
                 :
                 They
                 commonly
                 content
                 themselves
                 with
                 a
                 sort
                 of
                 black
                 Bisket
                 ,
                 
                 which
                 they
                 eat
                 with
                 Garlick
                 and
                 Onions
                 .
                 They
                 manage
                 their
                 Archibuss
                 and
                 Bow
                 with
                 great
                 Dexterity
                 ,
                 and
                 also
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Scimiter
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 very
                 little
                 acquainted
                 with
                 Luxury
                 ,
                 only
                 they
                 love
                 Aqua-vitae
                 extreamly
                 ,
                 with
                 which
                 when
                 mixt
                 with
                 Honey
                 they
                 will
                 often
                 get
                 drunk
                 .
              
               
                 
                 They
                 have
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Handicrafts
                 among
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 Women
                 are
                 imploy'd
                 chiefly
                 in
                 spinning
                 Linen
                 and
                 Wollen
                 .
                 The
                 Peasants
                 understand
                 perfectly
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Agriculture
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 in
                 general
                 are
                 well
                 skill'd
                 in
                 brewing
                 Beer
                 ,
                 making
                 Mead
                 ,
                 Aqua-vitae
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 There
                 is
                 scarce
                 any
                 among
                 them
                 ,
                 of
                 what
                 Age
                 ,
                 Sex
                 or
                 Condition
                 soever
                 ,
                 but
                 will
                 strive
                 to
                 out-do
                 each
                 other
                 in
                 drinking
                 and
                 carousing
                 :
                 and
                 I
                 believe
                 there
                 are
                 no
                 Christians
                 in
                 the
                 World
                 that
                 are
                 more
                 careless
                 or
                 negligent
                 ,
                 tho
                 they
                 are
                 by
                 Nature
                 almost
                 capable
                 of
                 any
                 thing
                 .
                 When
                 they
                 are
                 in
                 the
                 Field
                 against
                 their
                 Enemies
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 always
                 extremely
                 sober
                 .
                 Where
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 shew
                 the
                 most
                 Courage
                 is
                 in
                 their
                 Tabords
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 certain
                 Chariots
                 they
                 use
                 to
                 fight
                 in
                 ;
                 tho
                 by
                 Sea
                 also
                 they
                 are
                 not
                 contemptible
                 ,
                 but
                 on
                 Horse-back
                 they
                 are
                 little
                 worth
                 ,
                 for
                 two
                 hundred
                 Polanders
                 would
                 easily
                 drive
                 two
                 thousand
                 of
                 their
                 best
                 Troopers
                 ;
                 yet
                 their
                 Foot
                 will
                 stand
                 to
                 the
                 last
                 Extemity
                 .
                 When
                 they
                 discover
                 any
                 Vessel
                 by
                 Sea
                 that
                 they
                 have
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 take
                 ,
                 they
                 lie
                 conceal'd
                 with
                 their
                 Boats
                 till
                 about
                 Midnight
                 ,
                 when
                 they
                 row
                 towards
                 her
                 with
                 great
                 Swiftness
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 encompass'd
                 her
                 round
                 ,
                 easily
                 take
                 her
                 by
                 Surprize
                 .
                 When
                 they
                 have
                 drawn
                 out
                 all
                 her
                 Lading
                 ,
                 they
                 generally
                 
                 sink
                 her
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 are
                 not
                 able
                 to
                 carry
                 her
                 off
                 .
              
               
                 Having
                 thus
                 given
                 your
                 Grace
                 a
                 short
                 Account
                 ,
                 by
                 way
                 of
                 Digression
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 ,
                 I
                 will
                 return
                 to
                 King
                 Stephen
                 ,
                 who
                 having
                 no
                 Children
                 ,
                 propos'd
                 to
                 the
                 Diet
                 to
                 elect
                 his
                 Successor
                 while
                 he
                 liv'd
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 to
                 prevent
                 Disorders
                 that
                 usually
                 happen
                 in
                 Interregnums
                 ;
                 
                 which
                 this
                 Grand
                 Council
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 condescend
                 to
                 ,
                 imagining
                 he
                 intended
                 to
                 force
                 one
                 of
                 his
                 Brother's
                 Sons
                 upon
                 them
                 ,
                 or
                 else
                 for
                 fear
                 of
                 giving
                 a
                 bad
                 Precedent
                 for
                 future
                 Elections
                 ,
                 which
                 might
                 tend
                 in
                 time
                 to
                 the
                 utter
                 abolishing
                 of
                 their
                 Privileges
                 and
                 Power
                 ▪
                 This
                 King
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Solicitations
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 and
                 other
                 Christian
                 Princes
                 ,
                 being
                 ready
                 to
                 engage
                 in
                 a
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 dy'd
                 after
                 ten
                 Years
                 Reign
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 the
                 fifty
                 fourth
                 Year
                 of
                 his
                 Age
                 ,
                 at
                 Grodna
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 had
                 establish'd
                 his
                 Residence
                 under
                 pretence
                 of
                 its
                 being
                 a
                 fine
                 Country
                 for
                 hunting
                 ,
                 tho
                 the
                 true
                 Reason
                 is
                 thought
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 ,
                 because
                 he
                 did
                 not
                 care
                 to
                 live
                 with
                 his
                 Queen
                 Ann
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 above
                 sixty
                 Years
                 old
                 when
                 he
                 marry'd
                 her
                 .
              
               
                 
                 He
                 was
                 a
                 prudent
                 and
                 circumspect
                 Prince
                 ,
                 couragious
                 ,
                 and
                 just
                 even
                 to
                 Severity
                 .
                 He
                 not
                 only
                 enlarg'd
                 his
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 settled
                 a
                 better
                 Order
                 in
                 'em
                 than
                 any
                 before
                 him
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 have
                 heard
                 the
                 Poles
                 speak
                 of
                 him
                 with
                 the
                 greatest
                 Respect
                 and
                 Veneration
                 .
              
               
                 
                 On
                 this
                 Wise
                 and
                 Valiant
                 Prince
                 a
                 certain
                 Person
                 compos'd
                 the
                 following
                 Elogy
                 ,
                 found
                 in
                 an
                 antient
                 Manuscript
                 .
              
               
                 
                 
                   *
                   In
                   Templo
                   plus
                   quam
                   Sacerdos
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Republicâ
                   plus
                   quam
                   Rex
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Sententiâ
                   dicendâ
                   ,
                   plus
                   quam
                   Senator
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Judicio
                   plus
                   quam
                   Jurisconsultus
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Exercitu
                   plus
                   quam
                   Imperator
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Acie
                   plus
                   quam
                   Miles
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Adversis
                   perferendis
                   ,
                   Injuriisque
                   condonandis
                   ,
                   plus
                   quam
                   Vir.
                
                 
                   In
                   publicâ
                   Libertate
                   tuendâ
                   ,
                   plus
                   quam
                   Civis
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Amicitiâ
                   colenda
                   ,
                   plus
                   quam
                   Amicus
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   convictu
                   ,
                   plus
                   quam
                   Familiaris
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   Venatione
                   ,
                   ferisque
                   domandis
                   ,
                   plus
                   quam
                   Leo.
                
                 
                   In
                   totâ
                   reliquâ
                   vitâ
                   plus
                   quam
                   philosophus
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 Death
                 of
                 Batori
                 put
                 Poland
                 into
                 the
                 same
                 Confusion
                 it
                 had
                 been
                 in
                 twice
                 before
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 
                   Sigismundus
                   Augustus
                
                 .
                 The
                 Provincial
                 Diets
                 assembled
                 in
                 1587
                 ,
                 whose
                 business
                 it
                 was
                 to
                 secure
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 from
                 Invasion
                 ,
                 and
                 settle
                 the
                 Peace
                 of
                 the
                 Republick
                 .
                 Next
                 the
                 Primate
                 
                   Stanislaus
                   Karnkowski
                
                 notify'd
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 the
                 King
                 according
                 to
                 
                 Custom
                 ,
                 and
                 call'd
                 a
                 General
                 Diet
                 to
                 meet
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 in
                 March
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 was
                 afterwards
                 agreed
                 that
                 the
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 should
                 meet
                 in
                 June
                 following
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Lutherans
                 contended
                 so
                 high
                 for
                 their
                 share
                 in
                 the
                 Government
                 ,
                 that
                 for
                 Peace
                 sake
                 they
                 had
                 more
                 granted
                 them
                 than
                 the
                 antient
                 Laws
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 allow'd
                 :
                 For
                 in
                 this
                 Assembly
                 their
                 Party
                 was
                 so
                 strong
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 not
                 only
                 obtain'd
                 Toleration
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 perpetual
                 
                 
                 Liberty
                 of
                 Conscience
                 .
                 This
                 the
                 Bishops
                 vigorously
                 oppos'd
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 the
                 Primate
                 and
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Vladislaw
                 leave
                 the
                 Diet
                 dissatisfied
                 ,
                 when
                 
                   Demetrius
                   Sulikowski
                
                 Arch-bishop
                 of
                 Leopol
                 ,
                 presiding
                 in
                 the
                 Assembly
                 ,
                 in
                 conjunction
                 with
                 
                   Laurence
                   Goslicki
                
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 considering
                 the
                 Confusion
                 occasioned
                 by
                 the
                 Absence
                 of
                 the
                 Primate
                 ,
                 thought
                 it
                 either
                 necessary
                 to
                 comply
                 with
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 ,
                 or
                 to
                 dismiss
                 the
                 Diet
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 at
                 last
                 found
                 a
                 mid-way
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 to
                 grant
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 their
                 Demands
                 ,
                 but
                 withal
                 to
                 insert
                 a
                 Clause
                 ,
                 that
                 what
                 had
                 been
                 done
                 at
                 that
                 Session
                 was
                 meerly
                 to
                 preserve
                 the
                 Publick
                 Peace
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 time
                 of
                 the
                 Election
                 being
                 come
                 ,
                 
                   Christopher
                   Zborowski
                
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 banish'd
                 during
                 
                 Batori's
                 Reign
                 ,
                 and
                 now
                 recall'd
                 by
                 the
                 Power
                 of
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 ,
                 appear'd
                 at
                 the
                 head
                 of
                 500
                 French
                 ,
                 with
                 as
                 many
                 Germans
                 and
                 Lutherans
                 
                 as
                 amounted
                 to
                 near
                 10000
                 Men
                 ;
                 with
                 these
                 
                   Stanislaus
                   de
                   Gorka
                
                 ,
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Posnania
                 ,
                 join'd
                 :
                 He
                 was
                 a
                 Person
                 of
                 Wit
                 ,
                 and
                 extremely
                 popular
                 ;
                 for
                 tho
                 he
                 was
                 crook-back'd
                 ,
                 yet
                 his
                 great
                 Estate
                 and
                 generous
                 way
                 of
                 spending
                 of
                 it
                 made
                 him
                 look'd
                 upon
                 with
                 universal
                 Esteem
                 .
                 Zamoski
                 was
                 also
                 at
                 the
                 head
                 of
                 a
                 considerable
                 number
                 of
                 Troops
                 ,
                 which
                 ,
                 tho
                 they
                 were
                 fewer
                 than
                 those
                 of
                 the
                 opposite
                 Party
                 ,
                 yet
                 were
                 they
                 much
                 better
                 disciplin'd
                 ;
                 with
                 these
                 he
                 encamp'd
                 within
                 two
                 Miles
                 of
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 and
                 entrench'd
                 himself
                 within
                 Lines
                 of
                 Circumvallation
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 wiser
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 having
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 accommodate
                 these
                 two
                 Factions
                 ,
                 order'd
                 them
                 Audience
                 one
                 after
                 another
                 ,
                 forbidding
                 
                 either
                 to
                 appear
                 in
                 Arms
                 before
                 them
                 .
                 They
                 also
                 shew'd
                 an
                 Inclination
                 to
                 reverse
                 what
                 had
                 been
                 decreed
                 in
                 favour
                 of
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 ,
                 which
                 these
                 last
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 hear
                 of
                 ,
                 
                 promising
                 themselves
                 a
                 sufficient
                 Defence
                 from
                 their
                 Number
                 ,
                 which
                 Zamoski
                 ridicul'd
                 ,
                 relying
                 upon
                 the
                 better
                 Discipline
                 of
                 his
                 Followers
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Lutherans
                 perceiving
                 there
                 was
                 no
                 Justice
                 to
                 be
                 expected
                 from
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 without
                 any
                 regard
                 to
                 their
                 Orders
                 ,
                 came
                 in
                 Arms
                 before
                 them
                 :
                 After
                 which
                 they
                 retir'd
                 ,
                 complaining
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 depriv'd
                 of
                 their
                 Liberties
                 .
                 This
                 had
                 soon
                 occasion'd
                 a
                 Rok●●z
                 
                 (
                 being
                 an
                 Association
                 in
                 which
                 the
                 Gentry
                 are
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 engage
                 when
                 they
                 are
                 oppress'd
                 )
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 Primate
                 timely
                 prevented
                 it
                 .
                 During
                 all
                 this
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 had
                 not
                 yet
                 declar'd
                 themselves
                 ;
                 and
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 it
                 would
                 
                 have
                 been
                 difficult
                 to
                 have
                 known
                 their
                 Minds
                 ,
                 had
                 not
                 a
                 Confusion
                 given
                 them
                 occasion
                 to
                 explain
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                 There
                 were
                 three
                 Factions
                 at
                 this
                 Election
                 ,
                 whose
                 Power
                 was
                 almost
                 equal
                 .
                 The
                 first
                 was
                 that
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 for
                 electing
                 
                   Theodore
                   Odonowic
                
                 ,
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 he
                 having
                 proferr'd
                 to
                 unite
                 his
                 Dominions
                 to
                 those
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 This
                 Proposal
                 might
                 have
                 been
                 thought
                 plausible
                 enough
                 had
                 it
                 been
                 made
                 by
                 any
                 but
                 Muscovites
                 .
                 The
                 hopes
                 several
                 of
                 the
                 Gentry
                 gave
                 the
                 Czar
                 were
                 apparently
                 only
                 to
                 amuse
                 him
                 ,
                 fearing
                 he
                 might
                 invade
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 during
                 the
                 Interregnum
                 .
                 The
                 second
                 Party
                 was
                 that
                 of
                 Zborowski
                 and
                 Gorka
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Posnania
                 ;
                 they
                 were
                 entirely
                 in
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 Maximilian
                 Arch-duke
                 
                 of
                 Austria
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 the
                 Emperor
                 Rhodolph
                 .
                 These
                 *
                 Anibal
                 of
                 Capua
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 join'd
                 notwithstanding
                 they
                 were
                 Lutherans
                 ,
                 yet
                 he
                 all
                 along
                 fed
                 them
                 up
                 more
                 with
                 Promises
                 than
                 Presents
                 .
                 The
                 third
                 Faction
                 was
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Senate
                 ,
                 being
                 the
                 strongest
                 of
                 the
                 three
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 Zamoski
                 with
                 the
                 Flower
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Army
                 was
                 on
                 their
                 side
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 was
                 much
                 doubted
                 upon
                 which
                 of
                 the
                 
                 Competitors
                 the
                 Election
                 would
                 fall
                 .
                 The
                 Czar
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 and
                 a
                 Piasto
                 were
                 talk'd
                 of
                 only
                 for
                 fashion-sake
                 .
                 The
                 
                 Batori's
                 of
                 Transilvania
                 had
                 their
                 Envoys
                 at
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 but
                 they
                 had
                 no
                 other
                 Orders
                 from
                 their
                 Masters
                 ,
                 than
                 to
                 demand
                 the
                 Personal
                 Estate
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 ,
                 when
                 ,
                 had
                 they
                 ask'd
                 the
                 Crown
                 likewise
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 highly
                 probable
                 some
                 regard
                 might
                 have
                 been
                 had
                 to
                 
                 Batori's
                 Family
                 .
                 Sweden
                 was
                 upon
                 the
                 Roll
                 a
                 third
                 time
                 ,
                 tho
                 its
                 King
                 John
                 had
                 been
                 rejected
                 in
                 the
                 two
                 former
                 Elections
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 he
                 was
                 thought
                 a
                 Lutheran
                 ;
                 but
                 by
                 the
                 Catholick
                 Liturgy
                 publish'd
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 in
                 1575
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 were
                 disabus'd
                 in
                 that
                 Opinion
                 ,
                 wherefore
                 his
                 Son
                 Sigismund
                 was
                 no
                 longer
                 suspected
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Poles
                 had
                 occasion
                 to
                 oppose
                 some
                 great
                 Power
                 to
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 ,
                 and
                 what
                 could
                 be
                 sitter
                 for
                 that
                 purpose
                 than
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 from
                 which
                 Sigismund
                 was
                 descended
                 by
                 his
                 Mother
                 ?
                 King
                 John
                 also
                 caus'd
                 his
                 Emissaries
                 to
                 give
                 out
                 that
                 Lithuania
                 of
                 right
                 belonged
                 to
                 his
                 Son
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 of
                 the
                 Jagellonick
                 Race
                 .
                 This
                 bold
                 Claim
                 might
                 well
                 have
                 rais'd
                 a
                 War
                 
                 between
                 Sweden
                 and
                 Poland
                 ,
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 latter
                 prudently
                 thought
                 fit
                 to
                 avoid
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 were
                 firmly
                 dispos'd
                 to
                 
                 Maximilian's
                 Interest
                 ,
                 but
                 Zamoski
                 broke
                 all
                 their
                 Measures
                 :
                 They
                 had
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 kidnap
                 the
                 Primate
                 ,
                 but
                 by
                 the
                 Advice
                 of
                 this
                 General
                 he
                 retir'd
                 to
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Warsaw
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 Cardinal
                 Radzivil
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 had
                 given
                 a
                 Principality
                 ,
                 declar'd
                 for
                 Maximilian
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 did
                 several
                 others
                 by
                 his
                 Example
                 .
                 This
                 augmented
                 the
                 Courage
                 of
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 ,
                 yet
                 did
                 not
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 diminish
                 that
                 of
                 
                 Zamoski's
                 Followers
                 ;
                 both
                 Parties
                 were
                 like
                 to
                 come
                 to
                 Blows
                 ,
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 Bishops
                 mounted
                 on
                 Horseback
                 and
                 interpos'd
                 .
              
               
                 While
                 these
                 Prelats
                 were
                 thus
                 doing
                 their
                 Duty
                 ,
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 ,
                 tho
                 lame
                 ,
                 clamber'd
                 up
                 the
                 highest
                 Tower
                 in
                 Warsaw
                 to
                 view
                 the
                 Army
                 :
                 He
                 doubted
                 not
                 but
                 his
                 Friends
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 would
                 get
                 the
                 better
                 ,
                 their
                 Number
                 being
                 greater
                 .
                 At
                 this
                 the
                 Catholicks
                 were
                 extremely
                 offended
                 ,
                 and
                 us'd
                 to
                 say
                 that
                 
                 Maximilian's
                 Interest
                 must
                 needs
                 fall
                 ,
                 being
                 only
                 supported
                 by
                 a
                 Hook-back
                 and
                 a
                 Cripple
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Lutherans
                 perceiving
                 that
                 both
                 the
                 Name
                 and
                 Family
                 of
                 Maximilian
                 were
                 odious
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 agreed
                 together
                 to
                 relinquish
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 propose
                 the
                 Czar
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 means
                 they
                 brought
                 over
                 to
                 their
                 Party
                 those
                 who
                 were
                 neither
                 for
                 Maximilian
                 nor
                 Sigismund
                 .
              
               
                 
                 After
                 this
                 the
                 several
                 Embassadors
                 had
                 their
                 Audience
                 ;
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 spoke
                 first
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 his
                 Harangue
                 chiefly
                 on
                 the
                 good
                 Qualities
                 of
                 Maximilian
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 Candidate
                 was
                 not
                 better
                 lik'd
                 of
                 than
                 his
                 Orator
                 ,
                 
                 or
                 his
                 Panegyrick
                 .
                 
                   Stanislaus
                   Pawlowski
                
                 ,
                 the
                 Emperour's
                 Minister
                 ,
                 was
                 heard
                 next
                 ,
                 who
                 run
                 also
                 out
                 in
                 Commendation
                 of
                 his
                 Master's
                 Brother
                 ;
                 but
                 from
                 whom
                 there
                 being
                 more
                 Ill
                 to
                 be
                 fear'd
                 than
                 Good
                 to
                 be
                 hop'd
                 ,
                 his
                 fine
                 Speech
                 was
                 but
                 little
                 minded
                 .
                 Then
                 came
                 the
                 Embassadors
                 of
                 Sueden
                 to
                 be
                 introduc'd
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 *
                 
                   Eric
                   Sparre
                
                 Senator
                 and
                 Grand
                 Chancellor
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 and
                 
                   Eric
                   Brahé
                
                 Great
                 Master
                 of
                 Prince
                 
                 Sigismund's
                 Houshold
                 .
                 These
                 insinuated
                 that
                 their
                 Master
                 did
                 not
                 send
                 sooner
                 ,
                 because
                 he
                 knew
                 the
                 great
                 Affection
                 the
                 Poles
                 always
                 bore
                 the
                 Jag●●llonick
                 Family
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 his
                 Son
                 was
                 descended
                 .
                 They
                 made
                 no
                 great
                 Profers
                 ,
                 knowing
                 well
                 that
                 the
                 fear
                 of
                 
                 Maximilian's
                 carrying
                 it
                 would
                 not
                 give
                 the
                 Diet
                 leave
                 to
                 ask
                 that
                 of
                 them
                 which
                 at
                 other
                 Conjunctures
                 they
                 would
                 surely
                 have
                 demanded
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Primate
                 being
                 not
                 unmindful
                 of
                 the
                 fright
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 had
                 put
                 him
                 into
                 when
                 they
                 form'd
                 a
                 Design
                 to
                 carry
                 him
                 away
                 ,
                 had
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 make
                 a
                 speedy
                 End
                 of
                 the
                 business
                 the
                 Assembly
                 met
                 about
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 ,
                 without
                 
                 being
                 deterr'd
                 by
                 any
                 Threats
                 ,
                 proceeded
                 to
                 an
                 Election
                 the
                 9th
                 of
                 August
                 1587.
                 
                 At
                 which
                 time
                 the
                 Number
                 of
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 was
                 much
                 lessen'd
                 ,
                 Gorka
                 their
                 Leader
                 having
                 ahus'd
                 several
                 of
                 them
                 ;
                 wherefore
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 reveng'd
                 ,
                 they
                 went
                 over
                 to
                 the
                 contrary
                 Party
                 .
                 Upon
                 the
                 Poll
                 ,
                 the
                 Majority
                 of
                 Voices
                 was
                 found
                 for
              
               
                 
                 SIGISMUND
                 DE
                 VASA
                 ,
                 whom
                 consequently
                 
                 the
                 Primate
                 proclaim'd
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 After
                 the
                 usual
                 Acclamations
                 the
                 Assembly
                 separated
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Archbishop
                 ,
                 accompany'd
                 by
                 the
                 Senate
                 and
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 went
                 directly
                 to
                 the
                 Cathedral
                 of
                 Warsaw
                 to
                 give
                 Thanks
                 for
                 having
                 so
                 happily
                 ended
                 this
                 great
                 and
                 dangerous
                 Affair
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 Embassadors
                 were
                 immediately
                 dispatch'd
                 to
                 Su●●den
                 to
                 bring
                 the
                 new
                 King
                 notice
                 of
                 his
                 Election
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 his
                 Coronation
                 was
                 design'd
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 7th
                 of
                 October
                 following
                 .
              
               
                 Whilst
                 the
                 Catholicks
                 were
                 thus
                 labouring
                 at
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 a
                 King
                 ,
                 the
                 Palatine
                 Gorka
                 and
                 those
                 of
                 
                 Zborowski's
                 Party
                 minded
                 nothing
                 
                 but
                 Drinking
                 ;
                 yet
                 when
                 they
                 heard
                 of
                 what
                 had
                 hapned
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 extremely
                 surpriz'd
                 ;
                 but
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 endeavouring
                 to
                 repair
                 their
                 Faults
                 ,
                 they
                 fell
                 into
                 much
                 greater
                 .
                 They
                 immediately
                 protested
                 against
                 the
                 Election
                 as
                 both
                 Irregular
                 and
                 Illegal
                 .
                 Their
                 Assembly
                 ordain'd
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 that
                 was
                 to
                 be
                 chosen
                 should
                 annul
                 all
                 that
                 had
                 been
                 done
                 against
                 
                   Christopher
                   Zborowski
                
                 during
                 the
                 late
                 Reign
                 .
                 They
                 likewise
                 made
                 several
                 other
                 Regulations
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 all
                 so
                 very
                 extravagant
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 but
                 little
                 regarded
                 .
                 To
                 this
                 Faction
                 the
                 Gentry
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 offer'd
                 their
                 Mediation
                 ,
                 which
                 yet
                 they
                 would
                 not
                 accept
                 of
                 ,
                 declaring
                 they
                 were
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 elect
                 Maximilian
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 on
                 the
                 21st
                 of
                 
                   August
                   ,
                   Gorka
                
                 ,
                 with
                 his
                 Associates
                 ,
                 proclaim'd
                 Maximilian
                 King
                 
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 sent
                 Embassadors
                 to
                 acquaint
                 him
                 therewith
                 .
                 Whilst
                 this
                 was
                 doing
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 declar'd
                 against
                 both
                 Elections
                 ,
                 and
                 thereby
                 disengag'd
                 themselves
                 from
                 favouring
                 either
                 Party
                 ,
                 till
                 they
                 saw
                 which
                 was
                 like
                 to
                 have
                 the
                 better
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 Diet
                 as
                 yet
                 was
                 luckily
                 not
                 dissolv'd
                 ;
                 
                 which
                 Assembly
                 pronounc'd
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 Maximilian
                 Seditious
                 ,
                 and
                 immediately
                 null'd
                 all
                 that
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 had
                 done
                 :
                 but
                 as
                 the
                 best
                 Considerations
                 become
                 useless
                 ,
                 if
                 there
                 be
                 not
                 force
                 sufficient
                 to
                 put
                 them
                 in
                 execution
                 ,
                 they
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 provided
                 for
                 the
                 safety
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 against
                 the
                 Attempts
                 of
                 Maximilian
                 and
                 his
                 Party
                 ;
                 for
                 this
                 Prince
                 was
                 then
                 but
                 at
                 Olmitz
                 in
                 Moravia
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 might
                 quickly
                 have
                 come
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 when
                 Sigismund
                 had
                 not
                 yet
                 pass'd
                 the
                 Baltic
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 very
                 dangerous
                 Sea
                 in
                 Autumn
                 .
                 The
                 Diet
                 ,
                 before
                 they
                 separated
                 ,
                 charg'd
                 Zamoski
                 with
                 the
                 Care
                 of
                 the
                 Commonwealth
                 .
              
               
                 
                 I
                 may
                 here
                 acquaint
                 your
                 Grace
                 of
                 a
                 famous
                 Astrologer
                 or
                 Magician
                 ,
                 who
                 happening
                 to
                 dine
                 with
                 Zamoski
                 some
                 hours
                 before
                 Sigismund
                 was
                 chosen
                 ,
                 that
                 General
                 ask'd
                 him
                 ,
                 If
                 he
                 could
                 tell
                 by
                 his
                 Art
                 who
                 should
                 be
                 elected
                 King
                 ?
                 To
                 which
                 this
                 Person
                 ,
                 after
                 a
                 little
                 Consideration
                 ,
                 reply'd
                 ,
                 
                   Quem
                   Deus
                   volet
                
                 :
                 Which
                 Answer
                 not
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 satisfying
                 Zamoski
                 ,
                 was
                 but
                 little
                 regarded
                 by
                 him
                 .
                 The
                 next
                 day
                 after
                 the
                 Election
                 ,
                 the
                 same
                 Astrologer
                 sent
                 a
                 Note
                 into
                 the
                 Assembly
                 ,
                 address'd
                 to
                 Zamoski
                 with
                 these
                 Words
                 :
                 
                   Sir
                   ,
                   You
                   understood
                   not
                   yesterday
                   the
                   Answer
                   which
                   I
                   made
                   you
                   ,
                   but
                   now
                   read
                   the
                   word
                
                 †
                 Deus
                 
                   backwards
                   ,
                   and
                   you
                   will
                   find
                   the
                   Mystery
                   explain'd
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 Afterwards
                 Maximilian
                 and
                 Sigismund
                 both
                 arriv'd
                 in
                 Poland
                 .
                 The
                 latter
                 being
                 at
                 Oliva
                 ,
                 a
                 Monastery
                 near
                 Dantzic
                 ,
                 receiv'd
                 the
                 Oath
                 of
                 Fidelity
                 ;
                 and
                 preparing
                 to
                 march
                 towards
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 former
                 then
                 besieg'd
                 ,
                 for
                 
                 want
                 of
                 Troops
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 retire
                 to
                 Rava
                 .
                 The
                 Arch-Duke
                 hop'd
                 to
                 have
                 taken
                 this
                 Place
                 by
                 the
                 Intelligence
                 he
                 had
                 with
                 the
                 Germans
                 which
                 inhabited
                 the
                 Suburbs
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 promis'd
                 him
                 to
                 harbour
                 two
                 Regiments
                 in
                 their
                 Houses
                 ,
                 which
                 might
                 seize
                 on
                 the
                 weakest
                 Gate
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 let
                 him
                 into
                 the
                 City
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 Stratagem
                 was
                 detected
                 by
                 Zamoski
                 ,
                 who
                 marching
                 to
                 raise
                 that
                 Siege
                 ,
                 had
                 notice
                 of
                 these
                 Designs
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 first
                 suffering
                 the
                 two
                 Regiments
                 to
                 enter
                 ,
                 he
                 set
                 fire
                 to
                 the
                 Suburbs
                 ,
                 and
                 burnt
                 them
                 and
                 their
                 Friends
                 together
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Afterwards
                 the
                 Siege
                 was
                 rais'd
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 Arch-Duke
                 did
                 not
                 go
                 far
                 off
                 from
                 the
                 City
                 ,
                 but
                 drew
                 up
                 in
                 Order
                 of
                 Battle
                 in
                 a
                 Great
                 Plain
                 ,
                 which
                 infinitely
                 pleas'd
                 Zamoski
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 no
                 less
                 Inclination
                 to
                 fight
                 than
                 he
                 .
                 At
                 length
                 they
                 came
                 to
                 Blows
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Fight
                 lasted
                 two
                 Hours
                 ;
                 but
                 in
                 the
                 end
                 Maximilian
                 being
                 defeated
                 ,
                 retir'd
                 to
                 Cestochow
                 ,
                 whither
                 Zamoski
                 did
                 not
                 think
                 it
                 proper
                 to
                 follow
                 him
                 .
                 A
                 little
                 while
                 after
                 Sigismund
                 came
                 to
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 was
                 harangu'd
                 by
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 answer'd
                 in
                 the
                 Polish
                 Language
                 which
                 his
                 Mother
                 had
                 taught
                 him
                 .
                 His
                 Entry
                 was
                 usher'd
                 in
                 with
                 that
                 Solemnity
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 thought
                 almost
                 impossible
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 perform'd
                 in
                 time
                 of
                 War.
                 After
                 some
                 Difficulties
                 surmounted
                 ,
                 his
                 Coronation
                 was
                 fix'd
                 for
                 the
                 27th
                 of
                 December
                 following
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 was
                 Crown'd
                 by
                 the
                 
                 Archibishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 .
                 The
                 Lutherans
                 still
                 insisted
                 upon
                 those
                 Demands
                 they
                 had
                 formerly
                 made
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 fain
                 to
                 be
                 granted
                 them
                 ,
                 because
                 Maximilian
                 was
                 again
                 ready
                 to
                 
                 take
                 the
                 Field
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 his
                 last
                 Defeat
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 1588
                 ,
                 the
                 Arch-Duke
                 came
                 again
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 Zamoski
                 march'd
                 directly
                 to
                 meet
                 him
                 ;
                 but
                 Maximilian
                 expecting
                 more
                 Assistance
                 ,
                 went
                 aside
                 into
                 Silesia
                 ,
                 whither
                 he
                 thought
                 the
                 Enemy
                 would
                 not
                 dare
                 to
                 follow
                 him
                 :
                 But
                 this
                 valiant
                 General
                 not
                 only
                 overtook
                 and
                 fought
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 routed
                 and
                 took
                 him
                 Prisoner
                 in
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Biczycna
                 ,
                 after
                 having
                 belieg'd
                 it
                 some
                 small
                 time
                 .
                 Having
                 taken
                 this
                 noble
                 Prisoner
                 ,
                 Zamoski
                 gave
                 him
                 all
                 the
                 respect
                 due
                 to
                 a
                 Person
                 of
                 his
                 Quality
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 might
                 not
                 appear
                 under
                 confinement
                 at
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 formerly
                 besieg'd
                 ,
                 he
                 left
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Citadel
                 of
                 Crasnostow
                 ,
                 whence
                 
                 Zborowski's
                 Party
                 were
                 like
                 to
                 have
                 recover'd
                 him
                 ,
                 had
                 not
                 their
                 Design
                 been
                 discover'd
                 by
                 
                   Mark
                   Sobieski
                
                 Governour
                 of
                 that
                 Place
                 .
                 In
                 all
                 other
                 Respects
                 ,
                 Zamoski
                 treated
                 his
                 Prisoner
                 very
                 honourably
                 ,
                 which
                 gain'd
                 so
                 much
                 upon
                 the
                 Arch-Duke
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 afterwards
                 stood
                 Godfather
                 to
                 one
                 of
                 his
                 Children
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 taking
                 of
                 Maximilian
                 ,
                 with
                 all
                 his
                 Artillery
                 and
                 Baggage
                 ,
                 was
                 not
                 the
                 only
                 good
                 Event
                 of
                 this
                 Victory
                 ,
                 for
                 hereupon
                 the
                 Malecontents
                 immediately
                 acknowledg'd
                 Sigismund
                 .
                 Also
                 
                 Zamoski's
                 generous
                 Usage
                 towards
                 the
                 other
                 Prisoners
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 releas'd
                 all
                 upon
                 their
                 Parole
                 ,
                 contributed
                 very
                 much
                 to
                 confirm
                 Sigismund
                 in
                 the
                 Throne
                 .
                 The
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Poland
                 now
                 was
                 become
                 no
                 more
                 a
                 matter
                 of
                 Dispute
                 .
                 All
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 aim'd
                 at
                 ,
                 was
                 to
                 procure
                 the
                 Arch-Duke's
                 liberty
                 ,
                 which
                 at
                 length
                 was
                 obtain'd
                 through
                 the
                 
                 Mediation
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 who
                 sent
                 Cardinal
                 
                   Hyppolito
                   Aldobrandin
                
                 into
                 Poland
                 to
                 treat
                 of
                 his
                 Ransom
                 ,
                 which
                 by
                 that
                 means
                 was
                 rated
                 much
                 lower
                 than
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 could
                 have
                 expected
                 :
                 For
                 altho
                 it
                 was
                 urg'd
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 ,
                 that
                 as
                 Charles
                 the
                 Vth
                 dealt
                 formerly
                 by
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 France
                 on
                 the
                 like
                 occasion
                 ,
                 so
                 he
                 ought
                 to
                 have
                 a
                 Sum
                 of
                 Money
                 paid
                 down
                 sutable
                 to
                 the
                 great
                 Quality
                 of
                 his
                 Prisoner
                 ;
                 yet
                 Sigismund
                 answer'd
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   it
                   was
                
                 
                 
                   to
                   no
                   purpose
                   to
                   propose
                
                 Charles
                 
                   the
                   Vth
                   as
                   an
                   Example
                   in
                   this
                   Case
                   ,
                   since
                   that
                   Prince
                   had
                   been
                   guilty
                   of
                   an
                   Action
                   unbecoming
                   his
                   Grandeur
                   :
                   When
                   ,
                   for
                   his
                   part
                   ,
                   he
                   did
                   not
                   look
                   upon
                   it
                   sufficient
                   Advantage
                   to
                   have
                   got
                   the
                   better
                   of
                   his
                   Enemy
                   ,
                   unless
                   he
                   likewise
                   had
                   the
                   Glory
                   to
                   give
                   him
                   his
                   Liberty
                   ,
                   and
                   not
                   to
                   make
                   him
                   buy
                   it
                   .
                
                 By
                 this
                 Mediation
                 Maximilian
                 was
                 to
                 quit
                 for
                 ever
                 his
                 Title
                 to
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 to
                 restore
                 some
                 Places
                 which
                 had
                 been
                 surrender'd
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 remain
                 in
                 a
                 perpetual
                 Amity
                 with
                 Poland
                 ;
                 to
                 all
                 which
                 the
                 Emperour
                 his
                 Brother
                 was
                 made
                 Guarantee
                 .
                 But
                 altho
                 these
                 Conditions
                 were
                 so
                 very
                 reasonable
                 ,
                 yet
                 Maximilian
                 would
                 not
                 ratify
                 them
                 till
                 1589.
                 
                 Wherefore
                 his
                 Wilfulness
                 detain'd
                 him
                 in
                 Prison
                 
                 till
                 that
                 time
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 escape
                 〈◊〉
                 to
                 his
                 Parole
                 of
                 Honour
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 afterwards
                 brought
                 to
                 sign
                 them
                 by
                 the
                 Power
                 
                 his
                 Brother
                 had
                 over
                 him
                 .
              
               
                 
                 *
                 Sigismund
                 III.
                 was
                 first
                 marry'd
                 to
                 Ann
                 Daughter
                 of
                 Charles
                 Arch-Duke
                 of
                 Austria
                 ;
                 and
                 after
                 her
                 Death
                 to
                 Constantia
                 her
                 Sister
                 ,
                 by
                 both
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 three
                 Sons
                 ,
                 Vladislaus
                 
                 by
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 and
                 Casimir
                 and
                 Ferdinand
                 by
                 the
                 latter
                 ,
                 the
                 two
                 first
                 succeeding
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 When
                 the
                 King
                 his
                 Father
                 was
                 dead
                 he
                 went
                 into
                 Swedeland
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 there
                 
                 likewise
                 crown'd
                 King
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1592
                 ,
                 on
                 condition
                 that
                 every
                 fifth
                 Year
                 he
                 should
                 come
                 and
                 reign
                 over
                 Sweden
                 in
                 Person
                 ;
                 but
                 being
                 engag'd
                 in
                 a
                 long
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 
                   Muscovites
                   ,
                   Turks
                
                 and
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 he
                 could
                 not
                 be
                 spar'd
                 in
                 fifteen
                 Years
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 sent
                 a
                 Senate
                 of
                 Jesuits
                 to
                 govern
                 them
                 and
                 suppress
                 the
                 Lutherah
                 Doctrine
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 then
                 mightily
                 spread
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 .
                 *
                 Here
                 it
                 must
                 be
                 observ'd
                 ,
                 that
                 this
                 King's
                 Mother
                 Catherine
                 strictly
                 adher'd
                 to
                 the
                 Roman
                 Church
                 by
                 the
                 permission
                 of
                 her
                 Husband
                 John
                 III.
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 ,
                 who
                 also
                 lean'd
                 a
                 little
                 that
                 way
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 ,
                 when
                 
                 Sigismund's
                 Tutor
                 
                   Arnold
                   Grothusius
                
                 would
                 have
                 seduced
                 him
                 from
                 that
                 Perswasion
                 ,
                 his
                 Father
                 John
                 being
                 in
                 a
                 great
                 Passion
                 ,
                 and
                 drawing
                 his
                 Sword
                 upon
                 the
                 Tutor
                 ,
                 cry'd
                 ,
                 
                   I
                   will
                   have
                   my
                   Son
                   educated
                   in
                   hopes
                   of
                   both
                   Kingdoms
                   ,
                
                 meaning
                 his
                 own
                 and
                 that
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 These
                 Jesuits
                 the
                 King
                 order'd
                 to
                 be
                 receiv'd
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 Honour
                 as
                 if
                 he
                 himself
                 had
                 come
                 in
                 Person
                 ;
                 at
                 which
                 the
                 Swedes
                 being
                 grievously
                 nettled
                 ,
                 sunk
                 them
                 in
                 the
                 Harbour
                 of
                 Stockholm
                 in
                 the
                 Ship
                 that
                 brought
                 
                 'em
                 from
                 Dantzic
                 ,
                 and
                 immediately
                 thereupon
                 proclaim'd
                 Charles
                 Duke
                 of
                 Sudermannia
                 ,
                 Sigismund's
                 Uncle
                 ,
                 their
                 King
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 embrac'd
                 Lutheranism
                 some
                 time
                 before
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 the
                 Swedes
                 have
                 profess'd
                 ever
                 since
                 .
                 
                 This
                 occasion'd
                 bloody
                 Wars
                 between
                 these
                 two
                 Nations
                 ;
                 but
                 Sigismund
                 being
                 likewise
                 engag'd
                 with
                 other
                 Countries
                 ,
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 accept
                 of
                 a
                 dishonourable
                 Truce
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 this
                 War
                 King
                 Charles
                 IX
                 .
                 took
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 places
                 from
                 the
                 Poles
                 in
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 most
                 of
                 which
                 were
                 afterwards
                 retaken
                 by
                 the
                 Polish
                 General
                 and
                 Chancellor
                 Zamoski
                 .
                 Besides
                 this
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 was
                 vanquish'd
                 in
                 a
                 great
                 Battel
                 fought
                 near
                 Kirckholm
                 and
                 Riga
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 narrowly
                 escap'd
                 himself
                 :
                 but
                 some
                 intestine
                 Divisions
                 arising
                 between
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 Nobility
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 he
                 got
                 time
                 to
                 recover
                 Breath
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 occasion
                 of
                 the
                 Wars
                 between
                 the
                 Poles
                 and
                 Muscovites
                 was
                 this
                 :
                 A
                 certain
                 Person
                 coming
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 pretended
                 to
                 be
                 Demetrius
                 Son
                 to
                 
                   John
                   Basilowitz
                
                 ,
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 murder'd
                 by
                 order
                 of
                 
                   Boris
                   Gudenow
                
                 ,
                 afterwards
                 Grand
                 Duke
                 ,
                 who
                 hop'd
                 thereby
                 to
                 secure
                 the
                 Succession
                 after
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 Theodore
                 ,
                 eldest
                 Son
                 of
                 the
                 said
                 Duke
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 another
                 had
                 been
                 kill'd
                 in
                 his
                 stead
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 he
                 found
                 so
                 great
                 Encouragement
                 from
                 
                   George
                   Mniszeck
                
                 ,
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Sendomir
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 married
                 his
                 Daughter
                 to
                 him
                 ;
                 and
                 by
                 the
                 Assistance
                 of
                 some
                 other
                 Polish
                 Lords
                 ,
                 gather'd
                 together
                 a
                 great
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 march'd
                 with
                 Demetrius
                 into
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 when
                 
                   Boris
                   Gudenow
                
                 ,
                 then
                 Grand
                 Duke
                 ,
                 happening
                 to
                 die
                 suddenly
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 receiv'd
                 by
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 ,
                 and
                 proclaim'd
                 Czar
                 in
                 Moscow
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 he
                 sent
                 into
                 Poland
                 for
                 his
                 Bride
                 ;
                 but
                 while
                 the
                 Nuptials
                 were
                 celebrating
                 in
                 Moscow
                 ,
                 the
                 People
                 ,
                 suspecting
                 
                 him
                 to
                 be
                 an
                 Impostor
                 ,
                 gather'd
                 together
                 ,
                 rais'd
                 a
                 Tumult
                 ,
                 and
                 attack'd
                 the
                 Castle
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 cut
                 to
                 pieces
                 Demetrius
                 with
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 that
                 came
                 along
                 with
                 him
                 and
                 his
                 Bride
                 ,
                 and
                 took
                 her
                 Prisoner
                 .
                 Then
                 
                   Basilius
                   Suski
                
                 ,
                 descended
                 from
                 the
                 Grand
                 Dukes
                 by
                 the
                 Mother's
                 side
                 ,
                 having
                 got
                 together
                 about
                 ●●0000
                 Men
                 ,
                 was
                 proclaim'd
                 Czar
                 :
                 immediately
                 after
                 which
                 a
                 Rumor
                 being
                 spread
                 abroad
                 that
                 Demetrius
                 had
                 escaped
                 ,
                 tho
                 Suski
                 had
                 taken
                 care
                 to
                 expose
                 his
                 Body
                 to
                 view
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 so
                 mangled
                 that
                 none
                 could
                 know
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Person
                 pretending
                 to
                 be
                 him
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 acknowledg'd
                 him
                 as
                 such
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 they
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 assisted
                 this
                 Person
                 to
                 recover
                 his
                 pretended
                 Right
                 ,
                 and
                 several
                 times
                 beat
                 Suski
                 ,
                 and
                 oblig'd
                 him
                 to
                 set
                 at
                 liberty
                 the
                 Captive
                 Bride
                 .
                 She
                 also
                 acknowledg'd
                 this
                 Demetrius
                 for
                 her
                 Husband
                 ;
                 but
                 whether
                 he
                 was
                 really
                 so
                 or
                 not
                 ,
                 could
                 never
                 yet
                 be
                 determin'd
                 .
                 Sigismund
                 laid
                 hold
                 of
                 this
                 opportunity
                 ,
                 to
                 try
                 at
                 least
                 whether
                 he
                 could
                 recover
                 Smolensko
                 and
                 Severia
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 he
                 besieged
                 the
                 former
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1609
                 ,
                 but
                 could
                 not
                 make
                 himself
                 Master
                 of
                 it
                 till
                 the
                 Year
                 1611
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 took
                 it
                 by
                 storm
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 hitherto
                 sided
                 with
                 Demetrius
                 ,
                 were
                 recall'd
                 by
                 Sigismund
                 ,
                 who
                 thought
                 it
                 not
                 convenient
                 that
                 so
                 considerable
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 his
                 Forces
                 should
                 be
                 under
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 another
                 .
                 By
                 the
                 removal
                 of
                 this
                 Army
                 Suski
                 had
                 leisure
                 to
                 recover
                 himself
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 with
                 the
                 Assistance
                 sent
                 him
                 out
                 of
                 Sweden
                 ,
                 he
                 march'd
                 directly
                 against
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 
                 then
                 were
                 besieging
                 Smolensko
                 ,
                 but
                 was
                 shamefully
                 defeated
                 by
                 them
                 near
                 Clusin
                 .
                 By
                 this
                 Overthrow
                 the
                 Affairs
                 of
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 were
                 again
                 in
                 a
                 very
                 dangerous
                 Condition
                 ;
                 wherefore
                 to
                 avoid
                 the
                 danger
                 ,
                 they
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 depose
                 Suski
                 (
                 who
                 by
                 his
                 Misfortunes
                 became
                 odious
                 to
                 them
                 )
                 and
                 to
                 offer
                 their
                 Crown
                 to
                 Vladislaus
                 ,
                 Sigismund's
                 Son.
                 This
                 Suski
                 was
                 afterwards
                 surrender'd
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 and
                 dy'd
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 in
                 Prison
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 Vladislaus
                 marching
                 towards
                 that
                 Country
                 with
                 a
                 powerful
                 Army
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1610
                 ,
                 and
                 they
                 hearing
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 thinking
                 he
                 came
                 rather
                 to
                 conquer
                 than
                 accept
                 their
                 Crown
                 ,
                 unanimously
                 revolted
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 especially
                 when
                 they
                 heard
                 that
                 Demetrius
                 had
                 been
                 murder'd
                 by
                 the
                 Tartars
                 who
                 were
                 his
                 Guards
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 Prince
                 Vladislaus
                 his
                 Expedition
                 was
                 made
                 to
                 no
                 purpose
                 ,
                 he
                 being
                 forc'd
                 to
                 make
                 a
                 Truce
                 with
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 for
                 fourteen
                 Years
                 ,
                 whereby
                 it
                 was
                 agreed
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 Poles
                 should
                 keep
                 in
                 their
                 possession
                 the
                 several
                 Dukedoms
                 of
                 
                   Severia
                   ,
                   Zernikow
                
                 and
                 Novogrod
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 had
                 taken
                 during
                 the
                 late
                 Troubles
                 in
                 Muscovy
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 
                   George
                   Farenbach
                
                 surrender'd
                 several
                 Places
                 in
                 Livonia
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 
                   Sweden
                   ,
                   Gustavus
                   Adolphus
                
                 :
                 but
                 it
                 was
                 suspected
                 that
                 he
                 intended
                 to
                 betray
                 that
                 King
                 ;
                 for
                 soon
                 after
                 the
                 said
                 Farenbach
                 was
                 reconcil'd
                 to
                 King
                 Sigismund
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 he
                 restor'd
                 all
                 the
                 Places
                 except
                 Pernau
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 1620
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 were
                 engag'd
                 in
                 a
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 fomented
                 ,
                 as
                 was
                 suppos'd
                 ,
                 by
                 
                   Bethlem
                   Gabor
                
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transilvania
                 ,
                 
                 for
                 which
                 the
                 Turks
                 afterwards
                 endeavour'd
                 to
                 banish
                 that
                 Prince
                 for
                 siding
                 with
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 following
                 the
                 Turks
                 march'd
                 with
                 their
                 whole
                 Forces
                 against
                 Poland
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 met
                 by
                 the
                 Poles
                 near
                 Chocim
                 under
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 Prince
                 Vladistaus
                 ,
                 who
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 of
                 about
                 65000
                 Men
                 ,
                 repuls'd
                 above
                 392000
                 Turks
                 commanded
                 by
                 their
                 Emperor
                 Osman
                 in
                 Person
                 .
                 The
                 Turks
                 attempted
                 three
                 times
                 to
                 force
                 the
                 Polish
                 Camp
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 as
                 often
                 beat
                 back
                 with
                 Loss
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 in
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 Poles
                 suffer'd
                 extremely
                 for
                 want
                 of
                 Ammunition
                 and
                 Provisions
                 ,
                 and
                 besides
                 were
                 mightily
                 weakened
                 by
                 Sickness
                 and
                 a
                 huge
                 Mortality
                 among
                 their
                 Horses
                 .
                 Notwithstanding
                 all
                 this
                 ,
                 at
                 length
                 the
                 Turkish
                 Emperor
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 strike
                 up
                 an
                 honourable
                 Peace
                 with
                 them
                 after
                 having
                 lost
                 about
                 60000
                 Men
                 in
                 the
                 several
                 Attacks
                 he
                 made
                 upon
                 their
                 Camp
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 greater
                 number
                 in
                 his
                 March
                 back
                 to
                 Constantinople
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 
                   Gustavus
                   Adolphus
                
                 falling
                 into
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 took
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Riga
                 without
                 any
                 great
                 Resistance
                 ;
                 and
                 all
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 except
                 Dunneburgh
                 was
                 conquer'd
                 likewise
                 by
                 the
                 Swedes
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1625.
                 
                 Afterwards
                 Gustavus
                 enter'd
                 Prussia
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1626
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 took
                 the
                 Cities
                 of
                 Marienburg
                 and
                 Elbing
                 ,
                 besides
                 some
                 other
                 Places
                 .
                 This
                 War
                 was
                 thus
                 carried
                 on
                 without
                 any
                 general
                 Engagement
                 till
                 the
                 Year
                 1629
                 ,
                 when
                 
                   Hans
                   Wrangel
                
                 the
                 Swedish
                 General
                 defeated
                 the
                 Poles
                 near
                 Gorzno
                 .
                 Then
                 the
                 Emperor
                 sent
                 some
                 Forces
                 to
                 the
                 Assistance
                 
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 in
                 a
                 Battle
                 fought
                 near
                 Stuma
                 were
                 very
                 near
                 having
                 made
                 Gustavus
                 Prisoner
                 .
                 But
                 however
                 ,
                 the
                 Polish
                 Affairs
                 after
                 this
                 Battel
                 falling
                 into
                 great
                 Confusion
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 forc'd
                 to
                 clap
                 up
                 a
                 Truce
                 till
                 the
                 Year
                 1634
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Mediation
                 of
                 Charles
                 the
                 First
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 England
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 Lewis
                 the
                 Thirteenth
                 of
                 France
                 ;
                 the
                 Swedes
                 in
                 the
                 mean
                 while
                 being
                 to
                 keep
                 possession
                 of
                 
                   Elbing
                   ,
                   Mcmel
                   ,
                   Braunsberg
                   ,
                   Pillau
                   ,
                
                 and
                 what
                 besides
                 they
                 had
                 taken
                 in
                 Livonia
                 .
              
               
                 
                 After
                 this
                 Sigismund
                 dy'd
                 the
                 last
                 day
                 of
                 April
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1632
                 ,
                 being
                 sixty
                 Years
                 old
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 reign'd
                 forty
                 four
                 .
              
               
                 
                 *
                 He
                 had
                 all
                 the
                 Qualities
                 that
                 could
                 be
                 requir'd
                 in
                 a
                 great
                 Prince
                 :
                 He
                 lov'd
                 Justice
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 the
                 World
                 commended
                 his
                 Piety
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 always
                 of
                 an
                 even
                 Temper
                 either
                 in
                 good
                 or
                 bad
                 Fortune
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Lustre
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Crown
                 obtain'd
                 when
                 he
                 was
                 but
                 young
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 loss
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Sweden
                 to
                 his
                 Uncle
                 ,
                 might
                 well
                 have
                 either
                 exalted
                 or
                 debas'd
                 him
                 ,
                 had
                 he
                 not
                 had
                 a
                 great
                 Soul
                 :
                 yet
                 among
                 all
                 these
                 good
                 Qualities
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 too
                 much
                 wedded
                 to
                 his
                 Opinion
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 the
                 cause
                 of
                 some
                 Misfortunes
                 that
                 happen'd
                 to
                 him
                 .
              
               
                 Prince
                 Vladislaus
                 was
                 absent
                 when
                 his
                 Father
                 Sigismund
                 fell
                 sick
                 ,
                 yet
                 he
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 Court
                 just
                 as
                 he
                 was
                 expiring
                 ,
                 whose
                 Presence
                 so
                 much
                 reviv'd
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 as
                 to
                 give
                 him
                 Power
                 to
                 put
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Sweden
                 on
                 his
                 Son's
                 Head
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 was
                 to
                 leave
                 that
                 of
                 Poland
                 to
                 Chance
                 .
                 This
                 Election
                 was
                 much
                 
                 
                 more
                 peaceable
                 than
                 his
                 Father
                 
                 Sigismund's
                 ,
                 in
                 that
                 he
                 had
                 no
                 Competitors
                 to
                 oppose
                 him
                 .
                 Some
                 thought
                 
                   Gustavus
                   Adolphus
                
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 had
                 a
                 design
                 upon
                 the
                 Crown
                 ;
                 and
                 his
                 boundless
                 Ambition
                 ,
                 join'd
                 with
                 the
                 great
                 Number
                 of
                 his
                 Friends
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 ,
                 dispersed
                 throughout
                 the
                 whole
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 might
                 very
                 well
                 support
                 that
                 Opinion
                 :
                 yet
                 the
                 Gentry
                 of
                 Great
                 Poland
                 which
                 were
                 most
                 to
                 be
                 suspected
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 Conformity
                 in
                 Religion
                 with
                 him
                 ,
                 were
                 the
                 first
                 that
                 strove
                 to
                 exclude
                 him
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 declar'd
                 those
                 Enemies
                 to
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 that
                 should
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 dare
                 to
                 propose
                 him
                 .
                 Likewise
                 at
                 another
                 Assembly
                 ,
                 a
                 Palatin
                 offering
                 but
                 to
                 insinuate
                 that
                 it
                 would
                 be
                 proper
                 to
                 choose
                 a
                 Foreign
                 Prince
                 ,
                 the
                 Gentry
                 were
                 so
                 unanimously
                 offended
                 at
                 him
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 fain
                 to
                 retire
                 betimes
                 to
                 avoid
                 their
                 Fury
                 .
                 Also
                 
                   Gustavus
                   Adolphus
                
                 had
                 then
                 too
                 many
                 Irons
                 in
                 the
                 Fire
                 ,
                 to
                 draw
                 any
                 more
                 Enemies
                 upon
                 his
                 Back
                 .
              
               
                 
                 
                   John
                   Casimir
                
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 Prince
                 Vladislaus
                 ,
                 was
                 likewise
                 suspected
                 to
                 have
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 and
                 this
                 Conjecture
                 had
                 a
                 more
                 plausible
                 Foundation
                 than
                 the
                 former
                 .
                 These
                 two
                 Princes
                 were
                 both
                 Sons
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 III.
                 yet
                 had
                 they
                 not
                 the
                 same
                 Mother
                 .
                 That
                 of
                 Casimir
                 did
                 all
                 she
                 could
                 to
                 advance
                 her
                 Son
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 :
                 At
                 the
                 Diet
                 met
                 at
                 Thorn
                 she
                 endeavour'd
                 to
                 have
                 a
                 Successor
                 elected
                 whilst
                 the
                 King
                 was
                 living
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 she
                 employ'd
                 a
                 certain
                 Bishop
                 to
                 propose
                 her
                 Son
                 ,
                 but
                 with
                 which
                 the
                 Diet
                 was
                 so
                 extremely
                 incens'd
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 would
                 have
                 immediately
                 tri'd
                 that
                 Prelat
                 for
                 infringing
                 the
                 Publick
                 Liberties
                 ,
                 had
                 not
                 more
                 weighty
                 Affairs
                 interven'd
                 which
                 
                 caus'd
                 them
                 to
                 lay
                 those
                 Intentions
                 aside
                 .
                 During
                 this
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 did
                 all
                 he
                 could
                 to
                 satisfy
                 the
                 Publick
                 that
                 he
                 had
                 no
                 Design
                 upon
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 all
                 his
                 Aim
                 was
                 to
                 promote
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 his
                 elder
                 Brother
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Primate
                 
                   John
                   Vezik
                
                 having
                 notified
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 ,
                 conven'd
                 the
                 Diet
                 on
                 the
                 27
                 th
                 of
                 June
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Lutherans
                 continued
                 their
                 Cabals
                 and
                 Factions
                 as
                 formerly
                 ,
                 but
                 did
                 not
                 favour
                 any
                 of
                 Vladislaus
                 his
                 Competitors
                 as
                 before
                 .
                 The
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 was
                 fix'd
                 for
                 the
                 27
                 th
                 of
                 September
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Year
                 ,
                 whither
                 the
                 Gentry
                 all
                 flock'd
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 appointed
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 more
                 to
                 ingratiate
                 themselves
                 in
                 their
                 Prince
                 
                 Vladislaus's
                 favour
                 ,
                 than
                 to
                 sell
                 their
                 Suffrages
                 .
                 One
                 thing
                 was
                 propos'd
                 at
                 this
                 Diet
                 ,
                 which
                 had
                 it
                 been
                 followed
                 ,
                 might
                 have
                 deliver'd
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 from
                 great
                 Oppressions
                 .
                 This
                 was
                 to
                 digest
                 the
                 Laws
                 into
                 a
                 Code
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 get
                 the
                 King
                 Elect
                 to
                 confirm
                 it
                 :
                 Also
                 to
                 reform
                 the
                 many
                 Abuses
                 crept
                 into
                 the
                 Practice
                 of
                 the
                 Law
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 was
                 too
                 vigorously
                 oppos'd
                 by
                 the
                 interessed
                 Party
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 was
                 fain
                 to
                 be
                 let
                 fall
                 .
              
               
                 
                 
                   Hereupon
                   the
                
                 Diet
                 
                   devoted
                   themselves
                   wholly
                   to
                   the
                   Election
                   :
                   Prince
                
                 Casimir
                 
                   first
                   propos'd
                   his
                
                 BrotherVladislaus
                 ,
                 which
                 Henry
                 Firley
                 
                   Bishop
                   of
                
                 Premislia
                 
                   seconded
                   by
                   a
                   Speech
                   to
                   this
                   purpose
                   ,
                
                 That
                 tho
                 that
                 Assembly
                 had
                 a
                 Right
                 to
                 elect
                 whom
                 they
                 pleas'd
                 ,
                 yet
                 they
                 had
                 ever
                 had
                 a
                 particular
                 regard
                 to
                 the
                 Offspring
                 of
                 their
                 Kings
                 ;
                 that
                 every
                 body
                 there
                 acknowledg'd
                 the
                 Candidate
                 to
                 be
                 of
                 the
                 Blood
                 of
                 Jagello
                 :
                 That
                 even
                 the
                 Merit
                 of
                 his
                 Father
                 pleaded
                 for
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 the
                 Son
                 :
                 That
                 Uladislaus
                 his
                 own
                 Conquests
                 
                 had
                 sufficiently
                 testify'd
                 his
                 Valour
                 ;
                 and
                 lastly
                 ,
                 that
                 a
                 favourable
                 Result
                 was
                 to
                 be
                 expected
                 from
                 that
                 Assembly
                 ,
                 since
                 each
                 knew
                 as
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 Merit
                 of
                 that
                 Prince
                 as
                 he
                 .
                 
                   This
                   was
                   courteously
                   answer'd
                   by
                   the
                   Primate
                   ;
                   after
                   which
                   they
                   proceeded
                   to
                   admit
                   the
                   Ambassadors
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 First
                 
                   Honorius
                   Visconti
                
                 ,
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 ,
                 had
                 Audience
                 ;
                 who
                 being
                 plac'd
                 on
                 the
                 left
                 hand
                 of
                 the
                 Primate
                 ,
                 first
                 desir'd
                 the
                 Assembly
                 to
                 choose
                 a
                 Catholick
                 Prince
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 recommended
                 Prince
                 Vladislaus
                 .
                 Next
                 the
                 Embassadors
                 of
                 the
                 Emperour
                 and
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 contended
                 for
                 Prior
                 Admittance
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 latter
                 being
                 prevented
                 by
                 the
                 Gout
                 ,
                 or
                 at
                 least
                 so
                 feigning
                 it
                 ,
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 yield
                 .
                 The
                 Emperour's
                 Minister
                 therefore
                 was
                 introduc'd
                 ,
                 who
                 in
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 his
                 Master
                 recommended
                 likewise
                 Prince
                 Vladislaus
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 the
                 Swedish
                 Embassador's
                 Indisposition
                 gave
                 him
                 leave
                 to
                 be
                 admitted
                 ;
                 he
                 propos'd
                 a
                 strict
                 Alliance
                 between
                 Sweden
                 and
                 Poland
                 ,
                 in
                 case
                 the
                 Diet
                 would
                 elect
                 none
                 of
                 
                 Sigismund's
                 Issue
                 ,
                 but
                 on
                 condition
                 that
                 he
                 should
                 first
                 renounce
                 all
                 Right
                 to
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Sweden
                 .
                 This
                 Proposal
                 was
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 approv'd
                 of
                 :
                 and
                 there
                 was
                 something
                 else
                 said
                 also
                 by
                 this
                 Minister
                 which
                 mightily
                 displeas'd
                 the
                 Diet
                 ;
                 yet
                 at
                 that
                 time
                 they
                 thought
                 it
                 better
                 to
                 dissemble
                 their
                 Dislike
                 ,
                 than
                 provoke
                 so
                 powerful
                 a
                 Prince
                 as
                 Gustavus
                 by
                 a
                 Resentment
                 .
              
               
                 
                 At
                 this
                 Diet
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Dantzic
                 had
                 a
                 great
                 Favour
                 granted
                 them
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 for
                 the
                 future
                 to
                 have
                 a
                 Vote
                 at
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 of
                 Poland
                 ;
                 which
                 Privilege
                 had
                 never
                 been
                 granted
                 before
                 but
                 to
                 the
                 Cities
                 of
                 Cracow
                 
                 and
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 one
                 being
                 Capital
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 Prince
              
               
                 
                 ULADISLAUS
                 was
                 chosen
                 the
                 13th
                 of
                 November
                 1632.
                 when
                 he
                 took
                 the
                 usual
                 Oaths
                 ,
                 was
                 proclaim'd
                 by
                 the
                 Primate
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 crown'd
                 on
                 the
                 18th
                 of
                 February
                 1633.
                 
              
               
                 
                 He
                 was
                 first
                 marry'd
                 to
                 
                   Coecilia
                   Renata
                
                 ,
                 Daughter
                 to
                 the
                 Emperour
                 Ferdinand
                 II.
                 and
                 afterwards
                 to
                 the
                 Princess
                 
                   Mary
                   Ludovica
                   di
                   Gonzaga
                
                 ,
                 Daughter
                 to
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Nevers
                 of
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Mantua
                 .
                 The
                 Kings
                 of
                 France
                 always
                 match'd
                 the
                 Princesses
                 of
                 Nevers
                 and
                 Nemours
                 ,
                 as
                 Princesses
                 of
                 the
                 Blood
                 ,
                 to
                 Crown'd
                 Heads
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Year
                 after
                 his
                 Election
                 ,
                 Vladislaus
                 not
                 only
                 forc'd
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 to
                 raise
                 the
                 Siege
                 of
                 Smolensko
                 ,
                 and
                 obtain'd
                 a
                 signal
                 Victory
                 over
                 them
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 brought
                 their
                 Army
                 to
                 such
                 Extremities
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 surrender'd
                 themselves
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 made
                 a
                 Diversion
                 ,
                 were
                 also
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 bravely
                 repuls'd
                 .
                 Not
                 long
                 after
                 Vladislaus
                 made
                 an
                 advantageous
                 Peace
                 with
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 ,
                 by
                 virtue
                 of
                 which
                 they
                 renounc'd
                 their
                 Protensions
                 to
                 the
                 two
                 large
                 Dukedoms
                 of
                 Smolensko
                 and
                 Zernikow
                 ,
                 which
                 begat
                 such
                 a
                 Terror
                 in
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 also
                 freely
                 made
                 Restitution
                 for
                 the
                 Damages
                 sustain'd
                 in
                 their
                 last
                 Incursion
                 ,
                 and
                 strangled
                 their
                 Bassa
                 who
                 commanded
                 those
                 Forces
                 .
                 He
                 forc'd
                 likewise
                 the
                 Swedes
                 to
                 restore
                 him
                 those
                 Places
                 they
                 possess'd
                 in
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 prolong
                 the
                 Truce
                 for
                 26
                 Years
                 ;
                 which
                 they
                 the
                 easier
                 consented
                 to
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 their
                 Affairs
                 in
                 Germany
                 were
                 but
                 in
                 an
                 ill
                 Condition
                 after
                 the
                 Battle
                 of
                 Norlinguen
                 .
              
               
               
                 *
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 1637
                 ,
                 the
                 Foundation
                 of
                 the
                 
                 War
                 with
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 was
                 laid
                 ,
                 which
                 brought
                 unspeakable
                 Damages
                 upon
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 was
                 occasion'd
                 thus
                 .
                 The
                 Privileges
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 had
                 obtain'd
                 from
                 King
                 Stephen
                 ,
                 made
                 them
                 to
                 encrease
                 in
                 Number
                 ,
                 and
                 grow
                 much
                 stronger
                 than
                 they
                 were
                 before
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Peasants
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 neighbouring
                 Countries
                 ,
                 having
                 been
                 exceedingly
                 oppress'd
                 by
                 their
                 Lords
                 ,
                 to
                 deliver
                 themselves
                 from
                 Slavery
                 ,
                 ran
                 in
                 great
                 Numbers
                 into
                 the
                 Vkraine
                 ,
                 whereby
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 soon
                 grew
                 very
                 formidable
                 both
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 and
                 Turks
                 ,
                 which
                 embolden'd
                 them
                 to
                 make
                 frequent
                 Incursions
                 into
                 Turky
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 was
                 afterwards
                 the
                 occasion
                 of
                 many
                 bloody
                 Wars
                 between
                 these
                 two
                 Nations
                 .
                 The
                 Great
                 Men
                 of
                 Poland
                 having
                 purchas'd
                 divers
                 Estates
                 in
                 Vkraina
                 ,
                 thought
                 their
                 .
                 Revenues
                 might
                 be
                 considerably
                 augmented
                 ,
                 if
                 the
                 Privileges
                 of
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 were
                 but
                 reduc'd
                 to
                 a
                 narrower
                 Compass
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 instead
                 of
                 plundering
                 their
                 Neighbours
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 restrain'd
                 to
                 manure
                 the
                 Ground
                 ,
                 and
                 live
                 upon
                 the
                 Products
                 of
                 their
                 own
                 Labour
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 Poles
                 prevail'd
                 upon
                 their
                 King
                 Vladislaus
                 to
                 send
                 General
                 Konicepoliski
                 to
                 reduce
                 them
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 at
                 first
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 made
                 a
                 vigorous
                 Resistance
                 ,
                 and
                 oppos'd
                 the
                 Building
                 of
                 the
                 Fortress
                 Hudack
                 just
                 at
                 a
                 Point
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 River
                 Zwamer
                 falls
                 into
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 .
                 But
                 being
                 at
                 last
                 entirely
                 defeated
                 by
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 surrender
                 their
                 General
                 Paulack
                 ,
                 with
                 some
                 others
                 of
                 the
                 chiefest
                 among
                 them
                 ,
                 who
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 
                 a
                 Pardon
                 promis'd
                 them
                 before-hand
                 ,
                 were
                 all
                 beheaded
                 .
                 Besides
                 this
                 ,
                 it
                 was
                 decreed
                 in
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 that
                 all
                 their
                 former
                 Privileges
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Fortress
                 of
                 Tectimoravia
                 ,
                 granted
                 them
                 by
                 King
                 Stephen
                 ,
                 should
                 be
                 taken
                 from
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 new
                 Body
                 of
                 Militia
                 setled
                 there
                 in
                 their
                 stead
                 .
                 To
                 put
                 this
                 Decree
                 in
                 execution
                 ,
                 the
                 Polish
                 Army
                 march'd
                 forthwith
                 into
                 the
                 Vkraine
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 oppos'd
                 by
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 with
                 great
                 Bravery
                 ;
                 who
                 yet
                 nevertheless
                 promis'd
                 to
                 be
                 faithful
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 Provided
                 their
                 antient
                 Privileges
                 might
                 be
                 continu'd
                 to
                 them
                 ;
                 which
                 the
                 Poles
                 readily
                 agreed
                 to
                 ,
                 but
                 however
                 never
                 perform'd
                 :
                 Nay
                 ,
                 treated
                 several
                 of
                 them
                 very
                 ill
                 ;
                 for
                 among
                 other
                 oppressive
                 Methods
                 ,
                 they
                 took
                 from
                 them
                 some
                 of
                 their
                 Greek
                 Churches
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 recover'd
                 in
                 some
                 measure
                 under
                 their
                 General
                 
                   Bogdan
                   Chmielinski
                
                 ,
                 who
                 having
                 been
                 justly
                 enrag'd
                 by
                 
                 Jarinski's
                 ravishing
                 his
                 Wife
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 murdering
                 both
                 her
                 and
                 her
                 Son
                 ,
                 resolv'd
                 on
                 some
                 Expedient
                 to
                 revenge
                 this
                 Affront
                 ,
                 and
                 rid
                 his
                 Country
                 of
                 the
                 Tyranny
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Government
                 .
              
               
                 *
                 In
                 this
                 King's
                 Reign
                 Posts
                 were
                 first
                 us'd
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 setled
                 after
                 the
                 German
                 manner
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1647.
                 
              
               
                 
                 King
                 Vladislaus
                 ,
                 after
                 an
                 indifferently
                 happy
                 Reign
                 ,
                 dy'd
                 of
                 a
                 malignant
                 Fever
                 at
                 Merick
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 the
                 20th
                 of
                 May
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1648.
                 
                 The
                 Muscovites
                 vanquish'd
                 under
                 his
                 Reign
                 ;
                 The
                 Turks
                 forc'd
                 to
                 sue
                 for
                 Peace
                 ;
                 The
                 Inclination
                 he
                 ever
                 had
                 to
                 oblige
                 every
                 body
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                 concern
                 he
                 was
                 always
                 under
                 ,
                 when
                 it
                 was
                 out
                 of
                 his
                 Power
                 to
                 give
                 sufficient
                 Proofs
                 of
                 his
                 Liberality
                 ,
                 were
                 powerful
                 Motives
                 to
                 induce
                 the
                 Poles
                 to
                 regret
                 his
                 Loss
                 ,
                 whose
                 Consternation
                 was
                 the
                 more
                 augmented
                 after
                 his
                 Death
                 by
                 their
                 Defeat
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 taking
                 of
                 divers
                 Places
                 by
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 ,
                 for
                 want
                 of
                 him
                 .
                 Vladislaus
                 leaving
                 no
                 Issue
                 ,
                 his
                 Brother
              
               
                 
                 JOHN
                 CASIMIR
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 led
                 a
                 religious
                 Life
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 afterwards
                 created
                 *
                 Cardinal
                 by
                 Innocent
                 the
                 Xth.
                 succeeded
                 him
                 ,
                 being
                 elected
                 King
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Year
                 that
                 his
                 Brother
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 following
                 Circumstances
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Primate
                 
                   Mathias
                   Lubienski
                
                 having
                 signifi'd
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 by
                 Circular
                 
                 Letters
                 ,
                 and
                 conven'd
                 a
                 Diet
                 to
                 meet
                 on
                 the
                 25th
                 of
                 June
                 ,
                 (
                 the
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 having
                 been
                 fix'd
                 for
                 the
                 6th
                 of
                 October
                 )
                 all
                 the
                 Senators
                 and
                 Deputies
                 met
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 appointed
                 ;
                 but
                 there
                 were
                 no
                 such
                 Heats
                 and
                 Intrigues
                 among
                 them
                 as
                 formerly
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 had
                 rais'd
                 too
                 great
                 Disorders
                 in
                 Poland
                 for
                 them
                 to
                 think
                 of
                 any
                 thing
                 at
                 that
                 time
                 but
                 Union
                 :
                 for
                 the
                 News
                 of
                 such
                 prodigious
                 Preparations
                 made
                 against
                 them
                 ,
                 were
                 enough
                 to
                 stagger
                 any
                 Resolution
                 but
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Polanders
                 ,
                 whose
                 Valour
                 has
                 generally
                 procur'd
                 them
                 the
                 greatest
                 Success
                 .
              
               
                 Hereupon
                 Orders
                 were
                 immediately
                 issu'd
                 out
                 to
                 raise
                 Troops
                 to
                 oppose
                 these
                 cruel
                 Invaders
                 ;
                 
                 and
                 afterwards
                 the
                 Gentry
                 proceeded
                 to
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 a
                 Successor
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 ,
                 
                 at
                 which
                 time
                 no
                 body
                 thought
                 that
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 then
                 complimented
                 with
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 King
                 of
                 Sueden
                 ,
                 would
                 have
                 had
                 any
                 Competitor
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transylvania
                 ,
                 who
                 both
                 put
                 in
                 for
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 were
                 look'd
                 upon
                 to
                 have
                 little
                 or
                 no
                 Interest
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Czar
                 very
                 bluntly
                 demanded
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 or
                 upon
                 refusal
                 threatned
                 to
                 come
                 and
                 force
                 a
                 Compliance
                 :
                 But
                 
                   George
                   Ragozzi
                
                 seem'd
                 to
                 have
                 recourse
                 to
                 a
                 milder
                 Method
                 ;
                 yet
                 tho
                 he
                 offer'd
                 his
                 Army
                 of
                 30000
                 Men
                 to
                 the
                 Republick
                 to
                 assist
                 them
                 against
                 their
                 Enemies
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 suspected
                 to
                 have
                 design'd
                 it
                 against
                 them
                 .
                 But
                 at
                 length
                 the
                 Threats
                 of
                 the
                 one
                 ,
                 and
                 Promises
                 of
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 had
                 no
                 better
                 Effect
                 than
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 both
                 equally
                 despis'd
                 and
                 rejected
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Competitor
                 that
                 Casimir
                 expected
                 least
                 ,
                 was
                 Prince
                 
                   Charles
                   Ferdinand
                
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Breslaw
                 in
                 Silesia
                 ,
                 and
                 Ploczko
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 who
                 solicited
                 the
                 Crown
                 for
                 his
                 Brother
                 ,
                 but
                 design'd
                 it
                 for
                 himself
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 believ'd
                 he
                 had
                 written
                 into
                 Sueden
                 to
                 engage
                 the
                 Queen
                 in
                 his
                 Interest
                 .
                 He
                 had
                 also
                 lent
                 a
                 Million
                 to
                 raise
                 Troops
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 seem'd
                 no
                 extraordinary
                 Policy
                 ,
                 since
                 his
                 Brother
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 had
                 before
                 been
                 declar'd
                 Generalissimo
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 .
                 
                   Stanislaus
                   Zaremba
                
                 ,
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Kiovia
                 ,
                 was
                 thought
                 to
                 have
                 given
                 Ferdinand
                 this
                 bad
                 Counsel
                 ,
                 thinking
                 if
                 he
                 could
                 advance
                 that
                 Prince
                 ,
                 he
                 might
                 withal
                 procure
                 himself
                 the
                 chief
                 Dignity
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 the
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 being
                 then
                 fourscore
                 Years
                 old
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 not
                 likely
                 to
                 live
                 long
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 had
                 always
                 shewn
                 an
                 uncommon
                 Vertue
                 in
                 all
                 his
                 Actions
                 .
                 He
                 lov'd
                 War
                 ,
                 and
                 had
                 ever
                 a
                 great
                 Inclination
                 for
                 Travel
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 in
                 1638
                 ,
                 he
                 embark'd
                 at
                 Genoa
                 for
                 Spain
                 with
                 design
                 to
                 assist
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 against
                 France
                 ;
                 but
                 being
                 taken
                 in
                 Provence
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 kept
                 two
                 Years
                 ,
                 till
                 he
                 was
                 restor'd
                 to
                 his
                 Brother
                 Vladislaus
                 by
                 means
                 of
                 an
                 Embassy
                 sent
                 to
                 the
                 Court
                 of
                 France
                 .
                 This
                 Disgrace
                 which
                 hapned
                 to
                 this
                 Prince
                 ,
                 did
                 not
                 hinder
                 him
                 from
                 undertaking
                 other
                 Voyages
                 ;
                 for
                 in
                 1643
                 ,
                 he
                 left
                 Poland
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 ,
                 and
                 passing
                 by
                 Loretto
                 ,
                 became
                 a
                 Jesuit
                 there
                 ,
                 without
                 acquainting
                 the
                 King
                 his
                 Brother
                 therewith
                 .
                 To
                 withdraw
                 him
                 honourably
                 from
                 this
                 Company
                 ,
                 and
                 prevent
                 the
                 Publick
                 from
                 blaming
                 his
                 Inconstancy
                 ,
                 Pope
                 Innocent
                 the
                 Xth
                 made
                 him
                 Cardinal
                 in
                 1646
                 ,
                 which
                 Dignity
                 Casimir
                 seen
                 after
                 resign'd
                 ;
                 for
                 his
                 Brother's
                 Son
                 dying
                 in
                 1647
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Brother
                 being
                 neither
                 like
                 to
                 have
                 any
                 more
                 Children
                 ,
                 nor
                 to
                 live
                 long
                 ,
                 he
                 prudently
                 bethought
                 himself
                 of
                 other
                 Measures
                 :
                 wherefore
                 in
                 1647
                 ,
                 he
                 sent
                 his
                 Renunciation
                 to
                 his
                 Holiness
                 by
                 
                   Francis
                   Fredt
                   de
                   Moulinet
                
                 ,
                 a
                 French
                 Gentleman
                 ,
                 a
                 Person
                 he
                 had
                 always
                 cherish'd
                 and
                 employ'd
                 upon
                 divers
                 Occasions
                 ,
                 and
                 whose
                 approv'd
                 Fidelity
                 made
                 him
                 often
                 say
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   a
                   Prince
                   was
                   always
                   better
                   serv'd
                   by
                   Strangers
                   than
                   by
                   his
                   own
                   Subjects
                   .
                
              
               
                 This
                 Retreat
                 of
                 Casimir
                 among
                 the
                 Jesuits
                 ,
                 
                 gave
                 occasion
                 to
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Kiovia
                 to
                 labour
                 at
                 his
                 Exclusion
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 he
                 was
                 zealously
                 assisted
                 by
                 the
                 Protestants
                 ,
                 who
                 mortally
                 hated
                 that
                 Society
                 .
                 This
                 Bishop
                 likewise
                 imagin'd
                 he
                 had
                 got
                 the
                 major
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Gentry
                 on
                 
                 his
                 side
                 ,
                 who
                 seem'd
                 also
                 dissatisfi'd
                 with
                 the
                 Jesuits
                 ;
                 but
                 he
                 was
                 not
                 a
                 little
                 mistaken
                 ,
                 for
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 being
                 the
                 Elder
                 ,
                 and
                 King
                 Vladislaus
                 his
                 Brother
                 having
                 recommended
                 him
                 by
                 his
                 Will
                 to
                 the
                 States
                 ,
                 the
                 Faction
                 against
                 him
                 only
                 retarded
                 his
                 Election
                 for
                 a
                 few
                 days
                 ,
                 the
                 Senate
                 in
                 that
                 time
                 having
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 reconcile
                 the
                 two
                 Brothers
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 6th
                 of
                 October
                 began
                 the
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 ,
                 where
                 almost
                 all
                 were
                 unanimous
                 ,
                 and
                 only
                 study'd
                 to
                 hinder
                 the
                 Progress
                 of
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 .
                 First
                 
                   John
                   de
                   Torres
                
                 ,
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 
                 Adrianople
                 ,
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 ,
                 the
                 young
                 Marquess
                 of
                 Grana
                 Ambassador
                 from
                 the
                 Emperour
                 ,
                 the
                 Count
                 of
                 Arpajou
                 Embassador
                 Extraordinary
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Viscount
                 of
                 Bregi
                 Embassador
                 in
                 Ordinary
                 from
                 France
                 ,
                 recommended
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 ,
                 the
                 29th
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Month
                 ,
                 
                   John
                   Tyskiewitz
                
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 made
                 an
                 elegant
                 Harangue
                 in
                 his
                 behalf
                 ,
                 alledging
                 the
                 Case
                 of
                 Casimir
                 the
                 IId
                 .
                 who
                 had
                 retir'd
                 into
                 the
                 Abby
                 of
                 Cluny
                 ,
                 but
                 nevertheless
                 was
                 not
                 excluded
                 the
                 Throne
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 next
                 day
                 the
                 Minister
                 of
                 Ragozzi
                 ,
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transylvania
                 ,
                 had
                 Audience
                 ,
                 who
                 ,
                 contrary
                 to
                 all
                 Expectation
                 ,
                 recommended
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 ;
                 yet
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 insinuated
                 ,
                 that
                 if
                 they
                 did
                 not
                 think
                 fit
                 to
                 elect
                 him
                 ,
                 his
                 Master
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 always
                 had
                 so
                 sincere
                 Affection
                 for
                 Poland
                 ,
                 would
                 gladly
                 be
                 their
                 Prince
                 .
                 The
                 Diet
                 ,
                 altho
                 they
                 detested
                 his
                 Flattery
                 ,
                 yet
                 express'd
                 themselves
                 grateful
                 to
                 his
                 Master
                 for
                 the
                 kindness
                 he
                 had
                 profess'd
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 3d
                 of
                 November
                 Prince
                 
                 Ferdinand's
                 Embassadors
                 were
                 introduc'd
                 with
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Kiovia
                 at
                 their
                 Head.
                 The
                 Profers
                 these
                 made
                 were
                 receiv'd
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Indifference
                 ;
                 but
                 when
                 the
                 Bishop
                 began
                 to
                 speak
                 with
                 disrespect
                 of
                 Prince
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 soon
                 silenc'd
                 by
                 a
                 universal
                 Confusion
                 of
                 Voices
                 ,
                 which
                 seem'd
                 all
                 to
                 be
                 against
                 him
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 Prince
                 Ferdinand
                 sent
                 forthwith
                 his
                 Excuses
                 ,
                 and
                 publickly
                 resign'd
                 his
                 Pretensions
                 to
                 his
                 Brother
                 ;
                 which
                 prevail'd
                 so
                 far
                 upon
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 granted
                 him
                 his
                 Friendship
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 made
                 him
                 a
                 Present
                 of
                 the
                 Principalities
                 of
                 Oppolen
                 and
                 Ratibor
                 in
                 Silesia
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 re-imburs'd
                 the
                 Charges
                 he
                 had
                 been
                 at
                 to
                 oppose
                 him
                 in
                 his
                 Election
                 ;
                 which
                 generous
                 Usage
                 so
                 influenc'd
                 Ferdinand
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 express'd
                 less
                 Joy
                 for
                 all
                 these
                 noble
                 Presents
                 than
                 Sorrow
                 for
                 having
                 been
                 concern'd
                 against
                 so
                 deserving
                 a
                 Brother
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 17th
                 began
                 the
                 Election
                 ,
                 when
                 all
                 Obstacles
                 being
                 remov'd
                 ,
                 Casimir
                 had
                 been
                 proclaim'd
                 the
                 same
                 day
                 ,
                 if
                 his
                 Embassadors
                 had
                 sign'd
                 the
                 Articles
                 propos'd
                 to
                 them
                 ;
                 but
                 nevertheless
                 on
                 the
                 20th
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 admitted
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 on
                 the
                 same
                 Conditions
                 with
                 his
                 Father
                 Sigismund
                 .
              
               
                 
                 He
                 marry'd
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Dispensation
                 ,
                 the
                 Queen-Dowager
                 
                   Mary
                   Ludovica
                
                 his
                 Brother's
                 Queen
                 .
                 She
                 being
                 a
                 French
                 Lady
                 ,
                 and
                 medling
                 too
                 much
                 with
                 Affairs
                 of
                 State
                 ,
                 perhaps
                 with
                 design
                 to
                 promote
                 a
                 Successor
                 of
                 her
                 own
                 Country
                 ,
                 is
                 thought
                 to
                 have
                 contributed
                 in
                 great
                 measure
                 towards
                 the
                 Troubles
                 which
                 
                 afterwards
                 ensu'd
                 .
                 Soon
                 after
                 he
                 came
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 the
                 Cosack
                 General
                 Chmielinski
                 began
                 
                 to
                 put
                 in
                 practice
                 his
                 Revenge
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 calling
                 the
                 Tartars
                 to
                 his
                 Assistance
                 ,
                 he
                 march'd
                 at
                 the
                 Head
                 of
                 a
                 formidable
                 Army
                 into
                 Poland
                 ;
                 where
                 burning
                 ,
                 plundering
                 and
                 ravaging
                 wherever
                 he
                 came
                 ,
                 he
                 did
                 all
                 the
                 Mischief
                 he
                 could
                 ,
                 defeated
                 the
                 Polish
                 Army
                 ,
                 took
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Kiovia
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 besieg'd
                 Leopol
                 ,
                 Capital
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 of
                 near
                 300000
                 Men
                 ,
                 yet
                 could
                 never
                 take
                 it
                 ,
                 tho
                 its
                 Fortifications
                 are
                 but
                 very
                 inconsiderable
                 .
                 They
                 nevertheless
                 ravag'd
                 the
                 Country
                 all
                 about
                 it
                 for
                 many
                 Leagues
                 together
                 .
                 To
                 revenge
                 which
                 Affront
                 ,
                 the
                 Poles
                 summon'd
                 the
                 seventh
                 Man
                 throughout
                 the
                 whole
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 and
                 march'd
                 against
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 without
                 the
                 Consent
                 of
                 their
                 King
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 before
                 refus'd
                 to
                 head
                 them
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 again
                 miserably
                 beaten
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 the
                 King's
                 Army
                 at
                 other
                 times
                 had
                 considerable
                 Advantages
                 over
                 them
                 ;
                 for
                 tho
                 they
                 found
                 they
                 were
                 not
                 able
                 to
                 fight
                 them
                 ,
                 yet
                 they
                 fatigu'd
                 and
                 weakned
                 them
                 so
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 forc'd
                 to
                 call
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 likewise
                 to
                 help
                 them
                 forward
                 with
                 their
                 intended
                 Work.
                 Whilst
                 some
                 put
                 themselves
                 under
                 the
                 Protection
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 others
                 had
                 recourse
                 to
                 the
                 Port
                 ,
                 so
                 irreconcilable
                 were
                 they
                 ever
                 to
                 have
                 any
                 more
                 to
                 do
                 with
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 been
                 so
                 ever
                 since
                 to
                 their
                 own
                 Ruin
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 great
                 Disadvantage
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 The
                 only
                 Damage
                 they
                 sustain'd
                 ,
                 was
                 ,
                 when
                 Chmielinski
                 was
                 celebrating
                 the
                 Nuptials
                 of
                 his
                 Son
                 with
                 the
                 Daughter
                 of
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Valachia
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Poles
                 surpriz'd
                 them
                 ,
                 re-took
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Kiovia
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 it
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 made
                 the
                 Grecian
                 Patriarch
                 Prisoner
                 .
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 Then
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 sent
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 to
                 know
                 if
                 this
                 had
                 been
                 done
                 by
                 his
                 Majesty's
                 Order
                 ;
                 which
                 being
                 answer'd
                 in
                 the
                 Negative
                 ,
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Nobility
                 had
                 done
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 reveng'd
                 on
                 them
                 for
                 the
                 frequent
                 Damages
                 they
                 had
                 done
                 them
                 ,
                 they
                 immediately
                 ,
                 in
                 conjunction
                 with
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 fell
                 into
                 Poland
                 with
                 the
                 greatest
                 Fury
                 imaginable
                 .
                 Against
                 these
                 the
                 King
                 went
                 in
                 Person
                 at
                 the
                 Head
                 of
                 the
                 Nobility
                 ,
                 and
                 defeated
                 them
                 in
                 Battle
                 .
                 But
                 nevertheless
                 the
                 King
                 was
                 afterwards
                 forc'd
                 to
                 clap
                 up
                 a
                 Peace
                 with
                 them
                 ,
                 tho
                 the
                 Gentry
                 were
                 very
                 much
                 displeas'd
                 at
                 his
                 granting
                 them
                 their
                 own
                 Terms
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 were
                 left
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 Smolensko
                 and
                 Kiovia
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 enjoy
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
                 The
                 Muscovites
                 likewise
                 took
                 Vilna
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 with
                 some
                 other
                 considerable
                 Cities
                 in
                 that
                 great
                 Dutchy
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 1655
                 ,
                 
                   Charles
                   Gustavus
                
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 ,
                 rais'd
                 a
                 more
                 fatal
                 Storm
                 in
                 Poland
                 ;
                 for
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 of
                 chosen
                 Men
                 he
                 enter'd
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 two
                 years
                 time
                 made
                 himself
                 absolute
                 Master
                 thereof
                 .
                 He
                 first
                 conquer'd
                 Great
                 Poland
                 and
                 Masovia
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 the
                 Lesser
                 Poland
                 ,
                 with
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 the
                 capital
                 City
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 from
                 whence
                 he
                 march'd
                 into
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 where
                 almost
                 all
                 the
                 Towns
                 immediately
                 surrender'd
                 to
                 him
                 except
                 Dantzic
                 ,
                 wherein
                 at
                 first
                 were
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 Citizens
                 that
                 favour'd
                 the
                 Suedes
                 ;
                 but
                 who
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Persuasions
                 of
                 some
                 Ministers
                 ,
                 continu'd
                 their
                 Obedience
                 to
                 Poland
                 .
                 The
                 Resistance
                 made
                 by
                 this
                 one
                 City
                 ,
                 was
                 the
                 main
                 Reason
                 why
                 all
                 the
                 Advantages
                 got
                 by
                 the
                 Swedes
                 at
                 last
                 prov'd
                 fruitless
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 that
                 they
                 could
                 maintain
                 themselves
                 no
                 longer
                 in
                 Prussia
                 :
                 notwithstanding
                 that
                 ,
                 not
                 only
                 the
                 whole
                 Militia
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 part
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 which
                 was
                 under
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 ,
                 had
                 submitted
                 to
                 the
                 Swedes
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 King
                 
                   John
                   Casimir
                
                 was
                 fled
                 into
                 Silesia
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Poles
                 having
                 recover'd
                 themselves
                 after
                 their
                 first
                 Consternation
                 was
                 over
                 ,
                 and
                 being
                 moreover
                 join'd
                 by
                 the
                 Brandenburgers
                 and
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 fell
                 upon
                 such
                 of
                 the
                 Swedish
                 Forces
                 as
                 were
                 scatter'd
                 up
                 and
                 down
                 the
                 Country
                 .
                 The
                 Lithuanians
                 also
                 rose
                 up
                 in
                 Arms
                 ,
                 and
                 kill'd
                 all
                 the
                 Swedes
                 that
                 were
                 in
                 Winter-quarters
                 among
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Occasion
                 of
                 this
                 Swedish
                 Invasion
                 was
                 some
                 familiarity
                 King
                 Casimir
                 had
                 had
                 with
                 the
                 Wife
                 of
                 the
                 Vice-Chancellor
                 Radziouski
                 ,
                 Father
                 to
                 the
                 present
                 Cardinal
                 Primate
                 .
                 This
                 great
                 Senator
                 could
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 brook
                 a
                 Scandal
                 so
                 publick
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 having
                 first
                 made
                 a
                 Party
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 he
                 call'd
                 in
                 the
                 Swedes
                 through
                 Livonia
                 to
                 revenge
                 his
                 Quarrel
                 ,
                 who
                 soon
                 got
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Curland's
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 took
                 him
                 Prisoner
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 they
                 had
                 such
                 vast
                 Success
                 in
                 their
                 Progress
                 ,
                 that
                 all
                 the
                 Towns
                 of
                 Poland
                 soon
                 submitted
                 to
                 them
                 ,
                 none
                 being
                 able
                 to
                 withstand
                 a
                 Siege
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 observ'd
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 are
                 but
                 few
                 fortify'd
                 Places
                 in
                 Poland
                 ;
                 it
                 being
                 a
                 Maxim
                 of
                 State
                 there
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   their
                   Kings
                   should
                   not
                   strengthen
                   themselves
                   at
                   home
                   ,
                   whereby
                   their
                   Enemies
                   might
                   take
                   footing
                   from
                   abroad
                   .
                
              
               
                 This
                 vast
                 Conquest
                 made
                 all
                 the
                 neighbouring
                 Princes
                 very
                 jealous
                 of
                 the
                 Power
                 of
                 Sweden
                 ;
                 for
                 on
                 one
                 side
                 Ragozzi
                 ,
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transylvania
                 ,
                 thinking
                 perhaps
                 to
                 obtain
                 that
                 Crown
                 for
                 himself
                 ,
                 enter'd
                 Poland
                 ,
                 but
                 with
                 
                 no
                 Success
                 .
                 The
                 Danes
                 likewise
                 made
                 a
                 considerable
                 Diversion
                 on
                 their
                 part
                 by
                 attacking
                 Sweden
                 .
                 Also
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 came
                 upon
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Emperour
                 sent
                 Troops
                 to
                 succour
                 the
                 Poles
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 ,
                 by
                 Assistance
                 of
                 the
                 Brandenburgers
                 and
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 prudent
                 Conduct
                 of
                 General
                 Czarneski
                 ,
                 the
                 Polish
                 Nobility
                 in
                 six
                 Months
                 time
                 restor'd
                 Casimir
                 to
                 his
                 Throne
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Czarneski
                 re-took
                 the
                 capital
                 City
                 of
                 Poland
                 by
                 a
                 Stratagem
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 by
                 contriving
                 to
                 have
                 some
                 Cartloads
                 of
                 Wood
                 enter
                 the
                 City
                 betimes
                 in
                 the
                 Morning
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 break
                 in
                 their
                 Passage
                 through
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Gates
                 ;
                 by
                 which
                 means
                 ,
                 with
                 800
                 Men
                 ,
                 he
                 forc'd
                 his
                 way
                 into
                 the
                 City
                 ,
                 and
                 destroy'd
                 the
                 Swedish
                 Garison
                 .
                 The
                 Advantage
                 of
                 an
                 unfortify'd
                 Kingdom
                 will
                 always
                 be
                 this
                 ,
                 That
                 tho
                 it
                 be
                 soon
                 conquer'd
                 ,
                 it
                 will
                 nevertheless
                 be
                 as
                 easily
                 recover'd
                 .
              
               
                 
                 When
                 
                   Charles
                   Gustavus
                
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 ,
                 had
                 met
                 with
                 an
                 Opportunity
                 to
                 make
                 War
                 with
                 Poland
                 ,
                 he
                 made
                 several
                 private
                 Treaties
                 with
                 the
                 late
                 Elector
                 of
                 
                   Brandenburg
                   ,
                   Frederic
                   William
                
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 length
                 enter'd
                 into
                 a
                 League
                 with
                 him
                 ,
                 on
                 condition
                 ,
                 that
                 when
                 he
                 had
                 conquer'd
                 Poland
                 ,
                 he
                 should
                 give
                 him
                 the
                 Soveraignty
                 of
                 Ducal
                 Prussia
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 they
                 both
                 join'd
                 their
                 Forces
                 together
                 ,
                 and
                 soon
                 conquer'd
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 But
                 afterwards
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 being
                 call'd
                 home
                 to
                 take
                 care
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 then
                 invaded
                 by
                 the
                 Danes
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 compound
                 with
                 Poland
                 for
                 800000
                 Rix
                 Dollars
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 not
                 having
                 had
                 any
                 Intelligence
                 of
                 the
                 Danish
                 Invasion
                 ,
                 were
                 glad
                 to
                 agree
                 to
                 .
                 But
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 
                 Brandenhurg
                 observing
                 that
                 the
                 Money
                 stipulated
                 for
                 ,
                 was
                 not
                 like
                 to
                 be
                 easily
                 rais'd
                 ,
                 offer'd
                 ,
                 unknown
                 to
                 the
                 Swedes
                 ,
                 to
                 give
                 the
                 Poles
                 that
                 Sum
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 to
                 help
                 them
                 to
                 drive
                 the
                 Swedes
                 out
                 of
                 their
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 in
                 case
                 they
                 would
                 but
                 confirm
                 to
                 him
                 and
                 his
                 Heirs
                 the
                 aforesaid
                 Soveraignty
                 of
                 Ducal
                 Prussia
                 .
                 To
                 this
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 being
                 in
                 extream
                 Confusion
                 and
                 Necessity
                 ,
                 quickly
                 condescended
                 ,
                 with
                 this
                 Restraint
                 only
                 ,
                 That
                 whenever
                 the
                 said
                 Elector's
                 Male-Issue
                 fail'd
                 ,
                 that
                 Dutchy
                 should
                 revert
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 having
                 been
                 proclaim'd
                 Soveraign
                 Duke
                 of
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 he
                 immediately
                 join'd
                 the
                 Polish
                 Forces
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 short
                 time
                 drove
                 the
                 Swedes
                 out
                 of
                 their
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 before
                 had
                 been
                 instrumental
                 in
                 bringing
                 in
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 is
                 the
                 Account
                 I
                 have
                 heard
                 the
                 Poles
                 give
                 of
                 their
                 Deliverance
                 from
                 the
                 Swedish
                 Yoke
                 ;
                 and
                 Sir
                 
                   Robert
                   Southwell
                
                 also
                 gave
                 us
                 lately
                 the
                 same
                 Account
                 at
                 the
                 Royal
                 Society
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 had
                 from
                 the
                 late
                 Elector
                 of
                 
                 Brandenburg's
                 own
                 Mouth
                 .
              
               
                 
                 At
                 this
                 *
                 Treaty
                 of
                 Oliva
                 (
                 a
                 Monastery
                 near
                 Dantzic
                 )
                 the
                 Poles
                 likewise
                 were
                 to
                 renounce
                 all
                 the
                 Pretensions
                 they
                 had
                 to
                 Livonia
                 .
              
               
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 after
                 having
                 routed
                 the
                 Swedes
                 ,
                 rais'd
                 an
                 Army
                 of
                 about
                 30000
                 Germans
                 ,
                 under
                 pretence
                 of
                 being
                 reveng'd
                 on
                 the
                 Tartars
                 for
                 detaining
                 several
                 Poles
                 Prisonners
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 betray'd
                 himself
                 ,
                 the
                 better
                 to
                 curb
                 his
                 Subjects
                 .
                 But
                 Prince
                 Lubomirski
                 ,
                 
                 Crown-Marshal
                 ,
                 having
                 discover'd
                 his
                 private
                 Design
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 to
                 render
                 himself
                 Despotic
                 ,
                 rais'd
                 an
                 Army
                 likewise
                 ,
                 and
                 attack'd
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 King
                 with
                 so
                 good
                 Success
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 entirely
                 routed
                 it
                 ,
                 took
                 its
                 General
                 ,
                 a
                 Frenchman
                 ,
                 Prisoner
                 ,
                 and
                 quickly
                 oblig'd
                 the
                 King
                 to
                 disband
                 his
                 German
                 Forces
                 .
                 At
                 this
                 
                 Affront
                 receiv'd
                 from
                 his
                 own
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 Casimir
                 was
                 extreamly
                 netled
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 he
                 abdicated
                 the
                 Crown
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 .
                 But
                 some
                 time
                 before
                 his
                 Abdication
                 he
                 convok'd
                 a
                 Diet
                 at
                 Leopol
                 to
                 pay
                 off
                 the
                 Army
                 .
                 The
                 best
                 Expedient
                 to
                 effect
                 this
                 was
                 thought
                 to
                 be
                 ,
                 to
                 call
                 in
                 all
                 the
                 Gold
                 and
                 Silver
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 and
                 re-coin
                 it
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 having
                 been
                 found
                 deficient
                 ,
                 the
                 States
                 consented
                 to
                 have
                 vast
                 Quantities
                 of
                 Copper
                 coin'd
                 ,
                 which
                 before
                 had
                 been
                 very
                 scarce
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 raise
                 its
                 intrinsick
                 Value
                 to
                 almost
                 double
                 the
                 common
                 Standard
                 .
                 With
                 this
                 Money
                 the
                 King
                 paid
                 the
                 Publick
                 for
                 what
                 they
                 brought
                 in
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 the
                 Arrears
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 ,
                 but
                 kept
                 all
                 the
                 Gold
                 and
                 Silver
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 afterwards
                 privately
                 remitted
                 into
                 France
                 ,
                 and
                 soon
                 follow'd
                 himself
                 ,
                 whereby
                 he
                 beggar'd
                 the
                 Nation
                 ;
                 for
                 which
                 the
                 Poles
                 condemn
                 him
                 even
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
                 They
                 also
                 hate
                 his
                 Memory
                 for
                 having
                 favour'd
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 Rebellion
                 to
                 the
                 empoverishing
                 those
                 Gentlemen
                 that
                 had
                 Estates
                 in
                 Vkraina
                 .
                 This
                 appear'd
                 unquestionable
                 by
                 a
                 private
                 Letter
                 intercepted
                 ,
                 sent
                 under
                 
                 Casimir's
                 own
                 hand
                 to
                 Chmielinski
                 and
                 Doroczinko
                 ,
                 Generals
                 of
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 Army
                 ,
                 whereby
                 he
                 invited
                 them
                 to
                 make
                 War
                 against
                 himself
                 for
                 not
                 having
                 been
                 redress'd
                 in
                 the
                 Grievances
                 they
                 had
                 sustain'd
                 under
                 the
                 
                 Jews
                 ,
                 the
                 Noblemens
                 Stewards
                 in
                 the
                 Vkraine
                 ;
                 by
                 which
                 means
                 he
                 gave
                 them
                 occasion
                 to
                 deliver
                 themselves
                 from
                 the
                 Polish
                 Slavery
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 continue
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
              
               
                 All
                 this
                 while
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 were
                 not
                 a
                 little
                 troublesome
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 taking
                 advantage
                 of
                 these
                 intestine
                 Disorders
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 ill
                 Condition
                 the
                 Affairs
                 of
                 Poland
                 were
                 in
                 during
                 
                 Casimir's
                 Time
                 ,
                 who
                 at
                 length
                 ,
                 after
                 20
                 years
                 Reign
                 ,
                 being
                 tir'd
                 out
                 with
                 Vexations
                 ,
                 publickly
                 resign'd
                 his
                 Crown
                 ,
                 like
                 Charles
                 V.
                 at
                 St.
                 
                 John's
                 Church
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 the
                 16th
                 of
                 September
                 ,
                 in
                 
                 the
                 Year
                 1668
                 ;
                 and
                 retiring
                 into
                 France
                 ,
                 dy'd
                 afterwards
                 at
                 Nevers
                 ,
                 the
                 City
                 where
                 his
                 Queen
                 was
                 born
                 .
              
               
                 While
                 I
                 was
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 I
                 spoke
                 with
                 several
                 old
                 Gentlemen
                 about
                 this
                 King's
                 Abdication
                 ,
                 who
                 told
                 me
                 that
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 the
                 day
                 after
                 his
                 Resignation
                 ,
                 observing
                 the
                 People
                 hardly
                 paid
                 him
                 the
                 Respect
                 due
                 to
                 a
                 Gentleman
                 ,
                 much
                 less
                 to
                 a
                 King
                 ,
                 seem'd
                 to
                 have
                 repented
                 heartily
                 of
                 the
                 Folly
                 he
                 had
                 committed
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Officers
                 which
                 this
                 Prince
                 had
                 reserv'd
                 to
                 himself
                 in
                 his
                 Retreat
                 ,
                 rais'd
                 a
                 stately
                 Monument
                 to
                 the
                 Memory
                 of
                 their
                 Royal
                 Master
                 in
                 the
                 Abby
                 of
                 St.
                 Germains
                 at
                 Paris
                 ,
                 whereof
                 he
                 was
                 made
                 Abbot
                 .
                 The
                 Brass
                 and
                 Marble
                 of
                 this
                 Monument
                 shall
                 not
                 outlast
                 the
                 Latin
                 Epitaph
                 which
                 Father
                 
                   Francis
                   Delfault
                
                 made
                 on
                 this
                 Prince
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 for
                 the
                 Excellency
                 in
                 its
                 kind
                 ,
                 I
                 shall
                 beg
                 leave
                 of
                 your
                 Grace
                 to
                 insert
                 .
              
               
                 
                 
                   
                   Aeternae
                   Memoriae
                   ;
                   
                   REGIS
                   ORTHODOXI
                   ,
                   
                   HEIC
                   ;
                   
                   Post
                   Emensos
                   Virtutis
                   
                   Ac
                   Gloriae
                   Gradus
                   omnes
                   ,
                   
                   Quiescit
                   ,
                   Nobili
                   sui
                   Parte
                   ,
                   
                   JOHANNES
                   CASIMIRVS
                   ,
                   
                   Poloniae
                   
                   Ac
                   Sueciae
                   Rex
                   ;
                   
                   Alto
                   E
                   Jagellonidum
                   
                   Sanguine
                   ,
                   
                   Familia
                   Vasatensi
                   
                   POSTREMVS
                   ,
                   
                   Quia
                   Summus
                   
                   LITTERIS
                   ,
                   ARMIS
                   ,
                   PIETATE
                   .
                   
                   Multarum
                   Gentium
                   Linguas
                   
                   Addidicit
                   ,
                   quo
                   illas
                   Propensius
                   
                   Sibi
                   devinciret
                   .
                   
                   Septemdecim
                   Praeliis
                   ,
                   collatis
                   
                   cum
                   Hoste
                   signis
                   ,
                   
                   Totidem
                   uno
                   minus
                   vicit
                   ,
                   
                   SEMPER
                   INVIGTVS
                   ,
                   
                   
                   Moscovitas
                   ,
                   Suecos
                   ,
                   Brandeburgenses
                   ,
                   
                   Tartaros
                   ,
                   Germanos
                   
                   ARMIS
                   ;
                   
                   Cosacos
                   ,
                   aliosque
                   Rebelles
                   Gratid
                   ,
                   
                   ac
                   Beneficiis
                   
                   EXPVGNAVIT
                   ;
                   
                   Victoriâ
                   Regem
                   eis
                   se
                   Praebens
                   ,
                   
                   Clementiâ
                   Patrem
                   .
                   
                   Denique
                   totis
                   viginti
                   
                   Imperii
                   Annis
                   ,
                   
                   Fortunam
                   virtute
                   vincens
                   ,
                   
                   AVLAM
                   HABVIT
                   IN
                   CASTRIS
                   ,
                   
                   PALATIA
                   
                   IN
                   TENTORIIS
                   ,
                   
                   SPECTACVLA
                   
                   IN
                   TRIVMPHIS
                   .
                   
                   Liberos
                   ex
                   legitimo
                   connubio
                   
                   Suscepit
                   ,
                   queis
                   postea
                   orbatus
                   est
                   ,
                   
                   ne
                   si
                   se
                   majorem
                   reliquisset
                   ,
                   
                   non
                   esset
                   ipse
                   Maximus
                   ;
                   
                   Sin
                   minorem
                   ,
                   stirps
                   degeneraret
                   .
                   
                   Par
                   ei
                   ad
                   fortitudinem
                   
                   Religio
                   fuit
                   ,
                   
                   Nec
                   segnius
                   Coelo
                   Militavit
                   ,
                   
                   QVAM
                   SOLO
                   .
                   
                   
                   Hinc
                   extructa
                   Monasteria
                   ,
                   &
                   
                   Nosocomia
                   Varsaviae
                   ,
                   
                   Calvinianorum
                   fana
                   in
                   
                   Lithuania
                   exoisa
                   ;
                   
                   Sociniani
                   Regno
                   pulsi
                   ,
                   ne
                   Casimirum
                   
                   haberent
                   Regem
                   ,
                   
                   Qui
                   Christum
                   Deum
                   non
                   
                   Haberent
                   .
                   
                   Senatus
                   A
                   Variis
                   Sectis
                   ad
                   
                   Catholicae
                   Fidei
                   Communiousm
                   
                   Adductus
                   ,
                   
                   Vt
                   Ecclesiae
                   legibus
                   
                   Continerentur
                   ,
                   
                   Qui
                   Jura
                   Populis
                   Dicerent
                   .
                   
                   Vnde
                   Illi
                   praeclarum
                   
                   ORTHODOXI
                   NOMEN
                   
                   Ab
                   Alexandro
                   VII
                   .
                   
                   Inditum
                   .
                   
                   Humanae
                   Denique
                   Gloriae
                   
                   Fastigium
                   Praetergressus
                   ,
                   
                   Cum
                   Nihil
                   Praeclarius
                   Agere
                   
                   Posset
                   ,
                   
                   
                   IMPERIVM
                   SPONTE
                   
                   ABDICAVIT
                   
                   ANNO
                   M.
                   DC
                   .
                   LXVIII
                   .
                   
                   Tum
                   Porro
                   lachrymae
                   ,
                   Quas
                   
                   Nulli
                   Regnans
                   Excusserat
                   ,
                   
                   Omnium
                   oculis
                   Manarunt
                   ,
                   
                   Qui
                   Abeuntem
                   Regem
                   ,
                   non
                   secus
                   
                   Atque
                   Obeuntem
                   Patrem
                   ,
                   
                   LV
                   :
                   XERE
                   .
                   
                   Vitae
                   Reliquum
                   in
                   Pietatis
                   
                   Officiis
                   cum
                   Exegisset
                   ,
                   
                   Tandem
                   Audita
                   Kameneci●●
                   
                   Expugnatione
                   ,
                   ne
                   tantae
                   cladi
                   
                   Superesset
                   ,
                   
                   CHARITATE
                   PATRIAE
                   
                   VVLNERATVS
                   OCCVBVIT
                   
                   XVII
                   .
                   KAL
                   .
                   JAN
                   .
                   M.
                   DC
                   .
                   
                   LXXII
                   .
                   
                   Regium
                   cor
                   monachis
                   Hujus
                   
                   Coenobii
                   ,
                   cui
                   Abbas
                   praefuerat
                   ,
                   
                   Amoris
                   pignus
                   reliquit
                   ;
                   
                   Quod
                   illi
                   isthoc
                   tumulo
                   Moere●●tes
                   
                   condidorunt
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 If
                 King
                 
                 Casimir's
                 Resignation
                 procur'd
                 Quiet
                 to
                 himself
                 ,
                 it
                 occasion'd
                 no
                 less
                 Disturbance
                 to
                 the
                 Polish
                 Commonwealth
                 ;
                 for
                 thereby
                 none
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Vasa
                 remaining
                 ,
                 several
                 Princes
                 rais'd
                 Factions
                 to
                 get
                 the
                 Crown
                 into
                 their
                 Families
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 each
                 endeavour'd
                 to
                 hinder
                 him
                 that
                 was
                 most
                 like
                 to
                 obtain
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 
                 
                   Stanislaus
                   Prasmowski
                
                 the
                 Primate
                 had
                 conven'd
                 a
                 Diet
                 to
                 meet
                 at
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 December
                 ,
                 where
                 ,
                 after
                 some
                 innocent
                 Heats
                 ,
                 the
                 second
                 of
                 May
                 1669
                 was
                 pitch'd
                 upon
                 for
                 the
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 .
                 This
                 Interregnum
                 ,
                 unlike
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 was
                 not
                 disturb'd
                 by
                 the
                 Protestants
                 ;
                 King
                 Casimir
                 having
                 taken
                 such
                 Measures
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Socinians
                 were
                 in
                 his
                 time
                 banish'd
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 Sects
                 being
                 look'd
                 upon
                 with
                 Contempt
                 ,
                 were
                 consequently
                 discourag'd
                 in
                 their
                 Advances
                 .
              
               
                 
                 At
                 this
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 ,
                 four
                 Competitors
                 appear'd
                 ,
                 viz.
                 The
                 Son
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 been
                 bred
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 spoke
                 that
                 Language
                 ;
                 on
                 whose
                 behalf
                 the
                 Great
                 Duke
                 his
                 Father
                 offer'd
                 ,
                 1.
                 
                 That
                 his
                 Son
                 should
                 change
                 his
                 Religion
                 for
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Roman
                 Communion
                 .
                 2.
                 
                 That
                 he
                 should
                 make
                 a
                 Publick
                 Renunciation
                 to
                 Muscovy
                 .
                 3.
                 
                 That
                 all
                 Places
                 formerly
                 taken
                 from
                 the
                 Poles
                 by
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 should
                 be
                 restor'd
                 .
                 4.
                 
                 That
                 four
                 Millions
                 should
                 be
                 advanc'd
                 as
                 his
                 free
                 Gift
                 towards
                 the
                 Payment
                 of
                 the
                 Arrears
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Army
                 .
                 And
                 lastly
                 ,
                 That
                 he
                 would
                 be
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 assist
                 Poland
                 against
                 all
                 Enemies
                 whatever
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 of
                 forty
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 enter
                 into
                 a
                 firm
                 and
                 perpetual
                 League
                 with
                 them
                 .
                 The
                 
                 next
                 was
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 ,
                 supported
                 by
                 the
                 French
                 Interest
                 .
                 The
                 third
                 was
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 upheld
                 by
                 the
                 German
                 Faction
                 .
                 And
                 the
                 fourth
                 was
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 
                 Conde's
                 Son
                 ,
                 whom
                 the
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 and
                 General
                 Sobieski
                 were
                 thought
                 to
                 favour
                 .
              
               
                 
                 At
                 length
                 the
                 Contentions
                 for
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 were
                 altogether
                 lodg'd
                 in
                 two
                 Pretenders
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 declin'd
                 sending
                 his
                 Ambassadors
                 out
                 of
                 Pride
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 displeas'd
                 with
                 the
                 Poles
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conde
                 had
                 quitted
                 his
                 Pretensions
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 Discouragement
                 ;
                 wherefore
                 the
                 two
                 Competitors
                 that
                 remain'd
                 had
                 the
                 Gentry
                 almost
                 equally
                 divided
                 between
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 arriv'd
                 to
                 those
                 Extremities
                 ,
                 that
                 almost
                 every
                 Night
                 twenty
                 or
                 more
                 were
                 found
                 murder'd
                 in
                 the
                 Streets
                 .
                 These
                 Disorders
                 the
                 Marshal
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 us'd
                 several
                 Means
                 to
                 suppress
                 ,
                 but
                 at
                 length
                 found
                 none
                 so
                 plausible
                 as
                 to
                 proceed
                 forthwith
                 to
                 an
                 Election
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 4th
                 of
                 June
                 the
                 Embassadors
                 were
                 first
                 admitted
                 to
                 Audience
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 made
                 a
                 Speech
                 in
                 Latin
                 ,
                 and
                 exhorted
                 the
                 Assembly
                 to
                 elect
                 a
                 Catholick
                 Prince
                 .
                 The
                 7th
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Month
                 Count
                 Schafgots
                 had
                 Audience
                 ,
                 who
                 ,
                 contrary
                 to
                 the
                 expectation
                 of
                 every
                 body
                 ,
                 recommended
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 in
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 his
                 Master
                 the
                 Emperour
                 .
              
               
                 On
                 the
                 12th
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                 Neuburg's
                 Minister
                 had
                 Audience
                 ,
                 who
                 promis'd
                 in
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 his
                 Master
                 two
                 Millions
                 to
                 pay
                 the
                 Army
                 ;
                 next
                 to
                 maintain
                 always
                 4000
                 Men
                 for
                 the
                 
                 Service
                 of
                 the
                 State
                 out
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 Coffers
                 ;
                 and
                 lastly
                 ,
                 to
                 build
                 three
                 Fortresses
                 on
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 to
                 found
                 a
                 College
                 for
                 the
                 Polanders
                 in
                 Germany
                 .
                 The
                 Prince
                 of
                 Leixin
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 Audience
                 next
                 ,
                 profer'd
                 almost
                 the
                 same
                 on
                 the
                 part
                 of
                 his
                 Nephew
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 .
                 To
                 which
                 the
                 Abbot
                 of
                 Riquet
                 also
                 added
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 same
                 Prince
                 ,
                 for
                 whom
                 he
                 likewise
                 spoke
                 ,
                 was
                 ready
                 to
                 dispute
                 the
                 Crown
                 in
                 single
                 Combat
                 with
                 his
                 Opponent
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 end
                 he
                 might
                 obtain
                 it
                 by
                 the
                 most
                 honourable
                 Means
                 .
                 But
                 nevertheless
                 ,
                 the
                 Pride
                 of
                 the
                 latter
                 of
                 these
                 Competitors
                 had
                 not
                 better
                 effect
                 than
                 the
                 Promises
                 of
                 the
                 former
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 Gentry
                 were
                 very
                 impatient
                 at
                 the
                 tediousness
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 
                 length
                 were
                 ready
                 to
                 go
                 together
                 by
                 the
                 Ears
                 ;
                 when
                 Opalinski
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Kalisch
                 ,
                 to
                 appease
                 the
                 Disorder
                 ,
                 made
                 an
                 elegant
                 Speech
                 ,
                 alledging
                 ,
                 That
                 it
                 was
                 meer
                 Madness
                 for
                 them
                 to
                 cut
                 one
                 anothers
                 Throats
                 about
                 choosing
                 of
                 Princes
                 which
                 they
                 never
                 saw
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 it
                 would
                 be
                 more
                 prudent
                 to
                 reject
                 them
                 both
                 ,
                 their
                 Birth
                 and
                 Alliance
                 with
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 being
                 sufficient
                 to
                 merit
                 their
                 Exclusion
                 .
                 And
                 proceeding
                 in
                 his
                 Harangue
                 ,
                 he
                 put
                 them
                 in
                 mind
                 that
                 the
                 Austrian
                 Family
                 ,
                 providing
                 they
                 persisted
                 to
                 make
                 choice
                 of
                 a
                 Prince
                 out
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 might
                 in
                 all
                 probability
                 serve
                 them
                 as
                 it
                 had
                 formerly
                 done
                 the
                 Kingdoms
                 of
                 Bohemia
                 and
                 Hungary
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 therefore
                 it
                 was
                 not
                 only
                 unsafe
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 contrary
                 to
                 the
                 Constitutions
                 of
                 their
                 Kingdom
                 to
                 have
                 any
                 thing
                 to
                 do
                 with
                 them
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 the
                 Tumults
                 began
                 something
                 to
                 abate
                 ,
                 which
                 gave
                 
                 him
                 encouragement
                 to
                 go
                 on
                 and
                 shew
                 ,
                 that
                 formerly
                 ,
                 when
                 Heats
                 grew
                 high
                 ,
                 a
                 Native
                 ,
                 meaning
                 Piastus
                 ,
                 had
                 been
                 chosen
                 ,
                 who
                 govern'd
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 so
                 prudently
                 ,
                 that
                 even
                 at
                 120
                 Years
                 of
                 Age
                 his
                 Death
                 was
                 regretted
                 .
                 These
                 
                 Precautions
                 (
                 continued
                 he
                 )
                 our
                 Fore-fathers
                 had
                 against
                 the
                 Ambition
                 ,
                 Envy
                 or
                 Avarice
                 of
                 such
                 as
                 pretended
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 :
                 Let
                 us
                 therefore
                 (
                 quoth
                 he
                 )
                 leave
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 to
                 govern
                 his
                 small
                 Estate
                 and
                 numerous
                 Family
                 ;
                 and
                 let
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 exhaust
                 his
                 Treasures
                 to
                 recover
                 his
                 Paternal
                 Dominions
                 .
                 For
                 our
                 parts
                 a
                 Piasto
                 would
                 be
                 most
                 proper
                 for
                 us
                 ,
                 as
                 we
                 may
                 find
                 by
                 a
                 serious
                 Reflection
                 on
                 these
                 Divine
                 Words
                 ,
                 
                   Admitte
                   ad
                   te
                   alienigenam
                   ,
                   &
                   subvertet
                   te
                
                 ;
                 Admit
                 a
                 Stranger
                 among
                 ye
                 ,
                 and
                 he
                 shall
                 undermine
                 and
                 ruin
                 ye
                 .
              
               
                 By
                 these
                 means
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Kalisch
                 having
                 pretty
                 well
                 calm'd
                 the
                 turbulent
                 Spirits
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 and
                 moreover
                 influenc'd
                 them
                 with
                 kind
                 thoughts
                 of
                 a
                 Piasto
                 ,
                 he
                 immediately
                 posted
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Posnania
                 ,
                 
                 to
                 Wiesnowiski
                 then
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 where
                 finding
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Church
                 of
                 the
                 Recollects
                 ,
                 they
                 both
                 earnestly
                 begg'd
                 of
                 him
                 to
                 accompany
                 them
                 to
                 the
                 Field
                 of
                 Election
                 ,
                 which
                 Request
                 ,
                 after
                 some
                 difficulty
                 ,
                 he
                 comply'd
                 with
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 all
                 three
                 arriving
                 while
                 the
                 Partisans
                 of
                 the
                 two
                 Competitors
                 were
                 ready
                 to
                 go
                 together
                 by
                 the
                 Ears
                 ,
                 the
                 Palatins
                 of
                 Kalisch
                 and
                 Posnania
                 took
                 occasion
                 to
                 propose
                 Wiesnowiski
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Illustrious
                 House
                 he
                 was
                 *
                 descended
                 from
                 soon
                 determin'd
                 the
                 Gentry
                 in
                 
                 his
                 Favour
                 .
                 It
                 must
                 be
                 understood
                 that
                 Wiesnowiski
                 was
                 not
                 lineally
                 of
                 the
                 Race
                 of
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 for
                 that
                 ended
                 with
                 
                   Sigismundus
                   Augustus
                
                 ,
                 but
                 collaterally
                 descended
                 from
                 Korybuth
                 Jagello's
                 Brother
                 .
              
               
                 Mr.
                 Yard
                 who
                 went
                 with
                 Sir
                 
                   Peter
                   Wyche
                
                 to
                 compliment
                 King
                 Michael
                 on
                 his
                 Accession
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 ,
                 told
                 me
                 lately
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Palatin
                 
                 of
                 Culm
                 acquainted
                 them
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 that
                 when
                 Michael
                 was
                 propos'd
                 ,
                 the
                 Intention
                 was
                 not
                 to
                 have
                 him
                 elected
                 ,
                 but
                 only
                 by
                 proposing
                 of
                 him
                 to
                 discover
                 how
                 far
                 the
                 Diet
                 would
                 relish
                 a
                 Native
                 ;
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Men
                 among
                 them
                 having
                 secret
                 Designs
                 to
                 advance
                 one
                 of
                 themselves
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 ,
                 but
                 which
                 they
                 were
                 unexpectedly
                 disappointed
                 in
                 by
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 this
                 poor
                 Prince
                 .
              
               
                 Wiesnowizki
                 was
                 not
                 a
                 little
                 surpriz'd
                 when
                 he
                 heard
                 himself
                 nam'd
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 also
                 encreas'd
                 upon
                 him
                 when
                 they
                 seated
                 him
                 by
                 force
                 in
                 the
                 midst
                 of
                 the
                 Assembly
                 ,
                 and
                 begg'd
                 of
                 him
                 to
                 accept
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
                 At
                 first
                 he
                 
                 burst
                 out
                 into
                 Tears
                 ,
                 and
                 declar'd
                 he
                 was
                 not
                 capable
                 to
                 sustain
                 so
                 great
                 a
                 Burden
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 major
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 persisting
                 in
                 their
                 Demands
                 ,
                 at
                 length
                 he
                 thought
                 fit
                 to
                 acquiesce
                 
                 and
                 accept
                 their
                 Proffers
                 .
                 The
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 and
                 Lorain
                 were
                 hereby
                 immediately
                 depriv'd
                 of
                 their
                 most
                 profess'd
                 Friends
                 :
                 But
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 accept
                 of
                 a
                 Prince
                 they
                 had
                 not
                 first
                 nam'd
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 propos'd
                 others
                 .
                 This
                 dissenting
                 of
                 theirs
                 occasion'd
                 new
                 Disorders
                 ,
                 which
                 grew
                 so
                 high
                 ,
                 that
                 a
                 Gentleman
                 speaking
                 his
                 Mind
                 too
                 freely
                 ,
                 was
                 cut
                 to
                 pieces
                 on
                 the
                 spot
                 ;
                 yet
                 at
                 length
                 ,
                 the
                 latter
                 being
                 the
                 weaker
                 side
                 ,
                 
                 they
                 were
                 forc'd
                 to
                 comply
                 with
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 and
                 confirm
                 Prince
                 Wiesnowiski
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Primate
                 not
                 approving
                 of
                 this
                 Election
                 ,
                 retir'd
                 to
                 his
                 Castle
                 of
                 Lowitz
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 Gentry
                 threatned
                 to
                 force
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Senators
                 intreated
                 him
                 to
                 consent
                 ,
                 which
                 at
                 length
                 he
                 agreed
                 to
                 ,
                 and
                 according
                 to
                 custom
                 proclaim'd
                 him
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 is
                 said
                 that
                 whilst
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Kalisch
                 was
                 haranguing
                 ,
                 a
                 Swarm
                 of
                 Bees
                 and
                 a
                 Pigeon
                 happen'd
                 to
                 fly
                 over
                 their
                 Heads
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Poles
                 immediately
                 taking
                 for
                 a
                 good
                 Omen
                 ,
                 cry'd
                 out
                 unanimously
                 ,
                 
                   God
                   save
                   King
                
              
               
                 
                 MICHAEL
                 WIESNOWISKI
                 .
                 This
                 his
                 Excellency
                 
                   Monsieur
                   de
                   Cleverskerk
                
                 ,
                 now
                 Embassador
                 from
                 the
                 States
                 of
                 Holland
                 in
                 England
                 ,
                 assures
                 me
                 to
                 be
                 true
                 ,
                 he
                 having
                 been
                 present
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 as
                 a
                 Traveller
                 at
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 this
                 Election
                 .
              
               
                 King
                 Michael
                 being
                 thus
                 chosen
                 ,
                 chiefly
                 indeed
                 by
                 the
                 Minor
                 Nobility
                 ,
                 was
                 proclaim'd
                 by
                 the
                 Primate
                 ,
                 and
                 crown'd
                 the
                 17
                 th
                 of
                 September
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1670
                 ,
                 and
                 reign'd
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1673.
                 
              
               
                 
                 He
                 married
                 Eleonora
                 of
                 Austria
                 ,
                 Daughter
                 to
                 Ferdinand
                 III.
                 and
                 Sister
                 to
                 Leopold
                 the
                 present
                 Emperor
                 of
                 Germany
                 ;
                 by
                 reason
                 of
                 which
                 Alliance
                 Jealousies
                 were
                 rais'd
                 ,
                 that
                 his
                 Majesty
                 had
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 make
                 himself
                 Absolute
                 and
                 Hereditary
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 subvert
                 the
                 Polish
                 Liberties
                 ,
                 all
                 which
                 he
                 soon
                 appeas'd
                 by
                 a
                 timely
                 compliance
                 with
                 the
                 Demands
                 of
                 the
                 disaffected
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Prince
                 before
                 he
                 was
                 advanc'd
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 was
                 very
                 poor
                 ,
                 subsisting
                 only
                 on
                 a
                 
                 Pension
                 of
                 6000
                 Livres
                 ,
                 which
                 had
                 been
                 charitably
                 allow'd
                 him
                 by
                 King
                 Casimir
                 and
                 his
                 Queen
                 
                   Mary
                   Luduvica
                   di
                   Gonzaga
                
                 .
                 He
                 had
                 ,
                 't
                 is
                 true
                 ,
                 formerly
                 a
                 vast
                 Estate
                 in
                 Vkraina
                 ,
                 but
                 which
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 were
                 then
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 am
                 inform'd
                 ,
                 Gentleman
                 of
                 the
                 Bed-Chamber
                 to
                 the
                 present
                 Emperor
                 of
                 Germany
                 ,
                 which
                 yet
                 that
                 Prince
                 did
                 not
                 think
                 sufficient
                 reason
                 to
                 exclude
                 him
                 from
                 marrying
                 his
                 Sister
                 after
                 his
                 Election
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 1672
                 ,
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 ,
                 assisted
                 by
                 some
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 having
                 again
                 fallen
                 to
                 their
                 old
                 Custom
                 of
                 rebelling
                 ,
                 General
                 Sobieski
                 with
                 the
                 Forces
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 soon
                 chastis'd
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 forc'd
                 their
                 Leader
                 Doroczinko
                 to
                 retire
                 .
                 
                 Hence
                 the
                 Turk
                 took
                 an
                 occasion
                 to
                 quarrel
                 with
                 Poland
                 ,
                 upon
                 pretence
                 he
                 had
                 taken
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 into
                 his
                 Protection
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 would
                 needs
                 have
                 to
                 be
                 opprest
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 King
                 was
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 endu'd
                 with
                 the
                 Warlike
                 Spirit
                 of
                 his
                 Predecessors
                 ;
                 for
                 in
                 his
                 time
                 the
                 Turks
                 not
                 only
                 over-run
                 Podolia
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 took
                 its
                 Capital
                 City
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 likewise
                 oblig'd
                 the
                 Poles
                 to
                 dishonourable
                 Articles
                 of
                 Peace
                 ,
                 whereby
                 Michael
                 was
                 to
                 pay
                 the
                 Turks
                 an
                 Annual
                 Tribute
                 .
                 The
                 farther
                 Particulars
                 of
                 this
                 Matter
                 are
                 as
                 follows
                 :
                 Sobleski
                 ,
                 made
                 Great
                 Marshal
                 and
                 Crown-General
                 by
                 Casimir
                 for
                 having
                 always
                 adher'd
                 to
                 his
                 Interest
                 ,
                 presenting
                 King
                 Michael
                 when
                 elected
                 with
                 a
                 Coach
                 and
                 six
                 Horses
                 to
                 comply
                 with
                 the
                 Custom
                 only
                 ,
                 for
                 it
                 must
                 be
                 understood
                 Sobieski
                 was
                 his
                 Enemy
                 ;
                 the
                 King
                 by
                 the
                 Perswasions
                 of
                 his
                 haughty
                 Mother
                 refus'd
                 the
                 Present
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 General
                 greatly
                 resenting
                 sought
                 all
                 manner
                 of
                 ways
                 to
                 be
                 
                 reveng'd
                 on
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 order
                 thereto
                 ,
                 frequently
                 caball'd
                 with
                 the
                 Gentry
                 assembled
                 in
                 Parliament
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 length
                 oblig'd
                 the
                 Diet
                 to
                 be
                 dissolv'd
                 without
                 concluding
                 any
                 thing
                 to
                 his
                 advantage
                 ;
                 while
                 in
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 ,
                 I
                 am
                 positively
                 assur'd
                 ,
                 he
                 kept
                 Intelligence
                 with
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 as
                 may
                 appear
                 by
                 their
                 taking
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 and
                 besieging
                 of
                 Leopol
                 .
                 Mr.
                 
                   James
                   Walker
                
                 a
                 Scots-man
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 in
                 the
                 City
                 when
                 besieg'd
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 now
                 in
                 London
                 ,
                 told
                 me
                 lately
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 were
                 90000
                 Turks
                 ,
                 20000
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 and
                 10000
                 Cosacks
                 and
                 Moldavians
                 at
                 that
                 Siege
                 which
                 happen'd
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1672
                 ,
                 all
                 which
                 begirted
                 the
                 Town
                 close
                 ,
                 playing
                 continually
                 upon
                 it
                 from
                 five
                 Batteries
                 .
                 The
                 Governour
                 that
                 held
                 out
                 against
                 them
                 was
                 one
                 Lonsky
                 ,
                 a
                 Colonel
                 of
                 Dragoons
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 ,
                 as
                 Mr.
                 Walker
                 assures
                 me
                 ,
                 but
                 five
                 hundred
                 of
                 his
                 Men
                 in
                 Garison
                 without
                 any
                 Horse
                 ,
                 besides
                 1100
                 of
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 in
                 Arms
                 :
                 With
                 these
                 Lonski
                 defended
                 himself
                 vigorously
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 what
                 by
                 the
                 Correspondence
                 he
                 kept
                 with
                 the
                 Christians
                 in
                 the
                 Turkish
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 the
                 Bravery
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 Men
                 he
                 maintain'd
                 his
                 Defence
                 three
                 Weeks
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 King
                 sent
                 Count
                 Morstin
                 and
                 other
                 Commissioners
                 to
                 treat
                 with
                 Caplan
                 Bassa
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 who
                 agreed
                 ,
                 that
                 for
                 raising
                 the
                 Siege
                 the
                 King
                 should
                 pay
                 22000
                 Gold
                 Ducats
                 yearly
                 Tribute
                 to
                 the
                 Grand
                 Seignior
                 ,
                 100000
                 Lion-Dollars
                 down
                 on
                 the
                 nail
                 to
                 save
                 the
                 City
                 ,
                 whereof
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 paid
                 10000
                 presently
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Publick
                 were
                 to
                 pay
                 the
                 rest
                 ;
                 this
                 they
                 gave
                 eight
                 Hostages
                 to
                 perform
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 kept
                 Prisoners
                 at
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 dy'd
                 there
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 the
                 Debt
                 contracted
                 for
                 was
                 never
                 paid
                 .
                 Besides
                 ,
                 the
                 Turks
                 were
                 to
                 remain
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 and
                 all
                 Podolia
                 .
                 But
                 General
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 the
                 caballing
                 Party
                 being
                 asham'd
                 of
                 this
                 dishonourable
                 Treaty
                 ,
                 came
                 to
                 a
                 better
                 Understanding
                 among
                 themselves
                 ,
                 and
                 sided
                 with
                 the
                 King
                 to
                 recover
                 what
                 had
                 been
                 lost
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Hereupon
                 the
                 Armies
                 of
                 Poland
                 and
                 Lithuania
                 marched
                 directly
                 towards
                 Podolia
                 to
                 retake
                 it
                 ,
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 being
                 commanded
                 by
                 General
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 of
                 the
                 Dutchy
                 by
                 General
                 Patz
                 .
                 These
                 two
                 Generals
                 soon
                 obtain'd
                 a
                 signal
                 Victory
                 over
                 the
                 Turks
                 near
                 Kochim
                 five
                 Leagues
                 from
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Treachery
                 of
                 the
                 Moldavians
                 and
                 Valachians
                 ,
                 who
                 never
                 hitherto
                 signaliz'd
                 themselves
                 but
                 persidiously
                 ,
                 which
                 yet
                 prov'd
                 very
                 advantagious
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 then
                 in
                 want
                 of
                 every
                 thing
                 but
                 Courage
                 .
                 Caplan
                 Bassa
                 commanded
                 the
                 Turkish
                 Army
                 ,
                 being
                 join'd
                 by
                 the
                 Moldavian
                 Troops
                 ,
                 headed
                 by
                 their
                 Hospodar
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 former
                 being
                 displeas'd
                 with
                 the
                 Conduct
                 of
                 the
                 latter
                 ,
                 his
                 Souldiers
                 being
                 not
                 so
                 many
                 as
                 he
                 expected
                 ,
                 and
                 those
                 not
                 well
                 equipt
                 ,
                 struck
                 him
                 over
                 the
                 Head
                 with
                 his
                 Scimiter
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Hospodar
                 highly
                 resenting
                 resolv'd
                 upon
                 Revenge
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 afterwards
                 effected
                 ,
                 by
                 deserting
                 the
                 Turks
                 in
                 conjunction
                 with
                 the
                 Valachians
                 who
                 took
                 his
                 part
                 ,
                 and
                 going
                 over
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 This
                 mightily
                 facilitated
                 
                 Sobieski's
                 Entry
                 into
                 the
                 Enemy's
                 Camp
                 ,
                 which
                 gain'd
                 him
                 a
                 compleat
                 
                 Victory
                 .
                 This
                 Defeat
                 had
                 doubtless
                 put
                 the
                 Affairs
                 of
                 Poland
                 into
                 a
                 good
                 Condition
                 had
                 
                 the
                 Generals
                 sufficiently
                 pursu'd
                 it
                 .
                 But
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 has
                 always
                 been
                 the
                 unfortunate
                 Custom
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 they
                 immediately
                 withdrew
                 their
                 
                 Troops
                 into
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 have
                 since
                 left
                 the
                 Turks
                 in
                 full
                 possession
                 of
                 Podolia
                 .
                 This
                 famous
                 Battel
                 began
                 upon
                 Saturday
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 scarce
                 fully
                 over
                 in
                 three
                 days
                 .
              
               
                 Some
                 few
                 days
                 before
                 this
                 Victory
                 obtain'd
                 ,
                 King
                 Michael
                 dy'd
                 at
                 
                   Leopol
                   ,
                   November
                
                 the
                 10
                 th
                 
                 1673
                 ,
                 suppos'd
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 poison'd
                 by
                 a
                 French-man
                 at
                 Zamoisk
                 ,
                 being
                 about
                 32
                 Years
                 old
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 reign'd
                 about
                 four
                 Years
                 ,
                 leaving
                 the
                 Poles
                 less
                 afflicted
                 at
                 his
                 Death
                 ,
                 than
                 asham'd
                 at
                 the
                 bad
                 Choice
                 they
                 had
                 made
                 of
                 him
                 for
                 their
                 Prince
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Prince
                 not
                 long
                 before
                 he
                 dy'd
                 ,
                 had
                 the
                 Misfortune
                 to
                 see
                 an
                 Aga
                 come
                 from
                 the
                 Grand
                 Seignior
                 to
                 demand
                 Tribute
                 of
                 him
                 ,
                 who
                 brought
                 him
                 from
                 his
                 Master
                 a
                 Commander's
                 Staff
                 and
                 a
                 Turkish
                 Vest
                 ,
                 both
                 being
                 Badges
                 of
                 Vassalage
                 .
                 He
                 left
                 no
                 Children
                 ,
                 tho
                 his
                 
                 Queen
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 afterwards
                 marry'd
                 to
                 Charles
                 late
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 has
                 since
                 had
                 several
                 .
                 She
                 is
                 lately
                 dead
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 my
                 Travels
                 from
                 Italy
                 to
                 Germany
                 resided
                 at
                 Inspruck
                 ,
                 the
                 Capital
                 Town
                 of
                 Tyrol
                 ,
                 where
                 I
                 had
                 the
                 Honour
                 to
                 kiss
                 her
                 Majesty's
                 Hand
                 ,
                 being
                 introduc'd
                 by
                 my
                 Lord
                 Carlingford
                 .
                 Her
                 Brother
                 the
                 Emperor
                 allow'd
                 her
                 and
                 her
                 Children
                 a
                 Pension
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 County
                 of
                 Tyrol
                 ;
                 for
                 she
                 receiv'd
                 nothing
                 either
                 out
                 of
                 Poland
                 or
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 the
                 latter
                 having
                 been
                 hitherto
                 in
                 the
                 French
                 Hands
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Constitution
                 of
                 the
                 former
                 being
                 ,
                 that
                 when
                 the
                 Queen
                 Dowager
                 marries
                 ,
                 she
                 forfeits
                 her
                 Pension
                 setled
                 upon
                 her
                 by
                 the
                 Diet
                 at
                 the
                 King's
                 Coronation
                 .
              
               
               
                 *
                 
                 An
                 odd
                 Story
                 goes
                 of
                 a
                 Child
                 that
                 was
                 born
                 in
                 this
                 King's
                 Reign
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1670
                 ,
                 at
                 Vilna
                 in
                 ●●ithuania
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Golden
                 Tooth
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 esteemed
                 truly
                 such
                 by
                 all
                 the
                 Physicians
                 ,
                 Surgeons
                 and
                 Goldsmiths
                 about
                 that
                 City
                 ,
                 being
                 also
                 tri'd
                 on
                 the
                 Touchstone
                 in
                 the
                 presence
                 of
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 that
                 place
                 :
                 But
                 what
                 is
                 yet
                 more
                 wonderful
                 ,
                 that
                 Child
                 having
                 a
                 Fever
                 afterwards
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1673
                 ,
                 his
                 Golden
                 Tooth
                 was
                 changed
                 into
                 Bone.
                 How
                 worthy
                 this
                 is
                 of
                 Credit
                 I
                 leave
                 to
                 the
                 Judicious
                 Naturalists
                 ;
                 I
                 have
                 only
                 this
                 to
                 say
                 for
                 my self
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 found
                 it
                 in
                 an
                 authentick
                 Author
                 .
              
               
                 King
                 Michael
                 being
                 dead
                 was
                 succeeded
                 by
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 Captain
                 of
                 the
                 Guards
                 ,
                 and
                 Gentleman
                 of
                 the
                 Bed-Chamber
                 to
                 King
                 
                   John
                   Casimir
                
                 .
                 Whilst
                 he
                 had
                 these
                 Employments
                 he
                 marry'd
                 Prince
                 
                 Zamoski's
                 Widow
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 10000
                 Rix
                 Dollars
                 left
                 her
                 for
                 a
                 Jointure
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 contrivance
                 and
                 management
                 of
                 King
                 Casimir
                 and
                 his
                 Queen
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 she
                 was
                 then
                 Lady
                 of
                 the
                 Bed-Chamber
                 .
                 At
                 this
                 Juncture
                 
                 Sobieski's
                 own
                 Estate
                 was
                 not
                 2000
                 Pounds
                 Sterling
                 a
                 Year
                 :
                 But
                 however
                 ,
                 the
                 King
                 promis'd
                 to
                 advance
                 him
                 after
                 he
                 had
                 marry'd
                 this
                 Lady
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 accordingly
                 perform'd
                 ,
                 and
                 I
                 may
                 say
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 through
                 the
                 means
                 of
                 this
                 Marriage
                 that
                 Sobieski
                 was
                 gradually
                 promoted
                 to
                 the
                 Supreme
                 Dignity
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
              
               
                 Thus
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 given
                 as
                 short
                 and
                 exact
                 an
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 memorable
                 Actions
                 of
                 the
                 fourth
                 Class
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 as
                 
                 my
                 Incapacity
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Precipitation
                 with
                 which
                 it
                 was
                 publish'd
                 ,
                 would
                 allow
                 .
                 But
                 before
                 I
                 put
                 an
                 end
                 to
                 this
                 Letter
                 ,
                 I
                 must
                 beg
                 your
                 Grace's
                 leave
                 to
                 take
                 notice
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 tho
                 always
                 Elective
                 ,
                 yet
                 has
                 been
                 successively
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Family
                 from
                 Father
                 to
                 Son
                 ,
                 or
                 at
                 least
                 from
                 Father
                 to
                 Daughter
                 or
                 other
                 Relation
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 Year
                 830
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1674
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 from
                 Piastus
                 his
                 Reign
                 to
                 the
                 Election
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 ,
                 except
                 only
                 the
                 five
                 Months
                 that
                 Henry
                 of
                 Valois
                 reign'd
                 ,
                 I
                 mean
                 Henry
                 III.
                 of
                 France
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 kill'd
                 by
                 a
                 Monk.
                 To
                 evince
                 this
                 ,
                 your
                 Grace
                 may
                 be
                 pleas'd
                 to
                 understand
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Piastus
                 in
                 a
                 direct
                 Line
                 was
                 the
                 Princess
                 Hedwigis
                 ,
                 who
                 marry'd
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 His
                 Male
                 Race
                 by
                 her
                 reign'd
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 the
                 Second's
                 time
                 ,
                 of
                 whose
                 two
                 Daughters
                 ,
                 one
                 was
                 marry'd
                 to
                 King
                 
                   Stephen
                   Batori
                
                 his
                 Successor
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 was
                 Mother
                 to
                 Sigismund
                 III.
                 who
                 with
                 his
                 Sons
                 were
                 successively
                 elected
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 to
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 King
                 
                   Michael
                   Wiesnowiski
                
                 ;
                 who
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 was
                 not
                 lineally
                 descended
                 from
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 yet
                 came
                 laterally
                 from
                 the
                 Race
                 of
                 Koributh
                 Jagello's
                 Brother
                 :
                 So
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 evident
                 that
                 the
                 Poles
                 have
                 reconcil'd
                 a
                 free
                 Election
                 of
                 their
                 Kings
                 with
                 an
                 uninterrupted
                 Succession
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 for
                 844
                 Years
                 ;
                 as
                 likewise
                 that
                 they
                 have
                 never
                 excluded
                 the
                 deceased
                 King's
                 Son
                 ,
                 nor
                 ever
                 elected
                 any
                 German
                 Prince
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 before
                 this
                 last
                 Election
                 of
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 
                   Saxony
                   ,
                   Frederick
                   Augustus
                
                 ,
                 now
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 But
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 lawful
                 for
                 all
                 Governments
                 to
                 alter
                 their
                 Constitutions
                 at
                 often
                 as
                 they
                 find
                 it
                 convenient
                 
                 for
                 the
                 good
                 of
                 the
                 Publick
                 ;
                 so
                 the
                 Poles
                 observing
                 that
                 their
                 Native
                 Kings
                 have
                 not
                 of
                 late
                 sufficiently
                 promoted
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 were
                 wise
                 enough
                 to
                 choose
                 a
                 Foreign
                 Prince
                 ,
                 whose
                 Wealth
                 and
                 Courage
                 would
                 enlarge
                 their
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 as
                 their
                 present
                 King
                 
                   Frederick
                   Augustus
                
                 is
                 very
                 likely
                 to
                 do
                 ,
                 being
                 in
                 League
                 with
                 the
                 Emperor
                 ,
                 Muscovites
                 and
                 Venetians
                 .
                 I
                 hope
                 your
                 Grace
                 will
                 be
                 pleas'd
                 to
                 pardon
                 my
                 Indiscretion
                 in
                 presuming
                 to
                 write
                 of
                 Matters
                 which
                 are
                 altogether
                 out
                 of
                 my
                 Element
                 ,
                 since
                 it
                 was
                 only
                 to
                 shew
                 with
                 what
                 Deference
                 and
                 Respect
                 I
                 am
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   My
                   LORD
                   ,
                
                 
                   Your
                   Grace's
                   most
                   Obedient
                   and
                   most
                   Humble
                   Servant
                   ,
                   
                     B.
                     C.
                  
                   
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 LETTER
                 IV.
                 
              
               
                 To
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 WILLIAM
                 Earl
                 of
                 Yarmouth
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Concerning
                   the
                   Family
                   and
                   Remarkable
                   Actions
                   of
                   
                     John
                     III.
                  
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   :
                   As
                   also
                   his
                   Daughter's
                   Marriage
                   to
                   the
                   present
                   Elector
                   of
                   Bavaria
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   My
                   LORD
                   ;
                
              
               
                 THE
                 Obligations
                 I
                 owe
                 to
                 your
                 Brother
                 Mr.
                 Alberti
                 and
                 his
                 Lady
                 ,
                 join'd
                 with
                 the
                 Value
                 I
                 have
                 always
                 profess'd
                 for
                 your
                 Lordship's
                 Friendship
                 ,
                 makes
                 me
                 glad
                 to
                 find
                 this
                 occasion
                 of
                 giving
                 both
                 you
                 and
                 them
                 a
                 publick
                 Testimony
                 of
                 my
                 Respect
                 and
                 Gratitude
                 ;
                 and
                 since
                 you
                 have
                 often
                 shew'd
                 your self
                 willing
                 to
                 know
                 something
                 of
                 the
                 Affairs
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 I
                 thought
                 nothing
                 could
                 be
                 more
                 agreeable
                 to
                 your
                 Temper
                 ,
                 than
                 that
                 I
                 should
                 inform
                 you
                 chiefly
                 of
                 the
                 Heroick
                 Actions
                 of
                 that
                 great
                 Prince
                 ,
                 with
                 whom
                 your
                 Brother
                 for
                 so
                 many
                 Years
                 so
                 prudently
                 manag'd
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 the
                 wisest
                 Republick
                 in
                 the
                 World
                 in
                 a
                 long
                 lingring
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Ottoman
                 Empire
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 to
                 his
                 Kindness
                 that
                 I
                 must
                 own
                 my self
                 indebted
                 for
                 the
                 Honour
                 I
                 have
                 had
                 of
                 being
                 in
                 the
                 Esteem
                 of
                 so
                 Warlike
                 a
                 King
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 being
                 moreover
                 entrusted
                 
                 with
                 the
                 Care
                 of
                 what
                 was
                 most
                 dear
                 to
                 him
                 .
              
               
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 is
                 not
                 so
                 much
                 to
                 be
                 esteem'd
                 for
                 his
                 memorable
                 Exploits
                 after
                 his
                 Election
                 ,
                 as
                 for
                 his
                 Merits
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 wise
                 Conduct
                 by
                 which
                 he
                 advanc'd
                 himself
                 from
                 a
                 private
                 Gentleman
                 of
                 an
                 indifferent
                 Fortune
                 ,
                 and
                 nothing
                 at
                 all
                 related
                 to
                 any
                 of
                 the
                 former
                 Kings
                 ,
                 through
                 all
                 the
                 Posts
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 the
                 several
                 powerful
                 Factions
                 which
                 appear'd
                 against
                 him
                 .
              
               
                 Immediately
                 after
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 
                   Michael
                   Wiesnowiski
                   ,
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 then
                 Crown-General
                 gave
                 a
                 signal
                 Overthrow
                 to
                 the
                 Turks
                 near
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 which
                 caus'd
                 a
                 great
                 Alteration
                 in
                 the
                 Republick
                 of
                 Poland
                 ;
                 for
                 thereupon
                 the
                 
                   Turkish
                   Aga
                
                 and
                 Treasurer
                 were
                 not
                 so
                 peremptory
                 in
                 their
                 demanding
                 Annual
                 Tribute
                 shamefully
                 stipulated
                 for
                 by
                 Michael
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 had
                 been
                 before
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 contented
                 to
                 be
                 put
                 off
                 to
                 the
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senate
                 being
                 assembled
                 ,
                 order'd
                 publick
                 Rejoicings
                 ,
                 and
                 began
                 their
                 Session
                 by
                 leaving
                 off
                 their
                 Mourning
                 for
                 the
                 late
                 King.
                 The
                 Diet
                 which
                 preceded
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Election
                 was
                 appointed
                 to
                 meet
                 the
                 15
                 th
                 of
                 January
                 1674
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 design'd
                 to
                 be
                 terminated
                 in
                 15
                 days
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 ordinary
                 Disturbances
                 that
                 arose
                 in
                 these
                 sort
                 of
                 Assemblies
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Inclination
                 which
                 every
                 body
                 had
                 to
                 advance
                 General
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 occasion'd
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 prorogu'd
                 till
                 the
                 22
                 d
                 or
                 23
                 d
                 of
                 February
                 ,
                 without
                 doing
                 any
                 thing
                 but
                 assigning
                 a
                 Jointure
                 to
                 the
                 Queen
                 Dowager
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 20
                 th
                 of
                 April
                 began
                 the
                 Diet
                 of
                 Election
                 ;
                 
                 the
                 Candidates
                 were
                 in
                 great
                 number
                 ,
                 and
                 every
                 ones
                 Pretensions
                 were
                 heard
                 .
                 The
                 Czar
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 been
                 so
                 often
                 baffled
                 at
                 preceding
                 Elections
                 ,
                 yet
                 made
                 fresh
                 Interest
                 at
                 this
                 .
                 His
                 Envoy
                 demanded
                 the
                 Crown
                 for
                 his
                 Master's
                 youngest
                 Son
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 then
                 about
                 thirteen
                 or
                 fourteen
                 Years
                 of
                 Age
                 ;
                 but
                 however
                 he
                 neither
                 made
                 so
                 great
                 Profers
                 as
                 formerly
                 ,
                 nor
                 us'd
                 any
                 Threats
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 would
                 then
                 have
                 been
                 laugh'd
                 at
                 ,
                 Poland
                 being
                 at
                 that
                 juncture
                 in
                 a
                 much
                 better
                 condition
                 than
                 before
                 .
                 Next
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Transilvania
                 offer'd
                 fifteen
                 Millions
                 of
                 Money
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 that
                 he
                 would
                 unite
                 his
                 Principality
                 to
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 maintain
                 fifteen
                 thousand
                 Men
                 in
                 the
                 Service
                 of
                 that
                 State
                 against
                 the
                 Turk
                 :
                 but
                 these
                 Propositions
                 were
                 look'd
                 upon
                 too
                 considerable
                 to
                 be
                 either
                 real
                 or
                 possible
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 Poles
                 believ'd
                 that
                 they
                 had
                 possess'd
                 themselves
                 of
                 the
                 greatest
                 Treasure
                 of
                 Transilvania
                 when
                 they
                 chose
                 
                   Stephen
                   Batori
                
                 for
                 their
                 King.
                 The
                 Elector
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 likewise
                 had
                 some
                 hopes
                 in
                 favour
                 of
                 the
                 Prince
                 his
                 Son
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 profer'd
                 that
                 he
                 should
                 change
                 his
                 Religion
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 ever
                 he
                 was
                 elected
                 ;
                 but
                 he
                 soon
                 quitted
                 his
                 Pretensions
                 when
                 he
                 consider'd
                 what
                 had
                 pass'd
                 in
                 regard
                 to
                 the
                 Germans
                 and
                 Protestants
                 in
                 former
                 Elections
                 .
                 If
                 this
                 Prince
                 had
                 been
                 a
                 Roman
                 Catholick
                 ,
                 his
                 Family
                 might
                 have
                 had
                 just
                 Pretences
                 to
                 Poland
                 by
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 uniting
                 Ducal
                 Prussia
                 to
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Modena
                 and
                 Parma
                 had
                 also
                 their
                 Envoys
                 at
                 this
                 Election
                 ;
                 but
                 whereas
                 every
                 body
                 thought
                 their
                 business
                 was
                 to
                 ask
                 
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 they
                 only
                 came
                 to
                 condole
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 ,
                 and
                 congratulate
                 the
                 Poles
                 on
                 their
                 Victory
                 at
                 Chochim
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 they
                 did
                 not
                 add
                 to
                 the
                 number
                 of
                 the
                 Competitors
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Don
                   Pedro
                   di
                   Ronquillos
                
                 came
                 from
                 Spain
                 without
                 taking
                 upon
                 him
                 the
                 Quality
                 of
                 Embassador
                 :
                 His
                 Instructions
                 were
                 to
                 recommend
                 Duke
                 Charles
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 after
                 he
                 had
                 done
                 his
                 best
                 in
                 favour
                 of
                 
                   Don
                   John
                
                 of
                 Austria
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 Policy
                 did
                 not
                 take
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Council
                 of
                 Spain
                 afterwards
                 found
                 another
                 Expedient
                 to
                 rid
                 themselves
                 of
                 this
                 Prince
                 .
              
               
                 
                 A
                 French
                 Prince
                 ,
                 whose
                 Name
                 was
                 not
                 mention'd
                 (
                 tho
                 I
                 suppose
                 it
                 was
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conde
                 )
                 occasion'd
                 the
                 most
                 Jealousy
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 rest
                 .
                 The
                 other
                 Pretenders
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 were
                 not
                 a
                 little
                 pleas'd
                 that
                 this
                 Prince
                 was
                 not
                 nam'd
                 .
                 The
                 Duke
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 renew'd
                 his
                 former
                 Pretensions
                 ,
                 tho
                 they
                 had
                 succeeded
                 so
                 very
                 ill
                 .
                 He
                 did
                 not
                 desire
                 the
                 Crown
                 for
                 himself
                 ,
                 but
                 for
                 his
                 younger
                 Son
                 Prince
                 Philip.
                 This
                 Duke
                 made
                 the
                 like
                 Profers
                 for
                 his
                 Son
                 as
                 he
                 had
                 done
                 for
                 himself
                 at
                 the
                 preceding
                 Diet.
                 The
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 solicited
                 powerfully
                 on
                 his
                 part
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 the
                 Queen
                 Dowager
                 had
                 pawn'd
                 even
                 her
                 Jewels
                 to
                 augment
                 his
                 Party
                 ;
                 but
                 a
                 false
                 Report
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 some
                 Letters
                 from
                 Rome
                 gave
                 the
                 occasion
                 ,
                 was
                 intended
                 to
                 frustrate
                 all
                 his
                 Endeavours
                 :
                 It
                 was
                 reported
                 that
                 this
                 Prince
                 was
                 marry'd
                 to
                 the
                 Empress
                 Dowager
                 .
                 Every
                 body
                 knew
                 the
                 Obligations
                 he
                 had
                 to
                 that
                 Princess
                 ,
                 and
                 how
                 she
                 granted
                 him
                 Protection
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 the
                 Emperor
                 his
                 Friend
                 after
                 he
                 had
                 been
                 depriv'd
                 of
                 his
                 Patrimony
                 by
                 France
                 ;
                 
                 but
                 notwithstanding
                 the
                 Queen
                 Dowager
                 still
                 continu'd
                 her
                 Esteem
                 for
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 soon
                 dissipated
                 the
                 Rumours
                 rais'd
                 against
                 him
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 she
                 brought
                 over
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 who
                 seem'd
                 altogether
                 to
                 have
                 forsaken
                 the
                 Interest
                 she
                 had
                 before
                 engag'd
                 them
                 in
                 .
              
               
                 
                 At
                 length
                 the
                 number
                 of
                 Competitors
                 was
                 reduc'd
                 to
                 three
                 ,
                 in
                 favour
                 of
                 whom
                 as
                 many
                 Factions
                 were
                 form'd
                 ,
                 all
                 which
                 threaten'd
                 had
                 Consequences
                 .
                 The
                 first
                 Faction
                 was
                 that
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 headed
                 by
                 the
                 Grand
                 General
                 Patz
                 ,
                 who
                 declar'd
                 for
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 observ'd
                 that
                 whilst
                 Patz
                 was
                 discoursing
                 with
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 Grand
                 Marshal
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 at
                 the
                 Camp
                 of
                 
                   Choczin
                   ,
                   Sobieski
                
                 said
                 ,
                 
                   that
                   it
                   was
                   convenient
                   to
                   choose
                   a
                   King
                   that
                   was
                   rich
                   ,
                   valiant
                   ,
                   and
                   not
                   young
                
                 ;
                 to
                 which
                 Patz
                 added
                 ,
                 
                   And
                   who
                   above
                   all
                   is
                   not
                   marry'd
                   .
                
                 This
                 sufficiently
                 shew'd
                 ,
                 that
                 whether
                 the
                 French
                 Prince
                 or
                 Sobieski
                 was
                 propos'd
                 ,
                 it
                 would
                 be
                 no
                 small
                 difficulty
                 to
                 obtain
                 the
                 Consent
                 of
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 who
                 would
                 have
                 no
                 King
                 but
                 such
                 a
                 one
                 as
                 was
                 in
                 a
                 condition
                 to
                 marry
                 after
                 his
                 Election
                 .
                 The
                 second
                 Faction
                 was
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 not
                 at
                 all
                 considerable
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 divided
                 ,
                 one
                 Part
                 being
                 for
                 a
                 Piasto
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 others
                 for
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 .
                 The
                 Army
                 compos'd
                 the
                 third
                 Faction
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 the
                 most
                 to
                 be
                 fear'd
                 .
                 General
                 Sobieki
                 propos'd
                 the
                 French
                 Prince
                 ,
                 but
                 in
                 reality
                 work'd
                 under-hand
                 for
                 himself
                 .
                 France
                 employ'd
                 its
                 Interest
                 for
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                 Neuburg
                 ,
                 looking
                 upon
                 him
                 as
                 less
                 engag'd
                 to
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 than
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 indebted
                 to
                 that
                 Family
                 for
                 
                 all
                 he
                 either
                 had
                 or
                 could
                 expect
                 .
                 If
                 this
                 French
                 Prince
                 had
                 been
                 but
                 nam'd
                 when
                 he
                 was
                 put
                 up
                 ,
                 doubtless
                 he
                 would
                 soon
                 have
                 ruin'd
                 the
                 Measures
                 of
                 the
                 Germans
                 ,
                 for
                 whom
                 the
                 Republick
                 never
                 had
                 any
                 Kindness
                 ,
                 who
                 consequently
                 might
                 have
                 sav'd
                 themselves
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 fruitless
                 Charge
                 had
                 they
                 never
                 thought
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ;
                 but
                 on
                 the
                 contrary
                 ,
                 their
                 Ambition
                 has
                 all
                 along
                 hitherto
                 surmounted
                 the
                 Dictates
                 of
                 their
                 Reason
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Gentry
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 the
                 Diet
                 one
                 after
                 another
                 with
                 their
                 Followers
                 ;
                 but
                 however
                 .
                 none
                 had
                 any
                 thing
                 like
                 the
                 Train
                 of
                 the
                 two
                 Marshals
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 and
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 :
                 their
                 Parties
                 seem'd
                 too
                 numerous
                 to
                 assist
                 at
                 a
                 Diet
                 where
                 there
                 is
                 so
                 much
                 Freedom
                 as
                 in
                 that
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 Sobieski
                 must
                 be
                 indulg'd
                 considering
                 the
                 great
                 Services
                 he
                 had
                 done
                 the
                 State
                 ,
                 and
                 common
                 Justice
                 requir'd
                 the
                 same
                 Liberty
                 for
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 .
                 These
                 two
                 Generals
                 no
                 doubt
                 had
                 different
                 Intentions
                 .
                 Sobieski
                 apparently
                 sought
                 the
                 Crown
                 from
                 himself
                 ,
                 and
                 Patz
                 his
                 Design
                 was
                 to
                 hinder
                 him
                 from
                 obtaining
                 it
                 .
                 Both
                 had
                 a
                 fair
                 opportunity
                 to
                 come
                 to
                 Blows
                 ,
                 but
                 it
                 seems
                 Fate
                 had
                 order'd
                 it
                 otherwise
                 ,
                 tho
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 was
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 on
                 the
                 Borders
                 of
                 Silesia
                 to
                 animate
                 his
                 Friends
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 who
                 plainly
                 perceiv'd
                 that
                 Sobieski
                 aim'd
                 at
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 omitted
                 nothing
                 that
                 might
                 prove
                 a
                 means
                 to
                 exclude
                 him
                 from
                 it
                 :
                 They
                 therefore
                 endeavour'd
                 all
                 they
                 could
                 to
                 raise
                 ill
                 Thoughts
                 of
                 a
                 Piasto
                 ,
                 and
                 proclaim'd
                 those
                 Enemies
                 to
                 their
                 Country
                 who
                 were
                 not
                 of
                 their
                 Opinion
                 .
                 This
                 was
                 
                 thought
                 so
                 very
                 unjust
                 ,
                 that
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 protested
                 against
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 with
                 so
                 great
                 Indignation
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 would
                 doubtless
                 have
                 been
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Blood
                 shed
                 had
                 not
                 the
                 great
                 Prudence
                 of
                 Sapieha
                 grand
                 Treasurer
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 and
                 Marshal
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 intercepted
                 and
                 appeas'd
                 their
                 Fury
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 first
                 that
                 had
                 Audience
                 of
                 this
                 Assembly
                 
                 was
                 
                   Francis
                   Bonvisius
                
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 ,
                 who
                 desir'd
                 them
                 in
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 his
                 Holiness
                 to
                 elect
                 a
                 Catholick
                 Prince
                 .
                 Next
                 Christopher
                 Count
                 of
                 Schafgots
                 the
                 Emperor's
                 Embassador
                 ,
                 recommended
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ;
                 as
                 likewise
                 did
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Marseilles
                 the
                 eldest
                 Son
                 of
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 his
                 Master
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 France
                 .
                 The
                 Ministers
                 of
                 these
                 two
                 Competitors
                 made
                 almost
                 the
                 same
                 Profers
                 as
                 they
                 had
                 formerly
                 done
                 ;
                 yet
                 notwithstanding
                 the
                 before-mentioned
                 different
                 Factions
                 ,
                 did
                 not
                 forsake
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 those
                 whose
                 Party
                 they
                 had
                 espous'd
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 of
                 Sobieski
                 continu'd
                 to
                 insist
                 ,
                 in
                 all
                 outward
                 appearance
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 Anonymous
                 French
                 Prince
                 ,
                 whose
                 Character
                 had
                 procur'd
                 him
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 Suffrages
                 .
                 And
                 the
                 other
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Chancellor
                 Patz
                 ,
                 tho
                 not
                 so
                 strong
                 ,
                 yet
                 was
                 not
                 a
                 whit
                 less
                 constant
                 to
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 the
                 Queen
                 and
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 .
                 Both
                 these
                 remaining
                 
                 so
                 obstinate
                 in
                 their
                 Pretensions
                 ,
                 gave
                 great
                 reason
                 to
                 apprehend
                 a
                 double
                 Election
                 ,
                 which
                 caus'd
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 more
                 prudent
                 sort
                 to
                 represent
                 the
                 great
                 Disorders
                 that
                 had
                 ensu'd
                 from
                 thence
                 in
                 the
                 preceding
                 Elections
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 Batori
                 and
                 Sigismund
                 ,
                 but
                 this
                 with
                 little
                 or
                 no
                 effect
                 .
              
               
               
                 These
                 Contests
                 and
                 Heats
                 occasion'd
                 the
                 Diet
                 to
                 be
                 prolong'd
                 to
                 the
                 19
                 th
                 of
                 May.
                 The
                 Senate
                 deputed
                 four
                 or
                 five
                 Bishops
                 to
                 the
                 Queen
                 to
                 acquaint
                 her
                 ,
                 that
                 if
                 her
                 Majesty
                 would
                 please
                 to
                 forsake
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 they
                 had
                 orders
                 to
                 offer
                 her
                 Prince
                 Philip
                 of
                 Neuburg
                 for
                 her
                 Husband
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
                 These
                 Ministers
                 the
                 Queen
                 receiv'd
                 very
                 civilly
                 ,
                 and
                 thank'd
                 the
                 Senate
                 for
                 their
                 Kindness
                 to
                 her
                 ,
                 but
                 withal
                 insinuated
                 ,
                 that
                 she
                 did
                 not
                 believe
                 that
                 
                 they
                 were
                 yet
                 absolute
                 Masters
                 of
                 the
                 Election
                 ,
                 since
                 her
                 Friends
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 had
                 not
                 forsaken
                 her
                 .
                 The
                 same
                 Prelats
                 perceiving
                 the
                 unalterable
                 Resolution
                 of
                 the
                 Queen
                 ,
                 went
                 in
                 quest
                 of
                 the
                 Grand
                 General
                 Patz
                 ,
                 whom
                 they
                 also
                 found
                 firm
                 in
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                 Lorain's
                 Interest
                 ,
                 which
                 yet
                 they
                 could
                 not
                 but
                 commend
                 in
                 him
                 ,
                 he
                 having
                 had
                 great
                 Obligations
                 to
                 the
                 Queen
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 next
                 day
                 all
                 the
                 Gentry
                 of
                 Poland
                 and
                 Lithuania
                 met
                 again
                 ,
                 each
                 Party
                 resolving
                 to
                 maintain
                 what
                 they
                 had
                 undertaken
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 plainly
                 to
                 be
                 perceiv'd
                 that
                 Sobieski
                 was
                 strong
                 enough
                 to
                 make
                 himself
                 Head
                 of
                 the
                 Election
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 the
                 other
                 side
                 had
                 thoughts
                 of
                 joining
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                 Lorain's
                 Army
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 made
                 all
                 Men
                 tremble
                 who
                 had
                 regard
                 to
                 the
                 Good
                 of
                 the
                 Publick
                 .
                 At
                 last
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Russia
                 made
                 a
                 Speech
                 to
                 the
                 Assembly
                 ,
                 representing
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   the
                   Queen
                   having
                   refus'd
                   a
                   Husband
                   which
                   the
                   Government
                   had
                   profer'd
                   her
                   ,
                   the
                   Republick
                   had
                   no
                   more
                   to
                   do
                   with
                   her
                   ;
                   and
                   that
                   they
                   had
                   done
                   but
                   too
                   much
                   already
                   for
                   the
                   House
                   of
                
                 Austria
                 and
                 Germany
                 ,
                 
                   neither
                   of
                   which
                   had
                   ever
                   done
                   them
                   any
                   Service
                   ;
                   that
                   notwithstanding
                   
                   the
                   Opposition
                   of
                   the
                
                 Lithuanians
                 
                   who
                   did
                   but
                   dishonour
                   their
                   Country
                   by
                   excluding
                   a
                
                 Piasto
                 ,
                 
                   yet
                   they
                   ought
                   to
                   choose
                   one
                   ,
                   to
                   shew
                   the
                   World
                   that
                   if
                   their
                   Ancestors
                   had
                   not
                   done
                   the
                   like
                   oftner
                   ,
                   it
                   was
                   because
                   they
                   had
                   a
                   mind
                   to
                   avoid
                   the
                   Jealousies
                   which
                   would
                   have
                   arisen
                   between
                   so
                   many
                   Subjects
                   that
                   deserv'd
                   the
                   Crown
                   ;
                   and
                   that
                   since
                   now
                   there
                   was
                   one
                   present
                   whose
                   Merit
                   was
                   not
                   to
                   be
                   question'd
                   ,
                   they
                   ought
                   forthwith
                   to
                   elect
                   him
                   .
                
                 Then
                 he
                 proceeded
                 to
                 name
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 with
                 this
                 Character
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   his
                   Life
                   had
                   been
                   entirely
                   devoted
                   to
                   the
                   Service
                   of
                   the
                   State
                   ,
                   which
                   even
                   while
                   he
                   was
                   speaking
                   ,
                   peaceably
                   enjoy'd
                   the
                   Fruits
                   of
                   his
                   late
                   Victory
                   at
                
                 Chocim
                 ;
                 and
                 further
                 ,
                 
                   that
                   this
                   present
                   Happiness
                   was
                   hut
                   a
                   Specimen
                   of
                   what
                   he
                   was
                   able
                   to
                   do
                   for
                   his
                   Country
                   :
                
                 and
                 lastly
                 ,
                 
                   that
                   the
                   Crown
                   was
                   due
                   to
                
                 Sobieski
                 
                   out
                   of
                   meer
                   Gratitude
                   and
                   Acknowledgment
                   ,
                   since
                   it
                   was
                   through
                   his
                   means
                   that
                   they
                   sat
                   there
                   ,
                   and
                   had
                   a
                   Power
                   to
                   dispose
                   of
                   it
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Gentry
                 of
                 Russia
                 being
                 influenc'd
                 by
                 what
                 their
                 Palatin
                 had
                 said
                 ,
                 immediately
                 declar'd
                 for
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 a
                 Native
                 of
                 their
                 Province
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 Poland
                 soon
                 follow'd
                 their
                 Example
                 ;
                 together
                 with
                 some
                 Palatinates
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 brought
                 over
                 by
                 the
                 Management
                 of
                 Prince
                 Radzivil
                 Vice-Chancellor
                 of
                 that
                 Dutchy
                 ;
                 every
                 one
                 being
                 forward
                 to
                 deserve
                 Favours
                 from
                 one
                 whom
                 they
                 had
                 acknowledg'd
                 for
                 their
                 Prince
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Great
                 General
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 being
                 highly
                 displeas'd
                 at
                 all
                 these
                 Proceedings
                 ,
                 left
                 the
                 Diet
                 in
                 a
                 Heat
                 ,
                 and
                 together
                 with
                 his
                 Friends
                 march'd
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Field
                 about
                 Nine
                 at
                 Night
                 ,
                 no
                 body
                 being
                 able
                 to
                 bring
                 him
                 back
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 he
                 immediately
                 enters
                 ▪
                 Protest
                 
                 against
                 this
                 Election
                 ,
                 alledging
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 against
                 the
                 Constitution
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 for
                 any
                 King
                 to
                 be
                 chosen
                 without
                 the
                 common
                 Consent
                 .
                 The
                 next
                 day
                 ,
                 being
                 the
                 20
                 th
                 of
                 May
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 return'd
                 into
                 the
                 Field
                 ,
                 but
                 retir'd
                 after
                 having
                 made
                 their
                 Protestations
                 against
                 this
                 Election
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 several
                 Senators
                 and
                 
                 Nuncio's
                 were
                 sent
                 to
                 re-cal
                 them
                 ,
                 but
                 their
                 Answer
                 was
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 going
                 to
                 deliberate
                 upon
                 the
                 Matter
                 ,
                 and
                 would
                 inform
                 them
                 of
                 their
                 Resolutions
                 by
                 their
                 Deputies
                 .
                 The
                 Poles
                 and
                 Lithuanians
                 who
                 had
                 espous'd
                 
                 Sobieski's
                 Interest
                 ,
                 forthwith
                 commanded
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Cracow
                 to
                 proclaim
                 him
                 ;
                 which
                 notwithstanding
                 this
                 Prelate
                 declin'd
                 ,
                 wisely
                 foreseeing
                 the
                 Disorders
                 so
                 rash
                 an
                 Election
                 might
                 occasion
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 might
                 probably
                 end
                 in
                 a
                 Civil
                 War.
                 
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Deputies
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 arriv'd
                 a
                 little
                 while
                 after
                 ;
                 whereof
                 the
                 Chief
                 being
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 the
                 Grand
                 General
                 ,
                 deliver'd
                 the
                 Message
                 ,
                 giving
                 Sobieski
                 the
                 Title
                 only
                 of
                 Grand
                 Marshal
                 ;
                 yet
                 in
                 the
                 conclusion
                 of
                 his
                 Discourse
                 he
                 told
                 them
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 ready
                 to
                 give
                 his
                 Vote
                 for
                 him
                 ,
                 but
                 desir'd
                 the
                 proclaiming
                 him
                 might
                 be
                 defer'd
                 till
                 next
                 day
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 end
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 might
                 assist
                 at
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 thereby
                 the
                 Election
                 become
                 unanimous
                 :
                 which
                 Request
                 of
                 his
                 was
                 readily
                 granted
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 21
                 st
                 of
                 
                   May
                   Andrew
                   Trzebicki
                
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 who
                 presided
                 at
                 the
                 Diet
                 in
                 the
                 room
                 of
                 the
                 Primate
                 Czartoriski
                 just
                 then
                 deceas'd
                 (
                 which
                 happen'd
                 very
                 well
                 for
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 the
                 Primate
                 having
                 been
                 no
                 Friend
                 of
                 his
                 )
                 went
                 with
                 the
                 
                 Senators
                 before
                 the
                 New
                 Prince
                 to
                 the
                 Place
                 of
                 Election
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 were
                 met
                 by
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 with
                 their
                 General
                 Patz
                 at
                 their
                 head
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 too
                 politick
                 not
                 to
                 assist
                 there
                 with
                 his
                 whole
                 Family
                 .
              
               
                 JOHN
                 SOBIESKI
                 was
                 soon
                 after
                 proclaim'd
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 the
                 Gentry
                 proceeded
                 to
                 sing
                 
                   Te
                   Deum
                
                 in
                 the
                 Cathedral
                 of
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 ending
                 the
                 Day
                 with
                 usual
                 Acclamations
                 and
                 Rejoicings
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Prince
                 was
                 descended
                 of
                 a
                 Noble
                 and
                 Antient
                 Family
                 ,
                 tho
                 none
                 of
                 the
                 most
                 considerable
                 ,
                 nor
                 richest
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 His
                 Father
                 
                 
                   James
                   Sobieski
                
                 was
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 ,
                 a
                 Person
                 no
                 less
                 eminent
                 for
                 his
                 Abilities
                 in
                 Affairs
                 of
                 State
                 ,
                 than
                 renown'd
                 for
                 his
                 Courage
                 and
                 Conduct
                 in
                 the
                 Field
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 employ'd
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1621
                 ,
                 as
                 Embassador
                 and
                 Plenipotentiary
                 upon
                 a
                 Treaty
                 of
                 Peace
                 ,
                 which
                 by
                 his
                 Prudence
                 and
                 Address
                 was
                 honourably
                 concluded
                 with
                 
                   Sultan
                   Osman
                
                 .
                 He
                 distinguish'd
                 himself
                 likewise
                 on
                 many
                 other
                 important
                 Occasions
                 ;
                 and
                 after
                 several
                 other
                 great
                 Services
                 faithfully
                 perform'd
                 for
                 his
                 Country
                 ,
                 he
                 dy'd
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1646.
                 
              
               
                 
                 His
                 Mother
                 was
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Daughters
                 of
                 
                   Stanislaus
                   Zolkiewski
                
                 ,
                 Grand
                 Chancellor
                 and
                 Grand
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 who
                 bravely
                 fought
                 that
                 memorable
                 Battle
                 at
                 Cicora
                 on
                 the
                 10th
                 of
                 September
                 1620
                 ;
                 and
                 tho
                 he
                 was
                 again
                 five
                 times
                 attack'd
                 by
                 the
                 Turks
                 on
                 the
                 2d
                 of
                 October
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Year
                 ,
                 yet
                 he
                 gallantly
                 repuls'd
                 them
                 ,
                 till
                 at
                 last
                 being
                 overpower'd
                 with
                 Numbers
                 ,
                 and
                 forsaken
                 by
                 his
                 Followers
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 slain
                 ,
                 couragiously
                 fighting
                 
                 among
                 the
                 thickest
                 Troops
                 of
                 his
                 Enemies
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Prince
                 was
                 carefully
                 educated
                 by
                 his
                 Parents
                 in
                 his
                 Youth
                 ,
                 and
                 sent
                 to
                 travel
                 into
                 France
                 ,
                 where
                 his
                 Father
                 bought
                 him
                 a
                 Captain
                 of
                 Horse's
                 Commission
                 ,
                 which
                 gain'd
                 him
                 great
                 Experience
                 :
                 He
                 also
                 travell'd
                 into
                 
                   England
                   ,
                   Germany
                
                 and
                 Italy
                 ;
                 where
                 having
                 observ'd
                 all
                 the
                 different
                 Manners
                 ,
                 Interests
                 ,
                 Laws
                 ,
                 Military
                 Discipline
                 ,
                 Strength
                 and
                 Policies
                 of
                 those
                 People
                 ,
                 and
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 word
                 ,
                 all
                 else
                 that
                 was
                 necessary
                 for
                 a
                 Person
                 of
                 Quality
                 to
                 learn
                 in
                 his
                 Travels
                 ,
                 he
                 at
                 last
                 return'd
                 home
                 ,
                 when
                 Casimir
                 after
                 several
                 Trials
                 both
                 of
                 his
                 Valour
                 and
                 Discretion
                 ,
                 and
                 admiring
                 at
                 his
                 great
                 Merit
                 and
                 quick
                 Parts
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 improv'd
                 so
                 well
                 both
                 in
                 Languages
                 ,
                 Sciences
                 ,
                 and
                 Military
                 Accomplishments
                 ,
                 made
                 him
                 first
                 a
                 Colonel
                 of
                 Foot
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 Captain
                 of
                 his
                 Guards
                 ;
                 and
                 from
                 thence
                 advanc'd
                 him
                 gradually
                 through
                 all
                 the
                 Posts
                 of
                 his
                 Army
                 ,
                 till
                 he
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 being
                 Grand
                 Marshal
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 in
                 the
                 room
                 of
                 Lubomirski
                 ,
                 and
                 Grand
                 General
                 of
                 Poland
                 in
                 the
                 room
                 of
                 Potoski
                 .
                 He
                 behav'd
                 himself
                 in
                 all
                 these
                 Employments
                 with
                 that
                 Courage
                 and
                 Prudence
                 as
                 became
                 a
                 Souldier
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 reputed
                 the
                 Hero
                 of
                 his
                 Age
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Terrour
                 of
                 the
                 Ottoman
                 Empire
                 .
              
               
                 
                 He
                 marry'd
                 
                   Mary
                   de
                   la
                   Grange
                
                 ,
                 Daughter
                 to
                 the
                 Marquess
                 of
                 Arquien
                 (
                 not
                 long
                 since
                 made
                 Cardinal
                 )
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 
                   La
                   Grange
                
                 in
                 Nivernois
                 in
                 France
                 .
                 She
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 contrivance
                 of
                 King
                 
                 Casimir's
                 Queen
                 ,
                 to
                 whom
                 she
                 was
                 Maid
                 of
                 Honour
                 ,
                 was
                 first
                 marry'd
                 to
                 Prince
                 Zamoiski
                 ,
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 greatest
                 Palatins
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 and
                 after
                 his
                 Death
                 to
                 the
                 Grand
                 General
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 
                 by
                 whom
                 she
                 had
                 several
                 Children
                 ,
                 and
                 amongst
                 the
                 ●●est
                 three
                 hopeful
                 Princes
                 ,
                 the
                 eldest
                 of
                 which
                 has
                 the
                 Honour
                 to
                 be
                 Brother-in-Law
                 to
                 the
                 Emperour
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 Spain
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 Portugal
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Modena
                 ,
                 by
                 marrying
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Princesses
                 of
                 Neuburgh
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Prince
                 was
                 not
                 Crown'd
                 till
                 above
                 fifteen
                 Months
                 after
                 his
                 Election
                 ;
                 during
                 which
                 time
                 ,
                 he
                 gain'd
                 great
                 Advantages
                 over
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 and
                 forc'd
                 them
                 to
                 a
                 Peace
                 at
                 Zorowna
                 ,
                 whereby
                 they
                 were
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 remit
                 the
                 yearly
                 Tribute
                 ,
                 stipulated
                 for
                 by
                 King
                 Michael
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 still
                 to
                 be
                 left
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 the
                 Fortress
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 .
              
               
                 At
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 his
                 Election
                 he
                 was
                 pleas'd
                 
                 to
                 promise
                 ,
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 free
                 Will
                 and
                 Motion
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Queen-Dowager
                 should
                 be
                 provided
                 for
                 sutably
                 to
                 her
                 high
                 Quality
                 and
                 extraordinary
                 Merit
                 ;
                 as
                 also
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Arrears
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 should
                 be
                 forthwith
                 discharg'd
                 out
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 Revenues
                 ,
                 since
                 the
                 publick
                 Stock
                 was
                 then
                 hardly
                 able
                 to
                 do
                 it
                 .
                 He
                 conferr'd
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 Grand
                 Marshal
                 on
                 Prince
                 Demetrius
                 ,
                 Uncle
                 to
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 of
                 Lieutenant
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 thereby
                 becoming
                 vacant
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Cracovia
                 .
                 But
                 as
                 he
                 signify'd
                 his
                 Resolution
                 to
                 prosecute
                 the
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Turk
                 with
                 the
                 utmost
                 Vigour
                 ,
                 so
                 he
                 promis'd
                 that
                 at
                 his
                 own
                 particular
                 Charges
                 he
                 would
                 raise
                 one
                 thousand
                 Foot
                 ,
                 and
                 maintain
                 them
                 during
                 the
                 War
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 to
                 encourage
                 the
                 Senators
                 and
                 other
                 Great
                 Men
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 to
                 do
                 the
                 like
                 proportionably
                 :
                 For
                 which
                 reason
                 ,
                 he
                 desir'd
                 that
                 he
                 might
                 retain
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 Great
                 
                 General
                 in
                 his
                 own
                 hands
                 till
                 the
                 Campagn
                 was
                 ended
                 ,
                 for
                 that
                 the
                 present
                 Urgency
                 of
                 Affairs
                 was
                 like
                 to
                 prevent
                 his
                 Coronation
                 ▪
                 To
                 which
                 Propositions
                 the
                 Nobility
                 immediately
                 assented
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Pursuant
                 to
                 the
                 King's
                 Promise
                 ,
                 the
                 Queen-Dowager
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Consent
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Diet
                   ▪
                
                 had
                 a
                 yearly
                 Revenue
                 of
                 two
                 hundred
                 thousand
                 Guilders
                 assign'd
                 her
                 ,
                 with
                 Liberty
                 to
                 reside
                 in
                 any
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 except
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 or
                 some
                 other
                 fortify'd
                 Places
                 on
                 the
                 Borders
                 of
                 Silesia
                 ;
                 whereupon
                 her
                 Majesty
                 made
                 choice
                 of
                 Thorn
                 in
                 Prussia
                 for
                 her
                 Residence
                 .
              
               
                 Tho
                 the
                 King
                 was
                 most
                 solicitous
                 to
                 carry
                 on
                 the
                 War
                 against
                 the
                 Turk
                 ,
                 yet
                 the
                 Nobility
                 and
                 Senators
                 were
                 generally
                 as
                 remiss
                 therein
                 :
                 for
                 tho
                 they
                 had
                 promis'd
                 him
                 Maintenance
                 for
                 sixty
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ,
                 yet
                 he
                 now
                 desir'd
                 but
                 forty
                 thousand
                 ;
                 however
                 ,
                 such
                 were
                 their
                 Dissensions
                 and
                 Jealousies
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 would
                 not
                 afford
                 him
                 so
                 many
                 .
              
               
                 Notwithstanding
                 ,
                 to
                 oppose
                 the
                 
                   Turks
                   ,
                   Muscovites
                
                 and
                 Tartars
                 in
                 the
                 Vkraine
                 ,
                 he
                 got
                 together
                 a
                 small
                 Army
                 of
                 about
                 fifteen
                 or
                 sixteen
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ,
                 with
                 which
                 he
                 march'd
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 the
                 22d
                 of
                 August
                 ,
                 towards
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 ;
                 when
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 the
                 Muscovite
                 General
                 's
                 Army
                 consisted
                 of
                 above
                 one
                 hundred
                 thousand
                 ;
                 but
                 which
                 nevertheless
                 did
                 no
                 damage
                 ,
                 being
                 diverted
                 by
                 the
                 Turks
                 by
                 a
                 Stratagem
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 these
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 quickly
                 got
                 possession
                 of
                 all
                 Vkraina
                 ,
                 except
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 Places
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 Troops
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 consisting
                 of
                 about
                 twelve
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ,
                 came
                 up
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 his
                 Army
                 amount
                 to
                 near
                 thirty
                 thousand
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 he
                 immediately
                 call'd
                 a
                 Council
                 of
                 War
                 at
                 Slotzow
                 ,
                 and
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 march
                 directly
                 toward
                 the
                 Vkraine
                 ,
                 with
                 design
                 to
                 fall
                 upon
                 the
                 Enemy
                 with
                 all
                 the
                 fury
                 imaginable
                 ,
                 notwithstanding
                 some
                 Overtures
                 of
                 Peace
                 made
                 him
                 by
                 the
                 Vizier
                 :
                 But
                 this
                 was
                 look'd
                 upon
                 by
                 the
                 Poles
                 only
                 as
                 a
                 Stratagem
                 to
                 amuse
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 foment
                 the
                 Jealousies
                 of
                 the
                 Muscovites
                 ;
                 by
                 which
                 means
                 the
                 Turks
                 thought
                 to
                 divide
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 Accordingly
                 ,
                 upon
                 his
                 Approaches
                 ,
                 he
                 sends
                 out
                 the
                 Woievod
                 of
                 Russia
                 to
                 learn
                 the
                 Condition
                 of
                 the
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 who
                 ,
                 near
                 the
                 Walls
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 ,
                 surpriz'd
                 and
                 defeated
                 a
                 thousand
                 Turkish
                 Horse
                 ,
                 and
                 brought
                 a
                 hundred
                 and
                 fifty
                 away
                 Prisoners
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 he
                 proceeds
                 vigorously
                 ,
                 and
                 takes
                 several
                 Towns
                 of
                 great
                 Importance
                 in
                 Podolia
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 at
                 this
                 time
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 would
                 needs
                 leave
                 his
                 Majesty
                 and
                 return
                 home
                 ,
                 alledging
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 not
                 able
                 to
                 bear
                 the
                 rigour
                 of
                 the
                 Winter
                 .
                 But
                 nevertheless
                 the
                 King
                 with
                 his
                 Gallant
                 Poles
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 continue
                 the
                 Campagn
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 push
                 on
                 his
                 good
                 Fortune
                 ;
                 scarce
                 a
                 Week
                 passing
                 ,
                 but
                 some
                 considerable
                 Place
                 or
                 other
                 was
                 yielded
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 the
                 Turks
                 all
                 this
                 while
                 not
                 daring
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 to
                 oppose
                 him
                 .
                 So
                 that
                 now
                 his
                 Majesty
                 had
                 subdu'd
                 all
                 that
                 part
                 of
                 Vkraina
                 ,
                 which
                 lies
                 Westward
                 of
                 the
                 Nieper
                 ,
                 except
                 only
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Czebryn
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 April
                 1675
                 ,
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 began
                 in
                 numerous
                 Bodies
                 to
                 take
                 the
                 Field
                 :
                 notwithstanding
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 animated
                 by
                 his
                 natural
                 
                 Courage
                 ,
                 resolv'd
                 not
                 to
                 stir
                 a
                 foot
                 ,
                 but
                 forthwith
                 reinforc'd
                 the
                 several
                 Garisons
                 of
                 
                   Mohilow
                   ,
                   Braclaw
                   ,
                   Nimirow
                   ,
                   Kalmick
                
                 and
                 Bialicierkiew
                 ;
                 which
                 done
                 ,
                 he
                 had
                 hardly
                 forces
                 enough
                 left
                 to
                 deserve
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 an
                 Army
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 after
                 having
                 been
                 baffled
                 at
                 Slotskow
                 ,
                 march'd
                 directly
                 towards
                 Leopol
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 King's
                 Army
                 lay
                 within
                 a
                 Mile
                 of
                 the
                 Town
                 .
                 That
                 way
                 the
                 Enemy
                 was
                 to
                 approach
                 ,
                 there
                 was
                 an
                 Ascent
                 of
                 about
                 three
                 hundred
                 Paces
                 ,
                 when
                 one
                 was
                 to
                 descend
                 again
                 by
                 a
                 very
                 narrow
                 Way
                 ,
                 amidst
                 a
                 Wood
                 that
                 had
                 lately
                 been
                 cut
                 down
                 .
                 At
                 the
                 foot
                 of
                 this
                 Hill
                 there
                 was
                 a
                 Plain
                 ,
                 through
                 which
                 the
                 Tartars
                 must
                 necessarily
                 pass
                 to
                 come
                 at
                 the
                 Poles
                 .
                 Here
                 the
                 King
                 posted
                 his
                 Brother-in-Law
                 Duke
                 Radzivil
                 with
                 some
                 Troops
                 for
                 Guard
                 of
                 the
                 Pass
                 on
                 the
                 Right-hand
                 of
                 his
                 Camp.
                 And
                 General
                 Kariski
                 on
                 the
                 Left
                 ,
                 caus'd
                 several
                 Cannon
                 to
                 be
                 planted
                 on
                 a
                 Hill
                 ,
                 whence
                 they
                 might
                 annoy
                 the
                 Enemy
                 in
                 the
                 Plain
                 .
                 He
                 also
                 caus'd
                 the
                 Wood
                 on
                 each
                 side
                 the
                 narrow
                 Way
                 to
                 be
                 well
                 lin'd
                 with
                 several
                 Companies
                 of
                 Musketeers
                 .
                 After
                 which
                 his
                 Majesty
                 order'd
                 some
                 Troops
                 of
                 Horse
                 to
                 advance
                 into
                 the
                 Plain
                 to
                 oppose
                 the
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 who
                 about
                 four
                 in
                 the
                 Afternoon
                 appear'd
                 in
                 such
                 Numbers
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 almost
                 cover'd
                 the
                 Ground
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 the
                 King
                 from
                 a
                 Hill
                 observ'd
                 their
                 Motions
                 :
                 After
                 which
                 with
                 his
                 usual
                 Air
                 of
                 Gallantry
                 ,
                 common
                 to
                 him
                 in
                 time
                 of
                 Action
                 ,
                 at
                 the
                 Head
                 of
                 the
                 remaining
                 part
                 of
                 his
                 small
                 Army
                 he
                 descended
                 into
                 the
                 Plain
                 ,
                 encouraging
                 his
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 by
                 telling
                 them
                 that
                 he
                 came
                 there
                 with
                 full
                 
                 Resolution
                 either
                 to
                 conquer
                 ,
                 or
                 die
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 ,
                 
                 repeating
                 thrice
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 Jesus
                 ,
                 he
                 briskly
                 advanc'd
                 towards
                 the
                 Enemy
                 .
                 The
                 Fight
                 began
                 with
                 great
                 Fury
                 on
                 both
                 sides
                 ;
                 the
                 King
                 omitting
                 nothing
                 either
                 as
                 to
                 Courage
                 or
                 Conduct
                 ,
                 but
                 performing
                 both
                 the
                 part
                 of
                 a
                 most
                 prudent
                 General
                 and
                 a
                 valiant
                 Souldier
                 ,
                 by
                 his
                 Example
                 inspiring
                 all
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 his
                 Officers
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 with
                 this
                 small
                 handful
                 of
                 Men
                 he
                 forc'd
                 Multitudes
                 of
                 the
                 Enemy
                 to
                 fly
                 before
                 Night
                 ,
                 leaving
                 behind
                 them
                 incredible
                 Numbers
                 slain
                 upon
                 the
                 place
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 King
                 would
                 gladly
                 have
                 pursu'd
                 the
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 the
                 Night
                 prevented
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 he
                 fear'd
                 likewise
                 ,
                 lest
                 the
                 Cham
                 might
                 come
                 up
                 to
                 their
                 Assistance
                 .
                 In
                 this
                 memorable
                 Victory
                 ,
                 the
                 greatest
                 perhaps
                 that
                 has
                 been
                 known
                 in
                 any
                 Age
                 ,
                 the
                 King
                 had
                 not
                 actually
                 with
                 him
                 much
                 above
                 five
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ,
                 the
                 rest
                 having
                 been
                 left
                 to
                 secure
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Leopol
                 and
                 the
                 Passes
                 .
                 With
                 this
                 small
                 Party
                 ,
                 to
                 defeat
                 by
                 downright
                 Fighting
                 an
                 Army
                 of
                 threescore
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ,
                 has
                 more
                 of
                 Prodigy
                 than
                 Probability
                 in
                 it
                 ;
                 yet
                 so
                 great
                 was
                 the
                 Fright
                 and
                 Consternation
                 of
                 these
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 fled
                 in
                 one
                 Night
                 as
                 many
                 Leagues
                 as
                 they
                 had
                 march'd
                 in
                 three
                 Days
                 before
                 .
              
               
                 But
                 here
                 this
                 Dispute
                 did
                 not
                 end
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Cham
                 and
                 
                   Ismael
                   Bassa
                
                 ,
                 to
                 shew
                 they
                 were
                 not
                 dismay'd
                 at
                 this
                 ill
                 Success
                 ,
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 march
                 against
                 the
                 King
                 ;
                 and
                 in
                 order
                 thereto
                 ,
                 commanded
                 a
                 Body
                 of
                 two
                 thousand
                 Janizaries
                 out
                 to
                 attack
                 a
                 Castle
                 near
                 Brzeziani
                 ,
                 wherein
                 were
                 only
                 sixty
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 defended
                 themselves
                 
                 so
                 bravely
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 repuls'd
                 the
                 Enemy
                 with
                 great
                 Loss
                 .
              
               
                 Soon
                 after
                 a
                 Body
                 of
                 ten
                 thousand
                 Tartars
                 advancing
                 somewhat
                 near
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Leopol
                 ,
                 the
                 King
                 sent
                 out
                 the
                 Lord
                 Harkownisky
                 with
                 a
                 good
                 Squadron
                 of
                 Horse
                 against
                 them
                 ,
                 who
                 after
                 a
                 brisk
                 Engagement
                 forc'd
                 them
                 to
                 take
                 to
                 their
                 Heels
                 ,
                 leaving
                 Thousands
                 of
                 their
                 Companions
                 dead
                 upon
                 the
                 Spot
                 .
                 In
                 this
                 Action
                 there
                 were
                 several
                 brave
                 Polish
                 Gentlemen
                 slain
                 .
              
               
                 Afterwards
                 the
                 King
                 being
                 again
                 ioin'd
                 by
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 his
                 Army
                 amounted
                 to
                 fifteen
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ,
                 march'd
                 to
                 seek
                 out
                 the
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 tho
                 by
                 a
                 modest
                 computation
                 they
                 might
                 be
                 reckon'd
                 seven
                 times
                 as
                 many
                 .
                 But
                 understanding
                 that
                 the
                 Enemy
                 had
                 besieg'd
                 
                 Podhais
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 marching
                 thither
                 to
                 relieve
                 it
                 ;
                 when
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 way
                 ,
                 he
                 receiv'd
                 Intelligence
                 of
                 its
                 being
                 surrender'd
                 ,
                 burnt
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 ,
                 and
                 twelve
                 thousand
                 Persons
                 made
                 Prisoners
                 ,
                 tho
                 the
                 Garison
                 had
                 expresly
                 capitulated
                 to
                 march
                 out
                 with
                 Bag
                 ▪
                 and
                 Baggage
                 .
                 The
                 King
                 was
                 extreamly
                 nettled
                 that
                 so
                 many
                 Christians
                 should
                 be
                 made
                 Slaves
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Territories
                 laid
                 desolate
                 ;
                 therefore
                 he
                 resolv'd
                 forthwith
                 to
                 remedy
                 it
                 ,
                 or
                 perish
                 in
                 the
                 Attempt
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 march'd
                 the
                 same
                 day
                 towards
                 the
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 then
                 set
                 down
                 before
                 Buozalz
                 ;
                 but
                 upon
                 notice
                 of
                 his
                 Approaches
                 ,
                 they
                 rais'd
                 their
                 Siege
                 ,
                 and
                 retreated
                 with
                 all
                 their
                 Forces
                 to
                 Trembowla
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 likewise
                 invested
                 .
                 Here
                 they
                 were
                 often
                 repuls'd
                 with
                 great
                 Loss
                 ,
                 yet
                 continu'd
                 obstinate
                 to
                 pursue
                 their
                 Enterprize
                 ,
                 till
                 at
                 last
                 happening
                 to
                 intercept
                 a
                 Peasant
                 that
                 was
                 carrying
                 a
                 Letter
                 
                 from
                 the
                 King
                 to
                 the
                 Governour
                 ,
                 wherein
                 his
                 Majesty
                 assur'd
                 him
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 coming
                 with
                 all
                 speed
                 to
                 his
                 Relief
                 ;
                 the
                 Terrour
                 of
                 King
                 
                 Sobieski's
                 Name
                 struck
                 such
                 a
                 faintness
                 into
                 the
                 Infidels
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 immediately
                 dislodg'd
                 their
                 Cannon
                 from
                 their
                 Batteries
                 ,
                 which
                 consisted
                 of
                 a
                 hundred
                 Pieces
                 ,
                 and
                 forthwith
                 march'd
                 towards
                 Caminiec
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Confusion
                 .
                 Nay
                 ,
                 so
                 great
                 was
                 their
                 Consternation
                 ,
                 that
                 under
                 the
                 Cannon
                 of
                 Caminiec
                 they
                 thought
                 not
                 themselves
                 sufficiently
                 secure
                 ;
                 for
                 not
                 daring
                 to
                 stand
                 an
                 Engagement
                 with
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 they
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 pass
                 the
                 Niester
                 ,
                 and
                 march
                 towards
                 Valachia
                 :
                 Yet
                 this
                 they
                 could
                 not
                 do
                 so
                 speedily
                 ,
                 but
                 Prince
                 Lubomirski
                 ,
                 with
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 King's
                 Army
                 ,
                 fell
                 upon
                 their
                 Rear
                 ,
                 and
                 slew
                 great
                 Numbers
                 of
                 them
                 .
                 The
                 Turks
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Fear
                 they
                 were
                 in
                 of
                 being
                 farther
                 pursu'd
                 ,
                 re-pass'd
                 the
                 Danube
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Tartars
                 return'd
                 home
                 with
                 great
                 Precipitation
                 by
                 the
                 way
                 of
                 Bialogrod
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 King
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 put
                 his
                 Army
                 into
                 Winter-quarters
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 to
                 return
                 home
                 ;
                 which
                 he
                 did
                 to
                 the
                 Joy
                 and
                 Satisfaction
                 of
                 all
                 his
                 Subjects
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 being
                 now
                 high
                 time
                 to
                 prepare
                 for
                 the
                 Ceremony
                 of
                 the
                 Coronation
                 ,
                 January
                 the
                 17th
                 the
                 Corps
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 Michael
                 was
                 convey'd
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 in
                 a
                 Herse
                 drawn
                 by
                 eight
                 Horses
                 ,
                 attended
                 by
                 all
                 the
                 Officers
                 of
                 his
                 Houshold
                 ,
                 and
                 several
                 Persons
                 of
                 Quality
                 ,
                 to
                 Cracow
                 ;
                 where
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Body
                 of
                 King
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 likewise
                 brought
                 lately
                 out
                 of
                 France
                 ,
                 it
                 was
                 honourably
                 interr'd
                 ,
                 all
                 Decency
                 and
                 Respect
                 being
                 paid
                 to
                 both
                 their
                 Memories
                 .
                 This
                 Ceremony
                 being
                 dispatch'd
                 ,
                 
                 
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 ,
                 with
                 his
                 Queen
                 Mary
                 ,
                 were
                 both
                 Crown'd
                 in
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Cracow
                 the
                 2d
                 of
                 February
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1676
                 ,
                 with
                 great
                 Pomp
                 and
                 Magnificence
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 this
                 the
                 King
                 applying
                 himself
                 to
                 supply
                 the
                 Vacancies
                 (
                 as
                 usual
                 )
                 made
                 Lubomirski
                 Grand
                 Marshal
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 the
                 Lord
                 Siniawski
                 Court-Marshal
                 ,
                 and
                 Prince
                 
                   Demetrius
                   Wisnowiski
                
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Beltz
                 .
                 He
                 likewise
                 bestow'd
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Forces
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 on
                 Jablownowski
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 at
                 present
                 Great
                 General
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 June
                 following
                 
                   Sultan
                   Nuradin
                
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 two
                 Sons
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Cham
                 ,
                 pass'd
                 the
                 Niester
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 Army
                 ,
                 having
                 sent
                 out
                 Parties
                 before
                 to
                 ravage
                 the
                 Country
                 .
                 At
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 
                   Ibrahim
                   Bassa
                
                 advanc'd
                 likewise
                 to
                 several
                 Posts
                 about
                 Caminiec
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 King
                 order'd
                 what
                 Troops
                 he
                 could
                 get
                 together
                 near
                 Leopol
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 were
                 to
                 rendezvouz
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 convok'd
                 the
                 Pospolite
                 ,
                 or
                 Militia
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 defence
                 of
                 the
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 same
                 Year
                 his
                 Excellency
                 Mr.
                 Hyde
                 ,
                 now
                 Earl
                 of
                 Rochester
                 ,
                 was
                 sent
                 Embassador
                 from
                 his
                 Majesty
                 Charles
                 the
                 IId
                 to
                 the
                 Court
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 to
                 congratulate
                 the
                 King
                 upon
                 his
                 Accession
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 stand
                 for
                 his
                 Master
                 Godfather
                 to
                 the
                 young
                 Princess
                 ,
                 now
                 Electoress
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 .
                 He
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 Dantzic
                 in
                 August
                 ,
                 where
                 meeting
                 with
                 the
                 Queen
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 who
                 made
                 a
                 Journey
                 thither
                 while
                 the
                 King
                 was
                 in
                 the
                 Field
                 ,
                 he
                 had
                 Audience
                 of
                 her
                 Majesty
                 there
                 ,
                 and
                 presented
                 the
                 young
                 Princess
                 her
                 Daughter
                 with
                 a
                 very
                 rich
                 Jewel
                 ,
                 a
                 Cross
                 of
                 Diamonds
                 of
                 great
                 Value
                 :
                 He
                 afterwards
                 
                 set
                 forward
                 for
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 received
                 by
                 the
                 King
                 in
                 his
                 Camp
                 near
                 Leopol
                 in
                 Russia
                 ,
                 with
                 Demonstrations
                 of
                 Respect
                 and
                 Kindness
                 sutable
                 to
                 his
                 Character
                 and
                 Person
                 ;
                 where
                 his
                 Majesty
                 sent
                 some
                 of
                 his
                 chief
                 Officers
                 to
                 shew
                 him
                 the
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 way
                 of
                 Encamping
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 began
                 to
                 appear
                 now
                 very
                 formidable
                 ,
                 and
                 yet
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 continu'd
                 so
                 sensible
                 of
                 their
                 last
                 Year's
                 Defeats
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 dreaded
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 King
                 Sobieski
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 seem'd
                 to
                 desire
                 nothing
                 more
                 than
                 Peace
                 ;
                 for
                 which
                 purpose
                 the
                 Grand
                 Seignior
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Moldavia
                 ,
                 made
                 
                 an
                 Overture
                 for
                 a
                 Treaty
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 accepted
                 after
                 a
                 Battle
                 gain'd
                 by
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 other
                 small
                 Mischiefs
                 done
                 on
                 both
                 sides
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Peace
                 being
                 thus
                 happily
                 concluded
                 to
                 the
                 Advantage
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 his
                 Majesty
                 return'd
                 in
                 November
                 to
                 Zulkiew
                 ,
                 his
                 own
                 Patrimony
                 ,
                 whither
                 my
                 Lord
                 Rochester
                 waiting
                 upon
                 him
                 ,
                 
                 had
                 his
                 publick
                 Audience
                 there
                 in
                 a
                 more
                 solemn
                 Manner
                 than
                 before
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 first
                 carried
                 in
                 the
                 King's
                 Coach
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 received
                 by
                 the
                 Court-Marshal
                 ,
                 (
                 who
                 is
                 in
                 the
                 Nature
                 of
                 a
                 Lord
                 Chamberlain
                 )
                 at
                 the
                 Stairs-foot
                 of
                 the
                 Palace
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 conducted
                 to
                 his
                 Majesty
                 ,
                 who
                 receiv'd
                 him
                 standing
                 under
                 a
                 rich
                 Canopy
                 of
                 State
                 :
                 and
                 after
                 two
                 Months
                 residing
                 there
                 ,
                 his
                 Excellency
                 had
                 his
                 Audience
                 of
                 Leave
                 ,
                 and
                 return'd
                 into
                 England
                 through
                 
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   Austria
                
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Empire
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Poles
                 enjoy'd
                 this
                 Peace
                 with
                 the
                 Turks
                 till
                 the
                 Year
                 1683
                 ,
                 when
                 they
                 came
                 under
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 
                   Cara
                   Mustapha
                
                 their
                 Grand
                 Vizier
                 ,
                 
                 to
                 besiege
                 Vienna
                 ,
                 whereof
                 Count
                 Starenberg
                 
                 was
                 Governour
                 .
                 The
                 King
                 ,
                 with
                 his
                 Son
                 Prince
                 James
                 ,
                 Prince
                 Lubomirski
                 ,
                 and
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Grandees
                 ,
                 came
                 with
                 an
                 Army
                 only
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 assur'd
                 me
                 ,
                 of
                 twenty
                 four
                 thousand
                 Men
                 to
                 relieve
                 it
                 .
                 This
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 was
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 by
                 the
                 Alliance
                 sign'd
                 with
                 his
                 Imperial
                 Majesty
                 in
                 1683.
                 
                 When
                 being
                 join'd
                 by
                 the
                 Imperial
                 Army
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Electors
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 and
                 Saxony
                 ,
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 great
                 Number
                 of
                 other
                 Princes
                 of
                 the
                 Empire
                 ,
                 in
                 all
                 amounting
                 to
                 near
                 fifty
                 thousand
                 Men
                 ;
                 he
                 attack'd
                 the
                 Turks
                 with
                 such
                 Bravery
                 and
                 Conduct
                 ,
                 that
                 on
                 the
                 12th
                 of
                 September
                 they
                 ,
                 tho
                 consisting
                 of
                 191800
                 Men
                 ,
                 as
                 appear'd
                 by
                 a
                 List
                 found
                 in
                 the
                 Grand
                 
                 Vizier's
                 Tent
                 ,
                 were
                 oblig'd
                 ,
                 after
                 an
                 entire
                 Defeat
                 ,
                 to
                 raise
                 the
                 Siege
                 ,
                 and
                 retire
                 
                 towards
                 Hungary
                 .
                 The
                 great
                 Standard
                 and
                 the
                 Horse's
                 Tail
                 were
                 taken
                 by
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 obstinately
                 pursu'd
                 the
                 Turks
                 in
                 their
                 flight
                 ,
                 tho
                 no
                 great
                 way
                 ,
                 being
                 too
                 much
                 fatigu'd
                 before
                 .
                 There
                 was
                 also
                 great
                 Booty
                 found
                 in
                 the
                 Turkish
                 Camp
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 wholly
                 plunder'd
                 ,
                 even
                 to
                 the
                 Tent
                 of
                 the
                 Grand
                 Vizier
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 met
                 with
                 great
                 Riches
                 in
                 Gold
                 ,
                 Silver
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 precious
                 things
                 .
                 All
                 their
                 Ammunition
                 and
                 Baggage
                 ,
                 with
                 their
                 Artillery
                 ,
                 consisting
                 of
                 above
                 a
                 hundred
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Cannon
                 ,
                 were
                 taken
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 mighty
                 Victory
                 was
                 obtain'd
                 with
                 not
                 above
                 the
                 Loss
                 of
                 a
                 thousand
                 Men
                 on
                 the
                 Christians
                 side
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 those
                 very
                 few
                 Persons
                 of
                 Quality
                 .
                 This
                 Overthrow
                 was
                 chiefly
                 ascrib'd
                 to
                 the
                 great
                 Conduct
                 and
                 Courage
                 of
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 who
                 exposed
                 his
                 Person
                 among
                 the
                 
                 thickest
                 of
                 the
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 having
                 always
                 by
                 him
                 the
                 Prince
                 his
                 Son
                 ,
                 who
                 thus
                 early
                 signaliz'd
                 himself
                 .
                 Nor
                 ought
                 the
                 Electors
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 and
                 Saxony
                 ,
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 and
                 Prince
                 Waldec
                 ,
                 to
                 go
                 without
                 their
                 share
                 in
                 the
                 Glory
                 ,
                 since
                 they
                 all
                 behav'd
                 themselves
                 so
                 wonderfully
                 well
                 in
                 this
                 memorable
                 Action
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 King
                 made
                 his
                 Entry
                 into
                 Vienna
                 ,
                 through
                 the
                 Breach
                 ,
                 with
                 great
                 Acclamations
                 of
                 the
                 People
                 ,
                 the
                 great
                 Turkish
                 Standard
                 being
                 carry'd
                 before
                 him
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 afterwards
                 sent
                 to
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 hung
                 up
                 in
                 the
                 Church
                 at
                 Loretto
                 in
                 Italy
                 .
                 Next
                 day
                 after
                 his
                 Entry
                 ,
                 the
                 Emperour
                 came
                 to
                 meet
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 him
                 his
                 Acknowledgments
                 with
                 the
                 most
                 endearing
                 Expressions
                 imaginable
                 ,
                 while
                 K.
                 John
                 receiv'd
                 his
                 Compliments
                 with
                 a
                 Modesty
                 equal
                 to
                 his
                 Courage
                 .
                 After
                 his
                 Imperial
                 Majesty
                 had
                 order'd
                 a
                 rich
                 Sword
                 ,
                 set
                 with
                 Diamonds
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 presented
                 to
                 Prince
                 James
                 ,
                 he
                 departed
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 decamp'd
                 with
                 his
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 march'd
                 towards
                 
                 Wisena
                 in
                 Hungary
                 ,
                 and
                 thence
                 by
                 a
                 Bridg
                 of
                 Boats
                 over
                 the
                 Danube
                 ,
                 about
                 a
                 Mile
                 below
                 Presburg
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 twenty
                 fifth
                 of
                 September
                 ;
                 and
                 on
                 the
                 twenty
                 seventh
                 the
                 Imperial
                 Army
                 follow'd
                 him
                 over
                 the
                 same
                 Place
                 .
              
               
                 On
                 the
                 ninth
                 of
                 October
                 ,
                 understanding
                 that
                 a
                 Body
                 of
                 about
                 fourteen
                 thousand
                 Turks
                 lay
                 encamp'd
                 near
                 Barkan
                 ,
                 being
                 the
                 choicest
                 of
                 the
                 remaining
                 Troops
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 Command
                 of
                 several
                 Bassas
                 ,
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 Imperial
                 Troops
                 ,
                 advanc'd
                 thither
                 .
                 The
                 Turks
                 no
                 sooner
                 saw
                 them
                 ,
                 but
                 they
                 march'd
                 briskly
                 up
                 ,
                 and
                 charg'd
                 them
                 very
                 desperately
                 ;
                 but
                 being
                 as
                 warmly
                 receiv'd
                 ,
                 
                 after
                 a
                 sharp
                 Encounter
                 the
                 Infidels
                 were
                 put
                 to
                 flight
                 ;
                 one
                 of
                 their
                 Bassas
                 slain
                 ,
                 another
                 taken
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 them
                 hurrying
                 over
                 the
                 Bridg
                 at
                 Gran
                 ,
                 the
                 same
                 broke
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 that
                 were
                 upon
                 it
                 drown'd
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 of
                 all
                 that
                 great
                 Body
                 of
                 Men
                 ,
                 there
                 were
                 scarce
                 four
                 thousand
                 escap'd
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 next
                 considerable
                 Exploit
                 was
                 the
                 taking
                 of
                 Zytchin
                 ,
                 a
                 Place
                 of
                 great
                 Importance
                 in
                 Hungary
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 King
                 having
                 parted
                 with
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lorain
                 ,
                 and
                 understanding
                 that
                 the
                 Turks
                 had
                 a
                 considerable
                 Garison
                 at
                 that
                 Place
                 which
                 might
                 incommode
                 the
                 Communication
                 betwixt
                 his
                 Troops
                 and
                 the
                 Imperialists
                 ,
                 he
                 sent
                 his
                 Son
                 with
                 the
                 Palatin
                 of
                 Lublin
                 to
                 invest
                 it
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 Garison
                 soon
                 retir'd
                 into
                 the
                 Castle
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 King
                 immediately
                 commanded
                 to
                 be
                 storm'd
                 :
                 Whereupon
                 the
                 Turks
                 hung
                 out
                 a
                 white
                 Flag
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Commander
                 in
                 Chief
                 ,
                 with
                 two
                 others
                 ,
                 came
                 out
                 and
                 begg'd
                 his
                 Majesty
                 to
                 permit
                 them
                 to
                 march
                 to
                 Buda
                 ;
                 which
                 was
                 granted
                 ,
                 and
                 they
                 left
                 behind
                 them
                 a
                 great
                 Quantity
                 of
                 Provisions
                 and
                 Ammunition
                 .
                 This
                 Town
                 he
                 put
                 into
                 the
                 hands
                 of
                 the
                 Imperialists
                 .
                 Next
                 the
                 King
                 sent
                 to
                 summon
                 two
                 Castles
                 ,
                 Brigh
                 and
                 Holoch
                 ,
                 which
                 soon
                 yielded
                 at
                 Discretion
                 .
                 Then
                 he
                 return'd
                 to
                 his
                 own
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 but
                 left
                 the
                 Lithuanian
                 Troops
                 in
                 Winter-quarters
                 behind
                 him
                 .
                 He
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 Cracow
                 the
                 21st
                 of
                 December
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 was
                 joyfully
                 receiv'd
                 with
                 Testimonies
                 of
                 an
                 universal
                 Affection
                 from
                 his
                 People
                 ;
                 and
                 to
                 render
                 his
                 Triumphs
                 yet
                 more
                 compleat
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 saluted
                 at
                 his
                 Arrival
                 with
                 the
                 News
                 of
                 the
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Cosacks
                 ,
                 the
                 Sieur
                 
                 Kiniski's
                 having
                 obtain'd
                 a
                 great
                 
                 Victory
                 over
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 in
                 the
                 Vkraine
                 .
              
               
                 He
                 afterwards
                 made
                 a
                 League
                 Offensive
                 and
                 
                 Defensive
                 with
                 the
                 present
                 Emperor
                 ,
                 the
                 Pope
                 ,
                 and
                 Venetians
                 against
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 which
                 has
                 continu'd
                 ever
                 since
                 ,
                 tho
                 very
                 little
                 to
                 the
                 advantage
                 of
                 either
                 Party
                 .
                 The
                 Poles
                 ,
                 since
                 the
                 Siege
                 of
                 Vienna
                 ,
                 have
                 been
                 highly
                 disgusted
                 at
                 the
                 ill
                 Treatment
                 they
                 receiv'd
                 from
                 the
                 Germans
                 ,
                 whom
                 they
                 had
                 deliver'd
                 from
                 the
                 Turkish
                 Invasion
                 ;
                 and
                 besides
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 thought
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 for
                 several
                 Years
                 lean'd
                 towards
                 the
                 French
                 Interest
                 .
              
               
                 'T
                 is
                 certain
                 ,
                 that
                 at
                 last
                 he
                 lov'd
                 Money
                 so
                 
                 well
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 heard
                 the
                 Poles
                 themselves
                 say
                 ,
                 That
                 he
                 was
                 the
                 most
                 covetous
                 and
                 richest
                 Prince
                 that
                 ever
                 sway'd
                 their
                 Scepter
                 .
                 Every
                 Year
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 22
                 Years
                 he
                 reign'd
                 ,
                 they
                 computed
                 that
                 he
                 laid
                 up
                 a
                 hundred
                 thousand
                 Pound
                 sterling
                 ;
                 all
                 which
                 should
                 have
                 been
                 disburs'd
                 in
                 the
                 Expences
                 of
                 the
                 War
                 ,
                 as
                 all
                 his
                 Predecessors
                 were
                 wont
                 to
                 do
                 .
                 Some
                 of
                 the
                 Gentry
                 told
                 me
                 moreover
                 ,
                 that
                 if
                 his
                 Son
                 James
                 hapned
                 to
                 succeed
                 him
                 ,
                 he
                 would
                 be
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 disburse
                 the
                 best
                 part
                 of
                 that
                 Treasure
                 to
                 pay
                 the
                 eight
                 Years
                 Arrears
                 due
                 then
                 to
                 the
                 Army
                 .
              
               
                 As
                 for
                 what
                 relates
                 to
                 King
                 
                 Sobieski's
                 Person
                 ,
                 
                 He
                 was
                 a
                 tall
                 and
                 corpulent
                 Prince
                 ,
                 large
                 fac'd
                 and
                 full
                 ey'd
                 ,
                 went
                 always
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Dress
                 with
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ;
                 which
                 because
                 it
                 is
                 different
                 from
                 any
                 other
                 in
                 Europe
                 ,
                 I
                 thought
                 an
                 Account
                 of
                 it
                 would
                 not
                 be
                 unacceptable
                 to
                 your
                 Lordship
                 .
                 They
                 have
                 all
                 their
                 Hair
                 cut
                 round
                 about
                 their
                 Ears
                 like
                 Monks
                 ,
                 and
                 wear
                 
                 furr'd
                 Caps
                 ,
                 large
                 Whiskers
                 ,
                 and
                 no
                 Neckcloths
                 ;
                 
                 a
                 long
                 Coat
                 hangs
                 down
                 to
                 their
                 Heels
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Wastcoat
                 under
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 length
                 tied
                 close
                 about
                 the
                 Waste
                 with
                 a
                 Girdle
                 :
                 Their
                 Sleeves
                 are
                 extream
                 close
                 ,
                 like
                 those
                 of
                 Mariners
                 ,
                 coming
                 down
                 to
                 their
                 Wrists
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Flap
                 on
                 the
                 back
                 of
                 the
                 Hand
                 ,
                 which
                 reaches
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 the
                 middle
                 Nuckle
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 turn
                 up
                 in
                 hot
                 Weather
                 ,
                 and
                 let
                 down
                 in
                 cold
                 ,
                 for
                 they
                 never
                 wear
                 any
                 Gloves
                 .
                 This
                 long
                 Coat
                 is
                 of
                 strong
                 Cloth
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 lin'd
                 in
                 the
                 Winter
                 with
                 rich
                 Fur
                 ,
                 but
                 in
                 Summer
                 only
                 with
                 light
                 Silk
                 ;
                 tho
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 at
                 Court
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 Persons
                 of
                 Quality
                 wear
                 Furs
                 as
                 they
                 us'd
                 to
                 do
                 in
                 Winter
                 ,
                 for
                 it
                 is
                 a
                 fine
                 Ornament
                 :
                 under
                 this
                 Wastcoat
                 they
                 wear
                 wide
                 Shirts
                 like
                 Womens
                 Smocks
                 ,
                 tied
                 loose
                 about
                 their
                 Necks
                 ,
                 with
                 wide
                 Sleeves
                 coming
                 down
                 to
                 their
                 Wrists
                 .
                 As
                 to
                 their
                 Breeches
                 they
                 are
                 likewise
                 very
                 wide
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 their
                 Stockings
                 make
                 one
                 continued
                 piece
                 .
                 Instead
                 of
                 Shoes
                 they
                 always
                 wear
                 both
                 abroad
                 and
                 at
                 home
                 Turky
                 Leather
                 Boots
                 with
                 very
                 thin
                 Soles
                 ,
                 and
                 hollow
                 deep
                 Heels
                 made
                 of
                 a
                 blade
                 of
                 Iron
                 bent
                 hoopwise
                 into
                 the
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 Half-moon
                 .
                 They
                 carry
                 a
                 large
                 Scimiter
                 ,
                 the
                 Sheath
                 equally
                 flat
                 and
                 broad
                 from
                 the
                 handle
                 to
                 the
                 bottom
                 ;
                 it
                 's
                 generally
                 set
                 richly
                 with
                 Diamonds
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 Quality
                 of
                 the
                 Person
                 .
                 It
                 's
                 customary
                 all
                 over
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 not
                 only
                 among
                 the
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 amongst
                 the
                 Vulgar
                 ,
                 to
                 carry
                 Pole-Axes
                 in
                 their
                 Hands
                 ,
                 or
                 on
                 their
                 Arms
                 ;
                 they
                 take
                 care
                 that
                 this
                 Pole-Ax
                 be
                 kept
                 bright
                 and
                 shining
                 ,
                 with
                 Plates
                 of
                 Silver
                 round
                 the
                 handle
                 ,
                 and
                 sometimes
                 set
                 with
                 Jewels
                 .
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 the
                 Palatins
                 and
                 other
                 
                 Senators
                 come
                 with
                 those
                 Pole-Axes
                 into
                 the
                 King's
                 Presence
                 ,
                 which
                 seem'd
                 when
                 I
                 came
                 first
                 to
                 Court
                 a●●
                 frightful
                 Sight
                 ,
                 tho
                 reckon'd
                 an
                 Ornament
                 ;
                 but
                 I
                 was
                 inform'd
                 that
                 at
                 first
                 it
                 was
                 for
                 Defence
                 ,
                 the
                 Nation
                 being
                 tumultuous
                 and
                 quarrelsom
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 might
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 these
                 Pole-Axes
                 in
                 a
                 Throng
                 where
                 their
                 Scimiters
                 could
                 be
                 of
                 no
                 use
                 .
                 This
                 Dress
                 looks
                 extreme
                 manly
                 ,
                 particularly
                 on
                 Horseback
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 the
                 most
                 expensive
                 of
                 any
                 that
                 I
                 have
                 seen
                 in
                 Europe
                 ;
                 for
                 their
                 Furs
                 are
                 very
                 fine
                 and
                 dear
                 ,
                 their
                 very
                 Fur
                 Caps
                 cost
                 sometimes
                 20
                 or
                 30
                 Guineas
                 :
                 they
                 change
                 the
                 Fashion
                 of
                 making
                 their
                 Clothes
                 as
                 often
                 as
                 our
                 Western
                 Countries
                 do
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 King
                 was
                 a
                 well
                 spoken
                 Prince
                 ,
                 of
                 very
                 easy
                 Access
                 ,
                 and
                 extream
                 civil
                 ,
                 and
                 had
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 good
                 Qualities
                 requisite
                 in
                 a
                 Gentleman
                 ;
                 he
                 was
                 not
                 only
                 well
                 vers'd
                 in
                 all
                 Military
                 Affairs
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 in
                 all
                 Polite
                 and
                 Scholastick
                 Learning
                 ;
                 besides
                 his
                 own
                 Tongue
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 ,
                 he
                 understood
                 the
                 Latin
                 ,
                 French
                 ,
                 Italian
                 ,
                 German
                 and
                 Turkish
                 Languages
                 ;
                 he
                 delighted
                 much
                 in
                 Natural
                 History
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 all
                 the
                 parts
                 of
                 Physick
                 ;
                 he
                 us'd
                 to
                 reprimand
                 the
                 Clergy
                 for
                 not
                 admitting
                 into
                 the
                 University
                 and
                 Schools
                 the
                 Modern
                 Philosophy
                 ;
                 he
                 lov'd
                 to
                 hear
                 Persons
                 discourse
                 of
                 those
                 Matters
                 ,
                 and
                 had
                 a
                 particular
                 Talent
                 to
                 set
                 People
                 about
                 him
                 very
                 artfully
                 by
                 the
                 Ears
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 their
                 Disputes
                 he
                 might
                 be
                 diverted
                 ,
                 as
                 hapned
                 often
                 in
                 my
                 time
                 ,
                 especially
                 
                 once
                 when
                 I
                 was
                 undesignedly
                 concerned
                 my self
                 ;
                 the
                 King
                 being
                 at
                 Dinner
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 the
                 Bishops
                 of
                 
                   Posnania
                   ,
                   Plosko
                   ,
                   Vilna
                
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Divines
                 about
                 him
                 ,
                 particularly
                 
                 Father
                 Vota
                 ,
                 an
                 ingenious
                 Jesuit
                 ,
                 the
                 King
                 ask'd
                 me
                 in
                 Latin
                 ,
                 
                   What
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   I
                   thought
                   the
                   Soul
                   was
                   in
                   ?
                
                 I
                 was
                 willing
                 to
                 decline
                 talking
                 of
                 that
                 Subject
                 ,
                 and
                 told
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   being
                   a
                   Physician
                   ,
                   my
                   chief
                   Enquiry
                   was
                   about
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   the
                   Divines
                   there
                   present
                   were
                   able
                   to
                   satisfy
                   his
                   Majesty
                   .
                
                 The
                 King
                 reply'd
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   since
                   the
                   Soul
                   has
                   an
                   Influence
                   upon
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   since
                   the
                   Passions
                   of
                   the
                   Mind
                   ,
                   as
                   Anger
                   and
                   Fear
                   ,
                   breed
                   Fevers
                   and
                   other
                   Distempers
                   ,
                   it
                   was
                   necessary
                   that
                   the
                   Physicians
                   should
                   examine
                   the
                   Soul
                   in
                   that
                   respect
                   as
                   well
                   as
                   the
                   Body
                   .
                
                 I
                 answer'd
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   Physicians
                   did
                   enquire
                   into
                   the
                   Nature
                   of
                   Passions
                   ,
                   and
                   observ'd
                   that
                   there
                   was
                   such
                   an
                   Influence
                   of
                   the
                   Soul
                   upon
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   upon
                   the
                   Soul
                   ,
                   that
                   alter'd
                   the
                   thoughts
                   of
                   the
                   one
                   as
                   well
                   as
                   the
                   Operations
                   of
                   the
                   other
                   ;
                   but
                   that
                   the
                   Soul
                   being
                   a
                   Substance
                   invisible
                   ,
                   and
                   without
                   Extension
                   ,
                   it
                   was
                   impossible
                   for
                   Physicians
                   to
                   conceive
                   the
                   Nature
                   of
                   it
                   themselves
                   ,
                   or
                   explain
                   it
                   to
                   others
                   ,
                   as
                   they
                   do
                   that
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   take
                   into
                   pieces
                   by
                   Anatomy
                   ,
                   and
                   resolve
                   into
                   its
                   minutest
                   Elements
                   by
                   Chymistry
                   ;
                   that
                   the
                   Physicians
                   only
                   agree
                   in
                   the
                   main
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   supreme
                   Author
                   of
                   things
                   has
                   establish'd
                   such
                   Laws
                   between
                   the
                   Soul
                   and
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   which
                   make
                   a
                   mutual
                   Correspondence
                   between
                   them
                   ;
                   that
                   as
                   for
                   the
                   Seat
                   of
                   the
                   Soul
                   ,
                   I
                   might
                   perhaps
                   differ
                   from
                   the
                   Divines
                   then
                   present
                   ,
                   and
                   consequently
                   oppose
                   the
                   common
                   Doctrine
                   of
                   the
                   Schools
                   ,
                   for
                   they
                   hold
                   ,
                   with
                
                 Aristotle
                 ,
                 
                   that
                   the
                   Soul
                   is
                   entire
                   in
                   all
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   wholly
                   in
                   every
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   which
                   was
                   impossible
                   to
                   conceive
                   ;
                   for
                   if
                   the
                   Soul
                   was
                   entire
                   in
                   every
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   there
                   would
                   be
                   as
                   many
                   Souls
                   in
                   the
                   Body
                   as
                   there
                   are
                   Parts
                   ,
                   since
                   it
                   is
                   impossible
                   that
                   the
                   self-same
                   
                   Substance
                   ,
                   tho
                   an
                   indivisible
                   Spirit
                   ,
                   can
                   ever
                   be
                   in
                   two
                   places
                   at
                   the
                   same
                   time
                   ;
                   besides
                   ,
                   the
                   Soul
                   can't
                   be
                   but
                   where
                   it
                   does
                   think
                   ▪
                   and
                   every
                   one
                   finds
                   by
                   Experience
                   ,
                   that
                   his
                   Thought
                   is
                   not
                   in
                   his
                   Hands
                   nor
                   Feet
                   ,
                   but
                   is
                   conscious
                   to
                   himself
                   that
                   his
                   Thought
                   is
                   in
                   his
                   Head
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   consequently
                   the
                   Soul
                   must
                   be
                   only
                   in
                   the
                   Brain
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   the
                   Seat
                   of
                   Sensation
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Origin
                   of
                   all
                   the
                   Nerves
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   the
                   Organs
                   of
                   Perception
                   and
                   Motion
                   .
                
                 Father
                 Vota
                 being
                 alarm'd
                 at
                 this
                 Doctrine
                 ,
                 which
                 seem'd
                 altogether
                 new
                 in
                 that
                 part
                 of
                 Europe
                 ,
                 said
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   if
                   the
                   Soul
                   was
                   only
                   in
                   the
                   Head
                   ,
                   the
                   rest
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   would
                   be
                   dead
                   ,
                   since
                   the
                   receiv'd
                   Opinion
                   was
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   Soul
                   was
                   the
                   Life
                   of
                   the
                   whole
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   to
                   enliven
                   the
                   whole
                   Body
                   ,
                   the
                   Soul
                   must
                   be
                   wholly
                   present
                   in
                   every
                   part
                   of
                   it
                   .
                
                 This
                 drew
                 on
                 a
                 longer
                 Dispute
                 than
                 I
                 expected
                 ;
                 for
                 I
                 answer'd
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   the
                   Rational
                   Soul
                   was
                   not
                   the
                   Life
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   but
                   the
                   Blood
                   only
                   and
                   the
                   Animal
                   Spirits
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   this
                   Blood
                   and
                   Spirits
                   circulated
                   equally
                   all
                   over
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   gave
                   it
                   its
                   natural
                   Heat
                   and
                   Motion
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   properly
                   its
                   Life
                   :
                   and
                   that
                   this
                   Circulation
                   of
                   the
                   Blood
                   and
                   Spirits
                   could
                   not
                   possibly
                   depend
                   on
                   the
                   Rational
                   Soul
                   ,
                   because
                   it
                   was
                   an
                   involuntary
                   Motion
                   formed
                   by
                   the
                   Mechanic
                   Structure
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   by
                   the
                   natural
                   Impulse
                   of
                   the
                   Heart
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   the
                
                 Primum
                 Mobile
                 
                   of
                   the
                   whole
                   Machine
                   ;
                   and
                   that
                   tho
                   they
                   all
                   held
                   not
                   only
                   in
                
                 Poland
                 ,
                 
                   but
                   in
                   other
                   Countries
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   Rational
                   Soul
                   perform'd
                   every
                   minute
                   Action
                   in
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   yet
                   this
                   Opinion
                   was
                   irreconcilable
                   with
                   the
                   free
                   Will
                   of
                   the
                   Mind
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   all
                   admitted
                   ▪
                   for
                   since
                   they
                   allow
                   that
                   whatever
                   the
                   Soul
                   does
                   ,
                   not
                   only
                   it
                   is
                   conscious
                   of
                   it
                   ,
                   but
                   likewise
                   does
                   it
                   freely
                   without
                   being
                   necessitated
                   thereto
                   ;
                   when
                   as
                   
                   it
                   is
                   evidently
                   obvious
                   to
                   every
                   one
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   vital
                   Motions
                   in
                   our
                   Bodies
                   ,
                   I
                   mean
                   the
                   Motion
                   of
                   the
                   Heart
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   of
                   Respiration
                   ,
                   with
                   the
                   Peristaltic
                   Motion
                   of
                   the
                   Stomach
                   and
                   Guts
                   ,
                   are
                   perform'd
                   naturally
                   with
                   such
                   Mechanism
                   that
                   the
                   Soul
                   can't
                   stop
                   them
                   ;
                   no
                   nor
                   as
                   much
                   as
                   hasten
                   or
                   retard
                   them
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   the
                   Soul
                   is
                   not
                   at
                   all
                   conscious
                   of
                   them
                   ;
                   for
                   if
                   we
                   think
                   of
                   any
                   Object
                   ,
                   or
                   not
                   think
                   at
                   all
                   ,
                   as
                   when
                   we
                   are
                   asleep
                   ,
                   or
                   in
                   an
                   Apoplex
                   ,
                   those
                   vital
                   Motions
                   go
                   on
                   equally
                   the
                   same
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Posnania
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 bred
                 up
                 in
                 his
                 Youth
                 a
                 Physician
                 ,
                 seem'd
                 to
                 speak
                 in
                 favour
                 of
                 this
                 Opinion
                 ,
                 as
                 did
                 likewise
                 some
                 others
                 of
                 the
                 Company
                 ;
                 which
                 made
                 the
                 Jesuit
                 very
                 angry
                 ,
                 insomuch
                 that
                 he
                 acquainted
                 them
                 in
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Passion
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   neither
                   the
                   King
                   nor
                   they
                   ought
                   to
                   hearken
                   to
                   any
                   Discourse
                   contrary
                   to
                   the
                   receiv'd
                   Opinion
                   of
                   the
                   Church
                   ;
                   that
                   it
                   might
                   have
                   been
                   a
                   pernicious
                   Discourse
                   had
                   it
                   been
                   publick
                   :
                   for
                
                 (
                 says
                 he
                 )
                 
                   if
                   the
                   Soul
                   be
                   not
                   in
                   all
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   and
                   if
                   it
                   does
                   not
                   animate
                   the
                   Body
                   and
                   perform
                   all
                   its
                   vital
                   Functions
                   ,
                   it
                   would
                   be
                   of
                   no
                   use
                   ,
                   and
                   consequently
                   we
                   should
                   live
                   like
                   other
                   Animals
                   .
                
                 I
                 answer'd
                 him
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   doubtless
                   the
                   Operations
                   of
                   Life
                   were
                   perform'd
                   by
                   the
                   same
                   Mechanism
                   in
                   us
                   as
                   they
                   were
                   in
                   Brutes
                   ,
                   since
                   we
                   have
                   the
                   same
                   Organs
                   with
                   them
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   the
                   same
                   Fluids
                   to
                   enliven
                   us
                   :
                   That
                   the
                   Prerogatives
                   of
                   the
                   Soul
                   are
                   not
                   less
                   for
                   its
                   not
                   being
                   present
                   to
                   every
                   Action
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ;
                   for
                   the
                   Soul
                   ,
                   tho
                   it
                   is
                   not
                   the
                   cause
                   of
                   spontaneous
                   or
                   vital
                   Motion
                   in
                   us
                   ,
                   yet
                   it
                   performs
                   all
                   voluntary
                   Actions
                   ,
                   as
                   speaking
                   ,
                   walking
                   ,
                   and
                   all
                   other
                   free
                   Motions
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ;
                   it
                   receiv'd
                   all
                   Impressions
                   from
                   the
                   five
                   Senses
                   ;
                   it
                   forms
                   to
                   it self
                   all
                   Ideas
                   of
                   ambient
                   Objects
                   :
                   it
                   reasons
                   upon
                   them
                   ,
                   to
                   know
                   what
                   's
                   most
                   
                   useful
                   and
                   hurtful
                   to
                   it self
                   ,
                   and
                   to
                   the
                   Body
                   .
                   The
                   Soul
                   ,
                   in
                   short
                   ,
                   is
                   like
                   the
                   Pilot
                   ,
                   tho
                   it
                   does
                   not
                   set
                   the
                   Body
                   in
                   motion
                   ,
                   as
                   the
                   Wind
                   does
                   a
                   Ship
                   ,
                   yet
                   it
                   is
                   capable
                   of
                   governing
                   its
                   Actions
                   ,
                   and
                   directing
                   voluntarily
                   its
                   Course
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 King
                 being
                 thus
                 satisfied
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 rational
                 Soul
                 did
                 not
                 actuate
                 ,
                 as
                 they
                 call
                 it
                 ,
                 or
                 enliven
                 all
                 the
                 Parts
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 ,
                 desir'd
                 to
                 know
                 what
                 was
                 properly
                 Death
                 .
                 The
                 School
                 Divinity
                 maintains
                 that
                 Death
                 was
                 a
                 Separation
                 of
                 the
                 rational
                 Soul
                 from
                 the
                 Body
                 .
                 I
                 own'd
                 indeed
                 
                   that
                   in
                   Death
                   the
                   Soul
                   was
                   actually
                   separated
                   from
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                
                 but
                 I
                 could
                 not
                 allow
                 
                   that
                   that
                   Separation
                   was
                   the
                   cause
                   of
                   Death
                   ,
                   but
                   that
                   the
                   Death
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   was
                   the
                   Cessation
                   of
                   the
                   Motion
                   of
                   the
                   Heart
                   ,
                   of
                   the
                   Blood
                   ,
                   and
                   of
                   the
                   Spirits
                   ;
                   which
                   Cessation
                   could
                   not
                   proceed
                   from
                   the
                   Separation
                   of
                   the
                   Soul
                   ,
                   since
                   these
                   don't
                   at
                   all
                   depend
                   upon
                   it
                   ,
                
                 as
                 I
                 proved
                 before
                 ;
                 
                   but
                   it
                   was
                   occasion'd
                   by
                   some
                   Defects
                   in
                   the
                   Organs
                   and
                   Fluids
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   ,
                   which
                   losing
                   their
                   due
                   Disposition
                   ,
                   and
                   their
                   mutual
                   Correspondence
                   with
                   one
                   another
                   ,
                   all
                   their
                   Actions
                   cease
                   ,
                   which
                   Cessation
                   is
                   properly
                   called
                   Death
                   ;
                   so
                   that
                   the
                   Soul
                   finding
                   them
                   incapable
                   of
                   receiving
                   its
                   Influence
                   ,
                   and
                   of
                   obeying
                   its
                   Commands
                   ,
                   quits
                   the
                   Body
                   after
                   it
                   is
                   dead
                   :
                   by
                   which
                   it
                   appears
                   that
                   the
                   Separation
                   of
                   the
                   Soul
                   is
                   not
                   properly
                   the
                   Cause
                   of
                   Death
                   ,
                   but
                   that
                   the
                   Death
                   of
                   the
                   Body
                   is
                   the
                   cause
                   of
                   the
                   Separation
                   .
                
                 The
                 King
                 himself
                 illustrated
                 this
                 Opinion
                 with
                 a
                 familiar
                 Example
                 of
                 an
                 Organ
                 and
                 an
                 Organist
                 :
                 While
                 the
                 Organs
                 were
                 in
                 their
                 due
                 order
                 and
                 symetry
                 ,
                 the
                 Organist
                 play'd
                 upon
                 them
                 ;
                 but
                 when
                 by
                 length
                 of
                 time
                 they
                 were
                 either
                 broke
                 ,
                 used
                 too
                 much
                 ,
                 
                 or
                 any
                 other
                 way
                 quite
                 put
                 out
                 of
                 Tune
                 ,
                 he
                 leaves
                 off
                 playing
                 on
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Discourse
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 held
                 from
                 three
                 of
                 the
                 Clock
                 till
                 seven
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Divines
                 were
                 extreamly
                 warm
                 in
                 it
                 ;
                 and
                 some
                 of
                 them
                 had
                 the
                 boldness
                 to
                 tell
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 that
                 his
                 Majesty
                 should
                 not
                 suffer
                 such
                 Heretical
                 Opinions
                 (
                 as
                 they
                 called
                 them
                 )
                 to
                 be
                 introduc'd
                 before
                 such
                 a
                 great
                 Assembly
                 ,
                 contrary
                 to
                 the
                 receiv'd
                 Doctrine
                 of
                 the
                 Church
                 .
                 This
                 Discourse
                 caused
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 other
                 Matters
                 to
                 be
                 talk'd
                 on
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 it
                 would
                 be
                 too
                 long
                 to
                 inform
                 your
                 Lordship
                 .
                 By
                 this
                 you
                 may
                 plainly
                 see
                 how
                 fond
                 the
                 Divines
                 are
                 of
                 their
                 old
                 Opinions
                 ,
                 relying
                 upon
                 the
                 Doctrine
                 of
                 Aristotle
                 ,
                 whom
                 we
                 can't
                 suppose
                 to
                 be
                 so
                 throughly
                 acquainted
                 with
                 the
                 Structure
                 ,
                 Springs
                 ,
                 and
                 Motions
                 of
                 the
                 Humane
                 Body
                 ,
                 nor
                 indeed
                 with
                 all
                 other
                 Natural
                 Causes
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Modern
                 Physicians
                 are
                 :
                 yet
                 it
                 is
                 the
                 Policy
                 of
                 the
                 Divines
                 ,
                 not
                 only
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 but
                 in
                 
                   Spain
                   ,
                   Italy
                
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 most
                 other
                 Countries
                 where
                 their
                 Power
                 is
                 very
                 great
                 ,
                 not
                 to
                 let
                 any
                 Opinions
                 creep
                 in
                 among
                 them
                 ,
                 that
                 would
                 seem
                 to
                 contradict
                 those
                 of
                 Aristotle
                 ;
                 for
                 having
                 built
                 their
                 Systems
                 of
                 Divinity
                 upon
                 the
                 Principles
                 of
                 this
                 Pagan
                 Philosopher
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 justly
                 afraid
                 ,
                 that
                 if
                 Experience
                 and
                 Reason
                 should
                 shake
                 the
                 Foundation
                 ,
                 the
                 Superstructure
                 would
                 fall
                 to
                 the
                 Ground
                 ,
                 as
                 doubtless
                 it
                 would
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 King
                 built
                 several
                 fine
                 Houses
                 both
                 in
                 Russia
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 parts
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 particularly
                 three
                 Miles
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 a
                 neat
                 Country
                 House
                 call'd
                 
                   Villa
                   Nova
                
                 ,
                 very
                 richly
                 furnished
                 .
                 He
                 has
                 had
                 several
                 Natural
                 Children
                 ,
                 
                 but
                 took
                 no
                 care
                 of
                 any
                 of
                 them
                 ;
                 for
                 it
                 is
                 not
                 customary
                 in
                 Poland
                 to
                 have
                 that
                 Consideration
                 for
                 them
                 as
                 there
                 is
                 in
                 other
                 Countries
                 :
                 but
                 he
                 left
                 vast
                 Riches
                 to
                 his
                 Lawful
                 Children
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 a
                 Motion
                 in
                 the
                 Diet
                 five
                 
                 or
                 six
                 Years
                 before
                 he
                 died
                 ,
                 to
                 settle
                 the
                 Succession
                 on
                 one
                 of
                 them
                 .
                 He
                 told
                 the
                 Assembly
                 of
                 the
                 Disorders
                 that
                 usually
                 happened
                 in
                 Elections
                 after
                 the
                 King's
                 Death
                 ;
                 that
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 the
                 Tartars
                 took
                 then
                 Opportunities
                 to
                 make
                 Inroads
                 into
                 the
                 Country
                 and
                 ravage
                 all
                 before
                 them
                 ;
                 that
                 the
                 Nobility
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 were
                 generally
                 divided
                 ,
                 headed
                 by
                 Factions
                 ,
                 and
                 biass'd
                 by
                 Self-interest
                 against
                 the
                 publick
                 Good
                 of
                 their
                 Country
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 he
                 himself
                 would
                 be
                 glad
                 to
                 prevent
                 all
                 those
                 dangerous
                 Broils
                 before
                 he
                 died
                 ,
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Love
                 he
                 bore
                 to
                 his
                 Country
                 ,
                 and
                 Subjects
                 .
                 But
                 the
                 Diet
                 finding
                 that
                 his
                 private
                 Design
                 was
                 to
                 get
                 one
                 of
                 his
                 Sons
                 elected
                 ,
                 answered
                 ,
                 That
                 they
                 hoped
                 that
                 his
                 Majesty
                 would
                 live
                 yet
                 a
                 long
                 while
                 ;
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 necessary
                 to
                 take
                 a
                 long
                 time
                 to
                 consider
                 of
                 a
                 Matter
                 of
                 that
                 great
                 moment
                 :
                 which
                 the
                 King
                 seeing
                 it
                 was
                 a
                 civil
                 way
                 of
                 refusing
                 to
                 enter
                 upon
                 that
                 Subject
                 ,
                 never
                 after
                 intimated
                 any
                 thing
                 to
                 them
                 like
                 it
                 ,
                 but
                 took
                 all
                 possible
                 care
                 to
                 enrich
                 his
                 Children
                 in
                 case
                 none
                 of
                 them
                 should
                 be
                 elected
                 after
                 his
                 Death
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 exactly
                 computed
                 to
                 me
                 that
                 he
                 laid
                 up
                 every
                 Year
                 for
                 above
                 twenty
                 Years
                 100000
                 
                   l.
                   Sterl
                
                 .
                 which
                 
                 he
                 left
                 partly
                 in
                 Bankers
                 Hands
                 at
                 
                   Dantzick
                   ,
                   Hamburgh
                
                 and
                 Amsterdam
                 ,
                 and
                 put
                 the
                 rest
                 into
                 the
                 hands
                 of
                 the
                 Jews
                 ,
                 who
                 are
                 very
                 numerous
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 to
                 trade
                 with
                 it
                 ;
                 besides
                 ,
                 he
                 bought
                 great
                 Territories
                 in
                 the
                 
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 tho
                 it
                 is
                 against
                 the
                 Constitution
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 his
                 three
                 Sons
                 ,
                 
                   James
                   ,
                   Alexander
                
                 and
                 Constantino
                 ,
                 if
                 they
                 manage
                 their
                 Affairs
                 right
                 ,
                 may
                 be
                 worth
                 each
                 above
                 50000
                 
                   l.
                   Sterling
                   per
                   Annum
                
                 ;
                 for
                 it
                 is
                 the
                 Law
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 to
                 divide
                 equally
                 the
                 Estate
                 among
                 the
                 Children
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Queen
                 was
                 but
                 ten
                 or
                 twelve
                 Years
                 of
                 Age
                 ,
                 when
                 she
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 present
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                 Gordon's
                 Aunt
                 ,
                 afterwards
                 married
                 to
                 Count
                 Morstin
                 great
                 Treasurer
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 came
                 from
                 France
                 into
                 this
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 with
                 Ladislaus
                 King
                 of
                 
                 Poland's
                 Queen
                 ,
                 who
                 made
                 them
                 both
                 her
                 Maids
                 of
                 Honour
                 ,
                 and
                 took
                 great
                 care
                 of
                 
                   Madamoiselle
                   d'
                   Arquien
                
                 ,
                 being
                 very
                 ingenious
                 
                 and
                 beautiful
                 :
                 She
                 got
                 her
                 married
                 first
                 to
                 Prince
                 Zamoiski
                 ,
                 who
                 soon
                 left
                 her
                 a
                 Widow
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Jointure
                 of
                 about
                 2000
                 l.
                 a
                 Year
                 ;
                 she
                 was
                 afterwards
                 married
                 in
                 
                 Casimir's
                 Reign
                 to
                 
                   John
                   Sobieski
                
                 ,
                 then
                 Captain
                 of
                 the
                 Guards
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 not
                 very
                 willing
                 to
                 marry
                 her
                 until
                 the
                 King
                 promis'd
                 that
                 he
                 would
                 give
                 him
                 considerable
                 Places
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 accordingly
                 did
                 by
                 the
                 Instigation
                 of
                 the
                 Queen
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 made
                 him
                 Great
                 Marshal
                 ,
                 and
                 Great
                 General
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 which
                 gave
                 him
                 Authority
                 and
                 Interest
                 enough
                 to
                 make
                 himself
                 afterwards
                 King
                 ,
                 and
                 her
                 Queen
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 this
                 Marriage
                 was
                 the
                 occasion
                 of
                 his
                 Rise
                 in
                 the
                 World
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 was
                 so
                 sensible
                 of
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 refus'd
                 to
                 be
                 divorced
                 from
                 her
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Diet
                 would
                 have
                 perswaded
                 him
                 to
                 do
                 after
                 his
                 Election
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Queen
                 is
                 now
                 about
                 fifty
                 four
                 Years
                 of
                 Age
                 ,
                 tho
                 she
                 appears
                 not
                 to
                 be
                 forty
                 ;
                 she
                 goes
                 in
                 the
                 French
                 Dress
                 ,
                 as
                 all
                 the
                 Polish
                 Ladies
                 do
                 ;
                 she
                 speaks
                 almost
                 naturally
                 the
                 ▪
                 Polish
                 
                 Tongue
                 ;
                 which
                 with
                 lier
                 sweet
                 Temper
                 ,
                 refin'd
                 Sense
                 ,
                 and
                 majestick
                 Air
                 ,
                 gain'd
                 her
                 such
                 Affection
                 with
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 such
                 Influence
                 over
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 and
                 such
                 Interest
                 always
                 in
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 that
                 she
                 manag'd
                 all
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Prudence
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 to
                 the
                 advantage
                 of
                 her
                 native
                 Country
                 France
                 ,
                 whose
                 Interest
                 she
                 generally
                 espous'd
                 upon
                 most
                 occasions
                 during
                 the
                 King's
                 Life
                 ;
                 which
                 was
                 believ'd
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 Cause
                 that
                 he
                 did
                 not
                 carry
                 on
                 the
                 War
                 with
                 vigour
                 these
                 late
                 years
                 against
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 .
                 She
                 maintain'd
                 at
                 her
                 Court
                 her
                 Father
                 Cardinal
                 
                   D'
                   Arquien
                
                 ,
                 and
                 her
                 Brother
                 Count
                 Maligny
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 but
                 a
                 very
                 small
                 Estate
                 of
                 their
                 own
                 .
                 She
                 has
                 two
                 Sisters
                 ,
                 one
                 is
                 the
                 Widow
                 of
                 the
                 late
                 Count
                 Bethune
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 Ambassador
                 from
                 France
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 dy'd
                 in
                 his
                 Embassy
                 in
                 Sweden
                 ;
                 the
                 other
                 is
                 the
                 Widow
                 of
                 a
                 Nobleman
                 in
                 Poland
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Queen
                 had
                 the
                 Art
                 to
                 dispose
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 Imployments
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 for
                 Money
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 who
                 by
                 the
                 Constitution
                 ought
                 not
                 himself
                 to
                 sell
                 any
                 Place
                 ,
                 gave
                 to
                 understand
                 privately
                 ,
                 that
                 all
                 Persons
                 should
                 apply
                 themselves
                 to
                 her
                 first
                 ,
                 that
                 she
                 might
                 secretly
                 negotiate
                 the
                 Price
                 of
                 every
                 Preferment
                 ;
                 which
                 she
                 did
                 very
                 industriously
                 ,
                 and
                 obliged
                 them
                 furthermore
                 to
                 take
                 an
                 Oath
                 to
                 espouse
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 one
                 of
                 her
                 Children
                 after
                 the
                 King's
                 Death
                 .
                 The
                 Poles
                 never
                 scrupled
                 those
                 Oaths
                 ,
                 tho
                 they
                 were
                 resolved
                 to
                 keep
                 them
                 no
                 longer
                 than
                 they
                 thought
                 it
                 for
                 their
                 Interest
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 manifested
                 at
                 this
                 last
                 Election
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 so
                 few
                 appeared
                 for
                 Prince
                 James
                 ;
                 for
                 this
                 unlawful
                 way
                 of
                 treating
                 the
                 
                 Nobility
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 King
                 's
                 extream
                 Covetousness
                 ,
                 and
                 Prince
                 
                 James's
                 Inconstancy
                 towards
                 his
                 Friends
                 ,
                 set
                 the
                 Minds
                 of
                 the
                 Gentry
                 against
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Prince
                 is
                 black
                 ,
                 has
                 a
                 thin
                 and
                 meagre
                 Look
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 of
                 a
                 low
                 Stature
                 ,
                 more
                 like
                 a
                 Frenchman
                 or
                 a
                 Spaniard
                 than
                 a
                 Pole
                 ;
                 he
                 is
                 very
                 sociable
                 and
                 courteous
                 .
                 He
                 is
                 now
                 about
                 the
                 Age
                 of
                 thirty
                 ,
                 and
                 has
                 made
                 several
                 Campagns
                 with
                 the
                 King
                 his
                 Father
                 ,
                 particularly
                 that
                 of
                 Vienna
                 ;
                 and
                 had
                 his
                 Conduct
                 been
                 answerable
                 to
                 his
                 Courage
                 ,
                 he
                 would
                 doubtless
                 have
                 made
                 a
                 more
                 considerable
                 Party
                 :
                 He
                 is
                 extreamly
                 Liberal
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 the
                 only
                 good
                 Quality
                 he
                 excels
                 his
                 Father
                 in
                 :
                 He
                 was
                 first
                 contracted
                 in
                 Marriage
                 to
                 the
                 rich
                 Heiress
                 of
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Radzevil
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 Widow
                 of
                 the
                 present
                 Elector
                 of
                 
                 Brandenburg's
                 Brother
                 ,
                 who
                 dy'd
                 without
                 Issue
                 .
                 An
                 Envoy
                 was
                 sent
                 to
                 Berlin
                 to
                 negotiate
                 the
                 Marriage
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 agreed
                 upon
                 by
                 the
                 Elector's
                 and
                 her
                 Consent
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Prince
                 himself
                 came
                 thither
                 in
                 Person
                 with
                 a
                 numerous
                 Attendance
                 to
                 consummate
                 it
                 .
                 At
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 came
                 to
                 Berlin
                 the
                 Elector
                 
                 Palatin's
                 Brother
                 ,
                 Prince
                 Charles
                 of
                 Newburg
                 ,
                 Brother
                 to
                 the
                 Empress
                 ,
                 to
                 see
                 the
                 Ceremony
                 of
                 the
                 Marriage
                 ;
                 but
                 this
                 Princess
                 taking
                 more
                 fancy
                 to
                 him
                 than
                 to
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 gave
                 him
                 encouragement
                 
                 to
                 make
                 his
                 Addresses
                 to
                 her
                 ;
                 which
                 he
                 did
                 with
                 that
                 success
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 engag'd
                 her
                 so
                 far
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 unexpectedly
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 privately
                 marry'd
                 to
                 her
                 the
                 night
                 before
                 she
                 was
                 to
                 be
                 marry'd
                 to
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 Prince
                 James
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 return
                 back
                 shamefully
                 :
                 which
                 the
                 King
                 his
                 Father
                 resented
                 so
                 
                 highly
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 have
                 satisfaction
                 from
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 for
                 suffering
                 his
                 Son
                 to
                 receive
                 so
                 notorious
                 an
                 Affront
                 at
                 his
                 Court
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 Elector
                 knowing
                 nothing
                 of
                 that
                 private
                 Intrigue
                 ,
                 justify'd
                 himself
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 Animosities
                 were
                 at
                 last
                 adjusted
                 by
                 Prince
                 
                 James's
                 marrying
                 his
                 Rival's
                 Sister
                 ,
                 
                 the
                 Princess
                 of
                 Newburg
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 sent
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 has
                 two
                 Daughters
                 by
                 him
                 .
                 This
                 Account
                 I
                 learn'd
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 lately
                 confirm'd
                 to
                 me
                 here
                 in
                 Town
                 by
                 the
                 Sieur
                 Dankelman
                 ,
                 now
                 Envoy
                 Extraordinary
                 from
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 at
                 our
                 Court.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Prince
                 James
                 has
                 two
                 Brothers
                 ,
                 Alexander
                 and
                 Constantine
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 not
                 taken
                 notice
                 enough
                 of
                 in
                 my
                 time
                 ,
                 to
                 give
                 your
                 Lordship
                 a
                 Character
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 the
                 eldest
                 being
                 but
                 eighteen
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 sixteen
                 .
                 Alexander
                 was
                 a
                 tall
                 and
                 proper
                 young
                 Man
                 ,
                 of
                 a
                 true
                 Polish
                 Complexion
                 .
                 The
                 Queen
                 had
                 more
                 kindness
                 for
                 him
                 than
                 for
                 Prince
                 James
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 observ'd
                 when
                 he
                 was
                 any
                 ways
                 indispos'd
                 ;
                 she
                 was
                 very
                 careful
                 of
                 his
                 Health
                 ,
                 and
                 did
                 not
                 seem
                 much
                 concern'd
                 for
                 Prince
                 James
                 ,
                 tho
                 he
                 was
                 a
                 weak
                 and
                 sickly
                 Person
                 .
              
               
                 
                 I
                 was
                 surpriz'd
                 to
                 see
                 the
                 little
                 deference
                 the
                 Nobility
                 paid
                 to
                 these
                 Princes
                 ,
                 who
                 did
                 not
                 seem
                 to
                 take
                 much
                 more
                 notice
                 of
                 them
                 than
                 of
                 other
                 Gentlemen
                 ,
                 and
                 treated
                 them
                 very
                 familiarly
                 :
                 for
                 they
                 say
                 
                   that
                   the
                   King's
                   Sons
                   ,
                   by
                   the
                   Law
                   ,
                   are
                   no
                   more
                   than
                   Gentlemen
                   ;
                   and
                   that
                   if
                   they
                   give
                   them
                   the
                   Title
                   of
                   Prince
                   or
                   of
                   Highness
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   more
                   out
                   of
                   Courtesy
                   to
                   them
                   ,
                   and
                   Respect
                   to
                   the
                   King
                   ,
                   than
                   out
                   of
                   any
                   Obligation
                   they
                   lay
                   under
                   to
                   do
                   it
                   .
                
                 The
                 People
                 had
                 more
                 Esteem
                 for
                 Prince
                 Alexander
                 and
                 Constantine
                 ,
                 
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 born
                 after
                 the
                 King's
                 Election
                 ,
                 than
                 for
                 Prince
                 James
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 born
                 before
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 superstitiously
                 imagin'd
                 that
                 some
                 Royal
                 Stamp
                 was
                 engraven
                 upon
                 them
                 ,
                 or
                 some
                 Royal
                 Tincture
                 infus'd
                 into
                 their
                 Blood
                 ,
                 to
                 give
                 it
                 a
                 more
                 exalted
                 Nature
                 .
                 Prince
                 James
                 was
                 Knight
                 of
                 the
                 Golden
                 Fleece
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 him
                 obnoxious
                 to
                 the
                 French
                 Party
                 .
                 Prince
                 Alexander
                 and
                 Constantine
                 are
                 ,
                 since
                 my
                 time
                 ,
                 made
                 (
                 as
                 I
                 am
                 told
                 )
                 Knights
                 of
                 the
                 Holy
                 Ghost
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 King
                 himself
                 was
                 ,
                 which
                 makes
                 them
                 suspected
                 to
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 to
                 be
                 of
                 the
                 French
                 Faction
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 King
                 had
                 one
                 Daughter
                 ,
                 the
                 Princess
                 
                   Teresa
                   Cunigunda
                
                 ,
                 now
                 about
                 twenty
                 three
                 years
                 of
                 Age
                 ,
                 who
                 ,
                 tho
                 she
                 be
                 not
                 a
                 compleat
                 Beauty
                 ,
                 yet
                 is
                 a
                 very
                 comely
                 Lady
                 ,
                 of
                 a
                 middle
                 size
                 ;
                 and
                 tho
                 she
                 has
                 not
                 the
                 Life
                 and
                 Vivacity
                 ,
                 nor
                 the
                 Air
                 and
                 Wit
                 of
                 the
                 Queen
                 her
                 Mother
                 ,
                 yet
                 has
                 she
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Sense
                 ,
                 Modesty
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 the
                 Accomplishments
                 becoming
                 her
                 Birth
                 :
                 She
                 is
                 well
                 vers'd
                 in
                 the
                 
                   French
                   ,
                   Italian
                   ,
                   Latin
                
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Polish
                 Languages
                 ;
                 tho
                 she
                 seems
                 in
                 her
                 Carriage
                 and
                 Discourse
                 to
                 be
                 humble
                 ,
                 obliging
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 an
                 easy
                 affable
                 Temper
                 ,
                 yet
                 she
                 is
                 of
                 her self
                 high-spirited
                 and
                 
                 imperious
                 .
                 She
                 was
                 marry'd
                 in
                 my
                 time
                 to
                 his
                 Highness
                 the
                 present
                 Elector
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 ,
                 who
                 twice
                 sent
                 thither
                 Baron
                 Zell
                 ,
                 and
                 afterward
                 Baron
                 Simeoni
                 ,
                 his
                 Envoys
                 Extraordinary
                 ,
                 to
                 negotiate
                 and
                 conclude
                 this
                 Marriage
                 :
                 for
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 having
                 had
                 but
                 one
                 Son
                 by
                 his
                 deceased
                 Electoress
                 ,
                 the
                 Emperour's
                 Daughter
                 by
                 the
                 Infanta
                 of
                 Spain
                 ,
                 younger
                 Sister
                 to
                 the
                 late
                 Queen
                 of
                 France
                 ;
                 and
                 this
                 young
                 Prince
                 being
                 design'd
                 to
                 be
                 King
                 of
                 
                 Spain
                 ,
                 if
                 the
                 present
                 King
                 should
                 die
                 without
                 Issue
                 ,
                 as
                 is
                 likely
                 to
                 be
                 ,
                 the
                 Bavarians
                 were
                 afraid
                 their
                 Country
                 should
                 be
                 reduc'd
                 into
                 a
                 Province
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 desired
                 the
                 Elector
                 to
                 marry
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 ,
                 to
                 have
                 more
                 Children
                 that
                 might
                 reign
                 over
                 them
                 ,
                 in
                 case
                 the
                 eldest
                 Son
                 should
                 be
                 call'd
                 into
                 Spain
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 King
                 and
                 Queen
                 of
                 Poland
                 agreed
                 to
                 this
                 Match
                 ,
                 and
                 gave
                 500000
                 Rix
                 Dollars
                 for
                 
                 her
                 Portion
                 ,
                 besides
                 Jewels
                 and
                 other
                 Expences
                 in
                 her
                 Journey
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 third
                 part
                 of
                 her
                 Mother's
                 personal
                 Estate
                 when
                 she
                 dies
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 reckoned
                 at
                 50000
                 Rix
                 Dollars
                 more
                 .
                 The
                 Ceremony
                 of
                 the
                 Marraige
                 was
                 perform'd
                 
                 in
                 the
                 Month
                 of
                 August
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1694
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Splendor
                 and
                 Magnificence
                 .
                 Most
                 of
                 the
                 Persons
                 of
                 Quality
                 and
                 their
                 Ladies
                 and
                 Children
                 came
                 to
                 this
                 Solemnity
                 from
                 all
                 Parts
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 for
                 there
                 had
                 not
                 been
                 a
                 Princess
                 of
                 Poland
                 marry'd
                 for
                 above
                 150
                 years
                 before
                 .
                 The
                 Ladies
                 were
                 very
                 richly
                 drest
                 ,
                 and
                 I
                 saw
                 at
                 that
                 time
                 more
                 Jewels
                 in
                 that
                 Court
                 ,
                 than
                 in
                 any
                 other
                 that
                 ever
                 I
                 was
                 at
                 .
                 The
                 Gentlemen
                 and
                 Ladies
                 ,
                 after
                 the
                 usual
                 Custom
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 gave
                 great
                 Presents
                 to
                 the
                 young
                 Princess
                 ,
                 some
                 fine
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Plate
                 ,
                 some
                 Watches
                 set
                 with
                 Diamonds
                 ,
                 some
                 precious
                 Jewels
                 ,
                 every
                 one
                 making
                 a
                 Complement
                 to
                 her
                 in
                 a
                 very
                 formal
                 manner
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 thought
                 that
                 the
                 presents
                 amounted
                 to
                 the
                 value
                 of
                 100000
                 Rix
                 Dollars
                 .
                 The
                 Hospodar
                 of
                 Moldavia
                 sent
                 her
                 a
                 pair
                 of
                 Pendants
                 of
                 a
                 considerable
                 Value
                 .
                 This
                 Custom
                 of
                 making
                 Presents
                 to
                 the
                 Bride
                 is
                 not
                 only
                 for
                 Kings
                 Daughters
                 ,
                 but
                 for
                 every
                 one
                 else
                 according
                 to
                 their
                 Quality
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Gentlemens
                 Daughters
                 
                 do
                 not
                 so
                 much
                 reckon
                 upon
                 the
                 Portion
                 their
                 Fathers
                 give
                 them
                 ,
                 as
                 upon
                 their
                 Number
                 of
                 Relations
                 and
                 Friends
                 ,
                 who
                 are
                 to
                 make
                 them
                 Presents
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Husband
                 is
                 as
                 diligent
                 to
                 know
                 how
                 many
                 Relations
                 she
                 has
                 ,
                 as
                 how
                 much
                 her
                 Father
                 will
                 give
                 her
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Upon
                 the
                 day
                 of
                 Marriage
                 Prince
                 James
                 ,
                 the
                 young
                 Bride's
                 Brother
                 ,
                 took
                 upon
                 him
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 
                 Bavaria's
                 Consent
                 ,
                 the
                 Quality
                 of
                 Embassador
                 for
                 that
                 day
                 ,
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 the
                 Court
                 would
                 not
                 receive
                 (
                 as
                 was
                 secretly
                 whilsper'd
                 )
                 Embassadors
                 from
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 not
                 an
                 absolute
                 Prince
                 :
                 He
                 went
                 three
                 Miles
                 out
                 of
                 Town
                 in
                 the
                 Morning
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 two
                 of
                 the
                 Clock
                 in
                 the
                 Afternoon
                 made
                 a
                 most
                 solemn
                 Entry
                 on
                 Horse-back
                 ,
                 having
                 his
                 Brothers
                 Prince
                 Alexander
                 on
                 his
                 Right-hand
                 ,
                 and
                 Prince
                 Constantine
                 on
                 his
                 Left
                 ,
                 preceded
                 by
                 a
                 great
                 Number
                 of
                 Coaches
                 with
                 six
                 Horses
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 noble
                 Cavalcade
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 who
                 went
                 two
                 by
                 two
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Thus
                 he
                 march'd
                 through
                 the
                 City
                 to
                 the
                 Palace
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 was
                 receiv'd
                 by
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 Queen
                 ;
                 and
                 after
                 half
                 an
                 hour
                 the
                 great
                 Officers
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 the
                 Palatins
                 and
                 other
                 Senators
                 ,
                 with
                 an
                 incredible
                 Number
                 of
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 began
                 to
                 march
                 from
                 the
                 Palace
                 on
                 Foot
                 two
                 by
                 two
                 ,
                 upon
                 Scarlet
                 Cloth
                 spread
                 all
                 along
                 to
                 St.
                 
                 John's
                 Church
                 ,
                 being
                 about
                 three
                 hundred
                 Paces
                 ;
                 after
                 them
                 Prince
                 James
                 led
                 the
                 Bride
                 ,
                 the
                 French
                 Embassador
                 Monsieur
                 
                   de
                   Polignae
                
                 led
                 the
                 Queen
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 King
                 came
                 last
                 alone
                 with
                 a
                 grave
                 majestick
                 Countenance
                 .
                 The
                 Ceremony
                 of
                 the
                 Marriage
                 was
                 perform'd
                 by
                 Cardinal
                 Radziouski
                 the
                 present
                 Primate
                 ,
                 
                 who
                 was
                 the
                 King's
                 Relation
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 they
                 returned
                 to
                 the
                 Palace
                 where
                 they
                 were
                 nobly
                 entertain'd
                 for
                 four
                 days
                 together
                 ,
                 with
                 Feasts
                 ,
                 Balls
                 ,
                 Fire-works
                 ,
                 and
                 an
                 
                   Italian
                   Pastoral
                
                 in
                 nature
                 of
                 an
                 Opera
                 ,
                 made
                 upon
                 this
                 occasion
                 by
                 the
                 Secretary
                 of
                 the
                 Pope's
                 Nuncio
                 .
              
               
                 
                 After
                 the
                 Ceremony
                 was
                 over
                 ,
                 a
                 splendid
                 Equipage
                 was
                 prepar'd
                 for
                 the
                 Princess's
                 Journey
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 to
                 Brussels
                 .
                 The
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Ploskow
                 was
                 named
                 Embassador
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Palatine
                 of
                 
                 Vilna's
                 Lady
                 ,
                 Prince
                 
                 Czartoriski's
                 Daughter
                 ,
                 was
                 appointed
                 Embassadress
                 :
                 Monsieur
                 Zalowski
                 the
                 Bishop's
                 Brother
                 and
                 his
                 Lady
                 were
                 likewise
                 nam'd
                 ,
                 besides
                 abundance
                 of
                 Gentlemen
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 forty
                 of
                 the
                 King's
                 Life-guard
                 ,
                 to
                 attend
                 her
                 Electoral
                 Highness
                 .
                 The
                 Embassador
                 represented
                 to
                 their
                 Majesties
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 such
                 a
                 long
                 Journey
                 of
                 near
                 1000
                 Miles
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 frosty
                 Weather
                 ,
                 it
                 was
                 necessary
                 to
                 send
                 a
                 Physician
                 with
                 the
                 Princess
                 for
                 fear
                 of
                 any
                 Accident
                 or
                 Distemper
                 by
                 the
                 way
                 :
                 one
                 Signior
                 Revelli
                 an
                 Italian
                 ,
                 and
                 several
                 other
                 Physicians
                 made
                 Interest
                 for
                 this
                 place
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 Queen
                 would
                 by
                 no
                 means
                 employ
                 any
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 having
                 no
                 Opinion
                 of
                 their
                 Skill
                 .
                 Hereupon
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 I
                 spoke
                 to
                 Mr.
                 Alberti
                 your
                 Brother
                 ,
                 Minister
                 there
                 from
                 the
                 Republick
                 of
                 Venice
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 great
                 Interest
                 with
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 Queen
                 ,
                 and
                 desir'd
                 him
                 to
                 get
                 me
                 imploy'd
                 in
                 that
                 Journey
                 ,
                 for
                 I
                 longed
                 to
                 be
                 out
                 of
                 that
                 remote
                 Country
                 (
                 tho
                 I
                 had
                 not
                 been
                 a
                 twelve
                 Month
                 in
                 it
                 )
                 to
                 come
                 for
                 England
                 :
                 for
                 tho
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 Queen
                 had
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Kindness
                 for
                 me
                 ,
                 and
                 Prince
                 James
                 (
                 whom
                 the
                 Court
                 Party
                 look'd
                 upon
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 King's
                 
                 Successor
                 )
                 promis'd
                 me
                 a
                 considerable
                 Pension
                 after
                 the
                 King's
                 Death
                 ,
                 yet
                 seeing
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 then
                 being
                 sixty
                 four
                 Years
                 of
                 Age
                 ,
                 very
                 corpulent
                 ,
                 and
                 labouring
                 under
                 several
                 Distempers
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 Dropsy
                 ,
                 Gout
                 ,
                 Rheumatism
                 ,
                 and
                 Oppression
                 of
                 the
                 Lungs
                 ,
                 could
                 not
                 live
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 Prince
                 James
                 was
                 not
                 beloved
                 ;
                 and
                 besides
                 having
                 never
                 had
                 any
                 mind
                 to
                 engage
                 my self
                 to
                 live
                 in
                 any
                 Foreign
                 Country
                 ,
                 I
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 come
                 out
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 Their
                 Majesties
                 ,
                 not
                 knowing
                 my
                 private
                 Resolution
                 of
                 coming
                 for
                 England
                 ,
                 did
                 me
                 the
                 Honour
                 to
                 name
                 me
                 Physician
                 to
                 wait
                 upon
                 the
                 Princess
                 in
                 her
                 Journey
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 was
                 very
                 ready
                 to
                 comply
                 with
                 ,
                 tho
                 to
                 outward
                 appearance
                 I
                 did
                 not
                 seem
                 much
                 desirous
                 of
                 it
                 ;
                 this
                 ,
                 my
                 Lord
                 ,
                 gave
                 me
                 opportunity
                 to
                 come
                 out
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 sooner
                 than
                 I
                 could
                 have
                 decently
                 done
                 till
                 the
                 King
                 was
                 dead
                 ;
                 which
                 I
                 must
                 owe
                 intirely
                 to
                 the
                 Friendship
                 and
                 Interest
                 of
                 Mr.
                 Alberti
                 ,
                 who
                 is
                 a
                 great
                 Lover
                 of
                 the
                 English
                 Nation
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Princess
                 set
                 forward
                 on
                 the
                 11
                 th
                 of
                 November
                 following
                 with
                 a
                 Retinue
                 of
                 about
                 two
                 hundred
                 Persons
                 ,
                 all
                 which
                 came
                 to
                 Brussels
                 with
                 her
                 ,
                 besides
                 abundance
                 of
                 the
                 Nobility
                 who
                 waited
                 upon
                 her
                 Highness
                 to
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 .
                 The
                 Palatins
                 of
                 the
                 Provinces
                 receiv'd
                 and
                 entertain'd
                 her
                 in
                 all
                 the
                 Towns
                 she
                 pass'd
                 through
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Splendor
                 and
                 Expence
                 :
                 our
                 first
                 Reception
                 was
                 at
                 Lowitz
                 ,
                 the
                 Cardinal
                 Primate's
                 Castle
                 ;
                 here
                 the
                 Princess
                 lay
                 one
                 Night
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 most
                 magnificently
                 entertain'd
                 .
                 The
                 next
                 was
                 at
                 Posnan
                 ,
                 a
                 considerable
                 City
                 in
                 the
                 Province
                 of
                 Posnania
                 ,
                 where
                 she
                 lay
                 two
                 
                 Nights
                 :
                 the
                 Palatin
                 and
                 the
                 City
                 made
                 her
                 a
                 Present
                 ,
                 entertain'd
                 all
                 her
                 Retinue
                 ,
                 and
                 got
                 Fire-works
                 ready
                 for
                 her
                 Reception
                 .
                 From
                 thence
                 we
                 went
                 to
                 Frankfurt
                 upon
                 the
                 Oder
                 in
                 the
                 E.
                 of
                 
                 Brandenburgh's
                 Country
                 ,
                 where
                 his
                 Electoral
                 Highness
                 sent
                 his
                 chief
                 Officers
                 to
                 attend
                 and
                 compliment
                 her
                 :
                 from
                 thence
                 we
                 went
                 to
                 Berlin
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Elector
                 and
                 Electoress
                 came
                 two
                 Miles
                 out
                 of
                 Town
                 
                 with
                 a
                 numerous
                 Attendance
                 to
                 receive
                 her
                 ;
                 they
                 took
                 her
                 into
                 their
                 own
                 Coach
                 ,
                 and
                 march'd
                 in
                 order
                 to
                 the
                 Palace
                 ,
                 giving
                 her
                 with
                 roaring
                 of
                 Cannons
                 ,
                 and
                 ringing
                 of
                 Bells
                 ,
                 all
                 Demonstrations
                 of
                 Respect
                 :
                 Here
                 she
                 lay
                 two
                 Nights
                 ;
                 the
                 Court
                 appear'd
                 most
                 splendid
                 and
                 very
                 numerous
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Elector
                 got
                 some
                 Fire-works
                 which
                 represented
                 the
                 King
                 and
                 Queen
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Elector
                 and
                 Electoress
                 of
                 
                 Bavaria's
                 Names
                 ;
                 there
                 were
                 Balls
                 both
                 Nights
                 ,
                 and
                 English
                 Country-Dances
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Electoress
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 being
                 descended
                 from
                 the
                 Blood-Royal
                 of
                 England
                 ,
                 delighted
                 extreamly
                 in
                 ;
                 it
                 was
                 the
                 first
                 time
                 the
                 Princess
                 of
                 Poland
                 had
                 seen
                 any
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 was
                 extreamly
                 pleas'd
                 .
                 I
                 was
                 glad
                 to
                 see
                 some
                 of
                 our
                 English
                 Gentlemen
                 ,
                 who
                 travell'd
                 in
                 Italy
                 in
                 my
                 time
                 ,
                 as
                 Mr.
                 Archer
                 ,
                 Mr.
                 Ward
                 ,
                 Mr.
                 Duncomb
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 late
                 deceased
                 Mr.
                 Tent
                 ,
                 made
                 so
                 much
                 of
                 at
                 this
                 Court
                 ,
                 and
                 behave
                 themselves
                 so
                 handsomly
                 at
                 the
                 Balls
                 .
                 The
                 Princess
                 of
                 Poland
                 made
                 Presents
                 to
                 the
                 Electoress
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 chief
                 Officers
                 of
                 the
                 Court
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Electoress
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 likewise
                 made
                 her
                 a
                 rich
                 Present
                 of
                 a
                 Poesie
                 set
                 with
                 Diamonds
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 her
                 chief
                 Officers
                 
                 other
                 Presents
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 we
                 set
                 forwards
                 on
                 our
                 Journey
                 ,
                 and
                 were
                 entertain'd
                 for
                 twelve
                 days
                 together
                 in
                 the
                 Elector's
                 Country
                 ;
                 it
                 's
                 usual
                 with
                 him
                 to
                 defray
                 the
                 Charges
                 of
                 all
                 Princes
                 while
                 they
                 are
                 within
                 the
                 limits
                 of
                 the
                 Marquisate
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 :
                 But
                 when
                 the
                 Princess
                 of
                 Poland
                 went
                 out
                 of
                 it
                 into
                 the
                 other
                 Territories
                 of
                 his
                 Electoral
                 Highness
                 ,
                 she
                 bore
                 her
                 own
                 Expences
                 ;
                 the
                 chief
                 Towns
                 notwithstanding
                 ,
                 as
                 Magdeburgh
                 and
                 Menden
                 ,
                 entertain'd
                 her
                 ,
                 as
                 did
                 likewise
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Hanover
                 ,
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Heidelsheim
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Munster
                 ,
                 for
                 we
                 past
                 through
                 some
                 Skirts
                 of
                 their
                 Territories
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 must
                 take
                 notice
                 to
                 your
                 Lordship
                 ,
                 that
                 passing
                 through
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 
                 Hanover's
                 Country
                 ,
                 we
                 receiv'd
                 News
                 that
                 Count
                 Koningsmark
                 ,
                 a
                 Swede
                 ,
                 thought
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 familiar
                 with
                 the
                 Princess
                 of
                 Hanover
                 ,
                 the
                 Elector's
                 Daughter-in-law
                 ,
                 was
                 made
                 away
                 with
                 at
                 that
                 Court
                 ,
                 and
                 never
                 heard
                 of
                 since
                 .
                 At
                 last
                 we
                 arriv'd
                 about
                 the
                 latter
                 end
                 of
                 December
                 at
                 Wesel
                 ,
                 a
                 fortified
                 Town
                 belonging
                 to
                 the
                 E.
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 upon
                 the
                 Borders
                 of
                 the
                 Rhine
                 ,
                 near
                 six
                 days
                 Journey
                 from
                 Brussels
                 ;
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 with
                 his
                 Court
                 came
                 hither
                 to
                 receive
                 his
                 Princess
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 River
                 being
                 full
                 of
                 great
                 Flakes
                 of
                 Ice
                 ,
                 he
                 could
                 not
                 pass
                 it
                 in
                 two
                 days
                 :
                 but
                 at
                 last
                 being
                 impatient
                 to
                 see
                 his
                 Bride
                 ,
                 he
                 ventur'd
                 over
                 in
                 a
                 little
                 Boat
                 with
                 Prince
                 Chimay
                 ,
                 
                 Baron
                 Simeoni
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 more
                 of
                 his
                 Courtiers
                 ;
                 I
                 hapned
                 to
                 be
                 in
                 the
                 Room
                 when
                 he
                 came
                 in
                 alone
                 by
                 way
                 of
                 the
                 back
                 Stairs
                 ,
                 and
                 saluted
                 his
                 Princess
                 with
                 all
                 the
                 tender
                 Expressions
                 of
                 Joy
                 and
                 Affection
                 ;
                 and
                 after
                 
                 having
                 spent
                 about
                 half
                 an
                 hour
                 with
                 her
                 in
                 Compliments
                 ,
                 he
                 turn'd
                 to
                 the
                 Embassador
                 and
                 to
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 the
                 Company
                 ,
                 and
                 thank'd
                 us
                 all
                 for
                 the
                 Trouble
                 and
                 Fatigue
                 of
                 so
                 long
                 a
                 Journey
                 ;
                 then
                 he
                 and
                 the
                 Princess
                 with
                 the
                 Embassador
                 and
                 Embassadress
                 withdrew
                 into
                 another
                 Room
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 past
                 about
                 an
                 hour
                 and
                 an
                 half
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 mean
                 time
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 other
                 of
                 the
                 Elector's
                 Retinue
                 came
                 in
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 the
                 Court
                 was
                 very
                 numerous
                 at
                 Nine
                 of
                 the
                 Clock
                 at
                 Night
                 ;
                 and
                 thus
                 the
                 Elector
                 past
                 till
                 Ten
                 of
                 the
                 Clock
                 ,
                 then
                 went
                 to
                 sup
                 abroad
                 ,
                 and
                 immediately
                 after
                 Supper
                 came
                 to
                 wait
                 on
                 the
                 Princess
                 again
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 One
                 of
                 the
                 Clock
                 in
                 the
                 Morning
                 he
                 left
                 her
                 and
                 went
                 to
                 Bed
                 to
                 his
                 Inn.
                 He
                 came
                 to
                 her
                 the
                 next
                 Morning
                 to
                 make
                 his
                 Court
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 desire
                 her
                 Consent
                 that
                 the
                 Marriage
                 might
                 be
                 consummated
                 that
                 Night
                 ,
                 which
                 being
                 accordingly
                 done
                 ,
                 he
                 sent
                 a
                 Courier
                 after
                 Midnight
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 his
                 Father-in-law
                 ,
                 to
                 acquaint
                 him
                 therewith
                 .
                 The
                 next
                 Morning
                 there
                 was
                 a
                 rich
                 Hungarian
                 Sute
                 of
                 Clothes
                 given
                 him
                 to
                 wear
                 that
                 day
                 from
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 valued
                 at
                 30000
                 Rix
                 Dollars
                 ;
                 it
                 was
                 a
                 long
                 Coat
                 of
                 Crimson
                 Velvet
                 ,
                 the
                 Button-holes
                 set
                 with
                 Clasps
                 of
                 Massy
                 Gold
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Wastcoat
                 of
                 Cloth
                 of
                 Gold
                 set
                 with
                 Diamond
                 Buttons
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Girdle
                 of
                 fine
                 Turky
                 Leather
                 wrought
                 with
                 Gold
                 ,
                 with
                 massy
                 Gold
                 Clasps
                 likewise
                 set
                 with
                 Jewels
                 ,
                 a
                 Scimiter
                 with
                 the
                 Handle
                 richly
                 adorn'd
                 with
                 Diamonds
                 and
                 Rubies
                 ,
                 and
                 an
                 Emerald
                 Ring
                 of
                 great
                 Value
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 rich
                 Zibelin
                 Muff.
                 In
                 the
                 Afternoon
                 we
                 all
                 
                 past
                 the
                 River
                 ,
                 and
                 next
                 day
                 the
                 Baggage
                 followed
                 :
                 all
                 the
                 Coaches
                 ,
                 the
                 King's
                 Guards
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Retinue
                 return'd
                 back
                 into
                 Poland
                 ;
                 for
                 by
                 the
                 Articles
                 of
                 Marriage
                 no
                 body
                 was
                 to
                 stay
                 with
                 her
                 except
                 two
                 Pages
                 ,
                 two
                 Women
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 she
                 Dwarf
                 .
                 The
                 Elector's
                 Guards
                 and
                 Coaches
                 were
                 on
                 the
                 other
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 River
                 to
                 receive
                 the
                 Princess
                 :
                 She
                 went
                 through
                 Antwerp
                 to
                 Mecklin
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 thence
                 to
                 Brussels
                 ,
                 where
                 we
                 arriv'd
                 ,
                 after
                 two
                 Months
                 Journey
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 12
                 th
                 of
                 January
                 .
                 I
                 need
                 not
                 acquaint
                 your
                 Lordship
                 with
                 all
                 the
                 Preparations
                 made
                 here
                 by
                 his
                 Highness
                 for
                 the
                 Reception
                 of
                 his
                 Electoress
                 ,
                 nor
                 of
                 the
                 Presents
                 he
                 gave
                 to
                 her
                 Retinue
                 ,
                 nor
                 the
                 Opera's
                 and
                 Comedies
                 purposely
                 made
                 for
                 the
                 Solemnity
                 of
                 her
                 Marriage
                 ;
                 I
                 will
                 only
                 say
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 never
                 saw
                 a
                 genteeler
                 Court
                 ,
                 better
                 Order
                 ,
                 more
                 Formalities
                 ,
                 more
                 variety
                 of
                 Dresses
                 ,
                 nor
                 the
                 Punctilio's
                 of
                 Honour
                 and
                 Courtesy
                 more
                 strictly
                 observ'd
                 .
                 There
                 were
                 great
                 Rejoicings
                 all
                 the
                 first
                 Week
                 ,
                 until
                 the
                 Court
                 receiv'd
                 the
                 unwelcome
                 News
                 of
                 the
                 Death
                 of
                 our
                 late
                 Queen
                 Mary
                 .
                 Sometime
                 afterwards
                 ,
                 having
                 left
                 the
                 Care
                 of
                 the
                 Princess's
                 Health
                 to
                 Monsieur
                 Pistorini
                 the
                 Elector's
                 Physician
                 ,
                 I
                 took
                 my
                 Leave
                 of
                 her
                 Highness
                 ,
                 and
                 went
                 for
                 Holland
                 ,
                 from
                 whence
                 I
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 London
                 in
                 the
                 Month
                 of
                 February
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1694
                 /
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                 The
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 had
                 no
                 near
                 Relations
                 except
                 one
                 Sister
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 married
                 to
                 that
                 Duke
                 Radzivil
                 ,
                 who
                 writ
                 in
                 Latin
                 his
                 Travels
                 into
                 the
                 Holy
                 Land
                 ,
                 and
                 describes
                 the
                 Pyramids
                 of
                 Egypt
                 ;
                 he
                 has
                 been
                 dead
                 several
                 Years
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Dutchess
                 died
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 in
                 my
                 time
                 .
                 What
                 small
                 Reputation
                 I
                 got
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 in
                 the
                 Practice
                 of
                 Physick
                 was
                 by
                 her
                 
                 Death
                 ;
                 for
                 when
                 I
                 arriv'd
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 the
                 
                 King
                 made
                 me
                 consult
                 with
                 all
                 the
                 Physicians
                 of
                 the
                 Town
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 about
                 ten
                 ,
                 concerning
                 her
                 Disease
                 .
                 His
                 Majesty's
                 first
                 Physician
                 was
                 Dr.
                 Jonas
                 an
                 Italian
                 and
                 professed
                 Jew
                 ;
                 for
                 your
                 Lordship
                 must
                 understand
                 ,
                 that
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 particularly
                 at
                 Court
                 ,
                 Religion
                 is
                 no
                 Objection
                 against
                 any
                 Person
                 ,
                 especially
                 a
                 Physician
                 ,
                 since
                 the
                 King
                 at
                 his
                 Coronation
                 promises
                 to
                 protect
                 four
                 Religions
                 ,
                 the
                 Roman
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 must
                 seem
                 to
                 be
                 of
                 himself
                 ,
                 the
                 Protestant
                 ,
                 the
                 Greek
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Jews
                 .
                 I
                 examined
                 the
                 Princess's
                 Disease
                 ,
                 and
                 found
                 it
                 was
                 an
                 Ague
                 fomented
                 by
                 an
                 Abscess
                 in
                 the
                 Liver
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 her
                 vomit
                 up
                 all
                 that
                 she
                 took
                 ;
                 I
                 thought
                 her
                 Case
                 very
                 desperate
                 ,
                 tho
                 her
                 ordinary
                 Physicians
                 made
                 no
                 account
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 thinking
                 it
                 was
                 only
                 an
                 Ague
                 which
                 the
                 constant
                 use
                 of
                 Jesuits
                 Pouder
                 would
                 infallibly
                 cure
                 .
                 I
                 discover'd
                 they
                 were
                 not
                 acquainted
                 with
                 the
                 inward
                 Cause
                 of
                 her
                 Disease
                 ,
                 being
                 not
                 vers'd
                 in
                 Anatomy
                 ;
                 wherefore
                 I
                 desir'd
                 that
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Learned
                 Gentlemen
                 at
                 Court
                 would
                 be
                 present
                 to
                 hear
                 their
                 Reasons
                 and
                 mine
                 .
                 Dr.
                 Jonas
                 ,
                 who
                 spoke
                 first
                 ,
                 gave
                 his
                 Opinion
                 that
                 there
                 was
                 no
                 fear
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 she
                 should
                 persist
                 only
                 in
                 the
                 use
                 of
                 the
                 Bark
                 ,
                 with
                 which
                 they
                 had
                 cram'd
                 her
                 for
                 three
                 Months
                 before
                 ;
                 all
                 the
                 rest
                 follow'd
                 his
                 Opinion
                 .
                 I
                 spoke
                 last
                 ,
                 and
                 summ'd
                 up
                 all
                 their
                 Arguments
                 ,
                 to
                 compare
                 them
                 with
                 her
                 Distemper
                 ,
                 and
                 declar'd
                 against
                 their
                 Method
                 ,
                 and
                 intimated
                 that
                 I
                 believ'd
                 she
                 could
                 not
                 live
                 long
                 let
                 them
                 change
                 their
                 Method
                 ever
                 so
                 much
                 for
                 the
                 better
                 .
                 This
                 alarm'd
                 the
                 whole
                 Court
                 in
                 a
                 
                 quarter
                 of
                 an
                 hour
                 .
                 The
                 Physicians
                 assur'd
                 the
                 contrary
                 ,
                 and
                 urged
                 that
                 I
                 was
                 a
                 Stranger
                 to
                 the
                 Climate
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 the
                 Princess's
                 Constitution
                 and
                 Disease
                 ;
                 and
                 they
                 promised
                 in
                 a
                 little
                 time
                 ,
                 tho
                 some
                 of
                 them
                 began
                 to
                 be
                 dissident
                 ,
                 to
                 set
                 her
                 upon
                 her
                 Legs
                 again
                 :
                 notwithstanding
                 she
                 grew
                 worse
                 and
                 worse
                 every
                 day
                 ,
                 and
                 died
                 in
                 a
                 Month's
                 time
                 in
                 the
                 62
                 d
                 Year
                 of
                 her
                 Age.
                 The
                 Queen
                 order'd
                 her
                 to
                 be
                 open'd
                 ,
                 and
                 three
                 Bishops
                 were
                 present
                 ,
                 but
                 none
                 of
                 the
                 Physicians
                 would
                 come
                 but
                 my self
                 ;
                 we
                 found
                 not
                 only
                 an
                 Abscess
                 in
                 her
                 Liver
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 square
                 Stones
                 like
                 Dice
                 in
                 her
                 Gall
                 ,
                 Bladder
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Stones
                 in
                 one
                 of
                 her
                 Kidnies
                 ,
                 besides
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Gravel
                 in
                 her
                 Liver
                 ,
                 which
                 grated
                 and
                 crumbled
                 its
                 whole
                 Substance
                 into
                 putrid
                 Matter
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Princess
                 left
                 only
                 a
                 Son
                 and
                 a
                 Daughter
                 :
                 Duke
                 Radzivil
                 her
                 Son
                 married
                 a
                 Relation
                 of
                 Prince
                 Sapieha
                 ;
                 and
                 her
                 Daughter
                 was
                 married
                 to
                 Prince
                 Lubomirski
                 .
                 Duke
                 Radzivil
                 told
                 me
                 that
                 he
                 travell'd
                 here
                 in
                 England
                 when
                 King
                 James
                 II.
                 was
                 Crown'd
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 his
                 Uncle
                 sent
                 him
                 the
                 Character
                 of
                 Envoy
                 to
                 compliment
                 him
                 upon
                 his
                 Accession
                 to
                 the
                 Throne
                 :
                 He
                 us'd
                 to
                 admire
                 the
                 Government
                 of
                 England
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 say
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 the
                 best
                 in
                 Europe
                 ,
                 except
                 that
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 Country
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 chief
                 Reason
                 he
                 gave
                 me
                 why
                 he
                 preferr'd
                 the
                 Constitution
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 was
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 England
                 had
                 a
                 Power
                 of
                 turning
                 People
                 out
                 of
                 Employments
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 common
                 People
                 had
                 the
                 Benefit
                 of
                 the
                 Law
                 ,
                 and
                 could
                 buy
                 Estates
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 the
                 greatest
                 Noble-man
                 .
                 This
                 Prince
                 
                 shew'd
                 me
                 an
                 old
                 Roman
                 Scimiter
                 which
                 his
                 Father
                 brought
                 from
                 Jerusalem
                 ,
                 and
                 told
                 me
                 it
                 was
                 that
                 with
                 which
                 St.
                 Peter
                 cut
                 off
                 
                 Malcus's
                 Ear
                 :
                 which
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 had
                 either
                 Faith
                 or
                 Superstition
                 enough
                 to
                 believe
                 ,
                 and
                 paid
                 it
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Respect
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 year
                 after
                 I
                 came
                 into
                 England
                 ,
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 
                 Poland's
                 Symptoms
                 encreasing
                 more
                 and
                 more
                 ,
                 the
                 Embassador
                 Monsieur
                 Zalowski
                 ,
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Ploskow
                 ,
                 sent
                 me
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 to
                 London
                 the
                 following
                 Letter
                 ,
                 desiring
                 Advice
                 concerning
                 his
                 Majesty's
                 Distemper
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 very
                 uncommon
                 and
                 extraordinary
                 .
              
               
                 
                   
                     
                       
                         A
                         Monsieur
                         le
                         Docteur
                         Connor
                         à
                         Londres
                         .
                      
                       
                         
                           Varsovie
                           
                             2
                             Juin
                             1696.
                             
                          
                        
                         
                           Monsieur
                           ,
                        
                      
                       
                         EN
                         Attendant
                         que
                         Je
                         vous
                         Envoye
                         les
                         Memoires
                         que
                         vous
                         Souhaitez
                         pour
                         l'
                         Histoire
                         de
                         Pologne
                         &
                         de
                         nôtre
                         Roy
                         ,
                         qui
                         requierent
                         quêque
                         loisir
                         ,
                         que
                         Je
                         n'ay
                         pas
                         encore
                         pû
                         prendre
                         ,
                         comme
                         Je
                         tacheray
                         de
                         faire
                         le
                         plutôt
                         qu'il
                         me
                         serà
                         possible
                         ,
                         Vous
                         obligeriez
                         beaucoup
                         sa
                         Majesté
                         si
                         sur
                         l'
                         Information
                         ,
                         que
                         vous
                         verrez
                         au
                         bas
                         de
                         cette
                         Lettre
                         touchant
                         l'
                         Etat
                         de
                         sa
                         Santé
                         ,
                         Vous
                         vouliez
                         bien
                         prendre
                         la
                         peine
                         d'en
                         donner
                         vos
                         Avis
                         ,
                         &
                         Conseils
                         ,
                         &
                         d'en
                         prendre
                         aussi
                         des
                         plus
                         habiles
                         Gens
                         de
                         la
                         Profession
                         ,
                         dont
                         votre
                         Royaume
                         est
                         si
                         fertile
                         ;
                         Vous
                         asseurant
                         que
                         vous
                         en
                         aurez
                         du
                         Merite
                         auprez
                         de
                         leurs
                         Majestez
                         ,
                         &
                         que
                         vous
                         travaillerez
                         à
                         votre
                         propre
                         Gloire
                         ,
                         que
                         Je
                         Soûhaiteray
                         de
                         voir
                         par
                         là
                         augmentée
                         ,
                         étant
                      
                       
                         
                           Monsieur
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Votre
                           tres-humble
                           Serviteur
                           ,
                           
                             E.
                             de
                             Ploskow
                          
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       
                       
                         Information
                         de
                         l'Etat
                         de
                         la
                         Santé
                         du
                         Roy
                         de
                         Pologne
                         .
                      
                       
                         SA
                         Majesté
                         à
                         les
                         pies
                         ,
                         les
                         jambes
                         ,
                         &
                         les
                         cuisses
                         ,
                         même
                         la
                         Region
                         Inferieure
                         du
                         bas
                         ventre
                         tumifiées
                         considerablement
                         depuis
                         quêque
                         tems
                         ,
                         que
                         ces
                         Tumeurs
                         sont
                         augmenteezde
                         jour
                         en
                         jour
                         depuis
                         cette
                         Eté
                         quelles
                         avoient
                         commencé
                         à
                         paroitre
                         ,
                         quoique
                         l'on
                         appliquât
                         les
                         plus
                         efficaces
                         remedes
                         interieurs
                         &
                         exterieurs
                         pour
                         en
                         empecber
                         le
                         Progrez
                         ,
                         &
                         pour
                         les
                         dissiper
                         .
                         Lors
                         qu'on
                         presse
                         du
                         doit
                         ces
                         Tumeurs
                         ,
                         il
                         ne
                         reste
                         aucun
                         vestige
                         du
                         doit
                         ;
                         Carces
                         Tumeurs
                         ont
                         la
                         dureté
                         du
                         Fer
                         &
                         la
                         pesanteur
                         du
                         Plomb
                         :
                         Quand
                         sa
                         Majesté
                         marche
                         elle
                         croit
                         avoir
                         un
                         poid
                         pesant
                         attaché
                         à
                         ses
                         jambes
                         ,
                         la
                         dureté
                         de
                         ces
                         Tumeurs
                         ne
                         peut
                         étre
                         amollie
                         ,
                         cependant
                         lors
                         qu'on
                         frotte
                         avec
                         un
                         linge
                         chaûd
                         les
                         parties
                         embarrassées
                         &
                         affligées
                         ,
                         elles
                         semblent
                         d'abord
                         être
                         Degagées
                         &
                         Soûlagées
                         .
                         Mais
                         peu
                         apres
                         elles
                         retournent
                         à
                         leur
                         premier
                         Etat
                         :
                         La
                         Couleur
                         de
                         ces
                         Parties
                         tumiflées
                         n'est
                         point
                         Pale
                         ,
                         mais
                         Pourprée
                         tirant
                         vers
                         le
                         rouge
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       English'd
                       thus
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         
                           Warsaw
                           
                             the
                             2d
                             of
                             June
                             1696.
                             
                          
                        
                         
                           SIR
                           ,
                        
                      
                       
                         I
                         Will
                         send
                         you
                         as
                         soon
                         as
                         possible
                         the
                         Memoirs
                         you
                         desire
                         for
                         the
                         History
                         of
                         Poland
                         and
                         of
                         our
                         King
                         ,
                         which
                         require
                         more
                         leisure
                         than
                         I
                         could
                         have
                         hitherto
                         had
                         .
                         In
                         the
                         mean
                         time
                         you
                         would
                         mightily
                         
                         oblige
                         his
                         Majesty
                         ,
                         if
                         upon
                         the
                         Information
                         you
                         will
                         find
                         at
                         the
                         bottom
                         of
                         this
                         Letter
                         concerning
                         the
                         State
                         of
                         his
                         Health
                         ,
                         you
                         would
                         please
                         to
                         give
                         your
                         Opinion
                         and
                         Advice
                         thereupon
                         ,
                         and
                         likewise
                         consult
                         with
                         the
                         Ablest
                         of
                         your
                         Profession
                         ,
                         who
                         are
                         so
                         very
                         numerous
                         in
                         your
                         Kingdom
                         ,
                         about
                         it
                         .
                         I
                         assure
                         you
                         ,
                         you
                         will
                         greatly
                         gain
                         their
                         Majesties
                         Esteem
                         thereby
                         ,
                         and
                         advance
                         your
                         own
                         Reputation
                         ,
                         which
                         I
                         wish
                         encreas'd
                         by
                         these
                         means
                         .
                         Being
                         ,
                      
                       
                         
                           SIR
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Your
                           most
                           humble
                           Servant
                           ,
                           
                             E.
                             Ploskow
                          
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       
                         An
                         Account
                         of
                         the
                         State
                         of
                         Health
                         of
                         the
                         King
                         of
                         Poland
                         .
                      
                       
                         HIS
                         Majesty's
                         Feet
                         ,
                         Legs
                         ,
                         and
                         Thighs
                         ,
                         as
                         likewise
                         the
                         lower
                         Part
                         of
                         his
                         Belly
                         ,
                         have
                         been
                         considerably
                         swell'd
                         for
                         a
                         good
                         while
                         .
                         These
                         Swellings
                         have
                         daily
                         encreas'd
                         since
                         they
                         began
                         this
                         Summer
                         ,
                         notwithstanding
                         the
                         most
                         effectual
                         Remedies
                         ,
                         both
                         Inward
                         and
                         Outward
                         ,
                         which
                         have
                         been
                         made
                         use
                         of
                         to
                         prevent
                         their
                         Progress
                         ,
                         and
                         to
                         discuss
                         them
                         .
                         When
                         these
                         Tumors
                         are
                         press'd
                         with
                         one's
                         Finger
                         ,
                         they
                         do
                         not
                         pit
                         ,
                         for
                         they
                         are
                         almost
                         as
                         hard
                         as
                         Iron
                         ,
                         and
                         as
                         heavy
                         as
                         Lead
                         .
                         When
                         his
                         Majesty
                         walks
                         ,
                         he
                         imagins
                         he
                         has
                         a
                         great
                         Weight
                         ty'd
                         to
                         his
                         Legs
                         .
                         The
                         hardness
                         of
                         these
                         Tumours
                         cannot
                         be
                         softned
                         :
                         Nevertheless
                         ,
                         when
                         the
                         swoln
                         Parts
                         are
                         rubb'd
                         a
                         little
                         with
                         a
                         hot
                         Cloth
                         ,
                         they
                         seem
                         immediately
                         to
                         be
                         abated
                         and
                         
                         eas'd
                         ;
                         but
                         soon
                         after
                         they
                         return
                         to
                         their
                         former
                         condition
                         .
                         The
                         Colour
                         of
                         the
                         Swellings
                         is
                         not
                         pale
                         ,
                         but
                         reddish
                         ,
                         something
                         enclining
                         to
                         Purple
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 A
                 Week
                 after
                 I
                 receiv'd
                 this
                 Letter
                 ,
                 news
                 came
                 that
                 this
                 Prince
                 was
                 dead
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 could
                 not
                 but
                 reasonably
                 expect
                 he
                 would
                 be
                 ,
                 labouring
                 under
                 so
                 rare
                 and
                 dangerous
                 a
                 Disease
                 ,
                 being
                 a
                 Dropsy
                 turn'd
                 into
                 a
                 Schirrus
                 ,
                 or
                 into
                 a
                 hard
                 and
                 insensible
                 Tumor
                 .
                 Cases
                 of
                 this
                 nature
                 ,
                 
                   my
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 are
                 very
                 seldom
                 seen
                 .
                 I
                 have
                 spoke
                 lately
                 with
                 some
                 old
                 Practitioners
                 in
                 Physick
                 that
                 had
                 never
                 met
                 with
                 any
                 ;
                 for
                 my
                 part
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 never
                 observ'd
                 any
                 Disease
                 like
                 it
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 was
                 at
                 first
                 surpriz'd
                 that
                 the
                 King's
                 Legs
                 ,
                 that
                 us'd
                 to
                 pit
                 an
                 Inch
                 deep
                 when
                 I
                 was
                 at
                 his
                 Court
                 ,
                 should
                 become
                 so
                 very
                 hard
                 and
                 so
                 heavy
                 afterwards
                 ;
                 but
                 considering
                 that
                 in
                 our
                 Mass
                 of
                 Blood
                 there
                 is
                 ,
                 even
                 naturally
                 ,
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 earthy
                 Parts
                 or
                 Dregs
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 these
                 Lees
                 may
                 ,
                 by
                 way
                 of
                 Sediment
                 ,
                 fall
                 into
                 the
                 Legs
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 their
                 Weight
                 and
                 Quantity
                 can
                 hinder
                 them
                 from
                 ascending
                 to
                 the
                 Heart
                 with
                 the
                 circulating
                 Fluids
                 ,
                 I
                 rather
                 admir'd
                 why
                 Cases
                 of
                 this
                 nature
                 do
                 not
                 more
                 frequently
                 happen
                 ,
                 particularly
                 in
                 old
                 and
                 Plethoric
                 People
                 ,
                 as
                 the
                 King
                 was
                 .
                 These
                 hard
                 Swellings
                 of
                 his
                 Legs
                 hinder'd
                 the
                 Blood
                 to
                 circulate
                 downwards
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 drove
                 up
                 all
                 the
                 Humours
                 to
                 the
                 Head
                 ;
                 which
                 oppressing
                 and
                 overflowing
                 the
                 Brain
                 ,
                 caus'd
                 an
                 Apoplexy
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 he
                 died
                 the
                 17th
                 of
                 June
                 ,
                 fifteen
                 days
                 after
                 the
                 date
                 of
                 my
                 Letter
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1696
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 sixty
                 sixth
                 Year
                 of
                 his
                 Age
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 22d
                 of
                 his
                 Reign
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 the
                 oldest
                 King
                 
                 then
                 in
                 Christendom
                 .
                 He
                 kept
                 his
                 Subjects
                 in
                 great
                 Awe
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 greatest
                 Noblemen
                 paid
                 him
                 all
                 the
                 Respect
                 imaginable
                 ;
                 they
                 never
                 us'd
                 at
                 Court
                 to
                 eat
                 with
                 him
                 at
                 his
                 Table
                 .
                 He
                 din'd
                 always
                 in
                 Publick
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Great
                 Men
                 waited
                 upon
                 him
                 ,
                 serv'd
                 him
                 with
                 drink
                 ,
                 and
                 none
                 of
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ever
                 cover'd
                 themselves
                 in
                 his
                 Presence
                 .
                 And
                 I
                 admir'd
                 to
                 see
                 the
                 Persons
                 that
                 abus'd
                 him
                 in
                 the
                 Parliament-house
                 ,
                 and
                 spoke
                 to
                 him
                 with
                 all
                 freedom
                 when
                 he
                 sat
                 on
                 the
                 Throne
                 ,
                 pay
                 him
                 so
                 great
                 a
                 Submission
                 and
                 Respect
                 every-where
                 else
                 .
                 But
                 the
                 Liberty
                 of
                 a
                 Member
                 of
                 that
                 Parliament
                 is
                 such
                 ,
                 that
                 
                   he
                   can
                   speak
                   what
                   he
                   thinks
                   ,
                   and
                   think
                   what
                   he
                   pleases
                   ,
                
                 without
                 any
                 Fear
                 of
                 the
                 King.
                 
              
               
                 
                 After
                 the
                 King's
                 Death
                 ,
                 Cardinal
                 Radziouski
                 ,
                 Archbishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 and
                 Primate
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 took
                 the
                 Administration
                 of
                 the
                 Government
                 ,
                 as
                 is
                 usual
                 ,
                 upon
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 notify'd
                 the
                 King's
                 Death
                 to
                 foreign
                 Princes
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 all
                 the
                 Governours
                 of
                 the
                 Provinces
                 ,
                 and
                 advis'd
                 with
                 the
                 Senators
                 that
                 were
                 then
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 of
                 the
                 proper
                 Method
                 and
                 fit
                 Time
                 to
                 ohoose
                 a
                 new
                 King.
                 They
                 fix'd
                 upon
                 the
                 29th
                 of
                 August
                 1696
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Convocation
                 of
                 the
                 Grand
                 Diet
                 ;
                 but
                 there
                 appearing
                 several
                 Competitors
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 powerful
                 Factions
                 ,
                 it
                 was
                 thought
                 necessary
                 to
                 take
                 more
                 time
                 to
                 appease
                 the
                 Dissensions
                 of
                 the
                 Nobility
                 .
                 Wherefore
                 the
                 Overture
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 was
                 deferr'd
                 to
                 the
                 15th
                 of
                 May
                 1697.
                 
                 They
                 chose
                 the
                 Sieur
                 Belinski
                 for
                 their
                 Speaker
                 ,
                 whom
                 they
                 call
                 their
                 Marshal
                 .
                 The
                 chief
                 Competitors
                 were
                 at
                 first
                 
                 Prince
                 James
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Brother
                 Prince
                 Alexander
                 ;
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 ;
                 Don
                 
                   Livio
                   Odeschalchi
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Prince
                 Lewis
                 of
                 Baden
                 :
                 but
                 at
                 
                 last
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 unexpectedly
                 came
                 to
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 of
                 Poland
                 with
                 8000
                 Men
                 ,
                 and
                 declar'd
                 himself
                 Candidate
                 ,
                 having
                 a
                 twelve-month
                 before
                 privately
                 abjur'd
                 his
                 Religion
                 to
                 qualify
                 himself
                 for
                 this
                 Crown
                 ,
                 which
                 procur'd
                 him
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 and
                 Clergy
                 .
                 So
                 that
                 at
                 length
                 no
                 considerable
                 Party
                 appear'd
                 but
                 for
                 him
                 ,
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 ,
                 and
                 Prince
                 James
                 .
                 The
                 Cardinal
                 Primate
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 Number
                 of
                 the
                 Palatins
                 ,
                 supported
                 with
                 all
                 their
                 Interest
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 ,
                 the
                 French
                 having
                 for
                 several
                 years
                 before
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 observ'd
                 when
                 I
                 was
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 given
                 a
                 great
                 Character
                 of
                 his
                 Merit
                 and
                 Valour
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 France
                 believe
                 that
                 he
                 would
                 undoubtedly
                 carry
                 that
                 Crown
                 against
                 all
                 Opposers
                 ;
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 probable
                 he
                 would
                 have
                 done
                 ,
                 had
                 he
                 been
                 in
                 Person
                 as
                 near
                 the
                 Place
                 of
                 Election
                 as
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 was
                 :
                 For
                 on
                 the
                 26th
                 of
                 June
                 ,
                 being
                 the
                 day
                 of
                 Election
                 ,
                 the
                 Diet
                 drew
                 out
                 into
                 the
                 Field
                 ,
                 and
                 he
                 had
                 that
                 day
                 more
                 Votes
                 than
                 either
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 or
                 Prince
                 James
                 ;
                 which
                 the
                 Primate
                 observing
                 ,
                 went
                 with
                 his
                 Party
                 ,
                 and
                 immediately
                 proclaim'd
                 him
                 King
                 :
                 but
                 the
                 two
                 other
                 Parties
                 knowing
                 this
                 could
                 not
                 be
                 legally
                 done
                 without
                 the
                 universal
                 Consent
                 of
                 the
                 Diet
                 ,
                 protested
                 against
                 it
                 as
                 Illegal
                 ;
                 and
                 Prince
                 James
                 perceiving
                 his
                 Party
                 to
                 be
                 the
                 weakest
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 always
                 been
                 in
                 the
                 Interest
                 of
                 the
                 House
                 of
                 Austria
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 marry'd
                 to
                 the
                 Empress
                 and
                 Queen
                 of
                 
                 Spain's
                 Sister
                 ,
                 resign'd
                 all
                 his
                 Interest
                 to
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 likewise
                 supported
                 by
                 the
                 Emperour
                 .
                 These
                 two
                 Parties
                 being
                 thus
                 united
                 into
                 one
                 ,
                 
                 were
                 more
                 numerous
                 than
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 :
                 Wherefore
                 coming
                 next
                 day
                 into
                 the
                 field
                 ,
                 they
                 got
                 the
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Cujavia
                 ,
                 after
                 the
                 Primate
                 had
                 refus'd
                 it
                 ,
                 to
                 proclaim
              
               
                 
                 FREDERIC
                 AUGUSTUS
                 ,
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 sent
                 Embassadors
                 to
                 acquaint
                 him
                 therewith
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 desire
                 him
                 to
                 accept
                 of
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
                 All
                 this
                 while
                 the
                 Primate
                 and
                 Prince
                 of
                 
                 Conti's
                 Party
                 stood
                 firm
                 to
                 the
                 first
                 Election
                 ,
                 and
                 dispatch'd
                 Couriers
                 into
                 France
                 to
                 desire
                 that
                 Prince
                 to
                 come
                 with
                 all
                 speed
                 into
                 Poland
                 .
                 The
                 Generals
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 were
                 divided
                 .
                 Count
                 Jablonowski
                 ,
                 Great
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 declar'd
                 for
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 ;
                 Prince
                 Sapieha
                 ,
                 Great
                 General
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 seem'd
                 to
                 favour
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 :
                 but
                 the
                 Governour
                 of
                 Cracow
                 being
                 for
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 ,
                 invited
                 him
                 and
                 his
                 Army
                 to
                 take
                 possession
                 of
                 that
                 capital
                 City
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 was
                 crown'd
                 the
                 15th
                 of
                 September
                 
                 following
                 ,
                 which
                 did
                 extreamly
                 facilitate
                 the
                 good
                 Success
                 he
                 has
                 since
                 had
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 .
                 For
                 tho
                 the
                 Primate
                 and
                 many
                 other
                 considerable
                 Persons
                 did
                 insist
                 on
                 the
                 pretended
                 Legality
                 of
                 their
                 Election
                 ;
                 tho
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 himself
                 came
                 in
                 Person
                 to
                 Dantzic
                 with
                 a
                 Fleet
                 ,
                 vast
                 Sums
                 of
                 Money
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 disciplin'd
                 Troops
                 ;
                 tho
                 the
                 French
                 Embassador
                 Monsieur
                 
                   de
                   Polignac
                
                 had
                 manag'd
                 a
                 good
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 of
                 the
                 Senators
                 ,
                 with
                 great
                 Art
                 and
                 Policy
                 ;
                 tho
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 threatned
                 an
                 Invasion
                 to
                 support
                 his
                 Election
                 ;
                 and
                 tho
                 the
                 Hungarians
                 made
                 an
                 Insurrection
                 in
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 to
                 divert
                 the
                 
                 Saxon
                 Forces
                 :
                 yet
                 the
                 Poles
                 seeing
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 was
                 actually
                 Crown'd
                 ;
                 that
                 he
                 was
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 the
                 Metropolis
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 the
                 strongest
                 Town
                 in
                 Poland
                 ;
                 that
                 8000
                 of
                 his
                 disciplin'd
                 Troops
                 were
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 that
                 the
                 major
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 had
                 declar'd
                 for
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 the
                 Czar
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 threatned
                 an
                 Invasion
                 if
                 they
                 persisted
                 to
                 support
                 the
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 ;
                 they
                 thought
                 it
                 more
                 advisable
                 to
                 quit
                 his
                 Interest
                 than
                 to
                 give
                 occasion
                 for
                 a
                 Civil
                 War
                 :
                 for
                 I
                 have
                 often
                 heard
                 ▪
                 them
                 say
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   Kings
                   were
                   easy
                   enough
                   to
                   be
                   had
                   without
                   shedding
                   Blood
                   for
                   any
                   ;
                   and
                   that
                   they
                   were
                   easily
                   depos'd
                   if
                   they
                   usurp'd
                   any
                   greater
                   Authority
                   than
                   the
                   Laws
                   allow'd
                   .
                
                 And
                 therefore
                 they
                 think
                 it
                 more
                 prudent
                 ,
                 after
                 having
                 sufficiently
                 empty'd
                 the
                 Candidates
                 Pockets
                 ,
                 to
                 declare
                 for
                 the
                 first
                 of
                 them
                 that
                 joins
                 his
                 Party
                 ,
                 and
                 appears
                 in
                 Arms
                 ,
                 since
                 he
                 is
                 deem'd
                 qualify'd
                 ,
                 than
                 to
                 expose
                 their
                 Country
                 to
                 ruin
                 and
                 devastation
                 ,
                 by
                 adhering
                 to
                 an
                 illegal
                 Election
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 the
                 success
                 is
                 always
                 doubtful
                 :
                 for
                 by
                 their
                 Constitution
                 no
                 Election
                 can
                 be
                 really
                 lawful
                 ,
                 nor
                 any
                 Law
                 can
                 be
                 legally
                 made
                 without
                 the
                 universal
                 Consent
                 of
                 the
                 Lords
                 and
                 Commons
                 of
                 both
                 States
                 ,
                 Poland
                 and
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 assembl'd
                 in
                 Parliament
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Prince
                 of
                 Conti
                 having
                 full
                 Intelligence
                 of
                 the
                 Posture
                 of
                 Affairs
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 did
                 not
                 think
                 it
                 politick
                 to
                 conside
                 any
                 longer
                 in
                 the
                 Promises
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Men
                 ,
                 who
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 are
                 naturally
                 sickle
                 ,
                 and
                 biass'd
                 more
                 to
                 their
                 own
                 Interest
                 than
                 any
                 Inclination
                 they
                 have
                 to
                 serve
                 any
                 Prince
                 ;
                 for
                 they
                 have
                 no
                 other
                 Notion
                 of
                 Princes
                 than
                 of
                 Tools
                 to
                 raise
                 their
                 own
                 Fortune
                 by
                 .
                 Wherefore
                 this
                 Prince
                 
                 foreseeing
                 no
                 probability
                 of
                 success
                 ,
                 the
                 Town
                 of
                 Dantzic
                 having
                 declar'd
                 for
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 ,
                 he
                 thought
                 it
                 more
                 prudent
                 timely
                 to
                 quit
                 his
                 Pretensions
                 by
                 sailing
                 back
                 into
                 France
                 ,
                 than
                 to
                 expose
                 his
                 Reputation
                 by
                 being
                 forc'd
                 to
                 retire
                 when
                 the
                 New
                 King's
                 Authority
                 was
                 more
                 confirm'd
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 look'd
                 upon
                 to
                 be
                 at
                 present
                 .
              
               
                 King
                 
                   Frederick
                   Augustus
                
                 the
                 IId
                 ,
                 being
                 thus
                 left
                 in
                 sole
                 Possession
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 is
                 likely
                 to
                 restore
                 the
                 decaying
                 State
                 thereof
                 ;
                 for
                 having
                 large
                 hereditary
                 Dominions
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 ,
                 out
                 of
                 which
                 he
                 can
                 have
                 both
                 Men
                 and
                 Money
                 ,
                 and
                 being
                 likewise
                 naturally
                 animated
                 with
                 a
                 martial
                 Spirit
                 ,
                 and
                 moreover
                 King
                 over
                 a
                 most
                 Warlike
                 Nation
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 at
                 present
                 in
                 league
                 against
                 the
                 Infidels
                 with
                 the
                 Emperour
                 ,
                 Muscovites
                 ,
                 Pope
                 and
                 Venetians
                 :
                 He
                 has
                 opportunity
                 sufficient
                 to
                 enlarge
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 and
                 extend
                 it
                 to
                 its
                 antient
                 Bounds
                 the
                 Euxine
                 Sea
                 ,
                 by
                 retaking
                 Caminiec
                 and
                 the
                 Vkrain
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 may
                 here
                 take
                 notice
                 that
                 this
                 is
                 the
                 first
                 time
                 the
                 Poles
                 have
                 elected
                 a
                 German
                 Prince
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 the
                 first
                 that
                 they
                 have
                 excluded
                 their
                 King's
                 Son
                 ;
                 for
                 from
                 the
                 Year
                 550
                 ,
                 when
                 this
                 Monarchy
                 began
                 ,
                 to
                 this
                 present
                 Election
                 ,
                 the
                 King's
                 Children
                 have
                 been
                 always
                 chosen
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 tho
                 elective
                 ,
                 has
                 been
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Family
                 successively
                 for
                 above
                 eight
                 hundred
                 Years
                 .
                 But
                 hereafter
                 it
                 is
                 likely
                 to
                 prove
                 otherwise
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 Gentry
                 of
                 Poland
                 are
                 so
                 jealous
                 of
                 their
                 own
                 Kings
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 covetous
                 to
                 be
                 enrich'd
                 by
                 foreign
                 Princes
                 ,
                 that
                 probably
                 henceforward
                 they
                 will
                 choose
                 no
                 Native
                 .
                 Besides
                 ,
                 the
                 Pope
                 will
                 undoubtedly
                 always
                 
                 use
                 his
                 utmost
                 Authority
                 and
                 Interest
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 to
                 get
                 Protestant
                 Princes
                 elected
                 .
                 For
                 when
                 I
                 was
                 formerly
                 at
                 Rome
                 ,
                 I
                 heard
                 the
                 Politicians
                 say
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 best
                 method
                 to
                 make
                 the
                 Protestant
                 Princes
                 of
                 the
                 North
                 Roman
                 Catholicks
                 ,
                 was
                 to
                 elect
                 them
                 successively
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 So
                 that
                 if
                 the
                 Pope
                 sees
                 that
                 the
                 present
                 King
                 of
                 
                 Poland's
                 Children
                 are
                 confirm'd
                 in
                 the
                 Doctrines
                 of
                 the
                 Church
                 of
                 Rome
                 ,
                 he
                 will
                 doubtless
                 after
                 his
                 Death
                 make
                 the
                 same
                 Endeavours
                 to
                 advance
                 to
                 that
                 Throne
                 either
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Sweden
                 ,
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Hanover
                 ,
                 as
                 he
                 has
                 done
                 in
                 favour
                 of
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Saxony
                 ;
                 who
                 has
                 been
                 elected
                 to
                 the
                 Crown
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 not
                 so
                 much
                 by
                 the
                 Power
                 of
                 his
                 Wealth
                 and
                 Credit
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 as
                 by
                 the
                 Influence
                 of
                 the
                 Clergy
                 ,
                 privately
                 instigated
                 by
                 the
                 Authority
                 of
                 the
                 Pope
                 .
                 This
                 I
                 gather
                 from
                 a
                 Letter
                 sent
                 me
                 last
                 Summer
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 by
                 my
                 Friend
                 Baron
                 Scarlati
                 ,
                 Envoy
                 Extraordinary
                 at
                 that
                 Court
                 from
                 the
                 Elector
                 of
                 Bavaria
                 .
              
               
                 Thus
                 ,
                 
                   my
                   Lord
                
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 given
                 you
                 as
                 large
                 an
                 Account
                 of
                 John
                 the
                 IIId's
                 Life
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 what
                 pass'd
                 remarkable
                 at
                 Warsaw
                 in
                 my
                 time
                 ,
                 as
                 we
                 need
                 perhaps
                 know
                 of
                 so
                 remote
                 a
                 Country
                 ,
                 or
                 I
                 could
                 my self
                 learn
                 in
                 so
                 short
                 a
                 time
                 as
                 I
                 had
                 the
                 honour
                 to
                 reside
                 at
                 that
                 Prince's
                 Court
                 ;
                 where
                 I
                 was
                 so
                 much
                 taken
                 up
                 in
                 the
                 Practice
                 of
                 Physick
                 ,
                 that
                 I
                 had
                 neither
                 Opportunity
                 nor
                 Time
                 to
                 make
                 all
                 the
                 Political
                 Remarks
                 ,
                 which
                 another
                 perhaps
                 that
                 had
                 nothing
                 else
                 to
                 do
                 but
                 to
                 converse
                 with
                 Courtiers
                 and
                 Ladies
                 ,
                 might
                 have
                 leisurely
                 done
                 .
              
               
               
                 I
                 cannot
                 therefore
                 pretend
                 to
                 give
                 (
                 as
                 is
                 usual
                 )
                 a
                 Character
                 of
                 the
                 King's
                 Favourites
                 ,
                 nor
                 of
                 other
                 Great
                 Men
                 about
                 him
                 ,
                 nor
                 to
                 acquaint
                 your
                 Lordship
                 with
                 the
                 different
                 Cabals
                 and
                 private
                 Intrigues
                 of
                 that
                 numerous
                 Court.
                 That
                 were
                 a
                 Subject
                 fitter
                 for
                 a
                 Statesman
                 than
                 for
                 me
                 to
                 write
                 of
                 ,
                 my
                 Genius
                 and
                 Profession
                 prompting
                 me
                 only
                 to
                 make
                 Observations
                 in
                 Physick
                 ,
                 and
                 not
                 in
                 State-Affairs
                 .
                 I
                 hope
                 therefore
                 your
                 Lordship
                 will
                 excuse
                 the
                 deficiency
                 of
                 this
                 Letter
                 ,
                 when
                 you
                 consider
                 it
                 was
                 writ
                 by
                 a
                 Physician
                 ,
                 and
                 one
                 who
                 values
                 himself
                 only
                 upon
                 it
                 in
                 being
                 with
                 all
                 Respect
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   My
                   LORD
                   ,
                
                 
                   Your
                   Lordship
                   's
                   most
                   obedient
                   humble
                   Servant
                   ,
                   
                     B.
                     C.
                  
                   
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 LETTER
                 V.
                 
              
               
                 To
                 the
                 Right
                 Honourable
                 CHARLES
                 Lord
                 Townsend
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Extent
                   and
                   Products
                   of
                   Poland
                   ;
                   together
                   with
                   a
                   Description
                   of
                   the
                   chief
                   Towns
                   and
                   Provinces
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   My
                   LORD
                   ;
                
              
               
                 I
                 Know
                 your
                 natural
                 Sagacity
                 ,
                 improv'd
                 so
                 much
                 by
                 your
                 Travels
                 ,
                 and
                 constant
                 Application
                 to
                 Sciences
                 and
                 Politicks
                 ,
                 is
                 no
                 less
                 inquisitive
                 after
                 the
                 Extent
                 and
                 Products
                 of
                 Countries
                 ,
                 than
                 after
                 their
                 Maxims
                 of
                 State
                 and
                 Forms
                 of
                 Government
                 :
                 And
                 this
                 I
                 discover'd
                 in
                 your
                 Lordship
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 when
                 I
                 met
                 you
                 some
                 years
                 ago
                 in
                 Holland
                 ,
                 as
                 since
                 your
                 return
                 to
                 England
                 ;
                 and
                 because
                 you
                 then
                 discours'd
                 me
                 often
                 about
                 my
                 Travels
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 I
                 thought
                 a
                 Geographical
                 Description
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 might
                 not
                 be
                 unacceptable
                 to
                 you
                 .
                 I
                 must
                 confess
                 I
                 were
                 not
                 long
                 enough
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 to
                 survey
                 it
                 exactly
                 ,
                 therefore
                 have
                 taken
                 pains
                 to
                 learn
                 not
                 only
                 from
                 the
                 Natives
                 themselves
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 from
                 their
                 correctest
                 Authors
                 ,
                 an
                 Account
                 of
                 such
                 Parts
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 which
                 I
                 could
                 not
                 visit
                 my self
                 .
              
               
               
                 I
                 must
                 first
                 take
                 notice
                 to
                 your
                 Lordship
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 
                 Poland's
                 Dominions
                 are
                 divided
                 into
                 two
                 different
                 States
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 The
                 Constitutions
                 ,
                 Language
                 ,
                 Customs
                 and
                 Genius
                 of
                 both
                 which
                 Nations
                 are
                 as
                 different
                 as
                 those
                 of
                 England
                 and
                 Scotland
                 ,
                 except
                 that
                 one
                 Parliament
                 or
                 Diet
                 serves
                 both
                 ,
                 which
                 must
                 nevertheless
                 have
                 one
                 Session
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 to
                 two
                 in
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Senators
                 and
                 Deputies
                 of
                 each
                 Nation
                 must
                 meet
                 together
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 in
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 ,
                 as
                 in
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 for
                 no
                 Law
                 can
                 be
                 legally
                 made
                 without
                 the
                 mutual
                 Consent
                 of
                 both
                 .
                 Poland
                 therefore
                 being
                 a
                 distinct
                 Nation
                 of
                 it self
                 ,
                 I
                 will
                 here
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 have
                 promis'd
                 ,
                 present
                 your
                 Lordship
                 with
                 a
                 short
                 Description
                 of
                 it
                 alone
                 .
              
               
                 
                   
                     My
                     Lord
                     ;
                  
                
                 
                   
                   POLAND
                   ,
                   when
                   first
                   founded
                   by
                   Lechus
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   550
                   ,
                   like
                   all
                   other
                   Nations
                   in
                   their
                   minority
                   ,
                   was
                   but
                   a
                   small
                   Tract
                   of
                   Land
                   ,
                   in
                   respect
                   of
                   what
                   it
                   afterwards
                   grew
                   to
                   be
                   :
                   for
                   at
                   first
                   it
                   contain'd
                   only
                   High
                   and
                   Low
                   Poland
                   with
                   Silesia
                   ;
                   but
                   in
                   process
                   of
                   time
                   ,
                   either
                   through
                   Marriages
                   or
                   Conquests
                   ,
                   it
                   became
                   the
                   largest
                   and
                   most
                   powerful
                   Kingdom
                   in
                   Europe
                   ,
                   and
                   rais'd
                   as
                   well
                   the
                   Envy
                   as
                   Jealousy
                   of
                   its
                   Neighbours
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   first
                   Acquisition
                   to
                   this
                   Crown
                   was
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Pomerania
                   ,
                   conquer'd
                   by
                   Lechus
                   ,
                   by
                   his
                   having
                   kill'd
                   Regulus
                   its
                   Prince
                   .
                   
                     Boleslaus
                     Chrobry
                  
                   likewise
                   made
                   
                     Bohemia
                     ,
                     Russia
                     ,
                     Moravia
                  
                   and
                   Prussia
                   Tributary
                   :
                   But
                   Casimir
                   II.
                   entirely
                   conquer'd
                   all
                   Prussia
                   in
                   the
                   
                   Year
                   1183
                   ,
                   and
                   Casimir
                   the
                   Great
                   subdu'd
                   all
                   Russia
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1338
                   ,
                   when
                   Maslaus
                   the
                   Duke
                   of
                   Masovia
                   also
                   submitted
                   to
                   the
                   Polish
                   Crown
                   .
                
                 
                   Some
                   time
                   after
                   ,
                   Valachia
                   and
                   Moldavia
                   were
                   united
                   to
                   Poland
                   by
                   Conquest
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   Great
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   added
                   by
                   
                   Jagello's
                   Marriage
                   with
                   Hedwigis
                   Queen
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                   The
                   large
                   and
                   fertile
                   Province
                   of
                   Livonia
                   was
                   conquer'd
                   about
                   the
                   Year
                   1500
                   ;
                   and
                   afterwards
                   the
                   Poles
                   extended
                   their
                   Conquests
                   towards
                   Moscovy
                   ,
                   when
                   they
                   took
                   the
                   Great
                   Dutchies
                   of
                   
                     Smolensko
                     ,
                     Severia
                  
                   and
                   Czernicovia
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   Vladislaus
                   the
                   VIIth's
                   time
                   conquer'd
                   all
                   that
                   Country
                   .
                   They
                   in
                   like
                   manner
                   enlarg'd
                   their
                   Dominions
                   towards
                   the
                   Black
                   Sea
                   ,
                   for
                   they
                   made
                   themselves
                   Masters
                   of
                   all
                   Vkraina
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Over
                   and
                   above
                   these
                   vast
                   Conquests
                   ,
                   the
                   Poles
                   likewise
                   grew
                   very
                   considerable
                   by
                   electing
                   several
                   potent
                   Neighbours
                   for
                   their
                   Kings
                   ,
                   whereby
                   they
                   added
                   to
                   their
                   own
                   Strength
                   that
                   of
                   
                     Bohemia
                     ,
                     Hungary
                     ,
                     Sweden
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Transylvania
                   ,
                   as
                   they
                   have
                   likewise
                   at
                   this
                   juncture
                   that
                   of
                   the
                   Electorate
                   of
                   Saxony
                   .
                   In
                   short
                   ,
                   the
                   Poles
                   ,
                   in
                   process
                   of
                   time
                   ,
                   grew
                   so
                   exorbitantly
                   Powerful
                   ,
                   from
                   the
                   XIIIth
                   ,
                   to
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   the
                   XVIIth
                   Century
                   ,
                   having
                   in
                   their
                   possession
                   all
                   the
                   Lands
                   between
                   
                     Austria
                     ,
                     Moscovy
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Baltic
                   and
                   Euxine
                   Seas
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   gave
                   their
                   Neighbours
                   the
                   
                     Turks
                     ,
                     Tartars
                     ,
                     Muscovites
                     ,
                     Swedes
                  
                   and
                   Germans
                   ,
                   just
                   reason
                   to
                   grow
                   jealous
                   of
                   them
                   :
                   Whereupon
                   these
                   several
                   Potentates
                   ,
                   at
                   different
                   times
                   ,
                   made
                   most
                   bloody
                   Wars
                   upon
                   them
                   ,
                   till
                   by
                   degrees
                   they
                   had
                   brought
                   their
                   Territories
                   to
                   a
                   narrower
                   
                   Compass
                   ,
                   and
                   made
                   themselves
                   Masters
                   of
                   the
                   greater
                   part
                   of
                   them
                   .
                   For
                   the
                   Emperour
                   got
                   from
                   them
                   the
                   several
                   Countries
                   of
                   
                     Hungary
                     ,
                     Bohemia
                     ,
                     Transylvania
                     ,
                     Silesia
                     ,
                  
                   and
                   
                     Moravia
                     .
                     Valachia
                  
                   and
                   Moldavia
                   now
                   chuse
                   Hospodars
                   or
                   Governours
                   of
                   their
                   own
                   ,
                   tho
                   they
                   are
                   nevertheless
                   Tributary
                   to
                   the
                   Turk
                   .
                   The
                   Turks
                   and
                   Tartars
                   are
                   Masters
                   of
                   Podolia
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   best
                   part
                   of
                   Vkraina
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   over-run
                   in
                   King
                   Michael
                   Korybuth's
                   time
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   Muscovites
                   conquer'd
                   the
                   other
                   part
                   of
                   it
                   ,
                   Kiovia
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   all
                   the
                   vast
                   Dutchies
                   of
                   
                     Severia
                     ,
                     Smolensko
                  
                   and
                   Czernicovia
                   .
                   The
                   King
                   of
                   Sweden
                   also
                   is
                   now
                   in
                   possession
                   of
                   all
                   Livonia
                   ,
                   except
                   the
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Curland
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   left
                   still
                   Tributary
                   to
                   Poland
                   .
                   Ducal
                   Prussia
                   is
                   entirely
                   in
                   the
                   Elector
                   of
                   
                   Brandenburg's
                   hands
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   he
                   is
                   of
                   late
                   an
                   Independent
                   Soveraign
                   .
                   Pomerania
                   is
                   now
                   possess'd
                   by
                   the
                   Swedes
                   and
                   Germans
                   between
                   them
                   ;
                   and
                   Dantzic
                   is
                   in
                   the
                   Nature
                   of
                   a
                   little
                   Republic
                   or
                   
                   Hans-Town
                   ,
                   yet
                   under
                   the
                   Protection
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Thus
                   your
                   Lordship
                   may
                   observe
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   neighbouring
                   Princes
                   have
                   clip'd
                   so
                   close
                   the
                   Skirts
                   of
                   this
                   vast
                   Empire
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   have
                   reduc'd
                   it
                   to
                   one
                   Third
                   of
                   what
                   it
                   has
                   heretofore
                   been
                   .
                   Yet
                   notwithstanding
                   all
                   these
                   Losses
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   still
                   reckon'd
                   to
                   the
                   full
                   as
                   large
                   as
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   of
                   France
                   ;
                   but
                   its
                   Frontiers
                   towards
                   Tartary
                   are
                   altogether
                   desolate
                   ,
                   most
                   of
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   having
                   been
                   carry'd
                   away
                   into
                   Captivity
                   ,
                   either
                   by
                   the
                   Turks
                   or
                   Tartars
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   To
                   give
                   your
                   Lordship
                   a
                   just
                   Account
                   of
                   the
                   present
                   Extent
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   I
                   must
                   divide
                   it
                   into
                   its
                   several
                   remaining
                   Provinces
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   but
                   Eight
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     
                       Little
                       &
                       Great
                       Poland
                       .
                    
                     
                       Regal
                       Prussia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Russia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Masovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Samogitia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Volhynia
                    
                     
                       &
                       Podlachia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   But
                   first
                   a
                   word
                   or
                   two
                   of
                   the
                   Country
                   in
                   general
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Poland
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   the
                   Great
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   is
                   now
                   bounded
                   on
                   the
                   North
                   by
                   
                     Moscovy
                     ,
                     Livonia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Baltic
                   Sea
                   ;
                   On
                   the
                   South
                   by
                   
                     Moldavia
                     ,
                     Transylvania
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Hungary
                   ;
                   On
                   the
                   East
                   by
                   Vkraina
                   ,
                   which
                   belongs
                   to
                   the
                   Turks
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Dutchies
                   of
                   
                     Smolensko
                     ,
                     Severia
                     ,
                     Czernicovia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Kiovia
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   now
                   in
                   possession
                   of
                   the
                   Muscovites
                   ;
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   West
                   by
                   
                     Pomerania
                     ,
                     Brandenburg
                     ,
                     Bohemia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Silesia
                   .
                   It
                   extends
                   it self
                   from
                   South
                   to
                   North
                   ,
                   that
                   is
                   ,
                   from
                   the
                   Carpathian
                   Mountains
                   to
                   the
                   Gulph
                   of
                   Riga
                   ,
                   about
                   200
                   Leagues
                   ,
                   from
                   the
                   45
                   Degree
                   36
                   Minutes
                   ,
                   to
                   the
                   55
                   Degree
                   29
                   Minutes
                   of
                   Latitude
                   ;
                   and
                   from
                   East
                   to
                   West
                   ,
                   that
                   is
                   ,
                   from
                   Smoleusko
                   and
                   the
                   Vkraine
                   ,
                   to
                   the
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   
                     Pomerania
                     ,
                     Bohemia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   above
                   240.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   It
                   s
                   Soil
                   ,
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   ,
                   is
                   Champain
                   ,
                   tho
                   towards
                   the
                   Borders
                   of
                   Hungary
                   very
                   mountainous
                   and
                   woody
                   ;
                   yet
                   as
                   it
                   declines
                   from
                   thence
                   ,
                   it
                   generally
                   grows
                   more
                   fruitful
                   .
                   There
                   is
                   only
                   one
                   great
                   Mountain
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   ,
                   call'd
                   
                     Mons
                     Calvus
                  
                   ,
                   
                   
                     The
                     Bald
                     Mountain
                  
                   ,
                   tho
                   it
                   has
                   a
                   Monastery
                   on
                   the
                   top
                   of
                   it
                   ,
                   surnam'd
                   the
                   
                     Holy
                     Cross
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   dedicated
                   to
                   our
                   Saviour
                   .
                   What
                   others
                   you
                   shall
                   meet
                   with
                   may
                   be
                   rather
                   term'd
                   little
                   Hills
                   than
                   Mountains
                   .
                   The
                   Eastern
                   Part
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   is
                   full
                   of
                   Forests
                   ,
                   Woods
                   ,
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   Lakes
                   and
                   Rivers
                   which
                   afford
                   a
                   delightful
                   Vista
                   to
                   the
                   open
                   Country
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Heretofore
                   Poland
                   is
                   said
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   almost
                   all
                   Woods
                   ;
                   but
                   now
                   ,
                   being
                   cultivated
                   by
                   the
                   Industry
                   of
                   its
                   Inhabitants
                   ,
                   it
                   produces
                   every-where
                   all
                   kinds
                   of
                   Fruits
                   ,
                   Grains
                   ,
                   and
                   Herbs
                   :
                   Nay
                   ,
                   it
                   wants
                   for
                   neither
                   Fowl
                   nor
                   Fish
                   ;
                   and
                   moreover
                   ,
                   abounds
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   tame
                   and
                   wild
                   Beasts
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   also
                   Vines
                   in
                   many
                   Places
                   ,
                   whose
                   Grapes
                   are
                   not
                   ungrateful
                   to
                   the
                   Palat
                   ,
                   especially
                   if
                   the
                   Summer
                   and
                   Autumn
                   are
                   never
                   so
                   little
                   favourable
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Wine
                   is
                   generally
                   very
                   sharp
                   when
                   it
                   has
                   once
                   been
                   drawn
                   off
                   .
                   In
                   the
                   Mountains
                   are
                   to
                   be
                   found
                   Mines
                   of
                   Silver
                   ,
                   Copper
                   ,
                   Lead
                   ,
                   and
                   Iron
                   ,
                   with
                   divers
                   other
                   kinds
                   of
                   Minerals
                   ;
                   as
                   also
                   Salt
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   commonly
                   taken
                   out
                   in
                   huge
                   Masses
                   ,
                   like
                   Stones
                   out
                   of
                   a
                   Quarry
                   .
                   The
                   Western
                   part
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   produces
                   a
                   great
                   deal
                   of
                   Corn
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   transported
                   in
                   considerable
                   Quantities
                   into
                   foreign
                   Countries
                   ;
                   and
                   besides
                   ,
                   it
                   abounds
                   with
                   Honey
                   ,
                   Wax
                   ,
                   Hemp
                   ,
                   and
                   Linen
                   for
                   Sails
                   :
                   All
                   which
                   are
                   carry'd
                   to
                   Dantzic
                   ,
                   and
                   from
                   thence
                   transported
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   greatest
                   Part
                   of
                   the
                   Towns
                   ,
                   and
                   all
                   the
                   Villages
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   are
                   of
                   Timber
                   and
                   Thatch'd
                   ,
                   the
                   Gentlemens
                   Houses
                   in
                   the
                   Country
                   being
                   also
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Make.
                   
                   The
                   whole
                   Number
                   of
                   Cities
                   ,
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Boroughs
                   and
                   Villages
                   in
                   Poland
                   amounts
                   to
                   near
                   a
                   hundred
                   and
                   seventy
                   thousand
                   ,
                   whereof
                   there
                   are
                   not
                   much
                   above
                   twenty
                   wall'd
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   two
                   sorts
                   of
                   Cities
                   in
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   ;
                   the
                   First
                   belong
                   to
                   the
                   Republick
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   the
                   King
                   names
                   the
                   Governours
                   and
                   other
                   Officers
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   Second
                   are
                   under
                   the
                   Dominion
                   of
                   particular
                   Seigneurs
                   by
                   hereditary
                   Succession
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   there
                   can
                   be
                   no
                   other
                   Starostas
                   but
                   their
                   own
                   peculiar
                   Lords
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Air
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   is
                   sutable
                   to
                   the
                   Climate
                   ,
                   and
                   sometimes
                   so
                   exceeding
                   cold
                   ,
                   that
                   Water
                   freezes
                   ere
                   it
                   falls
                   to
                   the
                   ground
                   .
                   And
                   Lakes
                   and
                   Rivers
                   are
                   so
                   frozen
                   up
                   ,
                   that
                   Coaches
                   and
                   loaded
                   Carts
                   pass
                   over
                   them
                   for
                   five
                   or
                   six
                   Months
                   together
                   ,
                   even
                   to
                   the
                   end
                   of
                   March.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   most
                   remarkable
                   Rivers
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Weissel
                       or
                       Vistula
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Wart
                       or
                       Varta
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Nieper
                       or
                       Boristbenes
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Niester
                       or
                       Tyra
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Dwina
                       or
                       Duna
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Bog
                       or
                       Bobus
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Bug
                       or
                       Bugus
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Niemen
                       or
                       Nemenus
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Weissel
                   or
                   Vistula
                   takes
                   its
                   rise
                   in
                   the
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Teschen
                   in
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   out
                   of
                   Mount
                   Carpathus
                   (
                   now
                   Crapack
                   )
                   and
                   runs
                   by
                   the
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   
                     Oswieczin
                     ,
                     Cracow
                     ,
                     Sendomir
                     ,
                     Casimir
                     ,
                     Lublin
                     ,
                     Warsaw
                     ,
                     Plocskow
                     ,
                     Vladislaw
                     ,
                     Thorn
                     ,
                     Culm
                     ,
                     Bromberg
                     ,
                     Grandentz
                     ,
                  
                   
                   
                     Newenburg
                     ,
                     Elbing
                     ,
                     Marienburg
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Dantzic
                   .
                   This
                   River
                   antiently
                   separated
                   
                     Sarmatia
                     Europea
                  
                   from
                   Germany
                   ,
                   and
                   having
                   continu'd
                   its
                   Course
                   for
                   above
                   a
                   hundred
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   ,
                   divides
                   it self
                   into
                   two
                   Streams
                   ,
                   emptying
                   one
                   into
                   the
                   Bay
                   of
                   Frisch-Haff
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   other
                   into
                   the
                   Baltic
                   Sea
                   ,
                   vulgarly
                   call'd
                   
                     De
                     Oost
                     Zee
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Wart
                   or
                   Varta
                   arises
                   in
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   ;
                   and
                   after
                   having
                   water'd
                   
                     Siradia
                     ,
                     Kalisch
                     ,
                     Posnan
                     ,
                     Olstin
                     ,
                  
                   &c.
                   falls
                   into
                   the
                   Oder
                   ,
                   a
                   River
                   of
                   Silesia
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Nieper
                   or
                   Boristhenes
                   ,
                   waters
                   Smolensko
                   ,
                   traverses
                   part
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   runs
                   through
                   Kiow
                   or
                   Kiovia
                   ,
                   crosses
                   the
                   Vkraine
                   ,
                   and
                   at
                   length
                   rolls
                   into
                   the
                   Black
                   Sea
                   near
                   Ockzakow
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Niester
                   rises
                   near
                   the
                   Lake
                   of
                   Leopol
                   ;
                   and
                   having
                   run
                   by
                   
                     Halitz
                     ,
                     Caminiec
                  
                   ,
                   &c.
                   discharges
                   it self
                   in
                   like
                   manner
                   into
                   the
                   Black
                   or
                   Euxine
                   Sea
                   near
                   Bialogrod
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Duna
                   ,
                   or
                   Dwina
                   ,
                   springs
                   near
                   Biata
                   in
                   Moscovy
                   ;
                   when
                   having
                   pass'd
                   by
                   
                     Witebsko
                     ,
                     Polocz
                     ,
                     Dunenburg
                     ,
                     Kokenhauz
                     ,
                  
                   &c.
                   with
                   a
                   Course
                   of
                   130
                   Leagues
                   ,
                   it
                   at
                   last
                   throws
                   it self
                   into
                   the
                   Gulph
                   of
                   Riga
                   in
                   Livonia
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Bog
                   ,
                   or
                   Bobus
                   ,
                   takes
                   its
                   Origin
                   from
                   a
                   Lake
                   in
                   the
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   Podolia
                   ;
                   and
                   having
                   pass'd
                   by
                   
                     Constantinow
                     ,
                     Bar
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Braclaw
                   ,
                   it
                   falls
                   into
                   the
                   Nieper
                   near
                   Ockzakow
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Bug
                   springs
                   in
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   ,
                   near
                   Olesko
                   ,
                   or
                   Zborow
                   ;
                   and
                   having
                   run
                   by
                   the
                   several
                   Places
                   of
                   
                     Glituani
                     ,
                     Beltz
                     ,
                     Sokal
                     ,
                     Vlodzimierz
                     ,
                     Chelm
                     ,
                     Bresty
                     ,
                  
                   and
                   Warsaw
                   ,
                   falls
                   into
                   the
                   Weissel
                   by
                   Wischegrod
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   The
                   Niemen
                   ,
                   or
                   Nemenus
                   ,
                   arises
                   near
                   Slonim
                   ,
                   or
                   rather
                   Nessivicz
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Novogrodec
                   ,
                   and
                   waters
                   the
                   Sides
                   of
                   
                     Novogrodec
                     ,
                     Bielcz
                     ,
                     Grodna
                     ,
                     Troki
                     ,
                     Vilna
                     ,
                  
                   and
                   after
                   runs
                   into
                   the
                   Baltic
                   near
                   Tylsa
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   In
                   Lower
                   or
                   Greater
                   
                     Poland
                     ,
                     Cujavia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                   Lublin
                   ,
                   there
                   are
                   several
                   considerable
                   Lakes
                   ,
                   replenish'd
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   fresh
                   Fish
                   .
                   The
                   chief
                   of
                   these
                   Lakes
                   is
                   Goplo
                   ,
                   five
                   Miles
                   long
                   ,
                   and
                   half
                   a
                   Mile
                   broad
                   .
                   Next
                   there
                   is
                   Biale
                   ,
                   otherwise
                   nam'd
                   
                     The
                     White
                     Lake
                  
                   ;
                   which
                   might
                   be
                   so
                   call'd
                   by
                   an
                   Antiphrasis
                   ,
                   because
                   in
                   the
                   Months
                   of
                   April
                   and
                   May
                   it
                   dyes
                   Skins
                   with
                   a
                   sort
                   of
                   swarthy
                   Tincture
                   .
                
                 
                   To
                   proceed
                   according
                   to
                   my
                   Division
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   I
                   have
                   follow'd
                   Starovolscius
                   ,
                   I
                   must
                   begin
                   with
                   the
                   first
                   Province
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Great
                   or
                   
                     Low
                     Poland
                  
                   ,
                   bounded
                   on
                   the
                   North
                   by
                   Pomerania
                   and
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   South
                   by
                   Upper
                   or
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   East
                   by
                   Masovia
                   ,
                   and
                   towards
                   the
                   West
                   by
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Marquisate
                   of
                   Brandenburg
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   call'd
                   Great
                   Poland
                   ,
                   because
                   Lechus
                   ,
                   the
                   Founder
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   first
                   settled
                   there
                   ,
                   and
                   divided
                   it
                   into
                   two
                   Parts
                   :
                   Viz.
                   
                   
                
                 
                   
                     1.
                     
                     Greater
                     Poland
                     ,
                     properly
                     so
                     call'd
                     ;
                     and
                  
                   
                     2.
                     
                     Cujavia
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   Both
                   which
                   contain
                   seven
                   Palatinates
                   ;
                   Viz.
                   
                   The
                   Palatinates
                   of
                   
                     
                       Posnania
                       ,
                       to
                       which
                       belongs
                       the
                       Territory
                       of
                       Wschow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Kalisch
                       .
                    
                     
                       Siradia
                       ,
                       to
                       which
                       belongs
                       the
                       Territory
                       of
                       Vielunia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Rava
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lanschet
                       .
                    
                     
                       Bresty
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Inowlocz
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   Of
                   these
                   ,
                   the
                   two
                   last
                   only
                   belong
                   to
                   Cujavia
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   chief
                   of
                   all
                   these
                   seven
                   Palatinates
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Posnania
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ;
                   Viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Posnan
                     
                       
                         Bishoprick
                         .
                      
                       
                         Palatinate
                         ,
                         and
                      
                       
                         Castellany
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     Gnesna
                     
                       
                         Archbishoprick
                         ,
                         and
                      
                       
                         Castellany
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     Koscien
                     .
                  
                   
                     Vskow
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sremsk
                     .
                  
                   
                     Miedzyrzeeze
                     .
                  
                   
                     Nacum
                     .
                  
                   
                     Curnic
                     .
                  
                   
                     Slupeia
                     .
                  
                   
                     Pysdra
                     .
                  
                   
                     Kcina
                     .
                  
                   
                     Conin
                     .
                  
                   
                     Premecz
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Ragozno
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   capital
                   City
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   Posnan
                   ,
                   call'd
                   by
                   the
                   
                     Germans
                     Posen
                  
                   ,
                   situate
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Varta
                   in
                   the
                   39th
                   Degree
                   of
                   Longitude
                   ,
                   and
                   52
                   of
                   Latitude
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   7
                   Miles
                   
                   distant
                   from
                   Gnesna
                   to
                   the
                   West
                   ,
                   20
                   German
                   Miles
                   from
                   Vratislaw
                   to
                   the
                   North
                   ,
                   and
                   50
                   from
                   Cracow
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   in
                   the
                   midst
                   of
                   several
                   little
                   Hills
                   environ'd
                   with
                   a
                   strong
                   double
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   very
                   deep
                   Ditch
                   .
                   The
                   City
                   it self
                   ,
                   it
                   must
                   be
                   confess'd
                   ,
                   it
                   but
                   small
                   ,
                   yet
                   nevertheless
                   exceeding
                   beautiful
                   and
                   well-built
                   ,
                   its
                   Edifices
                   being
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   Free-stone
                   .
                   Among
                   the
                   publick
                   Structures
                   ,
                   the
                   most
                   considerable
                   is
                   the
                   Castle
                   rais'd
                   upon
                   a
                   small
                   Eminence
                   between
                   the
                   Rivers
                   Varta
                   and
                   Prosna
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   generally
                   provided
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Ammunition
                   ,
                   and
                   wants
                   for
                   neither
                   Strength
                   nor
                   Beauty
                   .
                   The
                   rest
                   of
                   the
                   Publick
                   Edifices
                   may
                   justly
                   claim
                   the
                   like
                   Character
                   ,
                   tho
                   the
                   most
                   stately
                   lie
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   the
                   River
                   Varta
                   in
                   the
                   Suburbs
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   very
                   large
                   .
                   Here
                   is
                   the
                   Cathedral
                   Church
                   with
                   a
                   College
                   of
                   Prebends
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Bishop's
                   Palace
                   situate
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                   This
                   Pile
                   of
                   Building
                   is
                   commonly
                   call'd
                   Valisovia
                   ,
                   and
                   built
                   so
                   strong
                   ,
                   that
                   like
                   the
                   Town
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   able
                   to
                   withstand
                   a
                   Siege
                   .
                   
                     John
                     Lubranscius
                  
                   ,
                   a
                   Bishop
                   of
                   this
                   See
                   ,
                   founded
                   here
                   a
                   College
                   to
                   be
                   visited
                   by
                   that
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   was
                   afterwards
                   very
                   much
                   augmented
                   and
                   beautify'd
                   by
                   
                     Adam
                     Conarius
                  
                   his
                   Successor
                   ,
                   and
                   farther
                   enrich'd
                   by
                   one
                   Rosrasevius
                   with
                   several
                   noble
                   Gifts
                   :
                   So
                   that
                   now
                   the
                   Jesuits
                   have
                   a
                   College
                   in
                   the
                   City
                   ,
                   where
                   Learning
                   is
                   greatly
                   encourag'd
                   .
                   Yet
                   this
                   also
                   in
                   the
                   Suburbs
                   does
                   not
                   want
                   for
                   noble
                   Youth
                   ,
                   who
                   daily
                   flock
                   thither
                   to
                   be
                   instructed
                   by
                   the
                   Lectures
                   of
                   Mathematicks
                   and
                   Law.
                   These
                   Suburbs
                   are
                   all
                   surrounded
                   by
                   a
                   Morass
                   and
                   a
                   great
                   Lake
                   .
                   They
                   are
                   frequently
                   laid
                   under
                   
                   water
                   by
                   the
                   overflowing
                   of
                   the
                   Varta
                   ,
                   insomuch
                   that
                   sometimes
                   with
                   the
                   neighbouring
                   Villages
                   for
                   several
                   Miles
                   together
                   ,
                   the
                   tops
                   of
                   the
                   Houses
                   are
                   only
                   to
                   be
                   seen
                   .
                   This
                   Inundation
                   likewise
                   often
                   extends
                   to
                   the
                   Town
                   it self
                   ,
                   notwithstanding
                   its
                   high
                   Walls
                   ,
                   in
                   a
                   manner
                   that
                   Boats
                   have
                   been
                   known
                   to
                   swim
                   about
                   the
                   Streets
                   :
                   But
                   this
                   lasts
                   not
                   long
                   ,
                   for
                   the
                   Waters
                   commonly
                   retire
                   in
                   two
                   or
                   three
                   days
                   at
                   farthest
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   three
                   very
                   famous
                   Fairs
                   kept
                   in
                   this
                   City
                   ,
                   whither
                   the
                   Germans
                   ,
                   both
                   Traders
                   and
                   Gentry
                   ,
                   come
                   in
                   great
                   Numbers
                   .
                   The
                   first
                   of
                   these
                   is
                   kept
                   about
                   the
                   beginning
                   of
                   Lent
                   ,
                   and
                   lasts
                   a
                   Month.
                   The
                   second
                   at
                   Michaelmas
                   ,
                   and
                   continues
                   five
                   Weeks
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   last
                   at
                   Midsummer
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   for
                   the
                   same
                   time
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Inhabitants
                   of
                   this
                   City
                   are
                   generally
                   
                     Roman
                     Catholicks
                  
                   ,
                   tho
                   vast
                   Numbers
                   of
                   Jews
                   live
                   also
                   among
                   them
                   .
                   The
                   Government
                   is
                   executed
                   by
                   a
                   Starosta
                   ,
                   chosen
                   yearly
                   out
                   of
                   the
                   Schipins
                   ,
                   or
                   Aldermen
                   ,
                   who
                   ,
                   as
                   long
                   as
                   this
                   Office
                   lasts
                   ,
                   enjoys
                   also
                   the
                   Title
                   of
                   
                     General
                     of
                     Great
                  
                   POLAND
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   hence
                   lies
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   situate
                   among
                   Bogs
                   and
                   Hills
                   ,
                   and
                   call'd
                   also
                   by
                   the
                   
                     Germans
                     Gnicsen
                  
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   an
                   Archbishop's
                   See
                   ,
                   and
                   gives
                   Title
                   to
                   the
                   Primate
                   of
                   all
                   Poland
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   distant
                   three
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   the
                   River
                   Varta
                   to
                   the
                   North
                   ,
                   seven
                   from
                   Kalisch
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   ,
                   as
                   many
                   from
                   Posnan
                   to
                   the
                   East
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   thirteen
                   from
                   Thorn
                   ,
                   thirty
                   from
                   Dantzic
                   ,
                   and
                   thirty
                   three
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   to
                   the
                   North-west
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   formerly
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   the
                   whole
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   having
                   been
                   built
                   by
                   Lechus
                   ,
                   the
                   first
                   Founder
                   thereof
                   ,
                   and
                   so
                   
                   nam'd
                   from
                   an
                   Eagle's
                   Nest
                   ,
                   as
                   is
                   to
                   be
                   seen
                   in
                   the
                   Life
                   of
                   that
                   King.
                   
                
                 
                   This
                   City
                   was
                   almost
                   consum'd
                   by
                   Fire
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1613.
                   and
                   is
                   at
                   present
                   chiefly
                   considerable
                   for
                   being
                   the
                   usual
                   Residence
                   of
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   and
                   Primate
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   who
                   yet
                   enjoys
                   very
                   great
                   Privileges
                   .
                   In
                   the
                   Cathedral
                   is
                   reposited
                   a
                   great
                   quantity
                   of
                   inestimable
                   Treasure
                   ,
                   most
                   of
                   which
                   is
                   owing
                   to
                   the
                   Tomb
                   of
                   St.
                   Adalbert
                   raised
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   the
                   Church
                   ,
                   cas'd
                   about
                   with
                   Silver
                   by
                   Sigis●●nund
                   III.
                   and
                   to
                   the
                   Gifts
                   of
                   
                     Henry
                     F●●rleius
                  
                   ,
                   late
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   that
                   See
                   ,
                   who
                   ,
                   among
                   other
                   Rarities
                   ,
                   gave
                   his
                   own
                   Mitre
                   ,
                   valued
                   at
                   24000
                   Polish
                   Gilders
                   ,
                   or
                   near
                   2000
                   
                     l.
                     Sterling
                  
                   .
                   The
                   Gates
                   opening
                   to
                   this
                   Church
                   are
                   all
                   of
                   Corinthian
                   Brass
                   curiously
                   wrought
                   ,
                   which
                   were
                   first
                   taken
                   from
                   the
                   Monastery
                   of
                   Corsuna
                   in
                   
                     Taurica
                     Chersonesus
                  
                   ,
                   afterwards
                   removed
                   to
                   Kiow
                   ,
                   and
                   thence
                   brought
                   hither
                   by
                   order
                   of
                   Boleslaus
                   II.
                   Here
                   are
                   several
                   Fairs
                   kept
                   ,
                   the
                   chief
                   whereof
                   is
                   that
                   on
                   the
                   Feast
                   of
                   St.
                   Adalbert
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Koscien
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   among
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   double
                   Wall
                   and
                   a
                   broad
                   and
                   deep
                   Ditch
                   :
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Posnan
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Vskow
                   ,
                   a
                   wall'd
                   Town
                   situate
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   likewise
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   eleven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Posnan
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   
                     Sremsk
                     ,
                     Premeez
                  
                   and
                   Ragozno
                   ,
                   three
                   Timber
                   built
                   Towns
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Jurisdiction
                   of
                   Posnan
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Miedzyrzecze
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   with
                   Wood
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   amongst
                   Rivulets
                   and
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   also
                   its
                   Name
                   imports
                   :
                   It
                   is
                   situate
                   upon
                   the
                   ●●onfiries
                   of
                   Silesia
                   
                   and
                   Pomerania
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   a
                   strong
                   Castle
                   fortified
                   both
                   by
                   Art
                   and
                   Nature
                   ,
                   and
                   ,
                   which
                   't
                   is
                   commonly
                   conjectur'd
                   ,
                   could
                   hardly
                   be
                   taken
                   unless
                   it
                   were
                   starv'd
                   .
                   This
                   several
                   German
                   Princes
                   have
                   experienc'd
                   at
                   their
                   Costs
                   ,
                   who
                   after
                   a
                   long
                   and
                   fruitless
                   Siege
                   of
                   it
                   ,
                   have
                   at
                   length
                   been
                   forc'd
                   to
                   return
                   home
                   again
                   
                     re
                     infectâ
                  
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   15
                   Miles
                   from
                   Posnan
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Slupcza
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   upon
                   the
                   Wart
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   strong
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   other
                   sutable
                   Fortifications
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Pysdra
                   ,
                   a
                   Wall'd
                   Town
                   upon
                   the
                   Wart
                   likewise
                   ,
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   among
                   Woods
                   ,
                   and
                   nine
                   Miles
                   from
                   Kalisch
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   other
                   Towns
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   some
                   of
                   them
                   wall'd
                   ,
                   and
                   chiefly
                   built
                   with
                   Wood
                   ,
                   except
                   only
                   the
                   publick
                   Edifices
                   ,
                   such
                   as
                   Castles
                   ,
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Churches
                   ,
                   Monasteries
                   ,
                   Abbies
                   ,
                   &c.
                   which
                   are
                   all
                   either
                   Stone
                   or
                   Brick
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Arch-bishop
                       of
                       Gnesna
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       
                         
                           Bishop
                        
                         
                           Palatine
                           and
                        
                         
                           Castellan
                        
                      
                       of
                       Posnania
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         
                           Sremsk
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Miedzyrzecze
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Premecz
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Ragozno
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Kriven
                           ,
                           and
                        
                         
                           Zandoc
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   There
                   are
                   moreover
                   several
                   other
                   Officers
                   in
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   as
                   well
                   Civil
                   as
                   Military
                   .
                   The
                   Starostas
                   or
                   Governours
                   of
                   Cities
                   have
                   some
                   of
                   them
                   Jurisdiction
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   none
                   ,
                   as
                   it
                   is
                   likewise
                   all
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   over
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   and
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   expanded
                   Argent
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   second
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Great
                   Poland
                   ,
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Kalisch
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     Kalisch
                     
                       
                         Metropolis
                         ,
                         and
                      
                       
                         Castellany
                         ,
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     Kolo
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Land
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Naklo
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Odolanovia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Chocia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Stave
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Cosmin
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Dohra
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Grabow
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Opatovec
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Plesovia
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Chief
                   City
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   Kalisch
                   ,
                   built
                   among
                   Marshes
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Prosna
                   ,
                   and
                   fortified
                   only
                   with
                   a
                   Brick-Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   low
                   Towers
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   some
                   Religious
                   Houses
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   very
                   magnificent
                   College
                   for
                   Jesuits
                   ,
                   founded
                   by
                   
                     Stanislaw
                     Karncovius
                  
                   ,
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   .
                   Here
                   are
                   the
                   Ruins
                   of
                   a
                   strong
                   Castle
                   remaining
                   ,
                   which
                   had
                   formerly
                   been
                   destroy'd
                   by
                   the
                   Teutonick
                   Knights
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Kolo
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   wall'd
                   with
                   Mud
                   and
                   Dirt
                   :
                   At
                   certain
                   times
                   it
                   is
                   encompass'd
                   and
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Wart
                   ,
                   near
                   
                   which
                   it
                   is
                   built
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   eight
                   Miles
                   from
                   Kalisch
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Land
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   upon
                   the
                   Wart
                   ,
                   about
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Gnesna
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Naklo
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber'd
                   Town
                   near
                   the
                   Lake
                   Goplo
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   wall'd
                   Castle
                   situate
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Odolanovia
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   built
                   likewise
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Chocia
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   
                     Andrew
                     Lipski
                  
                   ,
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   founded
                   a
                   Collegiate
                   Church
                   with
                   vast
                   Expence
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   other
                   Towns
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   not
                   very
                   considerable
                   ,
                   and
                   therefore
                   are
                   omitted
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Kalisch
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         
                           Land
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Naklo
                           ,
                           and
                        
                         
                           Kamin
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                  
                
                 
                   The
                   Standard
                   and
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   
                     Palatinate
                     ,
                     It
                     s
                     Arms.
                  
                   are
                   a
                   Buffaloes
                   Head
                   eras'd
                   ,
                   Sables
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Crown
                   between
                   his
                   Horns
                   ,
                   all
                   in
                   a
                   checky
                   Field
                   ,
                   Argent
                   and
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   third
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Great
                   Poland
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Siradia
                   ,
                   situate
                   along
                   the
                   River
                   Varta
                   ,
                   or
                   Wart
                   ,
                   being
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Siradia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Schadkow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Radomsko
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Petricovia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   the
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   
                     
                       Siradia
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Rosprza
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Spicemir
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Petricovia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Konarzew
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Wart
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Lask
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Vidavia
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Pabianice
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   chief
                   City
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                   Siradia
                   ,
                   situate
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   and
                   fortified
                   with
                   a
                   strong
                   Wall
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   Wart
                   .
                   Subject
                   to
                   the
                   Jurisdiction
                   of
                   this
                   City
                   are
                   the
                   following
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Rosprza
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber'd
                   Town
                   seated
                   amongst
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Spicimir
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   likewise
                   with
                   Wood.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Petricovia
                   ,
                   a
                   Wall'd
                   City
                   by
                   no
                   means
                   inconsiderable
                   ,
                   situate
                   among
                   Rivulets
                   and
                   Bogs
                   .
                   Once
                   a
                   Year
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   great
                   Tribunals
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   is
                   kept
                   in
                   the
                   Suburbs
                   of
                   this
                   City
                   in
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   King's
                   Palaces
                   .
                   Not
                   far
                   off
                   there
                   is
                   another
                   Palace
                   of
                   the
                   King
                   's
                   call'd
                   Byki
                   of
                   a
                   regular
                   Structure
                   ,
                   whither
                   his
                   Majesty
                   with
                   his
                   Court
                   sometimes
                   retires
                   for
                   his
                   Pleasure
                   at
                   the
                   time
                   of
                   the
                   meeting
                   of
                   the
                   Tribuaal
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   several
                   other
                   Eminent
                   Edifices
                   built
                   about
                   this
                   City
                   ,
                   belonging
                   to
                   Bishops
                   and
                   other
                   Great
                   Men
                   ,
                   among
                   which
                   the
                   most
                   famous
                   is
                   the
                   Abby
                   of
                   Vitrovia
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Palace
                   of
                   Crusmen
                   ,
                   after
                   the
                   Italian
                   manner
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Konarzew
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   of
                   no
                   great
                   Importance
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Wart
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   City
                   built
                   upon
                   a
                   River
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Lask
                   ,
                   where
                   formerly
                   
                     Johannes
                     Lascus
                  
                   Archbishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   founded
                   a
                   Collegiate
                   Church
                   ,
                   and
                   richly
                   endow'd
                   it
                   at
                   his
                   own
                   Costs
                   .
                
                 
                   To
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   also
                   belongs
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                
                 
                   
                   Vielunia
                   ,
                   which
                   has
                   a
                   Castellan
                   and
                   other
                   Magistrates
                   of
                   its
                   own
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   two
                   parts
                   ,
                   
                     viz.
                     Vielunia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Ostresow
                   .
                   Both
                   which
                   contain
                   some
                   Towns
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   great
                   number
                   of
                   Villages
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   principal
                   of
                   the
                   Towns
                   is
                   Boleslaw
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   strong
                   Castle
                   .
                
                 
                   Vielun
                   ,
                   environ'd
                   with
                   a
                   high
                   Wall
                   and
                   a
                   very
                   deep
                   Ditch
                   ,
                   having
                   likewise
                   a
                   Castle
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Prosna
                   .
                   Its
                   Buildings
                   are
                   generally
                   of
                   Brick
                   ,
                   whereof
                   there
                   are
                   several
                   very
                   stately
                   .
                
                 
                   Ostresow
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   on
                   the
                   Borders
                   of
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   situate
                   in
                   a
                   very
                   large
                   Plain
                   ,
                   and
                   encompass'd
                   almost
                   every
                   way
                   with
                   Woods
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   the
                   Gentry
                   formerly
                   had
                   a
                   Privilege
                   of
                   sealing
                   their
                   Letters
                   with
                   Red
                   Wax
                   ,
                   which
                   was
                   only
                   allow'd
                   to
                   the
                   Senators
                   in
                   all
                   the
                   rest
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   they
                   obtain'd
                   by
                   recovering
                   the
                   Standard
                   of
                   the
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Lanschet
                   ,
                   after
                   it
                   had
                   been
                   lost
                   to
                   the
                   Prussians
                   ,
                   and
                   Teutonick
                   Knights
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Siradia
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       Rosprza
                       ,
                       Spicimir
                       ,
                       and
                       Konarzew
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   and
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Vert
                   ,
                   a
                   Lion
                   Gules
                   ,
                   and
                   Eagle
                   Sables
                   ,
                   both
                   counter-coup'd
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Territory
                   of
                   Vielunia
                   has
                   its
                   own
                   Ensigns
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   an
                   
                     Agnus
                     Dei
                  
                   with
                   a
                   Cross
                   Argent
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Guiles
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   fourth
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Great
                   Poland
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Rava
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     Rava
                     ,
                     Sochaczow
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Gostinin
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   the
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   
                     
                       Rava
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Lowitz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Volboria
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Gombin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Sochaczow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Gostinin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Viasdum
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Biala
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Capital
                   City
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   is
                   Rava
                   ,
                   situate
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   built
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   with
                   Wood
                   ,
                   and
                   tolerably
                   populous
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   Castle
                   on
                   a
                   small
                   River
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   Prisoners
                   of
                   the
                   best
                   Rank
                   are
                   kept
                   .
                   The
                   fourth
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Revenue
                   of
                   this
                   Castle
                   goes
                   towards
                   the
                   Payment
                   of
                   the
                   Souldiers
                   .
                   The
                   same
                   Constitution
                   was
                   in
                   Podolia
                   ,
                   where
                   former
                   Kings
                   thought
                   fit
                   to
                   establish
                   the
                   best
                   Guard
                   they
                   could
                   against
                   the
                   
                   frequent
                   Incursions
                   of
                   the
                   Tartars
                   .
                   In
                   this
                   City
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   considerable
                   College
                   of
                   Jesuits
                   ,
                   much
                   visited
                   by
                   Learned
                   Men.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Lowitz
                   ,
                   a
                   City
                   much
                   more
                   populous
                   than
                   the
                   former
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   distant
                   from
                   it
                   :
                   It
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   being
                   sometimes
                   the
                   Residence
                   of
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   or
                   Primate
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                   His
                   Palace
                   there
                   is
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   yet
                   nevertheless
                   consists
                   of
                   several
                   fair
                   Piles
                   of
                   Building
                   :
                   The
                   Church
                   also
                   is
                   a
                   beautiful
                   Structure
                   ,
                   and
                   enrich'd
                   with
                   several
                   noble
                   Gifts
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   likewise
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   considerable
                   Monasteries
                   ,
                   Abbies
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                   In
                   this
                   City
                   are
                   divers
                   famous
                   Fairs
                   kept
                   ,
                   which
                   the
                   Gentry
                   very
                   much
                   frequent
                   from
                   all
                   Parts
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Volboria
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   wherein
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Cujavia
                   commonly
                   resides
                   ,
                   and
                   where
                   he
                   has
                   a
                   Noble
                   Palace
                   .
                   This
                   Place
                   is
                   also
                   very
                   populous
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Gombin
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   situate
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Sochaczow
                   ,
                   a
                   Place
                   defended
                   with
                   Palisades
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Castle
                   built
                   on
                   a
                   Rock
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Bsura
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Gostinin
                   ,
                   a
                   Wooden
                   City
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   among
                   Marshes
                   .
                   This
                   Place
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   having
                   in
                   it
                   the
                   Prison
                   where
                   
                     Demetrius
                     Suski
                  
                   the
                   Czar
                   of
                   Muscovy
                   ,
                   was
                   kept
                   for
                   a
                   long
                   time
                   ,
                   and
                   where
                   he
                   at
                   length
                   dy'd
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Viasdum
                   ,
                   remarkable
                   for
                   its
                   Strength
                   and
                   Beauty
                   of
                   its
                   Castle
                   ,
                   and
                   situate
                   not
                   far
                   from
                   Rava
                   on
                   the
                   Left-hand
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Biala
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Chelm
                   .
                
                 
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   contains
                   likewise
                   a
                   Noble
                   
                   Palace
                   of
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   call'd
                   Squernevicid
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Rava
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       Sochaczow
                       ,
                       and
                       Gostinin
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   and
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   Sables
                   ,
                   with
                   the
                   letter
                   R
                   on
                   his
                   Breast
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   fifth
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Great
                   Poland
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Lanschet
                   ,
                   divided
                   likewise
                   into
                   three
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   Lanschet
                   ,
                   Brezini
                   ,
                   and
                   Orlow
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   most
                   considerable
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       Lanschet
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Orlow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Bresina
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Piontkum
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Vniejovia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Capital
                   Place
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   is
                
                 
                   Lanschet
                   ,
                   a
                   wall'd
                   City
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   and
                   surrounded
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   broad
                   and
                   deep
                   Ditch
                   ;
                   it
                   has
                   a
                   Castle
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   on
                   a
                   Rock
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   is
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Bsura
                   .
                   Not
                   far
                   off
                   in
                   a
                   Village
                   call'd
                   Kosciol
                   there
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   neat
                   Church
                   built
                   with
                   Free-stone
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   several
                   famous
                   
                   Fairs
                   kept
                   in
                   this
                   City
                   ,
                   where
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   Little
                   Diets
                   is
                   also
                   conven'd
                   pursuant
                   to
                   the
                   King's
                   Command
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Orlow
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   seated
                   between
                   several
                   small
                   Lakes
                   and
                   a
                   large
                   muddy
                   River
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Lanschet
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Bresina
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   indifferently
                   large
                   ,
                   situate
                   among
                   Bogs
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Lanschet
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Piontkum
                   or
                   Piatek
                   ,
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   on
                   the
                   Banks
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   Bsura
                   .
                   This
                   Place
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   well-tasted
                   Beer
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   transported
                   from
                   hence
                   all
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   over
                   .
                   Here
                   is
                   a
                   Monastery
                   erected
                   to
                   the
                   Honour
                   of
                   St.
                   Paul.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Vniejovia
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   where
                   there
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   famous
                   Castle
                   founded
                   on
                   the
                   Wart
                   .
                   Both
                   these
                   Places
                   belong
                   to
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Lanschet
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         Bresina
                         ,
                         Brezina
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       Biechovia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   and
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   Argent
                   ,
                   and
                   Lion
                   Sables
                   ,
                   both
                   counter-coup'd
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   latter
                   crown'd
                   Or
                   ,
                   all
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   sixth
                   and
                   seventh
                   Palatinates
                   are
                   comprehended
                   
                   in
                   Cujavia
                   ,
                   whereof
                   the
                   former
                   is
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Bresty
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     Bresty
                     ,
                     Cruswick
                     ,
                     Coval
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Predek
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   the
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   
                     
                       Vladislaw
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Bresty
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Nisavia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Radzieow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Voisinow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Kowalow
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Sluzevia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Capital
                   City
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   is
                
                 
                   Vladislaw
                   ,
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   near
                   the
                   Vistula
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   being
                   the
                   Episcopal
                   See
                   of
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Cujavia
                   ,
                   who
                   always
                   crowns
                   the
                   King
                   in
                   case
                   either
                   of
                   the
                   Death
                   ,
                   Indisposition
                   or
                   Obstinacy
                   of
                   the
                   Primate
                   :
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   neat
                   Cathedral
                   built
                   after
                   the
                   Gothick
                   manner
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   it
                   stand
                   the
                   Prebends
                   and
                   Canons
                   Houses
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   large
                   Free-School
                   .
                   The
                   Buildings
                   of
                   this
                   City
                   are
                   generally
                   of
                   Brick
                   ,
                   with
                   which
                   the
                   Castle
                   is
                   also
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   .
                   The
                   Country
                   hereabouts
                   is
                   all
                   Boggy
                   ,
                   and
                   there
                   is
                   so
                   great
                   scarcity
                   of
                   Wood
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   suffer
                   very
                   much
                   for
                   want
                   of
                   it
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Bresty
                   ,
                   a
                   City
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   among
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   strong
                   Wall
                   and
                   deep
                   Ditch
                   .
                   The
                   Houses
                   here
                   are
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   Brick
                   .
                
                 
                   Upon
                   the
                   same
                   shore
                   with
                   Vladislaw
                   lies
                   
                   
                   Nisavia
                   ,
                   being
                   not
                   far
                   off
                   from
                   it
                   ;
                   it
                   is
                   a
                   wall'd
                   Town
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Radzieow
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   situate
                   in
                   an
                   open
                   Country
                   near
                   a
                   very
                   large
                   Lake
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Koisinow
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   strong
                   Castle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Kowalow
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   seated
                   amongst
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                
                 
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   is
                   very
                   fertile
                   ,
                   and
                   abounds
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Corn
                   ,
                   which
                   not
                   only
                   suffices
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   ,
                   but
                   is
                   also
                   transported
                   in
                   vast
                   quantities
                   to
                   Dantzic
                   by
                   several
                   Navigable
                   Rivers
                   ,
                   whence
                   it
                   is
                   carried
                   out
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   latter
                   and
                   seventh
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Great
                   Poland
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Inowlocz
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   divided
                   likewise
                   into
                   three
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     Bydgosty
                     ,
                     Bobrounitz
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Inowlocz
                   .
                
                 
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   extends
                   it self
                   from
                   the
                   Lake
                   of
                   Goplo
                   and
                   the
                   City
                   of
                   Cruswick
                   ,
                   to
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   and
                   Confines
                   of
                   Pomerania
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   whereof
                   the
                   chief
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       Cruswick
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Bydgosty
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Gnieukow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Vratislaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Solec
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Dibow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       and
                       Strelce
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Cruswick
                   ,
                   an
                   antient
                   City
                   next
                   to
                   Gnesna
                   for
                   Antiquity
                   ,
                   built
                   upon
                   the
                   Borders
                   of
                   Bresty
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   strong
                   wall'd
                   Castle
                   near
                   the
                   Lake
                   Goplo
                   ,
                   out
                   of
                   which
                   it
                   is
                   said
                   the
                   Rats
                   
                   came
                   that
                   devour'd
                   King
                   Popiel
                   II.
                   his
                   Wife
                   and
                   Family
                   by
                   a
                   Divine
                   Judgment
                   .
                   In
                   the
                   Suburbs
                   of
                   this
                   City
                   is
                   the
                   Church
                   of
                   St.
                   Peter
                   ,
                   built
                   with
                   Free-stone
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   a
                   College
                   of
                   twenty
                   four
                   Canons
                   .
                   Here
                   formerly
                   the
                   Court
                   resided
                   ,
                   but
                   was
                   afterwards
                   remov'd
                   to
                   Cracow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Bydgosty
                   ,
                   a
                   wall'd
                   Town
                   ,
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Barda
                   ;
                   by
                   which
                   several
                   things
                   are
                   transported
                   to
                   Vladislaw
                   ,
                   being
                   only
                   six
                   Miles
                   distant
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   other
                   Towns
                   are
                   not
                   to
                   be
                   despis'd
                   ,
                   being
                   generally
                   very
                   populous
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   Cujavia
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       ,
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Bresty
                       .
                    
                     
                       the
                       Palatin
                       ,
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Inowlocz
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         Kowalow
                         ,
                         Cruswic
                      
                       ,
                       and
                       Bydgosty
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   Cujavia
                   is
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Or
                   ,
                   an
                   Eagle
                   Gules
                   ,
                   and
                   Lion
                   
                     Sables
                     ,
                     counter-coup'd
                  
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Second
                   PROVINCE
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   is
                
                 
                   Upper
                   or
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   bounded
                   on
                   the
                   North
                   by
                   Masovia
                   and
                   Podlachia
                   ;
                   on
                   the
                   West
                   by
                   Lower
                   Poland
                   ;
                   on
                   the
                   South
                   by
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   East
                   by
                   Russia
                   ;
                   and
                   is
                   about
                   fifty
                   German
                   Miles
                   as
                   well
                   in
                   length
                   as
                   breadth
                   .
                
                 
                   It
                   is
                   generally
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   Palatinates
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                   The
                   Palatinates
                   of
                   
                     Cracovia
                     ,
                     Sendomir
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Lublin
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   first
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   is
                   that
                   of
                   Cracovia
                   ,
                   which
                   besides
                   four
                   Districts
                   ,
                   contains
                   also
                   three
                   Dutchies
                   and
                   one
                   County
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   four
                   Districts
                   are
                   
                     
                       Cracovia
                       ,
                       wherein
                       are
                       two
                       Subdivisions
                       ,
                       Viz.
                       The
                       Subdivisions
                       of
                       Xianzen
                       ,
                       and
                       Prossovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lelovia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Briecz
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Sandecz
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   The
                   three
                   Dutchies
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     Oswieczin
                     ,
                     Zator
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Severia
                   .
                
                 
                   Which
                   are
                   part
                   of
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   County
                   is
                   that
                   of
                   Scepuz
                   ,
                   which
                   belongs
                   to
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   and
                   contains
                   thirteen
                   Towns
                   ,
                   the
                   chief
                   of
                   which
                   is
                   Luboul
                   ,
                   having
                   a
                   well-fortify'd
                   Castle
                   ,
                   wherein
                   constant
                   Guard
                   is
                   kept
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   chief
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       Cracow
                       
                         
                           Bishoprick
                           and
                        
                         
                           Metropolis
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       Biecz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Wounitz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sandecz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lelow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Kyaz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Oswieczin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Zator
                       .
                    
                     
                       Seueria
                       .
                    
                     
                       Proszovice
                       .
                    
                     
                       Czenstochova
                       .
                    
                     
                       Slaucovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Ilcussia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Wicliczka
                       .
                    
                     
                       Bocknia
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Dobcitia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Of
                   all
                   which
                   ,
                   the
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   and
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   is
                   ,
                
                 
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   a
                   famous
                   City
                   ,
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   spacious
                   Plain
                   near
                   the
                   Weissel
                   ,
                   by
                   which
                   Merchandizes
                   are
                   transported
                   to
                   Dantzic
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   nine
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   East
                   of
                   the
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   Silesia
                   ,
                   eleven
                   from
                   those
                   of
                   Upper
                   Hungary
                   ,
                   twenty
                   three
                   from
                   Sendomir
                   ,
                   thirty
                   from
                   Olmitz
                   ,
                   thirty
                   five
                   South-East
                   of
                   Vratislaw
                   ,
                   forty
                   from
                   ●●ienna
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   fifty
                   from
                   Buda
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   plac'd
                   in
                   the
                   42
                   Degree
                   of
                   Longitude
                   ,
                   and
                   50
                   of
                   Latitude
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   It
                   takes
                   its
                   Name
                   from
                   
                     Cracus
                     ,
                     Gracus
                  
                   or
                   Gracchus
                   ,
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   first
                   Dukes
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   tho
                   some
                   others
                   will
                   have
                   it
                   to
                   be
                   the
                   Cawdanum
                   of
                   Ptolomy
                   corrupted
                   into
                   Cracow
                   .
                   But
                   let
                   its
                   Name
                   come
                   from
                   whence
                   it
                   will
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   certain
                   that
                   now
                   ,
                   considering
                   the
                   stateliness
                   both
                   of
                   its
                   publick
                   and
                   private
                   Edifices
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   great
                   Plenty
                   of
                   all
                   manner
                   of
                   Necessaries
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   equal
                   to
                   most
                   Towns
                   of
                   either
                   Germany
                   or
                   Italy
                   .
                
                 
                   If
                   this
                   Character
                   given
                   to
                   it
                   by
                   Starovolscius
                   be
                   disputed
                   ,
                   no
                   body
                   can
                   deny
                   but
                   that
                   it
                   is
                   the
                   largest
                   and
                   best
                   built
                   Town
                   in
                   all
                   Poland
                   ,
                   being
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   Quarters
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Cracow
                     ,
                     properly
                     so
                     call'd
                     .
                  
                   
                     Casimir
                     .
                  
                   
                     Stradomia
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Cleparia
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   The
                   first
                   Cracow
                   is
                   encompass'd
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   high
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   flank'd
                   with
                   round
                   brick
                   Towers
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   broad
                   deep
                   Ditch
                   ,
                   wall'd
                   likewise
                   ,
                   
                   and
                   a
                   stately
                   Castle
                   about
                   a
                   Mile
                   in
                   Compass
                   ,
                   sounded
                   on
                   a
                   Rock
                   call'd
                   Vavel
                   ,
                   
                   on
                   the
                   Banks
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   a
                   large
                   stone
                   Building
                   ,
                   consisting
                   of
                   two
                   Wings
                   ,
                   magnificently
                   rais'd
                   about
                   a
                   Square-Court
                   ,
                   having
                   Galleries
                   ,
                   supported
                   with
                   Pillars
                   ,
                   and
                   pav'd
                   with
                   black
                   and
                   white
                   Marble
                   .
                   The
                   King's
                   Appartments
                   ,
                   with
                   some
                   others
                   ,
                   are
                   adorn'd
                   with
                   divers
                   curious
                   Paintings
                   and
                   Statues
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Country
                   round
                   about
                   affords
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   most
                   delightful
                   Prospects
                   in
                   Europe
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Here
                   is
                   the
                   Cathedral
                   of
                   St.
                   Stanislaus
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   a
                   late
                   Bishop
                   of
                   
                     Cracow
                     ,
                     Martin
                     Szyscovius
                  
                   ,
                   repair'd
                   and
                   beautify'd
                   his
                   Tomb
                   ,
                   which
                   before
                   had
                   been
                   all
                   of
                   Silver
                   .
                   This
                   ,
                   Sigismund
                   III.
                   and
                   his
                   Son
                   Vladislaus
                   VII
                   .
                   greatly
                   augmented
                   ,
                   bestowing
                   on
                   it
                   many
                   Offerings
                   of
                   Gold
                   and
                   Silver
                   Vessels
                   .
                   Sigismund
                   I.
                   also
                   in
                   honour
                   of
                   this
                   Saint
                   ,
                   built
                   a
                   Silver
                   Altar
                   near
                   his
                   Tomb
                   ,
                   bestowing
                   on
                   it
                   several
                   Golden
                   Crucifixes
                   ,
                   and
                   as
                   many
                   Vestments
                   richly
                   embroider'd
                   with
                   Gems
                   of
                   all
                   sorts
                   .
                   His
                   Daughter
                   Ann
                   likewise
                   ,
                   Wife
                   to
                   King
                   Stephen
                   ,
                   built
                   another
                   Silver
                   Altar
                   in
                   the
                   Chapel
                   of
                   the
                   Annunciation
                   ,
                   whose
                   Roof
                   is
                   all
                   gilded
                   ,
                   and
                   wherein
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   Poland
                   are
                   wont
                   to
                   be
                   interr'd
                   .
                   This
                   Cathedral
                   is
                   principally
                   to
                   be
                   noted
                   for
                   its
                   Chapter
                   and
                   Treasury
                   .
                
                 
                   I
                   pass
                   by
                   several
                   other
                   inestimable
                   Riches
                   which
                   are
                   to
                   be
                   seen
                   here
                   ;
                   but
                   I
                   cannot
                   omit
                   one
                   thing
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   ,
                   that
                   God
                   is
                   so
                   incessantly
                   prais'd
                   in
                   this
                   Church
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   Priests
                   are
                   never
                   silent
                   Night
                   nor
                   Day
                   .
                   The
                   Bishop
                   of
                   
                   this
                   Diocess
                   is
                   Lord
                   over
                   thirteen
                   Cities
                   ,
                   and
                   Prince
                   of
                   the
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Severia
                   .
                   His
                   Chapter
                   ,
                   which
                   consists
                   of
                   about
                   thirty
                   Canons
                   ,
                   with
                   several
                   other
                   inferiour
                   Priests
                   ,
                   having
                   
                   a
                   proportionable
                   Revenue
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   was
                   erected
                   into
                   a
                   Metropolitan
                   See
                   upon
                   the
                   first
                   Planting
                   of
                   the
                   Christian
                   Religion
                   in
                   Poland
                   by
                   Miecislaus
                   I.
                   but
                   within
                   a
                   hundred
                   Years
                   after
                   it
                   degenerated
                   into
                   a
                   Bishoprick
                   under
                   the
                   Archbishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   in
                   regard
                   that
                   
                     Lampert
                     Zula
                  
                   could
                   not
                   be
                   persuaded
                   to
                   receive
                   his
                   Pall
                   from
                   the
                   See
                   of
                   Rome
                   ;
                   yet
                   upon
                   submission
                   he
                   was
                   afterwards
                   restor'd
                   to
                   that
                   Dignity
                   ,
                   but
                   which
                   lasted
                   only
                   for
                   his
                   Life
                   ,
                   his
                   Successors
                   having
                   been
                   ever
                   since
                   only
                   Bishops
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   There
                   are
                   about
                   fifty
                   other
                   Parish-Churches
                   ,
                   as
                   well
                   in
                   the
                   Castle
                   as
                   the
                   Town
                   :
                   whereof
                   the
                   most
                   celebrated
                   is
                   that
                   of
                   the
                   Virgin
                   Mary
                   in
                   the
                   Circle
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   govern'd
                   by
                   an
                   Arch-Presbyter
                   ,
                   and
                   fronts
                   ten
                   large
                   Streets
                   ,
                   having
                   moreover
                   on
                   all
                   sides
                   four
                   Rows
                   of
                   magnificent
                   Structures
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   A
                   University
                   was
                   first
                   begun
                   here
                   by
                   Casimir
                   the
                   Great
                   ,
                   and
                   finish'd
                   not
                   till
                   the
                   Year
                   1401
                   ,
                   by
                   
                     Vladislaus
                     Jagello
                  
                   ,
                   conformable
                   to
                   the
                   last
                   Will
                   and
                   Testament
                   of
                   his
                   Queen
                   Hedwigis
                   ,
                   and
                   had
                   its
                   Privileges
                   soon
                   after
                   confirm'd
                   by
                   Pope
                   Vrban
                   VI.
                   However
                   the
                   Scholars
                   forsook
                   it
                   in
                   1549
                   ,
                   by
                   reason
                   that
                   the
                   Magistrates
                   had
                   refus'd
                   to
                   do
                   Justice
                   on
                   the
                   Servants
                   of
                   
                     Andrew
                     Czarnkowski
                  
                   ,
                   who
                   in
                   a
                   Quarrel
                   had
                   slain
                   a
                   great
                   Number
                   of
                   them
                   .
                   They
                   afterwards
                   dispers'd
                   themselves
                   into
                   several
                   Parts
                   of
                   Germany
                   ,
                   and
                   becoming
                   Protestants
                   ,
                   spread
                   the
                   Lutheran
                   Religion
                   throughout
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   gain'd
                   a
                   great
                   Number
                   of
                   Proselites
                   .
                   Yet
                   notwithstanding
                   all
                   this
                   ,
                   at
                   last
                   they
                   return'd
                   to
                   the
                   Obedience
                   of
                   the
                   See
                   of
                   Rome
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   In
                   this
                   University
                   are
                   taught
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Learning
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   is
                   now
                   as
                   great
                   an
                   Ornament
                   to
                   the
                   Polish
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   as
                   Athens
                   was
                   formerly
                   to
                   Greece
                   .
                   It
                   contains
                   in
                   all
                   eleven
                   
                   Colleges
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     The
                     Great
                     College
                     ,
                     which
                     is
                     only
                     for
                     Philosophers
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     Law-College
                     ,
                     where
                     the
                     Professors
                     of
                     that
                     Art
                     cohabit
                     and
                     read
                     Lectures
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     Physick-College
                     ,
                     which
                     the
                     Physicians
                     do
                     not
                     live
                     in
                     ,
                     because
                     they
                     are
                     generally
                     marry'd
                     ,
                     and
                     have
                     Families
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     of
                     Dlugossus
                     for
                     young
                     Students
                     in
                     the
                     Law.
                     
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     of
                     the
                     Poor
                     ,
                     for
                     such
                     as
                     we
                     call
                     King's-Scholars
                     here
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     of
                     Nascovius
                     for
                     other
                     Sciences
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     of
                     Jerusalem
                     or
                     of
                     Olesnicius
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     of
                     Zisinius
                     ,
                     newly
                     erected
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     of
                     Staringilius
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     of
                     Smiescovicius
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     The
                     College
                     for
                     Human
                     Learning
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   To
                   these
                   may
                   be
                   added
                   fourteen
                   Grammar-Schools
                   ,
                   scatter'd
                   throughout
                   the
                   City
                   ;
                   in
                   which
                   also
                   sometimes
                   University-Learning
                   is
                   taught
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   All
                   these
                   Colleges
                   and
                   Schools
                   are
                   govern'd
                   by
                   a
                   Rector
                   or
                   Vice-Chancellor
                   ,
                   who
                   takes
                   care
                   that
                   Orders
                   be
                   duly
                   observ'd
                   ,
                   and
                   Functions
                   rightly
                   administred
                   ;
                   which
                   is
                   so
                   great
                   Encouragement
                   ,
                   that
                   there
                   is
                   scarce
                   any
                   Ecclesiastical
                   
                   or
                   Political
                   Dignity
                   in
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   but
                   is
                   fill'd
                   by
                   Persons
                   that
                   have
                   been
                   educated
                   in
                   this
                   University
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   In
                   the
                   Monasteries
                   also
                   are
                   taught
                   both
                   Philosophy
                   and
                   Divinity
                   ,
                   but
                   more
                   especially
                   in
                   that
                   of
                   the
                   Dominicans
                   of
                   the
                   Trinity
                   ,
                   where
                   there
                   are
                   daily
                   Lectures
                   kept
                   ,
                   and
                   several
                   kinds
                   of
                   Moral
                   Learning
                   also
                   promoted
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   There
                   are
                   likewise
                   several
                   sorts
                   of
                   Mendicant
                   Friers
                   in
                   this
                   City
                   ,
                   who
                   upon
                   solemn
                   Feasts
                   ,
                   according
                   to
                   the
                   antient
                   Custom
                   ,
                   go
                   in
                   Procession
                   ,
                   cloth'd
                   in
                   divers
                   Colours
                   ,
                   such
                   as
                   
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       the
                       Rosary
                       in
                       Red.
                       
                    
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       Mercy
                       in
                       Green.
                       
                    
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       the
                       Mantle
                       in
                       Blew
                       .
                    
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       the
                       Passion
                       in
                       Black.
                       
                    
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       the
                       Body
                       of
                       Christ
                       in
                       White
                       .
                    
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       Saint
                       Sophia
                       in
                       Purple
                       .
                    
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       Saint
                       Ann
                       in
                       Ash-colour
                       .
                    
                     
                       Mendicants
                       of
                       Saint
                       Monica
                       in
                       Crimson
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Houses
                   of
                   this
                   City
                   are
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   Free-stone
                   ,
                   and
                   four
                   or
                   five
                   Stories
                   high
                   ,
                   but
                   cover'd
                   on
                   the
                   Top
                   only
                   with
                   Boards
                   instead
                   of
                   Slate
                   or
                   Tiles
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Quarter
                   of
                   Casimir
                   is
                   join'd
                   to
                   the
                   rest
                   by
                   a
                   fair
                   Timber
                   Bridg
                   ,
                   erected
                   over
                   the
                   River
                   Rudawka
                   ,
                   a
                   Branch
                   of
                   the
                   Weissel
                   ,
                   whilst
                   the
                   other
                   two
                   ,
                   Stradomia
                   and
                   Cleparia
                   ,
                   are
                   water'd
                   by
                   the
                   Weissel
                   ,
                   and
                   lie
                   between
                   Cracow
                   and
                   the
                   aforesaid
                   Bridg.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Biecz
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   ,
                   is
                   a
                   wall'd
                   City
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   water'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Rapa
                   ,
                   a
                   Branch
                   of
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   out
                   of
                   the
                   Froth
                   of
                   which
                   they
                   make
                   Sulphur
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   
                   fifteen
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   and
                   five
                   from
                   Sandecz
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Wounitz
                   or
                   Woynicz
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Dunaiecz
                   ,
                   from
                   Cracow
                   about
                   nine
                   Miles
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Sandecz
                   ,
                   a
                   wall'd
                   Town
                   ,
                   in
                   a
                   very
                   pleasant
                   Plain
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   ,
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Dunaiecx
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   eleven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   Collegiute
                   Church
                   and
                   several
                   Monasteries
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                   Its
                   Inhabitants
                   are
                   Active
                   and
                   Industrious
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Lelow
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                   Lelovia
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   it
                   is
                   the
                   Capital
                   ,
                   environ'd
                   with
                   an
                   old
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   strong
                   Castle
                   built
                   upon
                   a
                   Hill
                   ,
                   wherein
                   is
                   a
                   Palace
                   and
                   several
                   Gardens
                   after
                   the
                   Italian
                   manner
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Biala
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   eleven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Kyaz
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden-built
                   Town
                   about
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Osvieczin
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   wooden
                   Castle
                   plaister'd
                   only
                   with
                   Clay
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Zator
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   that
                   Dutchy
                   ,
                   built
                   with
                   Wood
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Severia
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   large
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   very
                   strong
                   Castle
                   in
                   an
                   Island
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   a
                   very
                   broad
                   Lake
                   ,
                   and
                   another
                   at
                   Lipovecia
                   upon
                   a
                   high
                   Rock
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   being
                   the
                   Prison
                   of
                   the
                   insolent
                   Clergy
                   of
                   the
                   Diocess
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ;
                   for
                   that
                   Bishop
                   being
                   Temporal
                   Prince
                   of
                   this
                   Dutchy
                   ,
                   which
                   contains
                   some
                   Towns
                   ,
                   and
                   Lipovecia
                   among
                   the
                   rest
                   near
                   
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   most
                   convenient
                   for
                   him
                   to
                   imprison
                   Dclinquents
                   there
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Czentochova
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   famous
                   for
                   good
                   Beer
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   not
                   only
                   fetch'd
                   from
                   all
                   Parts
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   but
                   also
                   from
                   the
                   neighbouring
                   Provinces
                   of
                   Germany
                   .
                   Without
                   this
                   Place
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   famous
                   Monastery
                   ,
                   situate
                   upon
                   a
                   Hill
                   ,
                   where
                   is
                   a
                   Picture
                   of
                   the
                   Virgin
                   Mary
                   ,
                   said
                   to
                   be
                   painted
                   by
                   Saint
                   Luke
                   ,
                   and
                   to
                   which
                   Pilgrims
                   from
                   all
                   Parts
                   come
                   to
                   make
                   their
                   Offerings
                   .
                
                 
                   We
                   went
                   upon
                   our
                   Journey
                   from
                   Silesia
                   to
                   Cracow
                   to
                   see
                   this
                   Convent
                   ,
                   where
                   they
                   shew'd
                   us
                   vast
                   Quantities
                   of
                   Gold
                   and
                   Silver
                   Plate
                   ,
                   of
                   rich
                   Ornaments
                   for
                   Altars
                   and
                   Habits
                   ,
                   enrich'd
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Jewels
                   ,
                   particularly
                   with
                   Pearls
                   ;
                   for
                   the
                   great
                   Families
                   in
                   Poland
                   think
                   it
                   a
                   mighty
                   Honour
                   for
                   their
                   Posterity
                   to
                   have
                   given
                   any
                   thing
                   of
                   value
                   to
                   this
                   Place
                   ,
                   to
                   be
                   a
                   Monument
                   of
                   their
                   Devotion
                   as
                   well
                   as
                   Liberality
                   .
                   The
                   Monks
                   told
                   us
                   of
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   Miracles
                   that
                   were
                   wrought
                   here
                   ,
                   with
                   which
                   they
                   work'd
                   such
                   Effects
                   upon
                   the
                   Minds
                   of
                   those
                   credulous
                   People
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   scruple
                   not
                   to
                   impoverish
                   themselves
                   to
                   enrich
                   this
                   Place
                   .
                   Not
                   only
                   the
                   Church
                   is
                   very
                   rich
                   ,
                   but
                   likewise
                   the
                   Monks
                   are
                   Masters
                   of
                   a
                   great
                   Territory
                   round
                   about
                   it
                   ,
                   and
                   they
                   maintain
                   a
                   Garison
                   of
                   300
                   Men
                   upon
                   their
                   own
                   Charges
                   ,
                   whom
                   I
                   have
                   observ'd
                   to
                   be
                   in
                   a
                   better
                   Condition
                   than
                   any
                   other
                   Soldiers
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   .
                   I
                   can
                   compare
                   this
                   Place
                   to
                   none
                   more
                   properly
                   than
                   Loretto
                   in
                   Italy
                   ,
                   both
                   for
                   Wealth
                   and
                   Bigotry
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Slaucovia
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   same
                   Dutchy
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   Silver
                   Mines
                   ,
                   which
                   bring
                   great
                   Profit
                   to
                   this
                   Bishop
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Near
                   to
                   this
                   City
                   lies
                   Ilcussia
                   ,
                   a
                   Royal
                   Town
                   ,
                   abounding
                   also
                   with
                   Silver
                   and
                   Lead
                   .
                   Its
                   Citizens
                   are
                   very
                   Luxurious
                   ,
                   but
                   notwithstanding
                   no
                   less
                   Devout
                   .
                   This
                   Town
                   is
                   encompass'd
                   with
                   a
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   its
                   Houses
                   are
                   for
                   the
                   greatest
                   part
                   of
                   Brick
                   .
                   The
                   Bread
                   here
                   is
                   extraordinary
                   ,
                   and
                   Beef
                   not
                   to
                   be
                   equall'd
                   in
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   whence
                   it
                   is
                   scarce
                   distant
                   above
                   five
                   Miles
                   ▪
                
                 
                   On
                   the
                   Eastern
                   side
                   of
                   the
                   City
                   of
                   Cracow
                   lies
                   Velisca
                   or
                   Wieliczka
                   ,
                   not
                   above
                   two
                   or
                   
                   three
                   Miles
                   from
                   thence
                   ;
                   a
                   Town
                   abounding
                   with
                   Christal
                   Salt
                   ,
                   but
                   which
                   is
                   not
                   so
                   transparent
                   as
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   
                   Bochnia
                   ,
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   where
                   Salt
                   is
                   dug
                   out
                   in
                   great
                   Masses
                   ,
                   and
                   exceeding
                   clear
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Next
                   towards
                   Hungary
                   lies
                   Dobcitia
                   ,
                   a
                   strong
                   Town
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   To
                   the
                   North
                   of
                   Cracow
                   lies
                   Proszovice
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   where
                   there
                   is
                   a
                   Palace
                   of
                   the
                   King
                   's
                   rais'd
                   on
                   the
                   Banks
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   Sozeniava
                   ,
                   about
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   is
                   kept
                   a
                   Provincial
                   Diet.
                   
                
                 
                   There
                   are
                   several
                   other
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   belonging
                   to
                   Noblemen
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   a
                   great
                   Number
                   of
                   Castles
                   ,
                   Palaces
                   ,
                   Religious
                   Houses
                   ,
                   &c.
                   of
                   no
                   ordinary
                   Structure
                   in
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   :
                   but
                   all
                   which
                   ,
                   for
                   brevity's
                   sake
                   ,
                   I
                   have
                   omitted
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   excels
                   all
                   the
                   rest
                   in
                   Mines
                   ,
                   except
                   that
                   of
                   Sendomir
                   only
                   .
                   Silver
                   and
                   Lead
                   are
                   found
                   about
                   
                     Ilcussia
                     ,
                     Slaucovia
                     ,
                     Severia
                  
                   ,
                   
                   and
                   Novogora
                   ;
                   and
                   Copper
                   and
                   Gold
                   at
                   Novotargus
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   the
                   Mountains
                   about
                   Sandecz
                   ;
                   Mineral
                   Salt
                   ,
                   like
                   to
                   huge
                   Masses
                   of
                   Stone
                   ,
                   at
                   Bochna
                   and
                   Wieliczka
                   ;
                   Marble
                   of
                   all
                   Colours
                   at
                   Selecia
                   ,
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Bare-footed
                   Friers
                   ;
                   Nitre
                   at
                   
                     Wislicz
                     ;
                     Vitriol
                  
                   at
                   Becia
                   ;
                   Pit-coal
                   at
                   Tencinum
                   ;
                   Iron-Mine
                   and
                   Glass-houses
                   at
                   Obstinia
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   at
                   several
                   other
                   Places
                   in
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   .
                
                 
                   But
                   what
                   I
                   shall
                   give
                   your
                   Lordship
                   a
                   more
                   particular
                   Account
                   of
                   ,
                   will
                   be
                   of
                   Salt
                   and
                   Glass
                   ,
                   which
                   I
                   have
                   taken
                   from
                   my
                   Observation
                   in
                   the
                   Country
                   .
                   That
                   of
                   Salt
                   properly
                   comes
                   in
                   here
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   You
                   go
                   down
                   into
                   the
                   Salt
                   Mines
                   near
                   Cracow
                   by
                   four
                   or
                   five
                   pair
                   of
                   wooden
                   Stairs
                   ,
                   by
                   which
                   you
                   go
                   from
                   one
                   into
                   the
                   other
                   .
                   The
                   Horses
                   also
                   descend
                   the
                   same
                   way
                   .
                   The
                   whole
                   Depth
                   of
                   this
                   Mine
                   is
                   thought
                   to
                   be
                   near
                   three
                   hundred
                   Geometrical
                   Paces
                   .
                   Below
                   you
                   may
                   meet
                   with
                   a
                   thousand
                   Turnings
                   and
                   Windings
                   ,
                   and
                   many
                   Alleys
                   and
                   Streets
                   like
                   to
                   a
                   Town
                   ;
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   Proprietor
                   and
                   hereditary
                   Governour
                   ,
                   Monsieur
                   
                     Morstin
                     Covalski
                  
                   ,
                   told
                   me
                   would
                   require
                   above
                   a
                   Week's
                   time
                   to
                   go
                   over
                   .
                   In
                   some
                   Places
                   there
                   is
                   a
                   great
                   deal
                   of
                   fresh
                   Water
                   in
                   these
                   Mines
                   which
                   the
                   Miners
                   drink
                   ,
                   but
                   in
                   most
                   it
                   is
                   salt
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   they
                   make
                   Salt
                   by
                   Evaporation
                   ;
                   but
                   still
                   the
                   best
                   sort
                   is
                   that
                   which
                   is
                   natural
                   ,
                   without
                   Preparation
                   .
                   Sometimes
                   there
                   are
                   such
                   fierce
                   Winds
                   in
                   these
                   Mines
                   ,
                   that
                   nothing
                   almost
                   can
                   withstand
                   them
                   ;
                   and
                   generally
                   there
                   is
                   so
                   much
                   Cold
                   ,
                   that
                   it
                   is
                   hardly
                   to
                   be
                   endur'd
                   .
                   Whilst
                   it
                   rains
                   ,
                   the
                   Salt
                   is
                   commonly
                   insipid
                   .
                   They
                   have
                   Engines
                   to
                   crane
                   up
                   the
                   Water
                   that
                   
                   it
                   may
                   not
                   any
                   ways
                   incommode
                   the
                   Miners
                   .
                   The
                   Revenue
                   of
                   this
                   Mine
                   amounts
                   to
                   about
                   eight
                   hundred
                   thousand
                   Timfs
                   or
                   
                     Polish
                     Florins
                  
                   annually
                   ,
                   which
                   makes
                   about
                   400000
                   French
                   Livres
                   ,
                   whereof
                   50000
                   go
                   to
                   the
                   King
                   ,
                   10000
                   to
                   the
                   Queen
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   thousands
                   more
                   to
                   the
                   Officers
                   of
                   the
                   Crown
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Miners
                   and
                   other
                   Labourers
                   ;
                   yet
                   over
                   and
                   above
                   all
                   this
                   ,
                   the
                   Proprietor
                   is
                   oblig'd
                   to
                   make
                   a
                   yearly
                   Present
                   to
                   all
                   the
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   more
                   particularly
                   to
                   their
                   Starostas
                   .
                   A
                   Cobler
                   about
                   the
                   Year
                   1548
                   ,
                   first
                   found
                   out
                   this
                   Mine
                   ,
                   who
                   digging
                   a
                   Well
                   near
                   this
                   Place
                   ,
                   perceiv'd
                   a
                   Fountain
                   with
                   a
                   thin
                   Wall
                   of
                   Salt
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   it
                   ;
                   which
                   breaking
                   ,
                   and
                   not
                   knowing
                   what
                   to
                   make
                   of
                   ,
                   he
                   discover'd
                   to
                   the
                   Owners
                   of
                   the
                   Land
                   ,
                   who
                   were
                   then
                   the
                   Family
                   of
                   Morstin
                   ;
                   who
                   digging
                   deeper
                   ,
                   by
                   reason
                   they
                   did
                   not
                   meet
                   with
                   much
                   Salt
                   near
                   the
                   Surface
                   ,
                   found
                   it
                   in
                   so
                   great
                   Quantity
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   have
                   not
                   been
                   able
                   to
                   exhaust
                   it
                   during
                   the
                   Space
                   of
                   150
                   Years
                   .
                   The
                   Miners
                   say
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   Lumps
                   of
                   Salt
                   weigh
                   a
                   great
                   deal
                   less
                   in
                   the
                   Mine
                   than
                   when
                   taken
                   out
                   ,
                   which
                   I
                   have
                   not
                   seen
                   confirm'd
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   four
                   sorts
                   of
                   Salt
                   in
                   the
                   Mine
                   ,
                   whereof
                   one
                   is
                   extream
                   hard
                   and
                   rocky
                   ,
                   like
                   Christal
                   .
                   Another
                   less
                   hard
                   ,
                   and
                   clearer
                   .
                   A
                   third
                   brittle
                   and
                   softer
                   ,
                   as
                   also
                   white
                   and
                   pure
                   .
                   All
                   these
                   three
                   sorts
                   are
                   brackish
                   ,
                   when
                   the
                   fourth
                   only
                   is
                   somewhat
                   fresher
                   .
                   In
                   these
                   Mines
                   you
                   shall
                   have
                   on
                   one
                   side
                   a
                   stream
                   of
                   salt
                   Water
                   ,
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   one
                   of
                   fresh
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   some
                   places
                   in
                   these
                   Mines
                   where
                   you
                   can't
                   work
                   ,
                   because
                   you
                   dare
                   not
                   carry
                   a
                   Candle
                   for
                   fear
                   of
                   setting
                   the
                   Vapours
                   on
                   fire
                   ,
                   which
                   
                   are
                   always
                   Nitrous
                   ,
                   and
                   easily
                   susceptible
                   of
                   Flame
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   In
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   some
                   others
                   ,
                   there
                   is
                   a
                   particular
                   sort
                   of
                   Manna
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   gather
                   in
                   the
                   Months
                   of
                   May
                   and
                   June
                   by
                   sweeping
                   it
                   off
                   the
                   Grass
                   with
                   Sives
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   the
                   Dew
                   .
                   They
                   eat
                   this
                   Manna
                   ,
                   and
                   make
                   several
                   sorts
                   of
                   Dishes
                   with
                   it
                   for
                   their
                   Tables
                   .
                   More
                   of
                   this
                   I
                   shall
                   take
                   occasion
                   to
                   speak
                   of
                   hereafter
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       
                       The
                       Bishop
                       Castellan
                       ,
                       and
                       Palatin
                       of
                       Cracow
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         
                           Wounitz
                           .
                        
                         
                           Oswieczin
                           .
                        
                         
                           Sandecz
                           ,
                           and
                        
                         
                           Biecz
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Castellan
                   of
                   Cracow
                   precedes
                   the
                   Palatin
                   for
                   Reasons
                   given
                   before
                   in
                   the
                   Life
                   of
                   Boleslaus
                   III.
                   otherwise
                   call'd
                   Krivoustus
                   .
                   This
                   
                   Palatin's
                   Jurisdiction
                   is
                   very
                   large
                   ,
                   and
                   extends
                   several
                   ways
                   ,
                   not
                   only
                   over
                   the
                   Citizens
                   and
                   Countrymen
                   ,
                   but
                   also
                   the
                   Nobility
                   or
                   Gentry
                   of
                   his
                   Palatinate
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Next
                   is
                   the
                   Pretor
                   or
                   Mayor
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   which
                   Office
                   ,
                   Guagnini
                   says
                   ,
                   has
                   been
                   discontinu'd
                   ever
                   since
                   a
                   Pretor
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   time
                   of
                   Vladislaus
                   ,
                   betray'd
                   that
                   City
                   to
                   Boleslaus
                   Duke
                   of
                   Oppelin
                   ;
                   for
                   which
                   he
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   his
                   Accomplices
                   ,
                   afterwards
                   underwent
                   deserv'd
                   Punishment
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Pretorship
                   devolv'd
                   to
                   the
                   King
                   ,
                   who
                   now
                   thinks
                   fit
                   to
                   name
                   a
                   Mayor
                   
                   himself
                   ,
                   who
                   ,
                   in
                   my
                   time
                   ,
                   was
                   a
                   Scotchman
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Castle
                   of
                   Cracow
                   is
                   principally
                   under
                   the
                   Command
                   of
                   the
                   Palatin
                   ,
                   who
                   has
                   ten
                   Deputies
                   or
                   Burgraves
                   ,
                   who
                   ,
                   both
                   in
                   time
                   of
                   Peace
                   and
                   War
                   ,
                   cause
                   a
                   strict
                   Guard
                   to
                   be
                   kept
                   therein
                   both
                   Night
                   and
                   Day
                   .
                   These
                   Burgraves
                   ,
                   must
                   always
                   be
                   chosen
                   out
                   of
                   the
                   Gentry
                   .
                   Here
                   the
                   Crown
                   and
                   other
                   Regalia
                   are
                   kept
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   
                     expanded
                     Argent
                  
                   ,
                   crown'd
                   Or
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Baton
                   cross
                   its
                   Wings
                   of
                   the
                   Second
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   District
                   of
                   Sandecz
                   has
                   a
                   peculiar
                   Ensign
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   
                     Party
                     per
                     Pale
                     ,
                     Argent
                  
                   and
                   Azure
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Oswieczin
                   has
                   for
                   Arms
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   ,
                   an
                   Eagle
                   expanded
                   Sables
                   ,
                   bearing
                   an
                   O
                   in
                   its
                   Breast
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Zator
                   has
                   also
                   a
                   peculiar
                   Scucheon
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   an
                   Eagle
                   
                     expans'd
                     Azure
                  
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Z
                   in
                   its
                   Breast
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Second
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Sendomir
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   eight
                   Districts
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Sendomir
                       .
                    
                     
                       Radom
                       .
                    
                     
                       Stenziecz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Corzin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Wislicz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Chencin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Opoczno
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Pilzno
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   the
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   
                     
                       Sendomir
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Opatovia
                       or
                       Opoczno
                       .
                    
                     
                       Viazden
                       .
                    
                     
                       Radom
                       .
                    
                     
                       Jedbinsk
                       .
                    
                     
                       Solecia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Ilza
                       .
                    
                     
                       Cunovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       ●●ozontin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Kielcz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Malogost
                       ,
                       Cast
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sulovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Drevicz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Inowlodz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sydlovecz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Janovecz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Slupe●●z
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lagovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Racovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Corzin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Wislicz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Pilzno
                       .
                    
                     
                       Chencin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Poloviec
                       .
                    
                     
                       Zawicost
                       .
                    
                     
                       Zarnow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Zaclicin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lezaisk
                       .
                    
                     
                       Osiec
                       .
                    
                     
                       Stasow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Polanecz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Stobnicz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Olesnicz
                       .
                    
                     
                       Ossolin
                       .
                    
                     
                       Paczanovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sendisow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Zarnovec
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sokolow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Praeclavia
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Zaclycin
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   chief
                   City
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   is
                
                 
                   Sendomir
                   ,
                   a
                   very
                   pleasant
                   City
                   ,
                   seated
                   on
                   a
                   Bank
                   or
                   small
                   Hill
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   enjoying
                   a
                   very
                   delightful
                   Prospect
                   ,
                   and
                   being
                   much
                   frequented
                   by
                   the
                   Gentry
                   on
                   occasion
                   of
                   several
                   Assizes
                   of
                   Justice
                   held
                   there
                   by
                   the
                   Magistrates
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   near
                   the
                   Confluence
                   of
                   the
                   San
                   with
                   the
                   Weissel
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   twenty
                   eight
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   East
                   from
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   and
                   thirty-two
                   South
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   fortify'd
                   with
                   strong
                   Walls
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   considerable
                   
                   Castle
                   built
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   ,
                   and
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   the
                   Palatin
                   resides
                   ,
                   with
                   some
                   other
                   regular
                   Works
                   rais'd
                   by
                   Casimir
                   the
                   Great
                   .
                   Among
                   the
                   Publick
                   Buildings
                   ,
                   the
                   Monastery
                   of
                   Dominican
                   Friers
                   ,
                   founded
                   by
                   Ivo
                   ,
                   formerly
                   Archbishop
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   is
                   most
                   remarkable
                   .
                   A
                   Synod
                   was
                   conven'd
                   here
                   against
                   the
                   Heresy
                   of
                   Stancarus
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1570
                   ;
                   and
                   another
                   ,
                   wherein
                   the
                   Confession
                   of
                   
                     Ausburg
                     ,
                     Bohemia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Switzerland
                   ,
                   were
                   reprov'd
                   .
                   This
                   Town
                   was
                   sack'd
                   by
                   the
                   Tartars
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1240
                   ,
                   and
                   taken
                   by
                   the
                   Swedes
                   in
                   1655
                   ,
                   but
                   restor'd
                   to
                   the
                   Poles
                   the
                   Year
                   following
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Opatovia
                   ,
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Sendomir
                   ,
                   situate
                   in
                   a
                   very
                   pleasant
                   Country
                   ,
                   and
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Pilcza
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   several
                   famous
                   Religious
                   Edifices
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Viazden
                   ,
                   a
                   new-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   much
                   frequented
                   ,
                   and
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Radom
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   that
                   District
                   ,
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   and
                   environ'd
                   with
                   a
                   strong
                   Wall
                   and
                   other
                   Fortifications
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Jedlinsk
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   School
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   well-built
                   Church
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Solecia
                   ,
                   situate
                   upon
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   and
                   celebrated
                   for
                   its
                   Castle
                   ;
                   repair'd
                   and
                   beautify'd
                   by
                   its
                   antient
                   Duke
                   
                     Christopher
                     Zboravius
                  
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Ilza
                   ,
                   a
                   neat
                   Town
                   ,
                   built
                   with
                   Brick
                   ,
                   and
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Cracow
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   Earthen
                   Ware
                   ,
                   with
                   which
                   it
                   furnishes
                   all
                   Poland
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   Castle
                   adjoining
                   ,
                   consisting
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   old
                   Buildings
                   ;
                   yet
                   the
                   Bishop's
                   Palace
                   is
                   all
                   new
                   ,
                   and
                   very
                   stately
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   To
                   this
                   Town
                   belongs
                   Cunovia
                   ,
                   or
                   Kunow
                   ,
                   celebrated
                   for
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Marble
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   of
                   all
                   Colours
                   .
                
                 
                   Iron
                   is
                   exceeding
                   plentiful
                   in
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   
                   but
                   more
                   especially
                   at
                   Bozentin
                   ,
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   
                   Cracow's
                   City
                   and
                   Residence
                   .
                   This
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   beautiful
                   Place
                   ,
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   the
                   aforesaid
                   Bishop
                   has
                   a
                   very
                   neat
                   Palace
                   with
                   exceeding
                   delightful
                   Gardens
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   seated
                   near
                   the
                   bottom
                   of
                   the
                   
                     Bald
                     Mountain
                  
                   ,
                   by
                   much
                   the
                   highest
                   in
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Towards
                   the
                   West
                   lies
                   Kielcz
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   Mines
                   of
                   Copper
                   ,
                   and
                   Lapis-Lazuli
                   .
                   These
                   two
                   belong
                   to
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   who
                   has
                   here
                   a
                   very
                   fair
                   Collegiate
                   Church
                   and
                   Episcopal
                   See.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Chencin
                   ,
                   about
                   three
                   Miles
                   from
                   Kielcz
                   ,
                   abounding
                   likewise
                   with
                   Silver
                   ,
                   Lead
                   ,
                   and
                   divers
                   kinds
                   of
                   Marble
                   .
                   This
                   Place
                   belongs
                   to
                   the
                   King.
                   Here
                   is
                   a
                   Castle
                   seated
                   on
                   a
                   Rock
                   ,
                   where
                   Justice
                   is
                   distributed
                   to
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Malogost
                   ,
                   or
                   as
                   some
                   will
                   have
                   it
                   ,
                   Malogsch
                   ,
                   noted
                   for
                   being
                   a
                   Castellany
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   a
                   wooden-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   nothing
                   in
                   it
                   very
                   remarkable
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Sulovia
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   of
                   some
                   Note
                   ,
                   by
                   having
                   Command
                   over
                   several
                   neighbouring
                   Places
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Drevicz
                   and
                   Inowlodz
                   ,
                   two
                   Towns
                   remarkable
                   for
                   the
                   superb
                   Ruin
                   of
                   two
                   old
                   Castles
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Sydlovecz
                   ,
                   the
                   Name
                   of
                   a
                   County
                   formerly
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Dukes
                   of
                   the
                   Family
                   of
                   Radzivil
                   ,
                   abounding
                   with
                   Iron
                   Mines
                   ,
                   good
                   store
                   of
                   Fish
                   ,
                   and
                   vast
                   Quantities
                   of
                   Wood.
                   It
                   s
                   chief
                   Town
                   is
                   encompass'd
                   with
                   an
                   old
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Castle
                   pretty
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   .
                   Nevertheless
                   ,
                   
                   it
                   is
                   not
                   to
                   be
                   despis'd
                   ,
                   having
                   in
                   it
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   fair
                   Edifices
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Stenzicz
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   ,
                   and
                   adorn'd
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   stately
                   Monastery
                   of
                   Benedictin
                   Monks
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   A
                   little
                   higher
                   lies
                   Janovecz
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Slupecz
                   ,
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Abby
                   of
                   the
                   Holy
                   Cross
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   Top
                   of
                   the
                   Bald
                   Mountain
                   ,
                   this
                   Town
                   being
                   situate
                   at
                   the
                   Bottom
                   of
                   it
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Lagovia
                   ,
                   a
                   City
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Cujavia
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   making
                   Earthen
                   Ware.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Racovia
                   ,
                   a
                   Nest
                   of
                   the
                   Socinians
                   ,
                   formerly
                   a
                   City
                   indifferently
                   populous
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   considerable
                   Academy
                   to
                   instruct
                   Youth
                   :
                   but
                   which
                   being
                   now
                   prohibited
                   by
                   a
                   Publick
                   Edict
                   ,
                   the
                   Catholick
                   Religion
                   is
                   restor'd
                   ,
                   but
                   not
                   therewithal
                   the
                   Grandeur
                   of
                   the
                   Place
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Corzin
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   ,
                   a
                   new
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   seated
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Vislock
                   ,
                   and
                   surrounded
                   every
                   way
                   with
                   Marshes
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Wislicz
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   with
                   Wood
                   ,
                   and
                   water'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Nida
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   strong
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   moreover
                   situate
                   upon
                   a
                   Rock
                   in
                   the
                   midst
                   of
                   a
                   boggy
                   Country
                   .
                   Here
                   is
                   to
                   be
                   seen
                   a
                   Cathedral
                   Church
                   ,
                   built
                   with
                   square
                   Stone
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   beautiful
                   Close
                   for
                   the
                   Habitations
                   of
                   the
                   Canons
                   .
                   The
                   Country
                   round
                   about
                   this
                   Place
                   abounds
                   with
                   all
                   kind
                   of
                   Serpents
                   and
                   Insects
                   ;
                   but
                   as
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   tell
                   you
                   ,
                   being
                   interdicted
                   by
                   the
                   See
                   of
                   Rome
                   ,
                   they
                   have
                   no
                   power
                   to
                   do
                   you
                   any
                   harm
                   ,
                   and
                   being
                   transported
                   out
                   of
                   that
                   Place
                   they
                   immediately
                   die
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   a
                   Castellany
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Pilzno
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-Town
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Wislock
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Poloviec
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   lying
                   among
                   the
                   Hills
                   .
                   This
                   is
                   a
                   Castellany
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Zawichost
                   ,
                   a
                   Wooden
                   City
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   double
                   wall'd
                   Castle
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   :
                   This
                   is
                   likewise
                   a
                   Castellany
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Zarnow
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   with
                   Wood
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   there
                   is
                   nothing
                   remarkable
                   ,
                   but
                   that
                   it
                   is
                   a
                   Castellany
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Zaclicin
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   very
                   considerable
                   Market
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Lezaisk
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   celebrated
                   for
                   a
                   Monastery
                   ,
                   wherein
                   they
                   pretend
                   are
                   miraculously
                   kept
                   several
                   Relicks
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   draw
                   great
                   Crouds
                   of
                   Pilgrims
                   from
                   all
                   Parts
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Sendomir
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         
                           Wislicz
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Radom
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Zawichost
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Zarnow
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Malogosch
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Poloviec
                           ,
                           and
                        
                         
                           Sechow
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   and
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   
                     Party
                     per
                     Pale
                     Argent
                  
                   and
                   Azure
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   first
                   three
                   Bars
                   Gules
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   the
                   second
                   three
                   Stars
                   Sables
                   ,
                   two
                   and
                   one
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   third
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   is
                   Lublin
                   ,
                   join'd
                   also
                   by
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                   Lucovia
                   ,
                   
                   which
                   contains
                   near
                   two
                   thousand
                   Gentlemens
                   Houses
                   .
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   with
                   both
                   the
                   others
                   ,
                   is
                   within
                   the
                   Diocess
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   which
                   comprehends
                   a
                   thousand
                   and
                   eighteen
                   Churches
                   ,
                   thirteen
                   whereof
                   are
                   Collegiate
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   the
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                
                 
                   
                     Lublin
                     ,
                     Cap.
                     
                  
                   
                     Casimir
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Czemiernikow
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Vrzendow
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Lulow
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Parkow
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Opolia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Curovia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Crasnicz
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Levartovia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     and
                     Lenczna
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Whereof
                   the
                   Capital
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   Lublin
                   ,
                   situate
                   in
                   the
                   45
                   th
                   degree
                   of
                   Longitude
                   ,
                   and
                   51
                   of
                   Latitude
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   lies
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   the
                   Confines
                   of
                   Red
                   Russia
                   ,
                   twelve
                   West
                   of
                   Chelm
                   ,
                   fourteen
                   from
                   Sendomir
                   ,
                   twenty
                   four
                   South
                   of
                   Warsaw
                   ,
                   and
                   thirty
                   six
                   North-East
                   of
                   Cracow
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   seated
                   at
                   the
                   foot
                   of
                   a
                   Hill
                   ,
                   water'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Bystricza
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   by
                   a
                   high
                   Wall
                   ,
                   a
                   broad
                   Ditch
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   huge
                   strong
                   Castle
                   ,
                   which
                   owes
                   its
                   Foundation
                   to
                   the
                   Russians
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   not
                   very
                   large
                   ,
                   but
                   nevertheless
                   exceeding
                   healthy
                   ,
                   and
                   well
                   built
                   ,
                   and
                   much
                   frequented
                   by
                   the
                   
                     Turkish
                     ,
                     Armenian
                     ,
                     Muscovitish
                  
                   and
                   German
                   Merchants
                   ,
                   especially
                   at
                   the
                   time
                   of
                   the
                   four
                   famous
                   Fairs
                   that
                   are
                   annually
                   kept
                   there
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   encompass'd
                   every
                   way
                   almost
                   by
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   and
                   was
                   wall'd
                   round
                   by
                   Casimir
                   the
                   Great
                   .
                   The
                   Jews
                   generally
                   inhabit
                   the
                   Suburbs
                   ,
                   where
                   they
                   have
                   a
                   Synagogue
                   .
                   The
                   principal
                   Church
                   here
                   was
                   
                   erected
                   by
                   
                     Lescus
                     Niger
                  
                   on
                   occasion
                   of
                   a
                   signal
                   Victory
                   he
                   gain'd
                   over
                   the
                   Lithuanians
                   near
                   this
                   place
                   .
                   This
                   Church
                   he
                   dedicated
                   to
                   St.
                   Michael
                   ,
                   who
                   ,
                   't
                   is
                   said
                   ,
                   had
                   promis'd
                   him
                   good
                   Success
                   the
                   Night
                   before
                   he
                   fought
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   several
                   other
                   well-built
                   Churches
                   in
                   this
                   City
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   divers
                   magnificent
                   Monasteries
                   ,
                   the
                   chiefest
                   of
                   which
                   was
                   founded
                   by
                   
                     Vladislaus
                     Jagello
                  
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   noted
                   for
                   two
                   Courts
                   of
                   Justice
                   ,
                   or
                   great
                   Tribunals
                   for
                   all
                   Poland
                   ,
                   which
                   occasions
                   a
                   great
                   Concourse
                   of
                   the
                   Gentry
                   to
                   this
                   Place
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Casimir
                   ,
                   a
                   very
                   fair
                   Wooden
                   City
                   built
                   among
                   Rocks
                   near
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   whose
                   overflowing
                   sometimes
                   lays
                   the
                   Houses
                   above
                   half
                   under
                   Water
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Lublin
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Czemiernikow
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   very
                   beautiful
                   Palace
                   ,
                   formerly
                   built
                   by
                   the
                   prudent
                   and
                   illustrious
                   
                     Henry
                     Firleius
                  
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   and
                   adorn'd
                   with
                   several
                   delightful
                   Gardens
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Vrzendow
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   situate
                   on
                   a
                   Lake
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Lublin
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Lulow
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                   Leucovia
                   ,
                   a
                   City
                   built
                   with
                   Wood
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   partly
                   defended
                   by
                   a
                   Bog
                   ,
                   and
                   partly
                   by
                   Palisadoes
                   :
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   fourteen
                   Miles
                   from
                   Lublin
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   a
                   very
                   considerable
                   Jurisdiction
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Parkow
                   ,
                   a
                   Wood-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   near
                   a
                   very
                   large
                   Lake
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   nine
                   Miles
                   from
                   Lublin
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   sends
                   only
                   two
                   Senators
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Palatin
                   and
                   Castellan
                   of
                   Lublin
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   It
                   s
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   is
                   a
                   Stag
                   
                     Passant
                     ,
                     Argent
                     ,
                     Collard
                     Or
                     ,
                  
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   third
                   PROVINCE
                   of
                   Poland
                   is
                
                 
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   which
                   depends
                   only
                   in
                   part
                   on
                   the
                   Jurisdiction
                   of
                   the
                   Crown
                   of
                   Poland
                   ;
                   for
                   it
                   has
                   its
                   peculiar
                   Laws
                   ,
                   Customs
                   and
                   Courts
                   of
                   Justice
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   a
                   Country
                   of
                   great
                   Extent
                   ,
                   and
                   every-where
                   water'd
                   with
                   commodious
                   Rivers
                   ,
                   and
                   moreover
                   towards
                   the
                   Baltic
                   enrich'd
                   with
                   many
                   convenient
                   Ports
                   and
                   Havens
                   .
                   In
                   length
                   it
                   is
                   about
                   sixty
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   ,
                   and
                   near
                   fifty
                   in
                   breadth
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   bounded
                   on
                   
                   the
                   West
                   by
                   Pomerania
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   South
                   by
                   Cujavia
                   and
                   Masovia
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   East
                   by
                   Lithuania
                   and
                   Samogitia
                   ,
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   North
                   by
                   the
                   Baltic
                   Sea.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   This
                   Province
                   ,
                   tho
                   it
                   has
                   no
                   great
                   store
                   of
                   Mines
                   ,
                   yet
                   it
                   abounds
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Cattle
                   ,
                   wild
                   Beasts
                   ,
                   Fish
                   and
                   Fruit
                   ,
                   and
                   enjoys
                   a
                   very
                   temperate
                   Climate
                   .
                   The
                   Merchandizes
                   which
                   it
                   has
                   from
                   
                     Poland
                     ,
                     Russia
                  
                   and
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   it
                   transports
                   in
                   great
                   quantities
                   ,
                   and
                   likewise
                   imports
                   whatever
                   either
                   Europe
                   or
                   the
                   Indies
                   afford
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   chiefly
                   by
                   way
                   of
                   Exchange
                   .
                   Hence
                   it
                   comes
                   to
                   pass
                   that
                   its
                   Inhabitants
                   are
                   generally
                   richer
                   ,
                   and
                   live
                   better
                   than
                   in
                   any
                   of
                   the
                   other
                   Provinces
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   this
                   Province
                   they
                   make
                   Glass
                   of
                   certain
                   Wood-Ashes
                   ,
                   or
                   of
                   the
                   largest
                   sort
                   of
                   Pebles
                   .
                   These
                   they
                   boil
                   for
                   twelve
                   hours
                   before
                   they
                   will
                   vitrify
                   .
                   When
                   they
                   would
                   have
                   their
                   Glass
                   clearer
                   than
                   ordinary
                   ,
                   they
                   mix
                   a
                   certain
                   Earth
                   with
                   the
                   Ashes
                   of
                   the
                   Colour
                   and
                   Hardness
                   of
                   Tartre
                   ,
                   which
                   renders
                   the
                   Glass
                   of
                   different
                   Colours
                   ,
                   according
                   to
                   the
                   
                   quantity
                   of
                   this
                   Earth
                   mixt
                   with
                   it
                   .
                   Here
                   may
                   be
                   remark'd
                   ,
                   that
                   if
                   Salt
                   be
                   mixt
                   with
                   Glass
                   ,
                   it
                   becomes
                   much
                   easier
                   to
                   be
                   blown
                   by
                   the
                   Artificer
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   principal
                   Rivers
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Weissel
                       ,
                       or
                       Vistula
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Niemen
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Nogat
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Elbing
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Wesser
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Passar
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Alla
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Pregel
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Ossa
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Drebnicz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Lica
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       The
                       Lavia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Together
                   with
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   Lakes
                   replenish'd
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Fish
                   ,
                   the
                   chief
                   of
                   which
                   are
                   ,
                
                 
                   1.
                   
                   Habus
                   ,
                   near
                   fifteen
                   Miles
                   long
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   two
                   in
                   breadth
                   ,
                   disjoin'd
                   from
                   the
                   Sea
                   only
                   by
                   the
                   
                     Isthmus
                     Neringa
                  
                   ,
                   or
                   rather
                   a
                   small
                   Neck
                   of
                   Land
                   ;
                   for
                   I
                   find
                   it
                   has
                   Communication
                   with
                   the
                   Sea
                   ,
                   where
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   gather
                   Amber
                   in
                   small
                   Nets
                   of
                   a
                   Conick
                   Figure
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   large
                   Mouth
                   ,
                   and
                   narrow
                   at
                   the
                   bottom
                   .
                   This
                   Net
                   they
                   tie
                   to
                   a
                   long
                   Pole
                   ,
                   and
                   set
                   out
                   in
                   the
                   Sea
                   when
                   the
                   Waves
                   begin
                   to
                   come
                   in
                   ,
                   wherewith
                   they
                   take
                   pieces
                   sometimes
                   as
                   big
                   as
                   ones
                   Fist
                   .
                   This
                   Amber
                   is
                   thought
                   to
                   be
                   form'd
                   by
                   the
                   great
                   number
                   of
                   Fir-Trees
                   that
                   grow
                   along
                   this
                   Lake
                   ,
                   which
                   dropping
                   great
                   quantities
                   of
                   Resina
                   ,
                   or
                   Turpentine
                   ,
                   into
                   it
                   ,
                   is
                   carried
                   into
                   the
                   Baltic
                   Sea
                   ,
                   
                   where
                   being
                   labour'd
                   by
                   the
                   Waves
                   it
                   is
                   congeal'd
                   into
                   Amber
                   ,
                   wherein
                   are
                   found
                   Flies
                   and
                   other
                   Insects
                   .
                   But
                   I
                   am
                   since
                   better
                   inform'd
                   ,
                   that
                   Amber
                   is
                   a
                   Mineral
                   Juice
                   that
                   runs
                   into
                   the
                   Sea
                   ;
                   which
                   at
                   first
                   taking
                   is
                   soft
                   ,
                   but
                   quickly
                   hardens
                   in
                   the
                   Air.
                   It
                   is
                   also
                   to
                   be
                   got
                   all
                   along
                   the
                   Sea-coast
                   in
                   this
                   Province
                   .
                
                 
                   2.
                   
                   Curona
                   ,
                   another
                   Lake
                   something
                   larger
                   than
                   the
                   former
                   in
                   Ducal
                   Prussia
                   .
                
                 
                   Prussia
                   is
                   generally
                   divided
                   into
                
                 
                   Regal
                   and
                   Ducal
                   .
                
                 
                   This
                   Province
                   was
                   at
                   first
                   subject
                   to
                   certain
                   Soveraign
                   Dukes
                   ,
                   until
                   the
                   Knights
                   of
                   the
                   Teutonick
                   Order
                   got
                   possession
                   of
                   it
                   in
                   the
                   XIII
                   th
                   Century
                   after
                   a
                   tedious
                   War.
                   In
                   the
                   Year
                   1454
                   ,
                   the
                   Western
                   Part
                   was
                   subdued
                   by
                   the
                   Poles
                   ;
                   and
                   in
                   1520
                   ,
                   Albert
                   Marquess
                   of
                   Brandenburg
                   ,
                   the
                   34
                   th
                   and
                   last
                   Master
                   of
                   that
                   Order
                   ,
                   having
                   shaken
                   off
                   the
                   Polish
                   Yoke
                   ,
                   obtain'd
                   the
                   Eastern
                   Part
                   under
                   the
                   Title
                   of
                   a
                   Dutchy
                   ;
                   so
                   that
                   ever
                   since
                   it
                   has
                   been
                   divided
                   as
                   abovesaid
                   .
                   The
                   same
                   Albert
                   embrac'd
                   Lutheranism
                   ,
                   perswaded
                   most
                   of
                   the
                   Knights
                   to
                   marry
                   ,
                   and
                   introduc'd
                   the
                   Reform'd
                   Religion
                   into
                   this
                   Country
                   ,
                   whereof
                   the
                   antient
                   Inhabitants
                   are
                   long
                   since
                   extirpated
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   present
                   Prussians
                   are
                   a
                   mixt
                   People
                   sprung
                   from
                   the
                   several
                   Colonies
                   of
                   the
                   
                     Swedes
                     ,
                     Poles
                     ,
                     Germans
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   other
                   Neighbouring
                   Nations
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Regal
                   or
                   Royal
                   Prussia
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   
                     Palatinates
                     ,
                     viz.
                  
                   The
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   
                     Pomerania
                     ,
                     Culm
                     ,
                     Marienburg
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Varmia
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   first
                   
                     Palatinate
                     ,
                     Pomerania
                  
                   ,
                   being
                   not
                   in
                   possession
                   of
                   the
                   Poles
                   ,
                   requires
                   no
                   Description
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   second
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Royal
                   Prussia
                   is
                   that
                   of
                   Culm
                   (
                   to
                   which
                   also
                   the
                   Territory
                   of
                   Michalovia
                   ,
                   lying
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   ,
                   belongs
                   )
                   and
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   these
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Culm
                       
                         
                           Bish
                           .
                           &
                        
                         
                           Cap.
                           
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       Thorn
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Graudentz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Colmensee
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Brodnicz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Radin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Golubia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Rogozna
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Brathian
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Lubavia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       and
                       Kopriunicza
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Of
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   chief
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   Culm
                   ,
                   an
                   antient
                   and
                   famous
                   Place
                   built
                   on
                   a
                   Hill
                   ,
                   the
                   foot
                   whereof
                   is
                   water'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   about
                   four
                   German
                   Miles
                   from
                   Thorn
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   ,
                   and
                   fifteen
                   from
                   Dantzic
                   to
                   the
                   North.
                   It
                   was
                   built
                   by
                   the
                   Knights
                   of
                   the
                   Teutonic
                   Order
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1223
                   ,
                   who
                   likewise
                   fortified
                   it
                   against
                   the
                   Irruptions
                   of
                   the
                   Heathen
                   Prussians
                   ;
                   and
                   
                     Herman
                     Desalza
                  
                   ,
                   Master
                   of
                   that
                   Order
                   ,
                   gave
                   Laws
                   and
                   Constitutions
                   for
                   its
                   Government
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   suffer'd
                   much
                   Damage
                   during
                   the
                   Swedish
                   Invasion
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   now
                   very
                   thin
                   of
                   Inhabitants
                   ;
                   insomuch
                   that
                   the
                   Episcopal
                   See
                   ,
                   subject
                   to
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   has
                   been
                   for
                   some
                   time
                   remov'd
                   to
                   the
                   neighbouring
                   Town
                   of
                   Colmensee
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   very
                   fair
                   Churches
                   ,
                   enrich'd
                   with
                   many
                   valuable
                   Ornaments
                   and
                   precious
                   Offerings
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Thorn
                   ,
                   seated
                   upon
                   the
                   Bank
                   of
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   by
                   which
                   it
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   two
                   parts
                   :
                   It
                   lies
                   four
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Culm
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   ,
                   thirteen
                   from
                   Marienburg
                   ,
                   twenty
                   two
                   from
                   Dantzic
                   ,
                   fifteen
                   from
                   Lanschet
                   ,
                   and
                   twenty
                   nine
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   heretofore
                   an
                   Imperial
                   and
                   Free
                   City
                   ,
                   but
                   was
                   afterwards
                   exempted
                   from
                   the
                   Jurisdiction
                   of
                   the
                   Empire
                   ,
                   and
                   as
                   yet
                   enjoys
                   very
                   many
                   Privileges
                   .
                   It
                   s
                   Name
                   seems
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   taken
                   from
                   the
                   German
                   word
                   Thor
                   ,
                   signifying
                   a
                   Gate
                   ,
                   because
                   built
                   by
                   the
                   Teutonick
                   Order
                   as
                   it
                   were
                   for
                   a
                   Gate
                   to
                   let
                   Forces
                   into
                   Prussia
                   whenever
                   occasion
                   serv'd
                   :
                   Whence
                   its
                   Arms
                   are
                   suppos'd
                   
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   taken
                   ,
                   being
                   a
                   Castle
                   and
                   Gate
                   half
                   open
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   does
                   not
                   stand
                   in
                   the
                   same
                   place
                   where
                   the
                   old
                   one
                   did
                   ,
                   that
                   having
                   been
                   seated
                   a
                   Mile
                   Westward
                   from
                   hence
                   ,
                   where
                   are
                   now
                   to
                   be
                   seen
                   the
                   Ruins
                   of
                   an
                   antient
                   Castle
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   other
                   Monuments
                   .
                   However
                   this
                   City
                   at
                   present
                   is
                   the
                   fairest
                   and
                   best
                   built
                   of
                   any
                   in
                   Royal
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   the
                   Streets
                   being
                   much
                   broader
                   ,
                   and
                   Houses
                   more
                   stately
                   than
                   at
                   Dantzic
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   very
                   much
                   beautisied
                   by
                   one
                   of
                   its
                   Burgermasters
                   
                     Henry
                     Stwband
                  
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1609
                   ,
                   who
                   built
                   a
                   small
                   University
                   here
                   ,
                   and
                   endow'd
                   it
                   with
                   a
                   considerable
                   Revenue
                   .
                   He
                   likewise
                   founded
                   an
                   Hospital
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Publick
                   Library
                   ,
                   where
                   two
                   of
                   
                   Cicero's
                   Epistles
                   are
                   preserv'd
                   written
                   upon
                   Tables
                   of
                   Wax
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Town-house
                   built
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   the
                   Market-place
                   .
                   The
                   Inhabitants
                   revolted
                   from
                   the
                   Knights
                   of
                   the
                   Teutonick
                   Order
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1454
                   ,
                   and
                   put
                   themselves
                   under
                   the
                   Protection
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                   
                   In
                   this
                   City
                   the
                   famous
                   Astronomer
                   Nicholas
                   
                   Copernicus
                   was
                   born
                   ;
                   and
                   
                     John
                     Albert
                  
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   died
                   here
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1501.
                   
                   It
                   was
                   taken
                   by
                   the
                   Swedes
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1655
                   ,
                   and
                   regain'd
                   by
                   the
                   Poles
                   in
                   1658.
                   
                   Afterwards
                   the
                   Swedes
                   recover'd
                   it
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Poles
                   surpriz'd
                   and
                   retook
                   it
                   in
                   1665.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Graudentz
                   ,
                   only
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   Castle
                   and
                   very
                   strong
                   Wall.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Colmensee
                   ,
                   or
                   
                     Culmensee
                     ▪
                  
                   the
                   Episcopal
                   Seat
                   of
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Culm
                   ,
                   translated
                   hither
                   from
                   Culm
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   distant
                   nine
                   Miles
                   from
                   Thorn
                   to
                   the
                   North
                   ,
                   nineteen
                   from
                   Graudentz
                   ,
                   and
                   twelve
                   from
                   Culm
                   to
                   the
                   South-East
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Territory
                   of
                   Michalovia
                   is
                   a
                   strait
                   Neck
                   of
                   Land
                   between
                   the
                   Rivers
                   Brodna
                   and
                   Drebnicz
                   ,
                   which
                   was
                   the
                   occasion
                   of
                   bloody
                   Wars
                   between
                   the
                   Teutonick
                   Knights
                   and
                   Poles
                   :
                   The
                   chief
                   Town
                   is
                   Michalovia
                   ,
                   which
                   ,
                   with
                   some
                   others
                   that
                   are
                   in
                   this
                   Territory
                   ,
                   deserves
                   no
                   Description
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   third
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Royal
                   Prussia
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Marienburg
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   viz
                   
                     
                       Marienburg
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Elbing
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Stuma
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Mewa
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Gniew
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Now
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Stargardie
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Ornet
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Of
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   chief
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   Marienburg
                   ,
                   seated
                   upon
                   the
                   Nogat
                   ,
                   a
                   Branch
                   of
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   about
                   six
                   Miles
                   from
                   Dantzic
                   :
                   It
                   is
                   defended
                   by
                   strong
                   Walls
                   and
                   high
                   Towers
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   large
                   Castle
                   ,
                   
                   wherein
                   the
                   better
                   sort
                   of
                   Prisoners
                   in
                   time
                   of
                   War
                   are
                   kept
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   receives
                   no
                   small
                   Benefit
                   from
                   the
                   Neighbourhood
                   of
                   the
                   Island
                   Zulava
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   rich
                   spot
                   of
                   Earth
                   .
                   This
                   Island
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   two
                   parts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       1.
                       
                       The
                       Greater
                       ,
                       which
                       lies
                       next
                       Marienburg
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       2.
                       
                       The
                       Lesser
                       ,
                       next
                       to
                       Dantzic
                       ,
                       to
                       whose
                       Inhabitants
                       at
                       present
                       belongs
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Elbing
                   ,
                   a
                   well
                   fortified
                   and
                   trading
                   Town
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   the
                   English
                   they
                   say
                   had
                   formerly
                   a
                   Consul
                   .
                   Here
                   Albert
                   ,
                   first
                   Duke
                   of
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   founded
                   an
                   Academy
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1542.
                   but
                   of
                   no
                   great
                   moment
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   other
                   Towns
                   I
                   find
                   no
                   Description
                   of
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   fourth
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Royal
                   Prussia
                   is
                
                 
                   The
                   Bishoprick
                   of
                   Varmia
                   ,
                   whose
                   Gentry
                   are
                   exempt
                   from
                   all
                   Regal
                   Jurisdiction
                   ,
                   being
                   wholly
                   govern'd
                   by
                   the
                   Laws
                   and
                   Customs
                   of
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   and
                   by
                   the
                   Bishop
                   who
                   is
                   a
                   Temporal
                   Prince
                   :
                   It
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   these
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ;
                   
                     
                       Heilsberg
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Fraumberg
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Brunsberg
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Gutestadt
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Allestein
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Resla
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Vormitz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Messac
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Vatemberg
                       ,
                    
                     
                       
                         Seberg
                         ,
                         &c.
                      
                       
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Of
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   chief
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Heilsberg
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   being
                   the
                   Residence
                   of
                   the
                   Bishop
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   with
                   strong
                   Walls
                   and
                   other
                   sutable
                   Fortifications
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Fraumberg
                   ,
                   celebrated
                   for
                   the
                   Cathedral
                   of
                   the
                   Bishoprick
                   of
                   Varmia
                   there
                   built
                   ,
                   of
                   
                   which
                   the
                   famous
                   Astronomer
                   Copernicus
                   was
                   Canon
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Brunsberg
                   ,
                   situate
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Passar
                   ,
                   so
                   much
                   frequented
                   ,
                   and
                   so
                   worthily
                   esteem'd
                   ,
                   that
                   it
                   is
                   reckon'd
                   among
                   the
                   chief
                   Towns
                   of
                   Prussia
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   College
                   of
                   Jesuits
                   built
                   by
                   Cardinal
                   Hosius
                   .
                
                 
                   There
                   are
                   several
                   other
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   which
                   I
                   find
                   no
                   Description
                   ,
                   and
                   therefore
                   have
                   omitted
                   them
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Ducal
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   now
                   entirely
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Elector
                   of
                   Brandenburg
                   ,
                   has
                   these
                   Towns
                   in
                   it
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Koningsberg
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Pilaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Memel
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Welaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Tilsa
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Marienwerder
                       ,
                       &c.
                       
                    
                  
                   To
                   the
                   number
                   of
                   60.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Metropolis
                   Koningsberg
                   is
                   a
                   Market
                   Town
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   parts
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   very
                   considerable
                   Castle
                   :
                   It
                   lies
                   in
                   the
                   43
                   d
                   degree
                   of
                   Longitude
                   ,
                   and
                   54
                   of
                   Latitude
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   a
                   small
                   Academy
                   founded
                   by
                   Albert
                   Great
                   Master
                   of
                   the
                   Teutonick
                   Order
                   ,
                   and
                   first
                   Duke
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1544.
                   
                   The
                   Citizens
                   are
                   generally
                   Lutherans
                   ,
                   as
                   are
                   likewise
                   most
                   part
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   ,
                   which
                   occasion'd
                   Sigismund
                   III.
                   when
                   he
                   receiv'd
                   Homage
                   of
                   this
                   Duke
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1621
                   ,
                   to
                   impose
                   a
                   Law
                   ,
                   that
                   the
                   Catholicks
                   should
                   have
                   free
                   Exercise
                   for
                   their
                   Religion
                   there
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   Prussia
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Bishop
                       of
                       Varmia
                       ,
                       who
                       is
                       the
                       Chief
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Bishop
                       Palatin
                       ,
                       and
                       Castellan
                       of
                       Culm
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Palatins
                       of
                       Marienburg
                       ,
                       and
                       Pomerania
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       Elbing
                       ,
                       and
                       Dantzic
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   There
                   are
                   other
                   Officers
                   which
                   belong
                   to
                   the
                   Senate
                   or
                   Great
                   Council
                   of
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   which
                   they
                   hold
                   among
                   themselves
                   ,
                   except
                   when
                   they
                   are
                   commanded
                   to
                   the
                   Grand
                   Diet
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   .
                   These
                   are
                   The
                   Vice-Chamberlains
                   of
                   
                     
                       Culm
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Marienburg
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Pomerania
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Thorn
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Elbing
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Dantzic
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   Besides
                   these
                   several
                   Magistrates
                   ,
                   the
                   Prussians
                   have
                   also
                   a
                   Treasurer
                   ,
                   Burgraves
                   of
                   Castles
                   ,
                   Sword-Bearers
                   ,
                   Judges
                   ,
                   and
                   Sheriffs
                   ;
                   but
                   none
                   of
                   all
                   these
                   have
                   any
                   Place
                   in
                   the
                   Council
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Palatins
                   of
                   Prussia
                   have
                   far
                   greater
                   Power
                   than
                   those
                   in
                   any
                   other
                   Province
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Arms
                   or
                   Standard
                   of
                   Prussia
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   expans'd
                   ,
                   Sables
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Sword
                   evaginated
                   ,
                   
                   and
                   held
                   by
                   a
                   dexter
                   Hand
                   Argent
                   :
                   Both
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Or.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Fourth
                   PROVINCE
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   ,
                   the
                   other
                   being
                   White
                   -
                   Russia
                   ,
                   and
                   belonging
                   to
                   Lithuania
                   .
                   This
                   Province
                   
                   extends
                   it self
                   from
                   the
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   as
                   far
                   as
                   the
                   Mouth
                   of
                   the
                   Nieper
                   in
                   the
                   Black
                   Sea
                   ;
                   which
                   River
                   separates
                   it
                   from
                   Moscovy
                   to
                   the
                   East
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   do
                   the
                   Carpathian
                   Mountains
                   from
                   Hungary
                   to
                   the
                   South-West
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   extreamly
                   fruitful
                   in
                   Corn
                   ,
                   Beasts
                   of
                   all
                   kinds
                   ,
                   Fish
                   ,
                   and
                   Honey
                   .
                   In
                   this
                   Province
                   there
                   are
                   several
                   Trees
                   daily
                   found
                   along
                   the
                   Shore
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   San
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   very
                   hard
                   ,
                   and
                   black
                   as
                   Ebony
                   .
                   The
                   Country
                   People
                   say
                   they
                   have
                   lain
                   there
                   ever
                   since
                   the
                   Deluge
                   ,
                   but
                   it
                   is
                   probable
                   they
                   might
                   have
                   been
                   wash'd
                   down
                   by
                   the
                   Course
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   a
                   great
                   while
                   since
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   bounded
                   on
                   the
                   South
                   by
                   
                     Hungary
                     ,
                     Moldavia
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Bessarabia
                   ;
                   on
                   the
                   East
                   by
                   the
                   Scythian
                   Desarts
                   ,
                   and
                   especially
                   Moscovy
                   ;
                   on
                   the
                   North
                   by
                   
                     Russia
                     Alba
                  
                   ,
                   separated
                   by
                   the
                   Rivers
                   Stiro
                   and
                   Pripecz
                   ;
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   West
                   by
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   ,
                   from
                   which
                   it
                   is
                   divided
                   by
                   the
                   Rivers
                   Vislocz
                   and
                   Vepre
                   .
                
                 
                   This
                   Province
                   comprehends
                   seven
                   Palatinates
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   The
                   Palatinates
                   of
                   
                     
                       Russia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Podolia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Braslaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Kiovia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Volhynia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Belsko
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Chelm
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   first
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Russia
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   Districts
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Leopol
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Premislaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Halicz
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Sanoch
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   first
                   of
                   these
                   Districts
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   these
                   remarkable
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Leopol
                       
                         
                           Archbish
                           .
                        
                         
                           Cap.
                           
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       Grodeck
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Javorisvia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zolkiew
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Gliniani
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zloczow
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Komarna
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Of
                   all
                   which
                   ,
                   the
                   chief
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Leopol
                   ,
                   call'd
                   Lwow
                   or
                   Luwow
                   by
                   the
                   Polanders
                   ,
                   and
                   Lemberg
                   or
                   Russe-Lemberg
                   by
                   the
                   Germans
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   the
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   and
                   lies
                   in
                   the
                   46
                   Degree
                   of
                   Longitude
                   ,
                   and
                   49
                   of
                   Latitude
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   built
                   amongst
                   the
                   Hills
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   Banks
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   Peltaw
                   ,
                   fifteen
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Mount
                   Carpathus
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   ,
                   and
                   as
                   many
                   from
                   Premislaw
                   to
                   the
                   West
                   ,
                   thirty
                   from
                   Caminiec
                   ,
                   forty
                   from
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   fifty
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   to
                   the
                   South-East
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   large
                   and
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   ,
                   having
                   two
                   Castles
                   ,
                   one
                   within
                   the
                   Walls
                   ,
                   and
                   one
                   without
                   on
                   a
                   rising
                   Ground
                   ,
                   which
                   commands
                   the
                   Town
                   ;
                   both
                   which
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   the
                   City
                   ,
                   were
                   founded
                   by
                   Leo
                   (
                   or
                   ,
                   as
                   they
                   call
                   him
                   ,
                   Loo
                   )
                   Duke
                   of
                   Russia
                   ,
                   about
                   the
                   Year
                   1289.
                   
                   The
                   Archbishop
                   of
                   Leopol
                   is
                   both
                   Spiritual
                   
                   and
                   Temporal
                   Lord
                   of
                   his
                   Diocess
                   .
                   His
                   See
                   was
                   translated
                   hither
                   from
                   Halicz
                   in
                   1361
                   ,
                   by
                   Order
                   of
                   King
                   Casimir
                   .
                   Here
                   also
                   reside
                   an
                   Armenian
                   Archbishop
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Russian
                   Bishop
                   depending
                   on
                   the
                   Patriarch
                   of
                   Constantinople
                   ,
                   with
                   several
                   Churches
                   belonging
                   to
                   each
                   Bishoprick
                   .
                   The
                   
                     Armenian
                     Roman-Catholicks
                  
                   have
                   inhabited
                   here
                   time
                   out
                   of
                   mind
                   ,
                   and
                   are
                   govern'd
                   wholly
                   by
                   their
                   own
                   Prelat
                   .
                   They
                   enjoy
                   very
                   great
                   Privileges
                   on
                   account
                   of
                   the
                   considerable
                   Commerce
                   they
                   maintain
                   with
                   the
                   Persians
                   and
                   other
                   Eastern
                   People
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   several
                   
                   Sieges
                   it
                   has
                   sustain'd
                   .
                   As
                   first
                   ,
                   it
                   was
                   besieg'd
                   by
                   the
                   Cosacks
                   and
                   Tartars
                   with
                   a
                   dreadful
                   Army
                   .
                   Secondly
                   ,
                   by
                   the
                   Moscovites
                   and
                   Cosacks
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1648
                   ,
                   with
                   an
                   Army
                   of
                   above
                   120
                   thousand
                   Men
                   ,
                   without
                   being
                   able
                   to
                   take
                   it
                   in
                   two
                   Months
                   and
                   a
                   half
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   last
                   time
                   the
                   Turks
                   became
                   almost
                   Masters
                   of
                   it
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1672
                   ,
                   yet
                   by
                   an
                   Agreement
                   oblig'd
                   themselves
                   to
                   quit
                   it
                   .
                   This
                   hapned
                   under
                   the
                   Reign
                   of
                   King
                   
                     Michael
                     Wiesnowiski
                  
                   ,
                   who
                   dy'd
                   here
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1673.
                   
                   This
                   City
                   gives
                   great
                   Encouragement
                   to
                   Learned
                   Men
                   ,
                   who
                   are
                   very
                   civilly
                   receiv'd
                   by
                   their
                   Academy
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   supply'd
                   with
                   Professors
                   from
                   that
                   of
                   Cracow
                   .
                   Here
                   is
                   kept
                   a
                   very
                   famous
                   Winter-Fair
                   ,
                   whither
                   the
                   
                     Hungarian
                     ,
                     Moldavian
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   ,
                   in
                   time
                   of
                   Peace
                   ,
                   Turkish
                   Merchants
                   resort
                   in
                   great
                   Numbers
                   .
                   Amongst
                   other
                   Rivers
                   ,
                   it
                   has
                   Roxolania
                   ,
                   wherein
                   Barbels
                   are
                   taken
                   of
                   a
                   great
                   Size
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   likewise
                   an
                   innumerable
                   Company
                   of
                   Fish-ponds
                   all
                   about
                   it
                   ,
                   replenish'd
                   with
                   several
                   sorts
                   of
                   very
                   fat
                   Fish
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   salted
                   up
                   in
                   great
                   Numbers
                   ,
                   and
                   
                   transported
                   all
                   over
                   Poland
                   .
                   The
                   Churches
                   here
                   are
                   generally
                   very
                   fair
                   and
                   well-built
                   ,
                   and
                   abound
                   with
                   all
                   kinds
                   of
                   costly
                   Ornaments
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Grodeck
                   ,
                   a
                   palisado'd
                   City
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   and
                   surrounded
                   with
                   Bogs
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   about
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Leopol
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Javorisvia
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   natural
                   Bath
                   arising
                   in
                   the
                   next
                   adjoining
                   Village
                   of
                   Sclovia
                   .
                   This
                   alone
                   suffices
                   to
                   disperse
                   several
                   stubborn
                   Distempers
                   ,
                   as
                   
                     Sixtus
                     Leo
                  
                   ,
                   a
                   Physician
                   of
                   great
                   Experience
                   ,
                   testifies
                   in
                   his
                   Treatise
                   concerning
                   it
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Zolkiew
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   adorn'd
                   and
                   defended
                   by
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   and
                   intermix'd
                   with
                   several
                   delightful
                   Gardens
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   fair
                   Church
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   it
                   ,
                   built
                   with
                   various
                   sorts
                   of
                   Marble
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   the
                   Seat
                   of
                   the
                   late
                   King
                   
                     John
                     Sobieski
                  
                   ,
                   where
                   my
                   Lord
                   of
                   Rochester
                   had
                   Audience
                   of
                   him
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   and
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   District
                   are
                   a
                   Lion
                   Passant
                   Crown'd
                   Or
                   ,
                   by
                   a
                   Rock
                   Sables
                   ,
                   all
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Azure
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   second
                   District
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   is
                
                 
                   Premislia
                   ,
                   which
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   these
                   principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Premislaw
                     ,
                     Bish
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sambor
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Jaroslaw
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Lancut
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Resovia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Fulstin
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Visnia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Zidaczow
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Moscisca
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Dubiecz
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Canczuga
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Prevorscia
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Whereof
                   the
                   capital
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Premislaw
                   ,
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   San
                   with
                   good
                   strong
                   Walls
                   and
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   situate
                   upon
                   
                   a
                   Rock
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   lies
                   about
                   six
                   Leagues
                   above
                   Jaroslaw
                   ,
                   and
                   twelve
                   from
                   Leopol
                   towards
                   the
                   West
                   .
                   There
                   are
                   in
                   it
                   two
                   Bishops
                   ,
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   Place
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   other
                   a
                   Russian
                   Prelat
                   of
                   the
                   Greek
                   Church
                   .
                   Orichowski
                   ,
                   a
                   Canon
                   of
                   this
                   Cathedral
                   ,
                   maintain'd
                   ▪
                   that
                   Priests
                   might
                   marry
                   .
                   Here
                   is
                   a
                   College
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Jesuits
                   for
                   the
                   Education
                   of
                   Youth
                   .
                   The
                   Citizens
                   are
                   very
                   much
                   addicted
                   to
                   Trade
                   ,
                   and
                   have
                   several
                   famous
                   Fairs
                   every
                   Year
                   .
                   Near
                   this
                   City
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   spatious
                   Park
                   of
                   the
                   King
                   's
                   ,
                   full
                   of
                   all
                   kinds
                   of
                   wild
                   Beasts
                   ,
                   and
                   strongly
                   wall'd
                   in
                   ,
                   that
                   they
                   might
                   do
                   no
                   mischief
                   .
                   The
                   Country
                   hereabouts
                   abounds
                   with
                   Castles
                   for
                   defence
                   against
                   the
                   Incursions
                   of
                   the
                   Tartars
                   ;
                   the
                   chief
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                   the
                   Castle
                   Crassici
                   ,
                   lately
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   San.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Sambor
                   ,
                   a
                   Palisado'd
                   City
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Tyra
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   built
                   near
                   the
                   Borders
                   of
                   Hungary
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Jaroslaw
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   Fair
                   kept
                   on
                   Lady-Day
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   most
                   celebrated
                   of
                   any
                   in
                   all
                   Poland
                   .
                   Where
                   ,
                   besides
                   several
                   Merchandizes
                   brought
                   from
                   
                     Persia
                     ,
                     Constantinople
                     ,
                     Venice
                     ,
                     Muscovy
                  
                   and
                   Amsterdam
                   ,
                   they
                   say
                   ,
                   it
                   is
                   wont
                   to
                   have
                   above
                   four
                   hundred
                   thousand
                   Head
                   of
                   Cattle
                   ,
                   and
                   half
                   as
                   many
                   Horses
                   .
                   In
                   this
                   Town
                   the
                   Jesuits
                   have
                   a
                   College
                   for
                   Students
                   ,
                   and
                   without
                   it
                   there
                   is
                   a
                   very
                   stately
                   Nunnery
                   of
                   modern
                   Architecture
                   .
                   Neither
                   is
                   its
                   Castle
                   to
                   be
                   despis'd
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   seated
                   to
                   the
                   East
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   San.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Lancut
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   several
                   magnificent
                   Churches
                   ,
                   founded
                   by
                   
                     Stanislaus
                     Lubomirski
                     ,
                     Palatin
                  
                   of
                   Cracow
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   against
                   the
                   Tartars
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Resovia
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   a
                   considerable
                   Castle
                   ,
                   with
                   several
                   Monasteries
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Fair
                   kept
                   on
                   the
                   Feast
                   of
                   St.
                   Albert.
                   This
                   Town
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   Linen
                   Manufacture
                   perform'd
                   by
                   the
                   Germans
                   ,
                   whose
                   Ancestors
                   having
                   been
                   taken
                   Prisoners
                   by
                   Casimir
                   the
                   Great
                   ,
                   were
                   settled
                   in
                   and
                   about
                   this
                   Place
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   District
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   expans'd
                   with
                   two
                   Heads
                   ,
                   both
                   Crown'd
                   Or
                   ,
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Azure
                   .
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   third
                   District
                   of
                   the
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Russia
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Halicz
                   ,
                   encompass'd
                   towards
                   the
                   West
                   with
                   the
                   Mountains
                   of
                   Transylvania
                   ,
                   to
                   the
                   South
                   by
                   the
                   Boechy-Woods
                   of
                   Walachia
                   ,
                   and
                   towards
                   the
                   East
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   two
                   Parts
                   by
                   the
                   Tyra
                   or
                   Niester
                   ,
                   a
                   rapid
                   River
                   ,
                   which
                   arises
                   among
                   the
                   Carpathian
                   Mountains
                   ,
                   and
                   discharges
                   it self
                   into
                   the
                   Euxine
                   Sea.
                   The
                   South
                   Division
                   of
                   this
                   District
                   is
                   call'd
                   Procutia
                   .
                   The
                   whole
                   District
                   contains
                   these
                   remarkable
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Halicz
                     ,
                     Cap.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sniatin
                     ,
                     Cap.
                     of
                     Procutia
                     .
                  
                   
                     Colom
                     .
                  
                   
                     Martinow
                     .
                  
                   
                     Dolina
                     .
                  
                   
                     Strium
                     .
                  
                   
                     Podock
                     .
                  
                   
                     Brezana
                     .
                  
                   
                     Buczavia
                     or
                     Busko
                     ,
                  
                   
                     and
                     Podhajecia
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   chief
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Halicz
                   ,
                   formerly
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   the
                   Russian
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   which
                   was
                   then
                   divided
                   into
                   several
                   Tetrarchies
                   ,
                   each
                   of
                   which
                   had
                   its
                   proper
                   Duke
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   a
                   large
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   ,
                   divided
                   from
                   Moldavia
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Prud
                   ,
                   
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   Niester
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   wooden
                   Castle
                   situated
                   on
                   an
                   Eminence
                   hard
                   by
                   the
                   Niester
                   .
                   Its
                   Inhabitants
                   are
                   somewhat
                   Rustical
                   ,
                   and
                   addicted
                   more
                   to
                   Agriculture
                   than
                   Trade
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Sniatin
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden
                   Palisado'd
                   Town
                   on
                   the
                   Borders
                   of
                   Walachia
                   ,
                   water'd
                   by
                   the
                   Prud
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   Capital
                   of
                   Procutia
                   .
                   In
                   it
                   were
                   wont
                   to
                   be
                   Fairs
                   kept
                   ,
                   which
                   the
                   Valachians
                   made
                   their
                   Magazine
                   ;
                   whence
                   it
                   became
                   very
                   well
                   furnish'd
                   with
                   Cattle
                   ,
                   Honey
                   ,
                   Wax
                   ,
                   and
                   an
                   excellent
                   Breed
                   of
                   brave
                   Horses
                   in
                   great
                   Numbers
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Colom
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden
                   Town
                   ,
                   built
                   under
                   a
                   Hill
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Prud.
                   It
                   is
                   very
                   much
                   frequented
                   on
                   account
                   of
                   its
                   Refining
                   Salt
                   ,
                   with
                   which
                   it
                   furnishes
                   all
                   the
                   rest
                   of
                   Russia
                   and
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   there
                   being
                   none
                   in
                   those
                   two
                   Provinces
                   ,
                   except
                   only
                   in
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   Premislaw
                   .
                   Almost
                   all
                   over
                   this
                   District
                   there
                   are
                   deep
                   Wells
                   ,
                   whose
                   Water
                   is
                   boil'd
                   up
                   into
                   Salt.
                   In
                   the
                   Desarts
                   likewise
                   of
                   the
                   Vkraine
                   ,
                   near
                   the
                   Boristhenes
                   ,
                   there
                   is
                   a
                   certain
                   Lake
                   ,
                   whose
                   Water
                   by
                   the
                   power
                   of
                   the
                   Sun
                   is
                   congeal'd
                   into
                   solid
                   Lumps
                   of
                   Salt
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   thereabouts
                   only
                   use
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Martinow
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   in
                   Procutia
                   ,
                   having
                   a
                   Castle
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Dolina
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   situated
                   among
                   the
                   Hills
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Strium
                   ,
                   built
                   likewise
                   with
                   Wood
                   ,
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   of
                   its
                   own
                   Name
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Podock
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   of
                   the
                   Niester
                   ,
                   defended
                   by
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   and
                   adorn'd
                   by
                   a
                   fair
                   Monastery
                   ,
                   built
                   by
                   
                     Steven
                     Potucius
                  
                   ,
                   Palatin
                   of
                   Braclaw
                   ,
                   who
                   dy'd
                   and
                   lies
                   bury'd
                   there
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Brezana
                   ,
                   a
                   populous
                   Town
                   ,
                   built
                   with
                   Wood
                   ,
                   having
                   a
                   wall'd
                   Castle
                   on
                   a
                   Hill
                   hard
                   by
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Buczavia
                   ,
                   or
                   Busko
                   ,
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   near
                   which
                   the
                   River
                   Bug
                   has
                   its
                   Rise
                   ;
                   by
                   means
                   of
                   which
                   several
                   Merchandizes
                   are
                   transported
                   to
                   Leopol
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Podhajecia
                   ,
                   environ'd
                   with
                   a
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   other
                   Fortifications
                   ,
                   having
                   not
                   far
                   off
                   the
                   famous
                   Castle
                   of
                   Zavalovia
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   fourth
                   District
                   of
                   the
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Russia
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Sanoch
                   ,
                   near
                   the
                   Mountains
                   of
                   Hungary
                   and
                   Transylvania
                   ,
                   and
                   consequently
                   abounding
                   in
                   little
                   Hills
                   except
                   only
                   towards
                   Crosna
                   .
                   In
                   it
                   are
                   these
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Sanoch
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Crosna
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Brozovia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Rimanovia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Dinovia
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Lesko
                       ,
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Of
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   principal
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Sanoch
                   ,
                   built
                   with
                   Wood
                   ,
                   among
                   the
                   Hills
                   ,
                   and
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   San.
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   no-ways
                   contemptible
                   Castle
                   ,
                   founded
                   upon
                   a
                   Rock
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Crosna
                   ,
                   the
                   Staple
                   of
                   the
                   Hungarians
                   ,
                   whither
                   they
                   bring
                   all
                   their
                   Merchandizes
                   and
                   Wines
                   ;
                   and
                   therefore
                   the
                   Fairs
                   and
                   Marts
                   here
                   are
                   more
                   celebrated
                   than
                   those
                   of
                   their
                   Neighbours
                   .
                   In
                   this
                   City
                   likewise
                   the
                   Jesuits
                   have
                   a
                   College
                   for
                   Human
                   Learning
                   .
                   It
                   exceeds
                   Sanoch
                   in
                   its
                   Number
                   of
                   Inhabitants
                   ,
                   and
                   Concourse
                   of
                   Strangers
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   other
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   
                     Brozovia
                     ,
                     Rimanovia
                     ,
                     Dinovia
                  
                   and
                   Lesko
                   ,
                   are
                   Places
                   of
                   no
                   small
                   Strength
                   against
                   the
                   Incursions
                   of
                   the
                   Tartars
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   the
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Russia
                   are
                   
                     
                       The
                       Archbishop
                       of
                       Leopol
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Bishops
                       of
                       Premislaw
                       ,
                       and
                       Kiovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       of
                       Russia
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         
                           Leopol
                           .
                        
                         
                           Premislaw
                           .
                        
                         
                           Halicz
                           ,
                           and
                        
                         
                           Sanoch
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Second
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   ,
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Podolia
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   the
                   frequent
                   Irruptions
                   of
                   Barbarians
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   many
                   Battles
                   fought
                   with
                   them
                   there
                   .
                   
                     If
                     these
                     People
                  
                   (
                   says
                   
                     Starovolscius
                     )
                     might
                     enjoy
                     a
                     wish'd-for
                     Peace
                     like
                     the
                     Western
                     Countries
                     of
                  
                   Europe
                   ,
                   
                     they
                     would
                     have
                     no
                     reason
                     to
                     envy
                     either
                     the
                     Plenty
                     or
                     Riches
                     of
                  
                   Italy
                   or
                   Hungary
                   .
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   has
                   in
                   it
                   divers
                   sorts
                   of
                   Marble
                   and
                   Alabaster
                   in
                   several
                   Places
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   Districts
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   Caminiec
                   ,
                   Trembowla
                   ,
                   and
                   Laticzow
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Caminiec
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Trembowla
                       .
                    
                     
                       Laticzow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Bar.
                       
                    
                     
                       Husiatinow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Czartikow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Janow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Czvaniec
                       .
                    
                     
                       Chmielnic
                       .
                    
                     
                       Miedzibosz
                       ,
                       or
                    
                     
                       Misdzibozia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Zinkow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Jesupolis
                       .
                    
                     
                       Jacloveck
                       .
                    
                     
                       Satanow
                       .
                    
                     
                       Tarnopolia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Kitaigrod
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Dunaigrod
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   Chief
                   City
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   Caminiec
                   ,
                   situate
                   on
                   the
                   Confines
                   of
                   Walachia
                   ,
                   
                   among
                   Rocks
                   and
                   Hills
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   both
                   by
                   Nature
                   and
                   Art
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   a
                   very
                   strong
                   Castle
                   ,
                   built
                   on
                   an
                   adjacent
                   Rock
                   which
                   commands
                   the
                   Town
                   .
                   It
                   s
                   Avenue
                   is
                   cover'd
                   with
                   a
                   Horn-work
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   separated
                   from
                   the
                   Body
                   of
                   the
                   Place
                   by
                   a
                   deep
                   Moat
                   .
                   Both
                   City
                   and
                   Castle
                   are
                   almost
                   encompass'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Smotrzick
                   ,
                   which
                   a
                   little
                   below
                   falls
                   into
                   the
                   Niester
                   .
                   The
                   Rocks
                   lie
                   every
                   way
                   so
                   high
                   about
                   this
                   City
                   ,
                   that
                   you
                   can
                   discover
                   only
                   the
                   Tops
                   of
                   the
                   highest
                   Houses
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   fifteen
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Bar
                   to
                   the
                   West
                   ,
                   thirty
                   from
                   Leopol
                   ,
                   thirty
                   six
                   from
                   Jassy
                   ,
                   thirty
                   from
                   Kiow
                   ,
                   eighty
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   a
                   hundred
                   and
                   seventy
                   from
                   Constantinople
                   .
                   This
                   strong
                   City
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   the
                   See
                   of
                   a
                   Prelat
                   ,
                   Suffragan
                   to
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Leopol
                   ,
                   was
                   very
                   much
                   damag'd
                   by
                   a
                   Fire
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1669
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   been
                   often
                   in
                   vain
                   attackt
                   by
                   the
                   utmost
                   Fury
                   of
                   the
                   Turks
                   and
                   Tartars
                   ,
                   till
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1672
                   it
                   fell
                   into
                   the
                   possession
                   of
                   the
                   former
                   ,
                   in
                   which
                   it
                   still
                   continues
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   blockt
                   up
                   by
                   Motula
                   ,
                   General
                   of
                   the
                   Cosacks
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1687
                   ;
                   and
                   the
                   Poles
                   afterwards
                   made
                   great
                   Preparations
                   to
                   join
                   his
                   Troops
                   ,
                   but
                   were
                   both
                   oblig'd
                   to
                   retire
                   upon
                   the
                   Approaches
                   of
                   the
                   Ottoman
                   Forces
                   .
                   Afterwards
                   another
                   Blockade
                   was
                   form'd
                   by
                   the
                   Polish
                   Army
                   in
                   1688
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   next
                   year
                   they
                   actually
                   invested
                   the
                   Place
                   ,
                   and
                   began
                   a
                   formal
                   Attack
                   in
                   the
                   Month
                   of
                   August
                   ;
                   but
                   the
                   Siege
                   was
                   rais'd
                   in
                   September
                   following
                   ,
                   and
                   never
                   since
                   attempted
                   ,
                   so
                   that
                   the
                   Infidels
                   remain
                   at
                   present
                   in
                   quiet
                   possession
                   hereof
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   several
                   other
                   considerable
                   Places
                   in
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Trembowla
                   ,
                   a
                   City
                   lying
                   under
                   a
                   great
                   Mountain
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   built
                   upon
                   an
                   adjoining
                   Hill.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Laticzow
                   ,
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   against
                   Incursions
                   ,
                   with
                   an
                   adjoining
                   Castle
                   and
                   Warlike
                   Inhatants
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Bar
                   ,
                   a
                   City
                   built
                   and
                   palisado'd
                   round
                   by
                   Buona
                   ,
                   Daughter
                   of
                   
                     John
                     Sforza
                  
                   Duke
                   of
                   Milan
                   ,
                   and
                   Queen
                   to
                   Sigismund
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   so
                   naming
                   it
                   from
                   the
                   Place
                   where
                   she
                   was
                   born
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   Castle
                   on
                   a
                   Hill
                   ,
                   surrounded
                   every
                   way
                   with
                   Bogs
                   and
                   Lakes
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Husiatinow
                   ,
                   well
                   fortify'd
                   also
                   against
                   Incursions
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Czartikow
                   ,
                   with
                   the
                   like
                   strong
                   Fortifications
                   and
                   a
                   Castle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Janow
                   and
                   Czvaniec
                   ,
                   with
                   several
                   others
                   ,
                   are
                   very
                   strong
                   Places
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Chmielnick
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   defended
                   only
                   with
                   Palisado's
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   wooden
                   Castle
                   ,
                   built
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Bog
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Miedzibosz
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   with
                   a
                   large
                   Timber
                   Castle
                   ,
                   situate
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   to
                   which
                   there
                   is
                   no
                   Avenue
                   but
                   over
                   Bridges
                   .
                   This
                   Place
                   was
                   formerly
                   much
                   infested
                   by
                   the
                   Tartars
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Bishop
                       ,
                    
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellan
                    
                  
                   of
                   
                     
                       Caminiec
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Podolia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Caminiec
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   the
                   Sun
                   in
                   its
                   full
                   Glory
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Azure
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   Third
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   ,
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Braslaw
                   ,
                   or
                   Braclaw
                   ,
                   lying
                   beyond
                   Podolia
                   ,
                   upon
                   the
                   Borders
                   of
                   Tartary
                   ,
                   now
                   out
                   of
                   possession
                   of
                   the
                   Poles
                   ;
                   in
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Braclaw
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Vinnicza
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zitomir
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Sarogrod
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Morachua
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Jarosow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Felstin
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Chmielnic
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   Of
                   which
                   the
                   capital
                   City
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Braclaw
                   ,
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Bog
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   wooden
                   Castle
                   and
                   other
                   Fortifications
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   a
                   hundred
                   and
                   ten
                   Miles
                   from
                   Caminiec
                   to
                   the
                   East
                   ,
                   fifty
                   five
                   from
                   Bar
                   ,
                   and
                   fifty
                   from
                   the
                   Confines
                   of
                   Walachia
                   to
                   the
                   North
                   ,
                   towards
                   Kiow
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   taken
                   ,
                   and
                   miserably
                   wasted
                   by
                   the
                   Turks
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1672.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Vinnicza
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden
                   City
                   likewise
                   ,
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Bog
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   and
                   a
                   Wall.
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   Meeting
                   of
                   the
                   Gentry
                   and
                   a
                   Court
                   of
                   Justice
                   ;
                   where
                   the
                   Jesuits
                   also
                   have
                   a
                   College
                   to
                   instruct
                   Youth
                   .
                   These
                   two
                   Cities
                   have
                   been
                   very
                   much
                   infested
                   by
                   the
                   Tartars
                   .
                   I
                   find
                   no
                   Description
                   of
                   the
                   rest
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   Palatin
                   ,
                   and
                   Castellan
                   of
                   Braslaw
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Fourth
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   ,
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Kiovia
                   ,
                   bordering
                   on
                   one
                   side
                   on
                   Tartary
                   ,
                   
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   on
                   Moscovy
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   divided
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   by
                   the
                   famous
                   River
                   Boristhenes
                   .
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   extends
                   a
                   great
                   way
                   towards
                   the
                   Euxine
                   Sea
                   ,
                   to
                   the
                   Confines
                   of
                   White
                   -
                   Russia
                   in
                   Lithuania
                   .
                   In
                   it
                   are
                   these
                   principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Kiow
                       
                         
                           Bish
                           .
                        
                         
                           Cap.
                           
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       Kaniow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Circassia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Oczakow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Stepanow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Fastovia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Bohuslaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Pereslaw
                       and
                    
                     
                       Bialerkiow
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   chief
                   City
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Kiow
                   ,
                   or
                   Kiouf
                   ,
                   according
                   to
                   the
                   Pronunciation
                   of
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   ,
                   an
                   antient
                   ,
                   large
                   ,
                   and
                   very
                   populous
                   City
                   ,
                   fortify'd
                   with
                   strong
                   Palisado's
                   ,
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   Trench
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   other
                   Regular
                   Works
                   ,
                   and
                   situate
                   on
                   the
                   Boristhenes
                   or
                   Nieper
                   .
                   The
                   old
                   Kiow
                   was
                   built
                   on
                   a
                   Hill
                   a
                   little
                   beyond
                   the
                   River
                   ,
                   where
                   are
                   still
                   to
                   be
                   seen
                   the
                   Ruins
                   of
                   many
                   Arches
                   ,
                   high
                   Walls
                   ,
                   Churches
                   ,
                   and
                   Burying-places
                   of
                   divers
                   Kings
                   with
                   Greek
                   Inscriptions
                   .
                   Of
                   these
                   Churches
                   ,
                   two
                   remain
                   in
                   tolerable
                   good
                   Condition
                   ,
                   viz.
                   those
                   of
                   St.
                   Sophia
                   and
                   St.
                   Michael
                   .
                   The
                   Walls
                   of
                   the
                   former
                   are
                   lin'd
                   with
                   curious
                   Mosaic
                   Work
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Dome
                   consists
                   of
                   Earthen
                   Pots
                   ,
                   well
                   cemented
                   and
                   fill'd
                   with
                   Mortar
                   .
                   St.
                   
                   Michael's
                   Church
                   is
                   chiefly
                   remarkable
                   for
                   its
                   gilded
                   Roof
                   .
                   The
                   Burying-places
                   of
                   the
                   antient
                   great
                   Men
                   of
                   Russia
                   were
                   in
                   several
                   Caves
                   near
                   this
                   City
                   ,
                   some
                   of
                   which
                   are
                   said
                   to
                   extend
                   into
                   the
                   Borders
                   of
                   Moscovy
                   above
                   eighty
                   Miles
                   in
                   length
                   .
                   The
                   Bodies
                   here
                   are
                   
                   preserv'd
                   whole
                   and
                   entire
                   ,
                   especially
                   those
                   of
                   two
                   certain
                   Princes
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   drest
                   in
                   Antique
                   Habits
                   ,
                   and
                   have
                   been
                   not
                   long
                   since
                   shewn
                   to
                   Travellers
                   by
                   the
                   Russian
                   Monks
                   .
                   The
                   Place
                   where
                   these
                   Sepulchers
                   are
                   made
                   is
                   of
                   a
                   sandy
                   Stone
                   ,
                   very
                   dry
                   ,
                   and
                   seems
                   to
                   be
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Nature
                   with
                   the
                   Catacombs
                   of
                   
                     Rome
                     .
                     Kiow
                  
                   was
                   heretofore
                   an
                   exceeding
                   large
                   City
                   ,
                   as
                   may
                   appear
                   from
                   the
                   Ruins
                   of
                   the
                   Walls
                   ,
                   which
                   extend
                   themselves
                   above
                   eight
                   Miles
                   in
                   compass
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   said
                   to
                   have
                   been
                   first
                   founded
                   by
                   a
                   Russian
                   Prince
                   nam'd
                   Kius
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   of
                   Christ
                   861
                   ,
                   and
                   then
                   constituted
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   Tauro-Scythia
                   .
                   Next
                   it
                   became
                   the
                   Seat
                   of
                   the
                   Russian
                   Empire
                   ,
                   and
                   was
                   afterwards
                   govern'd
                   by
                   its
                   own
                   Princes
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   storm'd
                   and
                   pillag'd
                   by
                   the
                   Tartars
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1615
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   ever
                   since
                   declin'd
                   from
                   its
                   primitive
                   Grandeur
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   been
                   often
                   taken
                   and
                   retaken
                   within
                   the
                   Space
                   of
                   thirty
                   Years
                   ,
                   but
                   now
                   remains
                   wholly
                   in
                   possession
                   of
                   the
                   Ozar
                   of
                   Moscovy
                   ,
                   to
                   whom
                   it
                   was
                   lately
                   pawn'd
                   by
                   the
                   Cosacks
                   .
                   The
                   Episcopal
                   See
                   of
                   Kiow
                   is
                   subject
                   to
                   the
                   Metropolitan
                   of
                   Leopol
                   .
                   Here
                   resides
                   the
                   Russian
                   Archbishop
                   ,
                   supream
                   over
                   all
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Persuasion
                   throughout
                   Poland
                   .
                   Here
                   are
                   divers
                   Roman
                   and
                   Russian
                   Churches
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   Monasteries
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Kaniow
                   ,
                   seventeen
                   Miles
                   from
                   Kiow
                   ,
                   whose
                   Inhabitants
                   with
                   its
                   Neighbours
                   round
                   about
                   ,
                   are
                   a
                   very
                   Warlike
                   People
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Circassia
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Boristhenes
                   ,
                   about
                   twenty
                   five
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Kiow
                   .
                   Its
                   Inhabitants
                   were
                   formerly
                   the
                   Circassi
                   ,
                   a
                   Warlike
                   People
                   ,
                   and
                   much
                   celebrated
                   in
                   History
                   ,
                   who
                   likewise
                   dwelt
                   all
                   along
                   the
                   Boristhenes
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Oczakow
                   ,
                   built
                   upon
                   the
                   Mouth
                   of
                   the
                   Boristhenes
                   ,
                   and
                   inhabited
                   by
                   Tartars
                   ,
                   tho
                   commanded
                   and
                   govern'd
                   by
                   Turks
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Stepanow
                   ,
                   fortify'd
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   a
                   Wall
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   Ditch
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Fastovia
                   ,
                   famous
                   only
                   for
                   being
                   the
                   Residence
                   of
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Kiow
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Jesuits
                   College
                   translated
                   from
                   Kiow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   
                     Bohuslaw
                     ,
                     Pereslaw
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Bialerkiow
                   ,
                   are
                   all
                   Towns
                   indifferently
                   populous
                   ,
                   and
                   each
                   defended
                   by
                   a
                   Castle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   Bishop
                   Palatin
                   ,
                   and
                   Castellan
                   of
                   Kiovia
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   
                     Party
                     per
                     Pale
                  
                   Argent
                   and
                   Azure
                   .
                   In
                   the
                   former
                   the
                   Charge
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   the
                   latter
                   a
                   Bear
                   Passant
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Fifth
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   ,
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Belsko
                   ,
                   joining
                   to
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   Leopol
                   ,
                   and
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Chelm
                   ,
                   and
                   plac'd
                   about
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   Districts
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Belsko
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Busko
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Grodlow
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Grabow
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   the
                   several
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   of
                   
                     
                       Belsko
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       of
                       the
                       Palatinate
                       .
                    
                     
                       Busko
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       of
                       its
                       District
                       .
                    
                     
                       Grodlow
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       of
                       its
                       District
                       .
                    
                     
                       Grabow
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       of
                       its
                       District
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sokal
                       ,
                       &c.
                       
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   chief
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Belsko
                   ,
                   or
                   Belz
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   ,
                   indifferently
                   large
                   ,
                   and
                   situate
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   between
                   Leopol
                   and
                   Zamoisk
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   the
                   River
                   Bug.
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   wooden
                   Castle
                   ,
                   built
                   on
                   a
                   Hill
                   ,
                   surrounded
                   every
                   way
                   with
                   Bogs
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Busko
                   ,
                   or
                   Busk
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   Moor
                   ,
                   where
                   the
                   River
                   
                     ●●
                     g
                  
                   takes
                   its
                   Rise
                   ,
                   by
                   which
                   Merchandizes
                   are
                   ansported
                   to
                   Leopol
                   only
                   five
                   Miles
                   distant
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Grodlow
                   ,
                   a
                   palisado'd
                   Town
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   upon
                   a
                   Hill
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Bug.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Grabow
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden
                   Town
                   ,
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   large
                   Plain
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   fortify'd
                   both
                   by
                   Nature
                   and
                   Art
                   ,
                   and
                   of
                   very
                   difficult
                   Access
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Sokal
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   seated
                   on
                   the
                   Bug
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   only
                   with
                   Palisado's
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   The
                   Palatin
                   and
                   Castellan
                   of
                   Belsko
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Arms
                   or
                   Standard
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   a
                   Griffin
                   
                     Volant
                     ,
                     Argent
                  
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   Sixth
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   Red
                   -
                   Russia
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Chelm
                   ,
                   lying
                   between
                   
                     Lublin
                     ,
                     Lithuania
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   Volhynia
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   two
                   Districts
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   Chelm
                   ,
                   and
                   Crasnistaw
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   both
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   Viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Chelm
                       
                         
                           Bish
                           .
                        
                         
                           Cap.
                           
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       Crasnistaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zamoisk
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Ratno
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Lynbowlya
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Rozana
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Vlodavia
                       .
                    
                     
                       Scebresin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Turobin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Tamogrod
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Tomasow
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Ctesow
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Capital
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Chelm
                   ,
                   a
                   small
                   City
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   the
                   Outworks
                   whereof
                   are
                   made
                   of
                   Wood.
                   It
                   lies
                   about
                   ten
                   Miles
                   from
                   Lublin
                   to
                   the
                   East
                   ,
                   twenty
                   four
                   from
                   Premistaw
                   to
                   the
                   North
                   ,
                   and
                   twelve
                   from
                   Belsko
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   been
                   sack'd
                   and
                   burnt
                   by
                   the
                   Muscovites
                   and
                   Tartars
                   during
                   the
                   late
                   Wars
                   ,
                   which
                   occasion'd
                   the
                   Residence
                   of
                   its
                   Bishop
                   to
                   be
                   translated
                   to
                   Crasnistaw
                   .
                   Nevertheless
                   ,
                   an
                   Oriental
                   or
                   Russian
                   Bishop
                   still
                   resides
                   there
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Crasnistaw
                   ,
                   a
                   wall'd
                   Town
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Vepre
                   ,
                   where
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Chelm
                   at
                   present
                   has
                   his
                   Residence
                   in
                   a
                   Palace
                   of
                   modern
                   Architecture
                   .
                   Near
                   this
                   place
                   the
                   Arch-Duke
                   Maximilian
                   ,
                   when
                   he
                   came
                   with
                   an
                   Army
                   to
                   seize
                   the
                   Crown
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   was
                   shamefully
                   repuls'd
                   by
                   
                     John
                     Zamoiski
                  
                   ,
                   who
                   immediately
                   
                   afterwards
                   built
                   a
                   Town
                   in
                   that
                   Neighbourhood
                   ,
                   calling
                   it
                   after
                   his
                   own
                   Name
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                   Zamoisk
                   ,
                   well
                   defended
                   by
                   high
                   Walls
                   ,
                   deep
                   Ditches
                   ,
                   and
                   other
                   strong
                   Fortifications
                   ,
                   after
                   the
                   modern
                   Manner
                   .
                   He
                   likewise
                   built
                   a
                   fair
                   Cathedral
                   here
                   ,
                   and
                   enrich'd
                   it
                   with
                   all
                   manner
                   of
                   Necessaries
                   ;
                   also
                   a
                   noble
                   Academy
                   ,
                   furnish'd
                   with
                   Learned
                   Masters
                   from
                   the
                   famous
                   University
                   of
                   Cracow
                   .
                   This
                   Person
                   was
                   so
                   great
                   a
                   favourer
                   of
                   Learning
                   .
                   that
                   not
                   only
                   Zamoisk
                   ,
                   but
                   also
                   several
                   other
                   Places
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Russia
                   found
                   the
                   Effects
                   of
                   his
                   Bounty
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Ratno
                   ,
                   a
                   wooden
                   Town
                   ,
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   Perepet
                   on
                   one
                   side
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   by
                   a
                   Bog
                   and
                   the
                   Niester
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   bout
                   twenty
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Chelm
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Lynbowlya
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   upon
                   the
                   Bug
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   tolerably
                   fortify'd
                   Castle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   Bishop
                   and
                   Castellan
                   of
                   Chelm
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   a
                   Bear
                   
                     Argent
                     passant
                  
                   between
                   three
                   Trees
                   proper
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Or.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Fifth
                   PROVINCE
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   is
                
                 
                   Masovia
                   ,
                   situate
                   almost
                   in
                   the
                   Heart
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   bounded
                   on
                   the
                   North
                   
                   by
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   East
                   by
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   on
                   the
                   South
                   by
                   Upper
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   West
                   by
                   Lower
                   Poland
                   .
                   It
                   was
                   formerly
                   govern'd
                   by
                   its
                   own
                   Princes
                   ,
                   but
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1526
                   ▪
                   by
                   
                   the
                   Death
                   of
                   its
                   Dukes
                   John
                   and
                   Stanislaus
                   ,
                   that
                   Dutchy
                   fell
                   to
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                   The
                   
                   Inhabitants
                   hereof
                   are
                   generally
                   Warlike
                   :
                   They
                   speak
                   the
                   same
                   Language
                   with
                   the
                   Poles
                   ,
                   only
                   they
                   differ
                   in
                   some
                   few
                   guttural
                   Accents
                   :
                   Their
                   Manners
                   ,
                   Habits
                   and
                   Religion
                   are
                   much
                   the
                   same
                   .
                   This
                   Province
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   Palatinates
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   ,
                   
                   The
                   Palatinates
                   of
                   
                     
                       Masovia
                       ,
                       properly
                       so
                       call'd
                       .
                    
                     
                       Ploczkow
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Dobrina
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   first
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Masovia
                   properly
                   so
                   call'd
                   ,
                   which
                   in
                   spiritual
                   Matters
                   is
                   subject
                   only
                   to
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Posnan
                   ,
                   but
                   in
                   Temporal
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   twelve
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Warsaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Wisna
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Cyrna
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zembrow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Nuren
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Wissegrod
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zakrow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Cickanow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Lombze
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Rozan
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Makow
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Liw
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   are
                   those
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Name
                   with
                   the
                   Districts
                   ,
                   adding
                   moreover
                   these
                   following
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   
                     Pultovia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Czerniensk
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Czersko
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Akroczim
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Varka
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Blonye
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Pultowsko
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Tarcin
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Grodzyec
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Prasniz
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Garvolinia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Vengrovia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Stanislanovia
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Broc
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Viskow
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Seroicz
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   chief
                   City
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   ,
                   and
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Warsaw
                   ,
                   defended
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   Wall
                   and
                   Ditch
                   ,
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   in
                   the
                   very
                   Center
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   and
                   therefore
                   pitch'd
                   upon
                   for
                   the
                   convening
                   of
                   the
                   Diet.
                   It
                   lies
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   in
                   the
                   43
                   d
                   degree
                   of
                   Longitude
                   ,
                   and
                   52
                   of
                   Latitude
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   Parts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       The
                       
                         
                           Old
                           and
                        
                         
                           New
                        
                      
                       Town
                       ,
                       with
                    
                     
                       The
                       Suburbs
                       of
                       
                         
                           Cracow
                           ,
                           and
                        
                         
                           Prag
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                  
                
                 
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   adorn'd
                   with
                   divers
                   stately
                   Piles
                   of
                   Buildings
                   ,
                   particularly
                   a
                   spacious
                   four-square
                   Palace
                   founded
                   by
                   Sigismund
                   III.
                   and
                   much
                   improv'd
                   by
                   his
                   Successors
                   ,
                   where
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   Poland
                   most
                   commonly
                   reside
                   .
                   Opposite
                   to
                   this
                   on
                   the
                   other
                   side
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   ,
                   stands
                   another
                   Royal
                   Palace
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   of
                   delightful
                   Groves
                   and
                   Gardens
                   ,
                   built
                   by
                   Vladislaus
                   VII
                   .
                   and
                   call'd
                   by
                   the
                   Name
                   of
                   Viasdow
                   ,
                   where
                   the
                   States
                   or
                   Diet
                   of
                   Poland
                   formerly
                   us'd
                   to
                   sit
                   and
                   debate
                   the
                   most
                   important
                   
                   Affairs
                   of
                   the
                   Kingdom
                   .
                   There
                   is
                   moreover
                   the
                   Palace
                   of
                   King
                   
                     John
                     Casimir
                  
                   ,
                   as
                   likewise
                   a
                   very
                   stately
                   one
                   built
                   by
                   Count
                   Morstin
                   ,
                   Great
                   Treasurer
                   of
                   Poland
                   .
                   Also
                   a
                   League
                   from
                   this
                   City
                   King
                   
                     John
                     Sobieski
                  
                   built
                   a
                   neat
                   Country
                   Palace
                   by
                   the
                   Name
                   of
                   
                     Villa
                     Nova
                  
                   .
                   The
                   other
                   Publick
                   Edifices
                   are
                   no
                   less
                   remarkable
                   ,
                   being
                   the
                   Church
                   of
                   St.
                   
                     John
                     Baptist
                  
                   ,
                   where
                   Secular
                   Canons
                   officiate
                   ;
                   the
                   Arsenal
                   ,
                   Castle
                   ,
                   Market-place
                   ,
                   &c.
                   
                   Divers
                   kinds
                   of
                   Merchandizes
                   are
                   convey'd
                   hither
                   along
                   a
                   River
                   from
                   the
                   neighbouring
                   Provinces
                   ,
                   and
                   from
                   hence
                   carried
                   to
                   Dantzic
                   to
                   be
                   transported
                   into
                   Foreign
                   Countries
                   .
                   In
                   the
                   Suburbs
                   of
                   Cracow
                   is
                   a
                   small
                   Chappel
                   built
                   on
                   purpose
                   for
                   the
                   Burial
                   of
                   
                     John
                     Demetrius
                     Suski
                  
                   ,
                   Great
                   Duke
                   of
                   Muscovy
                   ,
                   who
                   died
                   Prisoner
                   in
                   the
                   Castle
                   of
                   Gostinin
                   ,
                   together
                   with
                   his
                   two
                   Brothers
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   was
                   taken
                   by
                   the
                   Swedes
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1655
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   scarce
                   three
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   distant
                   from
                   Lesser
                   Poland
                   ,
                   about
                   twenty
                   four
                   from
                   Lanschet
                   ,
                   as
                   many
                   North-East
                   of
                   Lublin
                   ,
                   twenty
                   nine
                   South-East
                   of
                   Thorn
                   ,
                   thirty
                   to
                   the
                   North
                   from
                   Sendomir
                   ,
                   thirty
                   three
                   West
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   ,
                   and
                   forty
                   to
                   the
                   North-East
                   from
                   Cracow
                   and
                   Posnan
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Wisna
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Narew
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   upon
                   an
                   adjoining
                   Hill.
                   
                
                 
                   
                   Wissegrod
                   ,
                   a
                   Wooden
                   Town
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   near
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   considerable
                   Castle
                   :
                   It
                   lies
                   about
                   twelve
                   Miles
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Ciekanow
                   ,
                   about
                   the
                   same
                   distance
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   ,
                   being
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   likewise
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Lombze
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   City
                   upon
                   the
                   navigable
                   River
                   Narew
                   ,
                   consisting
                   of
                   fair
                   Buildings
                   ,
                   and
                   
                   about
                   twenty
                   Miles
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Rozan
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Narew
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Liw
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   founded
                   on
                   the
                   Banks
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   Liwijecz
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Pultovia
                   ,
                   famous
                   for
                   being
                   the
                   Residence
                   of
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Plosko
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   with
                   Brick
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   good
                   Castle
                   ,
                   and
                   some
                   other
                   tolerable
                   Edifices
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Czerniensk
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Wooden
                   Town
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   Vistula
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Akroczim
                   ,
                   a
                   Wooden
                   Town
                   likewise
                   seated
                   on
                   the
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   eight
                   Miles
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Varka
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Town
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Pilza
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   eight
                   Miles
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   another
                   way
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Blonye
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   about
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Pultowsko
                   ,
                   a
                   Wall'd
                   Town
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   ,
                   situate
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Narew
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Tarcin
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Grodzyec
                   ,
                   about
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   ,
                   and
                   two
                   from
                   Tarcin
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Prasniz
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Town
                   ,
                   intermix'd
                   with
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   fair
                   Stone
                   Edifices
                   .
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Palatine
                       of
                       Masovia
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       
                         
                           Cyrna
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Warsaw
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Wisna
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Wissegrod
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Zakrow
                           ,
                        
                         
                           Ciekanow
                           ,
                           and
                        
                         
                           Liw
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   
                   The
                   Arms
                   or
                   Standard
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   expanded
                   Argent
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   second
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Masovia
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Ploskow
                   ,
                   lying
                   towards
                   the
                   East
                   between
                   the
                   Vistula
                   and
                   Prussia
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   four
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Ploczkow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zancren
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Mlava
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Stenen
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   viz.
                   ,
                   
                     
                       Ploczkow
                       
                         
                           Bish
                           .
                        
                         
                           Cap.
                           
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       Sieprcz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Srensko
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Mlaw
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Radzanow
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   The
                   Capital
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Ploczkow
                   ,
                   or
                   Ploczko
                   ,
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   the
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   that
                   Name
                   ,
                   which
                   stands
                   on
                   a
                   high
                   Bank
                   of
                   the
                   Weissel
                   or
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   from
                   whence
                   one
                   may
                   have
                   a
                   very
                   fair
                   Prospect
                   of
                   a
                   pleasant
                   and
                   fruitful
                   Country
                   .
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   considerably
                   inrich'd
                   by
                   the
                   Navigableness
                   of
                   its
                   River
                   ,
                   is
                   very
                   populous
                   ,
                   and
                   has
                   been
                   long
                   dignified
                   with
                   a
                   Bishop's
                   See.
                   Besides
                   the
                   Cathedral
                   ,
                   there
                   are
                   divers
                   other
                   Churches
                   and
                   Monasteries
                   richly
                   endow'd
                   ,
                   especially
                   the
                   Abby
                   of
                   Benedictins
                   in
                   the
                   Suburbs
                   ,
                   where
                   amongst
                   other
                   Relicks
                   ,
                   the
                   Head
                   of
                   St.
                   Sigismund
                   is
                   kept
                   in
                   Gold
                   which
                   was
                   given
                   by
                   King
                   Sigismund
                   III.
                   
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Sieprcz
                   ,
                   a
                   Wooden
                   Town
                   built
                   on
                   a
                   Hill
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   Ploczkow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Srensko
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   seated
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   founded
                   among
                   the
                   Bogs
                   .
                   This
                   Place
                   is
                   about
                   ten
                   Miles
                   from
                   Ploczko
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Mlaw
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   Confines
                   of
                   Prussia
                   ,
                   and
                   wash'd
                   by
                   the
                   River
                   of
                   its
                   own
                   Name
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   also
                   about
                   ten
                   Miles
                   from
                   Ploczkow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Radzanow
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Vkra
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Castle
                   founded
                   upon
                   a
                   Rock
                   amongst
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                   This
                   Town
                   is
                   about
                   eight
                   Miles
                   from
                   Ploczkow
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       
                         
                           Bishop
                        
                         
                           Palatin
                           and
                        
                         
                           Castellan
                        
                      
                       of
                       Ploskow
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Castellans
                       of
                       Sieprcz
                       ,
                       and
                       Radzanow
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   are
                   an
                   Eagle
                   expans'd
                   Sables
                   with
                   a
                   P
                   on
                   the
                   Breast
                   :
                   All
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   third
                   Palatinate
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Masovia
                   ,
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   Dobrina
                   ,
                   lying
                   towards
                   the
                   West
                   between
                   Cujavia
                   and
                   Prussia
                   :
                   It
                   abounds
                   with
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Fruit
                   and
                   Fish
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   District
                   of
                   
                     
                       Dobrina
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Ripin
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Slonsk
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Dobrina
                     ,
                     Cap.
                     
                  
                   
                     Ripin
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Slonsk
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Gorzno
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Capital
                   City
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Dobrina
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   ,
                   seated
                   on
                   a
                   Rock
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   .
                   It
                   had
                   formerly
                   a
                   Castle
                   which
                   was
                   demolish'd
                   by
                   the
                   Teutonick
                   Knights
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Ripin
                   ,
                   a
                   Wooden
                   Town
                   ,
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Odleck
                   :
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   Dobrina
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Slonsk
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   ,
                   situate
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Vistula
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   two
                   Miles
                   from
                   Dobrina
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Gorzno
                   ,
                   or
                   Gurzno
                   ,
                   a
                   Wood-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   tolerably
                   well
                   defended
                   by
                   Nature
                   and
                   Art
                   :
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   six
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Dobrina
                   .
                
                 
                   This
                   Palatinate
                   was
                   formerly
                   the
                   cause
                   of
                   frequent
                   Wars
                   between
                   the
                   Poles
                   ,
                   Teutonick
                   Knights
                   ,
                   and
                   Prussians
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   Castellans
                   of
                   
                     
                       Dobrina
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Ripin
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Slonsk
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Arms
                   and
                   Standard
                   of
                   this
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   are
                   a
                   Man's
                   Head
                   proper
                   ,
                   doubly
                   crown'd
                   Or
                   and
                   Argent
                   :
                   All
                   in
                   a
                   Field
                   Gules
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Sixth
                   PROVINCE
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   is
                
                 
                   Samogitia
                   ,
                   having
                   in
                   it
                   no
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   tho
                   many
                   Capitanies
                   ,
                   of
                   which
                   the
                   chief
                   Starosta
                   
                   is
                   he
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   who
                   has
                   a
                   Place
                   in
                   the
                   Senate
                   ,
                   tho
                   no
                   other
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   Dignity
                   have
                   the
                   like
                   throughout
                   the
                   whole
                   Kingdom
                   ,
                   except
                   he
                   be
                   otherwise
                   qualified
                   .
                   This
                   Province
                   is
                   indifferently
                   large
                   and
                   fruitful
                   ,
                   tho
                   it
                   be
                   very
                   much
                   over-run
                   with
                   Woods
                   .
                   To
                   the
                   North
                   it
                   is
                   bounded
                   by
                   Curland
                   and
                   the
                   
                   Baltic
                   Sea
                   :
                   On
                   the
                   West
                   it
                   has
                   Ducal
                   Prussia
                   and
                   the
                   Baltic
                   ;
                   and
                   towards
                   the
                   South
                   and
                   East
                   it
                   borders
                   on
                   Lithuania
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   several
                   Cities
                   as
                   well
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   King
                   as
                   the
                   Gentry
                   ,
                   which
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   are
                   all
                   built
                   with
                   Wood.
                   This
                   Province
                   takes
                   its
                   Name
                   from
                   its
                   Situation
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   low
                   and
                   marshy
                   ;
                   the
                   word
                   Samogitz
                   in
                   the
                   Language
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   denoting
                   as
                   much
                   .
                   It
                   abounds
                   with
                   Lakes
                   and
                   inaccessible
                   Mountains
                   ,
                   yet
                   affords
                   great
                   quantities
                   of
                   Honey
                   ,
                   purer
                   than
                   that
                   either
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   or
                   Livonia
                   ,
                   and
                   breeds
                   Horses
                   which
                   are
                   very
                   much
                   admir'd
                   for
                   their
                   Swiftness
                   .
                   The
                   ordinary
                   People
                   here
                   live
                   in
                   
                   Cottages
                   for
                   the
                   most
                   part
                   seated
                   near
                   Lakes
                   or
                   Rivers
                   ,
                   and
                   cover'd
                   either
                   with
                   Thatch
                   or
                   Boards
                   .
                   They
                   plough
                   the
                   Ground
                   not
                   with
                   Iron
                   but
                   Wood
                   ,
                   tho
                   the
                   Soil
                   be
                   most
                   commonly
                   fat
                   and
                   stiff
                   ;
                   which
                   Custom
                   they
                   are
                   addicted
                   to
                   even
                   to
                   Superstition
                   :
                   for
                   when
                   a
                   certain
                   Starosta
                   of
                   that
                   Country
                   thought
                   to
                   introduce
                   Iron
                   Plowshares
                   among
                   them
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Season
                   not
                   happening
                   to
                   prove
                   as
                   kind
                   as
                   usual
                   ,
                   they
                   attributed
                   all
                   the
                   cause
                   to
                   this
                   change
                   of
                   Instrument
                   ;
                   whereupon
                   they
                   were
                   permitted
                   to
                   return
                   to
                   their
                   old
                   way
                   for
                   fear
                   of
                   an
                   Insurrection
                   .
                   Their
                   Horses
                   are
                   generally
                   so
                   small
                   ,
                   that
                   one
                   would
                   wonder
                   how
                   they
                   could
                   undergo
                   the
                   Fatigue
                   they
                   put
                   'em
                   
                   to
                   .
                   Most
                   of
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   differ
                   little
                   in
                   Manners
                   ,
                   Habit
                   or
                   Language
                   from
                   the
                   Lithuanians
                   ;
                   yet
                   some
                   of
                   them
                   still
                   retain
                   several
                   Idolatrous
                   Worships
                   ,
                   especially
                   
                   in
                   the
                   Deserts
                   ,
                   where
                   they
                   pay
                   Devotion
                   to
                   a
                   four-footed
                   Serpent
                   ,
                   under
                   the
                   Name
                   of
                   Givosit
                   ;
                   and
                   you
                   'll
                   hardly
                   find
                   a
                   Family
                   in
                   these
                   Parts
                   without
                   one
                   of
                   these
                   Houshold
                   Gods.
                   Nay
                   ,
                   even
                   at
                   this
                   day
                   in
                   many
                   Villages
                   both
                   of
                   Prussia
                   and
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   the
                   poor
                   Peasants
                   ,
                   altho
                   they
                   profess
                   Christianity
                   ,
                   yet
                   keep
                   Adders
                   in
                   their
                   Houses
                   ,
                   to
                   which
                   they
                   pay
                   a
                   more
                   than
                   ordinary
                   Veneration
                   ,
                   imagining
                   that
                   some
                   great
                   Mischief
                   would
                   befal
                   them
                   if
                   these
                   Idols
                   should
                   come
                   to
                   any
                   harm
                   .
                   To
                   be
                   more
                   particular
                   with
                   this
                   Country
                   ,
                   your
                   Lordship
                   may
                   understand
                   that
                   their
                   Houses
                   (
                   except
                   only
                   those
                   of
                   the
                   Gentry
                   )
                   are
                   built
                   low
                   and
                   long-ways
                   ,
                   with
                   an
                   Hearth
                   in
                   the
                   middle
                   ,
                   and
                   but
                   one
                   Room
                   ,
                   which
                   serves
                   not
                   only
                   for
                   themselves
                   but
                   their
                   Cattel
                   .
                   The
                   better
                   sort
                   drink
                   out
                   of
                   Horn
                   Cups
                   ,
                   and
                   eat
                   out
                   of
                   Wooden
                   Platters
                   .
                   The
                   Honey
                   here
                   is
                   extraordinary
                   ,
                   having
                   but
                   little
                   Wax
                   ;
                   and
                   some
                   of
                   it
                   is
                   perfectly
                   white
                   ,
                   with
                   which
                   the
                   Woods
                   are
                   every
                   where
                   almost
                   lin'd
                   .
                   
                   The
                   manner
                   of
                   the
                   Pagan
                   Sacrifices
                   and
                   Feasts
                   in
                   Samogitia
                   kept
                   at
                   this
                   day
                   about
                   the
                   end
                   of
                   October
                   ,
                   is
                   as
                   follows
                   .
                   First
                   ,
                   the
                   Place
                   of
                   meeting
                   being
                   assign'd
                   ,
                   the
                   Men
                   with
                   their
                   Wives
                   ,
                   Children
                   and
                   Servants
                   ,
                   punctually
                   appear
                   thereat
                   ,
                   when
                   spreading
                   a
                   Cloth
                   upon
                   the
                   Straw
                   ,
                   several
                   Loaves
                   are
                   set
                   in
                   due
                   order
                   ,
                   and
                   between
                   each
                   Loaf
                   a
                   large
                   Pot
                   of
                   Beer
                   ;
                   then
                   Beasts
                   of
                   divers
                   kinds
                   both
                   Male
                   and
                   Female
                   are
                   brought
                   in
                   ,
                   and
                   sacrific'd
                   after
                   the
                   
                   antient
                   Custom
                   ,
                   thus
                   .
                   First
                   ,
                   the
                   Augur
                   or
                   Priest
                   ,
                   after
                   having
                   mumbled
                   over
                   some
                   few
                   words
                   ,
                   strikes
                   'em
                   with
                   a
                   Wand
                   he
                   holds
                   in
                   his
                   hand
                   on
                   the
                   Back
                   ,
                   Belly
                   ,
                   &c.
                   when
                   all
                   that
                   are
                   present
                   likewise
                   follow
                   his
                   Example
                   ,
                   crying
                   out
                   ,
                   
                     O
                     Zimiennick
                  
                   !
                   (
                   for
                   so
                   they
                   call
                   their
                   God
                   )
                   
                     these
                     Offerings
                     we
                     make
                     to
                     thee
                     for
                     protecting
                     us
                     so
                     mercifully
                     hitherto
                     ,
                     and
                     we
                     most
                     humbly
                     implore
                     thee
                     to
                     have
                     the
                     like
                     Compassion
                     on
                     us
                     for
                     the
                     future
                     ,
                     as
                     to
                     preserve
                     us
                     from
                     Fire
                     ,
                     Sword
                     ,
                     Pestilence
                     and
                     our
                     Enemies
                     :
                  
                   Which
                   said
                   ,
                   they
                   immediately
                   fall
                   to
                   ,
                   but
                   first
                   cut
                   off
                   a
                   bit
                   from
                   every
                   Plate
                   ,
                   and
                   throw
                   'em
                   about
                   the
                   Room
                   ,
                   crying
                   ,
                   
                     O
                     Zimiennick
                     ,
                     graciously
                     partake
                     of
                     our
                     Sacrifices
                     ,
                     and
                     favour
                     thy
                     Adorers
                     !
                  
                   After
                   which
                   they
                   eat
                   and
                   drink
                   heartily
                   ,
                   and
                   so
                   the
                   Ceremony
                   concludes
                   .
                   These
                   Sacrifices
                   are
                   also
                   still
                   observ'd
                   by
                   the
                   Country-People
                   in
                   several
                   places
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   and
                   Russia
                   .
                   This
                   Province
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   Districts
                   ,
                   which
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Rosienia
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Mednick
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Poniviess
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   principal
                   Towns
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                
                 
                   
                     Rosienia
                     ,
                     Cap.
                     
                  
                   
                     Mednick
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Poniviess
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Cowna
                     .
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Capital
                   of
                   all
                   which
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Rosienia
                   ,
                   a
                   small
                   ill-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   tho
                   the
                   chief
                   of
                   the
                   Province
                   of
                   Samogitia
                   ,
                   being
                   seated
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Dubiss
                   ,
                   about
                   twelve
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Cowna
                   to
                   the
                   North
                   ,
                   thirty
                   from
                   Riga
                   ,
                   and
                   twenty
                   seven
                   from
                   Vilna
                   to
                   the
                   West
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Mednick
                   ,
                   somewhat
                   better
                   built
                   than
                   the
                   former
                   ,
                   and
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   Suffragan's
                   See
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   Arch-bishop
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   .
                   This
                   Town
                   is
                   seated
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Wirwitz
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Poniviess
                   ,
                   Capital
                   only
                   of
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   that
                   Name
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Cowna
                   ,
                   situate
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Niemen
                   ,
                   and
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   College
                   of
                   Jesuits
                   ,
                   and
                   several
                   considerable
                   Monasteries
                   .
                   This
                   Town
                   was
                   formerly
                   much
                   frequented
                   by
                   the
                   German
                   Merchants
                   ,
                   who
                   built
                   here
                   divers
                   splendid
                   Edifices
                   both
                   with
                   Stone
                   and
                   Brick
                   ,
                   which
                   the
                   Inhabitants
                   have
                   since
                   imitated
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   some
                   things
                   excell'd
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   
                     
                       Bishop
                    
                     
                       Starosta
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Castellan
                    
                  
                   of
                   Samogitia
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Seventh
                   PROVINCE
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   is
                
                 
                   Volhynia
                   ,
                   which
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   two
                   large
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   Luccoria
                   ,
                   and
                   Cremen
                   .
                
                 
                   In
                   both
                   which
                   are
                   these
                   principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Lutzko
                       
                         
                           Bish
                           .
                        
                         
                           Cap.
                           of
                           Luceoria
                           .
                        
                      
                    
                     
                       Vlodimir
                       ,
                       or
                       Woldzimiers
                       .
                    
                     
                       Krzemenec
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       of
                       Cremen
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                       Brodi
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Olika
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Constantinow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zsbarasz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Ostropium
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Wisniovec
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Zaslaw
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Basilea
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Miedirecz
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Rubesow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Dubna
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Czartorisk
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Olesk
                       ,
                    
                     
                       and
                       Krilow
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Capital
                   City
                   of
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   Luceoria
                   ,
                   and
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   Volhynia
                   ,
                   is
                   that
                   of
                
                 
                   
                   Lutzko
                   ,
                   or
                   Luzuk
                   ,
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   ,
                   situate
                   on
                   the
                   Banks
                   of
                   the
                   River
                   Ster
                   ,
                   near
                   a
                   Lake
                   which
                   encompasses
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   Castle
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   hardly
                   seven
                   Miles
                   from
                   the
                   Frontiers
                   of
                   Red
                   Russia
                   to
                   the
                   East
                   ,
                   and
                   twenty
                   from
                   Leopol
                   to
                   the
                   North-East
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   a
                   large
                   City
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   an
                   Episcopal
                   See
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Residence
                   of
                   a
                   Bishop
                   subject
                   to
                   the
                   Metropolitan
                   of
                   Gnesna
                   .
                   The
                   Cathedral
                   and
                   Chapter-house
                   are
                   in
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   Castles
                   ,
                   there
                   being
                   two
                   built
                   on
                   adjoining
                   Hills
                   near
                   this
                   City
                   .
                   Here
                   likewise
                   resides
                   a
                   Russian
                   Bishop
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Vlodimir
                   ,
                   a
                   Wooden
                   Town
                   ,
                   with
                   Wooden
                   Fortifications
                   ,
                   and
                   built
                   among
                   the
                   Marshes
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   not
                   far
                   from
                   Lutzko
                   ,
                   and
                   is
                   the
                   Residence
                   of
                   a
                   Russian
                   Bishop
                   with
                   a
                   considerable
                   Jurisdiction
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Krzemenec
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   Cremen
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Timber
                   City
                   with
                   a
                   Wooden
                   Castle
                   and
                   Mud
                   Walls
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Brodi
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   by
                   
                     Stanislaus
                     Konicepoliski
                     ,
                     Castellan
                  
                   of
                   Cracovia
                   ,
                   with
                   strong
                   Fortifications
                   ,
                   a
                   Collegiate
                   Church
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   publick
                   Academy
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Olika
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   belonging
                   to
                   the
                   House
                   of
                   Radzivil
                   ,
                   adorn'd
                   with
                   a
                   fair
                   Cathedral
                   ,
                   and
                   Academy
                   for
                   all
                   sorts
                   of
                   Arts
                   and
                   Sciences
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Constantinow
                   ,
                   adorn'd
                   and
                   defended
                   by
                   a
                   well-fortified
                   Castle
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Zsbarasz
                   ,
                   formerly
                   a
                   Free
                   City
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Territory
                   or
                   District
                   of
                   its
                   own
                   ,
                   but
                   now
                   subject
                   to
                   that
                   of
                   Cremen
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   are
                   ,
                   
                     
                       The
                       Bishop
                       of
                       Luceoria
                       .
                    
                     
                       The
                       Palatin
                       ,
                       and
                       The
                       
                       Castellansof
                       Volhynia
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   of
                   Volhynia
                   are
                   
                     Party
                     per
                     Pale
                     ,
                     Argent
                  
                   and
                   Azure
                   ,
                   the
                   former
                   containing
                   the
                   Arms
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Eighth
                   PROVINCE
                   of
                   this
                   Kingdom
                   is
                
                 
                   Podlachia
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Province
                   and
                   Palatinate
                   ,
                   bounded
                   on
                   the
                   West
                   by
                   Masovia
                   ,
                   and
                   on
                   the
                   
                   East
                   by
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   to
                   which
                   it
                   formerly
                   belong'd
                   till
                   
                     Sigismundus
                     Augustus
                  
                   in
                   the
                   Year
                   1569
                   united
                   it
                   to
                   Poland
                   .
                   In
                   Spiritual
                   Matters
                   it
                   is
                   wholly
                   subject
                   to
                   the
                   Bishop
                   of
                   Luceoria
                   ,
                   but
                   as
                   to
                   Temporal
                   it
                   is
                   divided
                   into
                   three
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                   The
                   Districts
                   of
                   
                     
                       Byclsko
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Drogiczynen
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Mielnick
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                   In
                   all
                   which
                   there
                   are
                   these
                   Principal
                   Cities
                   and
                   Towns
                   ,
                   viz.
                   
                   
                     
                       Byelsko
                       ,
                       Cap.
                       
                    
                     
                       Drogiczin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Myelnick
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Tykoczin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Knyssin
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Augustow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Mordi
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Wasilkow
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Narew
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Bransko
                       ,
                    
                     
                       Visokie
                       ,
                       and
                    
                     
                       Holovacz
                       .
                    
                  
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Of
                   all
                   which
                   the
                   Capital
                   is
                
                 
                   
                   Byelsko
                   ,
                   a
                   large
                   Timber-built
                   City
                   ,
                   Metropolis
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   ,
                   and
                   seated
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Byala
                   dividing
                   it
                   from
                   Lithuania
                   .
                   It
                   s
                   Castle
                   was
                   burnt
                   down
                   by
                   Lightning
                   ,
                   and
                   never
                   since
                   rebuilt
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Drogiczin
                   ,
                   Capital
                   of
                   the
                   District
                   of
                   that
                   Name
                   ,
                   and
                   built
                   on
                   a
                   small
                   Rising
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Bug.
                   This
                   City
                   is
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   Court
                   of
                   Justice
                   ,
                   wherein
                   the
                   Causes
                   of
                   the
                   Gentry
                   are
                   tried
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   about
                   ten
                   Miles
                   from
                   Bielsko
                   ,
                   and
                   thirty
                   from
                   Warsaw
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Mielnick
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   on
                   the
                   Bug
                   likewise
                   ,
                   only
                   famous
                   for
                   being
                   Capital
                   of
                   its
                   District
                   .
                   It
                   is
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   Drogiczin
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Tykoczin
                   ,
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   in
                   a
                   Plain
                   upon
                   the
                   River
                   Narew
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   Castle
                   well
                   fortified
                   both
                   by
                   Art
                   and
                   Nature
                   ,
                   being
                   surrounded
                   by
                   vast
                   Bogs
                   ,
                   and
                   defended
                   every
                   way
                   with
                   several
                   large
                   Cannon
                   .
                   Here
                   part
                   of
                   the
                   King's
                   Treasure
                   is
                   kept
                   ;
                   and
                   here
                   likewise
                   
                     Sigismundus
                     Augustus
                  
                   caus'd
                   Money
                   to
                   be
                   coin'd
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   about
                   ten
                   Miles
                   from
                   Byelsko
                   ,
                   and
                   forty
                   two
                   from
                   Vilna
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Knyssin
                   ,
                   a
                   Wood-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   seated
                   among
                   Marshes
                   and
                   Woods
                   .
                   Here
                   the
                   King
                   has
                   a
                   Palace
                   ,
                   and
                   a
                   very
                   large
                   Park
                   ,
                   abounding
                   with
                   Deers
                   of
                   all
                   sorts
                   ;
                   and
                   huge
                   Fish-ponds
                   ,
                   replenish'd
                   with
                   all
                   kinds
                   of
                   fresh-Water
                   Fish
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Augustow
                   a
                   very
                   large
                   City
                   ,
                   built
                   by
                   
                     Sigismundus
                     Augustus
                  
                   ,
                   and
                   which
                   lies
                   about
                   twenty
                   Miles
                   from
                   Byelsko
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Mordi
                   a
                   Timber-built
                   Town
                   ,
                   seated
                   on
                   a
                   very
                   large
                   Lake
                   ,
                   and
                   about
                   five
                   Miles
                   from
                   Drogiczin
                   .
                
                 
                 
                   
                   Wasilkow
                   a
                   Wood-built
                   Town
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Narew
                   ,
                   where
                   the
                   King
                   's
                   Starosta
                   resides
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Narew
                   situate
                   in
                   the
                   midst
                   of
                   Woods
                   ,
                   and
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   of
                   that
                   Name
                   .
                   This
                   Town
                   lies
                   about
                   four
                   Miles
                   from
                   Byelsko
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Bransko
                   built
                   on
                   the
                   River
                   Nar
                   ,
                   only
                   famous
                   for
                   a
                   Court
                   of
                   Justice
                   held
                   there
                   .
                   It
                   lies
                   about
                   three
                   Polish
                   Miles
                   from
                   Byelsko
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   Suras
                   a
                   Town
                   built
                   at
                   the
                   foot
                   of
                   a
                   Hill
                   near
                   the
                   River
                   Narew
                   .
                   It
                   has
                   a
                   Castle
                   which
                   commands
                   the
                   Town
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Senators
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   are
                   ,
                   The
                   Palatine
                   ,
                   and
                   Castellan
                   of
                   Podlachia
                   .
                
                 
                   
                   The
                   Standard
                   or
                   Arms
                   of
                   this
                   Province
                   are
                   
                     Party
                     per
                     Pale
                  
                   ,
                   Argent
                   and
                   Gules
                   :
                   In
                   the
                   former
                   the
                   Arms
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   and
                   in
                   the
                   latter
                   an
                   Eagle
                   Expans'd
                   of
                   the
                   first
                   .
                
                 
                   Thus
                   far
                   ,
                   
                     my
                     Lord
                  
                   ,
                   have
                   I
                   trac'd
                   the
                   Extent
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Divisions
                   of
                   its
                   Provinces
                   ,
                   and
                   have
                   taken
                   notice
                   of
                   what
                   I
                   have
                   both
                   observ'd
                   and
                   heard
                   to
                   be
                   most
                   remarkable
                   in
                   them
                   ;
                   whereby
                   your
                   Lordship
                   may
                   find
                   that
                   this
                   vast
                   Kingdom
                   is
                   not
                   so
                   contemptible
                   as
                   we
                   of
                   the
                   Western
                   Parts
                   of
                   Europe
                   have
                   imagin'd
                   :
                   for
                   this
                   Country
                   abounds
                   with
                   all
                   Necessaries
                   to
                   support
                   it self
                   ,
                   both
                   in
                   Peace
                   and
                   War
                   ,
                   without
                   the
                   help
                   of
                   its
                   Neighbours
                   ;
                   and
                   had
                   it
                   been
                   as
                   well
                   improv'd
                   by
                   Art
                   ,
                   and
                   enrich'd
                   by
                   Trade
                   ,
                   as
                   it
                   is
                   made
                   fruitful
                   by
                   Nature
                   ,
                   it
                   would
                   doubtless
                   have
                   been
                   able
                   to
                   vie
                   with
                   any
                   Kingdom
                   in
                   Europe
                   :
                   
                   Which
                   the
                   King
                   of
                   France
                   ,
                   and
                   other
                   Princes
                   ,
                   are
                   now
                   sensible
                   of
                   ,
                   since
                   they
                   have
                   profusely
                   spent
                   vast
                   Sums
                   of
                   Money
                   ,
                   to
                   advance
                   either
                   themselves
                   or
                   Friends
                   to
                   that
                   Crown
                   ,
                   tho
                   they
                   were
                   no
                   ways
                   certain
                   of
                   Success
                   ,
                   knowing
                   ,
                   that
                   let
                   the
                   Sums
                   they
                   spent
                   be
                   ever
                   so
                   considerable
                   ,
                   they
                   would
                   be
                   fully
                   recompens'd
                   when
                   they
                   obtain'd
                   their
                   Ends
                   ;
                   for
                   a
                   King
                   of
                   Poland
                   can
                   raise
                   as
                   considerable
                   an
                   Army
                   ,
                   and
                   that
                   chiefly
                   of
                   Horse
                   ,
                   as
                   any
                   Christian
                   Prince
                   .
                   He
                   has
                   ever
                   had
                   a
                   great
                   Reputation
                   with
                   the
                   Eastern
                   Princes
                   ;
                   and
                   considering
                   their
                   History
                   ,
                   I
                   find
                   as
                   remarkable
                   Transactions
                   and
                   Exploits
                   in
                   the
                   Lives
                   of
                   the
                   Kings
                   of
                   Poland
                   ,
                   as
                   in
                   any
                   other
                   History
                   whatever
                   .
                
                 
                   I
                   must
                   confess
                   ,
                   the
                   Poles
                   have
                   not
                   been
                   such
                   refin'd
                   Politicians
                   ,
                   nor
                   so
                   prudently
                   manag'd
                   their
                   own
                   Interest
                   as
                   some
                   of
                   their
                   Neighbours
                   have
                   done
                   ;
                   for
                   by
                   their
                   ill
                   Conduct
                   ,
                   and
                   supine
                   Negligence
                   ,
                   they
                   have
                   lost
                   the
                   best
                   Part
                   of
                   their
                   Antient
                   Dominions
                   :
                   which
                   yet
                   has
                   hapned
                   to
                   them
                   ,
                   neither
                   on
                   account
                   of
                   their
                   Deficiency
                   in
                   Courage
                   or
                   Bravery
                   ;
                   but
                   at
                   present
                   the
                   Poles
                   beginning
                   to
                   enquire
                   into
                   the
                   State
                   of
                   Foreign
                   Countries
                   ,
                   and
                   into
                   their
                   Maxims
                   of
                   Government
                   ,
                   they
                   are
                   become
                   more
                   Vigilant
                   and
                   Political
                   ,
                   and
                   are
                   likely
                   ,
                   under
                   the
                   Command
                   of
                   their
                   present
                   King
                   ,
                   as
                   well
                   to
                   retrieve
                   their
                   Honour
                   ,
                   as
                   recover
                   their
                   lost
                   Dominions
                   .
                
                 
                   I
                   would
                   ,
                   
                     my
                     Lord
                  
                   ,
                   have
                   presented
                   you
                   with
                   a
                   great
                   many
                   other
                   entertaining
                   Matters
                   relating
                   to
                   the
                   Geography
                   and
                   Natural
                   History
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   
                   of
                   this
                   Country
                   ,
                   had
                   I
                   either
                   seen
                   them
                   my self
                   ,
                   or
                   been
                   secure
                   of
                   the
                   Relation
                   of
                   others
                   ;
                   but
                   I
                   would
                   rather
                   chuse
                   to
                   be
                   deficient
                   in
                   this
                   Account
                   ,
                   than
                   to
                   give
                   your
                   Lordship
                   just
                   reason
                   to
                   believe
                   that
                   I
                   were
                   too
                   credulous
                   .
                   I
                   am
                   ,
                
                 
                   
                     My
                     LORD
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Your
                     Lordship
                     's
                     most
                     obedient
                     humble
                     Servant
                     ,
                     
                       B.
                       C.
                    
                     
                  
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 LETTER
                 VI.
                 
              
               
                 To
                 GEORGE
                 STEPNEY
                 Esq
                 ;
                 late
                 Envoy
                 Extraordinary
                 from
                 his
                 Majesty
                 to
                 the
                 Electors
                 and
                 Princes
                 of
                 the
                 Empire
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Origin
                   and
                   Extent
                   of
                   the
                   Great
                   Dutchy
                   of
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   with
                   the
                   Succession
                   of
                   its
                   Great
                   Dukes
                   ,
                   and
                   Description
                   of
                   its
                   chief
                   Towns
                   and
                   Provinces
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   SIR
                   ,
                
              
               
                 THE
                 Zeal
                 you
                 have
                 shew'd
                 for
                 his
                 Majesty's
                 Service
                 in
                 your
                 Ministry
                 at
                 the
                 Courts
                 of
                 the
                 Empire
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Reputation
                 I
                 found
                 you
                 left
                 behind
                 you
                 in
                 those
                 Places
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Honour
                 of
                 so
                 great
                 a
                 Master
                 ,
                 deserve
                 not
                 only
                 the
                 repeated
                 Proofs
                 of
                 his
                 usual
                 Bounty
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Choice
                 he
                 wisely
                 made
                 of
                 you
                 a
                 second
                 time
                 to
                 represent
                 his
                 Royal
                 Person
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 the
                 Esteem
                 of
                 all
                 those
                 that
                 are
                 acquainted
                 with
                 your
                 Merits
                 .
                 To
                 pretend
                 to
                 inform
                 you
                 of
                 the
                 Constitution
                 of
                 any
                 State
                 in
                 Europe
                 ,
                 would
                 not
                 be
                 only
                 the
                 calling
                 in
                 question
                 your
                 Experience
                 in
                 Foreign
                 Affairs
                 ,
                 and
                 your
                 undoubted
                 Knowledg
                 in
                 Politicks
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 exposing
                 my
                 own
                 Judgment
                 to
                 the
                 just
                 Censure
                 of
                 the
                 World.
                 Wherefore
                 ,
                 Sir
                 ,
                 thinking
                 by
                 our
                 late
                 Discourse
                 about
                 Poland
                 ,
                 
                 that
                 nothing
                 could
                 be
                 new
                 to
                 you
                 ,
                 but
                 what
                 was
                 either
                 very
                 remote
                 or
                 very
                 antient
                 ;
                 I
                 will
                 endeavour
                 only
                 to
                 give
                 what
                 I
                 know
                 of
                 the
                 Origin
                 and
                 Extent
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 that
                 vast
                 Tract
                 of
                 Land
                 that
                 lies
                 between
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 of
                 Moscovy
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 LITHUANIA
                 ,
                 call'd
                 by
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 Litwa
                 ,
                 tho
                 subject
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 as
                 Scotland
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 of
                 England
                 ,
                 yet
                 is
                 a
                 distinct
                 Nation
                 from
                 this
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 having
                 different
                 Customs
                 ,
                 a
                 different
                 Dialect
                 ,
                 and
                 particular
                 Privileges
                 ,
                 tho
                 one
                 Diet
                 serves
                 them
                 both
                 .
                 It
                 lies
                 between
                 
                 Moscovy
                 on
                 the
                 East
                 ,
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 the
                 Baltic
                 Sea
                 ,
                 and
                 part
                 of
                 Moscovy
                 to
                 the
                 North
                 ;
                 
                   Samogitia
                   ,
                   Prussia
                
                 and
                 Podlachia
                 to
                 the
                 West
                 ;
                 and
                 
                   Russia
                   ,
                   Volhynia
                
                 and
                 Podolia
                 towards
                 the
                 South
                 .
                 It
                 extends
                 near
                 ninety
                 German
                 Miles
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 Borders
                 of
                 the
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lublin
                 to
                 the
                 Confines
                 of
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 eighty
                 in
                 breadth
                 from
                 the
                 River
                 Niemen
                 to
                 the
                 Nieper
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 
                 its
                 Great
                 Duke
                 Vitoldus
                 it
                 was
                 of
                 much
                 larger
                 Extent
                 ,
                 for
                 then
                 it
                 reached
                 from
                 the
                 Euxine
                 Sea
                 to
                 almost
                 all
                 along
                 the
                 Baltic
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Province
                 is
                 a
                 flat
                 and
                 Champain
                 Country
                 ,
                 formerly
                 all
                 over-run
                 with
                 Woods
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 which
                 a
                 great
                 Number
                 still
                 remain
                 :
                 Yet
                 what
                 with
                 the
                 Industry
                 of
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Peace
                 they
                 have
                 enjoy'd
                 ever
                 since
                 Sigismund
                 the
                 First
                 's
                 time
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 now
                 very
                 fruitful
                 ,
                 and
                 produces
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Grain
                 ;
                 as
                 likewise
                 affords
                 great
                 quantities
                 of
                 Honey
                 ,
                 Pitch
                 ▪
                 Tar
                 and
                 Timber
                 ,
                 with
                 good
                 store
                 of
                 Fish
                 
                 and
                 Flesh
                 :
                 Nevertheless
                 the
                 Air
                 is
                 generally
                 unhealthy
                 ,
                 which
                 occasions
                 many
                 places
                 to
                 be
                 little
                 inhabited
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 quite
                 Desert
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 great
                 Dutchy
                 was
                 only
                 begun
                 to
                 be
                 united
                 to
                 Poland
                 by
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1386
                 ;
                 for
                 tho
                 that
                 Union
                 was
                 afterwards
                 renew'd
                 at
                 Grodno
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1413
                 ,
                 yet
                 Lithuania
                 still
                 retain'd
                 its
                 own
                 proper
                 Dukes
                 till
                 the
                 Year
                 1501
                 ,
                 when
                 the
                 great
                 Duke
                 Albert
                 was
                 chosen
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 by
                 whose
                 means
                 this
                 Country
                 became
                 absolutely
                 under
                 the
                 Dominion
                 of
                 that
                 Crown
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 was
                 afterwards
                 confirm'd
                 by
                 a
                 Diet
                 held
                 at
                 Lublin
                 in
                 1569
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 Reign
                 of
                 
                   Sigismundus
                   Augustus
                
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 was
                 agreed
                 that
                 Lithuania
                 should
                 enjoy
                 its
                 own
                 peculiar
                 Laws
                 and
                 Privileges
                 ,
                 and
                 be
                 constituted
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Polish
                 Common-wealth
                 ;
                 insomuch
                 that
                 nothing
                 of
                 Importance
                 was
                 for
                 the
                 future
                 to
                 be
                 transacted
                 therein
                 ,
                 without
                 the
                 voluntary
                 Concurrence
                 of
                 these
                 States
                 .
              
               
                 
                 This
                 Country
                 consists
                 of
                 two
                 Parts
                 ,
                 viz.
                 
                 
                   
                     1.
                     
                     Lithuania
                     properly
                     so
                     call'd
                     ;
                     and
                     ,
                  
                   
                     2.
                     
                     Lithuanic
                     ,
                     or
                     White
                     -
                     Russia
                     .
                  
                
                 Both
                 which
                 are
                 divided
                 into
                 several
                 Palatinates
                 ,
                 and
                 those
                 again
                 into
                 Districts
                 ;
                 and
                 all
                 of
                 them
                 may
                 be
                 properly
                 term'd
                 Dutchies
                 ,
                 each
                 having
                 formerly
                 had
                 its
                 peculiar
                 Duke
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Arms
                 or
                 Standard
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 are
                 ,
                 
                   Party
                   per
                   Pale
                   ,
                   Gules
                
                 and
                 Azure
                 :
                 In
                 the
                 former
                 a
                 Horse
                 in
                 full
                 career
                 Argent
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Warrior
                 insiding
                 Proper
                 ,
                 brandishing
                 a
                 Sword
                 over
                 his
                 head
                 .
                 And
                 in
                 the
                 second
                 the
                 Virgin
                 Mary
                 with
                 our
                 Saviour
                 in
                 her
                 Arms
                 ,
                 surrounded
                 by
                 a
                 Glory
                 .
              
               
               
                 Before
                 I
                 proceed
                 to
                 a
                 Topographical
                 Description
                 of
                 this
                 State
                 ,
                 I
                 hope
                 a
                 short
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 Origin
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Lives
                 and
                 most
                 remarkable
                 Actions
                 of
                 the
                 several
                 Dukes
                 ,
                 and
                 Great
                 Dukes
                 of
                 that
                 Dutchy
                 ,
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 &c.
                 may
                 not
                 be
                 unacceptable
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 as
                 follows
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 as
                 Guagnini
                 thinks
                 ,
                 took
                 its
                 Name
                 from
                 this
                 Occasion
                 .
                 When
                 the
                 first
                 Prince
                 thereof
                 Palaemon
                 left
                 Italy
                 ,
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 
                 Nero's
                 Tyranny
                 ,
                 he
                 together
                 with
                 several
                 of
                 his
                 Countrymen
                 ,
                 fled
                 ,
                 by
                 a
                 long
                 Voyage
                 ,
                 into
                 these
                 Parts
                 :
                 Where
                 after
                 some
                 time
                 having
                 been
                 saluted
                 Prince
                 by
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 thereof
                 ,
                 he
                 call'd
                 their
                 Country
                 after
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 ,
                 
                   La
                   Italia
                
                 ;
                 which
                 in
                 process
                 of
                 time
                 ,
                 by
                 mixing
                 with
                 the
                 Idiom
                 of
                 those
                 Barbarians
                 ,
                 might
                 (
                 as
                 he
                 says
                 )
                 have
                 degenerated
                 into
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 Others
                 will
                 have
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 so
                 nam'd
                 from
                 the
                 Latin
                 word
                 Littus
                 a
                 Shoar
                 ,
                 because
                 ,
                 say
                 they
                 ,
                 this
                 Prince
                 settled
                 along
                 the
                 Shoar
                 of
                 the
                 Baltic
                 Sea
                 before
                 
                 he
                 descended
                 into
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 To
                 confirm
                 this
                 Prince's
                 Expedition
                 into
                 this
                 Country
                 ,
                 there
                 are
                 several
                 Italian
                 and
                 Latin
                 words
                 intermixt
                 with
                 its
                 present
                 Language
                 .
                 As
                 likewise
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Noble
                 Families
                 have
                 great
                 similitude
                 with
                 the
                 Roman
                 Names
                 ,
                 tho
                 the
                 Vulgar
                 sort
                 are
                 altogether
                 Sclavonian
                 .
                 Notwithstanding
                 this
                 Assertion
                 ,
                 Hartknoch
                 ,
                 with
                 several
                 others
                 ,
                 positively
                 affirm
                 ,
                 that
                 this
                 Country
                 had
                 its
                 Name
                 from
                 Littuo
                 ,
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Alani
                 ,
                 a
                 certain
                 Duke
                 therefore
                 long
                 before
                 
                 Palaemon's
                 Voyage
                 :
                 So
                 that
                 from
                 
                   Littuo
                   Alanus
                
                 they
                 call'd
                 his
                 Country
                 Littualania
                 ,
                 which
                 afterwards
                 was
                 contracted
                 to
                 Lithuania
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 Palaemon
                 first
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 being
                 descended
                 from
                 the
                 Roman
                 Patricii
                 ,
                 after
                 having
                 undergon
                 great
                 Dangers
                 ,
                 and
                 effected
                 many
                 glorious
                 Enterprizes
                 ,
                 died
                 peaceably
                 ,
                 leaving
                 three
                 Nephews
                 
                   Borcus
                   ,
                   Cunossus
                
                 and
                 Spera
                 ,
                 all
                 which
                 separately
                 succeeded
                 him
                 in
                 his
                 Dominions
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Borcus
                 took
                 for
                 his
                 Share
                 part
                 of
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 built
                 a
                 Castle
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Juria
                 ,
                 a
                 Branch
                 of
                 the
                 Niemen
                 ,
                 and
                 call'd
                 it
                 after
                 his
                 own
                 Name
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 River
                 whereon
                 it
                 stood
                 ,
                 Jurburg
                 ,
                 which
                 continues
                 even
                 at
                 this
                 day
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Cunossus
                 extending
                 his
                 Dominion
                 a
                 different
                 way
                 ,
                 built
                 Kunossow
                 another
                 Castle
                 ,
                 calling
                 it
                 after
                 his
                 own
                 Name
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 remains
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Spera
                 likewise
                 built
                 a
                 Castle
                 near
                 the
                 River
                 Swenta
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 began
                 his
                 Reign
                 .
              
               
                 At
                 length
                 Borcus
                 and
                 Spera
                 dying
                 ,
                 Cunossus
                 seiz'd
                 on
                 both
                 their
                 Dominions
                 ;
                 but
                 soon
                 after
                 di'd
                 also
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 two
                 Sons
                 ,
                 Kyernus
                 and
                 Gybutus
                 ;
                 whereof
              
               
                 
                 Kyernus
                 settled
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 and
                 built
                 the
                 Castle
                 Kyernow
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 made
                 the
                 Place
                 of
                 his
                 Residence
                 ;
                 and
              
               
                 
                 Gybutus
                 resided
                 in
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 likewise
                 govern'd
                 .
                 Both
                 these
                 Brother
                 's
                 joining
                 together
                 ,
                 made
                 huge
                 Devastations
                 in
                 Russia
                 ,
                 and
                 carried
                 away
                 great
                 Booty
                 ;
                 but
                 upon
                 their
                 return
                 home
                 ,
                 found
                 Samogitia
                 serv'd
                 the
                 like
                 Sauce
                 by
                 the
                 Livonians
                 :
                 To
                 revenge
                 which
                 ,
                 they
                 forthwith
                 enter'd
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 and
                 burnt
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 all
                 that
                 Country
                 wherever
                 they
                 came
                 .
              
               
                 Kyernus
                 dying
                 ,
                 was
                 succeeded
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 by
                 his
                 Son
                 Zivibundus
                 ,
                 and
                 Gybutus
                 in
                 Samogitia
                 by
                 his
                 Son
                 Muntwil
                 ;
                 which
                 last
                 having
                 reign'd
                 but
                 little
                 ,
                 dy'd
                 and
                 left
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 Vikint
                 to
                 succeed
                 him
                 in
                 Samogitia
                 ;
                 but
              
               
                 
                 Zivibundus
                 liv'd
                 a
                 great
                 while
                 after
                 ,
                 and
                 prov'd
                 no
                 small
                 Victor
                 over
                 the
                 Russians
                 and
                 Tartars
                 :
                 for
                 being
                 willing
                 to
                 shake
                 off
                 the
                 Russian
                 Yoke
                 ,
                 he
                 sent
                 his
                 Brother
                 Wikinti
                 
                 Erdzivil
                 to
                 invade
                 that
                 Country
                 ;
                 who
                 so
                 far
                 succeeded
                 as
                 to
                 take
                 the
                 City
                 and
                 Castle
                 of
                 Novogrodec
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 fix
                 the
                 Seat
                 of
                 a
                 Dutchy
                 there
                 :
                 And
                 after
                 proceeding
                 further
                 ,
                 he
                 built
                 the
                 strong
                 Castle
                 of
                 Grodno
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Niemen
                 .
                 Then
                 he
                 descended
                 into
                 Podlachia
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 took
                 several
                 Towns
                 ,
                 and
                 soon
                 reduced
                 all
                 that
                 Province
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 he
                 conquer'd
                 Kurdassus
                 Prince
                 of
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 at
                 a
                 Town
                 call'd
                 Mozera
                 ,
                 near
                 the
                 River
                 Okuniowka
                 .
                 This
                 Erdzivil
                 ,
                 after
                 many
                 Heroick
                 Actions
                 ,
                 and
                 succeeding
                 his
                 Brother
                 Zivibundus
                 ,
                 di'd
                 and
                 left
                 two
                 Sons
                 ,
                 Mingailus
                 and
                 Algimuntus
                 ,
                 and
                 divided
                 his
                 Dominions
                 between
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Algimuntus
                 chose
                 for
                 his
                 part
                 Samogitia
                 ;
                 and
              
               
                 
                 Mingailus
                 rul'd
                 over
                 Lithuania
                 and
                 Polocz
                 ;
                 which
                 last
                 Country
                 he
                 took
                 from
                 the
                 Russians
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 extended
                 his
                 Dominion
                 over
                 all
                 the
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Novogrodec
                 .
                 This
                 Duke
                 died
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 two
                 Sons
                 ,
                 Skirmunt
                 and
                 Ginvil
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Skirmunt
                 having
                 perform'd
                 his
                 Father's
                 Obsequies
                 ,
                 enter'd
                 upon
                 the
                 Government
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Novogrodec
                 .
                 And
              
               
                 
                 Ginvil
                 by
                 natural
                 Right
                 seiz'd
                 upon
                 Polocz
                 ;
                 which
                 having
                 govern'd
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 ,
                 he
                 died
                 and
                 left
                 to
                 his
                 Son
              
               
               
                 
                 Boris
                 ,
                 who
                 rul'd
                 a
                 great
                 while
                 in
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 and
                 built
                 a
                 famous
                 Church
                 there
                 with
                 Brick
                 ,
                 calling
                 it
                 
                   Sancta
                   Sophia
                
                 .
                 He
                 likewise
                 founded
                 several
                 other
                 famous
                 Edis●●ces
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Town
                 and
                 Castle
                 of
                 Borissow
                 upon
                 the
                 River
                 Beresina
                 .
                 To
                 him
                 succeeded
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 
                   Basilius
                   Rechwold
                
                 ,
                 who
                 liv'd
                 to
                 a
                 great
                 Age
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 behind
                 him
                 a
                 Son
                 called
                 Hlebus
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Daughter
                 nam'd
                 Poroskavia
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Hlebus
                 surviv'd
                 his
                 Father
                 but
                 a
                 little
                 while
                 ,
                 and
              
               
                 Poroskavia
                 wholly
                 devoted
                 her self
                 to
                 the
                 Greek
                 Religion
                 ;
                 but
                 afterwards
                 went
                 to
                 Rome
                 where
                 she
                 died
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 Canonized
                 for
                 a
                 Saint
                 .
                 Now
                 to
                 return
                 to
                 the
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
              
               
                 Skirmunt
                 obtain'd
                 great
                 Conquests
                 over
                 the
                 Tartars
                 and
                 Russians
                 ,
                 and
                 dying
                 ,
                 left
                 his
                 Uncle
              
               
                 
                 Kukovoitus
                 to
                 succeed
                 him
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 and
                 Samogitia
                 ;
                 who
                 having
                 govern'd
                 a
                 good
                 while
                 ,
                 died
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 his
                 Dominions
                 to
                 his
                 Son-in-Law
              
               
                 
                 Giedrussus
                 who
                 had
                 marri'd
                 his
                 Daughter
                 Poiata
                 .
                 This
                 Duke
                 dying
                 ,
                 left
                 for
                 his
                 Successor
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 Ringolt
                 ,
                 who
                 having
                 perform'd
                 his
                 Father's
                 Funeral-Rites
                 after
                 the
                 Pagan
                 manner
                 ,
                 enter'd
                 upon
                 the
                 Government
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 and
                 Samogitia
                 .
                 Against
                 this
                 Duke
                 the
                 Russians
                 ,
                 join'd
                 ●●y
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 march'd
                 with
                 great
                 fury
                 to
                 reduce
                 him
                 to
                 pay
                 Tribute
                 ;
                 but
                 he
                 timely
                 opposing
                 them
                 with
                 equal
                 Force
                 ,
                 gave
                 them
                 a
                 signal
                 Overthrow
                 near
                 Mohilna
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Niemen
                 .
                 At
                 length
                 this
                 Ringolt
                 ,
                 famous
                 likewise
                 for
                 several
                 other
                 Victories
                 ,
                 died
                 and
                 left
                 his
                 Dominions
                 to
                 his
                 Son
              
               
               
                 
                 Mindog
                 ,
                 or
                 Mendog
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1240
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 various
                 Conflicts
                 with
                 the
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Smolensko
                 and
                 Volhynia
                 ,
                 both
                 which
                 at
                 last
                 he
                 totally
                 subdu'd
                 .
                 He
                 likewise
                 fought
                 several
                 Battels
                 with
                 Boleslaus
                 the
                 Chast
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 Daniel
                 Emperor
                 of
                 Moscovy
                 ,
                 in
                 most
                 of
                 which
                 the
                 Christians
                 were
                 worsted
                 with
                 great
                 slaughter
                 .
                 He
                 frequently
                 made
                 Incursions
                 into
                 
                   Masovia
                   ,
                   Dobrina
                   ,
                   Cujavia
                
                 ,
                 &c.
                 and
                 return'd
                 with
                 great
                 Booty
                 .
                 He
                 also
                 had
                 bloody
                 Wars
                 with
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Knights
                 of
                 Prussia
                 and
                 Livonia
                 :
                 But
                 at
                 length
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1252
                 ,
                 being
                 over-perswaded
                 by
                 the
                 then
                 Great
                 Master
                 
                   Henricus
                   de
                   Zalcza
                
                 ,
                 he
                 gave
                 up
                 all
                 his
                 Dominions
                 to
                 that
                 Order
                 ,
                 in
                 acknowledgment
                 of
                 several
                 Honours
                 and
                 Services
                 done
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 moreover
                 consented
                 to
                 turn
                 Christian
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 sent
                 to
                 Rome
                 to
                 pay
                 his
                 Devoir
                 to
                 that
                 See.
                 Whereupon
                 Innocent
                 IV.
                 deputed
                 his
                 Brother
                 Heinderic
                 to
                 consecrate
                 him
                 King.
                 But
                 whether
                 it
                 were
                 that
                 Mindog
                 repented
                 the
                 loss
                 of
                 his
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 or
                 for
                 any
                 other
                 Cause
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 certain
                 that
                 he
                 refus'd
                 to
                 receive
                 this
                 Nuncio
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 very
                 same
                 Year
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 all
                 his
                 Country
                 ,
                 returned
                 to
                 their
                 former
                 Idolatry
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Knights
                 suffer'd
                 him
                 to
                 continue
                 King
                 ,
                 and
                 under
                 him
                 ,
                 in
                 conjunction
                 with
                 the
                 
                   Lithuanians
                   ,
                   Samogitians
                
                 ,
                 &c.
                 invaded
                 Masovia
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 great
                 Havock
                 of
                 that
                 Country
                 .
                 But
                 afterwards
                 Mendog
                 being
                 unmindful
                 any
                 farther
                 of
                 the
                 Civility
                 of
                 those
                 Knights
                 ,
                 turn'd
                 his
                 Arms
                 against
                 their
                 Country
                 ,
                 destroying
                 most
                 of
                 their
                 Cities
                 ,
                 and
                 returning
                 with
                 great
                 Spoils
                 .
              
               
               
                 Next
                 Mendog
                 having
                 gathered
                 together
                 a
                 great
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 being
                 likewise
                 assisted
                 by
                 Swarno
                 Duke
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 marched
                 against
                 Semovitus
                 Duke
                 of
                 Masovia
                 ,
                 whom
                 together
                 with
                 his
                 Son
                 Conrade
                 ,
                 he
                 surpriz'd
                 in
                 his
                 Palace
                 of
                 Jasdow
                 ;
                 where
                 Swarno
                 struck
                 off
                 Semovitus
                 his
                 Head
                 with
                 his
                 own
                 hand
                 ;
                 but
                 Conrade
                 was
                 preserv'd
                 by
                 Mendog
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 ransom'd
                 by
                 his
                 Countrymen
                 .
                 Soon
                 after
                 this
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 and
                 Russians
                 having
                 made
                 great
                 Devastations
                 in
                 Masovia
                 ,
                 retir'd
                 with
                 the
                 Spoils
                 and
                 Captives
                 into
                 their
                 several
                 Countries
                 .
                 The
                 next
                 Year
                 the
                 same
                 People
                 not
                 being
                 content
                 with
                 their
                 former
                 Irruptions
                 ,
                 march'd
                 again
                 into
                 Masovia
                 ;
                 but
                 scarce
                 finding
                 any
                 thing
                 left
                 to
                 prey
                 upon
                 by
                 reason
                 of
                 their
                 last
                 Year's
                 Work
                 ,
                 they
                 only
                 burnt
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 a
                 House
                 belonging
                 to
                 the
                 Arch-bishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 return'd
                 home
                 .
              
               
                 At
                 length
                 Heaven
                 thought
                 fit
                 to
                 favour
                 the
                 Polish
                 Christians
                 ,
                 by
                 taking
                 away
                 King
                 Mindog
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 murder'd
                 by
                 his
                 Nephew
                 
                 Stroinat
                 ,
                 and
                 his
                 Son-in-Law
                 Dowmant
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1263.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Stroinat
                 begun
                 his
                 Reign
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1263
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 murder
                 of
                 his
                 Brother
                 Towcivil
                 Duke
                 of
                 Polocz
                 ;
                 but
                 not
                 long
                 afterwards
                 Woisalk
                 Son
                 of
                 Mendog
                 ,
                 tho
                 then
                 a
                 Russian
                 Monk
                 ,
                 being
                 mindful
                 of
                 his
                 Father's
                 Death
                 ,
                 depriv'd
                 him
                 also
                 of
                 Life
                 ,
                 and
                 immediately
                 seiz'd
                 on
                 his
                 Dominions
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Woisalk
                 took
                 upon
                 him
                 only
                 the
                 Title
                 of
                 Duke
                 ,
                 and
                 began
                 his
                 Government
                 with
                 frequent
                 Irruptions
                 into
                 
                   Poland
                   ,
                   Mascovia
                
                 and
                 Prussia
                 :
                 But
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1267
                 ,
                 endeavouring
                 
                 to
                 subdue
                 Russia
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 circumvented
                 by
                 Leo
                 Duke
                 thereof
                 ,
                 (
                 who
                 built
                 Leopol
                 )
                 and
                 slain
                 in
                 the
                 Monastery
                 of
                 Wrowsko
                 .
              
               
                 
                 With
                 him
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 the
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 being
                 extinct
                 ,
                 Vtenus
                 ,
                 or
                 Vcienus
                 ,
                 
                 descended
                 from
                 the
                 Kitauri
                 ,
                 Princes
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 ,
                 was
                 unanimously
                 elected
                 first
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 and
                 Samogitia
                 ;
                 who
                 having
                 had
                 divers
                 Wars
                 with
                 the
                 Russians
                 and
                 Prussians
                 ,
                 died
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 his
                 Dominions
                 to
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 Swintorohus
                 ,
                 who
                 reigning
                 but
                 little
                 ,
                 tho
                 very
                 well
                 ,
                 died
                 ,
                 and
                 left
                 behind
                 him
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 Germontus
                 ,
                 who
                 rul'd
                 also
                 a
                 very
                 little
                 while
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 succeeded
                 by
                 his
                 Son
              
               
                 
                 Trahus
                 ,
                 who
                 govern'd
                 well
                 both
                 in
                 War
                 and
                 Peace
                 for
                 some
                 time
                 ,
                 and
                 built
                 a
                 Town
                 and
                 Castle
                 after
                 his
                 own
                 Name
                 .
                 This
                 Great
                 Duke
                 left
                 behind
                 him
                 five
                 Legitimate
                 Children
                 ,
                 
                   viz.
                   Narimundus
                   ,
                   Dowmantus
                   ,
                   Holsanus
                   ,
                   Giedrutus
                   ,
                
                 and
                 Troidenus
                 ,
                 who
                 all
                 separately
                 succeeded
                 their
                 Father
                 in
                 his
                 Dominions
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Narimundus
                 the
                 Eldest
                 had
                 for
                 his
                 part
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 with
                 Samogitia
                 ;
                 both
                 which
                 he
                 had
                 a
                 Right
                 to
                 by
                 the
                 Prerogative
                 of
                 his
                 Birth
                 .
                 He
                 translated
                 the
                 Ducal
                 Seat
                 from
                 Novogrodec
                 to
                 Kiernow
                 .
                 His
                 first
                 Wars
                 were
                 in
                 conjunction
                 with
                 his
                 Brothers
                 upon
                 
                   Poland
                   ,
                   Russia
                   ,
                   Masovia
                
                 and
                 Prussia
                 .
                 Then
                 he
                 declar'd
                 War
                 against
                 his
                 Brother
                 Dowmant
                 for
                 taking
                 away
                 his
                 Wife
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 soon
                 recovered
                 ,
                 and
                 drove
                 his
                 Brother
                 out
                 of
                 his
                 Dominions
                 ;
                 who
                 flying
                 to
                 the
                 Russians
                 of
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 was
                 universally
                 receiv'd
                 for
                 their
                 Prince
                 .
              
               
               
                 This
                 Duke
                 is
                 recorded
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Russian
                 Annals
                 ,
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 the
                 first
                 Inventor
                 of
                 the
                 Lithuanian
                 Arms
                 ;
                 which
                 are
                 in
                 a
                 Field
                 Gules
                 ,
                 a
                 Person
                 arm'd
                 
                   Cap-a-pe
                   ,
                   Sables
                
                 ,
                 riding
                 full
                 speed
                 on
                 a
                 Horse
                 Argent
                 ,
                 and
                 flourishing
                 a
                 Sword
                 over
                 his
                 head
                 of
                 the
                 third
                 .
                 To
                 him
                 succeeded
                 his
                 Brother
                 Troidenus
                 ;
                 but
                 first
                 an
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 other
                 Brothers
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Dowmant
                 had
                 for
                 his
                 Share
                 the
                 District
                 of
                 Cosnia
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 built
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Vcian
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Holsanus
                 ,
                 the
                 third
                 Brother
                 ,
                 was
                 allotted
                 his
                 Division
                 beyond
                 the
                 River
                 Wilia
                 towards
                 the
                 East
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Giedrutus
                 ,
                 or
                 Giedrotus
                 ,
                 the
                 fourth
                 Brother
                 ,
                 built
                 a
                 Castle
                 upon
                 a
                 Lake
                 ,
                 calling
                 it
                 after
                 his
                 own
                 Name
                 ,
                 and
                 where
                 he
                 fixt
                 the
                 Seat
                 of
                 his
                 Dutchy
                 .
                 Whose
                 Descendants
                 are
                 famous
                 even
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 fifth
                 Brother
                 Troidenus
                 ,
                 succeeded
                 Narimundus
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 and
                 Samogitia
                 ;
                 who
                 having
                 gathered
                 together
                 an
                 Army
                 of
                 about
                 30000
                 Men
                 ,
                 divided
                 them
                 into
                 three
                 Parts
                 ;
                 one
                 whereof
                 he
                 sent
                 against
                 Masovia
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 two
                 against
                 the
                 Teutonick
                 Knights
                 in
                 Prussia
                 ;
                 where
                 having
                 destroy'd
                 divers
                 Towns
                 ,
                 he
                 return'd
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 Booty
                 of
                 Captives
                 and
                 Cattle
                 .
                 The
                 same
                 Year
                 Cujavia
                 was
                 over-run
                 by
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 .
                 Some
                 small
                 time
                 after
                 which
                 ,
                 Dowmant
                 Prince
                 of
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 being
                 provok'd
                 to
                 see
                 his
                 younger
                 Brother
                 on
                 his
                 Father's
                 Throne
                 ,
                 hir'd
                 three
                 Rusticks
                 to
                 murder
                 him
                 as
                 he
                 went
                 into
                 a
                 Bath
                 ;
                 which
                 they
                 effected
                 .
                 But
                 Dowmant
                 marching
                 with
                 a
                 formidable
                 Army
                 to
                 take
                 possession
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 was
                 met
                 and
                 vanquish'd
                 by
              
               
               
                 
                 Rimunt
                 Son
                 to
                 Troidenus
                 ;
                 who
                 thereupon
                 succeeded
                 his
                 Father
                 for
                 a
                 while
                 :
                 but
                 afterwards
                 calling
                 a
                 Diet
                 at
                 Kiernow
                 ,
                 he
                 publickly
                 renounc'd
                 his
                 Right
                 ,
                 and
                 retir'd
                 to
                 a
                 Monastical
                 Life
                 ,
                 constituting
              
               
                 
                 Vithenes
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 the
                 Kitauri
                 ,
                 descended
                 of
                 the
                 Roman
                 Princes
                 ,
                 Great
                 Duke
                 .
                 This
                 Prince
                 was
                 a
                 Person
                 of
                 a
                 brave
                 and
                 warlike
                 Spirit
                 .
                 Wherefore
                 Rimunt
                 ,
                 when
                 it
                 was
                 demanded
                 of
                 him
                 ,
                 
                   Why
                   he
                   put
                   by
                   the
                   Families
                   of
                   his
                   Vncles
                   ,
                
                 Giedrutus
                 and
                 Holsanus
                 ?
                 answered
                 ,
                 
                   Because
                   there
                   were
                   none
                   but
                   Children
                   among
                   them
                   ,
                   when
                   a
                   Prince
                   of
                
                 Lithuania
                 
                   ought
                   to
                   correspond
                   with
                   the
                   Arms
                   of
                   that
                   Country
                   ,
                   invented
                   by
                   his
                   Vncle
                
                 Narimund
                 ,
                 
                   which
                   were
                   a
                   Warrior
                   on
                   Horseback
                   ,
                   arm'd
                   Cap-a-pe
                   ,
                   and
                   posting
                   to
                   subdue
                   his
                   Enemies
                   .
                
                 This
                 Great
                 Duke
                 Vithenes
                 began
                 his
                 Reign
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1281.
                 
                 The
                 Year
                 following
                 he
                 invaded
                 the
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lublin
                 ,
                 and
                 continued
                 destroying
                 it
                 for
                 fifteen
                 days
                 together
                 ;
                 till
                 at
                 length
                 Lescus
                 the
                 Black
                 ,
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 being
                 animated
                 thereto
                 by
                 a
                 Vision
                 ,
                 met
                 and
                 fought
                 him
                 between
                 the
                 Rivers
                 Narew
                 and
                 Niemen
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 latter
                 gain'd
                 a
                 signal
                 Victory
                 .
                 In
                 testimony
                 whereof
                 he
                 founded
                 a
                 Parochial
                 Church
                 at
                 Lublin
                 ,
                 and
                 dedicated
                 it
                 to
                 St.
                 Michael
                 the
                 Arch-Angel
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 1287
                 ,
                 the
                 
                   Lithuanians
                   ,
                   Prussians
                
                 ,
                 and
                 Samogitians
                 ,
                 made
                 a
                 Descent
                 upon
                 Dobrina
                 ;
                 and
                 surprizing
                 the
                 Capital
                 City
                 thereof
                 on
                 Sunday
                 ,
                 when
                 its
                 Inhabitants
                 were
                 busi'd
                 at
                 Devotion
                 ,
                 kill'd
                 and
                 carry'd
                 away
                 great
                 Numbers
                 of
                 them
                 into
                 Slavery
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 Afterwards
                 in
                 1289
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 number
                 only
                 of
                 8000
                 ,
                 invaded
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 burning
                 ,
                 killing
                 ,
                 and
                 destroying
                 wherever
                 they
                 came
                 ;
                 but
                 before
                 the
                 Country
                 could
                 make
                 head
                 against
                 them
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 retired
                 with
                 great
                 Spoils
                 .
                 To
                 requite
                 which
                 ,
                 next
                 Year
                 the
                 Prussians
                 march'd
                 into
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 kill'd
                 and
                 took
                 vast
                 numbers
                 of
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 possessed
                 themselves
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 Conduct
                 of
                 the
                 Commendador
                 of
                 Koningsberg
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 strong
                 Castle
                 Merabde
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 Memer
                 ,
                 great
                 Master
                 of
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 enter'd
                 Lithuania
                 with
                 a
                 formidable
                 Army
                 ,
                 and
                 entirely
                 destroy'd
                 two
                 Districts
                 .
              
               
                 Not
                 long
                 after
                 this
                 Vithenes
                 invaded
                 Cujavia
                 ,
                 and
                 burnt
                 and
                 destroy'd
                 all
                 the
                 Country
                 about
                 Bressici
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 carried
                 away
                 great
                 Numbers
                 into
                 Captivity
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 1293
                 ,
                 
                   Conradus
                   Stange
                
                 ,
                 Commendador
                 of
                 Ragneta
                 ,
                 took
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Mindog
                 in
                 Lithuania
                 ;
                 which
                 Vithenes
                 soon
                 requited
                 by
                 entring
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 and
                 destroying
                 it
                 eighty
                 days
                 together
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Afterwards
                 in
                 1294
                 ,
                 Vithenes
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Body
                 only
                 of
                 1800
                 Horse
                 ,
                 marching
                 thro'
                 Woods
                 and
                 By-roads
                 ,
                 surpriz'd
                 a
                 great
                 Concourse
                 of
                 People
                 met
                 in
                 the
                 Collegiate
                 Church
                 of
                 Lanschet
                 ,
                 whereof
                 the
                 greatest
                 part
                 he
                 kill'd
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 others
                 ,
                 consisting
                 chiefly
                 of
                 Ecclesiasticks
                 ,
                 he
                 carri'd
                 away
                 for
                 Slaves
                 .
                 The
                 Church
                 he
                 rob'd
                 ,
                 and
                 those
                 that
                 fled
                 he
                 stifled
                 by
                 firing
                 all
                 the
                 House
                 around
                 them
                 .
                 After
                 which
                 marching
                 about
                 the
                 Country
                 ,
                 he
                 drove
                 away
                 all
                 their
                 Cattel
                 ;
                 but
                 upon
                 his
                 return
                 ,
                 meeting
                 with
                 Casimir
                 Palatine
                 of
                 Lanschet
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 bravely
                 oppos'd
                 for
                 a
                 while
                 ,
                 till
                 Numbers
                 suppli'd
                 
                 the
                 defect
                 of
                 Valour
                 ,
                 and
                 he
                 entirely
                 routed
                 the
                 Christians
                 near
                 So●●aczow
                 ;
                 which
                 having
                 effected
                 ,
                 he
                 return'd
                 peaceably
                 into
                 his
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Vithenes
                 had
                 a
                 Master
                 of
                 the
                 Horse
                 nam'd
                 Gediminus
                 ,
                 who
                 being
                 of
                 a
                 haughty
                 and
                 ambitious
                 Temper
                 ,
                 conspir'd
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchess
                 ,
                 to
                 take
                 away
                 his
                 Master's
                 Life
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 a
                 short
                 time
                 he
                 brought
                 about
                 ;
                 and
                 having
                 marry'd
                 his
                 Princess
                 ,
                 he
                 seiz'd
                 upon
                 the
                 Crown
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Gedeminus
                 became
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1300
                 ;
                 in
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 whose
                 Reign
                 the
                 Prussian
                 and
                 Livonian
                 Knights
                 ,
                 having
                 got
                 together
                 a
                 numerous
                 Army
                 ,
                 invaded
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 soon
                 over-run
                 ,
                 burning
                 and
                 destroying
                 wherever
                 they
                 came
                 ,
                 and
                 taking
                 the
                 strong
                 Castle
                 of
                 Kunossow
                 by
                 Assault
                 ,
                 wherein
                 they
                 made
                 Prisoner
                 the
                 Grand
                 General
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 The
                 Year
                 following
                 Gedeminus
                 ,
                 to
                 revenge
                 these
                 insupportable
                 Injuries
                 ,
                 having
                 rais'd
                 a
                 considerable
                 Body
                 of
                 his
                 own
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Assistance
                 of
                 the
                 Russians
                 and
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 march'd
                 directly
                 against
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Knights
                 ;
                 when
                 meeting
                 them
                 near
                 the
                 River
                 Okmiena
                 ,
                 both
                 Armies
                 came
                 to
                 Blows
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 continu'd
                 for
                 several
                 Hours
                 ,
                 till
                 at
                 length
                 the
                 Samogitians
                 forsaking
                 the
                 Knights
                 side
                 ,
                 came
                 over
                 to
                 Gedeminus
                 ;
                 whose
                 Strength
                 thereby
                 being
                 greatly
                 augmented
                 ,
                 as
                 that
                 of
                 his
                 Enemies
                 weakned
                 ,
                 he
                 fell
                 furiously
                 in
                 among
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 soon
                 put
                 them
                 to
                 flight
                 .
                 This
                 Victory
                 being
                 thus
                 luckily
                 obtain'd
                 ,
                 Gedeminus
                 prosecuted
                 it
                 into
                 the
                 very
                 heart
                 of
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 found
                 nothing
                 
                 able
                 to
                 withstand
                 him
                 ,
                 except
                 only
                 the
                 two
                 Castles
                 of
                 Ragneta
                 and
                 Cilza
                 ;
                 but
                 which
                 nevertheless
                 he
                 took
                 in
                 a
                 short
                 time
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 having
                 made
                 a
                 miserable
                 havock
                 in
                 that
                 Country
                 ,
                 as
                 also
                 totally
                 regain'd
                 his
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 he
                 return'd
                 peaceably
                 home
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 the
                 Year
                 1304
                 ,
                 this
                 Great
                 Duke
                 having
                 a
                 Quarrel
                 with
                 some
                 of
                 the
                 Russian
                 Princes
                 ,
                 made
                 great
                 Preparations
                 against
                 them
                 ;
                 when
                 marching
                 forthwith
                 into
                 Russia
                 ,
                 he
                 first
                 met
                 and
                 fought
                 Vlodomirus
                 Duke
                 of
                 Volhynia
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 slew
                 ,
                 and
                 routed
                 his
                 whole
                 Army
                 .
                 Then
                 he
                 bent
                 his
                 force
                 against
                 Leo
                 Duke
                 of
                 Luceoria
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 also
                 vanquish'd
                 ,
                 and
                 took
                 his
                 chief
                 City
                 Lutzko
                 :
                 both
                 which
                 Princes
                 being
                 thus
                 defeated
                 ,
                 made
                 him
                 absolute
                 Master
                 of
                 all
                 Volhynia
                 .
                 Next
                 Spring
                 ,
                 being
                 tir'd
                 out
                 with
                 Idleness
                 ,
                 he
                 carry'd
                 his
                 Arms
                 against
                 Stanislaus
                 Duke
                 of
                 Kiovia
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 overthrew
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 several
                 Princes
                 his
                 Neighbours
                 that
                 came
                 to
                 assist
                 him
                 .
                 With
                 this
                 Victory
                 Gedeminus
                 being
                 not
                 a
                 little
                 encourag'd
                 ,
                 proceeded
                 and
                 took
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 of
                 Russia
                 ;
                 when
                 after
                 having
                 compleated
                 a
                 glorious
                 Conquest
                 ,
                 he
                 return'd
                 Triumphantly
                 into
                 his
                 own
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 Afterwards
                 Gedeminus
                 going
                 to
                 hunt
                 about
                 five
                 Miles
                 beyond
                 the
                 River
                 Wilia
                 ,
                 occasionally
                 built
                 a
                 Castle
                 there
                 near
                 a
                 Lake
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 City
                 ,
                 naming
                 it
                 Troki
                 ,
                 whither
                 he
                 then
                 translated
                 
                 his
                 Court
                 from
                 Kicrnow
                 .
                 After
                 this
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1305
                 ,
                 Gedeminus
                 going
                 a
                 Hunting
                 again
                 towards
                 the
                 East
                 ,
                 after
                 various
                 Fortune
                 became
                 greatly
                 fatigu'd
                 with
                 that
                 sport
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 ,
                 Night
                 drawing
                 on
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 take
                 up
                 a
                 Lodging
                 upon
                 a
                 Mountain
                 ,
                 then
                 
                 call'd
                 Krzyunagora
                 ,
                 now
                 Turzagoria
                 or
                 Lissa
                 ;
                 where
                 soon
                 falling
                 asleep
                 ,
                 he
                 dreamt
                 that
                 he
                 saw
                 and
                 heard
                 roar
                 a
                 huge
                 Iron
                 Wolf
                 ,
                 which
                 had
                 above
                 a
                 hundred
                 Wolves
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Mettle
                 in
                 his
                 Belly
                 ,
                 which
                 roar'd
                 likewise
                 after
                 an
                 amazing
                 manner
                 :
                 whereat
                 being
                 extreamly
                 frighted
                 ,
                 he
                 wak'd
                 ,
                 and
                 next
                 Morning
                 put
                 this
                 Dream
                 to
                 his
                 Courtiers
                 to
                 expound
                 ;
                 when
                 every
                 one
                 having
                 deliver'd
                 his
                 Opinion
                 a
                 different
                 way
                 ,
                 at
                 last
                 a
                 Pagan
                 Priest
                 nam'd
                 Ledzieiko
                 (
                 said
                 to
                 have
                 been
                 found
                 in
                 an
                 Eagle's
                 Nest
                 )
                 whose
                 Practice
                 was
                 to
                 foretel
                 Futurities
                 ,
                 expounded
                 it
                 thus
                 :
                 
                   The
                   Iron
                   Wolf
                
                 (
                 quoth
                 he
                 )
                 
                   denotes
                   a
                   strong
                   City
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   other
                   Wolves
                   in
                   his
                   Belly
                   a
                   formidable
                   Multitude
                   of
                   Inhabitants
                   .
                
                 Hereupon
                 he
                 immediately
                 advises
                 Gedeminus
                 to
                 build
                 a
                 fortify'd
                 City
                 and
                 Castle
                 there
                 .
                 Whence
                 this
                 Priest
                 came
                 to
                 have
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 Radzivil
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 
                   A
                   Counsellor
                   to
                   build
                
                 Vilna
                 .
                 From
                 this
                 Person
                 's
                 Family
                 have
                 descended
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 famous
                 Heroes
                 ,
                 who
                 have
                 all
                 sufficiently
                 distinguish'd
                 themselves
                 both
                 in
                 times
                 of
                 Peace
                 and
                 War.
                 Gedeminus
                 being
                 easily
                 mov'd
                 by
                 these
                 Persuasions
                 ,
                 forthwith
                 erected
                 two
                 Castles
                 near
                 that
                 Place
                 ,
                 one
                 on
                 a
                 high
                 Hill
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 in
                 
                 a
                 Plain
                 ;
                 adding
                 moreover
                 a
                 City
                 call'd
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 River
                 Wilia
                 ,
                 running
                 by
                 it
                 ;
                 which
                 is
                 now
                 very
                 populous
                 ,
                 and
                 Capital
                 of
                 that
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 ;
                 to
                 which
                 City
                 he
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 transferr'd
                 his
                 Residence
                 from
                 Troki
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 1306
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 having
                 had
                 Intelligence
                 that
                 the
                 Poles
                 were
                 lull'd
                 in
                 Sloth
                 and
                 Security
                 ,
                 march'd
                 through
                 Woods
                 and
                 By-roads
                 into
                 Lower
                 Poland
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 burnt
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 Kalisch
                 ,
                 with
                 several
                 other
                 Cities
                 
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 killing
                 the
                 old
                 People
                 and
                 Children
                 ,
                 and
                 carrying
                 the
                 others
                 away
                 Captive
                 .
                 The
                 same
                 Year
                 
                   Henry
                   de
                   Pleczko
                
                 ,
                 a
                 Saxon
                 ,
                 Great
                 Master
                 of
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Order
                 in
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 surpriz'd
                 and
                 took
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Gartin
                 in
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 and
                 put
                 all
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 found
                 therein
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 Sword.
                 They
                 likewise
                 proceeded
                 in
                 this
                 War
                 by
                 help
                 of
                 the
                 Germans
                 ;
                 and
                 after
                 having
                 totally
                 destroy'd
                 the
                 District
                 of
                 Karsouin
                 ,
                 return'd
                 with
                 great
                 Numbers
                 of
                 Spoils
                 and
                 Captives
                 into
                 Prussia
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 1307
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 made
                 an
                 Irruption
                 into
                 Siradia
                 and
                 Kalisch
                 ,
                 where
                 doing
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Mischief
                 ,
                 they
                 suddenly
                 return'd
                 into
                 their
                 own
                 Country
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 1308
                 ,
                 Olgerdus
                 ,
                 Son
                 of
                 Gedeminus
                 ,
                 march'd
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 Army
                 into
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 made
                 havock
                 with
                 Fire
                 and
                 Sword
                 where-ever
                 he
                 came
                 ,
                 carrying
                 off
                 likewise
                 great
                 Booty
                 .
                 These
                 Favours
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 and
                 Prussians
                 did
                 frequently
                 and
                 alternatively
                 for
                 one
                 another
                 within
                 the
                 space
                 of
                 few
                 years
                 .
                 In
                 1315
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 surpriz'd
                 the
                 Territory
                 
                 of
                 Dobrina
                 ,
                 where
                 they
                 made
                 great
                 Devastations
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 took
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 that
                 Name
                 ,
                 and
                 burnt
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 it
                 .
                 In
                 1322
                 ,
                 
                 they
                 likewise
                 enter'd
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 laying
                 all
                 wast
                 for
                 many
                 Miles
                 together
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 same
                 Year
                 ,
                 in
                 Winter-time
                 ,
                 
                   David
                   ,
                   Starosta
                
                 of
                 Gartin
                 ,
                 not
                 being
                 discourag'd
                 by
                 Cold
                 ,
                 destroy'd
                 that
                 Country
                 up
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 Raval
                 ,
                 carrying
                 away
                 great
                 Spoils
                 and
                 many
                 Prisoners
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 Winter
                 ,
                 they
                 took
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Memel
                 ,
                 and
                 also
                 enter'd
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 and
                 kill'd
                 the
                 Comendador
                 of
                 Capion
                 in
                 a
                 set
                 Battle
                 .
                 David
                 of
                 Gartin
                 likewise
                 invaded
                 Masovia
                 at
                 
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 ,
                 and
                 entirely
                 ruin'd
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 Towns
                 and
                 Villages
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 1323
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 came
                 clandestinely
                 upon
                 Dobrina
                 again
                 ,
                 and
                 did
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Damage
                 there
                 .
                 In
                 the
                 following
                 Year
                 the
                 Starosta
                 of
                 Gartin
                 enter'd
                 Masovia
                 again
                 near
                 Ploczko
                 ,
                 wherein
                 he
                 destroy'd
                 and
                 burnt
                 above
                 one
                 hundred
                 and
                 thirty
                 Villages
                 ,
                 thirty
                 Towns
                 ,
                 and
                 carry'd
                 away
                 about
                 four
                 thousand
                 Captives
                 ;
                 whilst
                 another
                 Army
                 made
                 a
                 Descent
                 upon
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 and
                 serv'd
                 that
                 Country
                 after
                 the
                 like
                 manner
                 .
              
               
                 
                 In
                 1325
                 ,
                 Ann
                 Daughter
                 to
                 Gedeminus
                 marry'd
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 Son
                 to
                 Vladislaus
                 King
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 all
                 that
                 had
                 been
                 formerly
                 taken
                 from
                 the
                 Polanders
                 was
                 restor'd
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Peace
                 concluded
                 between
                 those
                 two
                 Nations
                 .
              
               
                 Afterwards
                 ,
                 at
                 the
                 Siege
                 of
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Fribourg
                 ,
                 belonging
                 to
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Knights
                 in
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 this
                 Great
                 Duke
                 Gedeminus
                 receiv'd
                 a
                 Wound
                 with
                 an
                 Arrow
                 which
                 cost
                 
                 him
                 his
                 Life
                 .
                 This
                 Prince
                 had
                 seven
                 Sons
                 ,
                 Viz.
                 
                 
                   
                     Montividus
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Narimundus
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Olgerdus
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Keijstutus
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Koriatus
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Jauunutus
                     ,
                  
                   
                     and
                     Lubartus
                     ,
                  
                
                 with
                 some
                 Daughters
                 ,
                 one
                 of
                 which
                 was
                 marry'd
                 as
                 before
                 .
                 Among
                 these
                 Sons
                 ,
                 he
                 divided
                 his
                 Dominions
                 while
                 he
                 liv'd
                 ;
                 giving
                 to
              
               
                 
                 Montividus
                 his
                 eldest
                 ,
                 Kyernow
                 and
                 Slonim
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Territories
                 thereunto
                 belonging
                 .
                 To
              
               
               
                 
                 Narimundus
                 his
                 Conquests
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Acquisitions
                 in
                 Russia
                 .
                 On
              
               
                 
                 Olgerdus
                 he
                 bestow'd
                 Krewo
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 from
                 thence
                 to
                 Beresina
                 .
                 To
              
               
                 
                 Keijstutus
                 
                   he
                   gave
                
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 Troki
                 ,
                 Witebsko
                 ,
                 &c.
                 To
              
               
                 
                 Koriatus
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Novogrodec
                 ,
                 with
                 its
                 Territories
                 .
                 But
                 on
                 his
                 Beloved
              
               
                 
                 Jauunutus
                 he
                 conferr'd
                 the
                 Metropolis
                 of
                 
                   Lithuania
                   ,
                   Vilna
                
                 ,
                 as
                 also
                 Osmian
                 and
                 Braslaw
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 supream
                 Command
                 over
                 all
                 his
                 Brothers
                 Dominions
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 youngest
                 Son
                 Lubartus
                 had
                 no
                 share
                 with
                 his
                 Brothers
                 ,
                 because
                 by
                 his
                 Marriage
                 with
                 the
                 Duke
                 of
                 
                 Russia's
                 Daughter
                 ,
                 in
                 his
                 Father's
                 Life-time
                 ,
                 he
                 had
                 obtain'd
                 the
                 Succession
                 to
                 that
                 Dutchy
                 .
              
               
                 Among
                 these
                 Brothers
                 ,
                 Olgerdus
                 and
                 Keijstutus
                 being
                 most
                 vex'd
                 to
                 see
                 their
                 younger
                 Brother
                 Jauunutus
                 so
                 highly
                 promoted
                 ,
                 conspir'd
                 together
                 ,
                 after
                 their
                 Father's
                 Death
                 ,
                 to
                 drive
                 him
                 out
                 of
                 Vilna
                 ;
                 for
                 the
                 execution
                 of
                 which
                 ,
                 they
                 fix'd
                 a
                 certain
                 time
                 :
                 but
                 Olgerdus
                 happening
                 then
                 to
                 be
                 absent
                 on
                 some
                 extraordinary
                 Occasion
                 ,
                 was
                 forc'd
                 to
                 fail
                 of
                 his
                 Appointment
                 .
                 Nevertheless
                 ,
                 Keijstutus
                 firmly
                 adhering
                 to
                 his
                 Vow
                 ,
                 resolv'd
                 to
                 accomplish
                 the
                 Design
                 alone
                 ,
                 and
                 consequently
                 marching
                 secretly
                 towards
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 surpriz'd
                 and
                 took
                 it
                 ,
                 with
                 both
                 its
                 Castles
                 .
                 When
                 Jauunutus
                 ,
                 flying
                 towards
                 a
                 neighbouring
                 Wood
                 ,
                 was
                 there
                 taken
                 by
                 Keijstutus
                 his
                 Men
                 ;
                 and
                 being
                 brought
                 back
                 to
                 his
                 Brother
                 ,
                 was
                 by
                 him
                 order'd
                 to
                 be
                 clapt
                 in
                 Chains
                 .
                 A
                 little
                 while
                 afterwards
                 Olgerdus
                 returning
                 ,
                 Keijstutus
                 would
                 have
                 surrender'd
                 to
                 him
                 the
                 Crown
                 ,
                 as
                 being
                 
                 his
                 elder
                 Brother
                 ;
                 but
                 which
                 Olgerdus
                 refus'd
                 ,
                 saying
                 ,
                 
                   It
                   was
                   due
                   neither
                   to
                   his
                   Fortune
                   nor
                   Merit
                   ,
                   and
                   therefore
                   he
                   would
                   not
                   pretend
                   to
                   deserve
                   it
                   by
                   Birth
                   .
                
                 But
                 at
                 length
                 they
                 both
                 agreed
                 to
                 divide
                 those
                 Dominions
                 between
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 supream
                 Authority
                 ,
                 fell
                 to
                 Olgerdus
                 ;
                 but
                 nevertheless
                 ,
                 they
                 both
                 bound
                 themselves
                 by
                 Oath
                 to
                 intrench
                 upon
                 neither's
                 Dominions
                 .
                 To
                 their
                 Brother
                 Jauunutus
                 they
                 yielded
                 the
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Braslaw
                 in
                 Russia
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Olgerdus
                 ,
                 being
                 thus
                 possess'd
                 of
                 the
                 Throne
                 ,
                 began
                 his
                 Reign
                 with
                 invading
                 Prussia
                 and
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Knights
                 did
                 not
                 dare
                 to
                 oppose
                 him
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 having
                 over-run
                 all
                 those
                 Countries
                 ,
                 and
                 loaded
                 his
                 Army
                 with
                 Spoils
                 ,
                 he
                 return'd
                 triumphantly
                 to
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 sacrific'd
                 the
                 Captive
                 Knights
                 to
                 his
                 Father's
                 Ghost
                 whom
                 they
                 had
                 kill'd
                 .
                 The
                 same
                 Year
                 Olgerdus
                 march'd
                 silently
                 against
                 the
                 Marquisate
                 of
                 Brandenburg
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 destroy'd
                 and
                 plunder'd
                 up
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 Frankfurt
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 along
                 the
                 Banks
                 of
                 the
                 River
                 Oder
                 .
              
               
                 Next
                 he
                 drove
                 the
                 Tartars
                 out
                 of
                 Podolia
                 ,
                 
                 about
                 which
                 time
                 Caminiec
                 was
                 built
                 by
                 his
                 Brother's
                 Sons
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 
                   Janowitz
                   ,
                   Czar
                
                 of
                 Muscovy
                 ,
                 being
                 puff'd
                 up
                 with
                 his
                 great
                 Power
                 ,
                 sent
                 to
                 Olgerdus
                 ,
                 then
                 lying
                 sick
                 of
                 a
                 Fever
                 at
                 
                   Witebsko
                   ,
                   That
                   before
                   a
                   Month
                   were
                   at
                   an
                   end
                   ,
                   he
                   would
                   make
                   him
                   such
                   Visit
                   as
                   should
                   fright
                   him
                   into
                   an
                   Ague
                   .
                
                 To
                 which
                 haughty
                 Message
                 Olgerdus
                 only
                 return'd
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   since
                   he
                   knew
                   his
                   Mind
                   ,
                   he
                   would
                   prevent
                   his
                   Journey
                   ,
                   and
                   wait
                   on
                   him
                   at
                
                 Moscow
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 leaping
                 out
                 of
                 his
                 Bed
                 ,
                 he
                 expos'd
                 his
                 Life
                 to
                 his
                 Honour
                 ,
                 
                 (
                 but
                 which
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 hapned
                 ,
                 did
                 well
                 enough
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 recover'd
                 in
                 few
                 days
                 )
                 and
                 getting
                 speedily
                 together
                 a
                 considerable
                 Army
                 ,
                 he
                 march'd
                 forthwith
                 into
                 Moscovy
                 ,
                 laid
                 Siege
                 to
                 Moscow
                 ,
                 and
                 took
                 it
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 baffled
                 Czar
                 ,
                 whom
                 he
                 forc'd
                 ,
                 before
                 he
                 left
                 him
                 ,
                 to
                 agree
                 to
                 a
                 dishonourable
                 Peace
                 ,
                 and
                 leave
                 him
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 great
                 part
                 of
                 his
                 Empire
                 .
                 After
                 which
                 he
                 reduc'd
                 the
                 major
                 part
                 of
                 Russia
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 join'd
                 to
                 his
                 Dominions
                 ,
                 they
                 having
                 formerly
                 been
                 only
                 wont
                 to
                 pay
                 Tribute
                 to
                 Lithuania
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Prince
                 had
                 by
                 Mary
                 his
                 Wife
                 twelve
                 Sons
                 ,
                 of
                 which
                 Jagello
                 and
                 Skiergelo
                 only
                 were
                 Great
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 after
                 him
                 .
                 His
                 Brother
                 Keijstutus
                 had
                 six
                 Sons
                 ,
                 whereof
                 Vitoldus
                 and
                 Sigismundus
                 came
                 to
                 be
                 Great
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Olgerdus
                 dying
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1381
                 ,
                 Jagello
                 ascended
                 his
                 Throne
                 with
                 consent
                 of
                 his
                 Uncle
                 Keijstutus
                 .
                 This
                 Duke
                 had
                 a
                 favourite
                 Courtier
                 ,
                 one
                 Voidilus
                 ,
                 a
                 Man
                 of
                 an
                 obscure
                 Descent
                 ,
                 and
                 whom
                 he
                 had
                 rais'd
                 from
                 his
                 Baker
                 to
                 be
                 his
                 Secretary
                 and
                 prime
                 Minister
                 .
                 This
                 Person
                 he
                 affected
                 so
                 dearly
                 ,
                 that
                 he
                 gave
                 him
                 his
                 Sister
                 in
                 Marriage
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 highly
                 displeasing
                 to
                 his
                 Uncle
                 ,
                 who
                 protested
                 earnestly
                 against
                 it
                 :
                 whereupon
                 this
                 subtle
                 Upstart
                 ,
                 fearing
                 lest
                 Keijstutus
                 might
                 one
                 day
                 or
                 other
                 put
                 him
                 out
                 of
                 favour
                 with
                 his
                 Prince
                 ,
                 he
                 prevail'd
                 with
                 Jagello
                 to
                 look
                 upon
                 his
                 Uncle
                 as
                 his
                 Enemy
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 proceed
                 against
                 him
                 accordingly
                 ;
                 which
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 being
                 young
                 ,
                 was
                 easily
                 persuaded
                 to
                 do
                 :
                 therefore
                 clapping
                 up
                 a
                 secret
                 Truce
                 with
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Knights
                 ,
                 with
                 whom
                 he
                 was
                 before
                 in
                 
                 War
                 ,
                 he
                 made
                 all
                 imaginable
                 Preparations
                 against
                 his
                 Uncle
                 :
                 which
                 Keijstutus
                 being
                 inform'd
                 of
                 ,
                 was
                 immediately
                 alarm'd
                 at
                 ,
                 till
                 his
                 Son
                 Vitoldus
                 quieted
                 his
                 Suspicions
                 ,
                 by
                 persuading
                 him
                 that
                 Jagello
                 would
                 never
                 attempt
                 any
                 such
                 thing
                 :
                 but
                 at
                 length
                 Jagello
                 marching
                 against
                 the
                 Russians
                 of
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 then
                 his
                 Uncle's
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 his
                 design
                 was
                 past
                 all
                 doubt
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 Keijstutus
                 got
                 together
                 what
                 Forces
                 he
                 could
                 upon
                 so
                 short
                 a
                 Warning
                 ,
                 and
                 invaded
                 his
                 Nephew's
                 Territories
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 took
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 and
                 would
                 have
                 proceeded
                 ,
                 had
                 it
                 not
                 been
                 for
                 his
                 Son
                 Vitoldus
                 ,
                 who
                 still
                 continu'd
                 
                 Jagello's
                 Friend
                 .
                 But
                 afterwards
                 Keijstutus
                 being
                 busy'd
                 in
                 subduing
                 the
                 Traitor
                 
                   Koributh
                   Jagello
                
                 ,
                 not
                 only
                 retook
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 besieg'd
                 and
                 gain'd
                 Troki
                 by
                 Treachery
                 ;
                 which
                 Keijstutus
                 marching
                 to
                 recover
                 ,
                 he
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 his
                 Son
                 Vitoldus
                 ,
                 was
                 betray'd
                 into
                 
                 Jagello's
                 hands
                 by
                 means
                 of
                 his
                 Brother
                 Skergelo
                 ,
                 who
                 pretended
                 to
                 bring
                 these
                 two
                 Princes
                 amicably
                 together
                 ;
                 but
                 Jagello
                 having
                 once
                 got
                 his
                 Uncle
                 into
                 his
                 Clutches
                 ,
                 detain'd
                 him
                 ,
                 and
                 threw
                 him
                 into
                 Chains
                 ,
                 and
                 afterwards
                 order'd
                 him
                 to
                 be
                 strangled
                 in
                 his
                 Prison
                 at
                 Kreva
                 .
                 His
                 Cousin
                 German
                 Vitoldus
                 he
                 ungratefully
                 kept
                 a
                 long
                 while
                 in
                 Bonds
                 at
                 Vilna
                 ;
                 who
                 afterwards
                 being
                 remov'd
                 to
                 Kreva
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 time
                 appointed
                 for
                 his
                 Death
                 ,
                 escap'd
                 by
                 means
                 of
                 his
                 Wife
                 ,
                 who
                 always
                 having
                 free
                 Access
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 by
                 exchanging
                 Habits
                 with
                 one
                 ▪
                 of
                 her
                 Servants
                 ,
                 got
                 her
                 Husband
                 away
                 in
                 her
                 own
                 .
                 Hence
                 he
                 fled
                 to
                 his
                 Kinsman
                 John
                 Duke
                 of
                 Masovia
                 ;
                 but
                 not
                 thinking
                 himself
                 secure
                 there
                 ,
                 he
                 afterwards
                 went
                 into
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 where
                 
                 at
                 first
                 he
                 was
                 reprov'd
                 by
                 the
                 Knights
                 of
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Order
                 for
                 having
                 recourse
                 to
                 them
                 only
                 in
                 time
                 of
                 Adversity
                 ;
                 but
                 afterwards
                 he
                 was
                 more
                 courteously
                 receiv'd
                 ,
                 and
                 promis'd
                 their
                 Assistance
                 to
                 re-establish
                 him
                 in
                 his
                 paternal
                 Dominions
                 .
                 Whereupon
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 the
                 Samogitians
                 ,
                 who
                 favour'd
                 Vitoldus
                 his
                 Interest
                 ,
                 they
                 made
                 an
                 Inroad
                 into
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 and
                 took
                 Troki
                 ;
                 but
                 they
                 were
                 afterwards
                 nevertheless
                 forc'd
                 to
                 surrender
                 it
                 .
                 At
                 length
                 Jagello
                 by
                 secret
                 Messages
                 ,
                 recall'd
                 his
                 Kinsman
                 out
                 of
                 Prussia
                 ;
                 and
                 upon
                 his
                 Promise
                 to
                 be
                 faithful
                 to
                 him
                 ,
                 settled
                 him
                 in
                 his
                 Hereditary
                 Estate
                 .
                 A
                 little
                 while
                 after
                 this
                 ,
                 the
                 Throne
                 of
                 Poland
                 becoming
                 vacant
                 by
                 Lewis
                 of
                 
                 Hungary's
                 Death
                 ,
                 Jagello
                 was
                 invited
                 thither
                 to
                 accept
                 that
                 Crown
                 under
                 certain
                 Conditions
                 ,
                 which
                 may
                 appear
                 more
                 at
                 large
                 in
                 his
                 Life
                 among
                 those
                 Kings
                 .
              
               
                 Whilst
                 Jagello
                 was
                 thus
                 absent
                 in
                 Poland
                 with
                 great
                 Numbers
                 of
                 his
                 Subjects
                 ,
                 who
                 went
                 to
                 wait
                 on
                 him
                 into
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 the
                 Great
                 Masters
                 of
                 Prussia
                 and
                 Livonia
                 finding
                 a
                 fit
                 opportunity
                 ,
                 enter'd
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 destroying
                 with
                 Fire
                 and
                 Sword
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Lucom
                 in
                 Russia
                 ,
                 which
                 also
                 they
                 took
                 ,
                 and
                 having
                 furnish'd
                 with
                 all
                 necessary
                 Defence
                 ,
                 plac'd
                 in
                 it
                 Andrew
                 Jagello's
                 Brother
                 ,
                 upon
                 whose
                 Request
                 this
                 Expedition
                 had
                 been
                 undertaken
                 .
                 About
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 Swetoslaus
                 ,
                 Duke
                 of
                 Smolensko
                 ,
                 invaded
                 Russia
                 ,
                 and
                 took
                 Mscislaw
                 and
                 several
                 other
                 Places
                 by
                 force
                 ;
                 both
                 which
                 Actions
                 Jagello
                 being
                 soon
                 inform'd
                 of
                 ,
                 immediately
                 dispatch'd
                 away
                 his
                 Brother
                 Skirgelo
                 ,
                 and
                 Kinsman
                 Vitoldus
                 ,
                 into
                 Lithuania
                 ;
                 who
                 finding
                 the
                 Teutonic
                 Army
                 
                 retir'd
                 ,
                 forthwith
                 laid
                 Siege
                 to
                 the
                 Castle
                 of
                 Lucom
                 ;
                 which
                 having
                 taken
                 ,
                 they
                 proceeded
                 to
                 Mscislaw
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 likewise
                 took
                 ,
                 and
                 kill'd
                 Swetoslaus
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 it
                 .
                 Afterwards
                 having
                 recover'd
                 all
                 the
                 other
                 revolted
                 Dominions
                 which
                 had
                 sided
                 with
                 Duke
                 Andrew
                 ,
                 they
                 made
                 him
                 Prisoner
                 ;
                 and
                 carrying
                 him
                 into
                 Poland
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 order'd
                 by
                 his
                 Brother
                 Jagello
                 to
                 be
                 cast
                 into
                 a
                 noisom
                 Dungeon
                 ,
                 whence
                 ,
                 upon
                 the
                 request
                 of
                 the
                 good-natur'd
                 Vitoldus
                 ,
                 he
                 was
                 not
                 long
                 after
                 deliver'd
                 .
              
               
                 After
                 
                 Jagello's
                 Death
                 ,
                 tho
                 there
                 were
                 several
                 Great
                 Dukes
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ;
                 yet
                 seeing
                 they
                 were
                 Tributary
                 to
                 the
                 Kings
                 of
                 Poland
                 ,
                 and
                 Lithuania
                 it self
                 was
                 afterwards
                 united
                 to
                 Poland
                 under
                 one
                 Form
                 of
                 Government
                 ,
                 I
                 need
                 not
                 insist
                 any
                 longer
                 upon
                 the
                 Succession
                 of
                 its
                 Dukes
                 ,
                 since
                 what
                 past
                 remarkable
                 in
                 their
                 Time
                 ,
                 is
                 comprehended
                 in
                 the
                 History
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 of
                 the
                 Jagellonic
                 Family
                 ,
                 who
                 reign'd
                 in
                 Poland
                 from
                 
                 Jagello's
                 time
                 to
                 the
                 late
                 King
                 
                   Michael
                   Wiesnowiski
                
                 ;
                 therefore
                 I
                 will
                 proceed
                 to
                 enter
                 upon
                 the
                 Geographical
                 Description
                 of
                 this
                 great
                 Dutchy
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 two
                 Provinces
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 contain
                 these
                 Palatinates
                 ,
                 Viz.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Lithuania
                 Proper
                 contains
                 the
                 Palatinates
                 of
                 
                   
                     Vilna
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Troki
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Briescia
                     or
                     Polesia
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 Lithuanic-Russia
                 contains
                 the
                 Palatinates
                 of
                 
                   
                     Novogrodec
                     .
                  
                   
                     Mscislaw
                     .
                  
                   
                     Vitebsko
                     or
                     Witebsko
                     .
                  
                   
                     Minski
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Polocz
                     .
                  
                
              
               
               
                 Lithuanic-Russia
                 is
                 commonly
                 call'd
                 Russia-Alba
                 ,
                 or
                 White
                 -
                 Russia
                 ,
                 either
                 because
                 its
                 Hills
                 are
                 generally
                 cover'd
                 with
                 Snow
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 lasts
                 longer
                 there
                 than
                 in
                 any
                 other
                 Parts
                 of
                 this
                 Country
                 ;
                 or
                 else
                 by
                 reason
                 that
                 the
                 Animals
                 bred
                 there
                 are
                 generally
                 enclin'd
                 to
                 be
                 white
                 ,
                 tho
                 in
                 other
                 Countries
                 the
                 same
                 Species
                 be
                 of
                 another
                 Colour
                 .
                 Both
                 these
                 Provinces
                 abound
                 with
                 all
                 manner
                 of
                 Necessaries
                 ,
                 besides
                 several
                 Merchandizes
                 ,
                 part
                 of
                 which
                 they
                 transport
                 by
                 the
                 River
                 Duna
                 to
                 Riga
                 in
                 Livonia
                 ,
                 and
                 part
                 by
                 the
                 River
                 Niemen
                 to
                 Koningsberg
                 in
                 Prussia
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 first
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 Proper
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 whose
                 Palatin
                 is
                 chief
                 Governour
                 of
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 that
                 Name
                 .
                 This
                 Palatinate
                 comprehends
                 three
                 large
                 Districts
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 The
                 Districts
                 of
                 
                   
                     Osmian
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Bratislaw
                     or
                     
                       Braslaw
                       ,
                       &
                    
                  
                   
                     Wilkomitz
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 In
                 all
                 which
                 are
                 the
                 several
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 of
                 
                   
                     Vilna
                     
                       
                         Cap.
                         
                      
                       
                         Bish
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     Osmian
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Bratislaw
                     or
                     Braslaw
                     .
                  
                   
                     Wilkomitz
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Ikaznia
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Drizwiatz
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 chief
                 City
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 ,
                 and
                 Metropolis
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 is
              
               
                 
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 call'd
                 also
                 Vilenski
                 by
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 ,
                 and
                 Wildaw
                 or
                 
                   Die
                   Wilde
                
                 by
                 the
                 Germans
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 situated
                 near
                 the
                 Conflux
                 of
                 the
                 Rivers
                 Wilia
                 
                 and
                 Wiln
                 ,
                 from
                 whence
                 it
                 has
                 its
                 Name
                 .
                 It
                 lies
                 about
                 130
                 Polish
                 Miles
                 from
                 Cracow
                 to
                 the
                 North-East
                 ,
                 48
                 from
                 Riga
                 to
                 the
                 North
                 ,
                 70
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 hundred
                 from
                 Smolensko
                 to
                 the
                 East
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 a
                 large
                 and
                 very
                 populous
                 City
                 ,
                 well
                 fortify'd
                 with
                 two
                 Castles
                 ,
                 whereof
                 one
                 is
                 built
                 in
                 a
                 Plain
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 on
                 a
                 Hill
                 ;
                 the
                 former
                 wash'd
                 by
                 the
                 River
                 Wilia
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 latter
                 by
                 the
                 Wiln
                 .
                 The
                 first
                 of
                 these
                 Rivers
                 is
                 large
                 and
                 navigable
                 ,
                 whereby
                 the
                 Inhabitants
                 transport
                 Merchandizes
                 to
                 Dantzic
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 small
                 and
                 inconsiderable
                 .
                 The
                 Houses
                 of
                 this
                 City
                 are
                 generally
                 low
                 and
                 mean
                 ,
                 being
                 most
                 built
                 with
                 Wood
                 ,
                 except
                 some
                 belonging
                 to
                 the
                 Gentry
                 ,
                 others
                 to
                 Foreign
                 Merchants
                 ,
                 and
                 several
                 publick
                 Edifices
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 all
                 either
                 of
                 Stone
                 or
                 Brick
                 .
                 Of
                 the
                 two
                 Castles
                 ,
                 that
                 on
                 a
                 Hill
                 is
                 very
                 antient
                 ,
                 and
                 almost
                 ruin'd
                 ;
                 but
                 the
                 other
                 is
                 a
                 Pile
                 of
                 beautiful
                 modern
                 Architecture
                 .
                 The
                 Churches
                 here
                 are
                 all
                 of
                 Stone
                 ,
                 both
                 those
                 belonging
                 to
                 the
                 Roman
                 and
                 Russian
                 Persuasions
                 .
                 The
                 Cathedral
                 stands
                 in
                 the
                 Lower
                 Castle
                 ,
                 wherein
                 lies
                 the
                 Body
                 of
                 St.
                 Casimir
                 ,
                 canoniz'd
                 by
                 Leo
                 X.
                 ▪
                 in
                 a
                 large
                 Silver
                 Tomb
                 of
                 great
                 Value
                 .
                 Here
                 also
                 is
                 a
                 very
                 large
                 Bell
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 that
                 of
                 Cracow
                 ,
                 which
                 requires
                 above
                 four
                 and
                 twenty
                 strong
                 Men
                 to
                 ring
                 it
                 .
                 Within
                 this
                 Castle
                 is
                 the
                 Archiepiscopal
                 See
                 of
                 the
                 Metropolitan
                 of
                 Russia
                 .
                 Among
                 the
                 other
                 publick
                 Edifices
                 is
                 the
                 Great
                 Duke's
                 Palace
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 famous
                 Guard-Chamber
                 ,
                 furnish'd
                 with
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Arms
                 ;
                 and
                 about
                 two
                 English
                 Miles
                 from
                 this
                 City
                 stands
                 another
                 Ducal
                 Palace
                 ,
                 nam'd
                 from
                 its
                 Situation
                 Rudnick
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 ,
                 
                   Near
                   the
                   Water
                
                 .
                 This
                 Palace
                 
                 is
                 entirely
                 built
                 with
                 Wood
                 ,
                 and
                 beautify'd
                 with
                 a
                 Park
                 ,
                 pleasant
                 Gardens
                 ,
                 Orchards
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 Next
                 comes
                 the
                 Academy
                 of
                 this
                 City
                 ,
                 founded
                 by
                 King
                 Stephen
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1579
                 ,
                 and
                 erected
                 into
                 a
                 University
                 by
                 Gregory
                 XIII
                 .
                 the
                 same
                 Year
                 ,
                 at
                 the
                 Request
                 of
                 the
                 Founder
                 Valerian
                 Bishop
                 of
                 Vilna
                 .
                 In
                 this
                 University
                 are
                 six
                 Professors
                 of
                 Divinity
                 ,
                 five
                 of
                 Philosophy
                 ,
                 four
                 of
                 Laws
                 ,
                 and
                 seven
                 of
                 Human
                 Learning
                 .
                 Among
                 the
                 Merchants
                 Houses
                 ,
                 there
                 is
                 one
                 particularly
                 neat
                 ,
                 erected
                 by
                 the
                 Moscovite
                 Company
                 for
                 the
                 Repository
                 of
                 their
                 Furs
                 ,
                 Ermins
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 rich
                 Merchandizes
                 brought
                 from
                 Moscow
                 .
                 Here
                 are
                 also
                 many
                 other
                 fair
                 Edifices
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 pass
                 by
                 for
                 brevity's
                 sake
                 .
                 In
                 this
                 City
                 Guns
                 of
                 all
                 sorts
                 are
                 cast
                 ,
                 and
                 likewise
                 divers
                 other
                 Warlike
                 Instruments
                 of
                 excellent
                 Workmanship
                 made
                 .
                 Vilna
                 has
                 the
                 Honour
                 to
                 have
                 a
                 Tribunal
                 for
                 all
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 The
                 Moscovites
                 found
                 means
                 to
                 make
                 themselves
                 Masters
                 of
                 this
                 City
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1655
                 ,
                 but
                 were
                 soon
                 forc'd
                 to
                 surrender
                 it
                 to
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 who
                 are
                 at
                 present
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Osmian
                 ,
                 a
                 wooden
                 Town
                 ,
                 Capital
                 of
                 its
                 District
                 ,
                 about
                 seven
                 Miles
                 from
                 Vilna
                 ;
                 to
                 which
                 belongs
                 a
                 large
                 Jurisdiction
                 ,
                 with
                 several
                 eminent
                 Towns.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Bratislaw
                 or
                 Braslaw
                 ,
                 a
                 Timber-built
                 City
                 ,
                 situate
                 on
                 a
                 large
                 Lake
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 founded
                 on
                 a
                 Rock
                 .
                 This
                 Place
                 lies
                 about
                 twenty
                 Miles
                 from
                 Vilna
                 with
                 a
                 considerable
                 Jurisdiction
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Wilkomitz
                 ,
                 a
                 Wood-built
                 Town
                 upon
                 the
                 River
                 Swienta
                 .
                 Here
                 is
                 kept
                 a
                 Court
                 of
                 Justice
                 to
                 try
                 the
                 Causes
                 of
                 the
                 Gentry
                 .
                 To
                 
                 this
                 District
                 belongs
                 a
                 very
                 large
                 Jurisdiction
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 are
                 several
                 considerable
                 Towns
                 belonging
                 to
                 the
                 King
                 ,
                 Bishops
                 ,
                 and
                 Gentry
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Ikaznia
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 built
                 with
                 Wood
                 near
                 a
                 River
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Name
                 .
                 It
                 lies
                 about
                 three
                 Polish
                 Miles
                 from
                 Bratislaw
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Drizwiatz
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 built
                 on
                 a
                 Lake
                 near
                 a
                 River
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Name
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 five
                 Miles
                 from
                 Bratislaw
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 only
                 The
                 Palatin
                 ,
                 and
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Vilna
                 .
              
               
                 For
                 it
                 must
                 here
                 be
                 observ'd
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 are
                 no
                 Minor
                 Castellans
                 in
                 all
                 Lithuania
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Arms
                 or
                 Standard
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 of
                 four
                 sorts
                 :
                 The
                 first
                 of
                 the
                 Palatinate
                 it self
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 Argent
                 and
                 Azure
                 ;
                 in
                 the
                 former
                 the
                 Arms
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 the
                 latter
                 two
                 Pillars
                 of
                 the
                 first
                 .
                 Besides
                 these
                 ,
                 each
                 District
                 has
                 its
                 Arms
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 ,
                 First
                 ,
                 of
                 Osmian
                 ,
                 those
                 of
                 Vilna
                 differing
                 only
                 in
                 changing
                 the
                 Columns
                 or
                 Pillars
                 to
                 erected
                 Swords
                 .
                 That
                 of
                 Bratislaw
                 a
                 Field
                 Gules
                 ,
                 with
                 no
                 Charge
                 .
                 Thirdly
                 ,
                 That
                 of
                 Wilkomitz
                 the
                 same
                 with
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Palatinate
                 ,
                 changing
                 only
                 the
                 Pillars
                 to
                 the
                 Image
                 of
                 St.
                 Michael
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Second
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 Proper
                 ,
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
                 Troki
                 ,
                 which
                 has
                 in
                 it
                 these
                 four
                 large
                 Districts
                 ,
                 Viz.
                 The
                 Districts
                 of
                 
                   
                     Grodno
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Lida
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Cowno
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Vpita
                     .
                  
                
              
               
               
                 In
                 all
                 which
                 are
                 these
                 principal
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 Viz.
                 
                 
                   
                     Troki
                     ,
                     Cap.
                     
                  
                   
                     Grodno
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Lida
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Cowno
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Vpita
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 chief
                 City
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 is
              
               
                 
                 Troki
                 ,
                 otherwise
                 call'd
                 Troccum
                 or
                 Trocum
                 ,
                 built
                 with
                 Wood
                 ,
                 and
                 seated
                 on
                 a
                 Point
                 of
                 Land
                 that
                 shoots
                 out
                 into
                 a
                 Lake
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 lies
                 about
                 four
                 Miles
                 from
                 Vilna
                 to
                 the
                 West
                 .
                 This
                 City
                 had
                 formerly
                 a
                 strong
                 Wall
                 to
                 defend
                 it
                 ,
                 but
                 which
                 was
                 long
                 since
                 destroy'd
                 by
                 the
                 Prussian
                 Knights
                 ;
                 but
                 yet
                 it
                 still
                 has
                 a
                 Castle
                 founded
                 in
                 the
                 Lake
                 ,
                 and
                 sufficiently
                 fortify'd
                 both
                 by
                 Nature
                 and
                 Art.
                 Gedeminus
                 ,
                 Great
                 Duke
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 laid
                 the
                 first
                 Foundation
                 of
                 this
                 City
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 the
                 Ducal
                 Seat
                 before
                 it
                 came
                 to
                 be
                 translated
                 to
                 Vilna
                 .
                 The
                 Moscovites
                 storm'd
                 ,
                 burnt
                 ,
                 and
                 pillag'd
                 this
                 Place
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1655.
                 
              
               
                 
                 Grodno
                 ,
                 a
                 Timber-built
                 City
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Niemen
                 or
                 Cronon
                 ,
                 having
                 a
                 strong
                 Castle
                 on
                 a
                 Rock
                 near
                 adjoining
                 ,
                 founded
                 by
                 King
                 Stephen
                 ,
                 who
                 was
                 wont
                 to
                 reside
                 here
                 for
                 conveniency
                 of
                 Hunting
                 .
                 Sigismund
                 III.
                 built
                 a
                 fair
                 Bridg
                 here
                 over
                 the
                 Niemen
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 thought
                 not
                 to
                 have
                 an
                 Equal
                 in
                 all
                 Poland
                 .
                 The
                 Jesuits
                 have
                 a
                 College
                 or
                 Academy
                 in
                 this
                 City
                 for
                 Instructing
                 of
                 Youth
                 .
                 From
                 hence
                 divers
                 kinds
                 of
                 Merchandizes
                 are
                 transported
                 from
                 several
                 Parts
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 to
                 Dantzic
                 .
                 The
                 District
                 of
                 Grodno
                 is
                 indifferently
                 large
                 ,
                 having
                 been
                 formerly
                 a
                 considerable
                 Dutchy
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 Lida
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 ,
                 Capital
                 of
                 its
                 District
                 ,
                 built
                 with
                 Wood
                 ,
                 having
                 in
                 it
                 a
                 tolerable
                 Castle
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Court
                 of
                 Justice
                 for
                 the
                 Gentry
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Cowno
                 ,
                 a
                 famous
                 Timber-Town
                 ,
                 tho
                 there
                 are
                 several
                 Houses
                 in
                 it
                 built
                 with
                 Stone
                 ,
                 situate
                 on
                 the
                 Conflux
                 of
                 the
                 Rivers
                 Niemen
                 and
                 Wilia
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 strong
                 antient
                 Castle
                 founded
                 on
                 a
                 Rock
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Vpita
                 ,
                 a
                 Wood-built
                 Town
                 ,
                 and
                 Capital
                 of
                 a
                 very
                 large
                 District
                 ,
                 wherein
                 are
                 several
                 Towns.
                 
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 The
                 Palatin
                 ,
                 and
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Troki
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Arms
                 or
                 Standard
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 the
                 Arms
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 in
                 a
                 Field
                 Azure
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 third
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 Proper
                 ,
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
                 Briescia
                 or
                 Polesia
                 ,
                 adjoining
                 to
                 the
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lublin
                 ,
                 and
                 partaking
                 in
                 all
                 respects
                 of
                 the
                 Manners
                 thereof
                 .
                 It
                 has
                 but
                 one
                 very
                 large
                 District
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 that
                 of
                 Pinsko
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 Palatinate
                 contains
                 these
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 Viz.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Briescia
                   ,
                
                 
                   Pinsko
                   ,
                
                 
                   Biala
                   ,
                
                 
                   Prepetus
                   ,
                
                 
                   Camenecia
                   ,
                
                 
                   Cobrinia
                   ,
                
                 
                   Janovia
                   ,
                
                 
                   Voinia
                   ,
                
                 
                   Rososia
                   ,
                   and
                
                 
                   Vlodava
                   .
                
              
               
               
                 
                 The
                 chief
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 is
              
               
                 
                 Brescia
                 or
                 Briescia
                 ,
                 a
                 large
                 wooden
                 City
                 ,
                 built
                 on
                 the
                 Confines
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 on
                 the
                 Banks
                 of
                 the
                 River
                 Bug
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Timber
                 Castle
                 founded
                 on
                 a
                 Rock
                 ,
                 and
                 wash'd
                 by
                 the
                 River
                 Muchavecz
                 .
                 This
                 City
                 is
                 distant
                 about
                 twenty
                 five
                 Miles
                 from
                 Lublin
                 ,
                 and
                 thirty
                 from
                 Warsaw
                 to
                 the
                 East
                 .
                 In
                 it
                 is
                 the
                 most
                 famous
                 Academy
                 for
                 Jews
                 of
                 any
                 in
                 Europe
                 ,
                 whither
                 that
                 People
                 resort
                 from
                 
                   Italy
                   ,
                   Germany
                   ,
                   Moravia
                   ,
                   Silesia
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 not
                 only
                 to
                 study
                 ,
                 but
                 take
                 Degrees
                 in
                 that
                 Religion
                 .
                 Without
                 this
                 City
                 also
                 is
                 a
                 Regal
                 Palace
                 of
                 Modern
                 Architecture
                 ,
                 with
                 variety
                 of
                 pleasant
                 Gardens
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Pinsko
                 ,
                 a
                 Timber-built
                 City
                 ,
                 and
                 indifferently
                 large
                 ,
                 seated
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Perepet
                 ;
                 which
                 passing
                 by
                 divers
                 Towns
                 in
                 Russia
                 ,
                 falls
                 into
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 .
                 The
                 Inhabitants
                 of
                 this
                 Place
                 are
                 very
                 Industrious
                 ,
                 and
                 make
                 frequent
                 Journeys
                 into
                 Muscovy
                 and
                 Germany
                 on
                 account
                 of
                 Merchandizing
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 generally
                 of
                 the
                 Greek
                 Persuasion
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 a
                 Bishop
                 of
                 that
                 Sect
                 who
                 resides
                 among
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Biala
                 ,
                 famous
                 only
                 for
                 a
                 Palace
                 built
                 by
                 the
                 Dukes
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Radzivil
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 now
                 converted
                 into
                 a
                 College
                 for
                 the
                 Instructing
                 of
                 Youth
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Prepetus
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 an
                 old
                 Castle
                 ,
                 built
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Name
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 ,
                 The
                 Palatin
                 ,
                 and
                 Castellan
                 .
                 of
                 Briescia
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 The
                 Arms
                 or
                 Standard
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 the
                 same
                 with
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 differing
                 only
                 by
                 a
                 B
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 first
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuanic-Russia
                 ,
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
                 Novogrodec
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 divided
                 into
                 two
                 Districts
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 The
                 Districts
                 of
                 Novogrodec
                 ,
                 and
                 Slonim
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 both
                 which
                 are
                 these
                 principal
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 Viz.
                 
                 
                   
                     Novogrodec
                     ,
                     Cap.
                     
                  
                   
                     Slonim
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Wolkowisko
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Lacowickz
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Mysza
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Zlucz
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Rozan
                     ,
                  
                   
                     Neswitz
                     ,
                     and
                  
                   
                     Selecz
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Capital
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 is
              
               
                 
                 Novogrodec
                 ,
                 a
                 large
                 Timber-City
                 ,
                 which
                 formerly
                 belong'd
                 to
                 the
                 second
                 Sons
                 of
                 the
                 Princes
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
                 Here
                 interchangeably
                 with
                 the
                 Town
                 of
                 Minski
                 ,
                 is
                 held
                 a
                 Parliament
                 for
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Slonim
                 ,
                 a
                 wooden
                 City
                 ,
                 whose
                 District
                 was
                 formerly
                 a
                 Dutchy
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Wolkowisko
                 ,
                 a
                 large
                 Town
                 containing
                 a
                 Court
                 of
                 justice
                 or
                 Tribunal
                 for
                 the
                 Gentry
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Lacowickz
                 ,
                 famous
                 for
                 a
                 very
                 fair
                 Palace
                 ,
                 built
                 by
                 a
                 Grand
                 General
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 and
                 well
                 fortify'd
                 after
                 the
                 Modern
                 way
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Mysza
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 ,
                 seated
                 by
                 a
                 Lake
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 surrounded
                 by
                 a
                 Plain
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 Zlucz
                 ,
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 largest
                 Cities
                 in
                 this
                 Country
                 ,
                 but
                 nevertheless
                 is
                 all
                 of
                 Wood
                 ,
                 except
                 only
                 the
                 Cathedral
                 and
                 Ducal
                 Palace
                 .
              
               
                 This
                 City
                 had
                 not
                 long
                 since
                 a
                 Soveraign
                 Prince
                 with
                 large
                 Territories
                 ,
                 but
                 he
                 was
                 always
                 Tributary
                 to
                 Poland
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 at
                 present
                 in
                 possession
                 of
                 the
                 Family
                 of
                 Radzivil
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Rozan
                 ,
                 a
                 well-built
                 Town
                 with
                 very
                 fair
                 Streets
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Neswitz
                 ,
                 where
                 
                   Nicholas
                   Radzivil
                
                 ,
                 surnam'd
                 the
                 Pilgrim
                 ,
                 has
                 founded
                 several
                 noble
                 Publick
                 Edifices
                 ;
                 a
                 Description
                 whereof
                 I
                 have
                 omitted
                 for
                 brevity's
                 sake
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 The
                 Palatin
                 ,
                 and
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Novogrodec
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Standard
                 or
                 Arms
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 ,
                 are
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 in
                 an
                 Azure
                 Field
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Second
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuanic-Russia
                 ,
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
                 Mscislaw
                 ,
                 lying
                 between
                 the
                 River
                 Peripet
                 to
                 the
                 South
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 to
                 the
                 East
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Triangular
                 form
                 ,
                 being
                 ,
                 for
                 the
                 most
                 part
                 ,
                 either
                 over-run
                 with
                 Woods
                 ,
                 or
                 over-flow'd
                 with
                 Water
                 .
                 What
                 plain
                 Land
                 it
                 has
                 ,
                 is
                 generally
                 very
                 fruitful
                 .
                 It
                 likewise
                 abounds
                 with
                 Cattle
                 of
                 all
                 sorts
                 ,
                 and
                 great
                 Numbers
                 of
                 excellent
                 Fowl
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 divided
                 into
                 two
                 very
                 large
                 Districts
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 The
                 Districts
                 of
                 Mscislaw
                 ,
                 and
                 Modziria
                 .
              
               
               
                 In
                 all
                 which
                 are
                 these
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 viz.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Mscislaw
                   ,
                   Cap.
                   
                
                 
                   Modzir
                   ,
                
                 
                   Dambrownuna
                   ,
                
                 
                   Bychow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Kopysz
                   ,
                
                 
                   Sklow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Reczycza
                   ,
                
                 
                   Viszchorod
                   ,
                
                 
                   Strissin
                   ,
                
                 
                   Cleckum
                   ,
                
                 
                   Ouruckum
                   ,
                
                 
                   Homlia
                   ,
                
                 
                   Criczow
                   ,
                   and
                
                 
                   Ostrskum
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Capital
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 is
              
               
                 
                 Mscislaw
                 ,
                 a
                 Timber'd
                 City
                 built
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Sosa
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 defended
                 by
                 Palisadoes
                 .
                 It
                 lies
                 upon
                 the
                 Borders
                 of
                 Moscovy
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 is
                 strongly
                 garison'd
                 .
                 This
                 District
                 was
                 formerly
                 a
                 Soveraignty
                 ,
                 but
                 it
                 is
                 now
                 reduc'd
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Modzir
                 ,
                 a
                 City
                 ,
                 Capital
                 of
                 its
                 District
                 ,
                 built
                 among
                 the
                 Marshes
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Dambrownuna
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 strong
                 Castle
                 built
                 upon
                 the
                 Confines
                 of
                 Moscovy
                 ,
                 about
                 fourteen
                 Miles
                 from
                 Smolensko
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Bychow
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 seated
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Boristhenes
                 ,
                 about
                 twelve
                 Miles
                 from
                 Mohilow
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Kopysz
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 on
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Sklow
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 on
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 ,
                 reputed
                 to
                 be
                 a
                 County
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 which
                 the
                 magnificent
                 
                   John
                   Chodkiewil
                
                 writes
                 himself
                 Hereditary
                 Palatin
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Reczycza
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 situate
                 on
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Viszehorod
                 ,
                 situate
                 upon
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 about
                 three
                 Miles
                 from
                 Kiow
                 .
              
               
               
                 
                 Strissin
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 and
                 Castle
                 on
                 the
                 Boristhenes
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 ,
                 The
                 Palatin
                 and
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Mscislaw
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Arms
                 and
                 Standard
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 ,
                 are
                 the
                 same
                 with
                 those
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 ,
                 differing
                 only
                 in
                 an
                 M
                 plac'd
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 third
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuanic-Russia
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
                 Vitebsko
                 ,
                 like
                 the
                 former
                 ,
                 bordering
                 upon
                 the
                 Duna
                 towards
                 the
                 East
                 ,
                 having
                 but
                 one
                 large
                 District
                 ,
                 which
                 is
              
               
                 The
                 District
                 of
                 Orsha
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 these
                 several
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 viz.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Witebsko
                   ,
                   Cap.
                   
                
                 
                   Orsha
                   ,
                
                 
                   Mohilow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Czasniki
                   ,
                
                 
                   Sienno
                   ,
                
                 
                   Leplo
                   ,
                   and
                
                 
                   Woroniec
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 Capital
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 is
                 
              
               
                 
                 Witebsko
                 ,
                 a
                 Timber-built
                 City
                 ,
                 indifferently
                 large
                 ,
                 situate
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Dwina
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 divers
                 sorts
                 of
                 Merchandizes
                 are
                 transported
                 from
                 hence
                 to
                 Riga
                 in
                 Livonia
                 .
                 It
                 has
                 two
                 large
                 Castles
                 well
                 defended
                 both
                 by
                 Nature
                 and
                 Art
                 against
                 the
                 Incursions
                 of
                 the
                 Moscovites
                 ,
                 who
                 have
                 been
                 often
                 repuls'd
                 thence
                 with
                 considerable
                 Loss
                 .
                 In
                 this
                 City
                 there
                 are
                 always
                 four
                 Companies
                 of
                 Foot
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 
                 each
                 consisting
                 of
                 500
                 Men
                 ,
                 one
                 whereof
                 (
                 says
                 Guagnini
                 )
                 I
                 my self
                 commanded
                 for
                 near
                 ten
                 Years
                 .
                 This
                 Place
                 lies
                 about
                 fourscore
                 Miles
                 from
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 and
                 had
                 formerly
                 a
                 Prince
                 of
                 its
                 own
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Orsha
                 ,
                 a
                 large
                 Wooden
                 City
                 ,
                 defended
                 on
                 one
                 side
                 with
                 sharp
                 and
                 strong
                 Palisadoes
                 ,
                 and
                 on
                 the
                 other
                 by
                 the
                 River
                 Boristhenes
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 a
                 Stone
                 Castle
                 wash'd
                 by
                 the
                 River
                 Orshicza
                 .
                 This
                 Place
                 lies
                 about
                 eighteen
                 Miles
                 from
                 Witebsko
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Mohilow
                 ,
                 a
                 very
                 large
                 Market-Town
                 much
                 frequented
                 by
                 the
                 Moscovites
                 ,
                 whence
                 they
                 transmit
                 their
                 Firs
                 into
                 Poland
                 and
                 Germany
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Czasniki
                 ,
                 a
                 Wood-built
                 Town
                 lying
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Vla
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Sienno
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 ,
                 about
                 six
                 Miles
                 from
                 Czasniki
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Leplo
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 well
                 defended
                 ,
                 situate
                 on
                 a
                 Lake
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 seven
                 Miles
                 from
                 Czasniki
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Woroniec
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 lying
                 upon
                 the
                 River
                 Vsacza
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 three
                 Miles
                 from
                 Polocz
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 ,
                 The
                 Palatin
                 and
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Vitebsko
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Arms
                 or
                 Standard
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 ,
                 are
                 the
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 Field
                 Vert.
                 
              
               
                 
                 The
                 fourth
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuanic-Russia
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
               
                 Minski
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 divided
                 into
                 two
                 Districts
                 ,
                 viz.
                 The
                 Districts
                 of
                 Minski
                 ,
                 and
                 Borissow
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 both
                 which
                 are
                 these
                 several
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 viz.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Minski
                   ,
                   Cap.
                   
                
                 
                   Borissow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Koidanow
                   ,
                
                 
                   Radoskowice
                   ,
                
                 
                   Lohoisko
                   ,
                
                 
                   Swislocz
                   ,
                
                 
                   Bobroisko
                   ,
                
                 
                   Odruczko
                   ,
                
                 
                   Smolniany
                   ,
                   and
                
                 
                   Turkow
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Capital
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 is
              
               
                 
                 Minski
                 ,
                 a
                 large
                 Timber-built
                 City
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 double
                 Wall
                 ,
                 a
                 strong
                 Castle
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 very
                 deep
                 Ditch
                 ,
                 with
                 other
                 Fortifications
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 wash'd
                 by
                 a
                 River
                 that
                 turns
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 Mills
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 formerly
                 the
                 Custom
                 in
                 Russia
                 ,
                 under
                 whose
                 Dominions
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 was
                 when
                 this
                 City
                 was
                 built
                 ,
                 to
                 fortify
                 their
                 principal
                 Towns
                 with
                 a
                 double
                 Wall
                 and
                 two
                 Castles
                 .
                 Here
                 formerly
                 the
                 Diet
                 was
                 kept
                 alternatively
                 with
                 Vilna
                 and
                 Novogrodeck
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Borissow
                 ,
                 a
                 Wooden
                 Town
                 seated
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Beresina
                 ,
                 which
                 has
                 a
                 Castle
                 well
                 fortified
                 :
                 It
                 lies
                 about
                 forty
                 Miles
                 from
                 Vilna
                 ,
                 and
                 has
                 in
                 it
                 a
                 good
                 Garison
                 against
                 the
                 Incursions
                 of
                 the
                 Moscovites
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Koidanow
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 about
                 twenty
                 five
                 Miles
                 from
                 Vilna
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Radoskowice
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 with
                 a
                 Castle
                 ,
                 where
                 
                   Sigismundus
                   Augustus
                
                 muster'd
                 above
                 100000
                 Men
                 at
                 once
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1568.
                 
              
               
               
                 
                 Lohoisko
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 and
                 Castle
                 about
                 eight
                 Miles
                 from
                 Borissow
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Swislocz
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 situate
                 upon
                 a
                 River
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Name
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Bobroisko
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 lying
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Beresina
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Odruczko
                 ,
                 a
                 Town
                 and
                 Castle
                 which
                 formerly
                 gave
                 Name
                 to
                 a
                 Dutchy
                 ,
                 whereof
                 several
                 Noble
                 Russians
                 had
                 the
                 Title
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 ,
                 The
                 Palatin
                 and
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Minski
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Arms
                 or
                 Standard
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 the
                 same
                 with
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 only
                 an
                 M
                 plac'd
                 side-ways
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 fifth
                 Palatinate
                 of
                 Lithuanic-Russia
                 is
                 that
                 of
              
               
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 divided
                 into
                 two
                 
                   Districts
                   ,
                   viz.
                
                 The
                 Districts
                 of
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 and
                 Vsacz
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 both
                 which
                 are
                 these
                 Cities
                 and
                 Towns
                 ,
                 viz.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Polocz
                   ,
                   Cap.
                   
                
                 
                   Vsacz
                   ,
                   or
                   Vsalza
                   ,
                
                 
                   Disna
                   ,
                
                 
                   Drissa
                   ,
                
                 
                   Druha
                   ,
                
                 
                   Starzitia
                   ,
                
                 
                   and
                   Volisia
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Capital
                 of
                 all
                 which
                 is
              
               
                 
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 seated
                 on
                 the
                 River
                 Duna
                 ,
                 or
                 Dwina
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 formerly
                 a
                 City
                 very
                 considerable
                 ,
                 but
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1562
                 ,
                 
                   John
                   Basilowitz
                
                 Great
                 Duke
                 
                 of
                 Moscovy
                 took
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 carried
                 most
                 of
                 its
                 Inhabitants
                 away
                 Prisoners
                 .
                 This
                 Place
                 remain'd
                 in
                 the
                 hands
                 of
                 the
                 Moscovites
                 to
                 the
                 Year
                 1579
                 ,
                 when
                 
                   Stephen
                   Batori
                
                 recover'd
                 it
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 its
                 whole
                 Territory
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 formerly
                 a
                 Dutchy
                 ,
                 and
                 subject
                 only
                 to
                 its
                 own
                 Princes
                 .
                 Here
                 at
                 present
                 resides
                 a
                 Russian
                 Prelat
                 .
                 The
                 Jesuits
                 also
                 have
                 a
                 very
                 fair
                 Foundation
                 in
                 this
                 City
                 built
                 and
                 endow'd
                 by
                 
                   Stephen
                   Batori
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Vsacz
                 ,
                 distant
                 about
                 three
                 Polish
                 Miles
                 from
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 and
                 situate
                 on
                 a
                 River
                 of
                 its
                 own
                 Name
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Disna
                 ,
                 built
                 on
                 the
                 Duna
                 ,
                 and
                 tolerably
                 fortified
                 .
                 It
                 lies
                 about
                 six
                 Miles
                 from
                 Polocz
                 ,
                 and
                 forty
                 from
                 Vilna
                 .
              
               
                 
                 Druha
                 ,
                 upon
                 a
                 River
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Name
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Senators
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 are
                 ,
                 The
                 Palatin
                 and
                 Castellan
                 of
                 Polocz
                 .
              
               
                 
                 The
                 Standard
                 or
                 Arms
                 of
                 this
                 Palatinate
                 ,
                 are
                 the
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 
                   P
                   ●
                
                 sideways
                 plac'd
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 of
                 the
                 Coat
                 .
              
               
                 Having
                 thus
                 ,
                 Sir
                 ,
                 describ'd
                 to
                 you
                 the
                 present
                 Extent
                 ,
                 and
                 chief
                 Towns
                 of
                 the
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 of
                 Lithuania
                 ,
                 it
                 would
                 seem
                 requisite
                 (
                 as
                 usual
                 )
                 to
                 give
                 you
                 a
                 particular
                 Character
                 of
                 this
                 Nation
                 ;
                 but
                 having
                 a
                 design
                 to
                 proceed
                 to
                 a
                 second
                 Volume
                 of
                 this
                 Undertaking
                 ,
                 where
                 I
                 will
                 examine
                 into
                 the
                 Genius
                 ,
                 Manners
                 and
                 Customs
                 of
                 both
                 Poles
                 and
                 Lithuanians
                 ,
                 at
                 present
                 I
                 can
                 only
                 take
                 notice
                 ,
                 that
                 to
                 
                 Jagell●●'s
                 time
                 ,
                 being
                 the
                 XIV
                 th
                 Century
                 ,
                 the
                 Lithuanian
                 
                 were
                 Pagans
                 ,
                 and
                 worshipp'd
                 many
                 Gods
                 ,
                 or
                 rather
                 Devils
                 .
                 First
                 ,
                 they
                 paid
                 Divine
                 Adoration
                 to
                 Fire
                 (
                 which
                 they
                 call'd
                 in
                 their
                 Language
                 Znicz
                 ,
                 signifying
                 sacred
                 )
                 and
                 kept
                 it
                 always
                 alight
                 in
                 some
                 of
                 their
                 most
                 famous
                 Towns.
                 For
                 thi●●
                 end
                 they
                 assign'd
                 several
                 Priests
                 ,
                 by
                 whose
                 Neglect
                 ,
                 or
                 otherwise
                 ,
                 if
                 ever
                 it
                 came
                 to
                 be
                 extinguish'd
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 immediately
                 beheaded
                 .
                 Next
                 ,
                 they
                 worshipp'd
                 Thunder
                 ,
                 calling
                 it
                 in
                 the
                 Sclavonian
                 Tongue
                 Perunum
                 .
                 Also
                 they
                 had
                 divers
                 Groves
                 where
                 they
                 pray'd
                 to
                 tall
                 streight
                 Trees
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 held
                 it
                 Sacrilege
                 but
                 to
                 touch
                 .
                 The
                 Devil
                 ,
                 (
                 or
                 rather
                 the
                 cunning
                 Priest
                 )
                 it
                 seems
                 was
                 so
                 politick
                 in
                 those
                 days
                 ,
                 as
                 to
                 promote
                 all
                 these
                 Superstitions
                 ,
                 by
                 frightning
                 these
                 Idolaters
                 when
                 they
                 offer'd
                 in
                 the
                 least
                 to
                 forsake
                 them
                 .
                 When
                 the
                 Sky
                 was
                 clouded
                 ,
                 they
                 were
                 of
                 opinion
                 the
                 Sun
                 was
                 angry
                 with
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 us'd
                 their
                 utmost
                 Art
                 to
                 appease
                 him
                 by
                 Prayers
                 ,
                 Musick
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 They
                 likewise
                 believ'd
                 Serpents
                 to
                 be
                 Gods
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 their
                 Lares
                 ,
                 or
                 Domestick
                 Deities
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 each
                 Family
                 kept
                 one
                 in
                 their
                 House
                 ,
                 to
                 which
                 they
                 daily
                 sacrificed
                 Milk
                 ,
                 Fowls
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 like
                 ;
                 and
                 one
                 of
                 which
                 if
                 they
                 happen'd
                 at
                 any
                 time
                 to
                 offend
                 ,
                 they
                 look'd
                 upon
                 it
                 to
                 be
                 an
                 Omen
                 of
                 Destruction
                 to
                 their
                 whole
                 Progeny
                 .
                 They
                 had
                 also
                 a
                 set
                 time
                 appointed
                 for
                 a
                 Solemn
                 Sacrifice
                 ,
                 being
                 about
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 October
                 ,
                 when
                 together
                 with
                 their
                 Wives
                 and
                 Children
                 ,
                 they
                 feasted
                 riotously
                 for
                 three
                 days
                 ,
                 in
                 like
                 manner
                 as
                 we
                 have
                 said
                 before
                 in
                 Samogitia
                 .
                 Upon
                 their
                 return
                 from
                 the
                 Wars
                 they
                 were
                 wont
                 to
                 sacrifice
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 chief
                 of
                 their
                 Captives
                 with
                 all
                 their
                 Booty
                 to
                 the
                 
                 Fire
                 .
                 They
                 us'd
                 to
                 burn
                 their
                 Dead
                 with
                 all
                 their
                 richest
                 Ornaments
                 on
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 wore
                 whilst
                 living
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 one
                 of
                 their
                 most
                 faithful
                 Servants
                 ,
                 their
                 Horses
                 ,
                 Arms
                 ,
                 Dogs
                 ,
                 &c.
                 whilst
                 all
                 their
                 Relations
                 and
                 Friends
                 brought
                 Milk
                 ,
                 Honey
                 ,
                 Beer
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 like
                 ,
                 and
                 merrily
                 feasted
                 and
                 danc'd
                 about
                 their
                 Funeral-Pile
                 to
                 Musick
                 of
                 various
                 kinds
                 .
              
               
                 All
                 these
                 Pagan
                 Superstitions
                 and
                 Errors
                 Jagello
                 ,
                 after
                 he
                 became
                 Christian
                 ,
                 in
                 great
                 measure
                 abolish'd
                 ;
                 to
                 effect
                 which
                 ,
                 He
                 ,
                 together
                 with
                 his
                 Queen
                 Hedwigis
                 ,
                 the
                 Arch-bishop
                 of
                 Gnesna
                 ,
                 a
                 vast
                 number
                 of
                 Priests
                 ,
                 and
                 several
                 other
                 Learned
                 Men
                 went
                 into
                 Lithuania
                 about
                 the
                 beginning
                 of
                 Lent
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1387
                 ,
                 where
                 at
                 Vilna
                 he
                 first
                 caus'd
                 the
                 sacred
                 Fire
                 to
                 be
                 extinguish'd
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 place
                 wherein
                 it
                 was
                 kept
                 to
                 be
                 converted
                 into
                 the
                 Church
                 of
                 St.
                 Stanislaus
                 ;
                 then
                 he
                 proceeded
                 to
                 kill
                 the
                 Serpents
                 ,
                 cut
                 down
                 the
                 Groves
                 ,
                 pull
                 down
                 their
                 Altars
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 like
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 poor
                 bigotted
                 Lithuanians
                 wondring
                 at
                 ,
                 cry'd
                 out
                 ,
                 
                   How
                   can
                   our
                   Gods
                   dissemble
                   with
                   these
                   wicked
                   Christians
                   ,
                   so
                   far
                   as
                   to
                   suffer
                   'em
                   to
                   profane
                   their
                   Divinities
                   with
                   unhallowed
                   hands
                   ,
                   when
                   if
                   we
                   had
                   but
                   offer'd
                   to
                   injure
                   them
                   in
                   the
                   least
                   ,
                   we
                   always
                   immediately
                   underwent
                   their
                   Revenge
                   !
                
                 But
                 at
                 length
                 when
                 they
                 perceiv'd
                 no
                 Judgment
                 to
                 follow
                 the
                 suppos'd
                 Sacrilege
                 of
                 the
                 Poles
                 ,
                 they
                 unanimously
                 acknowlegd'd
                 their
                 false
                 Worship
                 ,
                 and
                 consented
                 to
                 be
                 baptiz'd
                 ,
                 whereof
                 about
                 thirty
                 thousand
                 were
                 brought
                 to
                 the
                 Font
                 in
                 one
                 day
                 .
                 From
                 henceforward
                 the
                 Lithuanians
                 have
                 for
                 the
                 major
                 part
                 continued
                 Christians
                 ,
                 tho
                 there
                 are
                 yet
                 some
                 Idolaters
                 among
                 them
                 of
                 different
                 Beliefs
                 towards
                 the
                 Frontiers
                 of
                 
                 Moscovy
                 and
                 Samogitia
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 great
                 Woods
                 ,
                 who
                 still
                 worship
                 Serpents
                 ,
                 &c.
                 as
                 they
                 used
                 to
                 do
                 .
                 There
                 are
                 also
                 in
                 this
                 Great
                 Dutchy
                 about
                 thirty
                 thousand
                 Tartars
                 with
                 liberty
                 of
                 the
                 Turkish
                 Religion
                 ,
                 who
                 have
                 enjoy'd
                 this
                 Privilege
                 for
                 some
                 hundreds
                 of
                 Years
                 ,
                 on
                 condition
                 that
                 they
                 shall
                 send
                 every
                 Year
                 twelve
                 hundred
                 Men
                 to
                 the
                 Wars
                 against
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Tartars
                 .
                 These
                 Mahometans
                 call
                 their
                 Churches
                 Meczets
                 .
              
               
                 depiction of child with bear in cave.
                 
                   Page
                   342.
                   
                
              
               
                 Upon
                 this
                 occasion
                 I
                 was
                 assur'd
                 by
                 the
                 King
                 himself
                 ,
                 several
                 Senators
                 and
                 other
                 Great
                 Men
                 of
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 and
                 moreover
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 the
                 common
                 and
                 undisputed
                 Report
                 ,
                 that
                 Children
                 are
                 oftentimes
                 nourish'd
                 and
                 brought
                 up
                 by
                 Bears
                 in
                 these
                 Parts
                 .
                 They
                 say
                 likewise
                 ,
                 that
                 if
                 a
                 hungry
                 He-Bear
                 finds
                 a
                 Child
                 that
                 has
                 been
                 carelesly
                 left
                 any
                 where
                 ,
                 he
                 will
                 immediately
                 tear
                 it
                 to
                 pieces
                 ;
                 but
                 on
                 the
                 contrary
                 ,
                 had
                 it
                 been
                 a
                 She-Bear
                 then
                 giving
                 Suck
                 ,
                 she
                 would
                 undoubtedly
                 have
                 carried
                 it
                 safe
                 to
                 her
                 Den
                 ,
                 and
                 nourish'd
                 it
                 among
                 her
                 Cubs
                 ,
                 which
                 after
                 some
                 time
                 might
                 probably
                 have
                 been
                 rescued
                 from
                 her
                 and
                 been
                 taken
                 by
                 Hunters
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 happen'd
                 in
                 another
                 Case
                 of
                 this
                 nature
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1669
                 ,
                 which
                 has
                 been
                 positively
                 asserted
                 to
                 me
                 in
                 a
                 Letter
                 from
                 his
                 Excellency
                 Monsieur
                 
                   de
                   Cleverskerk
                
                 ,
                 now
                 Embassador
                 here
                 to
                 his
                 Majesty
                 King
                 William
                 from
                 the
                 States
                 of
                 Hollond
                 ,
                 which
                 Letter
                 I
                 thought
                 not
                 amiss
                 to
                 insert
                 .
              
               
                 
                   
                     
                     
                       A
                       Monsieur
                       Connor
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Monsieur
                         ,
                      
                    
                     
                       JE
                       veux
                       satisfaire
                       en
                       partie
                       à
                       votre
                       desir
                       ,
                       &
                       vous
                       rendre
                       conte
                       d'un
                       Enfant
                       que
                       J'ay
                       veu
                       à
                       Varsovie
                       ,
                       en
                       l'an
                       1669.
                       
                       Me
                       rencontrant
                       en
                       cette
                       Ville
                       de
                       Pologne
                       pour
                       étre
                       present
                       au
                       tems
                       de
                       l'Election
                       d'un
                       Roy
                       ,
                       qui
                       se
                       devoit
                       faire
                       à
                       la
                       place
                       du
                       Roy
                       
                         Jean
                         Casimir
                      
                       ,
                       qui
                       s'étoit
                       démis
                       de
                       la
                       Couronne
                       :
                       Je
                       m'informay
                       à
                       cette
                       occasion
                       de
                       ce
                       qu'il
                       y
                       avoit
                       à
                       voir
                       en
                       ce
                       lieu
                       ,
                       &
                       J'ay
                       appris
                       ,
                       entre
                       autres
                       choses
                       ,
                       qu'il
                       se
                       trouvoit
                       au
                       Fauxbourg
                       de
                       la
                       Ville
                       (
                       qui
                       va
                       vers
                       le
                       Palais
                       que
                       le
                       Roy
                       Casimir
                       y
                       avoit
                       fait
                       batir
                       )
                       chez
                       des
                       Religieuses
                       un
                       Enfant
                       Male
                       qui
                       avoit
                       été
                       nourri
                       des
                       Ours
                       ,
                       ayant
                       été
                       pris
                       ,
                       quêques
                       tems
                       auparauant
                       ,
                       à
                       la
                       chasse
                       de
                       ces
                       Animaux
                       .
                       J'allay
                       à
                       ce
                       lieu
                       pour
                       Satisfaire
                       ma
                       Curiosité
                       ,
                       &
                       trouvay
                       a
                       la
                       Porte
                       le
                       dit
                       Enfant
                       jouant
                       dans
                       les
                       Sables
                       ,
                       sous
                       l'Auvent
                       qui
                       étoit
                       devant
                       la
                       Maison
                       .
                       Il
                       étoit
                       ,
                       selon
                       ma
                       meilleure
                       Memoire
                       ,
                       de
                       l'age
                       de
                       douze
                       à
                       treize
                       ans
                       .
                       Quand
                       Je
                       l'approchay
                       il
                       vint
                       sauter
                       ,
                       comme
                       par
                       surprise
                       à
                       mon
                       habit
                       ,
                       &
                       prit
                       par
                       la
                       main
                       avec
                       beaucoup
                       de
                       precipitation
                       un
                       des
                       boutons
                       d'Argent
                       que
                       Je
                       portois
                       à
                       mon
                       Justaucorps
                       ,
                       &
                       approcha
                       le
                       Nez
                       pour
                       le
                       Sentir
                       .
                       Puis
                       Jl
                       se
                       jetta
                       ,
                       tout
                       d'un
                       coup
                       ,
                       à
                       un
                       coin
                       par
                       terre
                       ,
                       faisant
                       quêque
                       bruit
                       comme
                       une
                       espece
                       d'
                       Hurlement
                       .
                       J'entray
                       dans
                       la
                       Maison
                       ,
                       ou
                       une
                       Fille
                       m'
                       informa
                       plus
                       particulierement
                       de
                       lá
                       Prise
                       de
                       cet
                       Enfant
                       ;
                       Mais
                       comme
                       Je
                       n'ay
                       point
                       avec
                       moy
                       le
                       Livre
                       ou
                       J'ay
                       écrit
                       les
                       Observations
                       que
                       J'ay
                       fait
                       dans
                       mes
                       Voyages
                       ,
                       Je
                       ne
                       sçaurois
                       vous
                       en
                       faire
                       le
                       dêtail
                       .
                       Cette
                       Fille
                       appella
                       &
                       fit
                       entrer
                       ,
                       
                       le
                       dit
                       Enfant
                       ,
                       &
                       luy
                       montra
                       un
                       grand
                       Morçeau
                       de
                       pain
                       ;
                       ce
                       que
                       luy
                       voyant
                       il
                       se
                       jetta
                       sur
                       un
                       Plancher
                       qui
                       étoit
                       fait
                       contre
                       la
                       muraille
                       dans
                       cette
                       Chambre
                       ;
                       Il
                       y
                       marcha
                       comme
                       à
                       quatre
                       pattes
                       :
                       Il
                       se
                       leva
                       avec
                       une
                       grande
                       vitesse
                       ;
                       prit
                       par
                       les
                       deux
                       mains
                       le
                       pain
                       qui
                       luy
                       fut
                       presentè
                       ;
                       le
                       porta
                       ainsi
                       au
                       nez
                       ,
                       &
                       se
                       Jetta
                       en
                       bas
                       faisant
                       encore
                       un
                       bruit
                       étrange
                       comme
                       auparavant
                       .
                       On
                       m'informa
                       qu'il
                       ne
                       parloit
                       point
                       encore
                       des
                       paroles
                       ,
                       mais
                       qu'on
                       esperoit
                       avec
                       le
                       tems
                       luy
                       en
                       apprendre
                       ,
                       d'autant
                       qu'il
                       avoit
                       l'ouiè
                       bonne
                       :
                       Il
                       avoit
                       quêques
                       marques
                       au
                       visage
                       qu'on
                       pensoit
                       avoir
                       été
                       des
                       Egratigneures
                       de
                       l'Ours
                       .
                    
                     
                       Voilà
                       Monsieur
                       tout
                       ce
                       que
                       ma
                       Memoire
                       me
                       peut
                       fournir
                       d'une
                       Particularité
                       qu'il
                       y
                       à
                       si
                       long
                       tems
                       que
                       J'ay
                       veüe
                       ,
                       Mais
                       Personne
                       ne
                       doit
                       trouver
                       étrange
                       que
                       cela
                       soit
                       arrivé
                       d'autant
                       qu'on
                       a
                       d'autres
                       Exemples
                       dans
                       les
                       Histories
                       :
                       Et
                       on
                       m'a
                       informé
                       en
                       ce
                       Pais
                       ,
                       que
                       les
                       Tartares
                       y
                       font
                       souvent
                       des
                       Invasions
                       par
                       des
                       courses
                       qu'ils
                       font
                       avec
                       unc
                       si
                       grande
                       vitesse
                       qu'ils
                       entrent
                       ●●n
                       peu
                       de
                       tems
                       bien
                       avant
                       dans
                       le
                       Pais
                       qui
                       est
                       ouvert
                       ,
                       leurs
                       chevaux
                       étant
                       capables
                       de
                       faire
                       un
                       tres-grand
                       cheminsans
                       manger
                       ni
                       boire
                       ;
                       qu'étant
                       allez
                       jusques
                       où
                       ils
                       ont
                       proposé
                       ,
                       la
                       ils
                       Etendent
                       leur
                       grande
                       Troupe
                       &
                       prennent
                       ,
                       comme
                       dans
                       les
                       filets
                       ,
                       toutes
                       les
                       Personnes
                       qu'ils
                       rencontrent
                       en
                       leur
                       retraite
                       ,
                       &
                       les
                       menent
                       en
                       Esclavage
                       :
                       qu'
                       d
                       ces
                       occasions
                       les
                       Hommes
                       &
                       les
                       Femmes
                       tachants
                       fuir
                       n'ont
                       bien
                       souvent
                       pas
                       de
                       tems
                       de
                       sauver
                       leurs
                       Enfants
                       ,
                       &
                       qu'ainsi
                       celuicy
                       peut
                       avoir
                       été
                       laissé
                       ,
                       &
                       trouvé
                       par
                       quêques
                       Ours
                       ,
                       qui
                       sont
                       en
                       ces
                       lieux
                       de
                       Lituanie
                       ou
                       de
                       Pologne
                       .
                       Je
                       suis
                       marri
                       ,
                       Monsieur
                       ,
                       ne
                       vous
                       pouvoir
                       pas
                       informer
                       &
                       satisfaire
                       à
                       votre
                       Curiosité
                       avec
                       plus
                       d'exactitude
                       :
                       cependant
                       ,
                       vous
                       recevrez
                       ,
                       
                       s'il
                       vous
                       plait
                       ,
                       cette
                       Relation
                       comme
                       un
                       petit
                       témoignage
                       de
                       ma
                       bonne
                       Volonté
                       ,
                       comme
                       etant
                       ,
                    
                     
                       
                         Ce
                         
                           1
                           ,
                           Jan.
                           1698.
                           
                        
                      
                       
                         Monsieur
                         ,
                      
                       
                         Votre
                         tres-Affectionné
                         Serviteur
                         ,
                         
                           J.
                           P.
                        
                         Van
                         den
                         Brande
                         de
                         Cleverskerk
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       Thus
                       in
                       English
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         SIR
                         ,
                      
                    
                     
                       I
                       Shall
                       endeavour
                       partly
                       to
                       satisfy
                       your
                       Request
                       ,
                       and
                       to
                       give
                       you
                       an
                       Account
                       of
                       a
                       Boy
                       that
                       I
                       saw
                       at
                       Warsaw
                       in
                       the
                       Year
                       1661
                       ,
                       who
                       had
                       been
                       brought
                       up
                       by
                       Bears
                       .
                       Coming
                       to
                       this
                       City
                       of
                       Poland
                       with
                       design
                       to
                       be
                       Present
                       at
                       the
                       Election
                       of
                       a
                       King
                       after
                       
                         John
                         Casimir
                      
                       ,
                       who
                       had
                       Abdicated
                       the
                       Crown
                       ,
                       I
                       enquir'd
                       what
                       was
                       worth
                       seeing
                       in
                       or
                       about
                       this
                       Place
                       :
                       whereupon
                       I
                       was
                       inform'd
                       ,
                       among
                       other
                       things
                       ,
                       that
                       there
                       was
                       in
                       the
                       Suburbs
                       of
                       this
                       City
                       (
                       which
                       go
                       towards
                       King
                       
                       Casimir's
                       Palace
                       )
                       in
                       a
                       Nunnery
                       ,
                       a
                       certain
                       Male
                       Child
                       ,
                       who
                       had
                       been
                       brought
                       up
                       among
                       Bears
                       ,
                       and
                       who
                       had
                       been
                       taken
                       some
                       time
                       before
                       at
                       a
                       Bear-hunting
                       .
                       Vpon
                       this
                       Information
                       I
                       went
                       immediately
                       to
                       that
                       place
                       to
                       satisfy
                       my
                       Curiosity
                       ,
                       where
                       I
                       found
                       the
                       aforesaid
                       Boy
                       playing
                       under
                       the
                       Pent-house
                       before
                       the
                       Nunnery
                       Gate
                       .
                       His
                       Age
                       ,
                       as
                       well
                       as
                       I
                       remember
                       ,
                       I
                       guess'd
                       to
                       be
                       about
                       twelve
                       or
                       thirteen
                       .
                       As
                       soon
                       as
                       I
                       came
                       near
                       him
                       he
                       leap'd
                       towards
                       me
                       as
                       if
                       surpriz'd
                       and
                       pleas'd
                       with
                       my
                       Habit.
                       First
                       ,
                       be
                       caught
                       one
                       of
                       my
                       Silver
                       Buttons
                       in
                       his
                       hand
                       with
                       a
                       great
                       deal
                       of
                       eagerness
                       ,
                       which
                       he
                       held
                       up
                       to
                       his
                       Nose
                       to
                       smell
                       ;
                       
                       Afterwards
                       he
                       leap'd
                       all
                       of
                       a
                       sudden
                       into
                       a
                       Corner
                       ,
                       where
                       he
                       made
                       a
                       strange
                       sort
                       of
                       Noise
                       not
                       unlike
                       to
                       Howling
                       .
                       I
                       went
                       into
                       the
                       House
                       ,
                       where
                       a
                       Maid-servant
                       inform'd
                       me
                       more
                       particularly
                       of
                       the
                       Manner
                       of
                       his
                       being
                       taken
                       .
                       But
                       having
                       not
                       with
                       me
                       the
                       Book
                       wherein
                       I
                       wrot
                       my
                       Observations
                       in
                       my
                       Travels
                       ,
                       I
                       cannot
                       possibly
                       give
                       you
                       an
                       exact
                       Account
                       of
                       it
                       .
                       This
                       Maid
                       call'd
                       the
                       Boy
                       in
                       ,
                       and
                       show'd
                       him
                       a
                       good
                       large
                       piece
                       of
                       Bread
                       ;
                       which
                       when
                       he
                       saw
                       ,
                       he
                       immediately
                       leap'd
                       upon
                       a
                       Bench
                       that
                       was
                       joyn'd
                       to
                       the
                       Wall
                       of
                       the
                       Room
                       ,
                       where
                       he
                       walk'd
                       about
                       upon
                       all-four
                       :
                       After
                       which
                       ,
                       he
                       rais'd
                       himself
                       upright
                       with
                       a
                       great
                       Spring
                       ,
                       and
                       took
                       the
                       Bread
                       in
                       his
                       two
                       Hands
                       ,
                       put
                       it
                       up
                       to
                       his
                       Nose
                       ,
                       and
                       afterwards
                       leap'd
                       off
                       from
                       the
                       Bench
                       upon
                       the
                       Ground
                       ,
                       making
                       the
                       same
                       odd
                       sort
                       of
                       Noise
                       as
                       before
                       .
                       I
                       was
                       told
                       that
                       he
                       was
                       not
                       yet
                       brought
                       to
                       speak
                       ,
                       but
                       that
                       they
                       hop'd
                       in
                       a
                       short
                       time
                       he
                       would
                       ,
                       having
                       his
                       Hearing
                       good
                       .
                       He
                       had
                       some
                       Scars
                       on
                       his
                       Face
                       ,
                       which
                       were
                       commonly
                       thought
                       to
                       be
                       Scratches
                       of
                       the
                       Bears
                       .
                    
                     
                       Thus
                       ,
                       Sir
                       ,
                       you
                       have
                       all
                       that
                       I
                       can
                       remember
                       of
                       a
                       Curiosity
                       ,
                       which
                       I
                       saw
                       so
                       long
                       time
                       since
                       ;
                       the
                       Truth
                       of
                       which
                       no
                       body
                       ought
                       to
                       question
                       ,
                       since
                       there
                       are
                       several
                       parallel
                       Examples
                       in
                       History
                       ;
                       and
                       I
                       have
                       been
                       inform'd
                       in
                       this
                       Country
                       ,
                       that
                       whenas
                       the
                       Tartars
                       make
                       frequent
                       Incursions
                       there
                       ,
                       which
                       they
                       perform
                       with
                       such
                       extraordinary
                       Swiftness
                       ,
                       that
                       they
                       can
                       over-run
                       great
                       part
                       of
                       the
                       Country
                       in
                       a
                       very
                       short
                       time
                       ,
                       their
                       Horses
                       being
                       able
                       to
                       Travel
                       a
                       whole
                       Day
                       together
                       without
                       drawing
                       Bit
                       ;
                       being
                       arriv'd
                       at
                       the
                       propos'd
                       Place
                       ,
                       they
                       immediately
                       quarter
                       themselves
                       in
                       a
                       great
                       Circle
                       ,
                       whereby
                       ,
                       as
                       it
                       were
                       in
                       a
                       Net
                       ,
                       they
                       take
                       all
                       that
                       come
                       within
                       their
                       Clutches
                       ,
                       and
                       carry
                       them
                       into
                       Slavery
                       .
                       
                       So
                       that
                       either
                       the
                       Men
                       or
                       Women
                       finding
                       themselves
                       thus
                       ensnar'd
                       ,
                       and
                       endeavouring
                       to
                       escape
                       ,
                       have
                       oftentimes
                       not
                       leisure
                       to
                       take
                       care
                       of
                       their
                       Infants
                       ,
                       and
                       therefore
                       probably
                       this
                       Boy
                       might
                       have
                       been
                       left
                       behind
                       after
                       the
                       like
                       manner
                       ,
                       and
                       found
                       and
                       born
                       away
                       by
                       the
                       Bears
                       ;
                       Of
                       which
                       there
                       are
                       a
                       great
                       Number
                       both
                       in
                       Lithuania
                       and
                       Poland
                       .
                       I
                       am
                       sorry
                       ,
                       Sir
                       ,
                       I
                       cannot
                       give
                       you
                       a
                       more
                       satisfactory
                       Account
                       of
                       this
                       matter
                       ,
                       but
                       I
                       hope
                       this
                       will
                       suffice
                       for
                       a
                       Testimony
                       of
                       my
                       good
                       Will
                       ,
                       and
                       to
                       assure
                       you
                       that
                       I
                       am
                       ,
                    
                     
                       
                         
                           Jan.
                           1.
                           1697
                           
                           /
                           8.
                           
                        
                      
                       
                         SIR
                         ,
                      
                       
                         Your
                         most
                         Affectionate
                         Servant
                         ,
                         
                           J.
                           P.
                        
                         Van
                         den
                         Brande
                         de
                         Cleverskerk
                         .
                      
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 For
                 another
                 Confirmation
                 of
                 this
                 Matter
                 of
                 fact
                 ,
                 I
                 have
                 the
                 Testimony
                 of
                 an
                 authentic
                 Author
                 ,
                 
                   M.
                   Christopher
                   Hartknoch
                
                 of
                 Passenheim
                 in
                 Ducal
                 -
                 Prussia
                 ,
                 who
                 writ
                 two
                 Books
                 of
                 the
                 State
                 of
                 Poland
                 .
                 He
                 says
                 ,
                 that
                 during
                 the
                 Reign
                 of
                 King
                 
                   John
                   Casimir
                
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1669
                 ,
                 there
                 hapned
                 an
                 Accident
                 which
                 perhaps
                 might
                 hardly
                 be
                 credited
                 by
                 Posterity
                 ;
                 which
                 was
                 ,
                 that
                 there
                 were
                 then
                 two
                 Boys
                 found
                 by
                 a
                 Company
                 of
                 Soldiers
                 among
                 the
                 Bears
                 in
                 the
                 Woods
                 near
                 Grodna
                 ;
                 one
                 of
                 which
                 ,
                 as
                 soon
                 as
                 he
                 saw
                 the
                 Bears
                 assaulted
                 ,
                 fled
                 into
                 the
                 neighbouring
                 Morass
                 ,
                 whilst
                 the
                 other
                 endeavouring
                 likewise
                 to
                 escape
                 ,
                 was
                 taken
                 by
                 the
                 Soldiers
                 
                 and
                 brought
                 to
                 Warsaw
                 ,
                 where
                 he
                 was
                 afterwards
                 christen'd
                 by
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 Joseph
                 .
                 He
                 was
                 about
                 twelve
                 or
                 thirteen
                 years
                 old
                 ,
                 as
                 might
                 be
                 guest
                 by
                 his
                 height
                 ,
                 but
                 his
                 Manners
                 were
                 altogether
                 bestial
                 ;
                 for
                 he
                 not
                 only
                 fed
                 upon
                 raw
                 Flesh
                 ,
                 wild
                 Honey
                 ,
                 Crab-Apples
                 ,
                 and
                 such
                 like
                 Dainties
                 which
                 Bears
                 are
                 us'd
                 to
                 feast
                 with
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 went
                 ,
                 like
                 them
                 ,
                 upon
                 all-four
                 .
                 After
                 his
                 Baptism
                 he
                 was
                 not
                 taught
                 to
                 go
                 upright
                 without
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 difficulty
                 ,
                 and
                 there
                 was
                 less
                 hopes
                 of
                 ever
                 making
                 him
                 learn
                 the
                 Polish
                 Language
                 ,
                 for
                 he
                 always
                 continu'd
                 to
                 express
                 his
                 Mind
                 in
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Bear-like
                 Tone
                 .
                 Some
                 time
                 after
                 King
                 Casimir
                 made
                 a
                 Present
                 of
                 him
                 to
                 
                   Peter
                   Adam
                   Opalinski
                
                 ,
                 Vice-Chamberlain
                 of
                 Posnan
                 ,
                 by
                 whom
                 he
                 was
                 employ'd
                 in
                 the
                 Offices
                 of
                 his
                 Kitchin
                 ,
                 as
                 to
                 carry
                 Wood
                 ,
                 Water
                 ,
                 &c.
                 but
                 yet
                 could
                 he
                 never
                 be
                 brought
                 to
                 relinquish
                 his
                 native
                 Wildness
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 retain'd
                 to
                 his
                 dying-day
                 ;
                 for
                 he
                 would
                 often
                 go
                 into
                 the
                 Woods
                 amongst
                 the
                 Bears
                 ,
                 and
                 freely
                 keep
                 company
                 with
                 them
                 without
                 any
                 fear
                 ,
                 or
                 harm
                 done
                 him
                 ,
                 being
                 ,
                 as
                 was
                 suppos'd
                 ,
                 constantly
                 acknowledg'd
                 for
                 their
                 Fosterling
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 might
                 here
                 ,
                 Sir
                 ,
                 give
                 you
                 several
                 other
                 Accounts
                 of
                 this
                 Nature
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 had
                 related
                 to
                 me
                 when
                 I
                 was
                 in
                 Poland
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 am
                 told
                 Mr.
                 Gibson
                 ,
                 a
                 Parliament-man
                 ,
                 has
                 formerly
                 seen
                 some
                 other
                 Examples
                 of
                 this
                 kind
                 in
                 that
                 Kingdom
                 ;
                 but
                 by
                 what
                 I
                 have
                 already
                 mention'd
                 ,
                 I
                 believe
                 you
                 will
                 be
                 sufficiently
                 convinc'd
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 History
                 of
                 Romulus
                 and
                 Remus
                 is
                 not
                 so
                 fabulous
                 as
                 it
                 
                 is
                 generally
                 conjectured
                 to
                 be
                 ,
                 and
                 as
                 I
                 thought
                 my self
                 it
                 was
                 before
                 I
                 had
                 been
                 in
                 this
                 Country
                 ;
                 for
                 considering
                 that
                 Brutes
                 (
                 since
                 Philosophers
                 and
                 Divines
                 will
                 allow
                 them
                 no
                 Rational
                 Souls
                 )
                 breed
                 up
                 their
                 Young
                 meerly
                 out
                 of
                 a
                 Natural
                 Instinct
                 or
                 Sympathy
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 need
                 not
                 describe
                 here
                 ,
                 I
                 see
                 no
                 Improbability
                 why
                 they
                 may
                 not
                 likewise
                 bring
                 up
                 those
                 of
                 another
                 Kind
                 ,
                 as
                 we
                 have
                 several
                 Instances
                 daily
                 .
                 But
                 I
                 will
                 not
                 insist
                 longer
                 upon
                 these
                 Philosophical
                 Matters
                 ,
                 nor
                 examin
                 here
                 whether
                 Examples
                 of
                 this
                 nature
                 refute
                 or
                 establish
                 innate
                 Ideas
                 ,
                 as
                 I
                 have
                 done
                 in
                 my
                 
                   Medicina
                   Mystica
                
                 ,
                 but
                 will
                 conclude
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   SIR
                   ,
                
                 
                   Your
                   very
                   Obedient
                   Servant
                   ,
                   
                     B.
                     C.
                  
                   
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 A
                 Chronological
                 Table
                 of
                 the
                 Succession
                 ,
                 Reigns
                 and
                 Deaths
                 of
                 the
                 Dukes
                 ,
                 Governours
                 ,
                 Princes
                 and
                 Kings
                 of
                 Poland
                 ;
                 together
                 with
                 an
                 exact
                 reference
                 to
                 the
                 Page
                 where
                 they
                 are
                 treated
                 of
                 .
              
               
                 
                   
                     
                        
                    
                     
                        
                    
                     
                       Began
                       his
                       Reign
                       .
                    
                     
                       Reign'd
                       Years
                       .
                    
                     
                       Dv'd
                       A.
                       D.
                       
                    
                     
                       pag.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       I.
                       
                    
                     
                       LEchus
                       ,
                       I.
                       —
                    
                     
                       550
                    
                     
                       uncertain
                    
                     
                       10
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       II.
                       
                    
                     
                       Visimirus
                       —
                    
                     
                       Guagnini
                       only
                       mentions
                       .
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       III.
                       
                    
                     
                       XII
                       .
                       Woievods
                       —
                    
                     
                        
                    
                     
                        
                    
                     
                       Depos'd
                       .
                    
                     
                       12
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       IV.
                       
                    
                     
                       Cracus
                       —
                    
                     
                       700
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       V.
                       
                    
                     
                       Lechus
                       ,
                       II.
                       —
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       13
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       VI.
                       
                    
                     
                       Venda
                       —
                    
                     
                       750
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       VII
                       .
                    
                     
                       XII
                       .
                       Woievods
                       —
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       depos'd
                    
                     
                       14
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       VIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lescus
                       ,
                       I.
                       —
                    
                     
                       760
                    
                     
                       16
                    
                     
                       776
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       IX
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lescus
                       ,
                       II.
                       —
                    
                     
                       776
                    
                     
                       28
                    
                     
                       804
                    
                     
                       16
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       X.
                       
                    
                     
                       Lescus
                       III.
                       —
                    
                     
                       804
                    
                     
                       6
                    
                     
                       810
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Popiel
                       ,
                       I.
                       —
                    
                     
                       810
                    
                     
                       5
                    
                     
                       815
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Popiel
                       ,
                       II.
                       —
                    
                     
                       815
                    
                     
                       15
                    
                     
                       830
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Piastus
                       —
                    
                     
                       830
                    
                     
                       31
                    
                     
                       861
                    
                     
                       21
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XIV
                       .
                    
                     
                       Ziemovitus
                       —
                    
                     
                       861
                    
                     
                       31
                    
                     
                       892
                    
                     
                       23
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XV.
                       
                    
                     
                       Lescus
                       ,
                       IV.
                       —
                    
                     
                       892
                    
                     
                       21
                    
                     
                       913
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XVI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Ziemovistus
                       —
                    
                     
                       913
                    
                     
                       51
                    
                     
                       964
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XVII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Miecislaus
                       ,
                       I.
                       —
                    
                     
                       964
                    
                     
                       35
                    
                     
                       999
                    
                     
                       24
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XVIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Boleslaus
                         Chroby
                      
                       —
                    
                     
                       999
                    
                     
                       26
                    
                     
                       1025
                    
                     
                       26
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XIX
                       .
                    
                     
                       Miecislaus
                       ,
                       II.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1025
                    
                     
                       9
                    
                     
                       1034
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XX.
                       
                    
                     
                       Casimir
                       ,
                       I.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1034
                    
                     
                       25
                    
                     
                       1059
                    
                     
                       27
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Boleslaus
                       ,
                       II.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1059
                    
                     
                       23
                    
                     
                       1082
                    
                     
                       29
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXII
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Vladislaus
                         Hermannus
                      
                    
                     
                       1082
                    
                     
                       21
                    
                     
                       1103
                    
                     
                       30
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Boleslaus
                       ,
                       III.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1103
                    
                     
                       37
                    
                     
                       1140
                    
                     
                       31
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXIV
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Vladislaus
                         Sputator
                      
                    
                     
                       1140
                    
                     
                       6
                    
                     
                       1146
                    
                     
                       33
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXV
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Boleslaus
                         Crispus
                      
                       —
                    
                     
                       1146
                    
                     
                       28
                    
                     
                       1174
                    
                     
                       35
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXVI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Miecislaus
                       ,
                       III.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1174
                    
                     
                       4
                    
                     
                       1178
                    
                     
                       36
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXVII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Casimir
                       ,
                       II.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1178
                    
                     
                       17
                    
                     
                       1195
                    
                     
                       37
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXVIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lescus
                       ,
                       V.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1195
                    
                     
                       8
                    
                     
                       1203
                    
                     
                       39
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXIX
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Vladislaus
                         Lasconogus
                      
                    
                     
                       1203
                    
                     
                       3
                    
                     
                       1206
                    
                     
                       42
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   
                   
                     
                        
                    
                     
                        
                    
                     
                       Began
                       his
                       Reign
                       .
                    
                     
                       Reign'd
                       Years
                       .
                    
                     
                       Dy'd
                       A.
                       D.
                       
                    
                     
                       pag.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXX
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lescus
                       V.
                       Reestablish'd
                    
                     
                       1206
                    
                     
                       22
                    
                     
                       1228
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Boleslaus
                       ,
                       V.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1228
                    
                     
                       51
                    
                     
                       1279
                    
                     
                       43
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXII
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Lescus
                         Niger
                      
                       —
                    
                     
                       1279
                    
                     
                       11
                    
                     
                       1290
                    
                     
                       46
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Henry
                       I.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1290
                    
                     
                       6
                    
                     
                       1296
                    
                     
                       48
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXIV
                       .
                    
                     
                       Premislus
                       —
                    
                     
                       1296
                    
                     
                       7
                       Mon.
                       
                    
                     
                       1296
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXV
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Vladislaus
                         Locticus
                      
                    
                     
                       1296
                    
                     
                       4
                    
                     
                       1300
                    
                     
                       49
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXVI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Winceslaus
                       K.
                       of
                       Bomia
                       —
                    
                     
                       1300
                    
                     
                       5
                    
                     
                       1305
                    
                     
                       ib.
                       
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXVII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Locticus
                       restor'd
                       —
                    
                     
                       1305
                    
                     
                       28
                    
                     
                       1333
                    
                     
                       50
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXVIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Casimir
                       III.
                       the
                       Great
                    
                     
                       1333
                    
                     
                       37
                    
                     
                       1370
                    
                     
                       54
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XXXIX
                       .
                    
                     
                       Lewis
                       K.
                       of
                       Hungary
                    
                     
                       1370
                    
                     
                       12
                    
                     
                       1382
                    
                     
                       56
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XL.
                       
                    
                     
                       Queen
                       Hedwigis
                       —
                    
                     
                       1382
                    
                     
                       4
                    
                     
                       1386
                    
                     
                       58
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Jagello
                       ,
                       or
                       Vladislaus
                       ,
                       V.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1386
                    
                     
                       49
                    
                     
                       1435
                    
                     
                       59
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Vladislaus
                       ,
                       VI.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1435
                    
                     
                       21
                    
                     
                       1446
                    
                     
                       60
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Casimir
                       ,
                       IV.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1446
                    
                     
                       43
                    
                     
                       1493
                    
                     
                       63
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLIV
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         John
                         Albert
                      
                       —
                    
                     
                       1493
                    
                     
                       8
                    
                     
                       1501
                    
                     
                       66
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLV
                       .
                    
                     
                       Alexander
                       —
                    
                     
                       1501
                    
                     
                       6
                    
                     
                       1507
                    
                     
                       67
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLVI
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sigismund
                       ,
                       I.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1507
                    
                     
                       41
                    
                     
                       1548
                    
                     
                       69
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLVII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Sigismund
                       ,
                       II.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1548
                    
                     
                       26
                    
                     
                       1574
                    
                     
                       75
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLVIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       Henry
                       of
                       Valois
                       —
                    
                     
                       1574
                    
                     
                       5
                       Mon.
                       
                    
                     
                       1577
                    
                     
                       85
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       XLIX
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Stephen
                         Batori
                      
                       —
                    
                     
                       1577
                    
                     
                       10
                    
                     
                       1587
                    
                     
                       88
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       L.
                       
                    
                     
                       Sigismund
                       ,
                       III.
                       —
                    
                     
                       1587
                    
                     
                       45
                    
                     
                       1632
                    
                     
                       106
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       LI.
                       
                    
                     
                       Vladislaus
                       ,
                       VII
                       .
                       —
                    
                     
                       1632
                    
                     
                       16
                    
                     
                       1648
                    
                     
                       121
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       LII
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         John
                         Casimir
                      
                       —
                    
                     
                       1648
                    
                     
                       22
                    
                     
                       1670
                    
                     
                       124
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       LIII
                       .
                    
                     
                       
                         Michael
                         Wiesnowiski
                      
                    
                     
                       1670
                    
                     
                       4
                    
                     
                       1674
                    
                     
                       145
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       LIV.
                       
                    
                     
                       
                         John
                         Sobieski
                      
                       —
                    
                     
                       1674
                    
                     
                       23
                    
                     
                       1697
                    
                     
                       163
                    
                  
                   
                     
                       LV.
                       
                    
                     
                       
                         Frederic
                         Augustus
                      
                       now
                       reigning
                       —
                    
                     
                       1697
                    
                     
                       5
                       Mon.
                       
                    
                     
                       —
                    
                     
                       207
                    
                  
                
              
               
                 FINIS
                 Partis
                 Prima
                 .
              
            
          
        
      
       
         
           
             
             
               A
               Compendious
               Plan
               OF
               THE
               Body
               of
               Physick
               .
            
             
               
                 A
                 Letter
                 from
                 a
                 Gentleman
                 in
                 Cambridg
                 to
                 Dr.
                 Connor
                 ,
                 concerning
                 the
                 Method
                 he
                 us'd
                 in
                 his
                 Physical
                 and
                 Anatomical
                 Lectures
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 explaining
                 the
                 
                   Materia
                   Medica
                
                 ,
                 at
                 Oxford
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 Year
                 1695.
                 
              
               
                 
                   SIR
                   ,
                
              
               
                 WE
                 have
                 here
                 some
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 accurate
                 Course
                 of
                 the
                 Chymical
                 and
                 Anatomical
                 Lectures
                 which
                 you
                 perform'd
                 last
                 Spring
                 at
                 Oxford
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 your
                 new
                 method
                 of
                 explaining
                 the
                 Virtues
                 of
                 Medicines
                 there
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Approbation
                 and
                 Improvement
                 of
                 all
                 that
                 had
                 the
                 Happiness
                 to
                 assist
                 at
                 them
                 .
                 I
                 have
                 spoke
                 with
                 some
                 curious
                 Genntlemen
                 that
                 some
                 Years
                 ago
                 saw
                 your
                 Dissections
                 at
                 Paris
                 with
                 the
                 like
                 good
                 Success
                 :
                 And
                 I
                 doubt
                 not
                 but
                 your
                 Skill
                 and
                 Insight
                 in
                 all
                 the
                 Parts
                 of
                 Physick
                 is
                 considerably
                 augmented
                 since
                 ,
                 by
                 your
                 Travels
                 into
                 
                   Italy
                   ,
                   Germany
                   ,
                   Poland
                
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                   Low
                   Countries
                
                 ,
                 having
                 had
                 thereby
                 the
                 Opportunity
                 of
                 conversing
                 with
                 
                   Malpighi
                   ,
                   Bellini
                   ,
                   Redi
                
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 the
                 most
                 celebrated
                 Physicians
                 of
                 those
                 Places
                 .
                 I
                 have
                 also
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 deal
                 of
                 Pleasure
                 ,
                 perused
                 your
                 ingenious
                 
                   Dissertationes
                   Medico-Physicae
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Latin
                 Treatises
                 lately
                 printed
                 at
                 Oxford
                 ,
                 concerning
                 
                   malignant
                   Damps
                   ,
                   pestilential
                   Steams
                   ,
                   infectious
                   Air
                   ,
                
                 and
                 
                   Subterraneous
                   Poisons
                
                 ,
                 with
                 certain
                 other
                 stupendous
                 and
                 rare
                 Phaenomena
                 .
                 From
                 all
                 this
                 I
                 conclude
                 ,
                 that
                 you
                 not
                 only
                 understand
                 Chymistry
                 ,
                 Anatomy
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                   Materia
                   Medica
                
                 very
                 well
                 your self
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 also
                 you
                 are
                 capable
                 to
                 lead
                 others
                 into
                 the
                 Knowledg
                 of
                 them
                 ,
                 by
                 a
                 most
                 easy
                 and
                 compendious
                 Method
                 ;
                 in
                 which
                 Opinion
                 I
                 am
                 confirmed
                 by
                 my
                 Correspondent
                 in
                 Oxford
                 :
                 Many
                 besides
                 my self
                 in
                 this
                 University
                 do
                 earnestly
                 wish
                 ,
                 that
                 your
                 other
                 Occupations
                 would
                 permit
                 you
                 to
                 pass
                 some
                 Months
                 here
                 with
                 us
                 ,
                 as
                 indeed
                 we
                 expected
                 you
                 should
                 ,
                 when
                 you
                 left
                 Oxford
                 last
                 Summer
                 .
                 But
                 since
                 it
                 so
                 falls
                 out
                 that
                 your
                 Practice
                 keeps
                 you
                 at
                 London
                 ,
                 we
                 intreat
                 the
                 Favour
                 of
                 you
                 to
                 let
                 us
                 understand
                 ,
                 whether
                 we
                 may
                 obtain
                 a
                 Scheme
                 of
                 your
                 Method
                 in
                 those
                 Physical
                 Exercises
                 ,
                 or
                 whether
                 at
                 London
                 you
                 can
                 spare
                 any
                 time
                 to
                 such
                 as
                 are
                 desirous
                 to
                 wait
                 upon
                 you
                 to
                 this
                 purpose
                 .
                 Sir
                 ,
                 by
                 so
                 doing
                 ,
                 you
                 are
                 like
                 to
                 oblige
                 several
                 ,
                 but
                 more
                 particularly
                 ,
              
               
                 
                   Cambridg
                   ,
                   
                     Octob.
                     15.
                     1695.
                     
                  
                
                 
                   Your
                   most
                   humble
                   ,
                   and
                   obedient
                   Servant
                   ,
                   
                     C.
                     P.
                  
                   
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 Dr.
                 
                 Connor's
                 Answer
                 ,
                 containing
                 a
                 Plan
                 of
                 his
                 
                   Corpus
                   Rationale
                   Medicum
                
                 ;
                 or
                 of
                 his
                 new
                 and
                 compendious
                 Method
                 Chymical
                 and
                 Anatomical
                 ,
                 for
                 understanding
                 the
                 
                   Oeconomia
                   Animalis
                
                 ,
                 the
                 nature
                 of
                 Diseases
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 
                   Materia
                   Medica
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   SIR
                   ,
                
              
               
                 WHatever
                 you
                 are
                 pleased
                 to
                 say
                 in
                 Commendation
                 of
                 me
                 or
                 my
                 Book
                 ,
                 I
                 must
                 wholly
                 attribute
                 to
                 your
                 Civility
                 ,
                 and
                 will
                 return
                 no
                 other
                 Compliment
                 to
                 you
                 for
                 it
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 I
                 shall
                 endeavour
                 to
                 deserve
                 your
                 good
                 Opinion
                 .
                 I
                 am
                 extreamly
                 oblig'd
                 to
                 your
                 Correspondent
                 in
                 Oxon
                 for
                 the
                 advantagious
                 Character
                 he
                 gives
                 of
                 me
                 ;
                 and
                 I
                 assure
                 you
                 that
                 I
                 have
                 not
                 met
                 with
                 better
                 Discipline
                 ,
                 nor
                 with
                 Persons
                 more
                 universally
                 learned
                 in
                 any
                 University
                 of
                 Europe
                 .
              
               
                 As
                 for
                 the
                 Method
                 or
                 Scheme
                 I
                 observed
                 at
                 Oxford
                 to
                 lead
                 the
                 Proficients
                 in
                 Physick
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 ingenious
                 Gentlemen
                 there
                 into
                 the
                 Knowledg
                 of
                 the
                 Fabrick
                 ,
                 natural
                 Functions
                 ,
                 and
                 Distempers
                 of
                 the
                 Human
                 Body
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 into
                 the
                 Knowledg
                 of
                 the
                 
                   Materia
                   Medica
                
                 to
                 cure
                 the
                 same
                 Diseases
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 as
                 follows
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 consider'd
                 Man
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 first
                 place
                 ,
                 as
                 a
                 Being
                 compounded
                 of
                 Spirit
                 and
                 Matter
                 :
                 But
                 seeing
                 it
                 is
                 only
                 the
                 last
                 of
                 these
                 Parts
                 wherein
                 our
                 Faculty
                 is
                 concern'd
                 ,
                 I
                 took
                 a
                 stricter
                 veiw
                 of
                 the
                 Human
                 Body
                 ,
                 and
                 find
                 the
                 Structure
                 of
                 it
                 like
                 that
                 of
                 most
                 other
                 Animals
                 .
                 But
                 to
                 have
                 any
                 accurate
                 Knowledg
                 of
                 Man
                 ,
                 we
                 must
                 not
                 only
                 have
                 a
                 distinct
                 Account
                 of
                 his
                 constituent
                 Parts
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 external
                 Bodies
                 which
                 any
                 way
                 affect
                 him
                 ,
                 or
                 contribute
                 to
                 his
                 Preservation
                 .
                 Since
                 therefore
                 he
                 cannot
                 live
                 without
                 Earth
                 to
                 tread
                 upon
                 ,
                 Air
                 to
                 breath
                 ,
                 Animals
                 and
                 Vegitables
                 to
                 feed
                 upon
                 ,
                 Sun
                 and
                 Stars
                 to
                 afford
                 him
                 Warmth
                 and
                 Light
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
                 we
                 must
                 by
                 consequence
                 examine
                 the
                 System
                 and
                 Elements
                 of
                 the
                 World
                 ,
                 and
                 particularly
                 as
                 they
                 concur
                 to
                 the
                 Preservation
                 or
                 Destruction
                 of
                 Man.
                 We
                 must
                 be
                 very
                 well
                 acquainted
                 with
                 the
                 nature
                 of
                 the
                 three
                 mixt
                 Bodies
                 of
                 our
                 Globe
                 ,
                 viz.
                 Animals
                 ,
                 Vegetables
                 ,
                 and
                 Minerals
                 ,
                 before
                 we
                 can
                 give
                 any
                 tolerable
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 Generation
                 ,
                 Nourishment
                 ,
                 Health
                 ,
                 Diseases
                 ,
                 or
                 Death
                 of
                 Man
                 ;
                 before
                 we
                 can
                 discover
                 the
                 admirable
                 Fabrick
                 and
                 Contexture
                 ,
                 the
                 Mechanick
                 and
                 Hydraulical
                 Actions
                 ,
                 Chymical
                 Preparations
                 ,
                 the
                 various
                 Operations
                 of
                 Medicines
                 ,
                 and
                 an
                 infinite
                 number
                 of
                 other
                 surprizing
                 Phoenomena
                 in
                 the
                 Human
                 Body
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 best
                 Method
                 therefore
                 ,
                 I
                 presume
                 ,
                 is
                 to
                 proceed
                 Analytically
                 from
                 the
                 previous
                 Examination
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 known
                 Parts
                 of
                 the
                 great
                 World
                 ,
                 to
                 particular
                 Enquiries
                 into
                 the
                 Microcosm
                 .
                 Now
                 the
                 first
                 step
                 to
                 this
                 Method
                 ,
                 is
                 a
                 good
                 Insight
                 by
                 Chymical
                 Experiments
                 into
                 the
                 Nature
                 ,
                 more
                 especially
                 the
                 Figuration
                 and
                 Qualities
                 of
                 the
                 Principles
                 of
                 mixt
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 and
                 chiefly
                 of
                 the
                 Blood
                 :
                 For
                 the
                 want
                 of
                 such
                 a
                 Discovery
                 (
                 which
                 is
                 not
                 impossible
                 )
                 has
                 hitherto
                 been
                 a
                 great
                 Obstruction
                 to
                 the
                 Improvement
                 of
                 Natural
                 Philosophy
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Practice
                 of
                 Physick
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 plain
                 to
                 me
                 ,
                 that
                 a
                 Man
                 void
                 of
                 all
                 Prejudice
                 ,
                 and
                 who
                 considers
                 that
                 all
                 the
                 Operations
                 of
                 Bodies
                 are
                 perform'd
                 by
                 natural
                 Causes
                 without
                 Miracles
                 ,
                 may
                 be
                 easily
                 convinc'd
                 that
                 the
                 Causes
                 of
                 Diseases
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 true
                 use
                 of
                 Applications
                 to
                 cure
                 them
                 ,
                 can
                 be
                 render'd
                 very
                 intelligible
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 vulgar
                 Axiom
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   there
                   's
                   no
                   certainty
                   in
                   Physick
                   ,
                
                 will
                 be
                 found
                 most
                 erroneous
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 don
                 't
                 ,
                 Sir
                 ,
                 pretend
                 to
                 have
                 discover'd
                 this
                 just
                 Method
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 hold
                 necessary
                 to
                 lead
                 us
                 into
                 the
                 abstruse
                 Secrets
                 of
                 Nature
                 ;
                 but
                 I
                 would
                 fain
                 hope
                 that
                 the
                 following
                 Scheme
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 that
                 I
                 observ'd
                 at
                 Oxford
                 ,
                 may
                 approach
                 it
                 in
                 some
                 degree
                 ;
                 which
                 Method
                 ,
                 tho
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 call'd
                 altogether
                 new
                 ,
                 may
                 perhaps
                 be
                 a
                 just
                 Model
                 for
                 others
                 to
                 imitate
                 hereafter
                 in
                 the
                 true
                 Theory
                 and
                 Practice
                 of
                 Physick
                 ,
                 which
                 rightly
                 consider'd
                 are
                 one
                 and
                 the
                 same
                 thing
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
             
               A
               NEW
               PLAN
               OF
               AN
               Animal
               Oeconomy
               :
            
             
               Demonstrated
               at
               Oxford
               in
               the
               Spring
               Anno
               1695
               ,
               at
               London
               the
               Winter
               following
               ,
               and
               at
               Cambridg
               in
               the
               Year
               1696.
               
            
             
               1.
               
               
                 OF
                 the
                 Elements
                 ,
                 Fabrick
                 ,
                 and
                 System
                 of
                 the
                 World
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 mutual
                 Cohesion
                 ,
                 Influence
                 ,
                 and
                 Dependance
                 of
                 its
                 Parts
                 .
              
            
             
               2.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Elements
                 of
                 Terrestrial
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 where
                 (
                 after
                 various
                 Chymical
                 Experiments
                 )
                 are
                 consider'd
                 the
                 Nature
                 ,
                 Properties
                 ,
                 Figures
                 and
                 Effects
                 of
                 the
                 four
                 Chymical
                 Principles
                 ,
                 Earth
                 ,
                 Water
                 ,
                 Salt
                 and
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 main
                 mutual
                 Action
                 ,
                 Fermentation
                 ;
                 as
                 also
                 the
                 Productions
                 of
                 Animals
                 ,
                 Vegetables
                 ,
                 and
                 Minerals
                 .
              
            
             
               3.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Structure
                 of
                 the
                 Human
                 Body
                 ,
                 and
                 its
                 division
                 into
                 fluid
                 and
                 solid
                 Parts
                 ;
                 where
                 a
                 particular
                 and
                 new
                 Account
                 is
                 given
                 of
                 the
                 Nature
                 and
                 Contexture
                 of
                 the
                 solid
                 Parts
                 ,
                 being
                 all
                 made
                 of
                 
                   Vascular
                   Fibres
                
                 ,
                 and
                 demonstrated
                 to
                 the
                 Eye
                 by
                 Dissection
                 .
              
            
             
               4.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 fluid
                 Parts
                 of
                 the
                 Human
                 Body
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Nature
                 ,
                 Principles
                 ,
                 Fermentation
                 ,
                 and
                 Circulation
                 
                 of
                 the
                 Blood
                 ;
                 of
                 Nutrition
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Temperaments
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Humours
                 contain'd
                 in
                 the
                 Blood
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 seat
                 and
                 nature
                 of
                 Fevers
                 ,
                 where
                 likewise
                 of
                 Youth
                 ,
                 old
                 Age
                 ,
                 and
                 Death
                 .
              
            
             
               5.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Reparation
                 of
                 the
                 Blood
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Chyle
                 ,
                 Lacteous
                 Vessels
                 ,
                 Chyliferous
                 Duct
                 ;
                 of
                 Appetite
                 ,
                 Mastication
                 ,
                 Digestion
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Ferment
                 of
                 the
                 Stomach
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Precipitation
                 or
                 Separation
                 of
                 the
                 Excrements
                 from
                 the
                 Chyle
                 ,
                 where
                 of
                 the
                 Structure
                 of
                 the
              
               Oesophagu
               .
               
                 Or
                 Gullet
                 ,
                 of
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Stomach
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 the
                 Intestines
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Peristaltic
                 and
                 Antiperistaltic
                 Motions
                 of
                 the
                 Guts
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Glands
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Mesentery
                 ,
                 of
                 the
              
               Lympha
               ,
               
                 and
                 the
                 Lymphatic
                 Vessels
              
               .
            
             
               6.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Structure
                 ,
                 Motion
                 ,
                 and
                 Vse
                 of
                 the
                 Heart
                 ,
                 where
                 of
                 the
                 various
                 kinds
                 of
                 Pulses
                 ,
                 of
                 the
              
               Polypus
               
                 in
                 the
                 Heart
                 ,
                 Palpitation
                 ,
                 and
                 Swooning
                 ;
                 likewise
                 a
                 new
                 Hypothesis
                 of
                 the
                 Motion
                 of
                 the
                 Heart
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 Sanguification
                 .
              
            
             
               7.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Contexture
                 of
                 the
                 Windpipe
                 ,
                 or
              
               Trachea
               Arteria
               ,
               
                 and
                 the
                 Lungs
                 ,
                 where
                 of
                 the
                 Cause
                 and
                 Vse
                 of
                 Respiration
                 ;
                 a
                 new
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 Nature
                 of
                 the
                 Air
                 ,
                 Nitre
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 the
                 Vnvoluntariness
                 of
                 Respiration
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Hiccock
                 .
              
            
             
               8.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
              
               Praecordi
               .
               
                 Or
                 sanguiferous
                 Vessels
                 appended
                 to
                 the
                 Heart
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Structure
                 ,
                 Motion
                 ,
                 and
                 Difference
                 of
                 the
                 Veins
                 and
                 Arterics
                 are
                 demonstrated
                 .
              
            
             
               9.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 numerous
                 Ramifications
                 of
                 the
              
               Vena
               Porta
               ,
               
                 and
                 both
                 the
              
               Vena
               Cava
               
                 's
                 ,
                 of
              
               Varix
               
                 's
                 ,
                 Hemorrhoides
                 ,
                 Bleeding
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
             
               10.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Ramifications
                 of
                 both
                 the
              
               Aorta
               
                 's
                 throughout
                 the
                 whole
                 Body
                 ;
                 of
                 an
                 Anevrism
                 .
              
            
             
               11.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Brain
                 and
              
               Cerebellum
               ;
               
                 a
                 new
                 Account
                 of
                 the
                 Animal
                 Spirits
                 ,
                 their
                 Generation
                 ,
                 
                 Motion
                 ,
                 and
                 Vse
                 ;
                 of
                 Perception
                 ,
                 Sleeping
                 Waking
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Influence
                 of
                 the
                 Soul
                 upon
                 the
                 Body
                 ,
                 where
                 of
                 Sensation
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 five
                 Senses
                 .
              
            
             
               12.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Eye
                 ,
                 Tears
                 ,
                 Nasal
                 and
                 Aqueous
                 Ducts
                 ;
                 Of
                 Sight
                 ,
                 Blindness
                 ,
                 Light
                 ,
                 Colours
                 and
                 the
                 sharp
                 Sight
                 of
                 some
                 Animals
                 .
              
            
             
               13.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Fabrick
                 of
                 the
                 Nose
                 ,
                 the
              
               Membrana
               Pituitaria
               ,
               
                 Snot
                 ,
                 Smelling
                 ,
                 and
                 Sneezing
                 ;
                 Of
                 the
                 mutual
                 Influence
                 of
                 the
                 Nose
                 and
                 Tongue
                 .
              
            
             
               14.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Tongue
                 ,
                 Palat
                 ,
                 and
                 Gums
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Muscles
                 and
                 Motions
                 of
                 the
                 Tongue
                 ;
                 of
                 Taste
                 ,
                 Voice
                 ,
                 Stuttering
                 ,
                 and
                 Dumbness
                 .
              
            
             
               15.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Larynx
                 ,
                 Pharynx
                 ,
                 the
              
               Os
               Hyoides
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Glands
                 ,
                 Salivation
                 and
                 Spittle
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Almonds
                 ,
                 and
              
               Uvula
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               16.
               
               
                 Of
                 Feeling
                 ,
                 the
                 Cuticula
                 ,
                 Skin
                 ,
                 Hairs
                 ,
                 milliary
                 Glands
                 ,
                 the
                 mucous
                 and
                 reticular
                 Bodies
                 ;
                 of
                 Fat
                 ,
                 Transpiration
                 ,
                 Sweat
                 ,
                 the
                 Itch
                 ,
                 cutaneous
                 Diseases
                 ,
                 Palsy
                 ,
                 and
              
               Plica
               Polonica
               .
            
             
               17.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Ear
              
               ,
               Aquaeduct
               ,
               
                 Hearing
                 ,
                 Deafness
              
               ,
               Tinnitus
               ,
               &c.
               
            
             
               18.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Structure
                 ,
                 Vse
                 and
                 Number
                 of
                 the
                 Nerves
                 ;
                 of
                 Motion
                 and
                 Sense
                 ;
                 of
                 the
              
               Par
               vagum
               ,
               
                 and
                 the
                 Intercostal
                 Nerves
                 spread
                 over
                 all
                 the
              
               Viscer
               .
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Breast
                 and
              
               Abdomen
               .
            
             
               19.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Structure
                 and
                 various
                 Figures
                 of
                 the
                 Muscles
                 ,
                 the
                 vascular
                 Fibres
                 ,
                 where
                 Muscular
                 ,
                 Natural
                 ,
                 and
                 free
                 Motion
                 are
                 explain'd
                 ,
                 as
                 likewise
                 stretching
                 and
                 gaping
                 ,
                 leaping
                 ,
                 swimming
                 ,
                 and
                 flying
                 ,
                 with
                 Convulsive
                 ,
                 Tonic
                 ,
                 Systaltic
                 ,
                 Epilectic
                 ,
                 and
                 Hysteric
                 Motions
                 ;
                 of
                 Vapours
                 and
                 Rheumatisin
                 .
              
            
             
               20.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Liver
                 ,
                 Gall
                 ,
                 and
              
               Pancreas
               ,
               
                 where
                 the
                 Secretion
                 ,
                 Motion
                 and
                 Mixture
                 of
                 the
                 Bile
                 ,
                 and
                 Pancreatic
                 Juice
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Chyle
                 are
                 shewn
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Green
                 Sickness
                 ,
                 Yellow
                 Jau
                 idice
                 and
                 Pica
                 .
              
            
             
             
               21.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Nature
                 and
                 Differences
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 Glands
                 or
                 Strainers
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 ;
                 a
                 new
                 account
                 of
                 the
                 various
                 Filtrations
                 of
                 the
                 excrementitious
                 and
                 recrementitious
                 Humours
                 ,
                 as
                 Lympha
                 ,
                 Spittle
                 ,
                 Gall
                 ,
                 Vrine
                 ,
                 Seed
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
               
                 Of
                 Obstructions
                 and
                 Dropsies
              
               .
            
             
               22.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Structure
                 and
                 Vse
                 of
                 the
                 Spleen
                 ,
                 and
                 what
                 Melancholy
                 is
                 ;
                 what
                 Symptoms
                 happen
                 when
                 the
                 Spleen
                 is
                 taken
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 .
              
            
             
               23.
               
               Of
               the
               Reins
               or
               Kidneys
               ,
               the
               Atrabilary
               Glands
               ,
               the
               Vreters
               and
               Bladder
               ;
               where
               of
               the
               Scrum
               of
               the
               Blood
               ,
               Vrine
               ,
               and
               what
               is
               contained
               therein
               ;
               of
               the
               Stone
               and
               Gravel
               .
            
             
               24.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Structure
                 and
                 Vse
                 of
                 the
                 Bones
                 ,
                 Marrow
                 ,
                 Ligaments
                 ,
              
               Periosteum
               ,
               
                 and
                 Apophyses
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 different
                 Articulations
                 or
                 Joints
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Nature
                 and
                 Seat
                 of
                 the
                 Gout
                 ,
              
               Spina
               Ventosa
               ,
               Caries
               ,
               
                 Exfoliation
                 ,
                 and
              
               Rachitis
               .
            
             
               25.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Parts
                 of
                 Generation
                 in
                 Man
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Nature
                 and
                 Formation
                 of
                 the
                 Seed
                 ,
                 with
                 its
                 Effects
                 in
                 the
                 Body
                 of
                 the
                 Woman
                 ;
                 the
                 Cause
                 and
                 Seat
                 of
                 Venereal
                 Diseases
                 .
              
            
             
               26.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Parts
                 of
                 Generation
                 in
                 the
                 Woman
                 ,
                 of
                 the
                 Eggs
                 and
              
               Ovarium
               ;
               
                 of
                 Generation
                 ,
                 Conception
                 ,
                 going
                 with
                 Child
                 ,
                 Flowers
                 ,
                 Birth
                 ,
                 Monsters
                 ,
                 Floodings
                 ,
                 false
                 Conceptions
                 ,
                 Whites
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
             
               27.
               
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Posture
                 and
                 Nourishment
                 of
                 the
                 Embryo
                 in
                 the
                 Womb
                 ;
                 of
                 the
                 Vmbilical
                 Vessels
                 ,
                 the
                 After-birth
                 ,
                 the
                 Force
                 of
                 the
                 Mother's
                 Imagination
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 peculiar
                 way
                 of
                 the
                 Circulation
                 of
                 the
                 Blood
                 in
                 the
              
               Foetus
               ;
               
                 of
                 Longings
              
               .
            
             
               28.
               
               S
               
                 ome
                 Considerations
                 of
                 the
                 Vnion
                 of
                 the
                 Soul
                 and
                 Body
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Laws
                 and
                 Effects
                 of
                 that
                 Vnion
                 are
                 inquired
                 into
                 .
              
            
             
             
               You
               see
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               that
               after
               having
               examin'd
               the
               different
               Parts
               of
               the
               World
               ,
               and
               the
               Elements
               of
               Bodies
               by
               Chymistry
               ,
               I
               have
               divided
               the
               Human
               Body
               into
               solid
               and
               fluid
               Parts
               .
               Before
               I
               consider'd
               the
               solid
               Parts
               in
               particular
               ,
               I
               thought
               it
               necessary
               by
               way
               of
               Chymistry
               ,
               to
               be
               acquainted
               with
               all
               the
               Humours
               ,
               and
               specially
               with
               the
               Principles
               and
               Motions
               of
               the
               Blood
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               
                 Primum
                 Mobile
              
               of
               the
               whole
               Machine
               ;
               for
               which
               purpose
               it
               is
               fit
               to
               know
               how
               by
               Digestion
               the
               Meat
               becomes
               Chyle
               ,
               the
               Chyle
               becomes
               Blood
               ,
               how
               the
               Blood
               becomes
               Flesh
               and
               Bone
               ,
               and
               consequently
               how
               it
               must
               be
               continually
               repaired
               by
               Aliment
               ;
               how
               the
               Heart
               is
               put
               in
               motion
               to
               communicate
               the
               same
               to
               the
               Blood
               ;
               how
               the
               Blood
               expelled
               by
               the
               Heart
               ,
               after
               having
               been
               rarefied
               by
               the
               Air
               in
               the
               Lungs
               ,
               is
               convey'd
               by
               Arterial
               Tubes
               to
               all
               the
               Parts
               of
               the
               Body
               ,
               and
               from
               these
               Parts
               is
               brought
               back
               again
               by
               the
               Veins
               to
               the
               Heart
               .
               To
               know
               why
               this
               Blood
               is
               carried
               to
               all
               the
               Parts
               ,
               and
               what
               Alteration
               it
               receives
               in
               them
               ,
               we
               must
               by
               ocular
               Inspection
               see
               the
               different
               Structure
               of
               all
               the
               Parts
               of
               the
               Body
               ,
               and
               first
               follow
               the
               Blood
               to
               the
               Brain
               ,
               to
               generate
               Animal
               Spirits
               ,
               which
               Spirits
               furnish
               the
               Soul
               with
               Ideas
               in
               the
               Brain
               ,
               and
               convey'd
               through
               the
               Nerves
               to
               all
               the
               Parts
               of
               the
               Body
               ,
               they
               are
               the
               Causes
               of
               Motion
               in
               the
               Muscles
               ,
               and
               of
               Sense
               in
               the
               five
               Organs
               ,
               which
               convey
               the
               Impression
               of
               exteriour
               Bodies
               to
               the
               Soul.
               I
               follow
               the
               same
               Blood
               into
               the
               Liver
               ,
               where
               it
               discharges
               its
               Bilious
               Juice
               ;
               and
               into
               all
               other
               Glands
               ,
               where
               it
               leaves
               some
               superfluous
               Humonr
               ,
               into
               the
               Spleen
               ,
               where
               its
               Motion
               is
               moderated
               ;
               into
               the
               Reins
               ,
               where
               it
               leaves
               its
               serous
               Particles
               ;
               into
               the
               Testicles
               ,
               where
               is
               strained
               from
               it
               a
               glutinous
               oily
               Substance
               called
               Seed
               .
               In
               short
               ,
               after
               knowing
               Man
               in
               himself
               ,
               I
               examine
               the
               natural
               Ways
               which
               he
               uses
               to
               propagate
               his
               Kind
               ,
               in
               begetting
               another
               by
               way
               of
               Generation
               .
            
             
             
               Man
               ,
               as
               I
               said
               before
               ,
               is
               made
               of
               two
               Substances
               ,
               Soul
               and
               Body
               .
               The
               Soul
               preserves
               the
               Body
               by
               Reason
               ,
               and
               governs
               it
               by
               voluntary
               Motion
               .
               The
               Body
               furnishes
               the
               Soul
               with
               Ideas
               of
               Corporeal
               Beings
               .
               The
               Life
               of
               Man
               is
               the
               Correspondence
               between
               Soul
               and
               Body
               ;
               but
               the
               Life
               of
               the
               Body
               is
               the
               natural
               Motion
               of
               the
               Blood
               and
               Splrits
               ,
               the
               Cessation
               of
               which
               Motion
               is
               Death
               .
               The
               solid
               Parts
               of
               the
               Body
               have
               no
               Motion
               (
               or
               Life
               )
               of
               their
               own
               ,
               but
               such
               as
               they
               borrow
               from
               the
               Blood
               and
               Spirits
               .
               The
               Blood
               and
               Spirits
               have
               none
               neither
               ,
               but
               such
               as
               they
               are
               allowed
               by
               the
               general
               Laws
               of
               Nature
               establish'd
               by
               a
               Supreme
               Being
               .
               To
               maintain
               this
               mutual
               Correspondence
               and
               Dependance
               between
               Soul
               and
               Body
               ,
               all
               the
               Organs
               ,
               Springs
               and
               Humours
               of
               the
               body
               ,
               must
               be
               in
               their
               due
               Disposition
               ;
               for
               the
               Death
               of
               the
               Body
               is
               properly
               the
               loss
               of
               this
               Disposition
               ,
               and
               not
               the
               Separation
               of
               the
               Soul
               ,
               as
               is
               commonly
               believ'd
               :
               for
               the
               Body
               is
               dead
               before
               the
               Soul
               is
               gone
               out
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               the
               going
               out
               of
               the
               Soul
               is
               but
               the
               Cessation
               of
               its
               Correspondence
               with
               the
               Body
               for
               want
               of
               Motion
               in
               the
               latter
               .
               This
               Disposition
               is
               disordered
               or
               ruined
               by
               Diseases
               ,
               all
               which
               Diseases
               have
               their
               first
               Seat
               in
               the
               Blood
               ,
               from
               whence
               they
               are
               communicated
               to
               the
               solid
               Parts
               ;
               and
               the
               solid
               Parts
               being
               affected
               ,
               they
               reciprocally
               insect
               the
               Blood.
               But
               tho
               the
               Blood
               was
               never
               infected
               ,
               and
               Man
               never
               sick
               ,
               yet
               he
               should
               die
               of
               course
               ,
               by
               the
               Relaxation
               and
               Attrition
               of
               his
               solid
               Parts
               ,
               from
               the
               long
               and
               continual
               Circulation
               of
               the
               humours
               through
               them
               ,
               which
               we
               call
               
                 Old
                 Age.
              
               
            
             
               As
               to
               what
               relates
               to
               the
               
                 Materia
                 Medica
              
               ,
               or
               the
               Account
               I
               have
               given
               of
               the
               Virtue
               and
               due
               Application
               of
               inward
               Medicines
               in
               the
               Practice
               of
               Physick
               ,
               I
               should
               likewise
               give
               you
               a
               Series
               of
               the
               different
               Subjects
               I
               treated
               of
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               in
               my
               Plan
               of
               the
               
                 Animal
                 Oeconomy
              
               ;
               but
               finding
               it
               too
               tedious
               ,
               and
               needless
               ,
               I
               will
               only
               mention
               in
               general
               ,
               
               that
               
                 all
                 inward
                 Diseases
                 have
                 their
                 first
                 Seat
                 in
                 the
                 Mass
                 of
                 Blood
                 ,
              
               that
               they
               are
               caused
               by
               a
               Ferment
               or
               Matter
               hid
               in
               it
               ,
               which
               deriv'd
               its
               Origin
               from
               some
               outward
               Causes
               :
               That
               
                 there
                 are
                 no
                 Specific
                 Medicines
                 for
                 any
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 ,
              
               as
               for
               the
               Head
               ,
               Heart
               ,
               Liver
               ,
               Stomach
               ,
               Spleen
               ,
               but
               that
               they
               must
               all
               operate
               upon
               the
               whole
               Mass
               of
               Blood
               ;
               that
               consequently
               
                 outward
                 Applications
                 cannot
                 avail
                 much
                 for
                 inward
                 Distempers
                 ,
              
               that
               the
               Medicines
               must
               be
               carried
               in
               a
               convenient
               Vehicle
               through
               the
               Blood
               to
               the
               place
               where
               the
               Distemper
               lies
               ,
               and
               that
               then
               they
               either
               carry
               its
               Cause
               out
               of
               the
               Body
               by
               Evacuation
               ,
               or
               change
               the
               Nature
               of
               it
               within
               by
               altering
               the
               Mass
               of
               Blood.
               
            
             
               I
               may
               therefore
               reasonably
               divide
               all
               the
               
                 Materia
                 Medica
              
               ,
               described
               by
               so
               many
               voluminous
               Authors
               ,
               only
               into
               two
               Classes
               of
               Medicines
               ,
               Evacuating
               and
               Alterating
               .
               I
               did
               not
               so
               much
               talk
               of
               those
               Remedies
               that
               evacuate
               only
               from
               some
               parts
               of
               the
               Body
               ,
               as
               
                 Bleeding
                 ,
                 Clysters
                 ,
                 Leeches
                 ,
                 Issues
                 ,
                 Blisters
                 ,
                 Setons
                 ,
                 Gargles
                 ,
                 Snush
                 ,
              
               and
               the
               like
               ,
               for
               they
               can
               hardly
               ever
               cure
               any
               inward
               Disease
               ;
               but
               of
               such
               as
               evacuate
               the
               Morbific
               Matter
               from
               the
               whole
               Mass
               of
               Blood
               by
               the
               five
               general
               ways
               ,
               
                 Stool
                 ,
                 Vomit
                 ,
                 Vrine
                 ,
                 Sweat
              
               and
               Salivation
               ;
               where
               ,
               without
               recurring
               to
               occult
               or
               precarious
               Qualities
               ,
               I
               reduced
               to
               the
               Principles
               of
               Chymistry
               and
               Reason
               ,
               the
               Nature
               and
               Operations
               of
               
                 Purgatives
                 ,
                 Emetics
                 ,
                 Diuretics
                 ,
                 Diaphoretics
                 ▪
                 of
                 Antimony
                 and
                 Mercury
                 ,
                 of
                 Venereal
                 and
                 other
                 Diseases
                 ,
              
               as
               likewise
               the
               Nature
               and
               Usefulness
               of
               Baths
               ,
               and
               other
               
                 Mineral
                 Waters
              
               .
            
             
               I
               have
               likewise
               examin'd
               and
               endeavour'd
               to
               explain
               the
               Nature
               and
               different
               Effects
               of
               
                 Alterating
                 Medicaments
              
               ,
               which
               operate
               in
               the
               Mass
               of
               Blood
               without
               any
               Evacuation
               ,
               such
               as
               
                 sweeten
                 the
                 Blood
              
               when
               sowr
               ,
               
                 that
                 thin
                 it
              
               when
               gross
               and
               thick
               ,
               
                 that
                 hasten
                 it
                 s
                 too
                 slow
                 Circulation
                 ,
                 that
                 stop
                 it
                 s
                 too
                 rapid
                 Motion
                 ,
              
               as
               in
               Fevers
               ;
               
                 that
                 cool
                 the
                 Blood
                 ,
                 that
                 heat
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 raise
                 the
                 Spirits
                 ,
              
               as
               Cordials
               ;
               
                 that
                 calm
                 the
                 Spirits
              
               ,
               as
               
                 Narcotics
                 ;
                 that
                 strengthen
                 the
                 Tone
                 of
                 the
              
               
               Parts
               ,
               as
               Styptics
               and
               
                 Astringents
                 ;
                 that
                 open
                 Obstructions
              
               ,
               as
               Aperitives
               .
               Here
               therefore
               I
               had
               occasion
               to
               consider
               the
               Vertues
               and
               Operations
               of
               
                 Steel
                 ,
                 Opium
                 ,
                 Jesuits
                 Powder
                 ,
                 of
                 Alcalious
                 and
                 Acid
                 Medicines
                 ,
              
               and
               of
               the
               whole
               Tribe
               of
               other
               alterating
               Remedies
               .
            
             
               It
               would
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               be
               too
               prolix
               and
               needless
               to
               mention
               to
               you
               all
               that
               can
               be
               said
               in
               this
               nice
               and
               weighty
               Subject
               ,
               which
               includes
               in
               a
               manner
               the
               whole
               Machine
               of
               the
               Universe
               ,
               which
               requires
               several
               Years
               fervent
               Application
               for
               any
               one
               to
               attain
               a
               tolerable
               Knowledge
               of
               ,
               and
               which
               cost
               me
               some
               Months
               Labour
               to
               demonstrate
               at
               Oxford
               what
               small
               Insight
               I
               was
               thought
               to
               have
               in
               it
               :
               Yet
               still
               I
               am
               not
               unwilling
               to
               comply
               with
               your
               Desires
               ,
               and
               to
               spare
               some
               time
               from
               my
               other
               Business
               here
               ,
               to
               communicate
               what
               I
               know
               of
               these
               Matters
               to
               any
               Persons
               of
               both
               Universities
               ,
               or
               to
               such
               other
               ingenious
               Gentlemen
               as
               have
               a
               Curiosity
               for
               things
               of
               this
               Nature
               .
               And
               I
               shall
               take
               care
               that
               all
               be
               perform'd
               in
               such
               a
               decent
               and
               creditable
               manner
               ,
               as
               may
               be
               for
               the
               Benefit
               and
               Satisfaction
               of
               others
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               my
               own
               particular
               Reputation
               .
               For
               not
               only
               my
               Duty
               ,
               but
               likewise
               the
               Usefulness
               and
               Agreeableness
               of
               my
               Profession
               ,
               tho
               in
               it self
               very
               abstruse
               and
               difficult
               ,
               inclines
               me
               naturally
               to
               improve
               it
               as
               much
               as
               I
               can
               ;
               and
               I
               hope
               I
               shall
               be
               able
               in
               few
               Years
               to
               publish
               a
               Latin
               
                 Treatise
                 of
                 the
                 Principles
                 of
                 Physick
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 the
                 Oeconomia
                 Animals
                 ,
              
               which
               perhaps
               then
               will
               give
               You
               and
               the
               Publick
               more
               Satisfaction
               than
               they
               or
               your self
               can
               at
               present
               expect
               from
               ,
            
             
               
                 From
                 Bow-street
                 in
                 Covent-Garden
                 ,
                 London
                 ,
                 
                   Nov.
                   2.
                   1695.
                   
                
              
               
                 SIR
                 ,
              
               
                 Your
                 very
                 Obedient
                 Servant
                 ,
                 
                   B.
                   Connor
                
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
             
               A
               LETTER
               to
               
                 James
                 Tyrrel
              
               ,
               Esq
               ;
               from
               Dr.
               Connor
               ,
               Fellow
               of
               the
               Royal
               Society
               .
            
             
               
                 Containing
                 a
                 further
                 Explanation
                 and
                 Vindication
                 of
                 the
                 Plan
                 of
                 the
                 Animal
                 Oeconomy
                 ,
                 or
                 of
                 the
                 Chymical
                 and
                 Anatomical
                 Method
                 for
                 understanding
                 the
                 Fabrick
                 ,
                 Springs
                 ,
                 Tempers
                 and
                 Diseases
                 of
                 the
                 Human
                 Body
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 SIR
                 ,
              
            
             
               IT
               is
               upon
               all
               hands
               acknowledg'd
               ,
               that
               the
               Acquaintance
               of
               Men
               of
               Learning
               and
               Worth
               is
               of
               great
               benefit
               towards
               acquiring
               not
               only
               the
               Knowledg
               of
               Men
               and
               Manners
               ,
               but
               of
               Nature
               too
               .
               But
               of
               all
               the
               Advantages
               to
               be
               reap'd
               from
               their
               Conversation
               ,
               that
               of
               correcting
               our
               Prejudices
               or
               Mistakes
               ,
               and
               of
               setting
               us
               in
               the
               right
               way
               is
               the
               most
               valuable
               .
               I
               should
               be
               too
               disingenuous
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               if
               I
               should
               not
               concur
               with
               the
               Publick
               ,
               in
               justly
               allowing
               you
               to
               be
               as
               discerning
               a
               Judg
               as
               you
               are
               a
               true
               Friend
               .
               The
               World
               is
               convinc'd
               of
               the
               first
               by
               your
               shewing
               your self
               so
               great
               a
               Master
               as
               well
               of
               the
               
                 Laws
                 of
                 Nature
                 and
                 Nations
              
               ,
               as
               of
               those
               of
               your
               own
               Country
               ;
               and
               none
               that
               have
               the
               Honour
               to
               know
               you
               can
               be
               ignorant
               of
               your
               Sincerity
               a●●d
               Zeal
               ,
               in
               correcting
               the
               Errors
               and
               Oversights
               of
               your
               Friends
               .
               To
               whom
               then
               should
               I
               more
               allowably
               communicate
               my
               Designs
               ?
               After
               begging
               your
               Pardon
               therefore
               for
               the
               Ambition
               of
               numbring
               my self
               with
               your
               Friends
               ,
               I
               
               must
               tell
               you
               ,
               that
               being
               desir'd
               by
               several
               ,
               and
               willing
               my self
               ,
               not
               to
               conceal
               the
               small
               Insight
               I
               was
               thought
               to
               have
               in
               Anatomy
               ,
               Chymistry
               ,
               and
               the
               other
               parts
               of
               Physick
               ;
               I
               thought
               first
               convenient
               to
               borrow
               from
               some
               Antient
               or
               Modern
               Authors
               the
               most
               easy
               and
               compendious
               Method
               ,
               for
               the
               benefit
               of
               my
               Auditors
               .
               But
               I
               was
               frustrated
               of
               my
               Expectations
               ;
               for
               after
               having
               examined
               the
               voluminous
               Works
               of
               most
               Writers
               in
               our
               Faculty
               ,
               I
               did
               not
               find
               it
               altogether
               fit
               to
               follow
               their
               Method
               ,
               nor
               safe
               to
               espouse
               their
               Opinions
               .
               But
               the
               best
               course
               ,
               I
               think
               ,
               is
               to
               pick
               the
               best
               out
               of
               each
               ,
               especially
               what
               relates
               to
               Matters
               of
               Fact
               ,
               applying
               their
               Observations
               to
               my
               own
               Design
               ,
               and
               taking
               Reason
               and
               Experience
               to
               be
               my
               surest
               Guides
               .
               But
               seeing
               several
               Persons
               either
               out
               of
               Malice
               or
               Rashness
               ,
               have
               very
               industriously
               misrepresented
               my
               Undertaking
               ;
               I
               shall
               now
               give
               a
               larger
               Account
               of
               it
               than
               formerly
               ,
               as
               well
               to
               satisfy
               my
               Friends
               ,
               as
               for
               my
               own
               Justification
               .
            
             
               My
               Design
               therefore
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               is
               to
               find
               a
               short
               ,
               easy
               ,
               and
               clear
               Method
               ,
               to
               be
               acquainted
               with
               the
               Fabrick
               ,
               Functions
               ,
               Tempers
               ,
               and
               Diseases
               of
               the
               Human
               Body
               :
               For
               which
               purpose
               I
               must
               not
               only
               know
               Man
               in
               himself
               ,
               but
               must
               also
               know
               all
               Bodies
               that
               are
               about
               him
               ,
               and
               concur
               to
               his
               Preservation
               or
               Destruction
               .
               For
               as
               I
               cannot
               understand
               all
               that
               belong
               to
               my
               Finger
               ,
               without
               I
               understand
               my
               whole
               Body
               ,
               which
               ser●●es
               to
               nourish
               and
               move
               it
               ;
               so
               I
               cannot
               understand
               my
               Body
               without
               I
               understand
               the
               whole
               Universe
               :
               And
               as
               I
               cannot
               reasonably
               know
               any
               one
               Distemper
               of
               my
               Body
               ,
               without
               I
               know
               the
               general
               Sources
               of
               all
               Distempers
               ;
               so
               I
               cannot
               methodically
               cure
               any
               one
               Distemper
               without
               I
               understand
               the
               Rules
               of
               curing
               all
               Distempers
               :
               Which
               shews
               that
               Quacks
               ,
               and
               other
               ignorant
               Pretenders
               ,
               may
               not
               presume
               to
               have
               methodical
               Cures
               for
               any
               one
               Distemper
               whatsoever
               .
               Since
               therefore
               it
               is
               necessary
               to
               have
               a
               general
               view
               of
               the
               whole
               Universe
               to
               be
               competently
               acquainted
               
               with
               Man
               ,
               the
               first
               thing
               we
               must
               examine
               is
               Matter
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               general
               Principle
               of
               all
               Bodies
               ,
               or
               rather
               all
               Bodies
               are
               Matter
               .
            
             
               Matter
               is
               the
               only
               thing
               ,
               in
               my
               mind
               ,
               that
               we
               have
               any
               clear
               Notion
               of
               ,
               if
               we
               have
               of
               any
               .
               We
               conceive
               very
               well
               that
               an
               Atom
               has
               at
               least
               six
               Sides
               or
               Surfaces
               ,
               of
               which
               one
               is
               nearer
               the
               East
               than
               the
               West
               ,
               another
               nearer
               the
               South
               than
               the
               North
               ,
               and
               another
               nearer
               the
               Zenith
               than
               the
               Nadir
               :
               consequently
               between
               all
               the
               six
               Surfaces
               we
               conceive
               a
               Space
               or
               Extension
               ,
               which
               we
               call
               Matter
               or
               Body
               ,
               tho
               never
               so
               little
               ;
               and
               since
               we
               consider
               a
               real
               Space
               between
               them
               ,
               we
               can
               mentally
               divide
               it
               into
               several
               lesser
               Spaces
               ,
               and
               each
               lesser
               Space
               into
               as
               many
               other
               lesser
               ones
               as
               we
               please
               ;
               so
               that
               every
               minute
               Particle
               will
               be
               infinitely
               divisible
               .
               Besides
               ,
               the
               distance
               between
               the
               six
               Sides
               of
               the
               Atom
               is
               so
               filled
               up
               and
               occupied
               by
               the
               Atom
               or
               its
               Extension
               ,
               that
               it
               is
               impenetrable
               by
               any
               other
               Extension
               whatsoever
               .
               By
               an
               Atom
               I
               mean
               the
               minutest
               part
               in
               a
               Body
               actually
               divided
               from
               others
               ,
               and
               still
               divisible
               in
               it self
               .
               Then
               the
               Properties
               of
               Matter
               will
               be
               Divisibility
               and
               Impenetrability
               .
            
             
               There
               is
               no
               essential
               Difference
               between
               one
               piece
               of
               Matter
               and
               another
               ,
               since
               all
               Matter
               is
               extended
               ,
               divisible
               and
               impenetrable
               .
               But
               since
               the
               Machine
               of
               the
               World
               is
               form'd
               of
               different
               Bodies
               ,
               and
               all
               Bodies
               form'd
               of
               Matter
               ,
               we
               must
               derive
               their
               difference
               at
               least
               from
               the
               Accidents
               of
               Matter
               :
               We
               find
               then
               that
               one
               part
               of
               Matter
               cannot
               be
               different
               from
               another
               ,
               but
               in
               Bulk
               ,
               Motion
               or
               Figure
               ;
               and
               according
               as
               it
               differs
               from
               others
               in
               one
               or
               more
               of
               these
               Qualities
               ,
               they
               will
               constitute
               different
               Bodies
               :
               By
               these
               three
               Qualities
               of
               Matter
               we
               can
               give
               a
               general
               account
               of
               the
               different
               parts
               of
               the
               World
               ,
               as
               the
               
                 Aethereal
                 Fluid
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Terrestrial
                 Bodies
              
               .
               We
               may
               observe
               that
               the
               Stars
               and
               Planets
               ,
               the
               Air
               ,
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               the
               Water
               ,
               are
               made
               of
               three
               different
               sorts
               
               of
               Matter
               .
               The
               Atoms
               of
               the
               first
               Matter
               have
               a
               lesser
               Bulk
               and
               more
               Motion
               than
               all
               the
               rest
               .
               The
               Atoms
               of
               the
               second
               Matter
               are
               probably
               spherical
               ,
               have
               as
               little
               Bulk
               as
               the
               first
               ,
               and
               less
               Motion
               :
               The
               Atoms
               of
               the
               third
               Matter
               are
               of
               an
               irregular
               Figure
               ,
               but
               have
               greater
               Bulk
               ,
               and
               have
               none
               ,
               or
               a
               slower
               Motion
               than
               all
               the
               rest
               .
               We
               may
               lawfully
               suppose
               all
               the
               Stars
               to
               be
               made
               up
               of
               the
               first
               Matter
               :
               The
               
                 Aetherial
                 Fluid
              
               ,
               or
               the
               Heavens
               of
               the
               second
               ,
               and
               the
               Planets
               and
               
                 Terrestrial
                 Bodies
              
               to
               be
               made
               of
               the
               third
               .
               For
               the
               Parts
               of
               the
               first
               being
               extream
               subtile
               ,
               and
               extreamly
               rapid
               ,
               must
               be
               fluid
               and
               thin
               enough
               to
               pass
               through
               the
               Pores
               and
               Intestices
               of
               all
               other
               Bodies
               ,
               and
               leave
               no
               Vacuities
               ;
               and
               influence
               upon
               us
               the
               same
               way
               as
               the
               Sun
               does
               ,
               by
               keeping
               the
               Air
               in
               a
               perpetual
               Fluidity
               ,
               and
               by
               producing
               Fermentations
               in
               the
               Ground
               in
               such
               solid
               Bodies
               as
               have
               no
               invincible
               Resistance
               in
               their
               Parts
               .
               The
               Parts
               of
               the
               second
               Matter
               being
               likewise
               subtile
               ,
               round
               ,
               and
               consequently
               agitated
               perpetually
               by
               the
               Subtilty
               and
               Rapidity
               of
               the
               first
               Matter
               which
               pass
               through
               it
               ,
               must
               form
               a
               Fluid
               and
               
                 Transparent
                 Extension
              
               ,
               as
               the
               Expansum
               or
               the
               Heavens
               are
               .
               The
               Parts
               of
               the
               third
               Element
               being
               more
               bulky
               ,
               more
               irregular
               ,
               and
               having
               no
               Motion
               ,
               or
               at
               least
               an
               inconsiderable
               one
               ,
               must
               form
               gross
               ,
               irregular
               ,
               solid
               ,
               opaque
               ,
               and
               sensible
               Bodies
               ,
               such
               as
               we
               see
               the
               Planets
               and
               Terrestrial
               Bodies
               to
               be
               .
               The
               two
               first
               Matters
               which
               I
               made
               mention
               of
               ,
               are
               exterior
               Agents
               ,
               which
               Nature
               ,
               or
               God
               makes
               use
               of
               rather
               to
               influence
               a
               Motion
               into
               Terrestrial
               Bodies
               ,
               than
               to
               enter
               into
               their
               Composition
               ,
               contrary
               to
               
                 Monsier
                 des
                 Cartes
              
               .
               So
               this
               last
               Element
               of
               the
               World
               ,
               is
               that
               which
               I
               am
               to
               consider
               most
               ,
               being
               the
               only
               thing
               that
               our
               Faculty
               is
               concern'd
               in
               ,
               because
               it
               constitutes
               Minerals
               ,
               Vegetables
               ,
               and
               Animals
               ,
               which
               are
               the
               three
               Things
               that
               I
               design
               chiefly
               to
               examine
               ,
               because
               they
               furnish
               us
               with
               Aliments
               and
               Remedies
               ,
               and
               are
               the
               Causes
               of
               most
               Distempers
               .
            
             
             
               Tho
               we
               find
               an
               innumerable
               variety
               of
               Terrestrial
               Bodies
               ,
               and
               this
               variety
               depending
               upon
               the
               difference
               of
               their
               Atoms
               ,
               yet
               by
               tracing
               exactly
               the
               particular
               Effects
               of
               these
               Atoms
               ,
               and
               by
               several
               Experiments
               of
               Chymistry
               ,
               I
               can
               reduce
               all
               parts
               of
               Bodies
               to
               four
               only
               ,
               viz.
               Atoms
               of
               Earth
               ,
               Atoms
               of
               Water
               ,
               Atoms
               of
               Salt
               ,
               and
               Atoms
               of
               Sulphur
               .
               But
               when
               ,
               for
               Example
               ,
               I
               am
               to
               give
               Rhubarb
               ,
               Jesuits
               Powder
               ,
               or
               any
               other
               Remedy
               to
               a
               Patient
               ,
               to
               be
               sure
               of
               its
               Effects
               ,
               and
               due
               Application
               ,
               it
               is
               not
               enough
               to
               know
               that
               it
               is
               made
               of
               
                 Earth
                 ,
                 Water
                 ,
                 Salt
              
               ,
               and
               Sulphur
               ,
               but
               also
               I
               must
               know
               what
               
                 Earth
                 ,
                 Water
                 ,
                 Salt
              
               ,
               and
               Oil
               themselves
               are
               :
               Besides
               ,
               I
               am
               to
               know
               their
               Proportion
               ,
               and
               which
               of
               them
               predominates
               in
               it
               ;
               which
               Physicians
               neglecting
               to
               discover
               ,
               have
               left
               the
               Practice
               of
               Physick
               very
               obscure
               ,
               and
               will
               ever
               continue
               so
               ,
               until
               they
               give
               themselves
               the
               trouble
               to
               examine
               with
               more
               Exactness
               and
               Nicety
               the
               Nature
               (
               I
               mean
               the
               Figure
               )
               and
               Effects
               of
               the
               Principles
               of
               the
               Blood
               ,
               and
               of
               all
               Remedies
               likewise
               .
            
             
               I
               know
               that
               the
               Chymists
               will
               immediately
               answer
               ,
               That
               they
               have
               with
               a
               great
               deal
               of
               Toil
               and
               Labour
               ,
               not
               only
               separated
               from
               mixt
               Bodies
               the
               before
               mentioned
               four
               Principles
               ,
               but
               also
               discovered
               their
               Nature
               ;
               for
               they
               confidently
               tell
               us
               ,
               that
               the
               nature
               of
               Earth
               is
               to
               be
               porous
               ,
               to
               absorb
               Water
               ,
               Salt
               and
               Oil
               ;
               that
               the
               nature
               of
               Water
               is
               to
               dissolve
               Salt
               ;
               of
               Sulphur
               to
               be
               inflammable
               ;
               and
               of
               Salt
               to
               prick
               ,
               and
               be
               dissolved
               by
               Water
               .
               But
               they
               need
               not
               take
               so
               much
               pains
               to
               tell
               us
               of
               a
               thing
               that
               every
               body
               knows
               without
               the
               least
               insight
               in
               Chymistry
               .
               A
               Country-man
               knows
               that
               a
               Pot
               full
               of
               Ashes
               will
               soak
               a
               great
               deal
               of
               Water
               ,
               or
               any
               other
               fluid
               Body
               :
               That
               Water
               dissolves
               Sugar
               and
               Salt
               ;
               that
               Oil
               burns
               ,
               and
               Salt
               pricks
               the
               Tongue
               .
               This
               is
               not
               answering
               the
               Question
               ,
               for
               they
               take
               the
               Effects
               of
               those
               Elements
               for
               their
               Nature
               .
               To
               say
               that
               Earth
               absorbs
               ,
               that
               Water
               dissolves
               Salt
               ,
               that
               Oil
               takes
               flame
               ,
               and
               
               that
               Salt
               bites
               ,
               is
               to
               tell
               me
               only
               what
               these
               Principles
               are
               capable
               of
               doing
               ,
               not
               what
               they
               really
               are
               in
               themselves
               .
               If
               being
               asked
               by
               a
               Person
               ,
               
                 What
                 is
                 Man
              
               ?
               I
               should
               answer
               ,
               that
               he
               is
               
                 a
                 reasonable
                 Animal
              
               ,
               or
               an
               
                 Animal
                 capable
                 of
                 Reason
              
               ;
               he
               should
               not
               doubtless
               be
               satisfied
               with
               my
               Answer
               ,
               because
               I
               tell
               him
               what
               Man
               can
               do
               ,
               not
               what
               he
               is
               ,
               since
               he
               exists
               before
               he
               can
               reason
               .
               I
               desire
               to
               know
               what
               is
               the
               particular
               Figure
               ,
               the
               Specifick
               Fabrick
               ,
               and
               the
               inward
               Nature
               of
               Earth
               ,
               that
               makes
               it
               produce
               an
               Effect
               different
               to
               that
               of
               Water
               ;
               and
               of
               Salt
               ,
               to
               produce
               a
               different
               Effect
               to
               that
               of
               Oil.
               
            
             
               Until
               therefore
               we
               are
               more
               intimately
               acquainted
               with
               the
               different
               Bulk
               ,
               Texture
               ,
               and
               Figure
               ,
               which
               are
               the
               ground
               of
               the
               Virmes
               and
               Qualities
               of
               all
               these
               Elements
               ,
               we
               can
               give
               no
               satisfactory
               Account
               of
               their
               Effects
               ;
               and
               we
               must
               consequently
               be
               uncertain
               as
               to
               the
               Operation
               of
               a
               Remedy
               ,
               which
               has
               any
               of
               'em
               predominating
               in
               it
               .
               I
               confess
               it
               will
               be
               a
               difficult
               matter
               to
               determine
               the
               different
               bulk
               and
               figure
               of
               the
               Atoms
               of
               Principles
               ,
               
                 à
                 priori
              
               ,
               as
               they
               term
               it
               ;
               for
               they
               are
               so
               small
               and
               imperceptible
               ,
               that
               we
               cannot
               discern
               any
               of
               'em
               even
               with
               the
               most
               refin'd
               Microscopes
               :
               Yet
               I
               do
               not
               despair
               ,
               but
               by
               calculating
               and
               summing
               up
               all
               the
               Effects
               and
               Proprieties
               of
               each
               of
               'em
               by
               Reason
               ,
               I
               may
               discover
               at
               least
               
                 à
                 posteriori
              
               ,
               as
               they
               call
               it
               ,
               their
               different
               Bulk
               and
               Figure
               ,
               which
               are
               the
               only
               primary
               Qualities
               they
               differ
               in
               .
               For
               it
               is
               plain
               to
               me
               ,
               that
               when
               I
               consider
               that
               a
               drop
               of
               
                 Water
                 is
                 insipid
                 ,
                 transparent
                 ,
                 easily
                 evaporated
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 penetrates
                 most
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 and
                 dissolves
                 all
                 Salts
              
               ;
               I
               can
               reasonably
               determine
               the
               Figure
               and
               Bulk
               of
               its
               Particles
               that
               are
               sutable
               to
               these
               Phenomena
               .
               I
               can
               say
               as
               much
               of
               a
               spoonful
               of
               Earth
               ,
               when
               I
               observe
               that
               
                 it
                 is
                 spongy
                 ,
                 solid
                 ,
                 poroud
                 ,
                 friable
                 ,
                 opaque
                 ,
                 insipid
              
               ;
               that
               
                 it
                 sinks
                 in
                 Water
              
               ;
               that
               
                 it
                 cannot
                 be
                 raised
                 by
                 Fire
                 in
                 Distillation
              
               ;
               that
               
                 it
                 is
                 the
                 Matrix
                 and
                 Support
                 of
                 the
                 rest
                 of
                 the
                 Principles
                 of
                 any
                 mixt
                 Body
                 .
              
               Likewise
               of
               Oil
               or
               
               Sulphur
               ,
               when
               I
               find
               
                 it
                 is
                 fluid
                 ,
                 insipid
                 ,
                 ropy
                 ,
                 inflammable
                 ,
                 extreamly
                 penetrating
                 ,
                 and
                 immiscible
                 with
                 Water
              
               ;
               I
               can
               guess
               the
               Nature
               or
               Texture
               of
               Parts
               ,
               which
               is
               capable
               of
               such
               Effects
               .
               When
               I
               see
               that
               an
               
                 Acid
                 Salt
                 is
                 always
                 of
                 its
                 own
                 nature
                 ,
                 fluid
                 ,
                 sharp
                 ,
                 transparent
                 ,
                 penetrating
                 ;
                 that
                 it
                 dissolves
                 solid
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 and
                 coagulates
                 sulphureous
                 ones
                 ,
              
               as
               Blood
               ,
               Milk
               ,
               &c.
               
               When
               I
               consider
               that
               
                 an
                 Alkali
                 Salt
                 is
                 always
                 of
                 its
                 own
                 nature
                 solid
                 ,
                 white
                 ,
                 porous
                 ,
                 friable
                 ,
                 sharp
                 ,
                 dissolvable
                 by
                 Water
                 ,
                 easily
                 movable
              
               ;
               that
               
                 it
                 ferments
                 with
                 Acids
                 ,
                 absorbs
                 them
                 ,
                 and
                 dissolves
                 sulphureous
                 Bodies
              
               ;
               I
               can
               reasonably
               conjecture
               the
               Figure
               that
               renders
               both
               Salts
               capable
               of
               producing
               such
               different
               ,
               nay
               contrary
               Effects
               ;
               which
               I
               endeavour
               to
               perform
               in
               the
               Chymical
               and
               Anatomical
               Experiments
               ,
               which
               I
               make
               at
               present
               in
               my
               Lord
               Arch-bishop
               of
               
               Canterbury's
               Library
               ,
               which
               his
               Grace
               ,
               out
               of
               his
               wonted
               Inclination
               to
               serve
               the
               Publick
               ,
               has
               been
               pleased
               to
               give
               me
               the
               use
               of
               for
               this
               purpose
               .
            
             
               After
               having
               examin'd
               the
               nature
               of
               the
               different
               Atoms
               of
               Matter
               ,
               I
               trace
               their
               Effects
               and
               Operations
               ,
               all
               which
               I
               find
               are
               perform'd
               by
               Motion
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               only
               Cause
               of
               all
               things
               ,
               and
               which
               has
               no
               other
               Cause
               or
               Nature
               it self
               (
               that
               I
               know
               )
               but
               the
               pure
               Will
               of
               the
               Deity
               .
               For
               a
               Body
               cannot
               be
               moved
               without
               it
               receives
               all
               its
               Motion
               from
               another
               Body
               that
               is
               in
               motion
               ;
               which
               Motion
               this
               second
               Body
               receiv'd
               from
               a
               third
               ,
               that
               was
               put
               in
               motion
               by
               a
               fourth
               ,
               and
               this
               fourth
               by
               a
               fifth
               .
               So
               tracing
               backward
               to
               the
               Creation
               the
               successive
               Transit
               of
               Motion
               from
               one
               Body
               to
               another
               ,
               we
               must
               come
               to
               a
               first
               Motion
               of
               Bodies
               ,
               which
               flowed
               immediately
               from
               the
               Creator
               .
               A
               Body
               cannot
               lose
               its
               Motion
               without
               communicating
               it
               all
               to
               another
               Body
               ;
               consequently
               there
               must
               be
               the
               same
               quantity
               of
               Motion
               now
               in
               the
               World
               as
               was
               in
               the
               beginning
               .
               For
               no
               Motion
               can
               be
               lost
               ,
               and
               no
               new
               Motion
               can
               be
               produced
               .
               By
               examining
               the
               Laws
               and
               Occasions
               of
               Motion
               ,
               I
               
               consider
               the
               Nature
               ,
               Conditions
               ,
               and
               Effects
               of
               Fermentation
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               chiefest
               and
               most
               universal
               Motion
               in
               Nature
               ;
               by
               the
               means
               of
               which
               are
               formed
               so
               many
               different
               Minerals
               ,
               Vegetables
               ,
               and
               Animals
               of
               the
               different
               Proportion
               ,
               different
               Situation
               ,
               and
               different
               Application
               of
               our
               four
               Elements
               ,
               
                 Earth
                 ,
                 Water
                 ,
                 Salt
              
               and
               Sulphur
               .
               But
               my
               chief
               Design
               is
               to
               shew
               how
               the
               different
               Parts
               of
               Man's
               Body
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               principal
               Subject
               of
               this
               
                 Animal
                 Oeconomy
              
               ,
               are
               made
               of
               them
               :
               For
               out
               of
               his
               Bones
               ,
               his
               Flesh
               ,
               his
               Viscera
               ,
               and
               even
               his
               Blood
               and
               other
               Humours
               ,
               I
               draw
               in
               more
               or
               less
               quantity
               ,
               first
               Water
               ,
               then
               
                 Volatil
                 Spirit
              
               ,
               or
               Salt
               ,
               afterwards
               an
               inflammable
               Oil
               ;
               and
               there
               remains
               the
               Earth
               ,
               out
               of
               which
               I
               draw
               by
               Water
               a
               
                 fixt
                 Salt.
              
               I
               do
               not
               only
               examine
               the
               Nature
               and
               Proportion
               of
               the
               four
               essential
               Principles
               of
               our
               Body
               ,
               but
               also
               ,
               what
               is
               more
               necessary
               ,
               I
               design
               by
               Anatomy
               to
               demonstrate
               to
               the
               Eye
               the
               Structure
               ,
               Texture
               ,
               and
               Use
               of
               its
               solid
               ,
               sensible
               and
               integrant
               Parts
               ,
               as
               
                 Bones
                 ,
                 Cartilages
                 ,
                 Ligaments
                 ,
                 Muscles
                 ,
                 Membranes
                 ,
                 Veins
                 ,
                 Arteries
                 ,
                 Nerves
                 ,
                 Lymphatic
                 Vessels
                 ,
              
               and
               Glands
               ;
               all
               which
               I
               find
               to
               be
               formed
               of
               vascular
               Fibres
               of
               the
               same
               kind
               :
               for
               I
               do
               not
               see
               that
               the
               Fibres
               of
               a
               Muscle
               differ
               from
               them
               of
               a
               Tendon
               ,
               nor
               the
               Fibres
               of
               a
               Membrane
               from
               them
               of
               a
               Ligament
               ,
               nor
               them
               of
               a
               Cartilage
               from
               the
               Fibres
               of
               a
               Bone
               ,
               nor
               the
               Fibres
               of
               any
               part
               ,
               as
               for
               their
               Structure
               ,
               from
               the
               Fibres
               of
               all
               the
               parts
               .
               I
               confess
               the
               Fibres
               of
               some
               parts
               of
               the
               Body
               are
               more
               strictly
               united
               together
               than
               others
               ,
               which
               makes
               the
               Compactness
               of
               some
               Parts
               ,
               and
               the
               Limberness
               of
               others
               ;
               so
               all
               parts
               differ
               from
               one
               another
               ,
               only
               in
               a
               stricter
               or
               looser
               Union
               of
               their
               Fibres
               ;
               since
               we
               find
               by
               Experience
               ,
               that
               Flesh
               becomes
               as
               hard
               as
               Bone
               ,
               and
               Bone
               as
               soft
               as
               Flesh
               :
               For
               we
               frequently
               discover
               in
               dissecting
               dead
               Bodies
               ,
               that
               the
               Center
               of
               the
               Heart
               ,
               which
               is
               naturally
               fleshy
               ,
               that
               the
               Aorta
               near
               the
               Heart
               ,
               that
               Ligaments
               ,
               and
               Cartilages
               
               turn
               to
               solid
               Bone
               ;
               we
               observe
               likewise
               that
               Bones
               in
               the
               Rickets
               ,
               and
               by
               Monsieur
               
               Papin's
               way
               of
               boiling
               them
               ,
               become
               as
               pliable
               as
               the
               Flesh
               of
               Muscles
               .
            
             
               Before
               I
               shew
               the
               Parts
               of
               the
               Body
               ,
               I
               shall
               first
               examine
               the
               Humours
               ,
               and
               chiefly
               the
               Principles
               ,
               Texture
               ,
               Fluidity
               ,
               Circulation
               ,
               and
               Fermentation
               of
               the
               Blood
               ,
               the
               Seat
               of
               the
               different
               Constitutions
               and
               Distempers
               of
               Mankind
               .
               Afterwards
               I
               shall
               consider
               how
               the
               Blood
               is
               repaired
               by
               Digestion
               and
               Chyle
               ;
               how
               it
               is
               rarefied
               by
               the
               Air
               in
               the
               Lungs
               ,
               how
               it
               furnisheth
               Animal
               Spirits
               in
               the
               Brain
               for
               motion
               in
               the
               Muscles
               ,
               and
               Sensation
               in
               the
               five
               Organs
               :
               What
               Alteration
               it
               receives
               in
               the
               Liver
               ,
               in
               all
               Lymphatick
               Glands
               ,
               in
               the
               Spleen
               ,
               Kidnies
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Parts
               of
               Generation
               ;
               how
               it
               nourisheth
               so
               many
               different
               Parts
               of
               the
               Body
               at
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               as
               the
               same
               Water
               seeds
               several
               thousands
               of
               different
               Plants
               in
               the
               same
               Garden
               ;
               and
               how
               after
               some
               Periods
               of
               Years
               the
               Springs
               of
               the
               solid
               Parts
               must
               be
               worn
               out
               ,
               the
               Vigor
               of
               the
               Body
               decay
               ,
               old
               Age
               must
               come
               on
               ,
               and
               be
               necessarily
               followed
               by
               Death
               ;
               where
               I
               must
               examine
               the
               Laws
               of
               the
               Union
               ,
               Correspondence
               ,
               and
               Separation
               of
               the
               Soul
               and
               Body
               .
            
             
               You
               have
               here
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               a
               short
               Extract
               of
               my
               Animal
               Oeconomy
               ,
               by
               which
               you
               may
               perceive
               that
               my
               Design
               in
               it
               ,
               is
               ,
               by
               dissecting
               many
               Animals
               ,
               (
               as
               they
               shall
               best
               serve
               my
               purpose
               )
               and
               by
               several
               Experiments
               of
               Chymistry
               ,
               to
               discover
               and
               explain
               the
               
                 Fabrick
                 ,
                 Springs
                 ,
                 Humours
                 ,
                 and
                 Functions
                 of
                 Organical
                 Bodies
                 ,
              
               but
               chiefly
               of
               the
               Human
               ,
               which
               ,
               I
               hope
               ,
               will
               considerably
               facilitate
               the
               Practice
               of
               Physick
               ,
               and
               satisfy
               the
               Enquiries
               of
               the
               Curious
               .
               But
               those
               Gentlemen
               do
               me
               an
               Injury
               ,
               who
               give
               it
               out
               that
               this
               is
               a
               bare
               Course
               of
               Anatomy
               .
               Truly
               that
               were
               a
               mean
               and
               useless
               Business
               :
               for
               ,
               as
               I
               have
               often
               hinted
               ,
               I
               am
               of
               opinion
               that
               Anatomy
               can
               never
               be
               well
               understood
               without
               not
               only
               Chymistry
               ,
               but
               a
               tolerable
               Insight
               into
               the
               
               other
               parts
               of
               Natural
               Philosophy
               ;
               for
               which
               reason
               I
               comprehend
               them
               all
               together
               ,
               to
               shew
               their
               mutual
               dependance
               ,
               and
               how
               they
               contribute
               to
               the
               knowledg
               of
               one
               another
               ,
               which
               is
               perhaps
               a
               Method
               not
               commonly
               followed
               .
               Tho
               several
               may
               be
               more
               capable
               of
               it
               ,
               yet
               none
               can
               be
               more
               willing
               to
               communicate
               it
               to
               the
               Publick
               than
               I
               am
               .
            
             
               As
               for
               what
               other
               Persons
               have
               taught
               or
               asserted
               in
               I
               hysick
               ,
               I
               am
               not
               to
               consider
               their
               Authority
               ,
               or
               the
               number
               of
               their
               Followers
               ,
               but
               how
               well
               they
               have
               performed
               what
               they
               pretended
               to
               .
               Without
               this
               liberty
               ,
               there
               would
               be
               no
               hopes
               of
               Improvement
               ,
               or
               any
               further
               progress
               in
               Physick
               ,
               nor
               no
               other
               Labour
               be
               necessary
               to
               attain
               it
               ,
               but
               much
               Reading
               and
               a
               happy
               Memory
               .
               It
               would
               be
               needless
               for
               us
               to
               be
               at
               the
               Pains
               and
               Expences
               of
               travelling
               into
               foreign
               and
               remote
               Countries
               ,
               to
               converse
               with
               learned
               and
               experienc'd
               Persons
               ,
               to
               learn
               their
               different
               Methods
               and
               Maxims
               of
               curing
               Diseases
               ,
               to
               observe
               a
               great
               variety
               of
               Distempers
               and
               Symptoms
               in
               infectious
               Hospitals
               ,
               to
               open
               so
               many
               dead
               Carcases
               ,
               and
               to
               try
               a
               great
               number
               of
               Experiments
               ,
               if
               the
               Dictates
               of
               Hippocrates
               ,
               or
               Galen
               ,
               or
               any
               other
               Author
               ,
               were
               infallible
               Rules
               for
               us
               to
               follow
               in
               the
               Practice
               of
               Physick
               .
               Since
               therefore
               Experience
               and
               Reason
               are
               our
               only
               Guides
               ,
               no
               Body
               is
               to
               take
               it
               amiss
               if
               I
               censure
               such
               as
               wrote
               before
               me
               ,
               with
               as
               much
               Justice
               as
               they
               did
               their
               Predecessors
               ;
               for
               I
               'm
               sworn
               to
               no
               Master
               .
            
             
               You
               know
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               that
               the
               Place
               and
               Time
               are
               most
               convenient
               ,
               and
               I
               hope
               you
               may
               give
               us
               often
               the
               honour
               of
               your
               Company
               ,
               and
               according
               to
               your
               wonted
               Candor
               ,
               both
               do
               me
               Justice
               to
               your
               curious
               Friends
               ,
               and
               ,
               where
               I
               speak
               amiss
               ,
               convince
               me
               of
               it
               ,
               in
               which
               you
               will
               oblige
               ,
            
             
               
                 Lond.
                 
                 
                   Feb.
                   12.
                   1695.
                   
                
              
               
                 Worthy
                 Sir
                 ,
              
               
                 Your
                 very
                 Humble
                 Servant
                 ,
                 
                   Bernard
                   Connor
                
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
             
               
                 A
                 LETTER
                 to
                 his
                 Reverend
                 Friend
                 Dean
              
               J.
               R.
               concerning
               Evangelium
               Medici
               ,
               seu
               Medicina
               mystica
               de
               suspensis
               Naturae
               Legibus
               :
            
             
               OR
               ,
               
                 A
                 Latin
                 Treatise
                 lately
                 published
                 at
              
               London
               ,
               
                 in
                 which
                 supernatural
                 Effects
                 are
                 philosophically
                 compar'd
                 with
                 natural
                 ones
                 ,
                 and
                 explain'd
                 by
                 the
                 Principles
                 of
                 Physick
                 ,
                 the
                 not
                 consider'd
                 within
                 the
                 reach
                 of
                 Natural
                 Causes
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 SIR
                 ,
              
            
             
               I
               Should
               be
               proud
               to
               meet
               with
               some
               occasion
               to
               give
               you
               a
               Testimony
               of
               my
               Respect
               and
               Gratitude
               ,
               and
               to
               shew
               you
               how
               sensible
               I
               am
               of
               the
               Happiness
               of
               having
               been
               educated
               in
               my
               Youth
               by
               so
               learned
               a
               Master
               :
               I
               am
               sorry
               the
               distance
               between
               us
               ,
               and
               the
               difficulty
               of
               Carriage
               gives
               me
               no
               opportunity
               of
               sending
               you
               the
               Treatise
               you
               heard
               of
               concerning
               
                 the
                 Suspensions
                 of
                 the
                 Laws
                 of
                 Nature
                 .
              
               I
               can
               only
               at
               present
               promise
               to
               give
               you
               a
               general
               Idea
               of
               my
               Design
               in
               that
               Book
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               occasion
               that
               put
               me
               upon
               examining
               these
               Matters
               .
               I
               have
               been
               present
               often
               at
               some
               Disputes
               about
               supernatural
               Effects
               ,
               in
               which
               some
               maintain'd
               that
               there
               could
               have
               never
               been
               any
               perform'd
               :
               and
               last
               Year
               I
               happen'd
               to
               be
               accidentally
               ingag'd
               against
               the
               Objections
               of
               some
               Persons
               ,
               who
               pretended
               they
               could
               not
               conceive
               either
               the
               possibility
               ,
               or
               the
               manner
               of
               them
               .
            
             
             
               These
               Objections
               I
               looked
               upon
               as
               weak
               in
               themselves
               ,
               and
               seeming
               to
               imply
               ,
               That
               either
               a
               Supream
               Being
               cou'd
               do
               nothing
               but
               what
               their
               Faculties
               were
               capable
               to
               comprehend
               ;
               or
               ,
               that
               there
               was
               a
               necessity
               ,
               that
               ,
               to
               convince
               Unbelievers
               ,
               to
               confirm
               some
               important
               Truth
               ,
               or
               to
               bring
               about
               some
               other
               great
               or
               weighty
               End
               ,
               it
               were
               requisite
               that
               the
               Deity
               should
               not
               only
               work
               an
               extraordinary
               and
               surprizing
               Effect
               ,
               but
               also
               shew
               them
               the
               way
               and
               manner
               how
               it
               was
               perform'd
               .
               We
               freely
               own'd
               ,
               That
               such
               Operations
               as
               are
               look'd
               upon
               supernatural
               ,
               cannot
               be
               perform'd
               by
               the
               stated
               Laws
               of
               Nature
               ,
               but
               immediately
               by
               a
               Supream
               Power
               ,
               for
               some
               great
               Design
               .
            
             
               This
               Answer
               ,
               as
               being
               undeniably
               true
               ,
               they
               could
               not
               but
               admit
               :
               and
               tho
               where
               the
               Relaters
               were
               of
               an
               undoubted
               Credit
               and
               Veracity
               ,
               they
               could
               not
               but
               believe
               those
               Performances
               were
               supernatural
               ;
               yet
               ,
               for
               their
               clearer
               Satisfaction
               ,
               they
               desir'd
               my
               further
               Thoughts
               concerning
               the
               manner
               of
               such
               Supernatural
               Effects
               .
            
             
               This
               being
               above
               my
               Sphere
               ,
               which
               reaches
               no
               further
               than
               Physick
               ,
               or
               Nature
               in
               its
               ordinary
               Operations
               ,
               wherein
               ,
               however
               ,
               I
               find
               Matter
               more
               than
               sufficient
               to
               imploy
               my
               Time
               and
               Thoughts
               ,
               and
               wherein
               I
               plainly
               see
               the
               Existence
               ,
               and
               can
               never
               sufficiently
               admire
               the
               constant
               Providence
               of
               a
               Deity
               ;
               yet
               being
               willing
               to
               comply
               with
               their
               Desires
               ,
               I
               promised
               I
               would
               give
               them
               what
               Satisfaction
               I
               could
               therein
               .
            
             
               This
               ,
               indeed
               ,
               was
               not
               the
               first
               time
               the
               very
               same
               Difficulties
               had
               been
               proposed
               in
               my
               hearing
               ;
               for
               I
               had
               formerly
               discoursed
               with
               others
               ,
               both
               in
               this
               and
               other
               Countries
               ,
               upon
               the
               same
               Subject
               ,
               and
               had
               some
               Years
               ago
               drawn
               up
               a
               rude
               Scheme
               of
               an
               Essay
               towards
               the
               clearing
               of
               this
               Point
               .
               But
               if
               this
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               occasion
               ,
               had
               not
               put
               me
               upon
               reviewing
               this
               Paper
               ,
               I
               might
               never
               have
               given
               my self
               ,
               or
               any
               body
               else
               ,
               the
               trouble
               of
               reading
               it
               .
               But
               having
               thus
               unwarily
               engag'd
               my self
               ,
               I
               resolved
               
               to
               revise
               this
               Design
               ,
               and
               to
               give
               those
               Persons
               a
               sight
               of
               it
               :
               This
               I
               did
               accordingly
               ,
               and
               afterwards
               shew'd
               it
               to
               some
               Friends
               .
            
             
               They
               owned
               the
               Notions
               I
               advanced
               ,
               and
               the
               ways
               of
               Explication
               I
               proposed
               were
               new
               to
               them
               ,
               and
               might
               be
               so
               to
               others
               ;
               and
               tho
               they
               were
               not
               ,
               nor
               could
               be
               convinc'd
               that
               these
               were
               the
               very
               ways
               the
               Supream
               Power
               proceeded
               in
               the
               effecting
               of
               such
               Operations
               ,
               yet
               they
               seemed
               inclinable
               to
               imagine
               ,
               that
               upon
               these
               Principles
               supernatural
               Effects
               ,
               and
               the
               Operations
               of
               them
               ,
               were
               conceivable
               by
               such
               as
               know
               any
               thing
               of
               the
               Nature
               and
               Laws
               of
               Motion
               .
            
             
               This
               Communication
               of
               my
               Thoughts
               gave
               oecasion
               to
               others
               to
               discourse
               with
               me
               about
               them
               ,
               and
               to
               desire
               that
               if
               I
               did
               intend
               to
               publish
               them
               ,
               I
               would
               in
               the
               mean
               time
               give
               them
               ,
               at
               least
               ,
               the
               general
               Heads
               of
               my
               Design
               .
            
             
               This
               I
               was
               willing
               to
               have
               been
               excused
               in
               ,
               as
               having
               not
               digested
               them
               into
               that
               Order
               I
               might
               at
               last
               publish
               them
               in
               ,
               and
               was
               willing
               to
               reserve
               to
               my self
               a
               Power
               of
               making
               what
               Additions
               or
               Retrenchments
               I
               should
               afterwards
               think
               fit
               to
               make
               ;
               but
               the
               Plan
               of
               the
               Essay
               happening
               not
               to
               be
               fully
               represented
               ,
               and
               afterwards
               being
               worse
               understood
               and
               commented
               upon
               ,
               I
               at
               last
               resolv'd
               to
               publish
               it
               as
               soon
               as
               I
               could
               ,
               seeing
               Persons
               industriously
               reported
               things
               I
               never
               thought
               of
               .
            
             
               My
               Design
               therefore
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               is
               to
               endeavour
               to
               make
               it
               no
               longer
               a
               Difficulty
               to
               conceive
               ,
               and
               make
               evident
               by
               Reason
               ,
               and
               the
               Principles
               of
               Physick
               ,
               I
               mean
               the
               Principles
               of
               Nature
               ,
               all
               the
               supernatural
               Effects
               authentically
               delivered
               to
               us
               concerning
               Bodies
               chiefly
               ,
               but
               particularly
               the
               Humane
               :
               I
               mean
               ,
               supposing
               those
               Effects
               to
               be
               true
               Matters
               of
               Fact
               ,
               and
               all
               Matters
               of
               Fact
               ,
               as
               well
               Natural
               as
               Supernatural
               ,
               to
               be
               immediate
               Effects
               of
               a
               Supream
               Being
               ,
               which
               must
               be
               granted
               ;
               it
               is
               as
               easy
               to
               conceive
               the
               manner
               how
               this
               Infinite
               Power
               may
               be
               apply'd
               to
               Bodies
               ,
               to
               work
               supernatural
               
               Effects
               ,
               as
               to
               produce
               the
               common
               Phaenomena
               of
               Nature
               .
               By
               this
               I
               hope
               to
               convince
               our
               Scepticks
               ,
               the
               Deists
               ,
               who
               must
               give
               their
               Assent
               ,
               when
               they
               have
               the
               same
               evident
               Reason
               to
               conceive
               the
               Possibility
               ,
               and
               consequently
               to
               believe
               the
               Truth
               of
               such
               miraculous
               Effects
               ,
               that
               are
               authentically
               related
               ,
               as
               they
               have
               to
               conceive
               that
               Straw
               can
               burn
               in
               a
               flaming
               Fire
               .
            
             
               The
               Foundation
               I
               go
               upon
               ,
               is
               the
               Structure
               of
               the
               Human
               Body
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               often
               taken
               to
               pieces
               by
               Anatomy
               ,
               and
               resolv'd
               into
               its
               essential
               Elements
               ,
               or
               minute
               Particles
               by
               Chymistry
               :
               for
               I
               find
               it
               as
               necessary
               to
               be
               acquainted
               with
               its
               Fabrick
               ,
               to
               give
               an
               Account
               of
               the
               miraculous
               States
               it
               is
               supposed
               to
               have
               been
               in
               supernaturally
               ,
               as
               it
               is
               to
               explain
               the
               natural
               Effects
               commonly
               produc'd
               in
               it
               .
               For
               want
               of
               a
               sufficient
               Insight
               in
               this
               matter
               ,
               several
               Divines
               of
               the
               latter
               Ages
               have
               given
               very
               gross
               Ideas
               of
               the
               supernatural
               Effects
               they
               have
               pretended
               to
               explain
               ;
               and
               in
               several
               places
               where
               I
               have
               been
               ,
               I
               saw
               them
               ,
               either
               through
               Ignorance
               ,
               or
               for
               Interest
               ,
               give
               out
               for
               Miracles
               ,
               Phaenomena
               ,
               that
               were
               only
               surprizing
               Effects
               of
               Natural
               Causes
               ,
               which
               has
               given
               so
               great
               an
               occasion
               to
               Scepticism
               ,
               and
               increase
               of
               Deism
               .
            
             
               Having
               laid
               down
               for
               my
               Basis
               the
               Structure
               of
               the
               Human
               Body
               ,
               as
               far
               as
               I
               could
               discover
               from
               my
               Senses
               ,
               Anatomy
               ,
               Fire
               ,
               Microscopes
               ,
               and
               Experiments
               ,
               I
               proceed
               to
               examine
               ,
               and
               endeavour
               to
               explain
               the
               different
               ways
               its
               natural
               State
               is
               suppos'd
               to
               have
               been
               supernaturally
               alter'd
               by
               an
               Infinite
               Power
               :
               For
               ,
               finding
               that
               the
               Human
               Body
               is
               all
               Matter
               ,
               and
               that
               all
               this
               Matter
               is
               nothing
               but
               a
               Union
               of
               Particles
               with
               Bulk
               ,
               Figure
               ,
               and
               respective
               Situation
               ,
               I
               thought
               that
               all
               the
               Alterations
               that
               could
               supernaturally
               happen
               to
               this
               Bulk
               ,
               Figure
               ,
               or
               situation
               ,
               could
               be
               conceiv'd
               .
               But
               before
               I
               enter
               upon
               those
               nice
               Subjects
               ,
               I
               find
               it
               first
               necessary
               to
               enquire
               into
               the
               
                 Cause
                 ,
                 Nature
              
               ,
               and
               
                 Laws
                 of
                 Motion
              
               ,
               because
               Motion
               is
               the
               only
               true
               Cause
               of
               all
               Natural
               
               Phaenomena
               ;
               and
               the
               Suspensions
               of
               the
               Laws
               of
               this
               Motion
               ,
               are
               the
               only
               Causes
               of
               all
               supernatural
               Effects
               .
               I
               conceive
               the
               Laws
               of
               Motion
               can
               be
               suspended
               three
               different
               ways
               ;
               and
               by
               one
               or
               more
               of
               those
               Laws
               of
               Suspension
               ,
               it
               is
               as
               easy
               to
               solve
               clearly
               all
               supernatural
               Effects
               ,
               as
               it
               is
               to
               explain
               the
               most
               evident
               Effects
               of
               Natural
               Causes
               by
               the
               common
               Laws
               of
               Motion
               .
            
             
               Tho
               I
               mention
               ,
               that
               all
               supernatural
               Effects
               whatsoever
               can
               be
               easily
               reduc'd
               to
               some
               of
               the
               three
               Laws
               of
               Suspension
               of
               Motion
               ,
               notwithstanding
               I
               do
               not
               design
               to
               speak
               of
               them
               all
               in
               particular
               ,
               but
               of
               such
               only
               as
               are
               most
               in
               dispute
               among
               the
               Learned
               :
               Yet
               any
               understanding
               Man
               may
               easily
               make
               his
               Application
               ,
               and
               resolve
               all
               other
               miraculous
               Effects
               into
               one
               or
               other
               of
               '
               em
               .
            
             
               By
               the
               
                 Suspension
                 of
                 the
                 Laws
                 of
                 Motion
                 ,
              
               I
               do
               not
               mean
               that
               these
               Laws
               are
               changed
               or
               abrogated
               ,
               but
               only
               that
               their
               Course
               is
               stopt
               ,
               while
               an
               Effect
               is
               produc'd
               by
               the
               immediate
               Action
               of
               the
               Deity
               ,
               without
               any
               Influence
               of
               theirs
               ,
               for
               some
               particular
               end
               :
               and
               it
               cannot
               be
               denied
               but
               that
               the
               Supream
               Legislator
               ,
               who
               made
               first
               the
               Laws
               ,
               may
               suspend
               them
               when
               he
               pleases
               ;
               and
               in
               that
               state
               of
               Suspension
               produce
               of
               himself
               alone
               ,
               without
               their
               Concurrence
               ,
               the
               same
               Effects
               ,
               which
               are
               wont
               to
               be
               produced
               only
               by
               the
               same
               Laws
               put
               in
               Execution
               .
               So
               that
               tho
               a
               Body
               ,
               for
               Example
               ,
               of
               a
               hundred
               Pound
               Weight
               ,
               by
               the
               established
               Laws
               of
               Motion
               must
               be
               moved
               by
               another
               that
               has
               several
               degrees
               of
               Motion
               ,
               yet
               an
               Infinite
               Power
               may
               of
               himself
               ,
               either
               move
               it
               without
               the
               Concurrence
               of
               another
               Body
               ,
               or
               hinder
               its
               being
               moved
               by
               any
               other
               Body
               of
               what
               weight
               soever
               ,
               tho
               put
               into
               the
               most
               rapid
               Motion
               ;
               as
               if
               combustible
               Matter
               should
               be
               in
               a
               flaming
               Fire
               without
               burning
               .
            
             
               Because
               my
               Design
               in
               that
               Book
               is
               to
               explain
               all
               the
               supernatural
               States
               that
               our
               Body
               is
               supposed
               to
               have
               been
               put
               into
               ;
               and
               since
               its
               being
               in
               two
               places
               at
               once
               ,
               is
               the
               State
               the
               most
               disputed
               and
               doubted
               
               of
               ,
               I
               thought
               it
               convenient
               to
               examine
               the
               Reasons
               of
               those
               that
               assert
               it
               capable
               of
               being
               in
               several
               places
               at
               once
               ,
               to
               see
               whether
               they
               are
               reconcileable
               with
               our
               Senses
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               Nature
               and
               Structure
               of
               a
               Human
               Body
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               chief
               thing
               to
               be
               consider'd
               .
               I
               find
               it
               impostible
               to
               conceive
               that
               a
               Human
               Body
               can
               be
               in
               two
               places
               at
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               after
               the
               manner
               they
               have
               hitherto
               describ'd
               ,
               since
               
                 the
                 same
                 Human
                 Body
                 can
                 never
                 be
                 in
                 two
                 places
                 at
                 once
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 Bulk
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 quantity
                 of
                 Matter
                 .
              
            
             
               It
               is
               true
               ,
               that
               considering
               the
               Divisibility
               of
               Matter
               ,
               the
               Structure
               of
               the
               Human
               Body
               ,
               the
               smalness
               of
               the
               first
               Stamina
               of
               the
               Embryo
               and
               Foetus
               ,
               and
               the
               Principles
               and
               Mechanism
               of
               Generation
               ,
               I
               have
               thought
               of
               one
               particular
               way
               ,
               different
               from
               all
               that
               has
               ever
               been
               said
               upon
               this
               Subject
               ,
               by
               which
               I
               may
               conceive
               ,
               that
               tho
               the
               self-same
               numerical
               Particles
               of
               Matter
               can
               never
               be
               in
               two
               places
               at
               once
               ,
               yet
               a
               Human
               Body
               ,
               tho
               not
               the
               rational
               Soul
               ,
               can
               be
               multiplied
               by
               an
               Infinite
               Power
               :
               But
               since
               we
               have
               no
               evident
               Proof
               ,
               or
               Experience
               ,
               that
               any
               Human
               Body
               has
               ever
               been
               thus
               multiplied
               ;
               and
               because
               from
               conceiving
               the
               poslibility
               of
               it
               ,
               it
               is
               thought
               People
               may
               perhaps
               hereafter
               take
               occasion
               to
               draw
               several
               Consequences
               that
               may
               be
               liable
               to
               dangerous
               Constructions
               ,
               and
               lead
               into
               erroneous
               Speculations
               ,
               I
               was
               advised
               ,
               and
               was
               willing
               to
               decline
               treating
               of
               this
               Subject
               ,
               having
               no
               mind
               to
               meddle
               with
               Scripture
               or
               Religion
               ,
               being
               not
               my
               Province
               .
               Wherefore
               I
               have
               endeavour'd
               only
               〈◊〉
               explain
               those
               supernatural
               Effects
               that
               most
               People
               agree
               upon
               ,
               submitting
               my
               Judgment
               to
               greater
               Capacities
               :
               For
               I
               had
               no
               other
               Design
               in
               that
               Book
               ,
               but
               to
               enquire
               how
               far
               we
               may
               look
               into
               ,
               and
               confirm
               
                 Supernatural
                 Effects
              
               ,
               those
               chiefly
               that
               r●●●te
               to
               Organical
               Bodies
               ,
               by
               the
               Principles
               of
               Physick
               .
            
             
               Sir
               ,
               the
               Learned
               and
               Judicious
               Gentlemen
               of
               your
               Gown
               can
               have
               no
               reason
               to
               complain
               that
               I
               
               have
               invaded
               their
               Province
               ,
               or
               encroached
               upon
               their
               Prerogatives
               :
               For
               I
               do
               not
               undertake
               to
               prove
               that
               there
               were
               ever
               any
               supernatural
               Effects
               produced
               ,
               that
               matter
               I
               think
               belongs
               entirely
               to
               Divines
               to
               make
               evident
               from
               authentick
               Testimony
               ;
               I
               only
               endeavour
               to
               demonstrate
               the
               Possibility
               of
               them
               ,
               and
               if
               there
               were
               ever
               any
               ,
               to
               explain
               the
               Mode
               and
               Mechanism
               with
               which
               we
               may
               conceive
               how
               they
               might
               have
               been
               perform'd
               :
               This
               is
               not
               doing
               any
               Prejudice
               to
               your
               Profestion
               ;
               for
               I
               have
               that
               Respect
               to
               the
               Church
               ,
               and
               that
               Deference
               to
               the
               Clergy
               ,
               that
               I
               did
               nothing
               in
               this
               matter
               without
               the
               Advice
               and
               Approbation
               of
               those
               of
               them
               that
               are
               in
               the
               highest
               Station
               :
               And
               they
               own'd
               ,
               that
               tho
               this
               Subject
               had
               never
               been
               yet
               handled
               by
               any
               Physician
               ,
               nor
               indeed
               by
               any
               Divine
               that
               I
               know
               of
               ,
               yet
               it
               was
               only
               a
               Physician
               's
               business
               to
               treat
               of
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               Principles
               of
               Natural
               Philosophy
               and
               Physick
               .
               For
               since
               it
               is
               on
               all
               sides
               acknowledged
               ,
               that
               miraculous
               Effects
               are
               above
               Natural
               Causes
               ,
               no
               People
               can
               better
               judg
               whether
               any
               Effect
               is
               really
               supernatural
               ,
               than
               those
               that
               make
               it
               their
               Business
               and
               Profession
               to
               know
               how
               far
               the
               Activity
               of
               Natural
               Causes
               can
               reach
               .
               For
               Physicians
               may
               find
               sometimes
               that
               what
               the
               wilful
               Mistakes
               of
               some
               ,
               and
               the
               Ignorance
               of
               others
               take
               for
               supernatural
               ,
               is
               the
               visible
               Effect
               of
               a
               Natural
               Cause
               ,
               as
               I
               observ'd
               once
               at
               Rome
               some
               Years
               since
               :
               passing
               by
               chance
               through
               the
               
                 Strada
                 del
                 Popolo
              
               ,
               I
               saw
               a
               multitude
               of
               People
               hurrying
               a
               Man
               to
               St.
               
               Mark
               's
               Chappel
               ,
               which
               belongs
               to
               the
               Venetian
               Embassadors
               ;
               they
               told
               me
               that
               he
               was
               possess'd
               with
               the
               Devil
               ,
               and
               that
               they
               ,
               were
               carrying
               him
               to
               be
               exorcis'd
               :
               I
               crowded
               thro
               the
               Throng
               into
               the
               Church
               ,
               and
               felt
               the
               Man's
               Pulse
               ;
               I
               found
               him
               in
               a
               Fever
               ,
               making
               hideous
               Grimaces
               and
               Motions
               with
               his
               Face
               ,
               Eyes
               ,
               Tongue
               ,
               and
               all
               his
               Limbs
               ,
               which
               were
               nothing
               else
               but
               a
               fit
               of
               Convulsive
               Motions
               all
               over
               his
               Body
               ,
               occasion'd
               by
               disorder
               of
               his
               Blood
               and
               Spirits
               ,
               being
               a
               Hypochondriacal
               
               Person
               .
               The
               Clergy
               and
               People
               began
               very
               devoutly
               to
               fright
               the
               pretended
               Devil
               out
               of
               him
               ,
               and
               in
               a
               little
               time
               his
               disorderly
               Motions
               ceased
               ,
               which
               ,
               as
               they
               thought
               to
               be
               the
               miraculous
               Effect
               of
               their
               Prayers
               ,
               I
               attributed
               to
               the
               natural
               abatement
               and
               usual
               cessation
               of
               such
               Fits.
               
            
             
               Every
               understanding
               Naturalist
               knows
               that
               an
               able
               Chymist
               can
               work
               such
               surprizing
               Effects
               in
               his
               Art
               as
               may
               very
               easily
               pass
               for
               Miracles
               with
               such
               as
               are
               unacquainted
               how
               far
               the
               force
               of
               Natural
               Causes
               can
               extend
               .
               It
               would
               seem
               to
               'em
               very
               astonishing
               to
               see
               two
               Liquors
               ,
               that
               are
               cold
               of
               their
               own
               nature
               ,
               ferment
               ,
               boil
               ,
               and
               become
               very
               hot
               ,
               without
               any
               visible
               Cause
               to
               put
               them
               in
               motion
               :
               To
               see
               
                 Aqua
                 Regalis
              
               dissolve
               Massy
               Gold
               ,
               
                 Aqua
                 Fortis
              
               dissolve
               Silver
               ,
               Iron
               ,
               Mercury
               ,
               and
               most
               other
               Minerals
               ;
               to
               see
               the
               
                 Spirit
                 of
                 Nitre
              
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Oil
                 of
                 Cloves
              
               ,
               which
               separately
               are
               very
               quiet
               ,
               turn
               into
               a
               burning
               Flame
               when
               mixed
               together
               ;
               to
               see
               transparent
               Liquors
               when
               mixed
               ,
               turn
               red
               ,
               green
               ,
               white
               ,
               and
               into
               all
               sorts
               of
               Colours
               .
               I
               say
               nothing
               of
               the
               Phosphorus
               ,
               of
               the
               surprizing
               Effects
               of
               the
               ,
               
                 Air
                 Pump
              
               ,
               of
               the
               
                 Elasticity
                 of
                 the
                 Air
              
               ,
               of
               the
               Magnet
               ,
               nor
               of
               an
               infinite
               number
               of
               other
               wonderful
               Phaenomena
               in
               Nature
               :
               which
               tho
               they
               may
               be
               common
               ,
               yet
               they
               are
               not
               the
               less
               surprizing
               ,
               because
               their
               Cause
               is
               as
               hid
               from
               those
               that
               do
               not
               ,
               and
               even
               to
               those
               that
               do
               study
               Nature
               ,
               as
               that
               of
               supernatural
               Effects
               is
               to
               those
               Naturalists
               who
               trace
               Natural
               Causes
               to
               their
               highest
               Sphere
               of
               Activity
               .
               I
               do
               not
               doubt
               but
               that
               if
               the
               Missionaries
               that
               are
               sent
               from
               the
               Western
               Churches
               to
               convert
               the
               Pagans
               of
               the
               Eastern
               Nations
               ,
               were
               as
               well
               vers'd
               in
               Anatomy
               and
               Chymistry
               ,
               as
               they
               are
               in
               the
               Tenets
               of
               the
               Christian
               Religion
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Mathematicks
               ;
               and
               that
               if
               they
               did
               but
               dazel
               the
               Eyes
               of
               these
               ignorant
               People
               with
               a
               great
               many
               curious
               and
               useful
               Experiments
               in
               these
               two
               fundamental
               Branches
               of
               Physick
               ,
               they
               would
               perhaps
               make
               as
               deep
               Impressions
               upon
               their
               Minds
               ,
               and
               
               give
               them
               as
               convincing
               Testimonies
               of
               the
               Power
               and
               Legality
               of
               their
               Mission
               ,
               as
               they
               can
               at
               present
               by
               the
               spiritual
               or
               indelible
               Character
               ,
               they
               say
               is
               inherent
               in
               them
               by
               virtue
               of
               their
               Commission
               .
            
             
               Pope
               Clement
               the
               Tenth
               knew
               well
               the
               Effects
               Chymistry
               artfully
               applied
               might
               produce
               in
               the
               minds
               of
               ignorant
               People
               ,
               when
               he
               secured
               the
               Person
               of
               the
               famous
               Italian
               
                 Signor
                 Borri
              
               ,
               who
               about
               five
               and
               thirty
               Years
               ago
               by
               his
               Skill
               in
               Chymistry
               did
               work
               several
               extraordinary
               Cures
               on
               Diseases
               in
               Germany
               ,
               and
               gain'd
               such
               universal
               Reputation
               all
               over
               the
               Empire
               and
               the
               Northern
               Kingdoms
               ,
               that
               (
               as
               it
               was
               reported
               of
               him
               )
               he
               thought
               he
               had
               Credit
               and
               Opportunity
               sufficient
               to
               invent
               and
               propagate
               a
               new
               Religion
               ,
               by
               making
               his
               surprizing
               Experiments
               in
               Chymistry
               pass
               for
               Miracles
               ;
               which
               he
               might
               easily
               have
               done
               ,
               since
               Chymistry
               being
               then
               in
               its
               Minority
               ,
               was
               not
               much
               known
               in
               the
               World.
               But
               the
               Pope
               foreseeing
               the
               ill
               Consequence
               such
               a
               Design
               might
               produce
               ,
               gave
               timely
               Orders
               to
               his
               Nuncio
               ,
               then
               at
               Vienna
               ,
               to
               desire
               the
               present
               Emperor
               to
               get
               him
               seiz'd
               ;
               which
               being
               accordingly
               done
               ,
               he
               was
               sent
               Prisoner
               to
               Rome
               ,
               on
               condition
               nevertheless
               that
               his
               Life
               should
               be
               safe
               ,
               here
               he
               lived
               in
               
                 Castello
                 St.
                 Angelo
              
               for
               several
               Years
               ,
               where
               I
               saw
               him
               ,
               and
               his
               curious
               Laboratory
               for
               Chymistry
               allowed
               him
               for
               his
               Diversion
               ;
               no
               body
               was
               admitted
               to
               discourse
               him
               without
               special
               leave
               ,
               for
               fear
               ,
               I
               suppose
               ,
               he
               should
               inform
               the
               World
               either
               of
               his
               pretended
               new
               Doctrine
               ,
               or
               of
               the
               Injustice
               he
               might
               intimate
               that
               was
               done
               to
               him
               .
               He
               died
               lately
               in
               this
               close
               Confinement
               since
               I
               have
               been
               at
               Rome
               .
            
             
               Thus
               ,
               Sir
               ,
               I
               have
               given
               you
               as
               succinct
               and
               comprehensive
               an
               Account
               of
               my
               Design
               in
               that
               Book
               as
               I
               could
               well
               express
               in
               so
               few
               Lines
               ,
               by
               which
               you
               will
               believe
               perhaps
               that
               I
               have
               done
               nothing
               in
               treating
               of
               those
               Matters
               ,
               but
               what
               
               belongs
               peculiarly
               to
               one
               of
               my
               Profession
               to
               examine
               ;
               and
               tho
               I
               do
               not
               pretend
               to
               have
               explain'd
               this
               nice
               Subject
               with
               that
               Satisfaction
               the
               Publick
               might
               perhaps
               expect
               ,
               yet
               I
               hope
               that
               having
               been
               the
               first
               Person
               that
               has
               ever
               handled
               it
               after
               this
               manner
               ,
               no
               body
               will
               blame
               me
               for
               having
               at
               least
               given
               occasion
               to
               others
               to
               examine
               it
               better
               after
               me
               ,
               and
               to
               give
               a
               more
               satisfactory
               Explanation
               of
               it
               .
               I
               conceive
               the
               Subject
               I
               have
               undertaken
               to
               treat
               of
               in
               that
               Book
               is
               nice
               as
               well
               as
               ungrateful
               ,
               wherein
               the
               Principles
               of
               Physick
               ,
               the
               Experiments
               of
               Chymistry
               ,
               and
               the
               Anatomy
               of
               the
               Humane
               Body
               are
               philosophically
               made
               use
               of
               as
               a
               Foundation
               to
               illustrate
               the
               Metaphysical
               Account
               I
               have
               given
               of
               these
               Supernatural
               Effects
               ,
               which
               perhaps
               makes
               it
               not
               so
               much
               universally
               understood
               as
               I
               design'd
               ;
               however
               I
               am
               resolv'd
               not
               to
               meddle
               any
               more
               with
               Matters
               of
               this
               kind
               ,
               but
               to
               apply
               my self
               entirely
               to
               the
               Practice
               of
               Physick
               .
               I
               am
               ,
            
             
               
                 London
                 ,
                 
                   the
                   21
                   st
                   of
                   January
                   ,
                   1697
                   /
                   8.
                   
                
              
               
                 Worthy
                 Sir
                 ,
              
               
                 Your
                 Obliged
                 Friend
                 ,
                 and
                 Humble
                 Servant
                 ,
                 
                   B.
                   C.
                
                 
              
            
             
               FINIS
               .
            
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A69788-e3780
           
             Origin
             of
             Poland
             .
          
           
             *
             Pomp.
             Mela
             lib.
             I.
             de
             situ
             Orbis
             ,
             cap.
             3.
             &
             lib.
             III.
             ●●ap
             .
             4.
             
          
           
             *
             Albinus
             tit
             .
             6.
             pag.
             70
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             †
             Adam
             .
             ●●remens●●s
             seculi
             9.
             scriptor
             ,
             in
             lib.
             I.
             Hist
             .
             Ecclesiast
             .
             cap.
             10
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             𝄁
             Guagnini
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             p.
             50.
             
          
           
             Whence
             so
             call'd
             ,
             and
             what
             by
             the
             Inhabitants
             .
          
           
             *
             Lib.
             I.
             cap.
             2.
             pag.
             21.
             
          
           
             †
             Hornii
             Arca-Noae
             ,
             &
             Pet.
             Lucari
             in
             Annal.
             ●●agus●●is
             .
          
           
             Founded
             by
             Lechus
             .
          
           
             𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
             Guagnini
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             p.
             51.
             
          
           
             What
             Laws
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             Senat.
             Polon
             .
             in
             Chronico
             p.
             2.
             
          
           
             The
             first
             City
             .
          
           
             †
             Id.
             ibid.
             
          
           
             Second
             City
             .
          
           
             Policy
             of
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Policy
             of
             its
             Kings
             .
          
           
             Number
             of
             Princes
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             Respub
             .
             Polon
             .
             p.
             22.
             
          
           
             The
             First
             King.
             
          
           
             Four
             Classes
             of
             Kings
             .
          
           
             Lechus
             .
             550.
             
          
           
             *
             Kadlubkon
             in
             Praefat.
             p.
             8.
             
          
           
             Gnesna
             and
             Posnan
             built
             .
          
           
             Visimirus
             .
          
           
             †
             Guagnini
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             p.
             52.
             
          
           
             His
             Conquesis
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Twelve
             Woievods
             .
          
           
             Depos'd
             .
          
           
             Cracus
             .
             700.
             
          
           
             *
             Vide
             Bohusl
             .
             Balbinum
             ,
             lib.
             1.
             
             Hist
             .
             Bohem.
             cap.
             10.
             p.
             82
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Cracow
             〈◊〉
             .
          
           
             †
             Guagnini
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             p.
             55.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             His
             Issue
             .
          
           
             Lechus
             II.
             
          
           
             His
             Banishment
             and
             Death
             .
          
           
             Vend●●
             750.
             
          
           
             *
             Micralius
             lib.
             2.
             
             Chron.
             Pomeran
             .
             num
             .
             22.
             p.
             161.
             
          
           
             Her
             Death
             .
          
           
             Twelve
             Woievods
             .
          
           
             Depos'd
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             I.
             750.
             
          
           
             How
             he
             came
             to
             be
             elected
             by
             
          
           
             A
             Stratagem
             .
          
           
             His
             Reign
             and
             Death
             uncertain
             .
          
           
             Election
             by
             Horse-race
             .
          
           
             A
             Stratagem
             defeated
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             II.
             776.
             
          
           
             A
             Commendable
             Example
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             III.
             804.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             uncertain
             .
          
           
             Popiel
             I.
             810.
             
          
           
             His
             Vices
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             p.
             11.
             
          
           
             Popiel
             II.
             815.
             
          
           
             A
             cursed
             Stratagem
             .
          
           
             Judgment
             upon
             Popiel
             by
             Rats
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             38.
             
          
           
             Piastus
             .
             830.
             
          
           
             *
             Guagnini
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             p.
             64.
             
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             1.
             p.
             13.
             
             &
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             68
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Cause
             of
             his
             Election
             .
          
           
             His
             Vertues
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknock
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             74.
             
          
           
             Ziemovitus
             .
             861.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             1.
             p.
             15.
             
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             †
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             cap.
             12.
             p.
             22.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             IV.
             892.
             
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Ziemovistus
             .
             913.
             
             
               His
               Character
            
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Miecislaus
             I.
             964.
             
          
           
             How
             the
             Poles
             became
             Christians
             .
          
           
             His
             Christian
             Wife
             .
          
           
             *
             Cromerus
             ▪
             lib.
             3.
             p.
             43.
             
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             70.
             
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             2.
             p.
             19.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             Boleslaus
             Chrobry
             .
             999.
             
          
           
             *
             Dubravius
             lib.
             6.
             
             Hist
             .
             Bohem.
             p.
             49.
             
             &
             Albert.
             Cranzius
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             36.
             
             Kadlubkon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             
             Chron.
             Epist
             .
             xi
             .
             p.
             130.
             
          
           
             Created
             first
             King
             1005.
             
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             2.
             p.
             22.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             Twelve
             Senators
             Assistants
             .
          
           
             †
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             71.
             
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Miecislaus
             II.
             1025.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Casimir
             I.
             10●●4
             .
          
           
             Queen
             Regent
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             71.
             
          
           
             Casimir
             recall'd
             .
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             ●●
             .
             p.
             34.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             and
             Issue
             .
          
           
             Boleslaus
             II.
             1059.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             〈◊〉
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             73.
             
          
           
             His
             Vices
             .
          
           
             His
             Flight
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Patron
             of
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Title
             of
             K
             ▪
             ceases
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             I.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             40.
             
          
           
             Uladislaus
             I.
             1082.
             
          
           
             †
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             45.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Boleslaus
             III.
             1103.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             60.
             
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             55.
             
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             ●●
             .
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             74.
             
          
           
             His
             Valour
             and
             Success
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             and
             Issue
             .
          
           
             †
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             72.
             
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             Uladislaus
             11.
             1140.
             
          
           
             Persecutes
             his
             Brothers
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             7.
             p.
             73.
             
          
           
             A
             severe
             Revenge
             .
          
           
             His
             Flight
             out
             of
             the
             Kingdom
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Boleslaus
             IV.
             1146.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             8.
             p.
             78.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Miecislaus
             III.
             1174.
             
          
           
             A
             bad
             Policy
             .
          
           
             *
             Ib.
             p.
             80.
             
             &
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             5.
             c.
             9.
             p.
             88.
             
          
           
             Dethron'd
             .
          
           
             Casimir
             II.
             1178.
             
          
           
             †
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             75.
             
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             9.
             p.
             82.
             
          
           
             A
             commendable
             Example
             .
          
           
             Miecislaus
             endeavours
             to
             be
             restor'd
             .
          
           
             Submits
             .
          
           
             Dantzic
             made
             a
             City
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             10.
             p.
             85.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             and
             Issue
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             V.
             1195.
             
          
           
             Vnder
             Guardians
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             Dethron'd
             .
          
           
             Miecislaus
             III.
             restor'd
             ,
             1199.
             
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             6.
             p.
             99.
             
          
           
             Dethron'd
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             V.
             restor'd
             .
          
           
             Miecislaus
             reinthron'd
             ,
             1202.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             75
             ,
             76.
             
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             6.
             p.
             102
             ,
             103.
             
          
           
             Uladislaus
             Lasconogus
             .
             1203.
             
          
           
             Surrenders
             his
             Crown
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             V.
             Re-establish'd
             .
             1206.
             
          
           
             *
             Guagnini
             p.
             92.
             
          
           
             Murder'd
             in
             a
             Bath
             .
          
           
             †
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             94.
             
             &
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             p.
             111.
             
          
           
             Teutonic
             Knights
             call'd
             into
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Bloeslaus
             V.
             1228.
             
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             In●●ad
             of
             Tartars
             .
          
           
             *
             Ib.
             p.
             96.
             
             &
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             p.
             116.
             
          
           
             His
             Troubles
             .
          
           
             †
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             76.
             
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             7.
             p.
             119.
             
          
           
             Retires
             into
             Hungary
             .
          
           
             Returns
             .
          
           
             His
             Troubles
             and
             Wars
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             13.
             p.
             103.
             
          
           
             Koningsberg
             built
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Lescus
             VI.
             1279.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             City
             of
             Leopol
             ,
             whence
             so
             called
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             8.
             p.
             136.
             
          
           
             An
             Insurrection
             .
          
           
             He
             retires
             into
             Hungary
             .
          
           
             Returns
             with
             success
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Henry
             1.
             1290.
             
          
           
             Premislus
             .
             1296.
             
          
           
             Title
             of
             King
             restor'd
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             40.
             
          
           
             Murder'd
             .
          
           
             †
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2
             :
             cap.
             15.
             p.
             113.
             
             Guagnini
             Tom.
             1.
             p.
             97.
             
          
           
             Uladislaus
             III.
             1296.
             
          
           
             𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
             Hartknoch
             .
             p.
             77.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Vices
             .
          
           
             Dethron'd
             .
          
           
             Winceslaus
             
               K.
               of
            
             Bohemia
             .
             1300.
             
          
           
             False
             Policy
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             17.
             p.
             118.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             †
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             9.
             p.
             147.
             
          
           
             Uladislaus
             IV.
             restor'd
             .
             1305.
             
          
           
             𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
             Ib.
             p.
             148.
             
             &
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             18.
             p.
             119.
             
          
           
             Meets
             with
             Difficulties
             .
          
           
             Teutonic
             Knights
             establish'd
             in
             Prussia
             .
          
           
             *
             Ib.
             p.
             120.
             
          
           
             City
             of
             Marienburg
             ,
             when
             built
             .
          
           
             Teutonic
             Order
             troublesome
             to
             the
             Poles
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             18.
             p.
             123.
             
          
           
             And
             therefore
             excommunicated
             by
             the
             Pope
             .
          
           
             Locticus
             his
             Speech
             to
             his
             Army
             .
          
           
             Overthrows
             the
             Teuronic
             Order
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             18.
             p.
             131.
             
          
           
             >𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             9.
             p.
             153.
             
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             77
             ,
             78.
             
          
           
             Is
             crown'd
             ,
             together
             with
             his
             Queen
             ,
             by
             Order
             of
             the
             Pope
             .
          
           
             Casimir
             III.
             1333.
             
          
           
             Makes
             Peace
             with
             the
             Teutonic
             Knights
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             10.
             p.
             166.
             
          
           
             His
             Conquests
             .
          
           
             †
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             19.
             p.
             135.
             
          
           
             His
             other
             good
             Deeds
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             78.
             
             Starovolseius
             Descript
             .
             Polon
             .
             p.
             122.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             †
             Bizardiere
             Histoire
             des
             Dietes
             ,
             p.
             1.
             
             Guagnini
             Tom.
             1.
             p.
             102.
             
          
           
             Lewis
             
               King
               of
            
             Hungary
             ,
             1370.
             
          
           
             Oblig'd
             to
             take
             an
             Oath
             .
          
           
             *
             Radevicus
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             3.
             p.
             13.
             
          
           
             Returns
             into
             Hungary
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             ,
          
           
             And
             Issue
             .
          
           
             *
             Chwalkowski
             singularia
             Polonica
             p.
             20.
             
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             2.
             cap.
             20.
             p.
             145
             ,
             146.
             
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             11.
             p.
             189
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             A
             commendable
             Example
             .
          
           
             Queen
             Hedwigis
             1382.
             
          
           
             Has
             several
             Suitors
             .
          
           
             Is
             married
             to
             Jagello
             ,
             who
             becomes
             a
             Christian
             .
          
           
             Jagello
             ,
             or
             Uladislaus
             V.
             1386.
             
          
           
             Converts
             the
             Lithuanians
             .
          
           
             *
             Herb.
             de
             Fulst
             .
             l.
             13.
             p.
             207.
             
             Hartkn
             .
             l.
             1.
             c.
             2.
             p.
             87.
             
          
           
             Founds
             the
             Vniversity
             of
             Cracow
             .
          
           
             Hedwigis
             dies
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             with
             the
             Teutonic
             Order
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             ,
          
           
             And
             Issue
             .
          
           
             Uladislaus
             VI.
             1435.
             
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             167.
             
          
           
             The
             Senate
             ,
             Regents
             .
          
           
             Uladislaus
             crown'd
             King
             of
             Hungary
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             with
             the
             Turks
             .
          
           
             *
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             14.
             p.
             172
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Complimented
             by
             Christian
             Princes
             on
             his
             Victory
             .
          
           
             †
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             175.
             
          
           
             Kill'd
             and
             routed
             by
             the
             Turks
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             88.
             
          
           
             Casimir
             IV.
             1446.
             
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             Assists
             the
             Prussians
             against
             the
             Teutonic
             Knights
             .
          
           
             Is
             routed
             by
             that
             Order
             .
          
           
             Tet
             obtains
             an
             advantagious
             Peace
             .
          
           
             His
             Issue
             .
          
           
             Deputies
             first
             admitted
             to
             the
             Diet.
             
          
           
             *
             Lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             89.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             John
             Albert
             .
             1493.
             
          
           
             His
             Character
             ,
             with
             that
             of
             the
             Valachians
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             4.
             p.
             198.
             
          
           
             His
             Policy
             and
             Army
             defeated
             by
             the
             Valachians
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             4.
             p.
             201.
             
          
           
             Makes
             Peace
             with
             the
             Valachians
             and
             Turks
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Alexander
             .
             1501.
             
          
           
             †
             Herburt
             .
             de
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             19.
             p.
             348.
             
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             90.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             *
             Fulstin
             .
             lib.
             20.
             p.
             356.
             
          
           
             †
             Hartkn
             .
             l.
             1.
             c.
             2.
             p.
             90.
             
          
           
             Sigismund
             I.
             1507.
             
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             6.
             p.
             213
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Defeats
             a
             great
             Conspiracy
             and
             Army
             .
          
           
             His
             other
             Wars
             .
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             His
             War
             with
             the
             Teutonic
             Order
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             6.
             p.
             226.
             
          
           
             Ended
             by
             Mediation
             .
          
           
             How
             the
             Emperor
             came
             by
             
               Hungary
               ,
               Bohemia
            
             and
             Silesia
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             ,
             Marriages
             ,
             and
             Issue
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             90.
             
          
           
             A
             false
             Christ
             .
          
           
             †
             Guagnini
             Tom.
             1.
             p.
             125.
             
          
           
             Sigismund
             II.
             1548.
             
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             7.
             p.
             238
             ,
             &c.
             Guagnini
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             Tom.
             1.
             p.
             128
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             displeases
             the
             Diet.
             
          
           
             Livonia
             
               united
               to
            
             Poland
             .
          
           
             First
             Duke
             of
             Curland
             and
             Semigallia
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             8.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             with
             the
             Muscovites
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             3.
             cap.
             7.
             p.
             255.
             
          
           
             Lutheran
             Religion
             propagated
             .
          
           
             †
             Neugebaver
             .
             lib.
             8.
             
             Hist
             .
             Polon
             .
             p.
             572
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             *
             Sarnitius
             lib.
             8.
             
             Annal.
             Polon
             .
             ad
             An.
             1552.
             p.
             394.
             
          
           
             †
             Neugebaver
             lib.
             8.
             p.
             585
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             The
             Commonwealth
             of
             Babina
             .
          
           
             𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
             Sarnitius
             lib.
             8.
             
             Annal.
             Polon
             .
             p.
             395.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Jagellonic
             Family
             extinct
             .
          
           
             A
             Diet
             call'd
             .
          
           
             Henry
             of
             Valois
             .
             1574.
             
          
           
             *
             Heidenstein
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             1.
             p.
             30.
             col
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             His
             Coronation
             .
          
           
             *
             Heidenstein
             lib.
             1.
             p.
             62.
             col
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             Abdicates
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Polish
             Embassy
             into
             France
             proves
             fruitless
             .
          
           
             Candidates
             for
             a
             new
             Election
             .
          
           
             Stephen
             Batori
             .
             1577.
             
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             340.
             
          
           
             His
             Rise
             .
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             The
             Dantzickers
             reduc'd
             .
          
           
             †
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             302.
             
             Sleidan
             .
             lib.
             65.
             p.
             325
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             No
             Courts
             of
             Justice
             .
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             306.
             
          
           
             †
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             102
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             *
             Bizardiere
             ,
             p.
             59.
             
          
           
             15
             of
             Jan.
             1582.
             
          
           
             *
             Bizardiere
             Hist
             .
             des
             Dietes
             ,
             p.
             59
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Ukraina
             Whence
             so
             call'd
             .
          
           
             †
             Ibid.
             
          
           
             Inhabitants
             term'd
             Cosacks
             .
          
           
             𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
             Heidenstein
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             9.
             p.
             326.
             
          
           
             *
             Chevalier
             Hist
             .
             de
             Cosaques
             ,
             p.
             3.
             
          
           
             Reduc'd
             to
             a
             Discipline
             .
          
           
             †
             Guerre
             Civili
             di
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             1.
             p.
             7.
             
          
           
             Whence
             their
             Name
             .
          
           
             Extent
             of
             their
             first
             Dominions
             .
          
           
             Their
             present
             Extent
             .
          
           
             *
             Hist
             .
             des
             Cosaques
             ,
             p.
             26
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Their
             Buildings
             ,
          
           
             †
             Beauplan
             .
             Descript
             .
             d'
             Ukraine
             ,
             p.
             3.
             
          
           
             Character
             ,
          
           
             𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁𝄁
             Hist
             .
             des
             Cosques
             ,
             p.
             32.
             
          
           
             Religion
             .
          
           
             Abundance
             of
             Flies
             and
             Locusls
             .
          
           
             Language
             ,
          
           
             Customs
             and
             Manners
             .
          
           
             Customs
             and
             Manners
             in
             Peace
             and
             War.
             
          
           
             Batori
             is
             refus'd
             to
             name
             his
             Successor
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             
               His
               Death
            
             ,
             Sept.
             13.
             1586.
             
          
           
             *
             Florus
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             4.
             p.
             349
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             A
             Diet
             call'd
             .
          
           
             The
             Lutherans
             obtain
             Liberty
             of
             Conscience
             .
          
           
             The
             Lutheran
             and
             Catholick
             Factions
             
          
           
             Not
             to
             be
             ●●nit●●d
             .
          
           
             The
             Lutherans
             〈◊〉
             .
          
           
             Suppress'd
             .
          
           
             Three
             Factions
             .
          
           
             *
             Heidenstein
             Rerum
             Polon
             .
             lib.
             8.
             p.
             253.
             col
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             Several
             Candidates
             .
          
           
             The
             Lutherans
             Policy
             .
          
           
             Ministers
             admitted
             to
             Audience
             .
          
           
             *
             Heidenstein
             lib.
             8.
             p.
             256.
             col
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             Election
             .
          
           
             Sigismund
             III.
             1587.
             
          
           
             Lutheran
             Party
             dissents
             ;
          
           
             Elects
             and
             Proclaims
             Maximilian
             ;
          
           
             But
             pronounc'd
             Traitors
             by
             the
             Diet.
             
          
           
             A
             Comical
             Prophecy
             .
          
           
             †
             Sued
             .
          
           
             The
             two
             Candidates
             come
             into
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Maximilian
             routed
             by
             the
             Polish
             General
             .
          
           
             Sigisimund
             Crown'd
             .
          
           
             Maximilian
             beaten
             again
             and
             made
             Prisoner
             .
          
           
             Offer'd
             Liberty
             on
             honourable
             Terms
             .
          
           
             Dissents
             .
          
           
             Consents
             .
          
           
             Sigismund
             
               's
               Marriage
            
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             105
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Crown'd
             King
             of
             
               Sweden
               ,
               1592.
            
             
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             105.
             
          
           
             Depos'd
             ,
             and
             
               Charl.
               IX
            
             .
             proclaim'd
             in
             Sweden
             .
          
           
             What
             caus'd
             the
             War
             with
             the
             Muscovites
             .
          
           
             The
             Poles
             in
             War
             with
             the
             
               Turks
               ▪
            
          
           
             
               Invasion
               by
            
             Gustavus
             Adolphus
             .
          
           
             Sigismund's
             Death
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             *
             Bizardiere
             ,
             p.
             89.
             
          
           
             A
             peaceable
             Election
             .
          
           
             Prince
             Casimir
             suspected
             for
             a
             Competitor
             .
          
           
             A
             Diet
             call'd
             ;
          
           
             Proceeds
             to
             Election
             .
          
           
             Foreign
             Ministers
             admitted
             .
          
           
             Dantzic
             first
             allow'd
             a
             Vote
             .
          
           
             Uladislaus
             VII
             .
             1632.
             
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             
          
           
             *
             Heidenstein
             lib.
             XI
             .
             p.
             327
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             With
             the
             Cosacks
             .
          
           
             *
             Constit
             .
             Ann.
             1647.
             p.
             9.
             tit
             .
             Ordinacya
             Poszty
             .
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             John
             Casimir
             .
             1648.
             
          
           
             *
             Piasecius
             ad
             Annum
             1648.
             fol.
             599.
             
          
           
             A
             Diet
             call'd
             ;
          
           
             Proceeds
             to
             Election
             .
          
           
             Prince
             Casimir
             oppos'd
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             and
             Travels
             .
          
           
             Like
             to
             be
             excluded
             .
          
           
             Foreign
             Ministers
             admitted
             .
          
           
             Casimir
             elected
             .
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             His
             Wars
             .
          
           
             The
             King
             of
             Sweden
             invades
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Cause
             of
             his
             Invasion
             .
          
           
             Cracow
             took
             by
             a
             Stratagem
             .
          
           
             King
             of
             Sweden
             enters
             into
             a
             League
             with
             the
             E.
             of
             Brandenburg
             .
          
           
             Treaty
             of
             Oliva
             .
          
           
             *
             Pufendorf
             .
             Rerum
             Brandenb
             .
             lib.
             VIII
             .
             Sect.
             55.
             &c.
             fol.
             508.
             col
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             Motive
             and
             Means
             of
             
             Casimir's
             Abdication
             .
          
           
             Casimir
             
               's
               Death
            
             .
             1671.
             
          
           
             A
             Diet
             call'd
             .
          
           
             Competitors
             for
             the
             Crown
             ,
          
           
             Reduc'd
             to
             two
             .
          
           
             Foreign
             Ministers
             admitted
             .
          
           
             Heats
             arise
             ;
          
           
             Appeas'd
             by
             a
             Speech
             .
          
           
             A
             Plasto
             propos'd
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             ●●
             .
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             109.
             
          
           
             Policy
             disappointed
             .
          
           
             Michael
             refuses
             the
             Crown
             ;
          
           
             Accepts
             it
             .
          
           
             The
             Primate
             conforms
             .
          
           
             Michael
             Wiesnowiski
             1670.
             
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             The
             Cosacks
             Rebellion
             
          
           
             Favour'd
             by
             the
             Turk
             :
          
           
             Produces
             a
             bad
             Peace
             .
          
           
             The
             Poles
             march
             to
             recover
             Podolia
             ;
          
           
             Conquer
             ;
          
           
             But
             fail
             in
             their
             Design
             .
          
           
             Michael's
             Death
             ;
          
           
             Leaves
             no
             Issue
             .
          
           
             *
             Hartknoch
             .
             lib.
             1.
             cap.
             2.
             p.
             109
             ,
             110.
             
          
           
             An
             odd
             Story
             .
          
           
             A
             Diet
             call'd
             ;
          
           
             Poceeds
             to
             Election
             .
          
           
             Several
             Candidates
             .
          
           
             A
             French
             Prince
             propos'd
             ,
             but
             not
             nam'd
             .
          
           
             Queen
             Dowager's
             Zeal
             .
          
           
             Only
             three
             Competitors
             and
             Factions
             left
             .
          
           
             Whose
             Interest
             France
             espouses
             .
          
           
             Magnificent
             Trains
             .
          
           
             Lithuania
             against
             a
             Native
             .
          
           
             Foreign
             Ministers
             admitted
             .
          
           
             A
             double
             Election
             apprehended
             .
          
           
             The
             Queen
             and
             Patz
             endeavour'd
             to
             be
             seduc'd
             .
          
           
             Lithuania
             tends
             towards
             a
             Civil
             War.
             
          
           
             Poland
             and
             part
             of
             Lithuania
             biass'd
             to
             Sobieski
             by
             a
             Speech
             .
          
           
             Patz
             retires
             and
             dissents
             ;
          
           
             Complies
             ,
             with
             the
             rest
             of
             Lithuania
             .
          
           
             John
             III.
             1674.
             
          
           
             His
             Father
             .
          
           
             His
             Mother
             .
          
           
             His
             Travels
             .
          
           
             His
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             His
             Generosity
             .
          
           
             A
             Jointure
             assign'd
             the
             Queen-Dowager
             .
          
           
             His
             Conquests
             .
          
           
             A
             Battle
             .
          
           
             Podhais
             taken
             by
             the
             Turks
             .
          
           
             His
             Coronation
             .
             1676.
             
          
           
             My
             Lord
             
             Rochester's
             Embassy
             into
             Poland
             in
             the
             Year
             
               1676
               ▪
            
          
           
             Peace
             concludedwith
             the
             Turks
             .
          
           
             Audience
             to
             the
             English
             Embassador
             .
          
           
             He
             relieves
             Vienna
             .
          
           
             Defeat
             of
             the
             Turks
             .
          
           
             His
             Entry
             through
             the
             Breach
             of
             Vienna
             .
          
           
             He
             pursues
             the
             Turks
             .
          
           
             Takes
             Zytchin
             in
             Hungary
             .
          
           
             Enters
             into
             a
             League
             against
             the
             Turks
             .
          
           
             Is
             immoderately
             Covetous
             .
          
           
             His
             Person
             and
             Dress
             .
          
           
             The
             Habits
             of
             his
             Subjects
             .
          
           
             His
             Character
             .
          
           
             He
             engages
             the
             Author
             in
             a
             Physical
             Dispute
             .
          
           
             The
             Dispute
             continues
             .
          
           
             His
             Buildings
             .
          
           
             His
             Care
             of
             his
             Children
             .
          
           
             His
             great
             Riches
             .
          
           
             The
             Queen's
             first
             coming
             into
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Her
             first
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             Her
             Age
             ,
             and
             Qualifications
             .
          
           
             Her
             Address
             in
             disposing
             of
             Employments
             .
          
           
             Pr.
             James
             his
             Character
             .
          
           
             His
             intended
             Marriage
             disappointed
             ;
          
           
             But
             married
             to
             another
             .
          
           
             A
             Character
             of
             his
             two
             Brothers
             .
          
           
             Little
             Respect
             paid
             to
             the
             King's
             Children
             .
          
           
             The
             Character
             of
             the
             Princess
             .
          
           
             Her
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             Her
             Portion
             .
          
           
             Ceremony
             of
             her
             Marriage
             .
          
           
             Pr.
             James
             officiates
             as
             Embassador
             .
          
           
             The
             Ceremony
             continues
             .
          
           
             Equipage
             for
             her
             Journey
             .
          
           
             Begins
             her
             Journey
             .
          
           
             Her
             Reception
             as
             Berlin
             .
          
           
             Is
             met
             by
             the
             Elector
             .
          
           
             Proceeds
             on
             her
             Journey
             .
          
           
             The
             King's
             Sister
             .
          
           
             A
             Consultation
             of
             Physicians
             .
          
           
             Her
             Issue
             .
          
           
             The
             King's
             Death
             .
          
           
             The
             Interregnum
             .
          
           
             Competitors
             for
             the
             Crown
             .
          
           
             Frederic
             Augustus
             .
             1697.
             
          
           
             Crown'd
             K.
             of
             Poland
             .
          
           
             The
             Antient
             Extent
             of
             Poland
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Increase
             by
             Conquests
             :
          
           
             By
             Policy
             .
          
           
             Present
             Extent
             .
          
           
             Its
             Bounds
             .
          
           
             Soil
             .
          
           
             Its
             Products
             .
          
           
             Number
             of
             Towns
             and
             Villages
             .
          
           
             Climate
             .
          
           
             Rivers
             ,
          
           
             Their
             several
             Courses
             .
          
           
             Its
             Lakes
             .
          
           
             I.
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Division
             .
          
           
             I.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Posnan
             .
          
           
             Gnesna
             .
          
           
             Koscien
             .
          
           
             Uskow
             .
          
           
             Sremsk
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Miedzyrzecze
             .
          
           
             Slupcza
             .
          
           
             Pysdra
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Posnania
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Kalisch
             .
          
           
             Kolo
             .
          
           
             Land.
             
          
           
             Naklo
             .
          
           
             Odolanovia
             .
          
           
             Chocia
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Kalisch
             .
          
           
             III.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             The
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Siradia
             .
          
           
             Rosprza
             .
          
           
             Spicimir
             .
          
           
             Petricovia
             .
          
           
             Konarzew
             .
          
           
             Wart
             .
          
           
             Lask
             .
          
           
             Territory
             of
             Vielunia
             .
          
           
             Towns
             of
             Vielunia
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Siradia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             Arms
             of
             Vielunia
             .
          
           
             IV.
             palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Rava
             .
          
           
             Lowitz
             .
          
           
             Volboria
             .
          
           
             Gombin
             .
          
           
             Sochaczow
             .
          
           
             Gostinin
             .
          
           
             Viasdum
             .
          
           
             Biala
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Rava
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             V.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Lanschet
             .
          
           
             Orlow
             .
          
           
             Bresina
             .
          
           
             Piatek
             .
          
           
             Uniejovia
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Lanschet
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             Territory
             of
             Cujavia
             .
          
           
             I.
             Palatinate
             of
             Cujavia
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Uladislaw
             .
          
           
             Bresty
             .
          
           
             Nisavia
             .
          
           
             Radzieow
             .
          
           
             Koisinow
             .
          
           
             Kowalow
             .
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Cruswick
             .
          
           
             Bydgosty
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Cujavia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             II.
             PROVINCE
             .
             Lesser
             Poland
             .
             Its
             Bounds
             .
          
           
             I.
             〈◊〉
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Cracow
             .
          
           
             Why
             so
             call'd
             .
          
           
             The
             Castle
             .
          
           
             The
             Cathedral
             .
          
           
             The
             Bishop
             and
             Chapter
             .
          
           
             Other
             Churches
             .
          
           
             The
             University
             .
          
           
             Its
             Colleges
             .
          
           
             Vice-Chancellor
             .
          
           
             Monasteries
             .
          
           
             Mendicants
             .
          
           
             Houses
             of
             this
             City
             .
          
           
             Biecz
             .
          
           
             Wounitz
             .
          
           
             Sandecz
             .
          
           
             Lelow
             .
          
           
             Kyaz
             .
          
           
             Osvieczin
             .
          
           
             Zator
             .
          
           
             Severia
             .
          
           
             Czentochova
             .
          
           
             Slaucovia
             .
          
           
             Ilcussia
             .
          
           
             Wieliczka
             .
          
           
             Bochnia
             .
          
           
             Dobcitia
             .
          
           
             Proszovice
             .
          
           
             Mines
             of
             Poland
             .
          
           
             Account
             of
             Salt
             Mines
             .
          
           
             Manna
             found
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             
          
           
             Cracovia
             .
          
           
             The
             Castellans
             Power
             .
          
           
             Mayor
             of
             Cracow
             .
          
           
             Government
             of
             the
             Castle
             .
          
           
             Arms
             of
             this
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Of
             Sandecz
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             Dutchy
             of
             Oswieczin
             .
          
           
             Of
             that
             of
             Zator
             .
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Sendomir
             .
          
           
             Opatovia
             .
          
           
             Viazden
             .
          
           
             Radom
             .
          
           
             Jedlinsk
             .
          
           
             Solecia
             .
          
           
             Ilza
             .
          
           
             Cunovia
             .
          
           
             Bozentin
             .
          
           
             Kielcz
             .
          
           
             Chencin
             .
          
           
             Malogost
             .
          
           
             Sulovia
             .
          
           
             Drevicz
             ,
             and
             Inowlodz
             .
          
           
             Sydlovecz
             .
          
           
             Stenzicz
             .
          
           
             Janovecz
             .
          
           
             Slupecz
             .
          
           
             Lagovia
             .
          
           
             Racovia
             .
          
           
             Corzin
             .
          
           
             Wislicz
             .
          
           
             Pilzno
             .
          
           
             Poloviec
             .
          
           
             Zawichost
             .
          
           
             Zarnow
             .
          
           
             Zaclicin
             .
          
           
             Lezaisk
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Sendomir
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             III.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Lublin
             .
          
           
             Casimir
             .
          
           
             Czemiernikow
             .
          
           
             Urzendow
             
          
           
             Lulow
             .
          
           
             Parkow
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Lublin
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             III.
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             Its
             Bounds
             .
          
           
             Its
             Products
             .
          
           
             Its
             Rivers
             .
          
           
             Its
             Lakes
             .
          
           
             Royal
             Prussia
             .
          
           
             I.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Culm
             .
          
           
             Thorn.
             
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             Native
             Town
             of
             Copernicus
             .
          
           
             Graudentz
             .
          
           
             Colmensee
             .
          
           
             Territory
             of
             Michalovia
             .
          
           
             III.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             Marienburg
             .
          
           
             Elbing
             .
          
           
             IV.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Heilsberg
             .
          
           
             Fraumberg
             .
          
           
             Brunsberg
             .
          
           
             Ducal
             Prussia
             .
          
           
             Town
             of
             Koningsberg
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Prussia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             IV.
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             
             Red-Russia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Extent
             .
          
           
             I.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             I.
             District
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Leopol
             .
          
           
             Several
             times
             besieg'd
             .
          
           
             Grodeck
             .
          
           
             Javorisvia
             .
          
           
             Zolkiew
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             II.
             District
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Premislaw
             .
          
           
             Sambor
             .
          
           
             Jaroslaw
             .
          
           
             Lancut
             .
          
           
             Resovia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             III.
             District
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Halicz
             .
          
           
             Sniatin
             .
          
           
             Colom
             .
          
           
             Martinow
             .
          
           
             Dolina
             .
          
           
             Strium
             .
          
           
             Podock
             .
          
           
             Brezana
             .
          
           
             Buczavia
             .
          
           
             Podhajecia
             .
          
           
             IV.
             District
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Sanoch
             .
          
           
             Crosna
             .
          
           
             Brozovia
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Sanoch
             .
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Caminiec
             .
          
           
             Trembowla
             .
          
           
             Laticzow
             .
          
           
             Bar.
             
          
           
             Husiatinow
             .
          
           
             Czartikow
             .
          
           
             Janow
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Chmielnick
             .
          
           
             Miedzibosz
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Podolia
             .
          
           
             ●●s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             III.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             of
             
          
           
             Braclaw
             .
          
           
             Vinnicza
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Braslaw
             .
          
           
             IV.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Kiow
             .
          
           
             Kaniow
             .
          
           
             Circassia
             .
          
           
             Oczakow
             .
          
           
             Stepanow
             .
          
           
             Fastovia
             .
          
           
             Bohuslaw
             .
          
           
             The
             Senators
             of
             Kiovia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             V.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Belsko
             .
          
           
             Busko
             .
          
           
             Grodlow
             .
          
           
             Grabow
             .
          
           
             Sokal
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Belsko
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             VI.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Chelm
             .
          
           
             Crasnistaw
             .
          
           
             Zamoisk
             .
          
           
             Ratno
             .
          
           
             Lynbowlya
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Chelm
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             V.
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             Its
             Bounds
             .
          
           
             Inhabitants
             .
          
           
             Division
             .
          
           
             I.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Warsaw
             .
          
           
             Wisna
             .
          
           
             Wissegrod
             .
          
           
             Ciekanow
             .
          
           
             Lombze
             .
          
           
             Rozan
             .
          
           
             Liw
             .
          
           
             Pultovia
             .
          
           
             Czerniensk
             .
          
           
             Akroczim
             .
          
           
             Varka
             .
          
           
             Blonye
             .
          
           
             Pultowsko
             .
          
           
             Tarcin
             .
          
           
             Grodzyec
             .
          
           
             Prasniz
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             the
             Pal.
             of
             Masovia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Ploczko
             .
          
           
             Sieprcz
             .
          
           
             Srensko
             .
          
           
             Mlaw
             .
          
           
             Radzanow
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Ploskow
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             III.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Dobrina
             .
          
           
             Ripin
             .
          
           
             Slonsk
             .
          
           
             Gorzno
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Dobrina
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             VI.
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             Its
             Bounds
             .
          
           
             Manners
             of
             the
             People
             .
          
           
             Their
             Superstition
             .
          
           
             Manrer
             of
             sacrificing
             .
          
           
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Rosienia
             
          
           
             Mednick
             .
          
           
             Poniviess
             .
          
           
             Cowna
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Samogitia
             .
          
           
             VII
             .
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Lutzko
             .
          
           
             Ulodimir
             .
          
           
             Krzemenec
             .
          
           
             Brodi
             .
          
           
             Olika
             .
          
           
             Constantinow
             .
          
           
             Zsbarasz
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Volhynia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             VIII
             .
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             Its
             Bounds
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Byelsko
             .
          
           
             Drogiczin
             .
          
           
             Myelnick
             .
          
           
             Tykoczin
             .
          
           
             Knyssin
             .
          
           
             Augustow
             .
          
           
             Mordi
             .
          
           
             Wasilkow
             .
          
           
             Narew
             .
          
           
             Bransko
             .
          
           
             Suras
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             the
             Province
             of
             Podlachia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             Lithuania
             how
             call'd
             by
             the
             Inhabitants
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             present
             Bounds
             .
          
           
             Antient
             Extent
             .
          
           
             Soil
             and
             Products
             .
          
           
             Vnion
             with
             Poland
             ,
             and
             Privileges
             .
          
           
             Division
             .
          
           
             Arms.
             
          
           
             Lithuania
             ,
             whence
             so
             called
             .
          
           
             Different
             Opinions
             .
          
           
             Palamon
             .
          
           
             Borcus
             .
          
           
             Cunossus
             .
          
           
             Spera
             .
          
           
             Kyernus
             .
          
           
             Gybutus
             .
          
           
             Zivibundus
             .
             Muntwil
             .
          
           
             Uikint
             .
          
           
             Zivibundus
             .
          
           
             Erdzivil
             .
          
           
             Algimuntus
             .
          
           
             Mingailus
             .
          
           
             Skirmunt
             .
          
           
             Ginvil
             .
          
           
             Boris
             .
          
           
             Basilius
             Rechwold
             .
          
           
             Hlebus
             and
             Poroskavia
             .
          
           
             Kukovoitus
             .
          
           
             Giedrussus
             .
          
           
             Ringolt
             .
          
           
             Mindog
             ,
             1240.
             
          
           
             Acknowledg'd
             King.
             
          
           
             K.
             Mindog
             murder'd
             .
          
           
             Stroinat
             ,
             1263.
             
          
           
             Woisalk
             ,
             1264.
             
          
           
             Great
             Dukes
             of
             Lithuania
             .
          
           
             Utenus
             .
          
           
             Swintorohus
             .
          
           
             Germontus
             .
          
           
             Trahus
             .
          
           
             Narimundus
             .
          
           
             Dowmant
             .
          
           
             Holsanus
             .
          
           
             Giedrutus
             .
          
           
             Troidenus
             .
          
           
             Rimunt
             .
          
           
             Vithenes
             ,
             1281.
             
          
           
             1287.
             
          
           
             1289.
             
          
           
             1293.
             
          
           
             1294.
             
          
           
             Gedeminus
             .
             1300.
             
          
           
             1304.
             
          
           
             Troki
             built
             .
          
           
             Vilna
             built
             .
          
           
             1306.
             
          
           
             1307.
             
          
           
             1308.
             
          
           
             1315.
             
          
           
             1322.
             
          
           
             1323.
             
          
           
             1325.
             
          
           
             His
             Death
             .
          
           
             Montividus
             .
          
           
             Narimundus
             .
          
           
             Olgerdus
             .
          
           
             Keijstutus
             .
          
           
             Koriatus
             .
          
           
             Jauunutus
             .
          
           
             Lubartus
             .
          
           
             Olgerdus
             .
          
           
             Caminiec
             built
             .
          
           
             Jagello
             1381.
             
          
           
             I.
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             II.
             PROVINCE
             .
          
           
             I.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Vilna
             .
          
           
             Osmian
             .
          
           
             Bratislaw
             .
          
           
             Wilkomitz
             .
          
           
             Ikaznia
             .
          
           
             Drizwiatz
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Vilna
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Troki
             .
          
           
             Grodno
             .
          
           
             Lida
             .
          
           
             Cowno
             .
          
           
             Upita
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Troki
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             III.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Brescia
             .
          
           
             Pinsko
             .
          
           
             Biala
             .
          
           
             Prepetus
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Briescia
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             I.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Novogrodec
             .
          
           
             Slonim
             .
          
           
             Wolkowisko
             .
          
           
             Lacowickz
             .
          
           
             Mysza
             .
          
           
             Zlucz
             .
          
           
             Rozan
             .
          
           
             Neswitz
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Novogrodec
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             II.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Mscislaw
             .
          
           
             Modzir
             .
          
           
             Dambrownuna
             .
          
           
             Bychow
             .
          
           
             Kopysz
             .
          
           
             Sklow
             .
          
           
             Reczycza
             .
          
           
             Viszehorod
             .
          
           
             Strissin
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Mscislaw
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             III.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Witebsko
             .
          
           
             Orsha
             .
          
           
             Mohilow
             .
          
           
             Czasniki
             .
          
           
             Sienno
             .
          
           
             Leplo
             .
          
           
             Woroniec
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Vitebsko
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             IV.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Minski
             .
          
           
             Borissow
             .
          
           
             Koidanow
             .
          
           
             Radoskowice
             .
          
           
             Lohoisko
             .
          
           
             Swislocz
             .
          
           
             Bobroisko
             .
          
           
             Odruczko
             ,
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Minski
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.
             
          
           
             V.
             Palatinate
             .
          
           
             Cities
             and
             Towns
             of
             
          
           
             Polocz
             .
          
           
             Usacz
             .
          
           
             Disna
             .
          
           
             Druha
             .
          
           
             Senators
             of
             Polocz
             .
          
           
             It
             s
             Arms.