The whole art of drawing, painting, limning, and etching collected out of the choicest Italian and German authors : to which is added exact rules of proportion for drawing the heads of men, women and children , of what bigness soever / originally invented and written by the famous Italian painter Odoardo Fialetti, painter of Boloign ; published for the benefit of all ingenuous gentlemen and artists by Alexander Brown ...
         Fialetti, Odoardo, 1573-1638.
      
       
         This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A41260 of text R6823 in the  English Short Title Catalog (Wing F844). Textual changes  and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more  computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life.  The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with  MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.  This text has not been fully proofread 
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         EarlyPrint Project
         Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO
         2017
         A41260
         Wing F844
         ESTC R6823
         12251462
         ocm 12251462
         57103
         
           
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         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A41260)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 57103)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 143:6)
      
       
         
           
             The whole art of drawing, painting, limning, and etching collected out of the choicest Italian and German authors : to which is added exact rules of proportion for drawing the heads of men, women and children , of what bigness soever / originally invented and written by the famous Italian painter Odoardo Fialetti, painter of Boloign ; published for the benefit of all ingenuous gentlemen and artists by Alexander Brown ...
             Fialetti, Odoardo, 1573-1638.
             Browne, Alexander, fl. 1660-1677.
          
           [8], 54 p. : ill.
           
             Printed for Peter Stint ... and Simon Miller ...,
             London :
             1660.
          
           
             Translation of an unidentified work probably written in Italian.
             Reproduction of original in British Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Drawing -- Technique.
           Painting -- Technique.
           Etching -- Technique.
        
      
    
       A41260  R6823  (Wing F844).  civilwar no The whole art of drawing, painting, limning, and etching. Collected out of the choicest Italian and German authors. To which is added exact Fialetti, Odoardo 1660    17852 14 0 0 0 0 0 8 B  The  rate of 8 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the B category of texts with fewer than 10 defects per 10,000 words. 
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               VARIETY
               OF
               EXCELLENT
               SYMMETRICALL
               RULES
               
                 of
                 Drawing
                 Limning
                 &c.
                 
                 Invented
                 by
                 Odoardo
                 Fialet
                 and
                 others
              
            
          
        
      
       
       
         
           THE
           Whole
           Art
           OF
           DRAWING
           ,
           PAINTING
           ,
           LIMNING
           ,
           
             AND
          
           ETCHING
           .
           Collected
           out
           of
           the
           Choicest
           Italian
           and
           German
           Authors
           .
           To
           which
           is
           added
           Exact
           Rules
           of
           Proportion
           for
           Drawing
           the
           Heads
           of
           Men
           ,
           Women
           and
           Children
           ,
           of
           what
           Bigness
           soever
           .
        
         
           Originally
           invented
           and
           written
           by
           the
           famous
           Italian
           Painter
           
             Odoardo
             Fialetti
             ,
          
           Painter
           of
           
             Boloign
             .
          
        
         
           Published
           for
           the
           Benefit
           of
           all
           Ingenuous
           Gentlemen
           and
           Artists
           ,
           by
           
             Alexander
             Brown
          
           Practitioner
           .
        
         
           
             London
             ,
          
           Printed
           for
           
             Peter
             Stint
          
           at
           the
           Signe
           of
           the
           white
           Horse
           in
           Giltspurre-Street
           ,
           and
           
             Simon
             Miller
          
           at
           the
           Starre
           in
           St
           
             Pauls
          
           Church-yard
           ,
           M.
           D
           C.
           LX
           .
        
      
       
       
       
         
           TO
           THE
           Great
           Cherisher
           of
           all
           Ingenuous
           Artists
           .
           Sr
           
             WILLIAM
             PASTON
          
           Baronet
           ,
           
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           
             Honoured
             Sir
             ,
          
        
         
           IT
           was
           a
           Fate
           as
           happy
           as
           accidental
           ,
           threw
           this
           ensuing
           Treatise
           into
           my
           hands
           ,
           ready
           instructed
           at
           the
           charge
           of
           a
           Person
           of
           Honour
           in
           the
           English
           Tongue
           ,
           and
           by
           him
           preserv'd
           as
           a
           Jewel
           (
           bound
           up
           together
           with
           the
           Original
           Prints
           and
           Italian
           Comment
           )
           for
           private
           use
           .
           There
           hath
           been
           no
           Parallel
           it'h
           same
           Species
           ever
           publick
           in
           this
           our
           native
           dress
           ,
           which
           put
           me
           to
           a
           pause
           ,
           till
           the
           remembrance
           of
           your
           un●●served
           favour
           (
           despairing
           of
           any
           thing
           of
           my
           own
           ,
           worthy
           your
           acceptance
           )
           
           prompted
           me
           to
           communicate
           .
           And
           the
           rather
           ,
           because
           I
           find
           my
           Author
           both
           precedent
           and
           warrant
           ,
           first
           unlocking
           this
           treasure
           in
           his
           Mother
           tongue
           .
           Let
           therefore
           the
           genuine
           propensity
           ,
           your
           disposition
           bears
           to
           Arts
           of
           this
           nature
           ,
           pardon
           my
           presumption
           ;
           and
           your
           wonted
           candor
           ,
           not
           only
           curteously
           entertain
           this
           Stranger
           (
           whose
           noble
           extract
           shines
           through
           all
           disguises
           )
           but
           also
           vindicate
           him
           against
           incident
           injuries
           ;
           from
           which
           ,
           the
           inscription
           of
           no
           Name
           I
           know
           ,
           can
           better
           protect
           ,
           then
           your
           own
           .
           Sir
           ,
           I
           may
           not
           longer
           detain
           you
           here
           ,
           since
           I
           dare
           hope
           you
           will
           take
           some
           delight
           in
           the
           Garden
           ,
           though
           this
           passage
           be
           wholly
           unpleasant
           ,
           were
           it
           not
           an
           Inlet
           ,
           and
           the
           only
           conveyance
           of
           the
           duty
           and
           observance
           of
        
         
           
             Your
             Honours
             most
             humble
             and
             obliged
             Servant
             ,
             Alexander
             Brown
             .
          
        
      
       
       
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           .
        
         
           
             SEverall
             Observations
             and
             Directions
             in
             the
             Art
             of
             Drawing
             ,
             page
             1.
             7
          
           
             The
             Manner
             of
             Drawing
             a
             Head
             by
             the
             Life
             ,
             1.
             45
          
           
             How
             to
             Draw
             a
             naked
             man
             by
             the
             Life
             ,
             2
             ,
             3
          
           
             How
             to
             perfect
             the
             out-Lines
             of
             any
             Point
             or
             Figure
             6
          
           
             How
             to
             decline
             any
             Print
             in
             a
             small
             compass
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             Observations
             in
             the
             Art
             of
             Limning
             ,
             and
             Painting
             ,
             and
             Tempering
             Colours
             ,
             8
             ,
             9
             ,
             10
             ,
             11
          
           
             How
             to
             prepare
             a
             Tablet
             to
             work
             on
             ,
             12
          
           
             Rules
             for
             Shadows
             in
             the
             Face
             ,
             13
          
           
             How
             to
             begin
             a
             Face
             by
             the
             Life
             ,
             14
          
           
             Concerning
             dead-Colouring
             ,
             15
          
           
             The
             second
             work
             of
             Painting
             observed
             in
             the
             second
             Sitting
             ,
             15
             ,
             16
          
           
             The
             Manner
             of
             finishing
             at
             the
             third
             Sitting
             ,
             17
          
           
             Ornaments
             in
             setting
             forth
             a
             Picture
             ,
             18
          
           
             A
             Receipt
             to
             make
             liquid
             Gold
             ,
             19
          
           
             Rules
             for
             Landskips
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             Secrets
             for
             preserving
             Colours
             ,
             20
          
           
             Generall
             Observations
             in
             Painting
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             Instruments
             to
             draw
             with
             ,
             21
          
           
             To
             make
             Wax-work
             or
             Moulding
             ,
             22
             ,
             23
          
           
             To
             counterfeit
             Sweet
             Meats
             ,
             24
          
           
             To
             counterfeit
             Pearl
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             Grounds
             and
             Rules
             of
             Etching
             ,
             25
          
           
             Instruments
             used
             in
             Etching
             ,
             25
             ,
             26
          
           
             How
             to
             make
             the
             Ground
             ,
             27
          
           
             How
             to
             lay
             the
             Ground
             on
             the
             Plate
             ,
             28
             ▪
             33
          
           
             How
             to
             draw
             the
             outmost
             Lines
             of
             any
             Print
             on
             the
             Plate
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             Severall
             Observations
             in
             Hatching
             ,
             29
          
           
             Necessary
             Observations
             in
             Etching
             Landskips
             ,
             30
          
           
             How
             to
             make
             the
             Wax-wall
             round
             about
             the
             Plate
             ,
             to
             keep
             the
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             from
             running
             off
             ,
             ib
          
           
             How
             to
             use
             the
             
               Aqua
               fortis
               ,
            
             ibid
          
           
             How
             to
             know
             when
             it
             is
             eaten
             deep
             enough
             ,
             31
          
           
             To
             lay
             a
             white
             or
             red
             Ground
             on
             a
             black
             ,
             32
          
           
             How
             to
             preserve
             the
             work
             in
             frosty
             Weather
             ,
             34
          
           
             To
             keep
             the
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             from
             injuring
             the
             Plate
             ,
             ibid
          
           
           
             To
             Etch
             soft
             or
             hard
             according
             to
             Nature
             or
             Art
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             Observations
             in
             Etching
             Prospective
             ,
             35
          
           
             How
             to
             Grave
             any
             Hand
             or
             Letter
             on
             Copper
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             How
             to
             Polish
             the
             Plate
             ,
             36
          
           
             Fit
             Instruments
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             and
             their
             use
             ,
             ibid
          
           
             Rules
             of
             Proportion
             for
             Drawing
             of
             the
             Ear
             ,
             38
          
           
             Nose
             ,
             Mouth
             ,
             and
             Beard
             ,
             40
          
           
             The
             Head
             upright
             ,
             or
             with
             a
             Triangle
             ,
             41
             ,
             42
          
           
             The
             Foreright
             ,
             and
             other
             Positions
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             48
          
           
             The
             Inclining
             or
             Foreshortning
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             46
          
           
             A
             more
             perfect
             Foreshortning
             ,
             44
          
           
             The
             upright
             or
             side-Face
             without
             any
             Measure
             ,
             50
          
           
             The
             Manner
             how
             to
             describe
             a
             Head
             every
             way
             without
             Measure
             ,
             52
          
           
             Of
             Childrens
             Heads
             ,
             54
          
        
      
    
     
       
       
         
           THE
           ART
           OF
           DRAVVING
           .
        
         
           Severall
           Instructions
           and
           Observations
           directing
           to
           the
           Art
           of
           Drawing
           .
        
         
           BEcause
           the
           greatest
           difficulties
           and
           principall
           parts
           of
           this
           Art
           consist
           in
           some
           part
           in
           Drawing
           the
           lively
           Resemblance
           of
           a
           Face
           ,
           therefore
           I
           thought
           it
           very
           necessary
           to
           add
           this
           as
           a
           further
           direction
           to
           Draw
           any
           Face
           after
           the
           Life
           .
        
         
           
             Severall
             Observations
             in
             Drawing
             a
             Head
             after
             the
             Life
             .
          
           
             Therefore
             if
             you
             will
             draw
             any
             Face
             after
             the
             Life
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             resemble
             the
             Party
             you
             Draw
             it
             after
             ;
             take
             notice
             in
             the
             first
             place
             of
             the
             Physiognomy
             or
             circumference
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             whither
             it
             be
             round
             or
             long
             ,
             fat
             or
             leane
             ,
             big
             or
             little
             ;
             so
             that
             in
             the
             first
             place
             you
             must
             be
             sure
             to
             
             take
             the
             right
             Physiognomy
             and
             bigness
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             and
             in
             case
             it
             be
             a
             fat
             Face
             you
             will
             perceive
             the
             Cheeks
             to
             make
             the
             side
             of
             the
             Face
             swell
             out
             ,
             add
             so
             make
             the
             Face
             look
             as
             if
             it
             were
             square
             ;
             and
             if
             it
             be
             neither
             too
             fat
             nor
             too
             leane
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             round
             for
             the
             most
             part
             ;
             but
             if
             it
             be
             a
             leane
             Face
             the
             Jaw-bones
             will
             stick
             out
             ,
             and
             the
             Cheeks
             fall
             in
             ,
             and
             the
             Face
             will
             be
             long
             and
             slender
             .
             Observe
             when
             you
             Draw
             the
             outmost
             circumferences
             of
             a
             Face
             ,
             to
             take
             the
             Head
             and
             all
             with
             it
             ,
             or
             otherwise
             you
             may
             be
             deceived
             in
             Drawing
             the
             true
             bigness
             of
             a
             Face
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             diligently
             and
             judiciously
             observe
             and
             discerne
             all
             the
             Gentlemaster
             touches
             ,
             which
             gives
             the
             spirit
             and
             life
             to
             a
             Face
             ,
             and
             discovers
             the
             graces
             or
             disposition
             of
             the
             mind
             ,
             wherein
             lyeth
             the
             whole
             grace
             of
             the
             work
             ,
             and
             the
             credit
             of
             the
             Artist
             ,
             you
             may
             easily
             discerne
             a
             smiling
             countenance
             in
             the
             corners
             of
             the
             mouth
             when
             they
             turn
             up
             alittle
             ;
             you
             may
             best
             discerne
             a
             staid
             and
             sober
             countenance
             in
             the
             eye
             ,
             when
             the
             upper
             eye-lid
             comes
             somewhat
             over
             the
             Ball
             of
             the
             Eye
             ;
             but
             a
             frowning
             countenance
             is
             easily
             discerned
             in
             the
             Forehead
             by
             the
             bending
             of
             the
             Eyebrowes
             ,
             and
             some
             few
             wrinckles
             about
             the
             top
             of
             the
             Nose
             between
             the
             two
             Eyebrowes
             ▪
             and
             a
             laughing
             Countenance
             is
             easily
             discerned
             all
             over
             the
             Face
             ;
             but
             an
             angry
             Countenance
             is
             discerned
             by
             extraordinary
             frownings
             ;
             there
             are
             also
             some
             touches
             about
             the
             Eye
             and
             Mouth
             which
             you
             must
             diligently
             observe
             ,
             which
             gives
             the
             spirit
             and
             life
             to
             a
             Face
             .
          
        
         
           
             Some
             generall
             Rules
             to
             be
             Observed
             in
             Drawing
             the
             Figure
             of
             a
             Naked
             Man
             after
             the
             Life
             .
          
           
             A
             standing
             Figure
             from
             the
             top
             of
             the
             head
             to
             the
             bottome
             of
             the
             feet
             is
             eight
             times
             the
             length
             of
             the
             Head
             ,
             and
             because
             you
             ought
             to
             be
             most
             exact
             in
             Drawing
             the
             Head
             ,
             because
             the
             whole
             body
             must
             be
             proportioned
             correspondently
             to
             the
             Head
             ;
             therefore
             I
             shall
             give
             you
             in
             short
             some
             severall
             Rules
             and
             Observations
             to
             Draw
             a
             foreright
             Head
             .
             First
             ,
             Draw
             an
             Ovale
             ,
             then
             devide
             that
             Ovale
             into
             four
             equall
             parts
             ;
             the
             first
             is
             for
             the
             Hair
             ,
             the
             second
             for
             the
             Forehead
             and
             Browes
             ;
             the
             third
             for
             the
             Nose
             ,
             the
             fourth
             for
             the
             Mouth
             and
             Chin
             ,
             as
             afore
             written
             in
             the
             Book
             of
             Fielettoe
             .
             But
             when
             you
             Draw
             after
             the
             life
             ,
             you
             are
             not
             to
             follow
             this
             Rule
             exactly
             ,
             because
             some
             Men
             have
             a
             long
             Nose
             ,
             
             and
             another
             a
             short
             ;
             one
             a
             high
             forehead
             ,
             another
             a
             low
             forehead
             ;
             Therefore
             if
             you
             look
             upon
             a
             hundred
             Mens
             Faces
             that
             they
             all
             differ
             one
             from
             another
             ,
             the
             eyes
             must
             be
             placed
             just
             the
             length
             of
             one
             eye
             the
             one
             from
             the
             other
             .
             Then
             having
             Drawn
             the
             Head
             ,
             you
             measure
             out
             eight
             times
             the
             length
             of
             the
             Head
             ,
             then
             the
             Head
             is
             reckoned
             one
             of
             the
             eight
             parts
             ;
             then
             you
             must
             Draw
             a
             straight
             Line
             from
             the
             top
             of
             the
             Head
             to
             the
             sole
             of
             the
             Foote
             ,
             one
             Heads
             length
             from
             the
             Chin
             ,
             you
             must
             Draw
             the
             Brests
             the
             third
             length
             reacheth
             to
             the
             Navell
             ,
             the
             fourth
             to
             the
             privities
             ,
             the
             fifth
             reacheth
             just
             to
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Thigh
             ,
             and
             the
             sixt
             to
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Knee
             ,
             the
             seaventh
             to
             the
             small
             of
             the
             Legg
             ,
             and
             the
             eighth
             to
             the
             Heel
             and
             sole
             of
             the
             Foot
             :
             But
             observe
             as
             you
             Draw
             downwards
             from
             the
             Head
             to
             place
             the
             Muscles
             in
             their
             right
             places
             according
             to
             nature
             ;
             and
             because
             there
             are
             no
             certain
             Rules
             for
             Drawing
             the
             Muscles
             but
             only
             to
             observe
             them
             exactly
             as
             they
             are
             in
             the
             Life
             .
             The
             breadth
             of
             the
             Shoulders
             containeth
             two
             measures
             of
             the
             Head
             ,
             the
             breadth
             of
             the
             Hipps
             two
             measures
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             and
             the
             Armes
             stretched
             out
             are
             eight
             measures
             of
             the
             Head
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             Brests
             be
             reckoned
             unto
             them
             ,
             so
             the
             Armes
             without
             the
             Brests
             are
             but
             six
             measures
             .
             And
             note
             that
             when
             an
             Arme
             hangeth
             straight
             down
             it
             reacheth
             within
             a
             span
             of
             the
             Knee
             :
             a
             Hand
             must
             be
             no
             longer
             then
             the
             length
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             that
             when
             the
             Hand
             is
             spread
             abroad
             ,
             it
             must
             as
             it
             were
             cover
             the
             Face
             and
             no
             more
             ;
             It
             is
             very
             necessary
             for
             one
             that
             intends
             to
             practise
             to
             Draw
             Naked
             Figures
             to
             Draw
             after
             good
             Anatomies
             of
             Plaister
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             have
             practised
             a
             while
             ,
             it
             will
             learn
             you
             to
             place
             all
             your
             Muscles
             according
             to
             Nature
             or
             Art
             .
             There
             are
             also
             good
             Books
             of
             Anatomies
             with
             Prints
             and
             instructions
             to
             them
             ,
             which
             are
             very
             usefull
             for
             one
             that
             intends
             to
             draw
             a
             good
             Naked
             Figure
             ,
             which
             you
             can
             never
             be
             eminent
             at
             ,
             without
             you
             understand
             the
             Anatomy
             and
             use
             to
             Draw
             after
             the
             Life
             very
             much
             .
          
        
         
           
             Some
             further
             Observations
             in
             Drawing
             a
             Naked
             Figure
             .
          
           
             Whatsoever
             you
             Draw
             ,
             Draw
             it
             at
             first
             very
             lightly
             with
             a
             Cole
             ,
             because
             if
             it
             be
             out
             of
             proportion
             you
             can
             the
             easier
             mend
             it
             ,
             and
             rub
             it
             out
             ,
             and
             Draw
             it
             again
             anew
             :
             but
             note
             ,
             that
             you
             must
             finish
             
             nothing
             with
             your
             Cole
             ,
             before
             you
             see
             every
             thing
             is
             placed
             right
             according
             to
             Art
             and
             proportion
             and
             then
             finish
             it
             the
             one
             after
             the
             other
             as
             exactly
             and
             curiously
             as
             you
             can
             possibly
             in
             the
             Drawing
             a
             Naked
             Figure
             .
             Observe
             first
             that
             you
             draw
             the
             Head
             very
             exactly
             ,
             and
             next
             the
             Shoulders
             in
             their
             just
             breadth
             ,
             as
             before
             mentioned
             ,
             containing
             two
             measures
             of
             the
             Head
             ;
             Then
             you
             Draw
             the
             Trunck
             of
             the
             Body
             beginning
             just
             at
             the
             Arm-pits
             ,
             and
             you
             may
             leave
             the
             Armes
             to
             finish
             till
             afterwards
             ,
             and
             then
             you
             proceed
             to
             Draw
             down
             to
             the
             Hipps
             on
             both
             sides
             ,
             but
             be
             sure
             that
             you
             exactly
             observe
             the
             breadth
             of
             the
             Wast
             ;
             and
             when
             you
             have
             done
             this
             ,
             then
             Draw
             that
             Leg
             first
             which
             the
             Body
             standeth
             firmest
             upon
             ,
             then
             Draw
             the
             other
             which
             standeth
             looser
             of
             the
             two
             ,
             but
             be
             sure
             to
             place
             that
             Leg
             which
             the
             Figure
             stands
             upon
             firmely
             and
             right
             ,
             upon
             the
             straight
             Line
             which
             cometh
             down
             from
             the
             Head
             ,
             or
             else
             the
             Figure
             may
             seem
             to
             yield
             one
             way
             or
             the
             other
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             were
             fall
             ;
             and
             lastly
             you
             must
             proceed
             to
             Draw
             the
             Armes
             and
             Hands
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             further
             Observation
             .
          
           
             When
             you
             Draw
             a
             Naked
             Figure
             you
             must
             judiciously
             and
             exactly
             observe
             to
             place
             the
             Joynts
             and
             Sinews
             and
             Muscles
             in
             their
             naturall
             places
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             proportion
             ,
             and
             observe
             that
             one
             Joynt
             be
             not
             higher
             or
             lower
             then
             the
             other
             ;
             otherwise
             the
             Figure
             will
             seem
             to
             be
             crooked
             and
             deformed
             and
             out
             of
             proportion
             to
             the
             judicious
             eye
             ;
             see
             that
             every
             parallel
             Joynt
             must
             bend
             moderately
             according
             to
             Nature
             ,
             and
             answer
             the
             other
             which
             is
             opposite
             to
             it
             ;
             and
             note
             that
             the
             straight
             stroake
             must
             be
             struck
             according
             to
             the
             bending
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             so
             that
             if
             the
             Body
             bowe
             ,
             the
             stroke
             must
             bowe
             also
             ,
             and
             if
             the
             body
             stoope
             downwards
             a
             little
             ,
             you
             must
             strike
             your
             stroake
             sloping
             accordingly
             ;
             then
             make
             the
             Shoulder
             ,
             which
             ought
             to
             stand
             straight
             over
             one
             another
             ,
             the
             one
             to
             be
             a
             little
             higher
             then
             the
             other
             ,
             on
             that
             side
             which
             the
             body
             turns
             upon
             the
             Shoulders
             and
             the
             other
             Joynts
             ,
             which
             otherwise
             ought
             to
             be
             placed
             one
             even
             against
             another
             ;
             you
             must
             make
             them
             to
             yield
             something
             lower
             then
             that
             side
             the
             Figure
             stands
             firmest
             upon
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             answerable
             to
             the
             stooping
             of
             the
             Body
             ;
             and
             be
             sure
             to
             be
             very
             exact
             and
             carefull
             in
             the
             Drawing
             your
             outmost
             circumferences
             ,
             
             and
             to
             be
             very
             carefull
             in
             Drawing
             your
             Muscles
             and
             Joynts
             which
             are
             in
             the
             body
             ;
             therefore
             because
             you
             should
             place
             things
             in
             their
             right
             and
             natural
             places
             ,
             you
             strike
             the
             straight
             Line
             from
             the
             Pit
             of
             the
             Throat
             straight
             down
             ,
             just
             in
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             where
             you
             can
             discern
             the
             parting
             of
             the
             Ribs
             .
             From
             thence
             you
             must
             proceed
             with
             your
             Line
             quite
             down
             to
             the
             Feet
             ,
             and
             be
             sure
             to
             observe
             the
             bowing
             and
             bendings
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             and
             to
             draw
             that
             part
             which
             is
             opposite
             to
             that
             which
             bendeth
             ,
             to
             yield
             and
             bend
             accordingly
             with
             it
             :
             As
             for
             example
             ,
             if
             one
             side
             of
             the
             Body
             doth
             yield
             or
             bend
             inwards
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             make
             the
             other
             side
             for
             to
             stand
             out
             answerable
             ,
             and
             according
             to
             the
             bending
             in
             of
             the
             otherside
             ;
             and
             observe
             whensoever
             you
             draw
             the
             Back
             bending
             in
             ,
             you
             must
             make
             the
             Belly
             to
             yield
             in
             according
             to
             it
             ,
             so
             that
             when
             the
             Belly
             yields
             in
             ,
             the
             Back
             must
             stick
             out
             according
             to
             proportion
             ;
             and
             also
             if
             the
             Buttocks
             stick
             out
             ,
             then
             that
             which
             is
             over
             in
             opposition
             to
             it
             must
             yield
             in
             equally
             .
             This
             is
             not
             only
             to
             be
             observed
             in
             these
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             ,
             but
             in
             all
             the
             other
             also
             ;
             as
             when
             the
             Knees
             bend
             out
             ,
             then
             the
             Hammes
             which
             answer
             to
             it
             must
             yield
             in
             accordingly
             ,
             and
             therefore
             this
             Rule
             is
             very
             necessary
             to
             be
             observed
             very
             exactly
             in
             all
             the
             other
             Joynts
             ;
             or
             else
             peradventure
             the
             Body
             will
             not
             have
             all
             the
             natural
             windings
             and
             yieldings
             ,
             which
             give
             the
             greatest
             looseness
             to
             any
             Figure
             whatsoever
             .
             Withall
             be
             sure
             to
             use
             your
             utmost
             endeavour
             to
             make
             things
             of
             an
             answerable
             and
             equall
             proportion
             and
             bigness
             according
             to
             Art
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             not
             to
             make
             a
             Leg
             or
             an
             Arm
             or
             any
             other
             Joynt
             ,
             not
             of
             an
             equall
             and
             suitable
             bigness
             ,
             but
             to
             make
             one
             bigger
             then
             the
             other
             ;
             therefore
             observe
             to
             make
             all
             the
             Joynts
             of
             an
             equall
             bigness
             ,
             both
             of
             bigness
             ,
             length
             ,
             and
             breadth
             ,
             but
             according
             to
             proportion
             .
             But
             in
             case
             any
             part
             of
             the
             Body
             yield
             or
             turn
             something
             away
             from
             the
             Eye
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             decline
             that
             part
             which
             turneth
             according
             to
             proportion
             ;
             and
             likewise
             if
             any
             part
             of
             the
             Body
             do
             appear
             to
             the
             Eye
             to
             foreshorten
             ,
             as
             when
             it
             doth
             hinder
             the
             sight
             of
             the
             full
             Latitude
             of
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Body
             :
             Therefore
             I
             say
             upon
             such
             occasions
             ,
             the
             Body
             or
             part
             of
             the
             Body
             must
             be
             made
             to
             decline
             and
             foreshorten
             ,
             according
             to
             that
             proportion
             that
             the
             Eye
             doth
             guess
             of
             it
             ;
             therefore
             be
             sure
             to
             observe
             your
             exact
             distances
             one
             from
             another
             ,
             how
             farre
             the
             one
             is
             distant
             from
             the
             other
             ;
             you
             must
             observe
             also
             how
             much
             one
             part
             of
             the
             Body
             
             sticks
             out
             beyond
             the
             other
             ;
             be
             carefull
             when
             you
             draw
             a
             naked
             Figure
             to
             draw
             nothing
             hard
             ,
             but
             to
             shadow
             it
             fine
             and
             soft
             as
             possible
             you
             can
             ,
             and
             not
             to
             draw
             the
             out-Circumferences
             sharp
             or
             stiff
             ,
             but
             as
             loose
             as
             possible
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             way
             to
             take
             the
             perfect
             out-Lines
             or
             Circumferences
             of
             any
             Painting
             or
             Print
             whatsoever
             .
          
           
             Take
             a
             sheet
             of
             Venice
             Paper
             ,
             and
             dip
             it
             in
             Oyl
             ;
             or
             take
             a
             Feather
             ,
             and
             wet
             the
             Paper
             all
             over
             with
             Oyl
             of
             Turpentine
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             clean
             linnen
             Rag
             ,
             and
             after
             the
             Oyl
             is
             soaked
             into
             the
             Paper
             a
             while
             ,
             rub
             the
             Oyl
             clean
             off
             from
             the
             Paper
             as
             clean
             as
             you
             can
             ,
             for
             if
             the
             Paper
             be
             Oyly
             it
             will
             spoil
             any
             Print
             ,
             because
             that
             the
             Oyl
             will
             soak
             through
             .
             Then
             having
             prepared
             the
             Oyl-Paper
             ,
             take
             it
             and
             lay
             it
             upon
             the
             Painting
             or
             Print
             which
             you
             intend
             to
             draw
             after
             ,
             and
             you
             shall
             perceive
             all
             the
             Painting
             very
             clearly
             through
             the
             Oyl-Paper
             .
             Then
             you
             take
             a
             black
             lead
             Pensil
             ,
             and
             ▪
             draw
             upon
             the
             Oyl-Paper
             all
             the
             out-Lines
             and
             Circumferences
             thereof
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             piece
             of
             Charcole
             ,
             or
             a
             piece
             of
             black
             Lead
             ,
             and
             scrape
             it
             upon
             the
             backside
             of
             the
             Oyl-Paper
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             Feather
             and
             rub
             it
             all
             over
             ,
             and
             shake
             off
             the
             rest
             ;
             this
             being
             done
             take
             a
             sheet
             of
             clean
             Paper
             ,
             and
             lay
             under
             the
             Oyl-Paper
             ;
             then
             take
             a
             Stift
             ,
             and
             draw
             all
             the
             same
             stroaks
             which
             you
             drew
             before
             upon
             the
             Oyl-Paper
             over
             again
             ,
             then
             take
             the
             Oyl-Paper
             off
             from
             the
             other
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             same
             out-Lines
             will
             be
             upon
             the
             clean
             Paper
             ;
             then
             if
             you
             think
             good
             ,
             you
             may
             finish
             it
             up
             according
             to
             the
             Painting
             or
             Print
             you
             draw
             it
             after
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             way
             to
             decline
             or
             bring
             any
             Painting
             or
             Print
             into
             a
             lesser
             compass
             .
          
           
             If
             it
             be
             a
             Painting
             that
             you
             intend
             to
             decline
             ,
             then
             you
             take
             a
             pair
             of
             Compasses
             ,
             and
             divide
             the
             length
             of
             it
             into
             so
             many
             equall
             parts
             as
             you
             think
             convenient
             ,
             and
             the
             breadth
             also
             with
             the
             very
             same
             distances
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             take
             a
             piece
             of
             Packthread
             and
             chalk
             it
             ,
             then
             take
             that
             Line
             ,
             and
             strike
             upon
             all
             the
             parts
             which
             you
             divided
             with
             your
             Compasses
             ,
             so
             many
             strait
             Lines
             as
             there
             are
             parts
             in
             the
             length
             ,
             then
             strike
             them
             Lines
             that
             go
             in
             the
             breadth
             ,
             quite
             across
             them
             in
             the
             length
             ,
             
             so
             that
             it
             may
             be
             all
             uniformed
             ;
             so
             the
             like
             with
             that
             as
             you
             would
             have
             smaller
             or
             greater
             ,
             according
             to
             your
             intention
             ;
             and
             by
             the
             distances
             in
             the
             Chequers
             you
             guess
             to
             draw
             it
             smaller
             accordingly
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             further
             direction
             for
             Drawing
             .
          
           
             Be
             sure
             to
             place
             all
             the
             Muscles
             in
             their
             right
             and
             proper
             places
             :
             By
             the
             Muscles
             I
             mean
             the
             shadows
             that
             are
             caused
             by
             some
             dents
             or
             swellings
             in
             the
             face
             or
             body
             ;
             therefore
             labour
             to
             find
             out
             the
             reason
             of
             every
             Muscle
             ,
             that
             so
             you
             may
             proceed
             to
             work
             with
             the
             more
             judgement
             ;
             you
             shall
             perceive
             the
             most
             Muscles
             in
             old
             and
             withered
             faces
             .
             First
             you
             must
             draw
             the
             principle
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             then
             place
             the
             features
             exactly
             in
             their
             right
             places
             ;
             observe
             to
             shadow
             them
             rightly
             ,
             and
             be
             sure
             not
             to
             make
             them
             too
             dark
             where
             they
             should
             be
             faint
             ,
             for
             if
             you
             should
             ,
             you
             can
             never
             recover
             it
             to
             make
             them
             light
             again
             ;
             the
             shadowes
             are
             generally
             fainter
             and
             lighter
             in
             a
             fair
             face
             ,
             then
             in
             a
             swarthy
             complexion
             .
             And
             when
             you
             have
             finished
             your
             draught
             ,
             you
             must
             give
             it
             here
             and
             there
             a
             hard
             touch
             where
             it
             is
             darkest
             shadowed
             ,
             which
             will
             adde
             a
             great
             life
             and
             grace
             to
             it
             .
          
        
      
       
       
         
           Certain
           choice
           Observations
           concerning
           Miniture
           or
           Limning
           ▪
        
         
           ERe
           you
           begin
           to
           paint
           ,
           you
           must
           be
           exact
           at
           Design
           or
           Draught
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           be
           able
           to
           Copy
           any
           Picture
           in
           black
           and
           white
           ,
           with
           Cole-black
           ,
           Chalk
           ,
           Black
           Lead
           ,
           or
           the
           like
           .
        
         
           
             The
             Colours
             to
             be
             painted
             with
             are
             thus
             termed
             .
          
           
             White
             
               
                 Cereus
                 .
              
               
                 White
                 Lead
                 .
              
            
          
           
             Red
             
               
                 India
                 lake
                 .
              
               
                 Red
                 Lead
                 .
              
               
                 Mynne
                 .
              
            
          
           
             Yellow
             
               
                 Masticot
                 .
              
               
                 Yellow
                 Ocur
                 .
              
               
                 English
                 Ocur
                 .
              
            
          
           
             Green
             
               
                 Sap
                 green
                 .
              
               
                 Pink
                 .
              
               
                 Blew
                 Verdure
                 .
              
               
                 Green
                 Bice
                 .
              
               
                 Terra
                 Vert.
                 
              
            
          
           
             Blew
             
               
                 Indico
                 .
              
               
                 Vltra
                 marine
                 .
              
               
                 Blew
                 Bice
                 .
              
               
                 Smalt
                 .
              
            
          
           
             Brown
             
               
                 Spanish
                 Brown
                 .
              
               
                 Collins
                 earth
                 ,
                 or
                 Terra
                 de
                 Coloma
                 .
              
               
                 Vmber
                 .
              
            
          
           
             Black
             
               
                 Cherri-stone
                 .
              
               
                 Ivory
                 black
                 .
              
               
                 Lamblack
                 .
              
            
          
        
         
           As
           for
           Vermillion
           ,
           Verdigrease
           ,
           Orpiment
           ,
           
             &c.
          
           they
           are
           too
           course
           and
           gritty
           to
           paint
           in
           Water-colours
           ;
           Turnsoil
           ,
           Litmus
           blew
           ,
           Rosset
           ,
           Brasill
           ,
           Logwood
           ,
           Saffron
           ,
           are
           more
           fit
           for
           washing
           Prints
           ,
           then
           curious
           Limning
           .
        
         
         
           
             Grisatrice
             .
          
           
             
               Faint
               shade
               for
               the
               Face
            
             ]
             Mingle
             together
             white
             English
             Ocur
             ,
             Indico
             ,
             a
             little
             Masticot
             .
          
           
             
               Deep
               shade
            
             ]
             White
             English
             Ocur
             ,
             Umber
             .
          
           
             
               Dark
               shades
               in
               mens
               Faces
            
             ]
             India-Lake
             and
             Pink
             mixt
             .
          
           
             
               Ruddy
               Compl.
            
             ]
             Mine
             ,
             Vermilion
             ,
             Lake
             ,
             Cereus
             ,
             Ana
             q.
             s.
             
          
           
             Mingle
             white
             Lead
             with
             all
             the
             shades
             .
          
        
         
           
             Bise
             .
          
           
             
               To
               Wash
               Bise
            
             ]
             Grinde
             the
             Bise
             first
             very
             purely
             ,
             then
             fill
             a
             shell
             with
             clean
             water
             ,
             put
             the
             Bise
             therein
             ,
             stir
             it
             ,
             and
             let
             it
             settle
             an
             hour
             ,
             then
             reserve
             the
             bottome
             and
             blow
             oft
             the
             top
             .
             To
             deepen
             this
             use
             Litmus
             Water
             .
          
           
             
               Deepest
               shade
            
             ]
             Umber
             ,
             Cullins
             earth
             ,
             Pink
             ,
             Lake
             ,
             Ana
             q.
             s.
             
          
           
             
               Observation
               in
               Grindeing
            
             ]
             Leave
             not
             your
             Colour
             too
             moist
             ,
             but
             thick
             and
             clammy
             ;
             if
             after
             your
             Colour
             be
             dry
             ,
             you
             rubbing
             your
             finger
             thereon
             finde
             any
             to
             come
             off
             ,
             it
             must
             be
             better
             bound
             with
             Gum
             .
          
           
             
               Black
            
             ]
             Cherystone
             burnt
             good
             for
             Drapery
             .
          
        
         
           
             Cereus
             .
          
           
             
               White
            
             ]
             To
             make
             your
             Cereus
             or
             white
             Lead
             that
             it
             shall
             neither
             rust
             nor
             shine
             (
             both
             which
             are
             no
             small
             inconveniences
             )
             go
             this
             way
             to
             work
             before
             you
             begin
             to
             grinde
             either
             of
             them
             ;
             lay
             them
             in
             the
             Sun
             to
             dry
             two
             or
             three
             dayes
             ,
             which
             will
             exhale
             those
             greasie
             and
             salt
             humors
             that
             poyson
             and
             starve
             the
             Colours
             ;
             besides
             you
             must
             scrape
             away
             the
             superficies
             of
             the
             white
             Lead
             ,
             and
             only
             reserve
             the
             middle
             of
             it
             ;
             grinde
             it
             with
             fair
             water
             or
             Rosemary
             water
             with
             a
             Pebble
             on
             a
             Porphir
             .
          
           
             When
             't
             is
             ground
             ,
             have
             in
             readiness
             a
             Chalk
             stone
             with
             Furrows
             in
             it
             ,
             into
             which
             put
             the
             Colour
             
             while
             't
             is
             wet
             ,
             and
             it
             will
             be
             exceedingly
             cleansed
             thereby
             .
             After
             it
             is
             through
             dry
             ,
             reserve
             it
             in
             clean
             papers
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             would
             use
             it
             ,
             put
             it
             in
             a
             Muscle
             shell
             with
             Gum
             water
             made
             of
             the
             whitest
             Gum
             Arabick
             .
          
        
         
           
             Colours
             to
             be
             ground
             are
             these
             .
          
           
             Cereus
             ,
             white
             Lead
             ,
             India
             Lake
             ,
             English
             Ocur
             ,
             Pink
             ,
             Indico
             ,
             Umber
             ,
             Spanish
             Brown
             ,
             Cullins
             Earth
             ,
             Cheristone
             Ivory
             .
          
        
         
           
             Colours
             to
             be
             washt
             are
             these
             .
          
           
             Red
             Lead
             ,
             Minne
             ,
             Masticot
             ,
             green
             Bise
             ,
             Cedar
             green
             ,
             Ultra
             Marine
             ,
             blew
             Bise
             ,
             Smalt
             ,
             Verdure
             ,
             Sap
             green
             .
          
        
         
           
             India
             Lake
             .
          
           
             
               Purple
            
             ]
             Grinde
             this
             with
             Gum
             water
             ;
             when
             't
             is
             ground
             fine
             before
             you
             put
             it
             in
             a
             shell
             ,
             mix
             a
             little
             powder
             of
             white
             Sugar
             Candy
             with
             it
             ,
             which
             will
             make
             it
             not
             crack
             ;
             after
             this
             Temperature
             ,
             you
             may
             spread
             it
             with
             your
             finger
             thinly
             about
             the
             shell
             .
          
        
         
           
             English
             Ocur
             .
          
           
             
               Yellow
            
             ]
             This
             Colour
             lies
             even
             in
             the
             shell
             of
             it self
             ,
             and
             is
             of
             great
             use
             ,
             especially
             if
             well
             ground
             ▪
          
        
         
           
             Pink
             .
          
           
             
               Green
            
             ]
             The
             fairest
             Pink
             is
             best
             ,
             wherewith
             well
             ground
             and
             tempered
             with
             blew
             Bise
             ,
             makes
             an
             excellent
             green
             ;
             to
             deepen
             this
             Colour
             in
             Landskip
             or
             Drapery
             ,
             use
             Indico
             very
             finely
             ground
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             Vmber
             .
          
           
             
               Brown
            
             ]
             This
             Colour
             is
             somewhat
             greasie
             ,
             to
             cleanse
             which
             burn
             it
             in
             a
             Crucible
             ,
             afterwards
             grinde
             it
             and
             it
             will
             be
             good
             .
          
        
         
           
             Spanish
             Brown
             .
          
           
             
               Dark
               Red
            
             ]
             Because
             this
             Colour
             is
             very
             course
             ,
             you
             may
             use
             Umber
             and
             a
             little
             Lake
             tempered
             instead
             thereof
             ,
             which
             is
             as
             good
             .
          
        
         
           
             Black
             .
          
           
             
               Black
            
             ]
             Cherristone
             and
             Ivory
             are
             both
             to
             be
             burnt
             in
             a
             Crucible
             and
             so
             ground
             .
             Cherristone
             is
             good
             for
             Drapery
             ;
             for
             a
             black
             Sattin
             ,
             temper
             with
             it
             a
             little
             white
             ,
             India
             ,
             Lake
             ,
             and
             Indico
             ;
             heighten
             it
             with
             a
             lighter
             mixture
             ;
             deepen
             it
             with
             Ivory
             black
             :
             This
             was
             
               Hilliards
            
             way
             .
          
        
         
           
             Ivory
             .
          
           
             
               Ivory
            
             ]
             Grinde
             Ivory
             with
             Sugarcandy
             .
          
        
         
           
             Colours
             to
             be
             washt
             and
             how
             .
          
           
             
               Red
               Lead
            
             ]
             One
             Instance
             may
             serve
             for
             all
             ,
             and
             that
             shall
             be
             of
             red
             Lead
             ,
             whereof
             take
             as
             much
             as
             you
             will
             an
             Ounce
             or
             two
             ,
             put
             it
             into
             a
             Bason
             or
             earthen
             Dish
             full
             of
             fair
             water
             ,
             stir
             it
             a
             while
             together
             till
             the
             water
             be
             all
             coloured
             ,
             let
             it
             stand
             ,
             and
             you
             will
             soon
             perceive
             a
             greasie
             scum
             to
             arise
             ,
             which
             with
             all
             the
             water
             cast
             away
             ,
             put
             fresh
             water
             to
             it
             ,
             and
             do
             as
             before
             a
             second
             time
             ;
             but
             before
             the
             water
             be
             half
             setled
             ,
             pour
             all
             the
             water
             into
             a
             clean
             Dish
             to
             this
             water
             in
             your
             second
             Bason
             ,
             you
             must
             adde
             more
             clean
             water
             ,
             and
             mingle
             both
             together
             ,
             then
             let
             it
             settle
             ,
             afterwards
             pour
             out
             the
             water
             ,
             and
             that
             small
             pittance
             at
             the
             bottome
             is
             only
             good
             ,
             which
             after
             't
             is
             dry
             must
             be
             taken
             off
             with
             a
             Feather
             ,
             and
             put
             up
             in
             papers
             for
             use
             .
          
           
           
             To
             use
             it
             ,
             spread
             a
             little
             of
             it
             about
             the
             sides
             of
             a
             shell
             ,
             and
             with
             your
             finger
             temper
             it
             with
             Gum
             water
             .
          
           
             
               Pencils
            
             ]
             Choose
             such
             Pencils
             as
             are
             clear
             ,
             sharp-pointed
             ,
             not
             dividing
             into
             parts
             ;
             of
             these
             you
             must
             have
             in
             readiness
             a
             several
             Pencil
             for
             every
             several
             Colour
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             prepare
             a
             Tablet
             to
             work
             on
             with
             Miniature
             for
             Pictures
             by
             the
             life
             .
          
           
             Take
             an
             ordinary
             playing
             Card
             ,
             pollish
             it
             with
             a
             Dogs
             tooth
             ,
             and
             make
             as
             smooth
             as
             you
             can
             the
             white
             side
             of
             it
             ,
             cleansing
             it
             from
             all
             spots
             and
             extuberances
             ;
             then
             choose
             of
             the
             best
             abortive
             Parchment
             a
             piece
             proportionable
             to
             your
             Card
             ,
             which
             piece
             with
             fine
             and
             clean
             Starch
             paste
             fast
             on
             the
             Card
             ,
             temper
             the
             Starch
             before
             you
             paste
             it
             on
             in
             the
             Palm
             of
             your
             hand
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             be
             free
             from
             knots
             ;
             let
             the
             Card
             thus
             pasted
             dry
             ,
             then
             making
             your
             Grindeing
             stone
             as
             clean
             as
             may
             be
             ,
             lay
             the
             Card
             thereon
             with
             the
             Parchment
             side
             downward
             ;
             then
             with
             a
             tooth
             burnish
             or
             pollish
             the
             backside
             as
             hard
             as
             you
             can
             .
             Note
             that
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             skin
             is
             best
             to
             paint
             upon
             ,
             and
             must
             therefore
             be
             outmost
             .
          
           
             
               To
               Prime
               for
               a
               Face
            
             ]
             Your
             Card
             thus
             prepared
             ,
             you
             are
             to
             lay
             a
             Ground
             or
             Primer
             of
             flesh
             Colour
             before
             you
             begin
             your
             work
             ,
             and
             that
             must
             be
             tempered
             according
             to
             the
             Complexion
             of
             the
             Face
             to
             be
             drawn
             ;
             if
             the
             Complexion
             be
             fair
             ,
             temper
             white
             ,
             red
             Lead
             ,
             and
             Lake
             ;
             if
             an
             hard
             swarthy
             Complexion
             ,
             mingle
             with
             your
             white
             and
             red
             a
             little
             fine
             Masticot
             ,
             or
             English
             Ocur
             ;
             but
             note
             ,
             that
             your
             Ground
             ought
             alwayes
             to
             be
             fairer
             then
             the
             Face
             you
             take
             ,
             for
             it
             is
             a
             facile
             matter
             to
             darken
             a
             light
             Colour
             ,
             but
             a
             difficult
             to
             lighten
             a
             deep
             one
             ;
             for
             in
             Limning
             you
             must
             never
             heighten
             ,
             but
             work
             them
             down
             to
             their
             just
             Colour
             .
          
           
             Your
             Ground
             thus
             prepared
             ,
             you
             must
             lay
             it
             on
             the
             Card
             (
             ordered
             as
             before
             )
             with
             a
             Pencil
             bigger
             then
             ordinary
             ,
             lay
             it
             on
             as
             smooth
             ,
             even
             ,
             and
             free
             from
             hairs
             of
             your
             Pencil
             as
             't
             is
             possible
             ,
             which
             that
             you
             may
             do
             ,
             fill
             your
             Pencil
             full
             of
             Colour
             rather
             thin
             or
             watrish
             ,
             then
             thick
             and
             gross
             ,
             and
             with
             two
             or
             three
             daubes
             of
             your
             great
             Pencil
             ,
             lay
             it
             on
             in
             an
             instant
             ,
             the
             nimbler
             it
             is
             laid
             on
             ,
             the
             evener
             the
             Colour
             will
             lie
             .
          
           
           
             
               Note
            
             ]
             Note
             that
             you
             ought
             to
             cover
             rather
             too
             much
             then
             too
             little
             with
             this
             Prime
             ;
             cover
             〈◊〉
             what
             more
             of
             the
             Card
             with
             the
             Ground
             Colour
             ,
             then
             you
             shall
             use
             for
             the
             Face
             .
          
           
             This
             done
             ,
             take
             a
             pretty
             large
             shell
             of
             Mother-pearl
             ,
             or
             another
             shell
             ,
             and
             before
             you
             〈◊〉
             work
             ,
             temper
             certain
             little
             heaps
             of
             several
             Shadowes
             for
             the
             Face
             ,
             which
             you
             may
             dispose
             about
             the
             edges
             of
             the
             shell
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             Order
             of
             Shadowes
             for
             the
             Face
             .
          
           
             
               Shadows
            
             ]
             In
             all
             your
             Shadows
             ,
             remember
             to
             mix
             some
             white
             ,
             
               exempli
               gratiâ
               ;
            
             for
             the
             red
             in
             the
             Cheeks
             ,
             Lips
             ,
             
               &c.
            
             temper
             Lake
             ,
             red
             Lead
             ;
             and
             a
             little
             white
             for
             the
             blew
             ,
             as
             the
             Veines
             ,
             
               &c.
            
             a
             little
             Indico
             and
             white
             ,
             for
             blew
             Bise
             is
             never
             used
             in
             a
             Face
             ;
             for
             the
             faintest
             and
             weakest
             Colour
             or
             Shades
             ,
             Lake-white
             ,
             a
             little
             Ocur
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             Indico
             ,
             adding
             thereto
             if
             you
             will
             a
             small
             pittance
             of
             Pink
             ,
             or
             Masticot
             ;
             for
             the
             deeper
             Shadows
             ,
             white
             English
             Ocur
             ,
             Umber
             ;
             for
             the
             darkest
             and
             hardest
             Shadows
             ,
             use
             Lake
             ,
             and
             Pink
             mixt
             with
             Umber
             .
             Note
             that
             black
             must
             not
             by
             any
             means
             be
             used
             in
             a
             Face
             :
             for
             other
             Shadows
             your
             own
             observation
             must
             direct
             you
             ,
             for
             it
             is
             impossible
             to
             give
             a
             general
             Rule
             for
             the
             Shadows
             in
             all
             Faces
             ,
             unless
             we
             could
             force
             Nature
             to
             observe
             the
             same
             method
             in
             Composeing
             and
             Modelling
             them
             ,
             so
             that
             one
             in
             every
             Punctilio
             should
             resemble
             the
             other
             .
          
           
             
               Light
            
             ]
             For
             your
             Light
             to
             draw
             by
             a
             Northern
             is
             accounted
             best
             ,
             which
             if
             it
             fall
             sloping
             down
             from
             an
             high
             window
             ,
             is
             best
             of
             all
             .
          
           
             
               Position
            
             ]
             Place
             your self
             so
             to
             your
             Desk
             ,
             that
             the
             Light
             may
             strike
             in
             sidelong
             from
             the
             left
             hand
             to
             the
             right
             ;
             and
             observe
             that
             in
             all
             your
             work
             it
             will
             shew
             to
             the
             best
             advantage
             ,
             when
             't
             is
             turned
             and
             seen
             by
             the
             same
             Light
             it
             was
             drawn
             by
             .
          
           
             
               Necessaries
               in
               Painting
            
             ]
             Let
             a
             Saucer
             or
             clean
             shell
             of
             fair
             water
             be
             ever
             on
             your
             right
             hand
             ,
             wherewith
             you
             may
             temper
             your
             Colours
             and
             wash
             your
             Pencils
             ,
             which
             you
             must
             have
             on
             your
             right
             hand
             too
             ;
             together
             with
             a
             brush-Pencil
             dry
             ,
             to
             brush
             and
             cleanse
             your
             work
             from
             dust
             ;
             also
             a
             sharp
             Pen-knife
             ,
             wherewith
             to
             take
             away
             such
             spots
             or
             hairs
             as
             may
             casually
             mix
             with
             your
             Colours
             ,
             or
             fall
             
             into
             your
             Card
             ;
             you
             may
             also
             conveniently
             cover
             your
             Picture
             with
             a
             piece
             of
             paper
             ,
             whereon
             to
             try
             your
             Pencils
             before
             you
             begin
             to
             work
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             begin
             a
             Face
             .
          
           
             
               The
               first
               Draught
            
             ]
             Having
             these
             accommodations
             ,
             draw
             the
             Lines
             of
             Porphile
             (
             
               i.
               e.
            
             the
             outmost
             stroaks
             )
             of
             a
             Face
             with
             Lake
             ,
             and
             white
             mingled
             ,
             very
             faint
             ;
             by
             this
             you
             may
             conveniently
             mend
             the
             Draught
             (
             if
             false
             )
             with
             a
             deeper
             mixture
             of
             the
             same
             Colour
             ;
             the
             Lines
             being
             exactly
             drawn
             ,
             and
             true
             proportion
             observed
             )
             (
             which
             is
             the
             chiefest
             thing
             of
             concernment
             )
             next
             observe
             the
             deeper
             and
             more
             remarkable
             Shadows
             ,
             and
             with
             the
             same
             faint
             Crimson
             Colour
             of
             Lake
             and
             white
             ,
             give
             some
             slight
             touches
             and
             marks
             somewhat
             roughly
             of
             these
             Shadows
             ,
             which
             afterwards
             you
             'l
             finish
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             Order
             to
             be
             observed
             in
             drawing
             by
             the
             Life
             .
          
           
             
               The
               Order
               of
               Drawing
               ▪
               First
               Sitting
            
             ]
             First
             you
             must
             only
             dead-Colour
             the
             Face
             ,
             as
             the
             oyl-Painters
             do
             ,
             and
             not
             meddle
             with
             the
             rest
             ,
             and
             this
             first
             Sitting
             commonly
             takes
             up
             two
             hours
             .
          
           
             
               Second
               Sitting
            
             ]
             The
             second
             Sitting
             will
             require
             four
             or
             five
             hours
             ,
             in
             that
             time
             you
             are
             to
             go
             over
             the
             Face
             very
             curiously
             ,
             observing
             whatever
             may
             conduce
             either
             to
             likeness
             ,
             or
             judicious
             Colouring
             ,
             and
             observation
             of
             the
             several
             graces
             ,
             beauties
             ,
             or
             deformities
             ,
             as
             they
             appear
             in
             Nature
             ,
             or
             else
             in
             smoothness
             of
             Shadows
             ,
             or
             close
             and
             sweet
             Couching
             the
             Colours
             .
          
           
             
               Third
               Sitting
            
             ]
             The
             third
             Sitting
             is
             two
             or
             three
             hours
             work
             ,
             and
             is
             spent
             in
             closeing
             what
             was
             before
             left
             imperfect
             and
             rough
             ;
             but
             principally
             in
             diveing
             to
             every
             deep
             Shadow
             ,
             the
             strong
             touches
             and
             deepenings
             as
             well
             in
             the
             dark
             Shadows
             in
             the
             Face
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             Eyebrows
             ,
             Hair
             ,
             and
             Ears
             ,
             and
             these
             touches
             are
             ever
             the
             last
             part
             of
             this
             business
             ,
             and
             are
             never
             to
             be
             done
             till
             all
             the
             Hair
             and
             Drapery
             be
             finisht
             ;
             these
             touches
             (
             if
             well
             done
             )
             adde
             exceedingly
             to
             the
             life
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             Concerning
             dead-Colouring
             .
          
           
             The
             dead-Colouring
             of
             a
             Face
             is
             to
             be
             done
             the
             roughest
             and
             boldest
             of
             all
             ;
             having
             drawn
             your
             Face
             with
             Lake
             and
             white
             (
             as
             before
             )
             you
             must
             take
             to
             the
             said
             Colour
             a
             little
             red
             Lead
             ,
             tempering
             it
             to
             the
             Colour
             of
             the
             Cheeks
             ,
             Lips
             ,
             
               &c.
            
             but
             very
             faintly
             ,
             because
             you
             cannot
             lighten
             a
             deep
             Colour
             ,
             without
             hazard
             of
             spoiling
             the
             Picture
             .
          
           
             
               To
               begin
               to
               Paint
            
             ]
             The
             first
             Colour
             to
             begin
             the
             Face
             with
             is
             the
             red
             of
             the
             Cheeks
             ,
             and
             Lips
             ,
             somewhat
             strongly
             ,
             the
             bottome
             of
             the
             Chin
             ,
             if
             the
             Party
             be
             beardless
             ;
             over
             under
             and
             about
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             you
             will
             perceive
             a
             delicate
             and
             faint
             redness
             ,
             and
             underneath
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             inclineing
             to
             purple
             Colour
             ,
             which
             in
             fair
             and
             beautifull
             Faces
             is
             usuall
             ,
             and
             must
             be
             observed
             ;
             the
             tip
             of
             the
             Ear
             and
             the
             roots
             of
             the
             Hair
             are
             commonly
             of
             the
             same
             Colour
             .
          
           
             All
             this
             you
             must
             do
             after
             the
             manner
             of
             Hatching
             ,
             with
             faint
             and
             gentle
             Stroaks
             ,
             washing
             it
             all
             along
             .
             In
             short
             ,
             in
             your
             dead-Colouring
             you
             must
             cover
             your
             ground
             with
             the
             aforesaid
             red
             ,
             and
             the
             subsequent
             Shadows
             .
          
           
             
               Note
            
             ]
             Be
             not
             too
             curious
             in
             your
             first
             working
             ,
             but
             regard
             a
             good
             bold
             following
             of
             Nature
             ,
             rather
             then
             smooth
             Curiosity
             ,
             the
             roughness
             of
             the
             Colour
             you
             may
             end
             at
             another
             Sitting
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             second
             Work
             of
             Painting
             .
          
           
             
               The
               second
               Procedure
            
             ]
             The
             red
             being
             done
             ,
             the
             next
             is
             the
             faint
             blewes
             about
             the
             corners
             and
             balls
             of
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             and
             the
             gray
             and
             blewish
             under
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             the
             Temples
             ,
             
               &c.
            
             which
             you
             are
             also
             to
             work
             from
             the
             uppermost
             part
             of
             the
             Face
             almost
             all
             over
             ,
             but
             exceeding
             sweet
             and
             faint
             ,
             by
             degrees
             sweetening
             and
             heightening
             your
             Shadows
             ,
             as
             the
             Light
             falls
             .
             And
             in
             going
             over
             the
             Face
             ,
             be
             sure
             to
             mark
             out
             the
             hard
             Shadows
             in
             the
             dark
             side
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             under
             the
             Nose
             ,
             Chin
             ,
             Eyebrows
             ,
             
               &c.
            
             as
             the
             Light
             falls
             ,
             and
             somewhat
             strong
             touches
             in
             those
             places
             .
             Bring
             up
             your
             work
             together
             in
             an
             equall
             roundness
             ,
             not
             giving
             perfection
             to
             any
             particular
             part
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             but
             visiting
             all
             the
             parts
             
             curiously
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             kinde
             of
             randome
             ,
             by
             which
             meanes
             you
             will
             better
             observe
             the
             likeness
             ,
             roundness
             ,
             postures
             ,
             Colouring
             ,
             or
             whatever
             else
             is
             requisite
             to
             the
             perfection
             of
             your
             work
             .
          
           
             
               The
               third
               Procedure
            
             ]
             Having
             done
             the
             fainter
             or
             slighter
             Shades
             ,
             and
             somewhat
             smoothed
             and
             wrought
             them
             into
             the
             red
             ,
             you
             may
             go
             over
             the
             Hair
             ,
             disposing
             into
             such
             Forms
             ,
             Folds
             ,
             or
             Tramels
             ,
             as
             may
             become
             your
             Picture
             best
             .
          
           
             You
             must
             at
             first
             only
             draw
             them
             with
             Colour
             as
             near
             as
             you
             can
             sutable
             to
             the
             life
             ,
             and
             after
             wash
             them
             lightly
             at
             the
             first
             ,
             and
             then
             once
             more
             peruse
             your
             work
             ,
             being
             carefull
             to
             fill
             up
             the
             void
             empty
             and
             bare
             places
             which
             are
             uncovered
             with
             Colour
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             deepen
             it
             somewhat
             more
             strongly
             then
             before
             in
             the
             deepest
             shady
             places
             ,
             still
             carefully
             observing
             the
             life
             .
             Thus
             much
             for
             the
             first
             Sitting
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             Order
             of
             Painting
             in
             the
             second
             Sitting
             .
          
           
             The
             Party
             being
             set
             just
             in
             his
             former
             seat
             ,
             you
             must
             most
             exactly
             observe
             and
             curiously
             delineate
             with
             your
             Pencil
             ,
             those
             several
             varieties
             of
             Nature
             ,
             which
             you
             did
             rudely
             score
             out
             before
             .
             To
             do
             this
             you
             must
             use
             the
             same
             Colour
             in
             the
             same
             places
             you
             did
             before
             ,
             working
             ,
             driving
             ,
             and
             sweetening
             the
             same
             Colours
             one
             into
             another
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             that
             nothing
             be
             left
             in
             your
             work
             with
             a
             hard
             edge
             ,
             uneven
             ,
             or
             a
             lump
             together
             ,
             but
             all
             so
             swept
             and
             driven
             one
             into
             another
             ,
             with
             the
             point
             of
             somewhat
             a
             sharper
             Pencil
             then
             you
             used
             at
             first
             as
             that
             your
             Shadows
             may
             lie
             soft
             and
             smooth
             ,
             being
             dispersed
             and
             gently
             extended
             into
             all
             ,
             and
             towards
             the
             lighter
             parts
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             like
             air
             or
             a
             vapoury
             smoak
             ;
             but
             before
             this
             you
             must
             carefully
             observe
             all
             the
             Shadows
             and
             Colours
             .
          
           
             
               The
               ground
               behind
               the
               Picture
            
             ]
             For
             the
             ground
             behind
             the
             Picture
             ,
             it
             is
             commonly
             blew
             or
             crimson
             ,
             somewhat
             like
             a
             Satin
             or
             red
             Velvet
             Curtain
             :
             If
             blew
             you
             must
             lay
             it
             thus
             ;
             your
             Bise
             being
             pure
             and
             clear
             washt
             ,
             temper
             as
             much
             in
             a
             shell
             as
             will
             cover
             a
             Card
             ,
             let
             it
             be
             all
             throughly
             moist
             and
             well
             bound
             with
             Gum
             ,
             then
             with
             a
             small
             Pencil
             go
             about
             with
             the
             same
             Colour
             the
             Porphile
             ,
             that
             is
             the
             utmost
             Stroak
             ,
             and
             ambient
             Superficies
             of
             the
             Picture
             ;
             this
             done
             take
             a
             greater
             Pencil
             ,
             and
             therewith
             
             wash
             over
             somewhat
             carefully
             the
             whole
             ground
             that
             you
             mean
             to
             cover
             with
             a
             blew
             ,
             somewhat
             thin
             and
             watrish
             ,
             and
             then
             with
             a
             reasonable
             big
             Pencil
             full
             of
             Colour
             and
             flowing
             ,
             lay
             over
             that
             place
             with
             a
             thick
             and
             substantial
             body
             of
             Colour
             ,
             which
             before
             you
             had
             only
             washt
             over
             .
             In
             the
             doing
             of
             this
             you
             must
             be
             very
             swift
             ,
             keeping
             the
             Colour
             moist
             that
             you
             have
             laid
             ,
             not
             permitting
             any
             part
             to
             dry
             till
             the
             whole
             be
             covered
             .
          
           
             
               A
               Crimson
               Ground
            
             ]
             If
             you
             would
             have
             your
             ground
             Crimson
             like
             Satin
             ,
             you
             must
             with
             India-Lake
             mark
             out
             where
             and
             in
             what
             places
             you
             will
             have
             these
             strong
             and
             hard
             Lights
             and
             Reflections
             to
             fall
             ,
             which
             is
             seen
             in
             Satin
             or
             Velvet
             ,
             there
             lay
             your
             Lights
             with
             a
             thin
             and
             watrish
             Lake
             ,
             and
             while
             it
             is
             yet
             wet
             with
             a
             stronger
             and
             darker
             Colour
             of
             Lake
             thick
             ground
             ,
             lay
             the
             deepning
             and
             hard
             strong
             Shadows
             close
             by
             the
             other
             lights
             ;
             your
             best
             way
             is
             to
             have
             a
             piece
             of
             Satin
             before
             you
             to
             imitate
             .
          
           
             
               For
               Method
               in
               the
               Touches
            
             ]
             After
             this
             lay
             your
             linnen
             with
             a
             flat
             white
             ,
             and
             the
             Drapery
             likewise
             flat
             ,
             then
             go
             over
             your
             Face
             again
             ,
             endeavouring
             to
             reduce
             each
             Shadow
             to
             its
             true
             perfection
             ,
             then
             draw
             the
             Lines
             of
             the
             Eye-lids
             ,
             expressing
             the
             red
             dark
             Nostril
             ,
             the
             shadowy
             entrance
             into
             the
             Ears
             ,
             the
             deepness
             of
             the
             Eye-brows
             ,
             and
             those
             more
             perspicuous
             notes
             and
             marks
             in
             the
             Face
             ,
             with
             a
             Pencil
             somewhat
             more
             curious
             and
             sharp
             then
             before
             ;
             you
             may
             darken
             your
             ground
             as
             you
             see
             it
             will
             be
             most
             advantagious
             to
             the
             setting
             out
             the
             Picture
             .
          
           
             
               The
               Hair
            
             ]
             Next
             go
             over
             your
             Hair
             ,
             heightning
             and
             deepning
             it
             as
             you
             shall
             see
             by
             the
             life
             ,
             drawing
             some
             Locks
             loosely
             over
             the
             ground
             ,
             which
             would
             otherwise
             seem
             unpleasant
             .
          
           
             
               Linnen
               Shade
            
             ]
             To
             shadow
             Linnen
             use
             black
             ,
             white
             ,
             a
             little
             yellow
             ,
             and
             less
             blew
             ;
             the
             black
             must
             be
             deepned
             with
             Ivory-black
             ,
             with
             which
             mix
             a
             little
             Lake
             ,
             and
             Indico
             ,
             or
             Litmus-blew
             .
             Thus
             much
             for
             the
             second
             Sitting
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             Manner
             of
             Finishing
             at
             the
             third
             Sitting
             .
          
           
             
               Third
               Sitting
            
             ]
             The
             third
             will
             be
             wholly
             spent
             in
             giving
             the
             strong
             Touches
             and
             Observations
             necessary
             
             for
             the
             rounding
             of
             a
             Face
             ,
             which
             you
             will
             now
             better
             see
             to
             do
             ,
             the
             Apparel
             ,
             Hair
             ,
             and
             Ground
             ,
             being
             already
             finished
             .
             In
             this
             Sitting
             curiously
             observe
             whatever
             may
             conduce
             to
             similitude
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             chiefest
             thing
             ,
             as
             Scars
             ,
             Moles
             ,
             
               &c.
            
             glances
             of
             the
             Eyes
             ,
             descending
             and
             circumflexions
             of
             the
             Mouth
             ;
             never
             make
             your
             deepest
             Shadows
             so
             deep
             as
             they
             appear
             in
             the
             life
             .
          
        
         
           
             Thus
             much
             of
             the
             Face
             and
             three
             Sittings
             :
             For
             Ornaments
             thus
             .
          
           
             
               Ornament
               .
               Armour-Silver
            
             ]
             For
             Colouring
             Armour
             ,
             first
             lay
             liquid
             Silver
             flat
             and
             even
             ,
             which
             dryed
             and
             burnisht
             with
             a
             Tooth
             ,
             temper
             the
             Shadows
             with
             Silver
             ,
             Indico
             ,
             Litmus
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             Umber
             ,
             work
             these
             Shadows
             on
             the
             Silver
             as
             directed
             by
             the
             life
             .
          
           
             
               Gold
               Armour
            
             ]
             For
             the
             Gold
             Armour
             ,
             lay
             Gold
             as
             you
             did
             Silver
             ,
             for
             the
             Shadow
             ,
             Lake
             ,
             English
             Ocur
             ,
             tempered
             with
             a
             little
             Gold
             .
          
           
             
               Pearls
            
             ]
             To
             express
             the
             roundness
             and
             lustre
             of
             Pearls
             ,
             your
             ground
             must
             be
             white
             ,
             and
             Indico
             ,
             your
             Shadow
             black
             ,
             and
             Pink
             .
          
           
             
               Diamonds
            
             ]
             Diamonds
             are
             exprest
             with
             a
             ground
             of
             flat
             liquid
             Silver
             ,
             the
             deepening
             is
             Cherristone
             ,
             black
             ,
             and
             Ivory
             ;
             the
             deeper
             the
             Shadow
             ,
             the
             fairer
             the
             Diamond
             .
          
           
             
               Rubies
            
             ]
             Lay
             a
             ground
             of
             Silver
             ,
             burnish
             it
             to
             the
             bigness
             of
             the
             Rubie
             ,
             then
             take
             Turpentine
             of
             the
             best
             and
             purest
             ,
             and
             temper
             with
             it
             very
             neat
             a
             little
             India-Lake
             ,
             then
             taking
             a
             Needle
             or
             some
             small
             iron
             Instrument
             heated
             in
             a
             Candle
             ,
             lay
             or
             drop
             a
             little
             of
             the
             Composition
             upon
             the
             Silver
             ,
             fashioning
             the
             Stone
             in
             a
             round
             or
             square
             ,
             or
             what
             fashion
             you
             please
             with
             the
             point
             of
             your
             Instruments
             ,
             you
             must
             let
             it
             lye
             a
             day
             or
             two
             to
             dry
             ;
             if
             it
             be
             too
             long
             in
             drying
             ,
             adde
             to
             your
             other
             Composition
             a
             little
             powder
             of
             clarified
             Mastick
             ;
             this
             Receipt
             is
             not
             commonly
             known
             .
          
           
             
               Emeraulds
            
             ]
             For
             any
             green
             Stone
             ,
             temper
             your
             Turpentine
             with
             Verdigrease
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             Turmerick
             root
             first
             scraped
             with
             Vinegar
             ,
             then
             let
             it
             dry
             ,
             then
             grinde
             it
             to
             fine
             powder
             and
             temper
             it
             .
          
           
             
               Saphires
            
             ]
             Mix
             Turpentine
             with
             Ultra
             Marine
             ,
             
               &c.
               
            
          
           
           
             Note
             that
             the
             ground
             to
             all
             must
             be
             liquid
             Silver
             polisht
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             true
             Receipt
             to
             make
             liquid
             Gold
             .
          
           
             
               Liquid
               Gold
            
             ]
             Take
             of
             fine
             leaf
             Gold
             the
             value
             of
             2s
             —
             6d
             ,
             grinde
             this
             Gold
             with
             a
             strong
             and
             thick
             Gum
             water
             upon
             a
             reasonable
             large
             stone
             ,
             which
             you
             must
             grinde
             very
             fine
             and
             painfully
             ;
             as
             you
             grinde
             it
             still
             adde
             more
             of
             your
             strong
             Gum
             water
             ,
             and
             though
             the
             Gold
             look
             never
             so
             black
             and
             dirty
             ,
             't
             is
             never
             the
             worse
             ;
             having
             brought
             it
             to
             a
             competent
             fineness
             ,
             wash
             it
             in
             a
             great
             shell
             as
             you
             did
             Bise
             ,
             
               &c.
            
             being
             very
             clean
             adde
             to
             it
             a
             little
             quantity
             of
             Mercury
             sublimate
             ,
             with
             the
             point
             of
             your
             Knife
             which
             you
             must
             temper
             with
             it
             ,
             and
             a
             very
             little
             Gum
             to
             binde
             it
             in
             the
             shell
             ,
             and
             as
             it
             settles
             and
             begins
             to
             dry
             in
             the
             shell
             ,
             shake
             it
             together
             ,
             and
             remove
             and
             spread
             the
             Gold
             about
             the
             sides
             of
             the
             shell
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             be
             altogether
             of
             one
             Colour
             and
             fineness
             ,
             use
             it
             with
             fair
             water
             as
             you
             do
             the
             other
             Colours
             .
          
           
             
               Note
            
             ]
             So
             for
             liquid
             Silver
             ,
             only
             observe
             (
             and
             't
             is
             a
             Secret
             )
             that
             when
             your
             Silver
             either
             with
             long
             keeping
             or
             moistness
             of
             the
             air
             becomes
             starvd
             and
             rusty
             ,
             you
             must
             to
             prevent
             this
             inconveniency
             ,
             before
             you
             lay
             the
             Silver
             Cover
             over
             the
             place
             with
             a
             little
             juice
             of
             Garlick
             ,
             which
             will
             preserve
             it
             .
          
        
         
           
             Landskip
             .
          
           
             
               Landskip
            
             ]
             In
             painting
             Landskip
             ever
             begin
             with
             the
             Skie
             ,
             and
             if
             there
             be
             any
             Sun-beams
             ,
             do
             them
             first
             .
          
           
             
               Purple
               Clouds
            
             ]
             For
             the
             purple
             Clouds
             ,
             only
             mingle
             Lake
             and
             white
             .
          
           
             
               Yellow
            
             ]
             The
             yellow
             Sun-beams
             ,
             Masticot
             and
             white
             .
          
           
             
               Note
            
             1.
             ]
             Work
             your
             blew
             Skie
             with
             Smalt
             only
             .
          
           
             
               Note
            
             2.
             ]
             At
             your
             first
             working
             dead-Colour
             all
             the
             Piece
             over
             ,
             leave
             nothing
             uncovered
             ,
             lay
             the
             Colour
             smooth
             and
             even
             .
          
           
           
             
               Note
            
             3.
             ]
             Work
             the
             Sky
             down
             in
             the
             Horizon
             fainter
             and
             fainter
             as
             you
             Draw
             near
             the
             Earth
             ,
             except
             in
             tempestuous
             Skies
             ,
             work
             your
             further
             Mountaines
             so
             that
             they
             should
             seem
             to
             be
             lost
             in
             the
             Aire
             .
          
           
             
               Note
            
             4.
             ]
             Your
             first
             Ground
             must
             be
             of
             the
             colour
             of
             the
             earth
             and
             dark
             ;
             yellowish
             ,
             brown
             ,
             green
             ,
             the
             next
             successively
             as
             they
             loose
             in
             their
             distance
             must
             also
             faint
             and
             abate
             in
             their
             colours
             .
          
           
             
               Note
            
             5.
             ]
             Beware
             of
             perfection
             at
             a
             distance
             .
          
           
             
               Note
            
             6.
             ]
             Ever
             place
             light
             against
             dark
             ,
             and
             dark
             against
             light
             [
             that
             is
             ]
             that
             the
             only
             way
             to
             extend
             the
             Prospect
             far
             off
             ,
             is
             by
             opposing
             light
             to
             shadows
             ,
             yet
             so
             as
             ever
             they
             must
             loose
             their
             force
             and
             vigor
             in
             proportion
             as
             they
             remove
             from
             the
             eye
             ,
             and
             the
             strongest
             shadow
             ever
             nearest
             hand
             .
          
        
         
           
             Dark
             green
          
           
             For
             a
             dark
             green
             for
             Trees
             ,
             mingle
             blew
             Verdure
             ,
             Pink
             ,
             and
             Indico
             ;
             the
             deepest
             shadowes
             of
             all
             in
             green
             are
             made
             with
             sap
             green
             and
             Indico
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             rare
             Secret
             to
             preserve
             colours
             .
          
           
             Take
             Rosemary
             Water
             distilled
             ,
             and
             with
             a
             few
             drops
             of
             it
             ,
             temper
             your
             shell
             of
             White
             ,
             and
             you
             shall
             see
             it
             become
             instantly
             perfect
             White
             ,
             how
             ever
             dead
             and
             faded
             it
             was
             before
             .
             Besides
             this
             Water
             allayes
             the
             bubbles
             in
             White
             and
             Umber
             ,
             which
             are
             usually
             very
             troublesome
             in
             the
             Grounding
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
             Some
             generall
             Observations
             in
             Miniature
             .
          
           
             
               1.
               
               If
               your
               Colours
               peel
               or
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               greasiness
               of
               your
               Parchment
               will
               not
               lye
               on
               ;
               mix
               with
               them
               a
               very
               little
               Ear-Wax
               ,
               and
               't
               will
               help
               them
               .
            
             
               2.
               
               Sit
               not
               above
               two
               yards
               from
               him
               you
               Draw
               by
               .
            
             
               3.
               
               Draw
               not
               any
               part
               in
               the
               Face
               of
               a
               Picture
               exactly
               at
               first
               ,
               neither
               finish
               a
               Mouth
               ,
               Eye
               ,
               or
               Nose
               ,
               
               till
               the
               rest
               of
               your
               work
               come
               up
               ,
               and
               be
               wrought
               together
               with
               it
               .
            
             
               4.
               
               When
               you
               have
               finished
               the
               Face
               ,
               make
               the
               Party
               stand
               up
               to
               Draw
               the
               Drapery
               by
               him
               .
            
             
               5.
               
               Let
               the
               Party
               you
               Draw
               be
               set
               in
               an
               higher
               Seat
               then
               your self
               that
               Draw
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             To
             make
             Crayons
             or
             Pastils
             and
             Draw
             with
             them
             .
          
           
             
               Pastils
               .
            
             ]
             To
             instance
             one
             for
             all
             ,
             if
             you
             were
             to
             make
             a
             Pastill
             for
             a
             brown
             Complexion
             ,
             grind
             on
             your
             Stone
             ,
             Cereus
             ,
             red
             Lead
             ,
             or
             Virmilion
             ,
             English
             Ocre
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             Pink
             ,
             to
             this
             add
             a
             proportionable
             quantity
             of
             Plaister
             of
             
               Paris
            
             burnt
             and
             finely
             sifted
             ,
             mix
             this
             with
             the
             other
             Colours
             and
             you
             may
             role
             it
             up
             .
          
           
             
               Note
               .
            
             ]
             Mix
             white
             Cereus
             with
             all
             your
             other
             colours
             .
          
           
             To
             use
             these
             Pastils
             ,
             Colour
             the
             Paper
             whereon
             you
             mean
             to
             Draw
             with
             a
             Carnation
             or
             flesh
             Colour
             ,
             with
             a
             wet
             Spunge
             Draw
             the
             out-lines
             faintly
             with
             red
             Chalk
             ,
             then
             rub
             in
             the
             Pastils
             ,
             finish
             and
             fill
             up
             all
             with
             black
             Chalk
             as
             you
             shall
             see
             occasion
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             make
             white
             .
          
           
             
               Cereus
               .
            
             ]
             Take
             two
             parts
             of
             ordinary
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             one
             part
             of
             Allum
             ,
             grind
             these
             together
             fine
             ,
             make
             them
             up
             in
             a
             lump
             ,
             burn
             them
             in
             a
             Crucible
             and
             use
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             make
             white
             Lead
             .
          
           
             
               White
               Lead
               .
            
             ]
             Take
             a
             Gallypot
             ,
             whereinto
             put
             severall
             small
             plates
             of
             clean
             Lead
             ,
             cover
             them
             with
             white
             Wine
             Vinegar
             ,
             cover
             the
             Pot
             ,
             and
             dig
             an
             hole
             in
             a
             Cellar
             ,
             where
             let
             it
             abide
             for
             the
             space
             of
             six
             Weeks
             ;
             take
             it
             up
             ,
             and
             scrape
             off
             the
             White
             Lead
             from
             the
             plates
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             To
             prepare
             a
             Card
             for
             a
             Picture
             .
          
           
             Wet
             a
             Card
             all
             over
             with
             a
             great
             Pencill
             so
             soon
             as
             the
             water
             is
             sunk
             in
             burnish
             it
             smooth
             on
             the
             backside
             ,
             having
             beaten
             some
             Starch
             with
             a
             Knife
             in
             your
             hands
             palme
             spread
             it
             over
             ,
             instantly
             lay
             on
             a
             piece
             of
             abortive
             Parchment
             ,
             let
             it
             be
             prest
             in
             a
             book
             till
             it
             be
             almost
             dry
             ,
             then
             smooth
             it
             on
             the
             backside
             .
          
           
             To
             preserve
             Colours
             fresh
             ,
             some
             grind
             them
             with
             the
             Gall
             of
             a
             Neate
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             prepare
             White
             excellently
             .
          
           
             
               White
               .
            
             ]
             Take
             some
             
               Cereus
            
             which
             being
             grosly
             bruised
             and
             put
             into
             a
             fine
             earthen
             Basen
             ,
             put
             to
             it
             a
             good
             quantity
             of
             running
             Water
             distilled
             ,
             wherein
             wash
             the
             Cereus
             till
             it
             be
             throughly
             clean
             and
             purged
             ,
             which
             you
             shall
             know
             by
             the
             taste
             of
             the
             Water
             which
             is
             drained
             from
             thence
             .
          
           
             
               Vernish
               .
            
             ]
             Vernish
             is
             made
             thus
             ,
             Take
             of
             Oyl
             of
             Turpentine
             one
             pound
             ,
             Sandrake
             one
             pound
             ,
             Oyl
             of
             Spike
             one
             pound
             ,
             mix
             the
             Oyles
             together
             ,
             and
             let
             all
             stand
             over
             the
             fire
             till
             the
             Sandrake
             be
             ●esolved
             :
             if
             the
             fire
             should
             chance
             to
             catch
             hold
             of
             this
             ,
             clap
             a
             Pewter
             Dish
             over
             it
             .
          
        
         
           
             Concerning
             Wax
             work
             or
             Moulding
             .
             To
             make
             the
             Moulds
             .
          
           
             
               The
               Mould
               .
            
             ]
             Take
             a
             good
             big
             lump
             of
             Plaister
             of
             
               Paris
            
             and
             burne
             it
             in
             a
             Crucible
             till
             it
             be
             red
             hot
             ,
             let
             it
             coole
             ,
             then
             beat
             it
             very
             fine
             ,
             and
             searse
             it
             through
             a
             Tiffany
             Sieve
             ;
             be
             very
             cautious
             that
             the
             Wind
             come
             not
             at
             it
             ,
             for
             that
             will
             hinder
             its
             hardening
             :
             after
             it
             be
             tempred
             keep
             it
             wrapt
             up
             in
             a
             cleane
             brown
             Paper
             .
             Use
             it
             thus
             ,
             Take
             any
             Earthen
             or
             Pewter
             Vessel
             that
             is
             shallow
             ,
             and
             put
             ten
             or
             twelve
             spoonfulls
             of
             fair
             Water
             in
             it
             ,
             then
             prepare
             your
             fruit
             ,
             and
             bind
             a
             Ragg
             round
             it
             like
             a
             Cord
             in
             a
             wreath
             long
             wayes
             on
             the
             fruite
             :
             then
             take
             some
             Linseed
             Oyl
             ,
             or
             (
             which
             is
             the
             more
             cleanly
             )
             Oyl
             of
             sweet
             Almonds
             ,
             with
             which
             in
             a
             Pencill
             besmeare
             the
             Lemmon
             or
             (
             what
             other
             fruit
             it
             be
             )
             on
             one
             
             side
             ,
             which
             lay
             upermost
             :
             your
             Lemmon
             thus
             prepared
             ,
             take
             up
             some
             of
             your
             sifted
             Plaister
             of
             
               Paris
            
             and
             temper
             it
             in
             the
             forementioned
             Water
             to
             a
             pretty
             thickness
             ,
             then
             as
             speedily
             as
             may
             be
             with
             the
             help
             of
             your
             Spoon
             cast
             it
             on
             the
             Oyled
             Lemmon
             ,
             lay
             it
             on
             very
             thick
             ,
             least
             the
             thinness
             of
             the
             Mould
             spoile
             the
             work
             ,
             when
             't
             is
             hardned
             (
             which
             will
             be
             in
             a
             small
             time
             )
             take
             away
             your
             Ragg
             ,
             leaving
             the
             Linnen
             still
             fast
             in
             its
             half
             Mould
             ;
             Which
             done
             ,
             turne
             the
             hardned
             side
             downward
             ,
             then
             Oyl
             the
             other
             half
             of
             the
             Lemmon
             together
             ,
             with
             the
             edges
             of
             the
             Mould
             ,
             which
             the
             Ragg
             did
             cover
             ;
             then
             wash
             your
             Poringer
             or
             Vessel
             where
             the
             former
             Plaister
             was
             clean
             and
             prepared
             ,
             and
             cast
             on
             more
             Plaister
             of
             
               Paris
            
             as
             before
             ;
             observe
             it
             must
             not
             be
             too
             thick
             when
             you
             cast
             it
             on
             ,
             and
             after
             't
             is
             hardned
             ,
             you
             must
             put
             no
             more
             water
             to
             it
             ,
             for
             then
             it
             will
             crumble
             ;
             when
             you
             have
             done
             the
             Moulds
             so
             ,
             and
             made
             a
             notch
             that
             one
             may
             fall
             fitly
             into
             the
             other
             ,
             tye
             them
             close
             together
             having
             before
             well
             Oyled
             them
             ,
             and
             keep
             them
             for
             use
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             Cast
             in
             these
             Moulds
             .
          
           
             
               To
               Cast
               .
            
             ]
             Use
             the
             whitest
             and
             purest
             Virgins
             Wax
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             colour
             the
             Wax
             answerable
             to
             the
             things
             you
             Mould
             .
          
           
             
               To
               colour
               .
            
             ]
             For
             a
             Raddish
             your
             Ground
             is
             Cereus
             ,
             which
             must
             be
             afterwards
             Painted
             over
             with
             Lake
             ,
             the
             top
             of
             the
             Raddish
             Painted
             with
             Verdigrease
             ,
             all
             other
             such
             Colours
             must
             be
             tempered
             with
             Gum-Water
             .
             Gum-Water
             is
             thus
             made
             ,
             Disolve
             a
             lump
             of
             clear
             Gum
             Arabick
             about
             the
             bigness
             of
             a
             Wallnut
             in
             two
             spoonfuls
             of
             fair
             Water
             ,
             herewith
             temper
             your
             Colours
             .
          
           
             Note
             that
             every
             thing
             Mouldable
             is
             either
             all
             of
             one
             and
             the
             same
             colour
             ,
             as
             (
             a
             Lemmon
             ,
             )
             or
             striped
             ,
             and
             particoloured
             with
             different
             colours
             ,
             as
             a
             Pare
             ,
             Paremaine
             ,
             
               &c.
               
            
             Now
             such
             as
             are
             of
             one
             colour
             may
             be
             easily
             cast
             all
             of
             the
             same
             colour
             ;
             but
             such
             as
             are
             variegated
             must
             be
             kept
             out
             afterwards
             by
             colours
             tempered
             with
             Gum-Water
             ,
             (
             as
             above
             ,
             )
             you
             colour
             your
             Wax
             by
             putting
             into
             it
             whilst
             it
             is
             hot
             and
             melted
             in
             a
             Gallypot
             ,
             a
             little
             Linnen
             Bag
             of
             that
             colour
             you
             use
             ,
             provided
             that
             the
             colour
             be
             before
             bruised
             very
             fine
             .
          
           
           
             As
             to
             particulars
             ,
             for
             the
             Lemmons
             or
             Apricocks
             ,
             take
             only
             Turmerick
             in
             a
             Bag
             ;
             for
             Oranges
             ,
             Turmerick
             and
             red
             Lead
             well
             tempered
             ;
             Apples
             ,
             Peares
             ,
             or
             Grapes
             ,
             Turmerick
             and
             a
             little
             Verdigrease
             ;
             mixt
             Wallnuts
             and
             Figs
             ,
             Turmerick
             and
             
               English
            
             Ocre
             ,
             and
             Umber
             all
             in
             a
             bag
             together
             ;
             Cucumbers
             ,
             or
             Hartichoakes
             ,
             Peasecods
             ,
             or
             Filbirds
             ,
             Turmerick
             ,
             Verdigrease
             ,
             Eggs
             ,
             and
             Cereus
             ,
             all
             put
             in
             severall
             Bagges
             ,
             and
             steept
             in
             the
             Virgin
             Wax
             when
             't
             is
             melting
             as
             before
             mentioned
             ;
             for
             Damsons
             ,
             bruise
             Charchoale
             ,
             Indico
             ,
             and
             blew
             Starch
             in
             a
             Bag
             together
             ;
             for
             flesh
             colour
             ,
             White
             Lead
             ,
             and
             Vermilion
             mixt
             ,
             
               &c.
               
            
          
        
         
           
             To
             counterfit
             Rochcand'd
             Sweetmeates
             .
          
           
             
               Rochcandy
               .
            
             ]
             Disolve
             the
             quantity
             of
             a
             Wallnut
             of
             Gum
             Arabick
             in
             two
             spoonfuls
             of
             clear
             Water
             ,
             let
             it
             be
             very
             thick
             ,
             then
             take
             any
             piece
             of
             broken
             
               Venice
            
             Glass
             ,
             the
             thicker
             the
             better
             ,
             beat
             it
             in
             a
             Mortar
             so
             small
             as
             you
             please
             ;
             that
             it
             may
             serve
             your
             occasion
             ,
             daub
             over
             some
             cast
             Sweetmeats
             with
             the
             forementioned
             Gum-Water
             ,
             strew
             this
             Pouder
             on
             them
             ,
             and
             't
             will
             with
             much
             delight
             satisfie
             the
             expectation
             .
          
        
         
           
             Additionall
             Observations
             out
             of
             a
             Manuscript
             of
             Mr.
             
               Hilliards
            
             touching
             Miniature
             .
          
           
             When
             you
             begin
             to
             Paint
             temper
             all
             your
             colours
             a
             fresh
             with
             your
             finger
             ,
             in
             your
             shell
             ,
             or
             on
             your
             pallat
             .
          
        
         
           
             Pearle
             .
          
           
             Your
             Pearl
             must
             be
             laid
             with
             a
             White
             mixture
             ,
             with
             a
             little
             black
             ,
             a
             little
             Indico
             and
             Mastick
             ,
             but
             very
             little
             in
             comparison
             of
             the
             White
             ,
             not
             to
             the
             hundredth
             part
             ;
             that
             dry
             ,
             give
             the
             light
             of
             the
             Pearle
             with
             a
             little
             Silver
             ,
             somewhat
             more
             to
             the
             light
             then
             the
             shadowed
             side
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             White
             allaid
             with
             Masticot
             ,
             and
             underneath
             the
             shadowed
             side
             give
             it
             a
             compassing
             stroake
             ,
             which
             shews
             a
             reflection
             ,
             then
             without
             that
             a
             small
             shadow
             of
             Sea
             Cole
             undermost
             of
             all
             .
             But
             Note
             ,
             your
             Silver
             must
             be
             laid
             round
             and
             full
             .
          
        
      
       
       
         
           The
           Grounds
           and
           Rules
           of
           Etching
           .
        
         
           BEfore
           that
           you
           begin
           to
           Etch
           upon
           Copper
           ,
           it
           is
           very
           necessary
           to
           practise
           the
           Art
           of
           Drawing
           ,
           till
           you
           be
           able
           if
           need
           require
           to
           Draw
           any
           Head
           after
           the
           Life
           ,
           or
           to
           Draw
           a
           designe
           ;
           Therefore
           if
           you
           intend
           to
           practise
           the
           Art
           of
           Etching
           ,
           you
           will
           find
           it
           very
           profitable
           to
           Draw
           after
           good
           Prints
           ,
           which
           are
           well
           designed
           and
           Graved
           ,
           and
           when
           you
           ,
           have
           practised
           so
           long
           that
           you
           are
           able
           to
           Coppy
           any
           Print
           ,
           or
           Drawing
           very
           exactly
           ;
           then
           Draw
           after
           good
           Heads
           of
           Plaister
           or
           Figures
           ,
           according
           to
           your
           own
           fancy
           ,
           which
           will
           learn
           you
           to
           shadow
           according
           to
           Art
           ,
           if
           well
           observed
           ;
           therefore
           be
           sure
           when
           you
           Draw
           after
           Plaister
           ,
           to
           observe
           very
           exactly
           to
           take
           the
           true
           out-lines
           or
           circumferences
           ,
           and
           then
           take
           notice
           how
           the
           shadow
           falls
           ,
           then
           shadow
           it
           very
           faint
           and
           soft
           ,
           where
           need
           requires
           accordingly
           .
           The
           Prints
           which
           I
           recommend
           unto
           you
           as
           absolutely
           the
           best
           to
           learne
           to
           Etch
           after
           ,
           be
           the
           Prints
           of
           
             Henry
             Goldshis
          
           and
           
             Hermon
             Muller
             .
          
           Therefore
           it
           is
           very
           convenient
           to
           learn
           to
           hatch
           with
           the
           Pen
           exactly
           after
           either
           of
           the
           aforesaid
           Prints
           of
           
             Goldshis
          
           or
           
             Muller
             ;
          
           and
           when
           you
           have
           brought
           it
           to
           that
           perfection
           ,
           and
           can
           Draw
           very
           well
           after
           Plaister
           ,
           you
           may
           practise
           to
           Draw
           after
           the
           Life
           ;
           but
           before
           you
           Draw
           after
           the
           Life
           ,
           you
           must
           be
           very
           exact
           and
           true
           in
           your
           out-lines
           or
           circumferences
           .
        
         
           
             The
             Instruments
             with
             their
             particular
             names
             which
             are
             used
             to
             Etch
             withall
             .
          
           
             A
             Copper
             plate
             polished
             ,
             a
             piece
             of
             Ground
             bound
             up
             in
             a
             piece
             of
             Silk
             or
             Taffety
             ,
             and
             preserved
             from
             any
             dust
             or
             grease
             ;
             and
             about
             twenty
             Needles
             of
             all
             sizes
             ,
             the
             best
             are
             made
             at
             
               Cleafe
               ;
            
             then
             take
             the
             Needles
             and
             set
             them
             indifferent
             deep
             into
             some
             round
             slender
             sticks
             about
             a
             span
             long
             ,
             with
             a
             Needle
             at
             one
             of
             the
             Sticks
             ,
             and
             a
             Pencill
             at
             the
             other
             ,
             a
             scraper
             ,
             a
             polisher
             ;
             and
             two
             or
             three
             good
             
             
               French
            
             Gravers
             ,
             well
             ground
             and
             whetted
             ,
             and
             a
             pair
             of
             Compasses
             ,
             a
             Ruler
             ,
             some
             green
             Wax
             ,
             a
             Bottle
             which
             holdeth
             some
             halfe
             a
             pound
             ,
             of
             single
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             stopped
             close
             with
             soft
             Wax
             ,
             some
             white
             Lead
             ,
             a
             Stift
             ,
             a
             hand
             Vice
             to
             hold
             the
             Plate
             over
             the
             fire
             ,
             an
             Oyl-stone
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             use
             and
             property
             of
             every
             particular
             Instrument
             .
          
           
             The
             Copper
             Plate
             is
             the
             only
             Object
             to
             Etch
             upon
             ;
             the
             Ground
             is
             to
             lay
             upon
             the
             Copper
             Plate
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             both
             warmed
             ▪
             your
             Needles
             are
             to
             Hatch
             withall
             upon
             the
             Ground
             ;
             the
             Pencill
             is
             to
             wipe
             away
             the
             bits
             of
             Ground
             ,
             which
             rise
             when
             you
             Hatch
             upon
             the
             Ground
             with
             your
             Needles
             ;
             the
             Scraper
             is
             to
             scrape
             out
             any
             thing
             that
             is
             amiss
             ▪
             the
             Polisher
             is
             to
             make
             smooth
             any
             place
             that
             is
             rough
             ,
             so
             that
             you
             can
             mend
             any
             place
             that
             is
             amiss
             according
             to
             your
             own
             mind
             ;
             the
             Gravers
             are
             to
             mend
             here
             and
             there
             a
             stroake
             where
             need
             requires
             .
             But
             Note
             ,
             That
             your
             Gravers
             must
             be
             ground
             and
             whet
             very
             sharp
             and
             smooth
             upon
             an
             Oyl
             stone
             before
             you
             use
             them
             .
             Your
             Compasses
             are
             of
             very
             little
             use
             in
             Etching
             ,
             except
             it
             be
             to
             measure
             a
             distance
             ,
             or
             strike
             a
             Circle
             .
             The
             Ruler
             is
             used
             to
             Hatch
             all
             the
             straight
             Hatches
             or
             Lines
             upon
             the
             Plate
             .
             The
             green
             Wax
             is
             used
             to
             make
             a
             Wall
             round
             about
             the
             edges
             of
             your
             Plate
             ,
             to
             keep
             the
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             from
             runing
             off
             from
             the
             Plate
             .
             The
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             is
             the
             finisher
             of
             the
             work
             ,
             when
             you
             have
             Hatched
             the
             designe
             upon
             the
             Plate
             with
             your
             Needles
             .
             The
             white
             Lead
             is
             used
             to
             scrape
             upon
             the
             backside
             of
             the
             Drawing
             or
             Print
             that
             you
             Etch
             after
             .
             The
             Stift
             is
             used
             to
             Draw
             thorow
             all
             the
             outmost
             Lines
             or
             circumferences
             of
             the
             Print
             or
             Drawing
             which
             you
             Etch
             after
             .
             The
             Oyl
             stone
             is
             to
             whet
             your
             Gravers
             upon
             .
             Having
             these
             things
             in
             readiness
             ,
             Note
             ,
             that
             if
             it
             be
             a
             black
             Ground
             that
             lies
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             take
             white
             Lead
             and
             rub
             it
             upon
             the
             backside
             of
             the
             Print
             or
             Drawing
             which
             you
             intend
             to
             Etch
             after
             ;
             but
             if
             it
             be
             a
             white
             Ground
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             take
             black
             Lead
             ,
             or
             a
             piece
             of
             Charchoale
             ,
             and
             rub
             on
             the
             back
             of
             your
             Print
             as
             aforesaid
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             The
             manner
             and
             way
             to
             make
             the
             Ground
             .
          
           
             Take
             a
             quarter
             of
             a
             pound
             of
             Virgins
             Wax
             ▪
             and
             half
             a
             quarter
             of
             a
             pound
             of
             Expoltum
             burnt
             ,
             of
             Amber
             one
             ounce
             ,
             of
             Mastick
             one
             ounce
             .
             Having
             all
             these
             Materials
             in
             readiness
             ,
             you
             must
             take
             the
             Mastick
             and
             the
             Expoltum
             and
             beat
             them
             very
             fine
             in
             a
             Mortar
             ;
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             take
             a
             new
             earthen
             Pot
             ,
             and
             put
             the
             Wax
             into
             it
             ,
             and
             set
             it
             upon
             the
             fire
             till
             it
             be
             just
             melted
             ;
             then
             take
             the
             Mastick
             and
             the
             Expoltum
             and
             shake
             them
             in
             by
             degrees
             ,
             stirring
             the
             Wax
             about
             till
             they
             be
             throughly
             mingled
             with
             the
             Wax
             ;
             but
             let
             it
             not
             stand
             too
             long
             over
             the
             fire
             ,
             nor
             let
             the
             fire
             be
             too
             hot
             ,
             which
             if
             you
             do
             it
             will
             burn
             the
             Ground
             ;
             therefore
             when
             they
             are
             throughly
             melted
             ,
             take
             it
             off
             from
             the
             fire
             ,
             and
             poure
             the
             Ground
             out
             into
             a
             Pot
             of
             fair
             Water
             ,
             and
             make
             it
             up
             into
             a
             Ball
             and
             preserve
             it
             from
             dust
             ;
             and
             when
             you
             will
             use
             it
             ,
             take
             a
             quantity
             of
             it
             and
             bind
             it
             up
             in
             a
             piece
             of
             Taffity
             or
             Silk
             ,
             and
             use
             it
             as
             hereafter
             .
          
        
         
           
             Etching
             .
          
           
             
               A
               red
               Ground
               .
            
             
               Grind
               red
               Lead
               very
               well
               tempered
               with
               Vernix
               ▪
            
          
           
             
               A
               white
               Ground
               .
            
             
               Take
               of
               Wax
               one
               ounce
               ,
               Rosin
               two
               ounces
               ,
               melt
               them
               together
               ,
               add
               thereto
               a
               quarter
               of
               an
               ounce
               of
               
                 Venice
              
               Cereus
               finely
               ground
               ▪
            
          
           
             
               A
               black
               Ground
               .
            
             
               
                 Spaltum
                 .
              
               ]
               Asphaltum
               two
               parts
               ,
               Bees
               Wax
               one
               part
               ,
               melt
               them
               together
               ,
               being
               warme
               ,
               lay
               it
               thinly
               on
               with
               a
               Lawne
               ragg
               ▪
            
          
           
           
             
               Another
               Ground
               .
            
             
               Grind
               red
               Lead
               with
               Linseed
               Oyl
               ;
               
                 Note
                 ,
              
               your
               Ground
               must
               be
               laid
               very
               thin
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             The
             manner
             and
             way
             to
             lay
             the
             Ground
             upon
             the
             Plate
             .
          
           
             Take
             some
             Charcole
             and
             kindle
             them
             ,
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             take
             the
             hand
             and
             screw
             it
             fast
             to
             one
             of
             the
             corners
             of
             the
             Plate
             ,
             as
             near
             to
             the
             edge
             as
             you
             can
             ,
             because
             you
             must
             lay
             the
             Ground
             all
             over
             the
             Plate
             ;
             then
             take
             the
             Plate
             and
             hold
             it
             over
             the
             fire
             ,
             till
             it
             be
             so
             warme
             to
             melt
             the
             Ground
             ,
             then
             take
             the
             Ground
             which
             is
             bound
             up
             ,
             and
             rub
             it
             to
             and
             fro
             upon
             the
             Plate
             till
             it
             be
             covered
             all
             over
             alike
             ;
             then
             take
             one
             of
             the
             stiffest
             Feathers
             out
             of
             a
             Ducks
             Wing
             that
             is
             not
             ruffled
             ,
             and
             spread
             the
             Ground
             very
             thin
             ,
             and
             smooth
             every where
             alike
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ;
             but
             have
             a
             speciall
             care
             you
             heate
             not
             the
             Plate
             too
             hot
             ,
             least
             you
             burne
             the
             Ground
             ;
             which
             if
             it
             be
             ,
             the
             Ground
             will
             break
             up
             when
             you
             put
             on
             the
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             and
             spoile
             the
             Plate
             ;
             you
             may
             discover
             when
             it
             is
             burnt
             ,
             by
             its
             rising
             sandy
             ,
             which
             if
             you
             perceive
             ,
             you
             must
             take
             a
             clean
             Linnen
             ragg
             ,
             and
             warming
             the
             Plate
             ,
             wipe
             the
             Ground
             cleane
             off
             ,
             and
             lay
             a
             new
             as
             aforesaid
             .
             But
             if
             you
             perceive
             the
             Ground
             to
             be
             smooth
             and
             not
             sandy
             ,
             take
             it
             off
             from
             the
             fire
             ,
             and
             when
             it
             is
             cold
             ,
             take
             a
             piece
             of
             Link
             and
             hold
             under
             the
             Ground
             till
             you
             have
             smoaked
             it
             very
             black
             ,
             but
             let
             not
             the
             flame
             touch
             the
             Ground
             ,
             least
             you
             burn
             it
             ;
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             if
             the
             Plate
             be
             cold
             hold
             it
             over
             the
             fire
             again
             till
             it
             be
             just
             warme
             ,
             to
             let
             the
             smoake
             melt
             into
             the
             Ground
             ,
             that
             it
             may
             not
             rub
             off
             under
             your
             hand
             ;
             then
             hold
             it
             off
             from
             the
             fire
             with
             the
             Ground-side
             of
             the
             Plate
             downwards
             for
             to
             preserve
             it
             from
             the
             dust
             ,
             otherwise
             when
             the
             Ground
             is
             warme
             ,
             dust
             will
             flye
             therein
             and
             spoile
             it
             ,
             therefore
             you
             must
             hold
             it
             with
             the
             Ground-side
             downwards
             untill
             the
             Ground
             is
             cold
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             way
             to
             Draw
             the
             outmost
             Lines
             of
             any
             Print
             or
             Drawing
             upon
             the
             Ground
             of
             the
             Plate
             .
          
           
             First
             take
             the
             Drawing
             or
             Print
             which
             you
             intend
             to
             Etch
             after
             ,
             and
             scrape
             a
             little
             white
             Lead
             upon
             
             the
             backside
             of
             it
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             Feather
             and
             rub
             it
             over
             every where
             alike
             ,
             and
             shake
             off
             that
             which
             remaines
             ,
             then
             take
             the
             Print
             and
             lay
             it
             upon
             the
             Plate
             on
             that
             side
             the
             Ground
             is
             ,
             then
             fasten
             the
             four
             corners
             of
             the
             Print
             to
             the
             Plate
             with
             a
             little
             soft
             Wax
             ;
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             take
             the
             Stift
             and
             Draw
             upon
             the
             Print
             all
             the
             outmost
             circumferences
             and
             Lines
             exactly
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             have
             so
             done
             ,
             take
             off
             the
             Print
             from
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             same
             out-lines
             and
             circumferences
             which
             you
             Drew
             upon
             the
             Print
             with
             the
             Stift
             ,
             will
             be
             exactly
             and
             unfailably
             upon
             the
             Ground
             .
          
        
         
           
             Severall
             Observations
             in
             Hatching
             .
          
           
             First
             observe
             exactly
             and
             judiciously
             how
             your
             principle
             is
             shadowed
             ,
             and
             how
             close
             the
             Hatches
             joyn
             ,
             and
             how
             they
             are
             laid
             ,
             and
             which
             way
             the
             light
             falleth
             or
             cometh
             ;
             the
             light
             must
             fall
             all
             one
             way
             ,
             for
             if
             the
             light
             fall
             side
             wayes
             in
             your
             Print
             ,
             you
             must
             Hatch
             the
             other
             side
             which
             is
             furthest
             from
             the
             light
             darkest
             ,
             and
             so
             place
             your
             lights
             altogether
             on
             the
             one
             side
             ,
             and
             not
             confusedly
             to
             have
             the
             light
             come
             on
             both
             sides
             alike
             ,
             as
             if
             it
             stood
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             many
             lights
             ;
             for
             neither
             doth
             the
             light
             with
             all
             its
             brightness
             illuminate
             any
             more
             then
             that
             part
             that
             is
             directly
             opposite
             unto
             it
             .
             Then
             observe
             exactly
             how
             close
             all
             the
             Hatches
             joyn
             ,
             and
             how
             they
             are
             laid
             ,
             and
             which
             way
             they
             twist
             and
             wind
             :
             then
             follow
             them
             as
             exactly
             as
             possibly
             you
             can
             ,
             but
             before
             that
             you
             begin
             to
             Hatch
             or
             Shadow
             ,
             you
             must
             Draw
             all
             the
             outmost
             Lines
             with
             a
             Needle
             upon
             the
             Ground
             ,
             as
             Artificially
             as
             you
             can
             ,
             and
             then
             you
             must
             Shadow
             it
             with
             your
             Needles
             of
             severall
             sorts
             according
             to
             your
             principle
             ;
             and
             when
             you
             will
             make
             a
             broad
             stroake
             ,
             then
             break
             off
             the
             point
             of
             a
             great
             Needle
             and
             whet
             it
             upon
             an
             Oyl
             stone
             four
             square
             untill
             it
             comes
             to
             a
             point
             ;
             and
             if
             you
             will
             Hatch
             five
             stroakes
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             use
             five
             pointed
             Needles
             ;
             and
             if
             middle
             size
             ,
             then
             break
             off
             the
             point
             of
             a
             middle
             size
             Needle
             and
             whett
             it
             as
             beforesaid
             ,
             and
             so
             according
             to
             all
             sizes
             .
             But
             some
             Masters
             when
             they
             make
             a
             bold
             stroake
             Hatch
             it
             fine
             at
             first
             ,
             and
             so
             by
             degrees
             make
             them
             broader
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             Necessary
             Observations
             in
             Etching
             Landskips
             .
          
           
             Observe
             when
             you
             Etch
             Landskips
             ,
             to
             make
             or
             hatch
             that
             which
             is
             nearest
             to
             the
             Eye
             darkest
             ,
             and
             so
             let
             it
             lose
             or
             decline
             its
             Shadows
             by
             degrees
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             is
             furthest
             off
             must
             be
             faintest
             ,
             and
             so
             lose
             equally
             by
             degrees
             ;
             the
             same
             observation
             must
             be
             in
             making
             the
             Skie
             ,
             for
             that
             which
             is
             nearest
             to
             the
             Eye
             must
             be
             the
             darkest
             shadowed
             ,
             but
             in
             general
             as
             faint
             and
             soft
             as
             possible
             ;
             and
             so
             also
             let
             it
             lose
             by
             degrees
             as
             before
             is
             mentioned
             ,
             and
             the
             nearer
             the
             Skie
             cometh
             to
             the
             ground
             ,
             the
             more
             it
             must
             lose
             and
             be
             fainter
             ;
             but
             when
             they
             as
             it
             were
             meet
             together
             ,
             the
             Skie
             must
             quite
             be
             lost
             ;
             and
             when
             you
             have
             hatched
             it
             as
             exactly
             as
             you
             can
             possibly
             with
             your
             Needles
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             print
             of
             Drawing
             that
             you
             do
             it
             after
             ;
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             compare
             them
             exactly
             and
             judicially
             together
             ,
             and
             if
             you
             finde
             it
             like
             the
             original
             ,
             take
             some
             green
             soft
             Wax
             and
             make
             a
             wall
             round
             about
             the
             edges
             of
             the
             Plate
             .
          
        
         
           
             How
             to
             make
             the
             Wax
             wall
             round
             about
             the
             Plate
             ,
             to
             keep
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             running
             off
             from
             it
             .
          
           
             Take
             some
             green
             soft
             Wax
             and
             temper
             it
             till
             it
             be
             warm
             ,
             then
             draw
             it
             into
             a
             long
             slender
             role
             as
             long
             as
             will
             reach
             about
             the
             Plate
             ,
             then
             flat
             it
             and
             fasten
             it
             about
             the
             edges
             of
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             let
             it
             be
             about
             half
             an
             inch
             high
             ;
             then
             take
             an
             old
             Knife
             and
             heat
             it
             in
             the
             fire
             ,
             and
             sear
             the
             Wax
             round
             about
             under
             the
             Plate
             very
             close
             ,
             otherwise
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             will
             run
             out
             ;
             but
             be
             sure
             to
             fasten
             the
             wall
             as
             near
             to
             the
             edges
             of
             the
             Plate
             as
             you
             can
             conveniently
             ;
             then
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ,
             letting
             it
             lie
             till
             it
             be
             deep
             enough
             .
          
        
         
           
             How
             to
             use
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             on
             the
             Plate
             .
          
           
             You
             must
             use
             single
             Aqua
             fortis
             .
             Take
             a
             quantity
             of
             Aqua
             fortis
             and
             pour
             it
             into
             a
             Glass
             ,
             and
             mingle
             it
             with
             a
             little
             Vinegar
             to
             weaken
             it
             ,
             if
             it
             be
             too
             strong
             ,
             or
             a
             little
             Aqua
             fortis
             which
             hath
             
             been
             used
             before
             ;
             for
             in
             case
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             work
             too
             strong
             ,
             it
             will
             make
             the
             work
             very
             hard
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             make
             the
             ground
             to
             break
             up
             ;
             and
             when
             you
             have
             tempered
             it
             very
             well
             ,
             pour
             it
             upon
             the
             Plate
             almost
             as
             high
             as
             the
             Wax
             wall
             ;
             the
             deeper
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             lieth
             ,
             the
             harder
             it
             will
             eat
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             perceive
             it
             to
             be
             deep
             enough
             ,
             pour
             off
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             Plate
             into
             a
             Glass
             ,
             and
             preserve
             it
             to
             mingle
             with
             other
             as
             aforesaid
             ;
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             take
             some
             fair
             water
             and
             wash
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             then
             take
             off
             the
             Wax
             wall
             and
             preserve
             it
             for
             the
             same
             use
             again
             ;
             then
             warm
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             take
             a
             clean
             linnen
             Rag
             when
             it
             is
             indifferent
             warm
             ,
             and
             rub
             off
             the
             ground
             from
             the
             Plate
             very
             clean
             ;
             then
             take
             some
             Oyl
             and
             rub
             over
             the
             Plate
             to
             clean
             it
             ,
             and
             if
             you
             perceive
             that
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             hath
             not
             eaten
             as
             deep
             in
             some
             places
             as
             it
             should
             be
             ,
             then
             it
             must
             be
             helped
             with
             a
             Graver
             .
          
        
         
           
             Observations
             by
             which
             you
             may
             know
             when
             it
             is
             deep
             enough
             .
          
           
             When
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             hath
             layn
             upon
             the
             Plate
             a
             little
             more
             then
             a
             quarter
             of
             an
             hour
             ,
             or
             half
             an
             hour
             ;
             there
             being
             no
             certainty
             in
             time
             ,
             because
             sometimes
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             will
             work
             stronger
             then
             at
             other
             ;
             therefore
             when
             you
             think
             it
             is
             deep
             enough
             ,
             pour
             off
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             Plate
             into
             a
             Glass
             ,
             then
             wash
             the
             Plate
             with
             a
             little
             fair
             water
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             Knife
             and
             scrape
             off
             a
             little
             piece
             of
             the
             ground
             where
             it
             is
             hatcht
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             least
             prejudicial
             to
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             if
             you
             perceive
             it
             to
             be
             deep
             enough
             ;
             warm
             the
             Plate
             and
             rub
             the
             ground
             off
             as
             before-written
             ;
             but
             if
             you
             finde
             it
             not
             deep
             enough
             ,
             take
             a
             little
             Candle-tallow
             and
             melt
             it
             in
             a
             Spoon
             ,
             and
             while
             it
             is
             warm
             take
             a
             Pensil
             and
             cover
             the
             place
             with
             it
             where
             you
             scraped
             the
             ground
             off
             ,
             then
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             upon
             it
             again
             ,
             and
             let
             it
             lie
             till
             you
             guesse
             it
             to
             be
             deep
             enough
             ;
             then
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             Plate
             as
             aforesaid
             ,
             and
             at
             any
             time
             when
             you
             perceive
             that
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             doth
             not
             work
             strong
             enough
             ,
             you
             pour
             off
             half
             the
             old
             ,
             and
             refresh
             it
             with
             some
             new
             ,
             for
             when
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             hath
             been
             upon
             the
             Plate
             about
             half
             an
             hour
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             much
             the
             weaker
             ,
             because
             the
             strength
             of
             it
             doth
             evaporate
             away
             ,
             and
             by
             a
             little
             practice
             you
             will
             come
             to
             the
             certain
             knowledge
             when
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             hath
             eaten
             deep
             enough
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             Another
             way
             to
             know
             when
             it
             is
             deep
             enough
             .
          
           
             Take
             a
             little
             piece
             of
             a
             Copper
             plate
             ,
             and
             lay
             a
             ground
             upon
             it
             as
             you
             have
             been
             shewed
             before
             ,
             and
             make
             a
             wax
             wall
             about
             it
             ,
             then
             hatch
             it
             with
             several
             hatches
             as
             you
             think
             best
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             upon
             the
             one
             ,
             pour
             it
             upon
             the
             other
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             think
             they
             be
             eaten
             deep
             enough
             ,
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             little
             Plate
             ,
             and
             wash
             it
             with
             some
             fair
             water
             as
             aforesaid
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             Knife
             and
             scrape
             off
             a
             little
             piece
             of
             the
             ground
             from
             the
             little
             Plate
             where
             it
             is
             hatcht
             ,
             and
             in
             case
             you
             perceive
             it
             not
             deep
             enough
             ,
             cover
             the
             place
             again
             with
             some
             warm
             Candle-tallow
             ,
             and
             then
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             upon
             it
             again
             till
             you
             guesse
             it
             to
             be
             enough
             ;
             then
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             little
             Plate
             again
             and
             try
             as
             before
             ,
             and
             if
             you
             see
             it
             to
             be
             enough
             ,
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             great
             Plate
             ,
             and
             wash
             it
             with
             a
             little
             fair
             water
             before
             you
             warm
             it
             ,
             or
             else
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             will
             stain
             the
             Plate
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             way
             to
             lay
             a
             white
             Ground
             upon
             a
             black
             .
          
           
             First
             you
             must
             understand
             that
             most
             grounds
             are
             black
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             lay
             a
             white
             ground
             upon
             a
             black
             you
             must
             not
             smoak
             the
             black
             with
             a
             Link
             ,
             and
             you
             must
             lay
             the
             undermost
             ground
             the
             thinner
             ,
             when
             you
             lay
             a
             white
             ground
             upon
             it
             ;
             and
             if
             you
             would
             lay
             a
             white
             ground
             upon
             a
             black
             ,
             take
             a
             quantity
             of
             Surice
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             you
             think
             will
             cover
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             grinde
             it
             very
             fine
             with
             Gum
             water
             ,
             and
             temper
             it
             very
             thinne
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             Pencil
             and
             wash
             the
             Plate
             all
             over
             very
             thinne
             and
             even
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             way
             to
             lay
             a
             red
             Ground
             upon
             a
             black
             Ground
             .
          
           
             Take
             red
             Chalk
             and
             grinde
             it
             very
             fine
             with
             Gum
             water
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             pretty
             big
             Pencil
             ,
             and
             wash
             the
             Plate
             all
             over
             with
             the
             red
             ground
             very
             thinne
             and
             smooth
             ,
             as
             before
             is
             mentioned
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             A
             Receipt
             for
             a
             Ground
             taken
             out
             of
             a
             Manuscript
             of
             Collots
             .
          
           
             Take
             a
             quarter
             of
             a
             pound
             of
             Virgins
             wax
             ;
             and
             half
             a
             quarter
             of
             a
             pound
             of
             the
             best
             Expoltum
             burnt
             of
             Amber
             ,
             and
             half
             a
             quarter
             of
             a
             pound
             of
             Mastick
             if
             it
             be
             warm
             weather
             ,
             because
             it
             doth
             harden
             the
             ground
             and
             preserve
             it
             from
             injury
             ,
             when
             you
             lean
             with
             your
             hand
             hard
             upon
             it
             ;
             if
             it
             be
             cold
             weather
             ,
             then
             take
             but
             an
             ounce
             of
             Mastick
             ;
             this
             being
             observed
             ,
             then
             take
             an
             ounce
             of
             Rosin
             ,
             and
             an
             ounce
             of
             Shoomakers
             Pitch
             ,
             and
             half
             an
             ounce
             of
             other
             Pitch
             ,
             half
             an
             ounce
             of
             Vernish
             :
             having
             all
             these
             materials
             in
             readiness
             ;
             take
             a
             new
             earthen
             Pot
             ,
             and
             put
             the
             Virgins
             wax
             into
             it
             ,
             and
             when
             it
             is
             melted
             stir
             it
             about
             ;
             and
             put
             in
             the
             other
             materials
             by
             degrees
             as
             before-mentioned
             ,
             and
             when
             they
             are
             throughy
             mingled
             and
             melted
             ,
             take
             the
             Pot
             off
             from
             the
             fire
             and
             pour
             it
             out
             in
             a
             clean
             Pot
             of
             fair
             water
             ,
             and
             work
             it
             into
             a
             Ball
             ,
             and
             preserve
             it
             from
             dust
             and
             grease
             ,
             and
             when
             you
             have
             occasion
             to
             make
             use
             of
             it
             ,
             take
             a
             quantity
             thereof
             and
             binde
             it
             up
             in
             a
             piece
             of
             Silk
             ,
             and
             make
             use
             of
             it
             as
             before-mentioned
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             Ground
             of
             Rinebrant
             of
             Rine
             .
          
           
             Take
             half
             an
             ounce
             of
             Expoltum
             burnt
             of
             Amber
             one
             ounce
             ,
             of
             Virgins
             Wax
             half
             an
             ounce
             ,
             of
             Mastick
             ,
             then
             take
             the
             Mastick
             and
             Expoltum
             ,
             and
             beat
             them
             severally
             very
             fine
             in
             a
             Mortar
             ;
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             take
             a
             new
             earthen
             Pot
             and
             set
             it
             upon
             a
             Charcolefire
             ,
             then
             put
             the
             Virgins
             Wax
             into
             it
             and
             melt
             it
             ,
             then
             shake
             into
             it
             the
             Mastick
             and
             Expoltum
             by
             degrees
             ,
             stirring
             the
             Wax
             about
             till
             they
             be
             throughly
             mingled
             ,
             then
             pour
             it
             forth
             into
             fair
             water
             and
             make
             a
             Ball
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             use
             it
             as
             before-mentioned
             ;
             but
             be
             sure
             you
             do
             not
             heat
             the
             Plate
             too
             hot
             when
             you
             lay
             the
             ground
             on
             it
             ,
             and
             lay
             your
             black
             ground
             very
             thin
             ,
             and
             the
             white
             ground
             upon
             it
             .
             This
             is
             the
             only
             way
             of
             Rinebrant
             .
          
        
         
         
           
             The
             way
             to
             preserve
             any
             Ground
             ,
             which
             is
             laid
             upon
             a
             Plate
             in
             frosty
             weather
             .
          
           
             Take
             the
             Plate
             and
             wrap
             it
             very
             warm
             in
             a
             woollen
             Cloth
             ,
             and
             lay
             it
             in
             the
             warmest
             place
             you
             can
             convenient
             ;
             for
             if
             the
             Frost
             is
             got
             into
             the
             ground
             ,
             it
             will
             break
             up
             ,
             when
             you
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             upon
             it
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             way
             to
             preserve
             the
             Plate
             from
             injury
             of
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             ,
             where
             the
             Ground
             breaks
             up
             .
          
           
             If
             you
             perceive
             the
             ground
             to
             break
             up
             in
             any
             place
             ,
             pour
             off
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             plate
             ,
             and
             wash
             it
             with
             a
             little
             fair
             water
             ;
             then
             take
             a
             quantity
             of
             Candle-tallow
             ,
             and
             melt
             it
             in
             a
             Spoon
             ,
             and
             while
             it
             is
             warm
             ,
             take
             a
             Pencil
             and
             cover
             the
             place
             which
             is
             broken
             up
             with
             the
             said
             Tallow
             ,
             and
             so
             far
             as
             the
             Tallow
             is
             spread
             ,
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             will
             not
             eat
             ;
             some
             make
             use
             of
             Vernish
             in
             stead
             of
             Tallow
             :
             and
             when
             you
             have
             covered
             the
             place
             that
             is
             broken
             ,
             pour
             on
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             again
             ,
             and
             let
             it
             lie
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ,
             till
             you
             guess
             it
             hath
             eaten
             enough
             ;
             then
             pour
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             from
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             preserve
             it
             ,
             then
             take
             the
             Wax-wall
             and
             preserve
             it
             also
             ,
             and
             wash
             the
             Plate
             with
             a
             little
             fair
             water
             ,
             then
             rub
             off
             your
             ground
             as
             aforesaid
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             places
             which
             the
             ground
             broke
             up
             in
             ,
             it
             must
             be
             helped
             with
             a
             Graver
             ;
             therefore
             it
             will
             be
             necessary
             for
             one
             that
             desireth
             to
             learn
             this
             Art
             ,
             to
             practise
             Graveing
             a
             little
             ,
             so
             much
             as
             to
             help
             a
             stroak
             where
             you
             think
             convenient
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             way
             to
             make
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             eat
             soft
             or
             hard
             according
             to
             nature
             or
             Art
             .
          
           
             First
             take
             Candle-tallow
             ,
             and
             melt
             it
             in
             a
             Spoon
             ,
             then
             with
             a
             Pencil
             cover
             that
             place
             so
             far
             as
             you
             will
             have
             it
             to
             be
             faint
             ,
             but
             note
             it
             to
             be
             after
             the
             Aqua
             fortis
             hath
             lain
             upon
             your
             Plate
             an
             indifferent
             while
             ;
             and
             so
             by
             degrees
             you
             must
             use
             the
             Tallow
             as
             you
             would
             have
             it
             fainter
             ;
             this
             is
             very
             necessary
             when
             you
             Etch
             Landskips
             ,
             which
             must
             lose
             and
             stand
             at
             a
             distance
             by
             degrees
             ;
             therefore
             when
             you
             Etch
             Landskips
             ,
             observe
             to
             stop
             off
             that
             place
             first
             which
             must
             be
             faintest
             ,
             and
             so
             by
             degrees
             stop
             it
             off
             ,
             and
             make
             it
             lose
             equally
             ;
             and
             note
             the
             nearer
             you
             come
             to
             the
             Eye
             ,
             it
             must
             be
             strongest
             
             and
             darkest
             shaded
             ,
             but
             not
             on
             that
             side
             from
             whence
             the
             light
             cometh
             ,
             for
             that
             side
             must
             be
             preserved
             as
             faint
             as
             may
             be
             ;
             but
             according
             to
             Art
             .
          
        
         
           
             Observations
             in
             Etching
             Prospective
             .
          
           
             Prospective
             is
             a
             thing
             that
             is
             one
             of
             the
             difficultest
             Arts
             to
             be
             rightly
             understood
             ,
             that
             is
             practised
             ;
             because
             it
             is
             not
             rightly
             understood
             ,
             but
             by
             a
             good
             Arithmetick
             ;
             otherwise
             you
             can
             never
             understand
             Prospective
             ,
             because
             you
             can
             never
             guess
             rightly
             how
             much
             a
             Pillar
             ,
             or
             a
             Figure
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             must
             decline
             ,
             or
             lose
             at
             their
             several
             distances
             ,
             according
             to
             Art
             and
             proportion
             :
             therefore
             when
             you
             Etch
             a
             piece
             of
             Prospective
             after
             a
             Drawing
             or
             a
             Print
             ,
             observe
             these
             Rules
             ;
             beware
             of
             perfection
             at
             a
             distance
             ;
             and
             be
             sure
             to
             shadow
             that
             ,
             which
             is
             nearest
             to
             the
             Eye
             ,
             perfectest
             and
             strongest
             ;
             and
             the
             further
             from
             the
             Eye
             ,
             it
             must
             decline
             in
             length
             ,
             and
             breadth
             ,
             and
             heighth
             ,
             according
             to
             Art
             and
             proportion
             ;
             observe
             also
             to
             let
             it
             lose
             and
             be
             fainter
             by
             equall
             degrees
             .
          
        
         
           
             A
             way
             to
             grave
             any
             Hand
             or
             Letter
             upon
             a
             Copper
             Plate
             .
          
           
             Take
             some
             Charcole
             and
             kindle
             them
             ;
             then
             take
             a
             Hand-vice
             and
             screw
             it
             to
             the
             corner
             of
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             hold
             it
             over
             the
             fire
             till
             it
             be
             warm
             ;
             then
             take
             a
             piece
             of
             Virgins
             Wax
             ,
             and
             rub
             it
             all
             over
             the
             Plate
             ,
             untill
             it
             is
             covered
             every where
             alike
             :
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             take
             a
             stiff
             Feather
             of
             a
             Ducks
             wing
             that
             is
             not
             ruffled
             ,
             and
             drive
             it
             even
             and
             smooth
             every where
             alike
             ,
             and
             let
             it
             cool
             ;
             then
             write
             the
             Hand
             or
             Letter
             which
             you
             intend
             to
             grave
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ,
             on
             a
             piece
             of
             Paper
             ,
             with
             ungum'd
             Ink
             ;
             then
             take
             the
             Paper
             which
             you
             have
             written
             ,
             and
             lay
             that
             side
             which
             is
             written
             ,
             downwards
             next
             to
             the
             Wax
             ,
             and
             fasten
             the
             four
             corners
             with
             a
             little
             soft
             Wax
             ;
             but
             be
             sure
             to
             place
             the
             writings
             so
             ,
             that
             the
             Lines
             may
             run
             straight
             ;
             then
             you
             must
             take
             a
             Calves
             Tooth
             ,
             and
             rub
             the
             Paper
             all
             over
             which
             is
             fastened
             ,
             and
             not
             miss
             any
             place
             :
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             take
             off
             the
             Paper
             from
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             you
             shall
             see
             the
             very
             same
             Letters
             which
             you
             wrote
             on
             the
             Paper
             ,
             hath
             left
             their
             perfect
             impression
             upon
             the
             Wax
             ;
             then
             take
             a
             Stift
             ,
             and
             draw
             all
             the
             Letters
             through
             the
             Wax
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ;
             and
             when
             
             you
             have
             done
             that
             ,
             warm
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             take
             a
             linnen
             Rag
             and
             rub
             the
             Wax
             clean
             off
             ,
             and
             you
             shall
             see
             all
             the
             Letters
             drawn
             upon
             the
             Copper
             ;
             then
             get
             some
             good
             French
             Gravers
             ,
             and
             grinde
             them
             as
             they
             should
             be
             ,
             very
             sharp
             towards
             the
             points
             upon
             a
             Grindestone
             ;
             and
             afterwards
             whet
             them
             very
             smooth
             and
             sharp
             upon
             a
             good
             Oyl-stone
             ;
             then
             grave
             the
             Letters
             with
             them
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             way
             to
             polish
             a
             Copper
             Plate
             .
          
           
             At
             first
             you
             buy
             the
             Copper
             rough
             ,
             then
             you
             have
             it
             plenished
             ,
             if
             you
             cannot
             do
             it
             your self
             ;
             and
             when
             it
             is
             plenished
             ,
             then
             you
             polish
             it
             with
             these
             following
             Instruments
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             Names
             of
             the
             Instruments
             or
             Tooles
             which
             are
             used
             to
             polish
             a
             Copper
             Plate
             .
          
           
             A
             Plain
             which
             cuts
             very
             well
             ,
             and
             of
             an
             indifferent
             bigness
             ,
             but
             not
             broad
             ;
             some
             pieces
             of
             Pumice-stones
             ;
             some
             pieces
             of
             Sand-stones
             ;
             and
             some
             Moulton-stones
             ;
             a
             soft
             blew
             stone
             ;
             and
             a
             Burnisher
             and
             Scraper
             ;
             and
             some
             Charcole
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             use
             of
             every
             particular
             Tool
             or
             Instrument
             .
          
           
             First
             fasten
             your
             Plate
             with
             some
             small
             Nails
             ,
             to
             a
             place
             that
             is
             as
             high
             as
             your
             middle
             ;
             then
             make
             use
             of
             the
             Plain
             to
             shave
             all
             the
             roughness
             off
             from
             it
             ,
             and
             make
             it
             very
             even
             in
             all
             places
             alike
             ;
             and
             if
             you
             perceive
             any
             crackles
             or
             little
             holes
             upon
             that
             side
             which
             you
             shave
             ,
             then
             you
             must
             shave
             them
             all
             clean
             out
             ;
             and
             wheh
             you
             have
             shaved
             it
             even
             and
             smooth
             with
             the
             Plain
             ,
             then
             take
             a
             piece
             of
             Sand-stone
             ,
             and
             wet
             the
             Plate
             with
             some
             water
             ,
             and
             rub
             to
             and
             fro
             with
             the
             stone
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ,
             till
             you
             have
             worn
             it
             very
             smooth
             and
             even
             every where
             alike
             ;
             but
             be
             sure
             to
             choose
             the
             so
             ftest
             stones
             ,
             because
             they
             make
             the
             least
             scratches
             :
             and
             when
             you
             have
             worn
             it
             even
             and
             smooth
             with
             this
             stone
             ,
             wash
             off
             the
             Sand
             from
             the
             Plate
             ,
             and
             take
             a
             piece
             of
             Pumice-stone
             and
             rub
             to
             and
             fro
             upon
             the
             Plate
             ,
             quite
             across
             the
             grain
             of
             the
             former
             stone
             ,
             because
             it
             is
             of
             a
             hard
             sandy
             nature
             ,
             and
             will
             therefore
             leave
             some
             scratches
             ;
             therefore
             the
             Pumice-stone
             is
             of
             a
             more
             softer
             and
             spungy
             nature
             ,
             and
             is
             alwayes
             
             used
             to
             wear
             out
             the
             former
             scratches
             :
             and
             when
             you
             have
             worn
             out
             all
             the
             former
             scratches
             ,
             you
             will
             perceive
             the
             Plate
             to
             be
             worked
             into
             a
             finer
             grain
             ;
             then
             wash
             the
             Sand
             very
             clean
             off
             from
             the
             Plate
             :
             and
             then
             make
             use
             of
             the
             Moulton-stone
             ,
             and
             work
             with
             it
             quite
             across
             the
             grain
             of
             the
             Pumice-stone
             ,
             untill
             you
             have
             worn
             it
             quite
             out
             ;
             withall
             be
             sure
             you
             supply
             this
             and
             all
             the
             other
             stones
             with
             water
             ,
             when
             you
             work
             with
             them
             upon
             the
             Plate
             :
             and
             when
             you
             have
             worn
             out
             all
             the
             scratches
             of
             the
             Pumice-stone
             clean
             out
             ;
             then
             for
             the
             fourth
             ,
             make
             use
             of
             the
             soft
             blew
             stone
             ,
             it
             being
             of
             a
             very
             soft
             grain
             ,
             and
             softer
             then
             any
             of
             the
             former
             ;
             then
             work
             with
             that
             quite
             across
             the
             grain
             of
             the
             Moulton-stone
             ,
             till
             all
             the
             grain
             is
             worn
             out
             ;
             but
             if
             you
             perceive
             any
             scratches
             in
             the
             Plate
             here
             or
             there
             ,
             rub
             them
             over
             with
             your
             Burnisher
             ,
             till
             you
             have
             worked
             them
             out
             ;
             but
             in
             case
             they
             are
             very
             deep
             ,
             you
             must
             make
             use
             of
             your
             Scraper
             ,
             and
             scrape
             them
             out
             ,
             and
             burnish
             it
             afterwards
             :
             this
             being
             done
             ,
             in
             the
             fifth
             place
             you
             must
             burnish
             it
             all
             over
             .
             Sixthly
             and
             lastly
             ,
             take
             a
             Charcole
             which
             is
             throughly
             burnt
             ,
             and
             scrape
             off
             the
             Rine
             ;
             then
             put
             it
             in
             the
             fire
             till
             it
             is
             throughly
             kindled
             ;
             then
             take
             it
             out
             and
             quench
             it
             in
             Chamber-lee
             ,
             and
             make
             use
             of
             it
             as
             of
             the
             former
             ,
             till
             you
             have
             glazed
             the
             Plate
             ;
             then
             wash
             it
             very
             clean
             with
             fair
             water
             ,
             and
             let
             it
             dry
             .
          
        
      
       
       
         
           Rules
           of
           Proportion
           .
        
         
           
             Of
             the
             Ear
             .
             
               CHAP.
               I.
               
            
          
           
             I
             Have
             observed
             this
             Rule
             ,
             First
             to
             treat
             of
             the
             Ear
             ,
             in
             a
             manner
             of
             my self
             invented
             ,
             and
             not
             by
             any
             other
             discovered
             .
             Being
             then
             desirous
             to
             forme
             the
             Ear
             by
             this
             way
             ;
             you
             are
             first
             to
             describe
             an
             Ovall
             ,
             in
             such
             manner
             as
             I
             have
             represented
             in
             this
             Figure
             ,
             at
             the
             Number
             1.
             but
             to
             forme
             that
             in
             more
             perfection
             ,
             and
             as
             easily
             as
             possible
             may
             be
             therein
             ,
             with
             such
             Method
             and
             Order
             as
             I
             design
             .
             Proceed
             lightly
             joyning
             Stroak
             to
             Stroak
             ,
             in
             that
             manner
             as
             in
             each
             of
             the
             sequent
             Ovalls
             they
             are
             encreased
             ,
             even
             unto
             the
             8.
             
             Number
             .
             So
             imitate
             every
             Stroak
             of
             each
             Ovall
             ,
             that
             the
             Ear
             may
             entirely
             be
             formed
             without
             digressing
             from
             the
             bounds
             ,
             and
             reasonable
             termes
             of
             the
             Art
             .
             This
             Rule
             serveth
             not
             only
             to
             forme
             the
             Ear
             in
             correspondent
             proportion
             to
             Nature
             ,
             but
             also
             with
             due
             proportion
             and
             perfection
             for
             every
             greater
             Head
             ,
             without
             any
             reprehensible
             Error
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             without
             making
             that
             with
             too
             great
             length
             or
             breadth
             ,
             hetrogeneal
             or
             disproportioned
             .
             For
             Observing
             then
             the
             Rule
             ,
             there
             will
             be
             no
             occasion
             for
             the
             Spectator
             to
             say
             (
             as
             often
             it
             hapneth
             )
             that
             that
             was
             beyond
             reason
             ,
             exorbitantly
             traced
             ,
             and
             made
             without
             the
             bounds
             of
             reason
             .
          
           
           
             
          
        
         
         
           
             Of
             the
             Nose
             ,
             Mouth
             ,
             and
             Beard
             .
             
               CHAP.
               II.
               
            
          
           
             FOrasmuch
             as
             I
             think
             that
             necessary
             ,
             to
             make
             a
             brief
             Discourse
             upon
             this
             next
             Figure
             ,
             in
             which
             the
             Nose
             ,
             the
             Mouth
             ,
             and
             the
             Beard
             is
             described
             ,
             to
             give
             thereof
             certain
             general
             advertisements
             ;
             and
             that
             I
             may
             further
             define
             all
             the
             difficulties
             from
             point
             to
             point
             ;
             the
             Nose
             being
             known
             to
             be
             the
             most
             eminent
             part
             of
             the
             Face
             ,
             and
             therefore
             first
             seen
             ;
             and
             then
             the
             Eye
             which
             resteth
             in
             the
             judgement
             ,
             the
             next
             form
             of
             the
             Face
             :
             therefore
             I
             will
             demonstrate
             two
             of
             the
             most
             easie
             wayes
             hath
             hitherto
             been
             invented
             ,
             which
             may
             serve
             reasonable
             capacities
             from
             Stroke
             to
             Stroke
             ,
             to
             make
             the
             same
             well
             .
             Make
             then
             first
             a
             Stroke
             like
             that
             in
             the
             1.
             
             Number
             ,
             which
             hath
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             hollowness
             of
             the
             Nose
             :
             and
             then
             proceed
             to
             the
             2.
             
             Stroke
             of
             the
             whole
             Nose
             ,
             with
             the
             roundness
             thereof
             :
             in
             the
             3.
             the
             hole
             of
             the
             Nostrills
             :
             in
             the
             4.
             the
             Nostrills
             themselves
             :
             in
             the
             5.
             the
             place
             of
             the
             upper
             Lip
             :
             in
             the
             6.
             the
             upper
             Lip
             :
             in
             the
             7.
             the
             form
             of
             the
             Mouth
             :
             in
             the
             8.
             the
             roundness
             of
             the
             Beard
             :
             in
             the
             9.
             the
             under-Throat
             :
             in
             the
             10.
             the
             uniting
             of
             them
             all
             ,
             with
             the
             Stroke
             of
             the
             finishing
             of
             the
             Nose
             ,
             the
             Mouth
             ,
             and
             the
             Beard
             .
          
           
             Describe
             a
             semi-Circle
             downwards
             ,
             which
             is
             in
             the
             1.
             in
             the
             2.
             make
             the
             holes
             of
             the
             Nose
             ,
             with
             the
             two
             Points
             on
             each
             side
             ,
             and
             how
             each
             are
             placed
             :
             in
             the
             3.
             the
             addition
             of
             the
             Nostrills
             :
             in
             the
             4.
             the
             forming
             of
             all
             the
             upper
             Lip
             :
             in
             the
             5.
             the
             form
             of
             all
             the
             Mouth
             :
             in
             the
             6.
             the
             finishing
             of
             all
             the
             Strokes
             of
             the
             Beard
             and
             Chin
             .
             This
             for
             frameing
             the
             Nose
             is
             necessary
             to
             be
             explained
             ,
             being
             of
             importance
             to
             describe
             the
             same
             well
             ;
             because
             be
             the
             Head
             never
             so
             well
             done
             ,
             the
             Mouth
             and
             it
             being
             not
             correspondent
             ,
             that
             will
             be
             but
             disgracefull
             ,
             and
             give
             great
             distast
             to
             any
             judicious
             beholder
             ;
             be
             the
             other
             parts
             never
             so
             well
             and
             fairly
             done
             ,
             that
             will
             rest
             without
             grace
             and
             unworthy
             of
             commendations
             .
          
           
        
         
         
           
             Of
             the
             Head
             upright
             ,
             or
             with
             a
             Triangle
             .
             
               CHAP.
               III.
               
            
          
           
             THe
             manner
             to
             make
             the
             upright
             Head
             by
             just
             and
             safe
             Rules
             without
             errour
             ,
             is
             thus
             :
             First
             form
             a
             perfect
             equall
             Triangle
             so
             as
             you
             see
             ,
             in
             what
             position
             you
             will
             ,
             having
             a
             respect
             to
             the
             Draughts
             I
             have
             presented
             with
             the
             Lines
             that
             form
             with
             the
             Compasses
             a
             just
             Equilaterall
             Triangle
             ,
             which
             is
             with
             3.
             
             Lines
             just
             and
             equall
             every
             way
             ,
             turning
             the
             Triangle
             to
             make
             the
             Face
             upon
             one
             of
             the
             3.
             sides
             ,
             be
             it
             which
             you
             will
             ,
             either
             upwards
             ,
             downwards
             ,
             higher
             or
             lower
             ,
             dividing
             that
             side
             into
             3.
             equall
             parts
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             sequent
             Figure
             .
             The
             1.
             to
             serve
             from
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Hair
             ,
             to
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Forehead
             :
             The
             2.
             thence
             ,
             to
             the
             under
             part
             of
             the
             Nostrills
             :
             The
             3.
             to
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Chin
             .
             Now
             having
             framed
             these
             3.
             
             Lines
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             shewed
             Number
             2d
             draw
             a
             little
             crooked
             Stroke
             with
             a
             Cole
             or
             Chalk
             out
             of
             the
             right
             Line
             ,
             that
             that
             may
             reach
             to
             the
             other
             point
             ,
             and
             that
             will
             form
             the
             Forehead
             ,
             From
             whence
             draw
             a
             waved
             slope
             Line
             bending
             at
             the
             end
             ,
             to
             form
             the
             Nose
             either
             long
             ,
             short
             ,
             gross
             ,
             or
             thin
             ,
             as
             you
             would
             have
             that
             ;
             ending
             that
             at
             the
             2d
             point
             ,
             where
             the
             Nostrills
             end
             .
             Then
             subdivide
             the
             remaining
             3d
             part
             in
             the
             midst
             ,
             where
             the
             Mouth
             shall
             be
             placed
             ,
             for
             the
             parting
             of
             the
             upper
             and
             under-Lips
             .
             Then
             frame
             the
             Chin
             ,
             having
             a
             respect
             to
             the
             perpendicular
             Line
             ,
             that
             that
             fall
             not
             out
             of
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Chin
             ;
             adjoyning
             thereto
             the
             under-Chin
             down
             to
             the
             Throat-pit
             .
             So
             with
             the
             other
             two
             dividing
             Lines
             ,
             the
             one
             from
             the
             top
             of
             the
             Forehead
             downwards
             (
             and
             ends
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             the
             back
             part
             of
             the
             Ear
             ;
             )
             the
             other
             proceedeth
             upwards
             from
             the
             Chin
             ,
             ascending
             till
             that
             meet
             with
             the
             superior
             descending
             Line
             ,
             whose
             intersection
             directeth
             the
             Ear
             ,
             that
             the
             Circumference
             thereof
             stretch
             not
             too
             far
             ;
             which
             in
             the
             first
             Chapter
             I
             formed
             by
             the
             Rule
             of
             the
             Circle
             .
             Thus
             with
             your
             judgement
             take
             the
             upper
             part
             of
             the
             Forehead
             ,
             and
             come
             to
             describe
             a
             great
             Circular
             Line
             about
             ,
             to
             form
             with
             that
             the
             roundness
             of
             the
             Head
             ,
             unto
             the
             Nape
             of
             the
             Neck
             ,
             keeping
             the
             proportion
             that
             Nature
             teacheth
             ;
             and
             from
             thence
             downwards
             frame
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Neck
             ,
             remembring
             that
             the
             tip
             of
             the
             Ear
             doth
             not
             exceed
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Nostrill
             .
             So
             you
             may
             have
             the
             Head
             in
             what
             position
             you
             will
             ,
             so
             this
             abandon
             not
             the
             two
             other
             Lines
             ;
             each
             concurring
             in
             their
             due
             points
             .
          
           
           
             
          
        
         
         
           
             Of
             the
             Foreright
             ,
             and
             other
             Positions
             of
             the
             Face
             .
             
               CHAP.
               IV.
               
            
          
           
             HAving
             demonstrated
             an
             easie
             way
             how
             to
             draw
             the
             upright
             Head
             ;
             it
             will
             be
             also
             necessary
             to
             shew
             the
             manner
             how
             to
             draw
             the
             foreright
             Face
             ,
             and
             in
             other
             Positions
             .
             Being
             then
             desirous
             to
             draw
             the
             foreright
             Face
             ,
             it
             will
             be
             necessary
             to
             form
             a
             perfect
             Ovall
             ,
             as
             I
             shewed
             in
             the
             Rule
             for
             drawing
             the
             Ear
             ;
             which
             being
             made
             ,
             divide
             in
             the
             midst
             with
             a
             Line
             the
             longest
             way
             ,
             which
             must
             from
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Hair
             be
             divided
             into
             3.
             equall
             parts
             ,
             by
             2.
             
             Lines
             as
             you
             see
             .
             In
             the
             1.
             is
             the
             Eyes
             to
             be
             placed
             ;
             in
             the
             2d
             the
             Nostrils
             :
             then
             the
             lower
             part
             divided
             ;
             in
             the
             midst
             thereof
             must
             the
             Mouth
             be
             formed
             ,
             as
             by
             the
             Figure
             may
             be
             conceived
             :
             alwayes
             remembring
             that
             the
             Eyes
             must
             be
             in
             the
             1.
             
             Line
             ;
             and
             each
             of
             them
             distant
             from
             the
             other
             ,
             the
             length
             of
             one
             of
             them
             :
             and
             that
             their
             inner
             Corners
             be
             perpendicularly
             over
             the
             outside
             of
             the
             Nostrils
             punctually
             .
             But
             to
             make
             the
             Ears
             in
             a
             foreright
             Face
             ,
             the
             Ovall
             must
             be
             exceeding
             narrow
             ,
             yet
             proportional
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Ears
             be
             drawn
             in
             ,
             and
             be
             in
             height
             from
             the
             Nostrils
             to
             the
             Eye-brows
             :
             and
             then
             adjoyn
             the
             Neck
             with
             the
             Hair
             ,
             in
             such
             sort
             as
             may
             seem
             most
             pleasing
             to
             the
             judicious
             Eye
             .
          
           
           
             
          
        
         
         
           
             Of
             the
             Inclining
             or
             Foreshortning
             of
             the
             Face
             .
             
               CHAP.
               V.
               
            
          
           
             IN
             this
             Figure
             I
             will
             make
             a
             brief
             Declaration
             concerning
             the
             scituation
             or
             posture
             ;
             and
             being
             respective
             of
             the
             bigness
             ,
             to
             give
             easie
             wayes
             to
             observe
             in
             framing
             the
             altitude
             of
             the
             Head
             in
             any
             inclination
             ,
             as
             well
             in
             Foreshortning
             or
             other
             postures
             .
             This
             then
             requireth
             small
             labour
             ;
             and
             yet
             I
             have
             explained
             the
             same
             ,
             that
             the
             manner
             thereof
             may
             be
             plainly
             seen
             ;
             and
             the
             path
             infallible
             by
             the
             Lines
             ,
             as
             they
             turn
             and
             concord
             together
             .
             Imitating
             the
             like
             ,
             you
             may
             with
             facility
             draw
             in
             their
             places
             the
             Nose
             ,
             the
             Mouth
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             parts
             in
             good
             order
             ,
             agreeing
             correspondently
             without
             much
             labour
             ;
             as
             I
             will
             shew
             with
             these
             simple
             Lines
             ;
             which
             with
             a
             little
             practice
             to
             prepare
             the
             hand
             and
             judgement
             thereto
             ;
             all
             which
             may
             be
             absolutely
             well
             effected
             thereby
             .
          
           
           
             
          
        
         
         
           
             Of
             a
             more
             perfect
             Foreshortning
             .
             
               CHAP.
               VI
               .
            
          
           
             HItherto
             have
             I
             treated
             of
             the
             Head
             ,
             both
             foreright
             ,
             and
             in
             other
             positions
             ;
             but
             that
             you
             might
             know
             all
             that
             is
             needfull
             for
             the
             perfect
             understanding
             of
             this
             profession
             ,
             it
             is
             necessary
             that
             I
             specifie
             the
             Manner
             how
             to
             draw
             the
             Face
             by
             an
             easie
             ,
             absolute
             ,
             and
             fair
             way
             .
             Treating
             thus
             ,
             I
             propound
             to
             you
             Methodicall
             meanes
             therein
             ;
             because
             my
             intent
             is
             to
             facilitate
             the
             matter
             in
             that
             manner
             ,
             that
             without
             writing
             thereupon
             it
             may
             be
             intelligible
             :
             For
             a
             Draught
             well
             made
             hath
             that
             power
             ,
             that
             it
             makes
             itself
             understood
             without
             any
             Discourse
             of
             the
             Author
             thereon
             .
             But
             I
             alwayes
             observe
             both
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             also
             ;
             instructing
             by
             the
             Draught
             the
             intelligence
             first
             ,
             and
             afterward
             by
             Discourse
             thereupon
             .
             I
             say
             then
             that
             the
             Foreshortning
             which
             is
             made
             only
             with
             Frets
             ,
             Grates
             ,
             Squares
             ,
             or
             with
             Geometricall
             instruments
             ,
             breed
             only
             a
             confusion
             of
             Lines
             ,
             which
             is
             not
             the
             best
             principle
             of
             expert
             ingenuity
             ;
             the
             reason
             whereof
             is
             ,
             that
             it
             can
             hardly
             be
             measured
             by
             any
             Rule
             ,
             unless
             the
             whole
             Body
             be
             framed
             together
             .
             Therefore
             I
             will
             shew
             an
             easie
             Rule
             ,
             very
             like
             to
             that
             of
             the
             foreright
             Face
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             to
             make
             a
             Circular
             Draught
             with
             aspect
             upwards
             ,
             or
             downwards
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             foreright
             Head
             ,
             where
             the
             Traverse
             Lines
             are
             straight
             ;
             but
             these
             go
             Circularly
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             Figures
             in
             the
             last
             Chapter
             going
             before
             may
             be
             seen
             .
             For
             if
             the
             Heads
             flye
             upwards
             ,
             the
             Trace
             ,
             Strokes
             ,
             and
             the
             Divisions
             ,
             must
             be
             raised
             as
             I
             have
             shewed
             ;
             with
             Caution
             that
             the
             Ears
             and
             Eyes
             fall
             not
             without
             their
             due
             points
             .
          
           
           
             
          
        
         
         
           
             Of
             the
             upright
             or
             side-Face
             without
             any
             Measure
             .
             
               CHAP.
               VII
               .
            
          
           
             BEing
             desirous
             to
             make
             an
             upright
             Head
             or
             side-Face
             ,
             without
             any
             Triangle
             or
             other
             Measure
             ;
             you
             shall
             not
             need
             alwayes
             to
             make
             the
             Triangle
             ,
             but
             with
             a
             little
             care
             and
             practice
             to
             form
             the
             Eye
             ,
             which
             will
             serve
             for
             direction
             sufficiently
             ;
             because
             the
             Head
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             the
             Body
             are
             to
             be
             proportionals
             ,
             and
             made
             from
             Measures
             ,
             it
             will
             easily
             follow
             ,
             framing
             many
             with
             one
             and
             the
             same
             Stroke
             ,
             you
             may
             not
             only
             facilitate
             it
             by
             the
             Eye
             and
             Judgement
             ,
             but
             also
             accommodate
             the
             Hand
             to
             trace
             and
             draw
             all
             things
             right
             ;
             for
             it
             is
             true
             that
             the
             Eye
             will
             have
             his
             place
             .
             And
             I
             have
             proved
             ,
             that
             having
             drawn
             certain
             Strokes
             and
             Draughts
             from
             the
             life
             of
             Nature
             ,
             and
             reduced
             it
             with
             the
             Pen
             and
             Pencil
             into
             Oyl-Colours
             ,
             I
             have
             found
             it
             to
             come
             off
             punctually
             right
             of
             a
             correspondent
             bigness
             to
             that
             which
             I
             have
             imitated
             .
             So
             that
             having
             finished
             my
             work
             ,
             and
             measured
             it
             part
             by
             part
             ,
             I
             have
             not
             found
             any
             thing
             disproportioned
             ,
             but
             have
             alwayes
             found
             it
             fall
             out
             right
             ,
             as
             I
             would
             have
             it
             .
             Therefore
             I
             say
             that
             this
             Rule
             and
             Measure
             which
             I
             have
             set
             down
             ,
             is
             not
             any
             hinderance
             to
             the
             excellency
             of
             the
             Art
             ,
             nor
             will
             weaken
             your
             worth
             ;
             but
             will
             serve
             as
             a
             general
             Advertisement
             ,
             being
             once
             possest
             therewith
             ;
             and
             also
             become
             prevalent
             when
             occasion
             will
             require
             ,
             to
             make
             a
             Head
             ten
             times
             as
             big
             as
             the
             natural
             ;
             for
             that
             with
             this
             Measure
             you
             shall
             readily
             frame
             it
             right
             by
             any
             great
             Head
             ;
             and
             that
             because
             the
             Understanding
             therein
             is
             equally
             extended
             ;
             but
             the
             more
             the
             Capacity
             is
             wanting
             ,
             the
             more
             my
             labour
             will
             further
             ,
             when
             need
             requireth
             .
             These
             then
             I
             give
             as
             principal
             for
             the
             first
             Strokes
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             next
             Figure
             may
             be
             perceived
             ,
             which
             is
             from
             the
             Forehead
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             already
             said
             ,
             for
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             Nose
             ;
             that
             is
             from
             the
             lower
             part
             of
             the
             Hair
             ,
             to
             the
             hollowness
             of
             the
             Nose
             and
             the
             Nostrils
             ,
             and
             from
             thence
             to
             the
             Chin
             .
             It
             will
             afterwards
             be
             necessary
             to
             proceed
             accordingly
             from
             Stroke
             to
             Stroke
             ,
             by
             encreasing
             the
             Strokes
             until
             you
             come
             to
             the
             Head
             ,
             Number
             10.
             and
             so
             make
             it
             to
             be
             divided
             into
             3.
             parts
             by
             the
             Eye
             justly
             ,
             without
             the
             help
             of
             Compasses
             or
             other
             Measures
             ;
             and
             in
             so
             doing
             ,
             you
             may
             easily
             accustome
             your
             hand
             ,
             in
             such
             sort
             that
             you
             may
             draw
             all
             you
             would
             ,
             without
             any
             labour
             at
             all
             .
          
           
           
             
          
        
         
         
           
             The
             Manner
             how
             to
             describe
             a
             Head
             every
             way
             without
             Measure
             .
             
               CHAP.
               VIII
               .
            
          
           
             IT
             will
             not
             be
             needfull
             alwayes
             to
             set
             down
             the
             Measures
             which
             I
             have
             before
             prescribed
             ,
             because
             it
             will
             be
             too
             troublesome
             :
             But
             my
             intent
             is
             to
             shew
             how
             by
             an
             unusuall
             manner
             by
             me
             invented
             ,
             you
             may
             form
             in
             the
             Idea
             ,
             the
             just
             Measures
             and
             Distances
             of
             all
             sorts
             of
             Heads
             ;
             and
             in
             all
             Positions
             ,
             having
             the
             knowledge
             of
             this
             Rule
             ;
             and
             afterwards
             making
             some
             Heads
             without
             any
             Triangle
             ,
             or
             other
             manner
             of
             Demonstration
             ,
             knowing
             the
             errors
             of
             heights
             ,
             lengths
             ,
             and
             divisions
             ,
             into
             which
             you
             may
             otherwise
             run
             .
             Therefore
             I
             shew
             in
             this
             Figure
             an
             easie
             manner
             that
             must
             be
             held
             ;
             and
             how
             with
             those
             few
             Lines
             ,
             to
             make
             the
             Head
             in
             what
             manner
             you
             will
             .
          
           
           
             
          
        
         
         
           
             Of
             Childrens
             Heads
             .
             
               CHAP.
               IX
               .
            
          
           
             IT
             resteth
             only
             for
             me
             to
             treat
             of
             the
             manner
             how
             to
             draw
             the
             Heads
             of
             Children
             ,
             with
             a
             Rule
             ,
             invented
             by
             me
             ,
             and
             not
             yet
             by
             any
             put
             forth
             in
             writing
             .
             Being
             then
             desirous
             to
             form
             the
             Heads
             of
             Children
             perfectly
             ,
             and
             of
             what
             imaginable
             bigness
             you
             will
             ;
             take
             a
             pair
             of
             Compasses
             ,
             and
             make
             a
             perfect
             equilater-triangular
             Triangle
             ,
             and
             upon
             each
             point
             thereof
             by
             turning
             the
             Compasses
             round
             ,
             make
             a
             Circle
             as
             you
             see
             ,
             of
             that
             bigness
             that
             they
             may
             touch
             each
             other
             :
             The
             like
             done
             on
             each
             ,
             you
             shall
             so
             have
             described
             3.
             
             Circles
             ,
             whereof
             2.
             shall
             be
             even
             upon
             one
             side
             ,
             and
             the
             3d
             behind
             them
             ,
             joyned
             to
             them
             both
             .
             And
             this
             is
             the
             1.
             demonstration
             :
             In
             the
             2d
             ,
             upon
             that
             side
             which
             the
             two
             even
             Rounds
             are
             ,
             the
             one
             of
             them
             shall
             serve
             for
             the
             Forehead
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             for
             the
             Throat
             ;
             and
             behind
             both
             where
             there
             is
             a
             space
             ,
             you
             shall
             make
             the
             Nose
             ,
             the
             Mouth
             ,
             and
             some
             part
             of
             the
             Chin
             ,
             with
             a
             Stroke
             near
             the
             Throat
             ;
             afterwards
             adjoyning
             the
             Ear
             in
             the
             place
             which
             I
             shew
             ,
             where
             we
             conclude
             the
             Triangle
             ,
             and
             under
             those
             two
             Circles
             ,
             joyn
             a
             little
             of
             the
             Nape
             and
             the
             Neck
             ;
             and
             so
             will
             the
             Childes
             Head
             be
             finished
             in
             the
             side
             Face
             porfill
             ,
             with
             the
             Crown
             ,
             as
             you
             see
             Number
             3rd.
             
             In
             Number
             4.
             I
             represent
             what
             force
             a
             real
             Rule
             and
             Reason
             hath
             in
             designing
             ,
             as
             if
             in
             these
             3.
             
             Circles
             I
             should
             open
             the
             excellency
             of
             the
             Art
             ;
             because
             as
             you
             see
             ,
             there
             is
             no
             point
             nor
             Circle
             but
             performeth
             his
             office
             ,
             with
             that
             convenience
             that
             is
             possible
             ;
             I
             make
             you
             3.
             
             Heads
             in
             one
             Demonstration
             ,
             of
             which
             at
             your
             pleasure
             you
             may
             leave
             away
             2.
             and
             take
             the
             3d
             ,
             without
             danger
             of
             committing
             any
             error
             therein
             .
             But
             as
             I
             use
             the
             Triangle
             in
             the
             upright
             or
             side-Head
             ,
             so
             do
             I
             use
             the
             Square
             or
             Quadrangle
             in
             the
             foreright
             Face
             ;
             which
             being
             first
             described
             ,
             will
             be
             a
             guide
             to
             place
             the
             Circles
             in
             their
             places
             ;
             as
             in
             the
             1.
             
             Draught
             I
             shew
             :
             In
             the
             2d
             falleth
             the
             Eye
             ,
             the
             Nose
             ,
             and
             the
             Mouth
             :
             In
             the
             3d
             I
             finish
             all
             together
             ,
             with
             the
             under-Chin
             ,
             Hair
             ,
             and
             other
             Circumstances
             .
             But
             be
             alwayes
             advised
             in
             this
             Face
             ,
             where
             and
             how
             to
             place
             the
             points
             and
             bigness
             of
             the
             Ear
             ;
             and
             to
             situate
             the
             Eye
             ,
             which
             I
             have
             made
             to
             avoid
             confusion
             ,
             observing
             the
             Measures
             in
             practice
             by
             the
             precedent
             Demonstration
             :
             And
             so
             your
             work
             will
             come
             off
             with
             the
             greater
             life
             and
             judgement
             .
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .