An essay toward a natural history of the earth and terrestrial bodies, especially minerals : as also of the sea, rivers, and springs : with an account of the universal deluge : and of the effects that it had upon the earth / by John Woodward ...
         Woodward, John, 1665-1728.
      
       
         
           1695
        
      
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             An essay toward a natural history of the earth and terrestrial bodies, especially minerals : as also of the sea, rivers, and springs : with an account of the universal deluge : and of the effects that it had upon the earth / by John Woodward ...
             Woodward, John, 1665-1728.
          
           [16], 277 p.
           
             Printed for Ric. Wilkin ...,
             London :
             1695.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Cambridge University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Natural history -- Pre-Linnean works.
        
      
    
     
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           Imprimatur
           .
        
         
           
             
               Ian.
               3.
               1694
               
               /
               5.
               
            
          
           
             
               Iohn
               Hoskyns
            
             ,
             V.P.R.S.
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           An
           ESSAY
           toward
           a
           Natural
           history
           OF
           THE
           EARTH
           :
           AND
           Terrestrial
           Bodies
           ,
           Especially
           MINERALS
           :
           As
           also
           of
           the
           
             Sea
             ,
             Rivers
          
           ,
           and
           Springs
           .
           With
           an
           Account
           of
           the
           UNIVERSAL
           DELUGE
           :
           And
           of
           the
           Effects
           that
           it
           had
           upon
           the
           EARTH
           .
        
         
           By
           
             Iohn
             Woodward
          
           ,
           M.D.
           Professor
           of
           Physick
           in
           Gresham-College
           ,
           and
           Fellow
           of
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Ric.
             Wilkin
          
           at
           the
           Kings-Head
           in
           St.
           
           Paul's
           Church-yard
           ,
           1695.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           To
           the
           Honourable
           Sir
           
             Robert
             Southwell
          
           ,
           Knight
           ,
           President
           of
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           .
        
         
           
             SIR
             ,
          
        
         
           THE
           Subject
           of
           these
           following
           Papers
           being
           Philosophical
           ,
           and
           so
           not
           foreign
           to
           the
           Conversations
           you
           frequent
           ,
           I
           could
           not
           direct
           them
           better
           than
           to
           the
           Person
           whom
           the
           
             Royal
             Society
          
           have
           so
           often
           made
           choice
           of
           to
           fill
           their
           Chair
           .
           For
           tho'
           your
           Business
           hath
           been
           much
           in
           the
           open
           World
           ,
           yet
           am
           I
           well
           assured
           that
           Things
           of
           this
           Nature
           have
           always
           been
           your
           Recreation
           
           and
           Delight
           .
           The
           Truth
           is
           ,
           your
           Attention
           to
           hear
           me
           discourse
           of
           my
           Travels
           under
           Ground
           ,
           and
           the
           Uses
           I
           proposed
           of
           what
           there
           I
           found
           ,
           gave
           me
           no
           small
           Encouragement
           to
           expose
           my
           Observations
           to
           the
           publick
           View
           :
           And
           't
           is
           my
           Hope
           ,
           that
           those
           Things
           may
           find
           Pardon
           from
           others
           ,
           which
           have
           had
           Approbation
           with
           you
           .
           I
           am
           very
           truly
           ,
        
         
           
             SIR
             ,
          
           
             Your
             most
             humble
             Servant
             ,
             
               I.
               WOODWARD
            
             .
          
        
      
       
         
         
           PREFACE
           .
        
         
           HAving
           in
           the
           Essay
           it self
           given
           some
           Intimation
           both
           of
           the
           Design
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           the
           Reasons
           which
           induced
           me
           to
           make
           it
           publick
           ,
           I
           shall
           not
           here
           keep
           the
           Reader
           in
           suspense
           much
           longer
           than
           only
           while
           I
           acquaint
           him
           that
           ,
           proposing
           to
           draw
           a
           considerable
           number
           of
           Materials
           into
           so
           narrow
           a
           Compass
           that
           they
           might
           all
           be
           contained
           in
           this
           small
           Volume
           ,
           I
           was
           obliged
           to
           be
           very
           brief
           and
           concise
           .
           And
           therefore
           ,
           as
           Pieces
           of
           Miniature
           ,
           Sculpture
           ,
           or
           other
           Workmanship
           in
           little
           ,
           must
           be
           allowed
           a
           closer
           Inspection
           ,
           so
           this
           ●reatise
           will
           require
           some
           Care
           and
           Application
           in
           the
           Perusal
           .
        
         
           Not
           but
           that
           I
           have
           endeavoured
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           was
           practicable
           in
           so
           little
           room
           ,
           so
           
           to
           dispose
           and
           order
           things
           ,
           by
           interweaving
           with
           the
           Assertions
           some
           of
           the
           Proofs
           whereon
           they
           depend
           ,
           and
           occasionally
           scattering
           several
           of
           the
           more
           important
           Observations
           throughout
           the
           Work
           ,
           that
           it
           will
           be
           no
           very
           hard
           Task
           for
           any
           one
           to
           discover
           the
           main
           Grounds
           whereon
           all
           that
           I
           here
           advance
           is
           founded
           .
        
         
           That
           this
           may
           be
           the
           more
           clearly
           apprehended
           ,
           I
           shall
           beg
           leave
           to
           illustrate
           it
           by
           one
           or
           two
           Instances
           .
           It
           will
           perhaps
           at
           first
           sight
           seem
           very
           strange
           ,
           and
           almost
           shock
           an
           ordinary
           Reader
           to
           find
           me
           asserting
           ,
           as
           I
           do
           ,
           that
           the
           whole
           Terrestrial
           Globe
           was
           taken
           all
           to
           pieces
           and
           dissolved
           at
           the
           Deluge
           ▪
           the
           Particles
           of
           Stone
           ,
           Marble
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           solid
           Fossils
           dissevered
           ,
           taken
           up
           into
           the
           Water
           ,
           and
           there
           sustained
           together
           with
           Sea-shells
           and
           other
           Animal
           and
           Vegetable
           Bodies
           :
           and
           that
           the
           present
           Earth
           consists
           ,
           and
           was
           formed
           out
           of
           that
           promiscuous
           Mass
           of
           Sand
           ,
           Earth
           ,
           Shells
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           ,
           
           falling
           down
           again
           ,
           and
           subsiding
           from
           the
           Water
           .
           But
           whoever
           shall
           duely
           attend
           to
           what
           I
           elsewhere
           lay
           down
           ,
           viz.
           that
           there
           are
           vast
           Multitudes
           of
           Shells
           ,
           and
           other
           Marine
           Bodies
           ,
           found
           at
           this
           day
           incorporated
           with
           and
           lodged
           in
           all
           sorts
           of
           Stone
           ,
           in
           Marble
           ,
           in
           Chalk
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           short
           ,
           in
           all
           the
           other
           ordinary
           Matter
           of
           the
           Globe
           which
           is
           close
           and
           compact
           enough
           to
           preserve
           them
           :
           that
           these
           are
           found
           thus
           reposited
           amongst
           this
           Terrestrial
           Matter
           from
           near
           the
           Surface
           of
           the
           Earth
           downwards
           to
           the
           greatest
           Depth
           we
           ever
           dig
           or
           lay
           it
           open
           ,
           and
           this
           in
           all
           Parts
           of
           it
           quite
           round
           the
           Globe
           :
           that
           the
           said
           terrestrial
           Matter
           is
           disposed
           into
           Strata
           or
           Layers
           ,
           placed
           one
           upon
           another
           ,
           in
           like
           manner
           as
           any
           earthy
           Sediment
           ,
           setling
           down
           from
           a
           Fluid
           in
           great
           quantity
           ,
           will
           naturally
           be
           :
           that
           these
           Marine
           Bodies
           are
           now
           found
           lodged
           in
           those
           Strata
           according
           to
           the
           Order
           of
           their
           Gravity
           ,
           those
           which
           are
           heaviest
           lying
           
           deepest
           in
           the
           Earth
           ,
           and
           the
           lighter
           sorts
           (
           when
           there
           are
           any
           such
           in
           the
           same
           place
           )
           shallower
           or
           nearer
           to
           the
           Surface
           :
           and
           both
           those
           and
           these
           amongst
           terrestrial
           Matter
           which
           is
           of
           the
           same
           specifick
           Gravity
           that
           they
           are
           ,
           the
           heavier
           Shells
           in
           Stone
           ,
           the
           lighter
           in
           Chalk
           ,
           and
           so
           of
           the
           rest
           ;
           I
           say
           ,
           whoever
           shall
           but
           rightly
           weigh
           all
           this
           ,
           he
           'll
           have
           no
           need
           to
           go
           further
           for
           Proof
           that
           the
           Earth
           was
           actually
           so
           dissolved
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           framed
           a-new
           ,
           in
           such
           manner
           as
           I
           have
           set
           forth
           .
           And
           if
           to
           this
           he
           shall
           think
           fit
           to
           add
           the
           other
           Arguments
           of
           the
           same
           Thing
           which
           he
           will
           meet
           with
           in
           their
           Place
           ,
           they
           also
           will
           I
           hope
           not
           fail
           of
           doing
           their
           Part
           in
           convincing
           him
           still
           more
           of
           the
           Truth
           and
           Certainty
           of
           this
           Matter
           .
        
         
           The
           other
           Instance
           I
           make
           choice
           of
           shall
           be
           of
           the
           Universality
           of
           the
           Deluge
           ,
           which
           is
           another
           Proposition
           that
           I
           insist
           upon
           .
           And
           for
           this
           ,
           let
           but
           the
           Reader
           please
           to
           consider
           ,
           what
           I
           deliver
           from
           authentick
           
           Relations
           ,
           that
           the
           marine
           Bodies
           aforesaid
           are
           found
           in
           all
           Parts
           of
           the
           known
           World
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           
             Europe
             ,
             Africa
          
           ,
           and
           America
           ,
           as
           in
           Asia
           ,
           and
           this
           even
           to
           the
           very
           tops
           of
           the
           highest
           Mountains
           ;
           and
           then
           I
           think
           he
           cannot
           reasonably
           doubt
           of
           the
           Proposition
           :
           but
           more
           especially
           if
           hereunto
           he
           shall
           joyn
           what
           I
           offer
           concerning
           the
           Great
           Abyss
           ,
           and
           thence
           learns
           that
           there
           is
           at
           this
           day
           resident
           ,
           in
           that
           huge
           Conceptacle
           ,
           Water
           enough
           to
           effect
           such
           a
           Deluge
           ,
           to
           drown
           the
           whole
           Globe
           ,
           and
           lay
           all
           ,
           even
           the
           highest
           Mountains
           under
           Water
           .
           But
           if
           he
           should
           be
           at
           a
           loss
           to
           know
           how
           I
           got
           such
           Notice
           of
           that
           subterranean
           Reservatory
           ,
           as
           to
           enable
           me
           to
           make
           a
           Computation
           of
           the
           Quantity
           of
           Water
           now
           conceal'd
           therein
           ,
           if
           he
           carefully
           peruse
           the
           Propositions
           concerning
           Earthquakes
           ,
           and
           some
           others
           in
           the
           Third
           Part
           ,
           he
           cannot
           but
           discover
           at
           least
           some
           of
           the
           ways
           whereby
           I
           got
           light
           thereinto
           :
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           find
           why
           it
           is
           that
           I
           am
           so
           particular
           
           in
           relating
           the
           Phaenomena
           of
           Earthquakes
           ,
           and
           dwell
           so
           long
           upon
           that
           Subject
           in
           this
           shorter
           Work.
           
        
         
           These
           I
           intend
           for
           Example
           and
           Direction
           to
           the
           Reader
           how
           he
           may
           satisfie
           himself
           in
           any
           of
           the
           other
           Heads
           .
           'T
           is
           impossible
           for
           me
           to
           foresee
           the
           Difficulties
           and
           Haesitations
           of
           every
           one
           :
           they
           will
           be
           more
           or
           fewer
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Capacity
           of
           each
           Peruser
           ,
           and
           as
           his
           Penetration
           and
           Insight
           into
           Nature
           is
           greater
           or
           less
           .
           They
           who
           have
           Attention
           enough
           to
           take
           in
           the
           intire
           Platform
           as
           here
           laid
           down
           :
           who
           see
           the
           Chain
           which
           runs
           through
           the
           whole
           :
           and
           can
           pick
           up
           and
           bear
           in
           mind
           the
           Observations
           and
           Proofs
           here
           and
           there
           as
           they
           lie
           ,
           and
           then
           confer
           them
           with
           the
           Propositions
           ,
           will
           discern
           (
           in
           great
           measure
           )
           how
           these
           Propositions
           flow
           from
           them
           :
           but
           they
           who
           cannot
           so
           easily
           do
           this
           must
           be
           intreated
           to
           have
           a
           little
           patience
           ,
           untill
           the
           Thing
           be
           further
           unfolded
           ,
           and
           more
           amply
           and
           plainly
           made
           out
           .
        
         
         
           A
           few
           Advances
           there
           are
           in
           the
           following
           Papers
           ,
           tending
           to
           assert
           the
           Superintendence
           and
           Agency
           of
           Providence
           in
           the
           Natural
           World
           :
           as
           also
           to
           evince
           the
           Fidelity
           and
           Exactness
           of
           the
           Mosaick
           Narrative
           of
           the
           Creation
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           Deluge
           .
           Which
           't
           is
           not
           improbable
           but
           some
           may
           be
           apt
           to
           stumble
           at
           ,
           and
           think
           strange
           that
           in
           a
           Physical
           Discourse
           as
           this
           is
           ,
           I
           should
           intermeddle
           with
           Matters
           of
           that
           kind
           .
           But
           I
           may
           very
           safely
           say
           ,
           that
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           former
           ,
           I
           have
           not
           entered
           farther
           into
           it
           than
           meerly
           I
           was
           lead
           by
           the
           necessity
           of
           my
           Subject
           :
           nor
           could
           I
           have
           done
           less
           than
           I
           have
           ,
           without
           the
           most
           apparent
           Injury
           and
           Injustice
           to
           Truth
           .
           And
           for
           Moses
           ,
           he
           having
           given
           an
           Account
           of
           some
           Things
           which
           I
           here
           treat
           of
           ,
           I
           was
           bound
           to
           allow
           him
           the
           same
           Plea
           that
           I
           do
           other
           Writers
           ,
           and
           to
           consider
           what
           he
           hath
           delivered
           .
           In
           order
           to
           this
           I
           set
           aside
           every
           thing
           that
           might
           byass
           my
           Mind
           ,
           over-awe
           ,
           or
           mislead
           me
           in
           the
           
           Scrutiny
           ,
           and
           therefore
           have
           regard
           to
           him
           here
           only
           as
           an
           Historian
           .
           I
           freely
           bring
           what
           he
           hath
           related
           to
           the
           Test
           ,
           comparing
           it
           with
           Things
           as
           now
           they
           stand
           :
           and
           finding
           his
           Account
           to
           be
           p●nctually
           true
           ,
           I
           fairly
           declare
           what
           I
           find
           ;
           wherein
           I
           do
           him
           but
           simply
           Right
           ,
           and
           only
           the
           same
           that
           I
           would
           to
           a
           common
           Historian
           ,
           to
           Berosus
           or
           Manetho
           ,
           to
           Herodotus
           or
           Livy
           ,
           on
           like
           occasion
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           The
           CONTENTS
           .
        
         
           
             AN
             Account
             of
             the
             Observations
             upon
             which
             this
             Discourse
             is
             founded
             .
          
           
             
               P.
               1.
            
             
          
           
             A
             Dissertation
             concerning
             Shells
             and
             other
             Marine
             Bodies
             ,
             found
             at
             Land
             ;
             proving
             that
             they
             were
             originally
             generated
             and
             formed
             at
             Sea
             :
             that
             they
             are
             the
             real
             Spoils
             of
             once
             living
             Animals
             :
             and
             not
             Stones
             ,
             or
             natural
             Fossils
             ,
             as
             some
             Learned
             Men
             have
             thought
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               15.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             PART
             I.
             
          
           
             An
             Examination
             of
             the
             Opinions
             of
             
               former
               Writers
            
             on
             this
             Subject
             .
             The
             Means
             whereby
             they
             thought
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             brought
             out
             upon
             the
             Earth
             .
             Of
             certain
             Changes
             of
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ,
             and
             other
             Alterations
             in
             the
             Terraqueons
             Globe
             ,
             which
             they
             suppose
             to
             have
             happened
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               34.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             PART
             II.
             
          
           
             Concerning
             the
             
               Universal
               Deluge
            
             .
             That
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             were
             then
             left
             at
             Land.
             The
             Effects
             it
             had
             upon
             the
             Earth
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               71.
            
             
          
        
         
           
           
             PART
             III.
             
          
           
             Concerning
             the
             Fluids
             of
             the
             Globe
             .
          
           
           
             
               Sect.
               I.
            
             Of
             the
             great
             Abyss
             .
             Of
             the
             Ocean
             .
             Concerning
             the
             Origin
             of
             Springs
             ,
             and
             Rivers
             .
             Of
             Vapours
             ,
             and
             of
             Rain
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               115.
            
             
          
           
             
               Sect.
               II.
            
             Of
             the
             Vniversality
             of
             the
             Deluge
             .
             Of
             the
             Water
             which
             effected
             it
             .
             Together
             with
             some
             further
             Particulars
             concerning
             it
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               157.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             PART
             IV.
             
          
           
             Of
             the
             Origin
             and
             Formation
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               170.
            
             
          
        
         
           
             PART
             V.
             
          
           
             Of
             the
             Alterations
             which
             the
             Terraqueous
             Globe
             hath
             undergone
             since
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               226
            
          
        
         
           
             PART
             VI.
             
          
           
             Concerning
             the
             State
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             the
             Productions
             of
             it
             before
             the
             Deluge
             .
          
           
             
               p.
               242
            
          
        
      
       
         
           ERRATA
           .
        
         
           PAge
           19.
           
           Line
           6
           after
           Buccin●
           add
           (
           ▪
           )
           p.
           32.
           l.
           3.
           for
           Crustaneous
           read
           Crustaceous
           p.
           61.
           l.
           23.
           after
           .
           firm
           add
           (
           ,
           )
           p.
           75.
           l.
           14.
           after
           precipitated
           add
           (
           ,
           )
           p.
           94.
           l.
           6.
           after
           been
           add
           given
           .
           p.
           168.
           l.
           25.
           f.
           
           Alargatis
           ●
           .
           A●arg●tis
           .
           p.
           173.
           l.
           10.
           (
           in
           the
           Margin
           )
           f.
           it
           r.
           
             the
             said
             Stone
          
           .
           p.
           184.
           l.
           13.
           f.
           C●chitae
           r.
           Conchitae
           .
           p.
           243
           ▪
           l.
           ●
           r.
           f.
           the
           r.
           that
           .
           p.
           270.
           l.
           ●
           .
           f.
           frigitive
           r.
           fugitive
           .
           p.
           275.
           l.
           12.
           (
           in
           the
           Margin
           )
           f.
           the
           r.
           that
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           AN
           ACCOUNT
           OF
           THE
           OBSERVATIONS
           Upon
           which
           this
           DISCOURSE
           Is
           Founded
           .
        
         
           FROM
           a
           long
           train
           of
           Experience
           ,
           the
           World
           is
           at
           length
           convinc'd
           ,
           that
           Observations
           are
           the
           only
           sure
           Grounds
           whereon
           to
           build
           a
           lasting
           and
           substantial
           Philosophy
           .
           All
           Parties
           are
           so
           far
           agreed
           upon
           this
           matter
           ,
           that
           it
           seems
           to
           be
           now
           the
           common
           sense
           of
           Mankind
           .
        
         
           For
           which
           reason
           ,
           I
           shall
           in
           the
           Work
           before
           me
           ,
           give
           my self
           up
           to
           
           be
           guided
           wholly
           by
           
             Matter
             of
             Fact
          
           ;
           as
           intending
           to
           steer
           that
           course
           which
           is
           thus
           agreed
           of
           all
           hands
           to
           be
           the
           best
           and
           surest
           :
           and
           not
           to
           offer
           any
           thing
           but
           what
           hath
           due
           warrant
           from
           Observations
           ;
           and
           those
           both
           carefully
           made
           ,
           and
           faithfully
           related
           .
        
         
           And
           that
           each
           Reader
           may
           the
           better
           inform
           himself
           ,
           not
           only
           of
           what
           sort
           my
           present
           Observations
           are
           ,
           but
           see
           in
           what
           manner
           also
           ,
           and
           with
           what
           kind
           of
           Accuracy
           they
           were
           made
           ,
           't
           will
           be
           convenient
           to
           give
           some
           light
           into
           that
           matter
           ,
           and
           to
           begin
           with
           an
           Account
           of
           them
           ;
           whereby
           he
           may
           be
           enabled
           to
           judge
           how
           far
           they
           may
           be
           relyed
           upon
           ,
           and
           what
           measure
           of
           Assent
           the
           Propositions
           which
           I
           draw
           from
           them
           may
           claim
           .
        
         
           But
           before
           I
           go
           any
           farther
           ,
           I
           ought
           to
           put
           in
           a
           Caution
           ,
           that
           an
           ample
           and
           prolix
           Relation
           either
           of
           the
           Observations
           themselves
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           Deductions
           from
           them
           ,
           is
           not
           to
           be
           expected
           here
           .
           I
           design
           this
           but
           for
           a
           Sample
           of
           what
           I
           hope
           ,
           in
           good
           time
           ,
           more
           fully
           to
           discuss
           and
           make
           out
           :
           proposing
           no
           more
           in
           this
           Treatise
           ,
           than
           only
           ,
           in
           a
           few
           plain
           words
           ,
           to
           deliver
           my
           Sentiments
           on
           certain
           Heads
           of
           Natural
           
           History
           ,
           with
           some
           of
           the
           Reasons
           and
           Grounds
           of
           them
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           give
           somewhat
           of
           present
           Satisfaction
           to
           the
           Curiosity
           and
           Demands
           of
           some
           of
           my
           Friends
           .
        
         
           The
           Observations
           I
           speak
           of
           were
           all
           made
           in
           England
           ;
           the
           far
           greatest
           part
           whereof
           I
           travelled
           over
           on
           purpose
           to
           make
           them
           :
           professedly
           searching
           all
           places
           as
           I
           pass'd
           along
           ,
           and
           taking
           a
           careful
           and
           exact
           view
           of
           Things
           on
           all
           hands
           as
           they
           presented
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           inform
           my self
           of
           the
           present
           condition
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           and
           all
           Bodies
           contained
           in
           it
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           either
           Grotto's
           ,
           or
           other
           Natural
           Caverns
           ,
           or
           Mines
           ,
           Quarries
           ,
           Colepits
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           let
           me
           into
           it
           ,
           and
           displayed
           to
           sight
           the
           interiour
           Parts
           of
           it
           ;
           not
           neglecting
           ,
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           ,
           the
           exteriour
           or
           surface
           ,
           and
           such
           Productions
           of
           it
           as
           any
           where
           occurred
           ,
           Plants
           ,
           Insects
           ,
           Sea
           ,
           River
           ,
           and
           Land
           Shells
           ;
           and
           ,
           in
           a
           word
           ,
           whatever
           either
           the
           Vegetable
           or
           Animal
           World
           afforded
           .
        
         
           Nor
           did
           I
           confine
           these
           Observations
           to
           Land
           ,
           or
           the
           Terrestrial
           Parts
           of
           the
           Globe
           only
           ,
           but
           extended
           them
           to
           the
           Fluids
           of
           it
           likewise
           ,
           as
           well
           those
           within
           it
           ,
           the
           Water
           of
           Mines
           ,
           of
           
           Grotto's
           ,
           and
           other
           such
           like
           Recesses
           ,
           as
           those
           upon
           the
           surface
           of
           it
           ,
           the
           Sea
           ,
           Rivers
           ,
           and
           Springs
           .
        
         
           My
           principal
           Intention
           indeed
           was
           to
           get
           as
           compleat
           and
           satisfactory
           information
           of
           the
           whole
           Mineral
           Kingdom
           as
           I
           could
           possibly
           obtain
           .
           To
           which
           end
           ,
           I
           made
           strict
           enquiry
           wherever
           I
           came
           ,
           and
           laid
           out
           for
           intelligence
           of
           all
           Places
           where
           the
           Entrails
           of
           the
           Earth
           were
           laid
           open
           ,
           either
           by
           Nature
           (
           if
           I
           may
           so
           say
           )
           or
           by
           Art
           ,
           and
           humane
           Industry
           .
           And
           wheresoever
           I
           had
           notice
           of
           any
           considerable
           natural
           Spelunca
           or
           Grotto
           ;
           any
           digging
           for
           Wells
           of
           Water
           ,
           or
           for
           Earths
           ,
           Clays
           ,
           Marle
           ,
           Sand
           ,
           Gravel
           ,
           Chalk
           ,
           Cole
           ,
           Stone
           ,
           Marble
           ,
           Ores
           of
           Metals
           ,
           or
           the
           like
           ;
           I
           forthwith
           had
           recourse
           thereunto
           :
           and
           taking
           a
           just
           account
           of
           every
           observable
           Circumstance
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           Stone
           ,
           Metal
           ,
           or
           other
           Matter
           ,
           from
           the
           Surface
           quite
           down
           to
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           Pit
           ,
           I
           entered
           it
           carefully
           into
           a
           Journal
           ,
           which
           I
           carry'd
           along
           with
           me
           for
           that
           purpose
           .
           And
           so
           passing
           on
           from
           Place
           to
           Place
           ,
           I
           noted
           whatever
           I
           found
           memorable
           in
           each
           particular
           Pit
           ,
           Quarry
           ,
           or
           Mine
           :
           and
           't
           is
           out
           of
           these
           Notes
           
           that
           my
           Observations
           are
           compiled
           .
        
         
           After
           I
           had
           finish'd
           these
           Observations
           ,
           and
           was
           returned
           back
           to
           this
           City
           ,
           such
           were
           the
           Commotions
           which
           had
           then
           so
           unhappily
           invaded
           Europe
           ,
           that
           I
           saw
           I
           must
           necessarily
           desist
           here
           ,
           and
           sit
           down
           (
           for
           the
           present
           at
           least
           )
           with
           what
           I
           had
           already
           done
           ;
           having
           little
           prospect
           of
           an
           opportunity
           of
           carrying
           on
           these
           Observations
           any
           farther
           ,
           or
           of
           going
           beyond
           Seas
           ,
           to
           consider
           the
           state
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           and
           of
           all
           sorts
           of
           Fossils
           ,
           in
           more
           distant
           Countries
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           supply
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           possible
           ,
           that
           Defect
           ,
           I
           made
           Application
           to
           Persons
           who
           had
           already
           travelled
           ,
           and
           I
           knew
           were
           of
           such
           Integrity
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           not
           impose
           uncertain
           or
           false
           Relations
           upon
           me
           :
           as
           also
           of
           so
           much
           Curiosity
           as
           to
           be
           likely
           to
           give
           me
           some
           tolerable
           insight
           into
           the
           condition
           of
           
             these
             things
          
           in
           Foreign
           Regions
           .
           I
           likewise
           drew
           up
           a
           List
           of
           Quaeries
           upon
           this
           Subject
           ;
           which
           I
           dispatch'd
           into
           all
           parts
           of
           the
           World
           ,
           far
           and
           near
           ,
           wherever
           either
           I
           my self
           ,
           or
           any
           of
           my
           Acquaintance
           ,
           had
           any
           Friend
           resident
           to
           transmit
           those
           Quaeries
           unto
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Result
           of
           this
           was
           ,
           that
           in
           time
           I
           was
           abundantly
           assured
           ,
           that
           the
           Circumstances
           of
           
             these
             Things
          
           in
           remoter
           Countries
           were
           much
           the
           same
           with
           those
           of
           ours
           here
           :
           that
           the
           Stone
           ,
           and
           other
           terrestrial
           Matter
           ,
           in
           
             France
             ,
             Flanders
             ,
             Holland
             ,
             Spain
             ,
             Italy
             ,
             Germany
             ,
             Denmark
             ,
             Norway
             ,
          
           and
           Sweden
           ,
           was
           distinguished
           into
           Strata
           ,
           or
           Layers
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           in
           England
           :
           that
           those
           Strata
           were
           divided
           by
           parallel
           Fissures
           :
           that
           there
           were
           enclosed
           in
           the
           Stone
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           other
           denser
           kinds
           of
           terrestrial
           Matter
           ,
           great
           numbers
           of
           Shells
           ,
           and
           other
           Productions
           of
           the
           Sea
           ,
           in
           the
           same
           manner
           as
           in
           that
           of
           this
           Island
           .
           To
           be
           short
           ,
           by
           the
           same
           means
           I
           got
           sufficient
           intelligence
           that
           
             these
             Things
          
           were
           found
           in
           like
           manner
           in
           Barbary
           ,
           in
           Egypt
           ,
           in
           Guiney
           ,
           and
           other
           parts
           of
           Africa
           ;
           in
           
             Arabia
             ,
             Syria
             ,
             Persia
             ,
             Malabar
             ,
             China
             ,
          
           and
           other
           Asiatick
           Provinces
           ;
           in
           
             Iamaica
             ,
             Barbadoes
             ,
             Virginia
             ,
             New-England
             ,
             Brasil
             ,
             Peru
             ,
          
           and
           other
           Parts
           of
           America
           .
           But
           I
           reserve
           the
           more
           
             particular
             Relation
          
           hereof
           to
           its
           proper
           place
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           though
           my
           own
           Observations
           were
           confined
           to
           England
           ,
           yet
           by
           this
           means
           I
           was
           made
           acquainted
           with
           
           the
           state
           of
           
             these
             Bodies
          
           in
           other
           Countries
           ;
           even
           in
           almost
           all
           parts
           of
           the
           World
           wherewith
           the
           English
           maintain
           any
           Commerce
           or
           Correspondence
           :
           and
           learn'd
           from
           all
           hands
           ,
           that
           the
           state
           of
           them
           there
           was
           conformable
           to
           that
           of
           ours
           here
           ,
           in
           the
           main
           ,
           and
           as
           far
           as
           I
           shall
           lay
           any
           stress
           upon
           it
           in
           my
           Conclusions
           ;
           which
           indeed
           are
           not
           built
           upon
           any
           Niceties
           ,
           or
           solitary
           and
           uncommon
           Appearances
           ,
           but
           on
           the
           most
           simple
           and
           obvious
           Circumstances
           of
           these
           terrestrial
           Bodies
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           Certainty
           and
           Accurateness
           of
           my
           Observations
           ,
           thus
           much
           may
           modestly
           and
           very
           truly
           be
           said
           ,
           that
           I
           do
           not
           offer
           any
           one
           before
           I
           had
           first
           thoroughly
           and
           clearly
           informed
           my self
           in
           all
           material
           Circumstances
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           had
           opportunity
           of
           observing
           it
           in
           more
           places
           than
           one
           ,
           that
           I
           might
           be
           satisfied
           there
           was
           nothing
           casual
           or
           contingent
           in
           any
           of
           those
           Circumstances
           .
           This
           will
           not
           be
           thought
           an
           over-great
           exactness
           ,
           or
           any
           thing
           more
           than
           was
           needful
           ,
           by
           those
           who
           have
           noted
           how
           much
           Philosophy
           hath
           suffered
           by
           the
           neglect
           and
           oversight
           of
           some
           Naturalists
           in
           
           this
           respect
           .
           A
           transient
           and
           perfunctory
           Examination
           of
           things
           ,
           frequently
           leads
           Men
           into
           considerable
           Mistakes
           ,
           which
           a
           more
           correct
           and
           rigorous
           Scrutiny
           would
           have
           detected
           and
           avoided
           .
           The
           truth
           is
           ,
           I
           have
           been
           the
           more
           scrupulous
           and
           wary
           in
           regard
           the
           Inferences
           drawn
           from
           these
           Observations
           are
           of
           some
           importance
           :
           't
           was
           but
           necessary
           that
           the
           Foundation
           should
           be
           firm
           ,
           when
           a
           Superstructure
           of
           Bulk
           and
           Weight
           was
           to
           be
           raised
           upon
           it
           .
           And
           therefore
           I
           advance
           nothing
           from
           any
           Observation
           that
           was
           not
           made
           with
           this
           Caution
           ,
           and
           that
           any
           Man
           may
           not
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           my self
           ,
           without
           any
           great
           pains
           ,
           inform
           himself
           of
           the
           truth
           of
           :
           And
           as
           long
           as
           the
           next
           Cole-pit
           ,
           or
           Mine
           ,
           the
           next
           Quarry
           ,
           or
           Chalk-pit
           ,
           will
           give
           abundant
           Attestation
           to
           what
           I
           write
           ,
           these
           are
           so
           ready
           and
           obvious
           in
           almost
           all
           places
           ,
           that
           I
           need
           not
           be
           any
           where
           far
           to
           seek
           for
           a
           Compurgator
           ;
           and
           to
           these
           I
           may
           very
           safely
           appeal
           .
        
         
           Concerning
           the
           Observations
           themselves
           therefore
           ,
           there
           cannot
           well
           arise
           any
           doubt
           but
           what
           may
           be
           easily
           satisfied
           :
           And
           what
           I
           propose
           in
           this
           Essay
           being
           founded
           upon
           these
           Observations
           ,
           
           every
           Reader
           will
           be
           judge
           of
           the
           truth
           and
           probability
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           whether
           that
           which
           I
           do
           so
           propose
           naturally
           follows
           from
           them
           or
           not
           .
        
         
           I
           shall
           distribute
           them
           into
           two
           general
           Classes
           or
           Sections
           ,
           whereof
           the
           former
           will
           comprehend
           my
           Observations
           upon
           all
           the
           Terrestrial
           Matter
           that
           is
           naturally
           
             disposed
             into
             Layers
          
           ,
           or
           Strata
           ;
           such
           as
           our
           common
           Sand-stone
           ,
           Marble
           ,
           Cole
           ,
           Chalk
           ,
           all
           sorts
           of
           Earth
           ,
           Marle
           ,
           Clay
           ,
           Sand
           ,
           Gravel
           ,
           with
           some
           others
           .
        
         
           Of
           this
           various
           Matter
           ,
           thus
           formed
           into
           Strata
           ,
           the
           far
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Terrestrial
           Globe
           consists
           ,
           from
           its
           Surface
           downwards
           to
           the
           greatest
           depth
           we
           ever
           dig
           or
           mine
           .
           And
           it
           is
           upon
           my
           Observations
           on
           this
           that
           I
           have
           grounded
           all
           my
           general
           Conclusions
           concerning
           the
           Earth
           ;
           all
           that
           relate
           to
           its
           Form
           ;
           all
           that
           relate
           to
           the
           Vniversal
           and
           other
           Deluges
           ;
           in
           a
           word
           ,
           all
           that
           relate
           to
           the
           several
           Vicissitudes
           and
           Alterations
           that
           it
           hath
           yet
           undergone
           .
           Nay
           ,
           upon
           the
           same
           Observations
           I
           have
           also
           founded
           several
           Conclusions
           touching
           Metalls
           ,
           Spar
           ,
           and
           other
           Minerals
           ,
           which
           are
           found
           lodged
           either
           in
           these
           Strata
           ,
           amongst
           
           the
           Sand
           ,
           Chalk
           ,
           Earth
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           ;
           or
           in
           the
           perpendicular
           Intervals
           of
           the
           Strata
           of
           Stone
           ,
           Marble
           ,
           or
           other
           solid
           Matter
           .
        
         
           For
           upon
           the
           particular
           Observations
           on
           the
           said
           Metallick
           and
           Mineral
           Bodies
           ,
           (
           which
           are
           the
           Subjects
           of
           the
           second
           Section
           ,
           )
           I
           have
           not
           founded
           any
           thing
           but
           what
           purely
           and
           immediately
           concerns
           the
           Natural
           History
           of
           those
           Bodies
           .
        
         
           To
           proceed
           therefore
           to
           the
           Account
           of
           my
           Observations
           upon
           Sand-stone
           .
           And
           in
           these
           ,
           though
           I
           do
           not
           neglect
           to
           note
           the
           several
           Kinds
           or
           Varieties
           of
           it
           :
           Free-stone
           ,
           Ragg-stone
           ,
           Lime-stone
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           :
           the
           different
           Hardness
           ,
           or
           Solidity
           ,
           of
           each
           :
           as
           also
           its
           Colour
           ,
           Texture
           ,
           and
           the
           peculiar
           matter
           which
           constitutes
           it
           :
           yet
           I
           confine
           my self
           more
           strictly
           to
           consider
           the
           manner
           how
           't
           is
           disposed
           in
           the
           Earth
           :
           the
           Strata
           ,
           into
           which
           ,
           by
           means
           of
           horizontal
           ‖
           and
           parallel
           Fissures
           ,
           it
           is
           divided
           :
           the
           Order
           and
           Number
           of
           these
           Strata
           :
           their
           situation
           in
           respect
           of
           the
           Horizon
           :
           the
           
           Thickness
           ,
           Depth
           ,
           and
           other
           Circumstances
           of
           each
           :
           the
           Interruptions
           of
           the
           Strata
           ,
           I
           mean
           the
           perpendicular
           ‖
           Fissures
           ,
           which
           intersect
           the
           horizontal
           ones
           :
           the
           different
           Capacity
           or
           Largeness
           of
           these
           perpendicular
           Intervals
           :
           their
           Distances
           from
           each
           other
           :
           and
           the
           Spar
           ,
           and
           other
           Mineral
           and
           Metallick
           Matter
           ,
           usually
           contained
           in
           them
           .
        
         
           But
           ,
           because
           I
           saw
           that
           Deductions
           of
           considerable
           import
           and
           consequence
           might
           be
           drawn
           from
           them
           ,
           I
           have
           with
           great
           Care
           and
           Intention
           observed
           the
           Condition
           of
           such
           heterogeneous
           Bodies
           ,
           which
           I
           found
           immersed
           and
           included
           in
           the
           mass
           of
           this
           Sand-stone
           ;
           particularly
           the
           Shells
           of
           Oysters
           ,
           Muscles
           ,
           Scallopes
           ,
           Cockles
           ,
           Periwinkles
           ,
           and
           very
           many
           other
           marine
           Productions
           .
           I
           have
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           very
           diligently
           noted
           all
           Circumstances
           of
           these
           Shells
           :
           the
           vast
           Numbers
           of
           them
           ;
           the
           several
           kinds
           that
           are
           thus
           lodged
           in
           the
           substance
           of
           the
           Stone
           :
           the
           Order
           and
           Manner
           of
           their
           position
           in
           it
           :
           the
           several
           Depths
           at
           which
           they
           are
           found
           :
           the
           Matter
           which
           they
           contain
           in
           them
           ,
           and
           wherewith
           their
           Cavities
           are
           usually
           filled
           .
        
         
         
           These
           Observations
           about
           Stone
           are
           succeeded
           by
           others
           ,
           of
           like
           nature
           ,
           concerning
           Marble
           ,
           Cole
           ,
           and
           Chalk
           :
           their
           Fissures
           :
           the
           Situation
           of
           their
           Strata
           :
           the
           Shells
           ,
           and
           other
           heterogeneous
           Bodies
           lodged
           therein
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           next
           place
           ,
           those
           which
           concern
           Marle
           ,
           Clay
           ,
           the
           several
           kinds
           of
           Earth
           ,
           Sand
           ,
           Gravel
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           Fossils
           :
           the
           Shells
           and
           other
           like
           Bodies
           ,
           lodged
           in
           their
           Strata
           :
           the
           Position
           of
           those
           Strata
           :
           their
           Order
           ;
           their
           Distinctions
           from
           each
           other
           ,
           by
           the
           difference
           of
           the
           Matter
           of
           each
           ,
           and
           by
           its
           different
           Consistence
           and
           Colour
           ;
           the
           Strata
           of
           these
           laxer
           kinds
           of
           Matter
           being
           not
           ordinarily
           divided
           from
           each
           other
           by
           interposition
           of
           horizontal
           Fissures
           ;
           as
           those
           of
           Stone
           ,
           and
           such
           other
           solid
           Matter
           ,
           constantly
           are
           .
        
         
           And
           lastly
           ,
           those
           which
           relate
           to
           the
           upper
           or
           outmost
           Stratum
           of
           all
           :
           I
           mean
           that
           blackish
           Layer
           of
           Earth
           or
           Mould
           which
           is
           called
           by
           some
           Garden-Earth
           ,
           by
           others
           
             Vnder-turf
             Earth
          
           ,
           wherewith
           the
           Terrestrial
           Globe
           is
           almost
           every
           where
           invested
           ,
           unless
           it
           be
           disturbed
           ,
           or
           flung
           off
           by
           rains
           ,
           digging
           ,
           plowing
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           external
           
           force
           ;
           insomuch
           ,
           that
           whatsoever
           lies
           deeper
           ,
           or
           underneath
           ,
           whether
           Stone
           ,
           Marble
           ,
           Chalk
           ,
           Gravel
           ,
           or
           whatever
           else
           ,
           this
           Stratum
           is
           still
           expanded
           at
           top
           of
           all
           ;
           serving
           ,
           as
           it
           were
           ,
           for
           a
           common
           Integument
           to
           the
           rest
           :
           and
           being
           (
           as
           shall
           be
           shewn
           in
           due
           place
           )
           the
           Seminary
           or
           Promptuary
           that
           furnisheth
           forth
           Matter
           for
           the
           formation
           and
           increment
           of
           Animal
           and
           Vegetable
           Bodies
           ;
           and
           into
           which
           all
           of
           them
           successively
           are
           again
           finally
           returned
           .
        
         
           The
           Observations
           being
           thus
           dispatch'd
           ,
           my
           next
           step
           should
           have
           been
           to
           have
           proposed
           the
           Deductions
           from
           them
           ;
           to
           have
           determined
           how
           these
           Sea-shells
           were
           brought
           to
           Land
           ,
           and
           how
           they
           became
           interr'd
           in
           the
           bowels
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           in
           the
           manner
           described
           in
           those
           Observations
           .
           But
           before
           I
           could
           proceed
           any
           farther
           towards
           that
           ,
           I
           found
           my self
           necessarily
           obliged
           to
           take
           off
           a
           difficulty
           not
           long
           since
           started
           '
           by
           some
           learned
           Men
           ,
           who
           suspect
           that
           these
           Shells
           are
           not
           real
           ;
           that
           they
           were
           never
           bred
           at
           Sea
           ;
           but
           are
           all
           of
           Terrestial
           Original
           ,
           being
           meer
           Stones
           ,
           though
           they
           bear
           a
           resemblance
           of
           Shells
           ,
           and
           formed
           ,
           in
           the
           places
           where
           they
           are
           now
           
           found
           ,
           by
           a
           kind
           of
           Lusus
           of
           Nature
           ,
           in
           imitation
           of
           Shells
           .
        
         
           How
           nearly
           I
           am
           concerned
           to
           remove
           this
           Obstacle
           ,
           before
           I
           pass
           on
           any
           farther
           to
           the
           prosecution
           of
           my
           Design
           ,
           any
           one
           may
           presently
           see
           .
           For
           to
           go
           about
           to
           enquire
           at
           what
           time
           ,
           and
           by
           what
           means
           these
           Shells
           were
           conveyed
           out
           of
           the
           Sea
           to
           dry
           Land
           ,
           when
           a
           Doubt
           hath
           been
           moved
           whether
           they
           are
           Shells
           or
           not
           ,
           or
           ever
           belonged
           to
           the
           Sea
           ,
           without
           first
           clearing
           this
           Matter
           ,
           and
           putting
           it
           quite
           out
           of
           doubt
           ;
           would
           be
           senseless
           and
           absurd
           .
           In
           order
           therefore
           unto
           this
           ,
           I
           premise
        
         
           
           
             A
             Dissertation
             concerning
             Shells
             and
             other
             marine
             Bodies
             ,
             found
             at
             Land
             ;
             Proving
             that
             they
             were
             originally
             generated
             and
             formed
             at
             Sea
             :
             that
             they
             are
             the
             real
             spoils
             of
             once
             living
             Animals
             :
             and
             not
             Stones
             ,
             or
             natural
             Fossils
             ,
             as
             some
             late
             Learned
             Men
             have
             thought
             .
          
           
             I
             Shall
             be
             the
             more
             brief
             and
             sparing
             in
             my
             Extract
             of
             this
             Dissertation
             ,
             in
             regard
             that
             coming
             on
             thus
             in
             order
             before
             the
             other
             Parts
             of
             this
             Work
             ,
             it
             will
             it self
             ,
             of
             course
             ,
             see
             the
             Light
             somewhat
             sooner
             than
             they
             ,
             any
             of
             them
             will.
             For
             which
             reason
             ,
             I
             shall
             at
             present
             only
             say
             thus
             much
             of
             it
             in
             general
             ;
             that
             therein
             I
             first
             fairly
             lay
             before
             the
             Reader
             the
             Arguments
             that
             have
             been
             urged
             by
             these
             Gentlemen
             to
             perswade
             us
             that
             these
             Bodies
             are
             mere
             Mineral
             Substances
             ;
             and
             having
             detected
             the
             insufficiency
             of
             them
             ,
             by
             evincing
             from
             the
             most
             plain
             and
             simple
             Reason
             ,
             how
             far
             they
             are
             from
             being
             conclusive
             ,
             and
             how
             much
             they
             
             fall
             short
             of
             proving
             what
             they
             are
             alledged
             for
             ;
             I
             then
             proceed
             to
             lay
             down
             my
             own
             ,
             and
             offer
             those
             Reasons
             which
             have
             induced
             me
             to
             believe
             that
             these
             are
             the
             very
             Exuviae
             of
             Animals
             ,
             and
             all
             owing
             to
             the
             Sea.
             
          
           
             I
             would
             not
             be
             thought
             to
             insinuate
             that
             the
             Opinion
             of
             these
             Gentlemen
             carries
             no
             shew
             of
             Truth
             ,
             nor
             umbrage
             of
             Reason
             of
             its
             side
             .
             'T
             is
             not
             to
             be
             supposed
             ,
             that
             Persons
             of
             their
             Learning
             and
             Abilities
             would
             ever
             have
             espoused
             it
             ,
             were
             it
             not
             in
             some
             measure
             plausible
             :
             and
             had
             not
             at
             least
             a
             fair
             appearance
             of
             probability
             .
             The
             very
             finding
             these
             Bodies
             included
             in
             Stone
             ,
             and
             lodged
             in
             the
             Earth
             together
             with
             Minerals
             ,
             was
             alone
             enough
             to
             move
             a
             Suspicion
             that
             these
             were
             Minerals
             too
             :
             the
             finding
             them
             even
             to
             the
             very
             bottom
             of
             Quarries
             and
             Mines
             :
             in
             the
             most
             retired
             and
             inward
             Parts
             of
             the
             most
             firm
             and
             solid
             Rocks
             :
             in
             the
             deepest
             bowels
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             upon
             the
             surface
             of
             it
             :
             upon
             the
             tops
             of
             even
             the
             highest
             Hills
             and
             Mountains
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             in
             the
             Valleys
             and
             Plains
             :
             and
             this
             not
             in
             this
             or
             that
             Province
             only
             ,
             not
             only
             in
             one
             or
             two
             Fields
             ,
             but
             almost
             every-where
             :
             
             in
             all
             Countries
             and
             Quarters
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             wherever
             there
             is
             any
             digging
             for
             Marble
             ,
             for
             Stone
             ,
             for
             Chalk
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             that
             is
             so
             compact
             as
             to
             fence
             off
             external
             Injuries
             ,
             and
             shield
             them
             from
             Decay
             and
             Rottenness
             .
             This
             ,
             together
             with
             their
             
               being
               lodged
               in
               company
               of
               the
               Belemnites
               ,
               Selenites
               ,
               
               Marchasits
               ,
               Flints
               ,
               and
               other
               like
               Bodies
               ,
               which
               were
               incontestibly
               natural
               Fossils
               ,
               and
               ,
               as
               they
               supposed
               ,
               in
               the
               
                 place
                 of
                 their
                 formation
              
               ,
            
             was
             enough
             to
             stagger
             a
             Spectator
             ,
             and
             make
             him
             ready
             to
             entertain
             a
             belief
             that
             
               these
               were
               so
            
             too
             .
             'T
             is
             a
             Phoenomenon
             so
             surprizing
             and
             extraordinary
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             not
             strange
             that
             a
             Man
             should
             scarcely
             credit
             his
             very
             Senses
             in
             the
             case
             :
             that
             he
             should
             more
             readily
             incline
             to
             believe
             that
             they
             were
             Minerals
             ,
             as
             the
             Belemnites
             ,
             and
             the
             others
             recited
             ,
             are
             :
             or
             indeed
             almost
             any
             thing
             else
             rather
             than
             Sea-shells
             ;
             especially
             in
             such
             Multitudes
             ,
             and
             in
             places
             so
             unlikely
             :
             so
             deep
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             far
             from
             the
             Sea
             ,
             as
             these
             are
             commonly
             found
             .
          
           
             Nor
             was
             this
             ,
             as
             indeed
             they
             tell
             
             us
             ,
             the
             only
             difficulty
             these
             worthy
             
             Persons
             had
             to
             surmount
             ;
             
               They
               found
               ,
               together
               with
               these
               ,
               certain
               Bodies
               that
               bore
               the
               shape
               and
               resemblance
               of
               Cockles
               ,
               Muscles
               ,
               and
               other
               Shells
               ,
               which
               yet
               were
               
                 not
                 really
                 such
              
               ;
               but
               consisted
               intirely
               ,
               some
               of
               them
               ,
               of
               Sand-stone
               :
               others
               of
               Flint
               ,
               and
               others
               of
               Spar
               :
               or
               some
               other
               kind
               of
               Mineral
               Matter
               .
            
          
           
             
             Nay
             ,
             they
             met
             with
             some
             ,
             
               That
               were
               in
               all
               appearance
               Shells
               :
               that
               were
               of
               the
               same
               bigness
               ,
               figure
               ,
               and
               texture
               ,
               with
               the
               common
               Echini
               ,
               Scallops
               ,
               and
               Perewinkles
               ;
               but
               had
               notwithstanding
               Flint
               ,
               Native-Vitriol
               ,
               Spar
               ,
               Iron-Ore
               ,
               or
               other
               Metallick
               or
               Mineral
               Matter
               ,
               either
               adhering
               firmly
               in
               lumps
               to
               the
               outsides
               of
               them
               ,
               or
               insinuated
               into
               their
               substance
               ,
               into
               their
               pores
               ,
               and
               inner
               parts
               ,
               so
               as
               to
               disguise
               them
               very
               much
               ,
               and
               give
               them
               a
               face
               and
               mien
               extremely
               unlike
               to
               that
               of
               those
               Shells
               which
               are
               at
               this
               day
               found
               at
               Sea.
               
            
          
           
             They
             observed
             also
             ,
             that
             
               amongst
               the
               Shells
               ,
               
               that
               were
               fair
               ,
               unaltered
               ,
               and
               free
               from
               such
               Mineral
               Insinuations
               ,
               there
               were
               some
               which
               could
               not
               be
               match'd
               by
               any
               species
               of
               
               Shell-fish
               now
               found
               upon
               the
               Sea-shores
               .
            
          
           
             And
             that
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             
               there
               
               were
               several
               Shells
               found
               commonly
               upon
               the
               said
               Shores
               ,
               such
               as
               the
               larger
               Shells
               of
               the
               Buccina
               of
               the
               
                 Conchae
                 Veneris
              
               ;
               of
               Crabs
               ,
               Lobsters
               ,
               and
               others
               ,
               both
               of
               the
               Crustaceous
               and
               Testaceous
               kind
               ,
               which
               yet
               we
               never
               met
               with
               at
               Land
               ,
               or
               in
               our
               Quarries
               .
            
          
           
             Nay
             there
             were
             some
             other
             Difficulties
             which
             they
             have
             urged
             ,
             and
             which
             (
             though
             they
             be
             of
             lesser
             weight
             )
             shall
             all
             of
             them
             be
             recounted
             and
             considered
             more
             particularly
             in
             the
             Differtation
             it self
             .
          
           
             Upon
             the
             whole
             therefore
             't
             is
             very
             plain
             ,
             that
             these
             Authors
             did
             not
             espouse
             this
             Opinion
             without
             some
             grounds
             :
             without
             some
             countenance
             of
             probability
             :
             and
             that
             they
             have
             charged
             the
             opposite
             with
             a
             large
             crowd
             of
             Difficulties
             .
             Yea
             ,
             so
             far
             are
             they
             from
             being
             destitute
             of
             an
             handsome
             Apology
             ,
             that
             they
             very
             well
             deserve
             the
             Thanks
             of
             the
             world
             for
             what
             they
             have
             done
             .
             For
             although
             they
             have
             not
             succeeded
             in
             their
             Attempts
             about
             the
             Origin
             of
             these
             Bodies
             ,
             yet
             they
             
             have
             made
             Discoveries
             in
             other
             respects
             concerning
             them
             ,
             and
             in
             
               other
               parts
            
             of
             Nature
             likewise
             ,
             of
             that
             moment
             and
             consequence
             ,
             as
             to
             have
             thereby
             laid
             a
             great
             and
             lasting
             Obligation
             upon
             the
             intelligent
             and
             discerning
             part
             of
             Mankind
             .
          
           
             But
             that
             they
             have
             failed
             notwithstanding
             in
             this
             Enterprize
             ,
             't
             is
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             not
             over
             difficult
             to
             prove
             .
             And
             this
             is
             the
             Subject
             of
             the
             present
             Discourse
             .
             
             Wherein
             I
             hope
             clearly
             to
             make
             out
             ,
             that
             the
             Sea
             gave
             Birth
             to
             these
             Bodies
             :
             that
             they
             are
             so
             far
             from
             being
             formed
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             or
             in
             the
             places
             where
             they
             are
             now
             found
             ,
             that
             I
             shall
             evince
             ,
             †
             that
             even
             the
             Belemnites
             ,
             Selenites
             ,
             Marchasits
             ,
             Flints
             ,
             and
             other
             natural
             Minerals
             ,
             which
             are
             lodged
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             together
             with
             these
             Shells
             ,
             were
             not
             formed
             there
             ,
             but
             had
             Being
             before
             ever
             they
             came
             thither
             :
             and
             were
             fully
             formed
             and
             finished
             before
             they
             were
             reposed
             in
             that
             manner
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             above-mentioned
             Bodies
             which
             consist
             of
             Stone
             ,
             of
             Spar
             ,
             Flint
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             and
             yet
             carry
             a
             resemblance
             of
             Cockles
             ,
             Muscles
             ,
             and
             other
             Shells
             ,
             were
             originally
             formed
             in
             the
             
             Cavities
             of
             Shells
             of
             those
             kinds
             which
             they
             so
             resemble
             ;
             these
             Shells
             having
             served
             as
             Matrices
             or
             Moulds
             to
             them
             ;
             the
             Sand
             ,
             Sparry
             and
             Flinty
             Matter
             being
             then
             lost
             ,
             or
             in
             a
             state
             of
             solution
             ,
             and
             so
             ,
             susceptible
             of
             any
             form
             ,
             when
             it
             was
             thus
             introduced
             into
             these
             shelly-Moulds
             :
             and
             that
             it
             consolidated
             ,
             or
             became
             hard
             afterwards
             .
             *
          
           
             That
             for
             the
             Metallick
             and
             Mineral
             
             Matter
             which
             sometimes
             adheres
             to
             the
             Surfaces
             of
             these
             Shells
             ,
             or
             is
             intruded
             into
             their
             Pores
             ,
             and
             lodged
             in
             the
             Interstices
             of
             their
             Fibres
             ,
             't
             is
             all
             manifestly
             adventitious
             †
             ;
             the
             mineral
             Particles
             being
             plainly
             to
             be
             distinguished
             from
             the
             testaceous
             ones
             ,
             or
             the
             texture
             and
             substance
             of
             the
             Shell
             ,
             by
             good
             Glasses
             ,
             if
             not
             by
             the
             naked
             Eye
             .
             That
             though
             the
             thing
             had
             been
             so
             that
             this
             Accretion
             had
             not
             been
             thus
             discernible
             ,
             and
             consequently
             the
             Alteration
             of
             these
             Shells
             could
             not
             have
             been
             accounted
             for
             ,
             so
             that
             we
             had
             been
             perfectly
             in
             the
             dark
             as
             to
             the
             Origin
             of
             the
             Bodies
             thus
             altered
             ,
             and
             that
             nothing
             at
             all
             could
             have
             been
             determined
             concerning
             them
             ;
             yet
             this
             would
             not
             have
             been
             any
             the
             least
             Impediment
             or
             objection
             against
             that
             which
             
             I
             insist
             upon
             ;
             there
             being
             so
             very
             few
             of
             these
             in
             comparison
             of
             those
             which
             have
             undergone
             no
             such
             Alteration
             .
             There
             being
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             besides
             these
             ,
             such
             vast
             multitudes
             of
             Shells
             contained
             in
             Stone
             ,
             &c.
             which
             are
             intire
             ,
             fair
             ,
             and
             absolutely
             free
             from
             any
             such
             mineral
             Contagion
             :
             which
             are
             to
             be
             match'd
             by
             others
             at
             this
             day
             found
             upon
             our
             Shores
             ,
             and
             which
             do
             not
             differ
             in
             any
             respect
             from
             them
             :
             being
             of
             the
             same
             size
             that
             those
             are
             of
             ,
             and
             the
             same
             shape
             precisely
             :
             of
             the
             same
             substance
             and
             texture
             ;
             as
             consisting
             of
             the
             same
             peculiar
             Matter
             ,
             and
             this
             constituted
             and
             disposed
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             as
             is
             that
             of
             their
             respective
             fellow-kinds
             at
             Sea
             :
             the
             tendency
             of
             the
             Fibres
             and
             Striae
             the
             same
             :
             the
             composition
             of
             the
             Lamellae
             ,
             constituted
             by
             these
             Fibres
             ,
             alike
             in
             both
             :
             the
             same
             Vestigia
             of
             Tendons
             (
             by
             means
             whereof
             the
             Animal
             is
             fastned
             and
             joyned
             to
             the
             Shell
             )
             in
             each
             :
             the
             same
             Papillae
             :
             the
             same
             Sutures
             ,
             and
             every
             thing
             else
             ,
             whether
             within
             or
             without
             the
             Shell
             ,
             in
             its
             Cavity
             or
             upon
             its
             Convexity
             ,
             in
             the
             Substance
             ,
             or
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             it
             .
             Besides
             ;
             these
             Fossil
             Shells
             are
             attended
             with
             the
             ordinary
             Accidents
             of
             
             the
             
               marine
               ones
               ,
               ex
               .
               gr
               .
            
             they
             sometimes
             grow
             to
             one
             another
             ,
             the
             lesser
             Shells
             being
             fix'd
             to
             the
             larger
             :
             they
             have
             
               Balani
               ,
               Tubuli
               vermiculares
            
             ,
             Pearls
             ,
             Coral
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             still
             actually
             growing
             upon
             them
             .
             And
             which
             is
             very
             considerable
             ,
             they
             are
             most
             exactly
             of
             the
             same
             specifick
             Gravity
             with
             their
             fellow-kinds
             now
             upon
             the
             shores
             .
             Nay
             farther
             ,
             they
             answer
             all
             Chymical
             tryals
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             the
             Sea-shells
             do
             :
             their
             parts
             when
             dissolved
             have
             the
             same
             appearance
             to
             view
             ,
             the
             same
             smell
             and
             taste
             :
             they
             have
             the
             same
             vires
             and
             effects
             in
             Medicine
             ,
             when
             inwardly
             administrated
             to
             Animal
             Bodies
             :
             
               Aqua
               fortis
            
             ,
             Oyl
             of
             Vitriol
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Menstrua
             ,
             have
             the
             very
             same
             effects
             upon
             both
             .
             In
             one
             word
             ,
             so
             exactly
             conformable
             to
             the
             marine
             ones
             are
             these
             Shells
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             and
             Bones
             ,
             which
             are
             digged
             up
             out
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             that
             though
             several
             Hundreds
             of
             them
             ,
             which
             I
             now
             keep
             by
             me
             ,
             have
             been
             nicely
             and
             critically
             examined
             by
             very
             many
             Learned
             Men
             ,
             who
             are
             skill'd
             in
             all
             parts
             of
             Natural
             History
             ,
             and
             who
             have
             been
             particularly
             curious
             in
             ,
             and
             conversant
             with
             ,
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             marine
             Productions
             ,
             yet
             never
             any
             
             Man
             of
             them
             went
             away
             dissatisfied
             ,
             or
             doubting
             whether
             these
             are
             really
             the
             very
             Exuviae
             of
             Sea-fishes
             or
             not
             .
             Nay
             ,
             which
             is
             much
             more
             to
             my
             purpose
             ,
             some
             of
             the
             most
             eminent
             of
             those
             very
             Gentlemen
             who
             formerly
             were
             doubtful
             in
             this
             Matter
             ,
             and
             rather
             inclinable
             to
             believe
             that
             these
             were
             natural
             Minerals
             ,
             and
             who
             had
             wrote
             in
             defence
             of
             that
             Opinion
             ,
             do
             notwithstanding
             upon
             strict
             and
             repeated
             Inspection
             of
             these
             Bodies
             in
             my
             Collection
             ,
             and
             upon
             farther
             Enquiry
             ,
             and
             procuration
             of
             plain
             and
             unalter'd
             Shells
             from
             several
             parts
             of
             this
             Island
             ,
             fully
             assent
             to
             me
             herein
             ,
             and
             are
             now
             convinced
             that
             these
             are
             the
             spoils
             and
             remains
             of
             Sea-Animals
             .
             And
             ,
             being
             thus
             satisfied
             ,
             such
             is
             the
             Ingenuity
             of
             these
             worthy
             Persons
             ,
             and
             so
             great
             their
             Affection
             to
             Truth
             ,
             when
             ,
             where
             ,
             and
             by
             whomsoever
             manifested
             ,
             that
             they
             have
             personally
             requested
             me
             to
             publish
             my
             Thoughts
             in
             order
             to
             the
             fuller
             clearing
             of
             this
             matter
             .
             But
             to
             proceed
             .
          
           
             
             That
             although
             I
             can
             pair
             ,
             with
             Sea-Shells
             ,
             several
             of
             these
             Fossil
             ones
             that
             these
             Gentlemen
             have
             pronounc'd
             altogether
             unlike
             any
             thing
             that
             the
             Salt-Water
             
             produceth
             ;
             yet
             't
             is
             indeed
             very
             true
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             found
             some
             Shells
             at
             Land
             ,
             in
             Stone
             ,
             and
             in
             Chalk
             ,
             which
             cannot
             probably
             be
             match'd
             by
             any
             species
             of
             Shells
             now
             appearing
             upon
             our
             Shores.
             But
             notwithstanding
             this
             ,
             I
             cannot
             but
             affirm
             that
             these
             ,
             even
             the
             most
             strange
             and
             enormous
             of
             them
             ,
             have
             all
             the
             essential
             Notes
             and
             Characters
             of
             Sea-Shells
             ,
             and
             shew
             as
             near
             a
             relation
             to
             some
             now
             extant
             upon
             the
             Shores
             ,
             as
             the
             different
             Species
             of
             those
             themselves
             do
             to
             one
             another
             :
             that
             they
             are
             of
             the
             very
             same
             specifick
             Gravity
             with
             those
             to
             which
             they
             are
             so
             generically
             allied
             :
             and
             of
             the
             same
             Texture
             and
             Constitution
             of
             parts
             ;
             the
             substance
             of
             these
             being
             as
             plaintly
             testaceous
             ,
             as
             that
             of
             those
             is
             ;
             insomuch
             that
             any
             Man
             that
             compares
             them
             ,
             can
             no
             more
             doubt
             of
             the
             reality
             of
             the
             one
             than
             of
             the
             other
             ;
             whence
             it
             must
             needs
             follow
             ,
             that
             there
             were
             such
             Shell-fish
             
               once
               in
               being
            
             ;
             which
             is
             enough
             for
             my
             purpose
             ;
             I
             being
             no
             ways
             concerned
             to
             make
             out
             that
             there
             are
             of
             the
             same
             kinds
             still
             actually
             living
             in
             the
             Ocean
             .
             Though
             if
             I
             was
             ,
             't
             would
             be
             no
             very
             hard
             task
             ;
             it
             being
             evident
             from
             the
             Relations
             of
             Dyvers
             ,
             and
             
             Fishers
             for
             Pearls
             ,
             that
             there
             are
             many
             kinds
             of
             Shell-fish
             which
             lye
             perpetually
             concealed
             in
             the
             Deep
             ,
             skreen'd
             from
             our
             Eyes
             by
             that
             vast
             world
             of
             Water
             ,
             and
             which
             have
             their
             continual
             abode
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Ocean
             ,
             without
             ever
             approaching
             near
             the
             Shores
             ,
             it
             being
             as
             unnatural
             for
             these
             to
             desert
             this
             their
             native
             station
             ,
             as
             't
             is
             for
             those
             that
             are
             the
             inhabitants
             of
             the
             Shores
             ,
             to
             quit
             theirs
             ,
             and
             retire
             into
             the
             deep
             :
             that
             for
             this
             reason
             these
             are
             called
             by
             Naturalists
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             ,
             and
             Pelagiae
             ,
             as
             the
             others
             ,
             that
             reside
             nearer
             to
             the
             Shores
             ,
             are
             by
             them
             called
             Littorales
             .
             Now
             the
             Shells
             which
             we
             find
             exposed
             upon
             our
             Shores
             ,
             are
             only
             those
             which
             are
             cast
             up
             and
             stranded
             by
             tides
             and
             by
             storms
             ;
             and
             consequently
             are
             all
             of
             them
             Exuvi●
             of
             those
             kinds
             that
             live
             near
             the
             Shores
             ,
             and
             not
             of
             those
             that
             inhabit
             the
             Main
             ,
             or
             the
             deeper
             and
             remoter
             parts
             of
             the
             Ocean
             ;
             it
             being
             certain
             from
             the
             Relations
             also
             of
             Dyvers
             ,
             that
             the
             Tides
             and
             Storms
             ,
             even
             the
             most
             tempestuous
             and
             turbulent
             ,
             affect
             only
             the
             superficial
             parts
             of
             the
             Ocean
             ,
             the
             Shallows
             ,
             and
             Shores
             ,
             but
             never
             reach
             the
             greater
             Depths
             ,
             or
             disturb
             the
             bottom
             
             of
             the
             
               Main
               :
               these
            
             are
             as
             quiet
             ,
             and
             free
             from
             Commotion
             in
             the
             midst
             of
             storms
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             greatest
             calm
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             Shell-fish
             ,
             which
             are
             resident
             in
             these
             places
             ,
             live
             and
             dye
             there
             ,
             and
             are
             never
             dislodged
             or
             removed
             by
             storms
             ,
             nor
             cast
             upon
             the
             Shores
             ,
             which
             the
             Littorales
             usually
             are
             .
             When
             therefore
             I
             shall
             have
             proved
             more
             at
             large
             ,
             that
             those
             which
             we
             find
             at
             Land
             ,
             that
             are
             not
             matchable
             with
             any
             upon
             our
             Shores
             ,
             are
             many
             of
             them
             of
             those
             very
             kinds
             which
             the
             forecited
             Relations
             particularly
             assure
             us
             are
             found
             no
             where
             but
             in
             the
             deeper
             parts
             of
             the
             Sea
             :
             and
             that
             as
             well
             those
             which
             we
             can
             match
             ,
             as
             those
             we
             cannot
             ,
             are
             all
             Remains
             of
             the
             universal
             Deluge
             ,
             when
             the
             Water
             of
             the
             Ocean
             ,
             being
             boisterously
             turned
             out
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             bore
             along
             with
             it
             ,
             Fishes
             of
             all
             sorts
             ,
             Shells
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             moveable
             Bodies
             ,
             which
             it
             left
             behind
             at
             its
             return
             back
             again
             to
             its
             Chanel
             ,
             it
             will
             not
             ,
             I
             presume
             ,
             be
             thought
             strange
             ,
             that
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             it
             left
             some
             of
             the
             Pelagiae
             ,
             or
             those
             kinds
             of
             Shells
             which
             naturally
             have
             their
             abode
             at
             main-sea
             ,
             and
             which
             therefore
             are
             now
             never
             flung
             up
             upon
             the
             Shores
             :
             
             and
             it
             may
             very
             reasonably
             be
             concluded
             ,
             that
             all
             these
             strange
             Shells
             ,
             which
             we
             cannot
             so
             match
             ,
             are
             of
             these
             Pelagiae
             :
             that
             the
             several
             kinds
             of
             them
             are
             at
             this
             day
             living
             in
             the
             huge
             bosom
             of
             the
             Ocean
             :
             and
             that
             there
             is
             not
             any
             one
             intire
             species
             of
             Shell-fish
             ,
             formerly
             in
             being
             ,
             now
             perish'd
             and
             lost
             .
          
           
             
             That
             it
             is
             also
             very
             true
             that
             there
             are
             some
             Shells
             ,
             such
             as
             those
             of
             the
             larger
             Buccinae
             ,
             and
             
               Conchae
               Veneris
            
             ,
             of
             Lobsters
             ,
             Crabs
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             the
             crustaceous
             kind
             ,
             that
             are
             very
             rarely
             found
             at
             Land
             ;
             so
             rarely
             ,
             that
             some
             of
             these
             Gentlemen
             have
             asserted
             that
             they
             are
             never
             found
             ;
             but
             that
             I
             shall
             shew
             to
             be
             a
             mistake
             ,
             all
             the
             Shells
             in
             their
             whole
             List
             having
             been
             found
             in
             the
             Earth
             in
             one
             place
             or
             other
             .
             But
             that
             these
             are
             very
             seldom
             found
             any
             where
             ,
             I
             most
             readily
             grant
             ;
             and
             this
             is
             so
             far
             from
             being
             an
             Argument
             against
             what
             I
             am
             going
             to
             advance
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             as
             full
             and
             substantial
             a
             Proof
             of
             the
             truth
             of
             it
             as
             I
             could
             possibly
             wish
             .
             For
             the
             Shells
             in
             this
             List
             are
             all
             lighter
             than
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             ordinary
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             .
             Now
             both
             these
             and
             all
             other
             sorts
             of
             
             Shells
             that
             are
             
               so
               light
            
             ,
             occur
             very
             seldom
             at
             Land
             ,
             or
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             in
             comparison
             of
             the
             Shells
             of
             Cockles
             ,
             Perewinkles
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             which
             are
             more
             ponderous
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             equal
             the
             Stone
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             in
             Gravity
             .
             The
             Reason
             of
             which
             will
             be
             very
             plain
             ,
             when
             I
             shall
             have
             shewn
             *
             that
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             (
             when
             these
             Shells
             were
             brought
             out
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             reposed
             therein
             in
             the
             manner
             we
             now
             find
             them
             )
             Stone
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             solid
             Minerals
             ,
             lost
             their
             solidity
             :
             and
             that
             the
             sever'd
             Particles
             thereof
             ,
             together
             with
             those
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             as
             also
             Shells
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             Animal
             and
             Vegetable
             Bodies
             ,
             were
             taken
             up
             into
             ,
             and
             sustained
             in
             ,
             the
             Water
             :
             that
             at
             length
             all
             these
             subsided
             †
             again
             promiscuously
             ,
             and
             without
             any
             other
             order
             than
             that
             of
             the
             different
             specifick
             Gravity
             of
             the
             several
             Bodies
             in
             this
             confused
             Mass
             ,
             those
             which
             had
             the
             greatest
             degree
             of
             Gravity
             sinking
             down
             first
             ,
             and
             so
             setling
             lowest
             ;
             then
             those
             Bodies
             which
             had
             a
             lesser
             degree
             of
             Gravity
             fell
             next
             ,
             and
             settled
             so
             as
             to
             make
             a
             Stratum
             upon
             the
             former
             ;
             and
             so
             on
             ,
             in
             their
             several
             turns
             ,
             to
             
             the
             lightest
             of
             all
             ,
             which
             subsiding
             last
             ,
             settled
             at
             the
             Surface
             ,
             and
             covered
             all
             the
             r●st
             :
             that
             this
             very
             various
             Miscellany
             of
             Bodies
             being
             determined
             to
             subsidence
             in
             this
             Order
             meerly
             by
             their
             different
             specifick
             Gravities
             ,
             all
             those
             which
             had
             the
             same
             degree
             of
             Gravity
             subsided
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             fell
             into
             ,
             and
             composed
             ,
             the
             same
             Stratum
             ;
             so
             that
             those
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             were
             of
             the
             same
             specifick
             Gravity
             with
             Sand
             ,
             sunk
             down
             together
             with
             it
             ,
             and
             so
             became
             inclosed
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             which
             that
             Sand
             formed
             or
             constituted
             :
             those
             which
             were
             lighter
             ,
             and
             of
             but
             the
             same
             specifick
             Gravity
             with
             Chalk
             (
             in
             such
             places
             of
             the
             Mass
             where
             any
             Chalk
             was
             )
             fell
             to
             the
             bottom
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             the
             Chalky
             Particles
             did
             ,
             and
             so
             were
             entombed
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Chalk
             ;
             and
             in
             like
             manner
             all
             the
             rest
             :
             that
             accordingly
             we
             now
             find
             in
             the
             Sand-stone
             of
             all
             Countries
             (
             the
             specifick
             Gravity
             of
             the
             several
             sorts
             whereof
             is
             very
             little
             different
             ,
             being
             generally
             to
             water
             as
             2½
             or
             2
             9
             /
             16
             to
             1
             )
             only
             those
             
               Co●shae
               ,
               Pectines
               ,
               Cochle●
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Shells
             that
             are
             nearly
             of
             the
             same
             Gravity
             ,
             (
             viz.
             2
             ½
             or
             2
             ⅝
             to
             1
             )
             but
             these
             are
             ordinarily
             
             found
             enclosed
             in
             it
             in
             prodigious
             numbers
             ;
             whereas
             of
             Oyster-shells
             ,
             (
             which
             are
             in
             Gravity
             but
             as
             about
             2
             ⅓
             to
             1
             )
             of
             Echini
             (
             which
             are
             but
             as
             2
             or
             2⅛
             to
             1
             )
             or
             the
             other
             lighter
             kinds
             of
             Shells
             ,
             scarce
             one
             ever
             appears
             therein
             ;
             but
             ,
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             in
             Chalk
             (
             which
             is
             lighter
             than
             Stone
             ,
             being
             but
             as
             about
             2
             1
             /
             10
             to
             1
             )
             there
             are
             only
             found
             Echini
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             lighter
             sorts
             of
             Shells
             ;
             it
             being
             extreamly
             unusual
             to
             meet
             with
             so
             much
             as
             one
             single
             Shell
             of
             any
             of
             all
             the
             heavier
             kinds
             amongst
             Chalk
             ;
             but
             for
             the
             said
             Echini
             ,
             and
             other
             the
             lighter
             sorts
             of
             Shells
             ,
             they
             are
             very
             numerous
             and
             frequent
             ,
             in
             all
             the
             Chalk-pits
             of
             
               Kent
               ,
               Surrey
               ,
               Essex
               ,
               Hartfordshire
               ,
               Barkshire
               ,
               Oxfordshire
               ,
            
             and
             all
             others
             that
             I
             have
             search'd
             ;
             being
             found
             indifferently
             in
             the
             beds
             of
             Chalk
             from
             the
             top
             quite
             down
             to
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Pit
             ;
             I
             having
             my self
             commonly
             observed
             them
             to
             the
             very
             bottom
             of
             all
             ,
             in
             Pits
             that
             were
             an
             hundred
             foot
             deep
             ,
             and
             in
             Wells
             much
             deeper
             .
             To
             conclude
             ,
             those
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             were
             still
             lighter
             than
             these
             ,
             and
             consequently
             lighter
             than
             Stone
             ,
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             common
             Matter
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             such
             as
             
             the
             Shells
             of
             Lobsters
             (
             which
             are
             but
             as
             1
             ⅓
             to
             1
             )
             of
             Crabs
             ,
             (
             1
             ¾
             to
             1
             )
             and
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Crustaneous
             kind
             :
             the
             Teeth
             and
             Bones
             of
             the
             cartilaginous
             and
             squammose
             Fishes
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             would
             subside
             last
             of
             all
             ,
             and
             so
             ,
             falling
             above
             the
             rest
             ,
             be
             lodged
             near
             ,
             if
             not
             upon
             the
             Surface
             ;
             where
             being
             continually
             exposed
             to
             Weather
             ,
             and
             other
             Injuries
             ,
             they
             must
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             needs
             decay
             and
             rot
             ,
             and
             at
             last
             quite
             vanish
             and
             disappear
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             not
             to
             me
             any
             great
             wonder
             ,
             that
             at
             this
             distance
             of
             four
             thousand
             years
             ,
             we
             find
             so
             very
             few
             of
             them
             remaining
             .
             So
             that
             I
             think
             I
             may
             now
             safely
             appeal
             to
             any
             ingenuous
             and
             impartial
             Looker
             on
             ,
             whether
             this
             ,
             
               That
               we
               find
               all
               those
               kinds
               of
               Shells
               (
               now
               extant
               upon
               our
               Shores
               )
               which
               have
               nearly
               the
               same
               Gravity
               with
               Stone
               ,
               and
               the
               other
               ordinary
               Matter
               of
               our
               Earth
               ,
               that
               is
               so
               tight
               and
               compact
               as
               to
               preserve
               them
               ,
               enclosed
               in
               great
               plenty
               therein
               ,
               and
               only
               those
               ,
               the
               rest
               which
               are
               lighter
               being
               so
               very
               rarely
               found
               ,
            
             can
             reasonably
             be
             supposed
             to
             have
             happened
             by
             meer
             chance
             ,
             with
             this
             Constancy
             and
             Certainty
             ,
             and
             that
             in
             so
             many
             and
             distant
             Places
             :
             as
             also
             ,
             whether
             this
             be
             any
             
             Objection
             against
             my
             Hypothesis
             ;
             or
             rather
             be
             not
             the
             strongest
             accessary
             Confirmation
             of
             it
             that
             could
             well
             be
             expected
             ,
             or
             even
             desired
             .
          
           
             To
             this
             Dissertation
             I
             shall
             subjoyn
             an
             Appendix
             ,
             which
             will
             consist
             of
             several
             Sections
             ,
             touching
             the
             Bodies
             called
             
               Vnicorn●
               Fossile
               ,
               Lapis
               Iudaicus
               ,
               Entrochus
               ,
               Asteria
               ,
            
             or
             the
             Star-stone-Columns
             :
             with
             some
             farther
             Reflections
             upon
             the
             
               Bufonites
               ,
               Glossopetra
            
             ,
             and
             
               Cornu
               Ammonis
            
             :
             proving
             that
             these
             ,
             and
             several
             more
             ,
             which
             have
             been
             (
             for
             many
             Ages
             )
             reputed
             Gemms
             ,
             and
             meer
             Stones
             ,
             are
             really
             nothing
             else
             but
             the
             Teeth
             ,
             Bones
             ,
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             Sea-Animals
             ,
             and
             (
             as
             the
             rest
             were
             )
             left
             behind
             by
             the
             Universal
             Deluge
             .
          
        
      
       
         
           
           
             PART
             I.
             An
             Examination
             of
             the
             Opinions
             of
             
               former
               Writers
            
             on
             this
             Subject
             .
             The
             Means
             whereby
             they
             thought
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             brought
             out
             upon
             the
             Earth
             .
             Of
             certain
             Changes
             of
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ,
             and
             other
             Alterations
             in
             the
             Terraqueous
             Globe
             ,
             which
             they
             suppose
             to
             have
             happened
             .
          
           
             THIS
             so
             considerable
             a
             point
             being
             thus
             gained
             :
             the
             Legitimacy
             or
             Reality
             of
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             vindicated
             and
             asserted
             :
             and
             my
             Way
             so
             far
             effectually
             cleared
             by
             the
             foregoing
             Dissertation
             ;
             I
             now
             re-assume
             my
             original
             Design
             ,
             and
             pass
             on
             to
             enquire
             by
             what
             means
             they
             were
             hurried
             out
             of
             the
             Ocean
             ,
             the
             place
             of
             their
             native
             Abode
             ,
             to
             dry
             Land
             ,
             and
             
             even
             to
             Countries
             very
             remote
             from
             any
             Seas
             .
          
           
             And
             this
             is
             a
             Question
             of
             great
             Antiquity
             ;
             and
             which
             hath
             ,
             for
             many
             Ages
             ,
             given
             no
             small
             Fatigue
             to
             Learned
             Men.
             Nor
             hath
             the
             present
             been
             less
             inquisitive
             into
             this
             Affair
             than
             the
             former
             Ages
             were
             .
             We
             have
             seen
             several
             hands
             employed
             herein
             ;
             and
             many
             of
             them
             very
             excellent
             ones
             too
             .
             The
             great
             number
             of
             the
             Undertakers
             :
             the
             Worth
             of
             some
             of
             them
             :
             and
             their
             Zeal
             to
             bring
             the
             Matter
             to
             a
             Decision
             ,
             are
             sure
             Arguments
             of
             the
             Dignity
             and
             Importance
             of
             it
             :
             and
             that
             it
             is
             not
             hitherto
             decided
             ,
             is
             as
             certain
             a
             proof
             of
             its
             difficulty
             .
          
           
             Some
             were
             of
             Opinion
             ,
             that
             these
             Shells
             were
             fetch'd
             from
             Sea
             ,
             by
             the
             ancient
             Inhabitants
             of
             those
             Countries
             where
             they
             are
             now
             found
             ;
             who
             ,
             after
             they
             had
             used
             the
             included
             Fishes
             for
             Food
             ,
             flinging
             forth
             the
             Shells
             ,
             many
             of
             them
             became
             petrified
             ,
             as
             they
             speak
             ;
             being
             thereby
             preserved
             down
             to
             our
             times
             ,
             and
             are
             the
             same
             which
             we
             at
             this
             day
             find
             in
             our
             Fields
             and
             Quarries
             .
          
           
             Others
             rather
             thought
             that
             they
             were
             only
             Reliques
             of
             some
             former
             
             great
             Inundations
             of
             the
             Sea
             ;
             which
             ,
             furiously
             rushing
             forth
             ,
             and
             overflowing
             the
             adjacent
             Territories
             ,
             bore
             these
             Bodies
             out
             upon
             the
             Earth
             along
             with
             it
             :
             but
             returning
             at
             length
             more
             leisurely
             and
             calmly
             back
             again
             ,
             it
             left
             them
             all
             behind
             .
          
           
             Many
             were
             of
             Opinion
             ,
             that
             the
             Sea
             frequently
             flitted
             and
             changed
             its
             place
             :
             that
             several
             parts
             of
             the
             Globe
             which
             are
             now
             dry
             Land
             ,
             and
             habitable
             ,
             lay
             heretofore
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             were
             covered
             by
             it
             :
             that
             particularly
             the
             very
             Countries
             ,
             which
             present
             us
             with
             these
             Spoils
             of
             it
             ,
             were
             anciently
             in
             its
             possession
             ;
             being
             then
             an
             Habitation
             of
             Sharks
             and
             other
             Fishes
             :
             of
             Oysters
             ,
             Cockles
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             but
             the
             Sea
             ,
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             ,
             retreating
             thence
             ,
             and
             betaking
             it self
             into
             new
             Quarters
             :
             gaining
             as
             much
             ground
             on
             the
             opposite
             Coasts
             ,
             as
             it
             lost
             upon
             those
             ,
             left
             these
             Shells
             there
             as
             Marks
             of
             its
             ancient
             bounds
             and
             seat
             .
          
           
             Amongst
             the
             rest
             there
             were
             indeed
             some
             who
             believed
             these
             to
             be
             Remains
             of
             the
             General
             Deluge
             ,
             and
             so
             many
             Monuments
             of
             that
             calamitous
             and
             fatal
             Irruption
             .
             These
             last
             assuredly
             
             were
             in
             the
             right
             ;
             but
             the
             far
             greater
             part
             of
             them
             rather
             asserted
             than
             proved
             this
             :
             rather
             deliver'd
             it
             as
             their
             Opinion
             ,
             than
             offered
             any
             rational
             Arguments
             to
             induce
             others
             to
             the
             same
             Belief
             :
             And
             for
             the
             rest
             ,
             who
             did
             offer
             any
             ,
             so
             unhappy
             were
             they
             in
             the
             Choice
             ,
             and
             unsuccessful
             in
             the
             Management
             of
             them
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             shortness
             of
             their
             Observations
             ,
             and
             their
             not
             having
             duely
             informed
             themselves
             of
             the
             state
             of
             these
             Things
             ,
             that
             none
             of
             the
             other
             Partizans
             appeared
             with
             less
             Applause
             :
             none
             less
             strenuously
             maintained
             their
             ground
             ,
             than
             these
             did
             .
          
           
             The
             Truth
             is
             ,
             as
             Matters
             were
             ordered
             amongst
             them
             ,
             no
             Man
             could
             receive
             much
             Light
             or
             Satisfaction
             from
             what
             was
             advanced
             by
             any
             of
             them
             .
             They
             little
             more
             than
             clashed
             with
             one
             another
             :
             each
             could
             demolish
             the
             others
             Work
             with
             ease
             enough
             ,
             but
             not
             a
             Man
             of
             them
             tolerably
             defend
             his
             own
             ;
             which
             was
             sure
             never
             to
             outstand
             the
             first
             Assault
             that
             was
             made
             .
             Yea
             upon
             so
             equal
             Terms
             did
             they
             all
             stand
             ,
             that
             no
             one
             could
             well
             lay
             claim
             to
             a
             larger
             share
             of
             Truth
             for
             his
             side
             :
             no
             one
             had
             a
             fairer
             pretence
             
             of
             right
             ,
             than
             the
             rest
             ;
             and
             it
             being
             impossible
             to
             imagine
             that
             all
             could
             be
             in
             the
             right
             ;
             some
             ▪
             Learned
             Men
             began
             to
             suspect
             that
             none
             of
             them
             were
             so
             .
          
           
             These
             thereupon
             laid
             out
             on
             all
             hands
             for
             some
             new
             Expedient
             to
             solve
             and
             put
             an
             end
             to
             the
             perplexity
             ;
             and
             't
             was
             this
             last
             Effort
             that
             brought
             forth
             the
             Opinion
             ,
             that
             these
             Bodies
             are
             not
             what
             they
             seem
             to
             be
             ;
             that
             they
             are
             no
             Shells
             ,
             but
             meer
             Sportings
             of
             active
             Nature
             in
             this
             subterraneous
             Kingdom
             ;
             and
             only
             Semblances
             or
             Imitations
             of
             Shells
             ;
             they
             imagining
             that
             this
             shortned
             the
             Difficulty
             ,
             because
             it
             spared
             them
             the
             trouble
             of
             accounting
             for
             their
             Conveyance
             from
             Sea
             ;
             which
             was
             what
             had
             so
             severely
             exercised
             all
             the
             former
             ;
             though
             in
             reality
             ,
             this
             only
             heightened
             and
             enhansed
             it
             ,
             and
             render'd
             it
             still
             more
             intricate
             ;
             as
             will
             appear
             more
             at
             large
             when
             I
             shall
             have
             published
             the
             preliminary
             Dissertation
             ,
             whereof
             I
             have
             already
             given
             some
             Account
             above
             .
             And
             this
             was
             the
             most
             received
             and
             prevalent
             Opinion
             when
             I
             first
             brought
             my
             Collection
             of
             these
             Things
             up
             to
             London
             .
          
           
           
             There
             have
             been
             ,
             besides
             these
             recited
             ,
             some
             other
             Conjectures
             proposed
             about
             the
             removal
             of
             these
             Bodies
             to
             Land
             :
             which
             I
             choose
             ,
             rather
             than
             trouble
             the
             Reader
             with
             a
             detail
             of
             them
             here
             ,
             to
             deferr
             to
             their
             proper
             place
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             proceed
             directly
             onwards
             in
             my
             Design
             .
             Now
             the
             more
             effectually
             to
             smooth
             my
             way
             ,
             and
             that
             this
             very
             great
             diversity
             of
             Opinions
             may
             not
             be
             any
             longer
             an
             Amusement
             to
             the
             World
             ,
             't
             will
             be
             very
             convenient
             that
             I
             look
             into
             the
             Reasons
             and
             Pretensions
             of
             each
             ,
             and
             shew
             upon
             what
             ground
             't
             is
             that
             I
             embrace
             that
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             and
             set
             aside
             all
             the
             rest
             .
          
           
             Why
             I
             adhere
             to
             them
             who
             suppose
             these
             Marine
             Productions
             brought
             out
             by
             the
             Universal
             Deluge
             ,
             will
             be
             best
             learn'd
             from
             the
             succeeding
             part
             of
             this
             Essay
             ,
             which
             is
             wholly
             dedicated
             to
             that
             purpose
             :
             and
             whereunto
             I
             shall
             prefix
             ,
             An
             Historical
             Account
             of
             the
             Labours
             of
             
               Fab.
               Columna
               ,
               Nic
               ▪
               Steno
               ,
               P.
               Boccone
               ,
               Iac.
               Grandius
               ,
            
             Mr.
             
               Iohn
               Ray
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Learned
             Men
             ,
             on
             this
             Subject
             :
             shewing
             what
             they
             have
             already
             done
             in
             it
             ,
             wherein
             they
             failed
             ,
             and
             what
             remains
             still
             to
             be
             done
             .
          
           
           
             Why
             I
             reject
             all
             the
             other
             Conjectures
             ,
             falls
             under
             our
             present
             Consideration
             ;
             and
             to
             make
             as
             short
             of
             the
             Matter
             as
             possible
             ,
             't
             is
             because
             they
             will
             none
             of
             them
             abide
             the
             Test
             :
             because
             they
             have
             not
             due
             warrant
             from
             Observation
             ,
             but
             are
             clearly
             repugnant
             thereunto
             :
             in
             a
             word
             ,
             because
             the
             present
             Circumstances
             of
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             do
             not
             square
             with
             those
             Opinions
             ,
             but
             exhibit
             Phaenomena
             that
             thwart
             them
             ,
             and
             that
             give
             plain
             Indications
             that
             they
             could
             never
             have
             been
             put
             into
             the
             Condition
             we
             now
             find
             them
             by
             any
             such
             short
             and
             partial
             Agents
             as
             those
             they
             propose
             .
          
           
             Now
             in
             regard
             that
             the
             said
             Circumstances
             are
             impartially
             related
             in
             my
             Observations
             ,
             we
             need
             only
             have
             recourse
             to
             them
             to
             put
             an
             end
             to
             this
             Business
             .
             For
             ,
             as
             Mathematicians
             say
             of
             a
             streight
             Line
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             as
             well
             an
             Index
             of
             its
             own
             Rectitude
             ,
             as
             of
             the
             Obliquity
             of
             a
             crooked
             one
             ;
             so
             these
             may
             serve
             indifferently
             to
             detect
             the
             erroneous
             ways
             ,
             and
             to
             point
             forth
             the
             true
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             from
             these
             Observations
             :
             from
             the
             Number
             ,
             Order
             ,
             Variety
             ,
             Situation
             ,
             Depth
             ,
             Distance
             from
             
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             other
             Accidents
             of
             these
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             I
             shall
             shew
          
           
             That
             they
             were
             not
             brought
             from
             
             Sea
             to
             the
             Parts
             where
             they
             are
             now
             found
             ,
             by
             Men
             ,
             the
             ancient
             Inhabitants
             of
             those
             Parts
             ,
             as
             some
             Authors
             have
             been
             of
             Opinion
             ;
             they
             presuming
             that
             these
             Shells
             were
             at
             first
             only
             slung
             out
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ;
             and
             that
             those
             which
             we
             now
             find
             buried
             in
             it
             ,
             were
             ,
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             ,
             covered
             ,
             either
             by
             that
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             which
             falls
             down
             along
             with
             rain
             ,
             or
             by
             the
             Earth
             which
             is
             wash'd
             from
             off
             the
             Hills
             by
             Land
             floods
             .
          
           
             That
             they
             were
             not
             carry'd
             together
             
             with
             the
             Water
             ,
             which
             some
             suppose
             to
             pass
             continually
             from
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             to
             the
             Heads
             of
             Springs
             and
             Rivers
             ,
             through
             certain
             subterranean
             Conduits
             or
             Chanels
             ,
             untill
             they
             were
             by
             some
             Glut
             ,
             Stop
             ,
             or
             other
             means
             arrested
             in
             their
             Passage
             ,
             and
             so
             detained
             in
             the
             Bowels
             of
             the
             Earth
             ;
             as
             others
             have
             rather
             inclined
             to
             believe
             .
          
           
             That
             they
             were
             not
             born
             forth
             of
             
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             laid
             upon
             the
             Land
             by
             particular
             Inundations
             ;
             such
             as
             were
             the
             Ogygean
             ,
             the
             Deucalion●an
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             fresher
             date
             :
             such
             as
             are
             
             those
             which
             usually
             attend
             ▪
             Earthquakes
             :
             or
             those
             which
             are
             sometimes
             occasioned
             by
             very
             high
             Tides
             ,
             by
             impetuous
             Winds
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             as
             other
             Writers
             have
             thought
             .
          
           
             
             That
             they
             were
             not
             left
             behind
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             when
             the
             Sea
             overspread
             the
             whole
             Globe
             ,
             till
             its
             Retreat
             into
             its
             assigned
             Chanel
             ,
             and
             that
             
               the
               Waters
            
             were
             
               gathered
               together
               unto
               one
               place
            
             ,
             the
             third
             day
             from
             the
             Commencement
             of
             the
             Creation
             ;
             which
             others
             believed
             .
          
           
             
             That
             they
             were
             not
             left
             by
             the
             Seas
             being
             constrained
             to
             withdraw
             from
             off
             certain
             tracts
             of
             Land
             ,
             which
             lay
             till
             then
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             it
             ,
             but
             being
             raised
             to
             an
             higher
             pitch
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             surmount
             the
             Level
             of
             the
             Seas
             surface
             ,
             they
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             became
             Islands
             and
             habitable
             :
             the
             said
             tracts
             being
             thus
             elevated
             by
             Earthquakes
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             subterraneous
             Explosions
             ;
             in
             such
             manner
             as
             
               Rhodes
               ,
               Thera
               ,
               Therasia
            
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Islands
             were
             supposed
             to
             have
             been
             raised
             ;
             which
             is
             the
             Conjecture
             of
             others
             .
          
           
             
             That
             they
             were
             not
             left
             by
             the
             Seas
             changing
             its
             place
             ,
             receding
             from
             the
             Parts
             it
             anciently
             possest
             ,
             and
             betaking
             
             it self
             to
             new
             Quarters
             :
             
               this
               change
            
             being
             occasion'd
             by
             some
             accidental
             Emotion
             or
             Transposition
             of
             the
             common
             Center
             of
             Gravity
             in
             the
             Terraqueous
             Globe
             ;
             and
             thereupon
             the
             Fluids
             of
             it
             ,
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             immediately
             shifting
             likewise
             ,
             as
             being
             the
             more
             easily
             moveable
             parts
             of
             the
             Mass
             ,
             and
             coming
             to
             another
             AEquilibrium
             ;
             that
             they
             might
             thereby
             the
             better
             accommodate
             themselves
             to
             their
             new
             Center
             .
             As
             others
             .
          
           
             That
             they
             were
             not
             left
             upon
             the
             
             Seas
             being
             protruded
             forwards
             ,
             and
             constrained
             to
             fall
             off
             from
             certain
             Coasts
             ,
             which
             it
             formerly
             possessed
             ,
             by
             the
             Mud
             or
             Earth
             which
             is
             discharged
             into
             it
             by
             Rivers
             ;
             the
             said
             Mud
             being
             reposed
             along
             the
             Shores
             near
             the
             Ostia
             of
             those
             Rivers
             ,
             and
             by
             that
             means
             making
             continual
             Additions
             to
             the
             Land
             ,
             thereby
             excluding
             the
             Sea
             ,
             daily
             invading
             and
             gaining
             upon
             it
             ,
             and
             preserving
             these
             Shells
             as
             Trophies
             and
             Signs
             of
             its
             new
             Acquests
             and
             Encroachments
             ;
             which
             others
             have
             imagined
             :
             they
             concluding
             that
             the
             Islands
             Echinades
             ,
             the
             Lower
             
               Egypt
               ,
               Thessaly
            
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Countries
             ,
             were
             thus
             raised
             out
             of
             the
             Mud
             brought
             down
             
             by
             Achelous
             ,
             the
             
               Nile
               ,
               Peneus
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Rivers
             .
          
           
             
             Lastly
             .
             That
             they
             were
             not
             left
             by
             the
             Seas
             continual
             flitting
             and
             shifting
             its
             Chanel
             :
             this
             Progression
             being
             occasioned
             by
             the
             Seas
             wearing
             and
             gaining
             upon
             one
             Shore
             ,
             and
             flinging
             up
             Mud
             ,
             and
             ,
             together
             with
             it
             ,
             these
             Shells
             ,
             upon
             the
             other
             ,
             or
             opposite
             Coasts
             ,
             thereby
             making
             perpetual
             Additions
             unto
             them
             ;
             which
             is
             the
             Opinion
             of
             other
             Authors
             .
          
           
             These
             Propositions
             (
             which
             are
             no
             other
             than
             so
             many
             Consectaries
             drawn
             from
             the
             Observations
             )
             are
             ,
             we
             see
             ,
             all
             Negative
             ;
             as
             being
             directed
             against
             the
             Mistakes
             of
             some
             who
             have
             formerly
             engaged
             in
             this
             research
             .
             The
             ways
             they
             have
             taken
             to
             account
             for
             the
             Conveyance
             of
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             to
             Land
             ,
             are
             very
             many
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             different
             from
             each
             other
             .
             For
             so
             eager
             and
             sollicitous
             hath
             the
             inquisitive
             and
             better
             part
             of
             Mankind
             been
             to
             bring
             this
             Matter
             to
             a
             fair
             issue
             and
             determination
             ,
             that
             no
             Stone
             hath
             been
             left
             unturned
             ,
             no
             way
             ,
             whereby
             these
             things
             could
             ever
             possibly
             have
             been
             brought
             forth
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             but
             one
             or
             other
             of
             them
             hath
             pitch'd
             upon
             
             it
             .
             So
             that
             by
             this
             Refutation
             of
             all
             these
             ,
             I
             might
             prove
             my
             own
             (
             which
             is
             the
             only
             one
             remaining
             )
             by
             Induction
             ;
             but
             this
             kind
             of
             proof
             is
             not
             needful
             ,
             where
             more
             cogent
             and
             positive
             Arguments
             are
             not
             wanting
             .
          
           
             And
             thus
             much
             of
             this
             Part
             I
             get
             over
             by
             the
             sole
             guidance
             of
             my
             Senses
             .
             A
             View
             of
             the
             present
             state
             of
             these
             Bodies
             alone
             convinced
             me
             sufficiently
             that
             the
             means
             ,
             proposed
             by
             these
             Authors
             ,
             were
             not
             the
             true
             ones
             :
             that
             they
             were
             both
             levelled
             wide
             ,
             and
             fell
             all
             short
             of
             the
             Mark.
             Now
             though
             this
             was
             enough
             for
             my
             present
             purpose
             ;
             and
             when
             I
             had
             evinced
             that
             ,
             although
             such
             Alterations
             ,
             as
             those
             which
             these
             Gentlemen
             suppose
             :
             Transitions
             ,
             and
             Migrations
             of
             the
             Center
             of
             Gravity
             :
             Elevations
             of
             new
             Islands
             :
             whole
             Countries
             gained
             from
             the
             Sea
             :
             and
             other
             like
             Changes
             had
             actually
             happened
             ,
             yet
             these
             Shells
             could
             never
             possibly
             have
             been
             reposed
             thereby
             in
             the
             manner
             we
             now
             find
             them
             :
             I
             say
             ,
             when
             I
             had
             proved
             this
             ,
             I
             was
             not
             immediately
             concerned
             to
             enquire
             whether
             such
             Alterations
             had
             really
             ever
             happened
             or
             not
             ;
             yet
             partly
             for
             a
             fuller
             and
             more
             effectual
             Disproof
             of
             the
             recited
             
             Opinions
             :
             and
             partly
             because
             I
             am
             more
             especially
             obliged
             by
             my
             general
             design
             to
             look
             into
             all
             Pretences
             of
             Changes
             in
             the
             Globe
             we
             inhabit
             ,
             and
             I
             saw
             very
             well
             ,
             that
             scarce
             any
             ,
             of
             all
             these
             alledged
             ,
             had
             the
             least
             countenance
             either
             from
             the
             present
             face
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             or
             any
             credible
             and
             authentick
             Records
             of
             the
             ancient
             state
             of
             it
             ,
             I
             resolved
             to
             pursue
             this
             Matter
             somewhat
             farther
             ,
             and
             to
             shew
             that
             ,
             although
             there
             do
             indeed
             happen
             some
             Alterations
             in
             the
             Globe
             ,
             yet
             they
             are
             very
             slight
             and
             almost
             imperceptible
             ,
             *
             and
             such
             as
             tend
             rather
             to
             the
             benefit
             and
             conservation
             of
             the
             Earth
             and
             its
             Productions
             ,
             than
             to
             the
             disorder
             and
             destruction
             both
             of
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             ,
             as
             all
             these
             supposititious
             ones
             most
             manifestly
             would
             do
             ,
             were
             there
             really
             any
             such
             ;
             but
             from
             clear
             and
             incontestible
             Monuments
             of
             Antiquity
             :
             from
             History
             and
             Geography
             :
             and
             from
             attentive
             Consideration
             of
             the
             present
             state
             of
             those
             Countries
             where
             these
             Changes
             were
             supposed
             to
             have
             been
             wrought
             ,
             I
             prove
             that
             they
             are
             imaginary
             and
             groundless
             ,
             and
             that
             such
             in
             earnest
             never
             happened
             ;
             but
             that
             the
             bounds
             of
             Sea
             and
             
             Land
             have
             been
             more
             fix'd
             and
             permanent
             :
             and
             in
             short
             ,
             that
             the
             terraqueous
             Globe
             is
             to
             this
             day
             nearly
             in
             the
             same
             condition
             that
             the
             Universal
             Deluge
             left
             it
             :
             being
             also
             like
             to
             continue
             so
             till
             the
             time
             of
             its
             final
             ruin
             and
             dissolution
             ,
             preserved
             to
             the
             same
             end
             for
             which
             't
             was
             first
             formed
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             same
             Power
             which
             hath
             secured
             it
             hitherto
             .
             But
             ,
             with
             respect
             to
             my
             present
             Design
             ,
             I
             more
             particularly
             make
             out
             ,
          
           
             That
             although
             Rain-water
             be
             indeed
             (
             as
             these
             Writers
             suppose
             )
             very
             plentifully
             saturated
             with
             terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             and
             (
             as
             I
             shall
             make
             appear
             )
             that
             peculiar
             Matter
             out
             of
             which
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             consequently
             of
             Animals
             ,
             are
             formed
             ,
             nourished
             ,
             and
             augmented
             ,
             Water
             being
             the
             common
             Vehicle
             and
             Distributer
             of
             it
             to
             the
             Parts
             of
             those
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             all
             Water
             (
             especially
             that
             of
             Rain
             )
             being
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             stored
             with
             this
             ,
             it
             being
             light
             in
             comparison
             of
             the
             common
             Mineral
             earthy
             Matter
             ,
             and
             therefore
             easily
             assumed
             into
             Water
             ,
             and
             moved
             along
             with
             it
             ;
             yet
             that
             this
             Matter
             being
             all
             originally
             derived
             from
             the
             surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             either
             by
             the
             Vapour
             
             that
             continually
             issues
             out
             ,
             and
             ascends
             from
             all
             parts
             of
             it
             ,
             †
             or
             wash'd
             off
             by
             Land-floods
             ,
             and
             conveyed
             into
             Rivers
             and
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             thence
             elevated
             up
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             Vapour
             ,
             which
             ,
             as
             the
             former
             ,
             constitutes
             the
             Rain
             that
             falls
             :
             I
             say
             ,
             it
             being
             thus
             originally
             all
             rais'd
             from
             the
             Earth
             ,
             when
             restored
             back
             again
             thereunto
             ,
             't
             is
             but
             where
             it
             was
             before
             ,
             and
             does
             not
             enlarge
             the
             Dimensions
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             or
             augment
             the
             surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             only
             lye
             idly
             and
             unserviceably
             there
             ,
             but
             part
             of
             it
             is
             introduced
             into
             the
             Plants
             which
             grow
             thereon
             ,
             for
             their
             Nutrition
             and
             Increment
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             which
             is
             superfluous
             ,
             either
             remounts
             again
             ,
             with
             the
             ascending
             Vapour
             ,
             as
             before
             ,
             or
             is
             wash'd
             down
             into
             Rivers
             ,
             and
             transmitted
             into
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             does
             not
             make
             any
             sensible
             Addition
             to
             the
             Earth
             ,
             as
             some
             have
             believed
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             which
             is
             thus
             carried
             by
             Rivers
             down
             into
             the
             Sea
             ,
             is
             sustained
             therein
             ,
             partly
             by
             the
             greater
             Crass●tude
             and
             Gravity
             of
             the
             Sea-water
             ,
             and
             partly
             by
             its
             constant
             Agitation
             ,
             occasioned
             by
             the
             Tides
             ,
             and
             by
             its
             other
             Motions
             ,
             and
             
             is
             not
             permitted
             to
             sink
             to
             the
             bottom
             ;
             or
             ,
             if
             any
             of
             it
             do
             ,
             't
             is
             raised
             up
             again
             by
             the
             next
             Storm
             ,
             and
             being
             supported
             in
             the
             Mass
             of
             Water
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             rest
             ,
             't
             is
             by
             degrees
             exhaled
             ,
             mounted
             up
             with
             the
             Rain
             that
             rises
             thence
             ,
             and
             returned
             back
             again
             to
             the
             Earth
             in
             fruitful
             Showers
             .
             That
             by
             this
             perpetual
             Circulation
             a
             vast
             many
             things
             in
             the
             System
             of
             Nature
             are
             transacted
             :
             and
             two
             main
             Intentions
             of
             Providence
             constantly
             promoted
             ;
             the
             one
             a
             Dispensation
             of
             Water
             promiscuously
             and
             indifferently
             to
             all
             parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ;
             this
             being
             the
             immediate
             Agent
             that
             both
             bears
             the
             constituent
             Matter
             to
             all
             formed
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             ,
             when
             brought
             to
             them
             ,
             insinuates
             it
             in
             ,
             and
             distributes
             it
             unto
             the
             several
             parts
             of
             those
             Bodies
             ,
             for
             their
             Preservation
             and
             Growth
             :
             
               the
               other
            
             ,
             the
             keeping
             a
             just
             AEquilibrium
             (
             if
             I
             may
             so
             say
             )
             betwixt
             the
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ;
             the
             Water
             ,
             that
             was
             raised
             out
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             for
             a
             Vehicle
             to
             this
             Matter
             ,
             being
             by
             this
             means
             refunded
             back
             again
             into
             it
             :
             and
             the
             Matter
             it self
             restored
             to
             its
             original
             Fund
             and
             Promptuary
             ,
             the
             Earth
             ;
             whereby
             each
             is
             restrained
             ,
             and
             kept
             to
             due
             Bounds
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             Sea
             may
             
             not
             encroach
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             nor
             the
             Earth
             gain
             ground
             of
             the
             Sea.
             That
             there
             never
             were
             any
             Islands
             ,
             or
             other
             considerable
             parcels
             of
             Land
             ,
             amassed
             or
             heap'd
             up
             :
             nor
             any
             enlargement
             ,
             or
             addition
             of
             Earth
             made
             to
             the
             Continent
             ,
             by
             the
             Mud
             that
             is
             carried
             down
             into
             the
             Sea
             by
             Rivers
             .
             That
             although
             the
             Ancients
             were
             almost
             unanimously
             of
             Opinion
             that
             those
             Parts
             ,
             where
             Egypt
             now
             is
             ,
             were
             formerly
             Sea
             :
             and
             that
             a
             very
             considerable
             portion
             of
             that
             Country
             was
             recent
             ,
             and
             formed
             out
             of
             the
             Mud
             discharged
             into
             the
             neighbouring
             Sea
             by
             the
             Nile
             ;
             that
             yet
             this
             tract
             of
             Land
             had
             no
             such
             Rise
             ,
             out
             is
             as
             old
             ,
             and
             of
             as
             long
             a
             standing
             ,
             as
             any
             upon
             all
             the
             whole
             Continent
             of
             Africa
             :
             and
             hath
             been
             in
             much
             the
             same
             Natural
             Condition
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             at
             this
             day
             ,
             ever
             since
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ;
             its
             Shores
             being
             neither
             advanced
             one
             jot
             further
             into
             the
             Sea
             for
             this
             three
             or
             four
             thousand
             Years
             ,
             nor
             its
             Surface
             raised
             by
             additional
             Mud
             deposed
             upon
             it
             by
             the
             yearly
             Inundations
             of
             the
             Nile
             .
             That
             neither
             the
             
               Palus
               Maeotis
            
             ,
             nor
             the
             Euxine
             ,
             nor
             any
             other
             Seas
             ,
             fill
             up
             ,
             or
             by
             degrees
             grow
             shallower
             .
             That
             
               Salmydessus
               ,
               Themiscyra
               ,
               
               Sidene
               ,
            
             and
             the
             adjacent
             Countries
             ,
             upon
             the
             Coasts
             of
             the
             Euxine
             Sea
             ,
             were
             not
             formed
             out
             of
             the
             Mud
             brought
             down
             by
             the
             
               Ister
               ,
               Thermodon
               ,
               Iris
            
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Rivers
             which
             discharge
             themselves
             into
             that
             Sea.
             That
             Thessaly
             was
             not
             raised
             out
             of
             the
             Mud
             born
             down
             by
             the
             River
             Peneus
             :
             the
             Islands
             Echinades
             ,
             or
             Curzolari
             ,
             out
             of
             that
             brought
             by
             the
             River
             
               Achelous
               :
               Cilicia
            
             ,
             by
             the
             River
             
               Pyramus
               :
               Mysia
               ,
               Lydia
               ,
               Ionia
               ,
            
             and
             other
             Countries
             of
             Anatolia
             ,
             by
             the
             
               Caicus
               ,
               Hermus
               ,
               Cayster
            
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Rivers
             which
             pass
             through
             them
             .
             To
             be
             short
             ,
             That
             no
             Island
             or
             Country
             in
             the
             whole
             World
             was
             ever
             raised
             by
             this
             means
             ,
             notwithstanding
             that
             very
             many
             Authors
             ,
             and
             some
             of
             considerable
             note
             ,
             have
             believed
             that
             all
             the
             abovementioned
             Countries
             were
             so
             raised
             ;
             nay
             ,
             to
             so
             strange
             a
             height
             of
             Extravagance
             do
             some
             ,
             otherwise
             Learned
             and
             Curious
             ,
             Persons
             run
             ,
             when
             they
             indulge
             Fancy
             too
             far
             ,
             and
             rely
             wholly
             upon
             Probabilities
             and
             Conjectures
             ,
             there
             is
             hardly
             any
             one
             single
             Island
             or
             Country
             all
             round
             the
             Globe
             ,
             that
             one
             Writer
             or
             other
             hath
             not
             thought
             to
             have
             been
             formed
             after
             this
             manner
             ,
             or
             
             at
             least
             ,
             some
             very
             large
             part
             of
             it
             .
          
           
             That
             there
             is
             no
             authentick
             Instance
             of
             any
             considerable
             tract
             of
             Land
             that
             was
             thrown
             up
             from
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             by
             an
             Earthquake
             ,
             or
             other
             subterranean
             Explosion
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             become
             an
             Island
             ,
             and
             be
             render'd
             habitable
             .
             That
             
               Rhodus
               ,
               Thera
               ,
               Therasia
            
             ,
             and
             several
             other
             Islands
             ,
             which
             were
             supposed
             by
             the
             Ancients
             ,
             and
             ,
             upon
             their
             Authority
             ,
             by
             later
             Authors
             ,
             to
             have
             been
             thus
             raised
             ,
             had
             really
             no
             such
             Original
             ,
             but
             have
             stood
             out
             above
             Water
             as
             long
             as
             the
             rest
             of
             their
             Fellow
             Islands
             ,
             and
             stand
             now
             just
             as
             the
             Universal
             Deluge
             left
             them
             .
          
           
             That
             as
             to
             that
             affection
             of
             Bodies
             which
             is
             called
             their
             Gravity
             ,
             it
             clearly
             ●urpasses
             all
             the
             Powers
             of
             meer
             Nature
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Mechanism
             of
             Matter
             .
             That
             as
             any
             one
             Body
             ,
             or
             part
             of
             Matter
             ,
             cannot
             be
             the
             Cause
             of
             its
             own
             Gravity
             :
             so
             no
             more
             can
             it
             ever
             possibly
             be
             the
             Cause
             of
             the
             Gravity
             of
             another
             Body
             ,
             or
             part
             of
             Matter
             .
             That
             neither
             the
             Earth's
             diurnal
             Revolution
             upon
             its
             Axis
             :
             nor
             any
             magnetick
             Effluvia
             of
             the
             Earth
             :
             nor
             the
             Air
             ,
             or
             Atmosphere
             which
             environs
             the
             Earth
             :
             nor
             the
             AEther
             ,
             or
             
               Materia
               subtilis
            
             of
             
             the
             Cartesians
             ,
             in
             what
             manner
             soever
             moved
             or
             agitated
             :
             (
             all
             which
             have
             been
             proposed
             by
             several
             Learned
             Men
             as
             the
             Causes
             of
             Gravity
             )
             nor
             any
             other
             Fluid
             or
             Matter
             whatever
             ,
             can
             of
             it self
             produce
             such
             an
             Effect
             as
             is
             that
             of
             the
             Gravity
             of
             Bodies
             .
             That
             it
             does
             not
             proceed
             from
             the
             Efficiency
             of
             any
             such
             contingent
             and
             unstable
             Agents
             ,
             but
             stands
             on
             a
             Basis
             more
             firm
             and
             stedfast
             ,
             being
             intirely
             owing
             to
             the
             direct
             Concourse
             of
             the
             Power
             of
             the
             Author
             of
             Nature
             ,
             immediately
             in
             his
             hand
             ,
             and
             the
             main
             Engine
             whereby
             this
             stupendous
             Fabrick
             of
             the
             Universe
             is
             managed
             and
             supported
             :
             the
             prime
             Hinge
             whereon
             the
             whole
             frame
             of
             Nature
             moves
             :
             and
             is
             principally
             concerned
             ,
             if
             not
             the
             sole
             Efficient
             in
             the
             most
             remarkable
             Phoenomena
             of
             the
             Natural
             World
             ;
             which
             ,
             should
             Gravity
             once
             cease
             ,
             or
             be
             withdrawn
             ,
             would
             instantly
             shiver
             into
             Millions
             of
             Atoms
             ,
             and
             relapse
             into
             its
             primitive
             Confusion
             .
             That
             the
             common
             Center
             of
             Gravity
             in
             the
             terraqueous
             Globe
             is
             steady
             ,
             immovable
             ,
             and
             not
             liable
             to
             any
             accidental
             Transposition
             ,
             nor
             hath
             it
             ever
             shifted
             or
             changed
             its
             Station
             .
             And
             that
             there
             is
             no
             declination
             
             of
             Latitude
             :
             nor
             variation
             of
             the
             Elevation
             of
             the
             Pole
             ;
             notwithstanding
             what
             some
             Learned
             Men
             have
             asserted
             .
          
           
             What
             concerns
             the
             raising
             of
             new
             Mountains
             :
             Deterrations
             ,
             or
             the
             Devolution
             of
             Earth
             down
             upon
             the
             Valleys
             ,
             from
             the
             Hills
             and
             higher
             Grounds
             :
             and
             Islands
             torn
             off
             from
             the
             main
             Continent
             by
             Earthquakes
             ,
             or
             by
             the
             furious
             and
             impetuous
             insults
             of
             the
             Sea
             ;
             these
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             will
             fall
             more
             properly
             under
             our
             Consideration
             on
             another
             Occasion
             *
             .
             And
             for
             the
             Mutations
             of
             lesser
             moment
             ,
             which
             some
             have
             fancied
             to
             have
             happened
             within
             this
             Interval
             ,
             I
             mean
             ,
             for
             the
             last
             four
             thousand
             Years
             since
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             I
             chuse
             rather
             to
             pass
             them
             over
             at
             present
             ,
             than
             to
             crowd
             and
             encumber
             this
             short
             Tract
             with
             the
             account
             of
             them
             .
          
           
             I
             must
             needs
             freely
             own
             ,
             that
             when
             I
             first
             directed
             my
             Thoughts
             this
             way
             ,
             't
             was
             matter
             of
             real
             Admiration
             to
             me
             ,
             to
             find
             that
             a
             Belief
             of
             so
             many
             ,
             and
             such
             great
             Alterations
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             had
             gained
             so
             large
             footing
             ,
             and
             made
             good
             its
             ground
             so
             many
             Ages
             ,
             in
             the
             World
             ;
             there
             being
             not
             the
             least
             signs
             nor
             footsteps
             of
             any
             such
             thing
             upon
             
             the
             face
             of
             the
             whole
             Earth
             :
             no
             tolerable
             Foundation
             for
             such
             a
             Belief
             either
             in
             Nature
             or
             History
             .
             But
             I
             soon
             saw
             very
             well
             ,
             that
             the
             Moderns
             generally
             entertained
             it
             meerly
             upon
             the
             Credit
             and
             Tradition
             of
             the
             Ancients
             ,
             and
             that
             without
             due
             Examination
             ,
             or
             Enquiry
             into
             the
             Truth
             and
             Probability
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             't
             was
             not
             long
             e're
             I
             discovered
             what
             it
             was
             that
             so
             generally
             misled
             the
             Ancients
             into
             these
             Mistakes
             .
             But
             of
             that
             more
             by
             and
             by
             .
          
           
             Those
             ancient
             Pagan
             Writers
             were
             indeed
             very
             much
             excusable
             as
             to
             this
             matter
             .
             Philosophy
             was
             then
             again
             in
             its
             Infancy
             :
             there
             remaining
             but
             few
             marks
             of
             the
             old
             Tradition
             ,
             and
             those
             much
             obliterated
             and
             defaced
             by
             Time
             ;
             so
             that
             they
             had
             only
             dark
             and
             faint
             Idea's
             ,
             narrow
             and
             scanty
             Conceptions
             ,
             of
             Providence
             :
             and
             were
             ignorant
             of
             its
             Intentions
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             methods
             of
             its
             Conduct
             in
             the
             Government
             and
             Preservation
             of
             the
             Natural
             World.
             They
             wanted
             a
             longer
             Experience
             of
             
               these
               things
            
             :
             a
             larger
             stock
             of
             Observations
             ,
             and
             Records
             of
             the
             state
             of
             the
             Earth
             before
             their
             times
             ;
             having
             ,
             as
             things
             then
             stood
             ,
             nothing
             to
             assist
             them
             in
             their
             Enquiries
             besides
             their
             
             own
             Guesses
             and
             Fancy
             .
             For
             their
             Progenitors
             ,
             and
             those
             who
             had
             lived
             in
             the
             earlier
             Ages
             ,
             were
             almost
             entirely
             taken
             up
             with
             Business
             of
             another
             kind
             .
             That
             fatal
             Calamity
             ,
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             had
             wrought
             such
             a
             Change
             ,
             *
             that
             they
             beheld
             every
             where
             a
             new
             face
             of
             things
             :
             and
             the
             Earth
             did
             not
             then
             teem
             forth
             its
             Encrease
             ,
             as
             formerly
             ,
             of
             its
             own
             accord
             ,
             but
             required
             Culture
             ,
             and
             the
             Assistance
             of
             their
             Hands
             ,
             much
             more
             than
             before
             it
             did
             .
             The
             provision
             of
             Bread
             for
             Food
             :
             Clothing
             to
             ward
             off
             the
             Injury
             and
             Inclemency
             of
             the
             Air
             :
             and
             other
             like
             Employs
             for
             the
             Comfort
             and
             Support
             of
             Life
             ,
             being
             of
             indispensible
             necessity
             ,
             were
             to
             be
             first
             look'd
             after
             ;
             and
             these
             Employs
             ,
             being
             then
             for
             the
             most
             part
             new
             to
             them
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             they
             were
             unskill'd
             in
             ,
             were
             alone
             enough
             to
             take
             up
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             their
             time
             .
             The
             methods
             they
             used
             of
             Agriculture
             ,
             and
             other
             Arts
             of
             like
             importance
             ,
             were
             so
             aukward
             and
             tedious
             ,
             as
             to
             afford
             them
             little
             leisure
             for
             
               Works
               of
               the
               Brain
            
             ,
             for
             History
             ,
             or
             Contemplations
             of
             that
             nature
             .
             And
             till
             better
             Experience
             had
             led
             their
             Posterity
             to
             the
             Improvements
             of
             Arts
             :
             
             till
             the
             Plow
             ,
             and
             other
             useful
             Instruments
             ,
             were
             found
             out
             :
             and
             they
             had
             learn'd
             more
             compendious
             and
             expeditious
             ways
             of
             dispatching
             those
             Affairs
             ,
             whereby
             they
             shortned
             their
             Labours
             ,
             and
             so
             gained
             time
             ,
             there
             was
             no
             shew
             of
             Learning
             ,
             or
             Matters
             of
             Speculation
             among
             them
             ;
             and
             we
             hear
             little
             or
             nothing
             of
             Writing
             ,
             nay
             't
             was
             a
             very
             considerable
             time
             before
             Letters
             themselves
             were
             found
             out
             .
             I
             know
             very
             well
             ,
             there
             are
             some
             who
             talk
             of
             Letters
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ;
             but
             that
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             meer
             Conjecture
             ,
             and
             I
             think
             nothing
             can
             be
             peremptorily
             determined
             either
             the
             one
             way
             or
             the
             other
             ;
             though
             I
             shall
             shew
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             highly
             probable
             they
             had
             none
             .
             Be
             that
             how
             it
             will
             ,
             I
             shall
             plainly
             make
             out
             ,
             that
             the
             Ages
             which
             next
             succeeded
             the
             Deluge
             
               had
               none
            
             ;
             so
             far
             from
             it
             ,
             that
             they
             knew
             nothing
             at
             all
             of
             them
             ;
             and
             the
             first
             Writing
             they
             used
             was
             only
             the
             simple
             Pictures
             ,
             and
             Gravings
             of
             the
             things
             they
             would
             represent
             ,
             Beasts
             ,
             Birds
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             which
             way
             of
             Expression
             was
             afterwards
             called
             Hieroglyphick
             .
             But
             this
             fell
             into
             disuse
             ,
             when
             Letters
             were
             afterwards
             discovered
             ;
             they
             being
             ,
             in
             all
             respects
             ,
             a
             
             far
             more
             excellent
             and
             noble
             Invention
             .
             We
             see
             therefore
             that
             there
             were
             several
             Reasons
             why
             those
             early
             Ages
             could
             not
             transmit
             Accounts
             of
             the
             state
             of
             the
             Earth
             and
             of
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             ,
             in
             their
             times
             ,
             down
             to
             the
             succeeding
             Generations
             .
             So
             that
             these
             having
             little
             more
             to
             trust
             to
             than
             their
             own
             Imagination
             ,
             and
             no
             surer
             a
             Guide
             in
             their
             Reasonings
             about
             
               these
               things
            
             than
             bare
             Conjecture
             ,
             't
             was
             no
             wonder
             that
             they
             fell
             into
             gross
             and
             palpable
             Mistakes
             concerning
             them
             .
          
           
             Nor
             much
             more
             wonder
             is
             it
             that
             an
             Epicurus
             :
             one
             who
             could
             ever
             espouse
             a
             Notion
             so
             enormously
             absurd
             and
             senseless
             ,
             as
             that
             the
             World
             was
             framed
             by
             Chance
             :
             that
             this
             vast
             ,
             regular
             ,
             and
             most
             stupendous
             Pile
             was
             owing
             to
             no
             higher
             a
             Principle
             than
             a
             fortuitous
             Congress
             of
             Atoms
             :
             and
             that
             either
             there
             was
             no
             God
             at
             all
             ,
             or
             ,
             which
             is
             much
             the
             same
             thing
             ,
             that
             he
             was
             an
             impotent
             and
             lazy
             Being
             ,
             and
             wholly
             without
             concern
             for
             the
             Affairs
             of
             this
             lower
             World
             :
             I
             say
             ,
             't
             is
             in
             no
             wise
             strange
             that
             such
             a
             one
             should
             believe
             ,
             as
             he
             did
             ,
             that
             things
             were
             blindly
             shuffled
             and
             hurled
             about
             in
             the
             World
             :
             that
             the
             Elements
             were
             
             at
             constant
             Strife
             and
             War
             with
             each
             other
             :
             that
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             the
             Sea
             invaded
             the
             Land
             :
             in
             others
             ,
             the
             Land
             got
             ground
             of
             the
             Sea
             :
             that
             all
             Nature
             was
             in
             an
             Hurry
             and
             Tumult
             :
             and
             that
             as
             the
             World
             was
             first
             made
             ,
             so
             should
             it
             be
             again
             dissolved
             and
             destroyed
             ,
             by
             Chance
             :
             that
             it
             had
             alreaready
             made
             large
             Advances
             that
             way
             ,
             being
             infirm
             and
             worn
             with
             Age
             ,
             shattered
             and
             crazy
             ,
             and
             would
             in
             time
             dwindle
             and
             fall
             back
             again
             into
             its
             original
             Chaos
             .
          
           
             Did
             Gravity
             ,
             the
             Inclination
             of
             Bodies
             towards
             the
             same
             common
             Center
             ,
             to
             which
             Inclination
             they
             owe
             their
             respective
             order
             ,
             and
             site
             in
             regard
             of
             each
             other
             ,
             very
             many
             of
             their
             Motions
             and
             Actions
             ,
             and
             in
             a
             great
             measure
             ,
             their
             present
             Constitution
             :
             did
             this
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             happen
             from
             so
             contingent
             ,
             precarious
             ,
             and
             inconstant
             Causes
             as
             many
             have
             believed
             :
             or
             did
             it
             stand
             upon
             so
             ●icklish
             and
             tottering
             a
             Foundation
             as
             some
             Mens
             fancy
             hath
             placed
             it
             ,
             't
             would
             be
             no
             wonder
             should
             it
             frequently
             vary
             :
             its
             Center
             swerve
             and
             shift
             ,
             upon
             every
             turn
             :
             and
             that
             there
             should
             ensue
             thereupon
             ,
             not
             only
             such
             Motions
             and
             Alterations
             of
             the
             
             Bounds
             of
             the
             Sea
             as
             they
             imagine
             ;
             but
             likewise
             many
             other
             ,
             and
             not
             less
             pernicious
             ,
             Perturbations
             of
             the
             course
             of
             
               even
               universal
            
             Nature
             .
          
           
             Or
             was
             the
             Universe
             left
             to
             its
             own
             Conduct
             and
             Management
             :
             the
             whole
             Mass
             of
             created
             Matter
             to
             its
             proper
             Disposition
             and
             Tendency
             :
             were
             there
             no
             restraint
             of
             Bounds
             to
             the
             Earth
             ,
             nor
             Curb
             to
             the
             fury
             of
             the
             Ocean
             :
             was
             there
             not
             One
             who
             had
             
               set
               bars
               and
               doors
               to
               it
               ,
               and
               said
               hitherto
               shalt
               thou
               come
               ,
               but
               no
               farther
               ,
               and
               here
               shall
               thy
               proud
               Waves
               be
               staid
            
             ;
             then
             indeed
             might
             we
             well
             expect
             such
             Vicissitudes
             and
             Confusions
             of
             things
             :
             such
             Justlings
             and
             Clashings
             in
             Nature
             :
             such
             Depredations
             ,
             and
             Changes
             of
             Sea
             and
             Land.
             
          
           
             But
             if
             the
             same
             mighty
             Power
             ,
             which
             in
             the
             beginning
             produced
             this
             vast
             System
             of
             Bodies
             out
             of
             Nothing
             ,
             and
             disposed
             and
             ranged
             them
             into
             the
             most
             excellent
             and
             beautiful
             order
             we
             now
             behold
             :
             which
             at
             first
             framed
             an
             Earth
             of
             a
             Constitution
             sutable
             to
             the
             innocent
             state
             of
             its
             primitive
             Inhabitants
             :
             and
             afterwards
             when
             Man
             had
             degenerated
             ,
             and
             quitted
             that
             Innocence
             ,
             altered
             that
             Constitution
             of
             the
          
           
           
             Earth
             ,
             by
             means
             of
             the
             Deluge
             *
             ,
             and
             reduced
             it
             to
             the
             Condition
             't
             is
             now
             in
             ,
             thereby
             adapting
             it
             more
             nearly
             to
             the
             present
             Exigencies
             of
             things
             ,
             to
             the
             laps'd
             and
             frail
             state
             of
             humane
             Nature
             :
             If
             that
             same
             Power
             be
             yet
             at
             the
             Helm
             :
             if
             it
             preside
             in
             the
             Government
             of
             the
             Natural
             World
             :
             and
             hath
             still
             the
             same
             peculiar
             Care
             of
             Mankind
             ,
             and
             ,
             for
             their
             sake
             ,
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             as
             heretofore
             ,
             (
             all
             which
             shall
             be
             evidently
             made
             out
             :
             )
             then
             may
             we
             very
             reasonably
             conclude
             't
             will
             also
             continue
             to
             preserve
             this
             Earth
             ,
             to
             be
             a
             convenient
             Habitation
             for
             the
             future
             Races
             of
             Mankind
             ,
             and
             to
             furnish
             forth
             all
             things
             necessary
             for
             their
             use
             ,
             Animals
             ,
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             as
             long
             as
             Mankind
             it self
             shall
             endure
             ;
             that
             is
             ,
             till
             the
             Design
             and
             Reason
             of
             its
             Preservation
             shall
             cease
             ;
             and
             till
             then
             ,
             so
             steady
             are
             the
             Purposes
             of
             Almighty
             Wisdom
             ,
             so
             firm
             establish'd
             ,
             and
             constant
             the
             Laws
             ,
             whereby
             it
             supports
             and
             rules
             the
             Universe
             ;
             the
             Earth
             ,
             Sea
             ,
             and
             all
             natural
             things
             will
             continue
             in
             the
             state
             wherein
             they
             now
             are
             ,
             without
             the
             least
             Senescence
             or
             Decay
             ,
             without
             jarring
             ,
             disorder
             ,
             or
             invasion
             of
             one
             another
             ,
             without
             inversion
             
             or
             variation
             of
             the
             ordinary
             Periods
             ,
             Revolutions
             ,
             and
             Successions
             of
             things
             :
             and
             we
             have
             the
             highest
             security
             imaginable
             ,
             that
             
               While
               the
               Earth
               remaineth
               ,
               Seed-time
               and
               Harvest
               ,
               and
               Cold
               and
               Heat
               ,
               and
               Summer
               and
               Winter
               ,
               and
               Day
               and
               Night
               shall
               not
               cease
               .
            
          
           
             And
             whatever
             may
             be
             urged
             in
             behalf
             of
             the
             Ancients
             ,
             I
             cannot
             well
             see
             ,
             I
             confess
             ,
             what
             can
             be
             said
             for
             the
             
               later
               Authors
            
             ,
             who
             have
             embrac'd
             the
             same
             Tenets
             ,
             more
             than
             that
             these
             Learned
             Men
             took
             up
             those
             Tenets
             
               on
               trust
            
             ,
             their
             over-great
             deference
             to
             the
             Dictates
             of
             Antiquity
             betraying
             them
             into
             a
             persuasion
             of
             such
             Changes
             in
             the
             Earth
             .
             I
             have
             given
             my
             Reasons
             above
             why
             I
             cannot
             think
             the
             Ancients
             competent
             Judges
             in
             this
             Case
             .
             We
             have
             ,
             at
             this
             time
             of
             day
             ,
             better
             and
             more
             certain
             means
             of
             Information
             than
             they
             had
             ;
             and
             therefore
             it
             were
             to
             have
             been
             wish'd
             ,
             that
             these
             Gentlemen
             had
             not
             thus
             obsequiously
             followed
             them
             ,
             but
             gone
             another
             way
             to
             work
             .
             It
             would
             certainly
             have
             been
             much
             better
             ,
             had
             they
             taken
             the
             pains
             to
             have
             look'd
             a
             little
             into
             
               Matter
               of
               Fact
            
             :
             had
             they
             consulted
             History
             and
             Geography
             ,
             in
             order
             duely
             to
             acquaint
             
             themselves
             with
             the
             past
             and
             present
             state
             of
             the
             terraqueous
             Globe
             ;
             and
             not
             to
             have
             pass'd
             Sentence
             till
             they
             had
             first
             compared
             the
             most
             ancient
             Descriptions
             of
             Countries
             with
             the
             Countries
             themselves
             as
             now
             they
             stand
             .
             Nay
             ,
             had
             they
             but
             read
             and
             attended
             to
             the
             Accounts
             which
             the
             very
             Authors
             ,
             from
             whom
             they
             borrow
             these
             Opinions
             ,
             have
             left
             us
             ,
             they
             might
             have
             discovered
             ,
             even
             from
             them
             ,
             the
             Errors
             and
             Oversights
             of
             their
             Authors
             :
             and
             have
             learn'd
             ,
             that
             the
             Face
             of
             Sea
             and
             Land
             is
             the
             very
             same
             at
             this
             day
             that
             it
             was
             when
             those
             Accounts
             were
             compiled
             :
             and
             that
             the
             Globe
             hath
             not
             sustained
             any
             considerable
             Alterations
             ,
             either
             in
             the
             whole
             ,
             or
             any
             of
             its
             Parts
             ,
             in
             all
             this
             time
             .
          
           
             Those
             who
             can
             content
             themselves
             with
             a
             Superficial
             View
             of
             Things
             :
             who
             are
             satisfied
             with
             contemplating
             them
             in
             gross
             :
             and
             can
             acquiesce
             in
             a
             general
             ,
             and
             less
             nice
             Examination
             of
             them
             :
             whose
             Thoughts
             are
             narrow
             and
             bounded
             :
             and
             their
             Prospects
             of
             Nature
             scanty
             ,
             and
             by
             piecemeal
             ,
             must
             needs
             make
             very
             short
             and
             defective
             Judgments
             ,
             and
             ,
             oftentimes
             very
             erroneous
             ,
             and
             wide
             of
             truth
             .
             Some
             
             fanciful
             Men
             have
             expected
             nothing
             but
             Confusion
             and
             Ruin
             from
             those
             very
             means
             whereby
             both
             that
             and
             this
             is
             most
             effectually
             prevented
             and
             avoided
             .
             One
             imagines
             that
             the
             terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             which
             is
             showered
             down
             along
             with
             Rain
             ,
             enlarges
             the
             Bulk
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             will
             in
             time
             bury
             ,
             and
             lay
             all
             things
             under
             ground
             .
             Another
             ,
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             fancies
             that
             the
             Earth
             will
             ere
             long
             all
             be
             wash'd
             away
             by
             Rains
             ,
             and
             borne
             down
             into
             the
             Sea
             by
             Rivers
             ;
             and
             ,
             its
             Chanel
             being
             thereby
             quite
             filled
             up
             ,
             the
             Waters
             of
             the
             Ocean
             turned
             forth
             to
             overwhelm
             the
             dry
             Land.
             Whereas
             by
             this
             Distribution
             of
             Matter
             ,
             continual
             Provision
             is
             every
             where
             made
             for
             the
             supply
             of
             Bodies
             :
             the
             just
             state
             of
             Sea
             and
             Land
             preserved
             ,
             and
             the
             Bounds
             of
             each
             secured
             ;
             quite
             contrary
             to
             the
             preposterous
             Reasonings
             of
             those
             Men
             ,
             who
             expected
             so
             different
             a
             Result
             of
             these
             things
             .
             And
             should
             this
             Circulation
             (
             from
             which
             they
             dreaded
             those
             dismal
             Consequences
             )
             once
             cease
             ,
             the
             Formation
             of
             Bodies
             would
             be
             immediately
             at
             an
             end
             :
             and
             Nature
             at
             a
             perfect
             stand
             .
             But
             I
             am
             aware
             that
             I
             transgress
             :
             and
             that
             this
             is
             a
             Prolixity
             
             not
             allowable
             in
             a
             Treatise
             of
             this
             nature
             ;
             wherefore
             I
             shall
             conclude
             ,
             after
             I
             have
             performed
             my
             Promise
             of
             discovering
             what
             it
             was
             which
             led
             the
             ancient
             Historians
             ,
             Geographers
             ,
             and
             others
             ,
             so
             generally
             into
             a
             belief
             of
             these
             frequent
             Changes
             betwixt
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ;
             and
             't
             was
             this
             .
          
           
             They
             observed
             ,
             almost
             wherever
             they
             cast
             their
             eyes
             ,
             vast
             multitudes
             of
             Sea-shells
             ,
             at
             Land
             ,
             in
             their
             Fields
             ,
             and
             even
             at
             very
             great
             distance
             from
             any
             Sea.
             This
             ,
             
               Eratasthenes
               ,
               Herodotus
               ,
               Xanthus
               Lydus
               ,
               Strabo
               ,
               Pausanias
               ,
               Pomponius
               Mela
               ,
               Theophrastus
               ,
               Strato
            
             the
             Philosopher
             ,
             Plutarch
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             them
             assure
             us
             .
             They
             found
             them
             upon
             the
             Hills
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             in
             the
             Valleys
             and
             Plains
             :
             they
             observed
             that
             they
             were
             immersed
             in
             the
             Mass
             of
             the
             Stone
             of
             their
             Rocks
             ,
             Quarries
             ,
             and
             Mines
             ,
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             as
             they
             are
             at
             this
             day
             found
             in
             all
             known
             Parts
             of
             the
             World.
             
          
           
             Nay
             in
             those
             Elder
             Times
             ,
             and
             which
             were
             so
             much
             nearer
             to
             the
             Deluge
             than
             ours
             are
             ,
             they
             found
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             more
             frequently
             ,
             and
             in
             much
             greater
             plenty
             than
             we
             now
             do
             ;
             and
             most
             ,
             if
             not
             all
             of
             them
             ,
             fresh
             ,
             
             entire
             ,
             and
             firm
             .
             The
             whole
             crustaceous
             kind
             ,
             and
             the
             lighter
             ones
             of
             the
             testaceous
             ,
             which
             together
             would
             be
             a
             vast
             number
             ,
             subsiding
             last
             ,
             fell
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ;
             *
             whilst
             the
             heavier
             ,
             which
             settled
             down
             before
             ,
             were
             entombed
             in
             the
             bowels
             of
             it
             .
             Those
             therefore
             must
             then
             lye
             every-where
             strewed
             upon
             the
             ground
             ;
             whereas
             now
             very
             few
             ,
             if
             any
             ,
             of
             them
             appear
             ;
             †
             the
             Shells
             which
             we
             find
             at
             present
             upon
             the
             face
             of
             the
             Earth
             being
             principally
             of
             the
             heavier
             sorts
             ,
             which
             were
             at
             first
             lodged
             within
             it
             ,
             and
             since
             disclosed
             and
             turned
             out
             ,
             by
             what
             means
             we
             shall
             see
             herea●●er
             ‖
             And
             indeed
             ,
             't
             is
             not
             conceivable
             how
             the
             generality
             of
             them
             could
             endure
             ●o
             many
             Hundreds
             of
             Years
             as
             have
             since
             pa●t
             :
             how
             they
             could
             lye
             so
             long
             exposed
             to
             the
             Air
             ,
             Weather
             ,
             and
             other
             Injuries
             ,
             without
             vast
             numbers
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             especially
             the
             siner
             and
             tenderer
             Species
             ,
             being
             ,
             long
             e're
             this
             ,
             perish'd
             and
             rotten
             ,
             some
             of
             them
             quite
             dissolved
             and
             vanish'd
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             so
             damaged
             ,
             many
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             altered
             by
             time
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             appear
             the
             things
             they
             then
             were
             ,
             and
             so
             create
             a
             doubt
             amongst
             some
             of
             us
             whether
             they
             are
             really
             Shells
             or
             not
             .
          
           
           
             This
             was
             a
             Scruple
             that
             never
             entered
             into
             their
             Heads
             .
             The
             Shells
             ,
             being
             then
             fair
             ,
             sound
             ,
             and
             free
             from
             decay
             ,
             were
             so
             exactly
             like
             those
             they
             saw
             lying
             upon
             their
             Shores
             ,
             that
             they
             never
             made
             any
             question
             but
             that
             they
             were
             the
             Exuviae
             of
             Shell-fish
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             once
             belonged
             all
             to
             the
             Sea.
             But
             the
             Difficulty
             was
             how
             they
             came
             thither
             ,
             and
             by
             what
             means
             they
             could
             ever
             arrive
             to
             places
             oftentimes
             so
             remote
             from
             the
             Ocean
             .
          
           
             The
             Ages
             that
             went
             before
             knew
             well
             enough
             how
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             were
             brought
             thither
             .
             But
             such
             were
             the
             Anxieties
             and
             Distresses
             of
             the
             then
             again
             infant
             World
             :
             so
             incessant
             their
             Occupations
             about
             Provision
             for
             Food
             ,
             Rayment
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             that
             (
             even
             after
             Letters
             were
             discovered
             )
             there
             was
             little
             leisure
             to
             commit
             any
             thing
             to
             Writing
             ;
             and
             ,
             for
             want
             thereof
             ,
             the
             memory
             of
             this
             extraordinary
             Accident
             was
             in
             great
             measure
             worn
             out
             and
             lost
             .
             'T
             is
             true
             there
             was
             a
             general
             and
             loud
             Rumour
             amongst
             them
             of
             a
             mighty
             Deluge
             of
             Water
             that
             had
             drowned
             all
             Mankind
             except
             only
             a
             very
             few
             Persons
             .
             But
             there
             had
             also
             happened
             very
             terrible
             Inundations
             of
             later
             date
             ,
             
             and
             which
             were
             nearer
             to
             the
             Times
             when
             these
             Authors
             lived
             .
             Such
             was
             that
             which
             overflowed
             Attica
             in
             the
             days
             of
             Ogyges
             :
             and
             that
             which
             drowned
             Thessaly
             in
             
             Deucalion's
             time
             .
             These
             made
             cruel
             Havock
             and
             Devastation
             amongst
             them
             :
             their
             own
             native
             Country
             ,
             Greece
             ,
             was
             the
             Theatre
             whereon
             these
             Tragedies
             were
             acted
             :
             and
             their
             Progenitors
             had
             seen
             and
             felt
             their
             Fury
             .
             And
             these
             happening
             nearer
             home
             ,
             and
             their
             Effects
             being
             fresh
             ,
             and
             in
             all
             Mens
             mouths
             ,
             they
             made
             so
             sensible
             and
             lasting
             Impressions
             upon
             their
             Minds
             ,
             that
             the
             old
             great
             Deluge
             was
             eclipsed
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             its
             Tradition
             mightily
             obscured
             ,
             and
             the
             Circumstances
             of
             it
             so
             interwoven
             and
             confounded
             with
             those
             of
             these
             later
             Deluges
             ,
             that
             't
             was
             e'en
             dwindled
             into
             nothing
             ,
             and
             almost
             buried
             in
             the
             Relations
             of
             those
             Inundations
             .
          
           
             In
             their
             Enquiries
             therefore
             into
             this
             Matter
             ,
             scarcely
             a
             Man
             of
             them
             thought
             ,
             or
             so
             much
             as
             dream'd
             ,
             of
             the
             Universal
             Deluge
             .
             They
             concluded
             indeed
             unanimously
             ,
             that
             the
             Sea
             had
             been
             there
             ,
             wherever
             they
             met
             with
             any
             of
             these
             Shells
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             had
             left
             
             them
             behind
             .
             And
             so
             far
             they
             were
             in
             the
             right
             :
             this
             was
             an
             Inference
             rational
             and
             natural
             enough
             .
             But
             when
             they
             began
             to
             reason
             about
             the
             means
             how
             the
             Sea
             got
             thither
             ,
             and
             a
             way
             back
             again
             ,
             there
             they
             were
             perfectly
             in
             the
             dark
             ;
             and
             ,
             both
             Tradition
             and
             Philosophy
             failing
             them
             ,
             they
             had
             recourse
             to
             Shifts
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             best
             Conjectures
             they
             could
             think
             of
             ;
             concluding
             that
             it
             was
             either
             forced
             forth
             ,
             as
             in
             particular
             Inundations
             ,
             such
             as
             those
             lately
             mentioned
             :
             or
             that
             those
             Parts
             ,
             where
             they
             found
             the
             Shells
             ,
             had
             been
             formerly
             in
             the
             Possession
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             the
             place
             of
             its
             natural
             Residence
             ,
             which
             it
             had
             since
             quitted
             and
             deserted
             .
          
           
             Upon
             this
             they
             began
             to
             seek
             out
             by
             what
             means
             ,
             most
             probably
             ,
             the
             Sea
             might
             have
             been
             dispossest
             of
             those
             Parts
             ,
             and
             constrained
             to
             move
             into
             other
             Quarters
             .
             And
             if
             't
             was
             an
             Island
             where
             they
             found
             the
             Shells
             ,
             they
             straitways
             concluded
             that
             the
             whole
             Island
             lay
             originally
             at
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Sea
             :
             and
             that
             't
             was
             either
             hoisted
             up
             by
             some
             Vapour
             from
             beneath
             :
             or
             that
             the
             Water
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             which
             formerly
             cover'd
             it
             ,
             was
             in
             time
             exhaled
             ,
             
             and
             dryed
             up
             by
             the
             Sun
             ,
             the
             Land
             thereby
             laid
             bare
             ,
             and
             these
             Shells
             brought
             to
             light
             .
             But
             if
             't
             was
             in
             any
             part
             of
             the
             Continent
             where
             they
             found
             the
             Shells
             ,
             they
             concluded
             that
             the
             Sea
             had
             been
             extruded
             and
             driven
             off
             by
             the
             Mud
             that
             was
             continually
             brought
             down
             by
             the
             Rivers
             of
             those
             parts
             .
          
           
             That
             I
             may
             not
             be
             over-tedious
             here
             ,
             I
             will
             only
             add
             ,
             that
             I
             shall
             clearly
             shew
             ,
             from
             plain
             Passages
             of
             their
             own
             Writings
             yet
             extant
             ,
             that
             't
             was
             meerly
             the
             finding
             these
             Sea-shells
             at
             Land
             that
             occasioned
             this
             Stir
             ,
             and
             raised
             all
             this
             Dust
             amongst
             the
             Ancients
             ;
             and
             upon
             which
             principally
             they
             grounded
             their
             Belief
             of
             the
             Vicissitudes
             and
             Changes
             of
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ,
             wherewith
             their
             Writings
             are
             so
             filled
             .
             But
             how
             little
             reason
             they
             had
             for
             it
             :
             and
             how
             far
             those
             have
             been
             over-seen
             who
             have
             followed
             them
             herein
             ,
             hath
             been
             intimated
             already
             ,
             and
             will
             appear
             farther
             from
             the
             following
             part
             of
             this
             Essay
             ,
             to
             the
             Account
             of
             which
             I
             now
             hasten
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             PART
             II.
             Concerning
             the
             
               Universal
               Deluge
            
             .
             That
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             were
             then
             left
             at
             Land.
             The
             Effects
             it
             had
             upon
             the
             Earth
             .
          
           
             THE
             Consectaries
             of
             the
             former
             part
             of
             this
             Discourse
             are
             all
             negative
             ;
             that
             being
             only
             introductory
             ,
             and
             serving
             but
             to
             clear
             the
             way
             to
             this
             second
             part
             :
             to
             free
             the
             Enquiry
             from
             the
             Perplexities
             that
             some
             Undertakers
             have
             encumber'd
             it
             withall
             :
             and
             to
             set
             aside
             the
             false
             Lights
             they
             used
             in
             quest
             of
             the
             Agent
             which
             transposed
             these
             Sea-shells
             to
             Land.
             
          
           
             Having
             therefore
             discharged
             my
             hands
             of
             that
             Task
             ,
             and
             ,
             from
             Observation
             of
             the
             present
             state
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             site
             and
             condition
             of
             the
             Marine
             Bodies
             which
             are
             lodged
             within
             and
             upon
             it
             ,
             shewn
             that
             they
             could
             
             not
             possibly
             be
             reposed
             in
             that
             manner
             by
             particular
             Inundations
             :
             by
             the
             Seas
             receding
             and
             shifting
             from
             place
             to
             place
             :
             nor
             by
             any
             of
             the
             other
             means
             there
             proposed
             :
             I
             pass
             next
             on
             to
             search
             out
             the
             true
             means
             :
             and
             to
             discover
             the
             Agent
             that
             did
             actually
             bring
             them
             forth
             ,
             and
             disposed
             them
             into
             the
             Method
             and
             Order
             wherein
             we
             now
             find
             them
             .
             To
             which
             purpose
             I
             have
             recourse
             again
             to
             the
             Observations
             ;
             for
             by
             their
             Assistance
             this
             Matter
             may
             be
             rightly
             and
             fully
             adjusted
             .
             So
             that
             I
             shall
             only
             proceed
             ,
             as
             hitherto
             ,
             to
             make
             Inferences
             from
             them
             ;
             which
             Inferences
             ,
             in
             this
             Part
             are
             all
             Affirmative
             .
             Of
             these
             ,
             the
             first
             is
             ,
          
           
             
             That
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             were
             born
             forth
             *
             of
             the
             Sea
             by
             the
             Universal
             Deluge
             :
             and
             that
             ,
             upon
             the
             ret●●n
             of
             the
             Water
             back
             again
             from
             off
             the
             Earth
             ,
             they
             were
             left
             behind
             at
             Land.
             
          
           
             This
             is
             a
             Proposition
             of
             some
             weight
             and
             consequence
             ;
             upon
             which
             Account
             I
             shall
             be
             somewhat
             prolix
             and
             particular
             in
             the
             Establishment
             of
             it
             :
             careful
             and
             exact
             in
             conferring
             every
             Circumstance
             of
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             ,
             to
             see
             how
             they
             square
             with
             it
             :
             and
             shall
             not
             dismiss
             it
             till
             I
             have
             evinced
             
             that
             those
             which
             I
             prest
             ,
             in
             the
             precedent
             Part
             ,
             as
             Objections
             against
             the
             several
             ways
             there
             propounded
             ,
             all
             fall
             in
             here
             ,
             and
             are
             the
             clearest
             and
             most
             convincing
             Arguments
             of
             the
             truth
             hereof
             :
             that
             this
             ,
             and
             this
             alone
             ,
             does
             naturally
             and
             easily
             account
             for
             all
             those
             Circumstances
             :
             and
             fairly
             takes
             off
             all
             Difficulties
             .
             Which
             Difficulties
             I
             propose
             at
             large
             ,
             and
             particularly
             those
             which
             have
             of
             late
             been
             urged
             ,
             by
             some
             Learned
             Men
             ,
             as
             proofs
             that
             these
             Bodies
             were
             not
             left
             behind
             by
             the
             Deluge
             ;
             shewing
             of
             how
             little
             Validity
             they
             are
             .
          
           
             Which
             being
             dispatch'd
             ,
             I
             return
             back
             to
             my
             Observations
             ;
             and
             proceed
             upon
             them
             to
             represent
             the
             Effects
             that
             the
             Deluge
             had
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             the
             Alterations
             that
             it
             wrought
             in
             the
             Globe
             ;
             some
             whereof
             were
             indeed
             very
             extraordinary
             .
             These
             I
             distribute
             into
             two
             Classes
             ;
             the
             first
             of
             which
             will
             contain
             those
             that
             are
             only
             probable
             ,
             and
             of
             which
             we
             have
             some
             reasonable
             Intimations
             ,
             but
             not
             an
             absolute
             and
             demonstrative
             Certainty
             ,
             the
             Proofs
             whereon
             they
             depend
             being
             more
             remote
             .
             And
             these
             I
             shall
             wholly
             wave
             at
             present
             ,
             and
             not
             crowd
             
             this
             shorter
             Treatise
             with
             the
             Relation
             of
             them
             ,
             reserving
             that
             room
             for
             those
             of
             the
             second
             Class
             ,
             which
             are
             those
             whereof
             we
             have
             a
             plain
             and
             undeniable
             Certainty
             :
             those
             which
             flow
             directly
             and
             immediately
             from
             the
             Observations
             :
             and
             which
             are
             so
             evident
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             impossible
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             could
             have
             been
             any
             ways
             lodged
             in
             such
             manner
             ,
             and
             to
             so
             great
             depths
             ,
             in
             the
             Beds
             of
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             had
             not
             these
             Alterations
             all
             happened
             .
             Namely
             ,
          
           
             
             That
             during
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             whilst
             the
             Water
             was
             out
             upon
             ,
             and
             covered
             the
             Terrestrial
             Globe
             ,
             All
             the
             Stone
             and
             Marble
             of
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             :
             all
             the
             Metalls
             of
             it
             :
             all
             Mineral
             Concretions
             :
             and
             ,
             in
             a
             word
             ,
             all
             Fossils
             whatever
             that
             had
             befor●
             obtained
             any
             Solidity
             ,
             were
             totally
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             their
             constituent
             Corpuscles
             all
             disjoyned
             ,
             their
             Cohaesion
             perfectly
             ceasing
             .
             That
             the
             said
             Corpuscles
             of
             these
             solid
             Fossils
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             those
             which
             were
             not
             before
             solid
             ,
             such
             as
             Sand
             ,
             Earth
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             :
             as
             also
             all
             Animal
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             parts
             of
             Animals
             ,
             Bones
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             Shells
             :
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             
             parts
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             Trees
             ,
             Shrubs
             ,
             Herbs
             :
             and
             ,
             to
             be
             short
             ,
             all
             Bodies
             whatsoever
             that
             were
             either
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             or
             that
             constituted
             the
             Mass
             of
             it
             ,
             if
             not
             quite
             down
             to
             the
             Abyss
             *
             ,
             yet
             at
             least
             to
             the
             greatest
             depth
             we
             ever
             dig
             :
             I
             say
             all
             these
             were
             assumed
             up
             promiscuously
             into
             the
             Water
             ,
             and
             sustained
             in
             it
             ,
             in
             such
             manner
             that
             the
             Water
             ,
             and
             Bodies
             in
             it
             ,
             together
             made
             up
             one
             common
             confused
             Mass.
             
          
           
             That
             at
             length
             all
             the
             Mass
             that
             
             was
             thus
             borne
             up
             in
             the
             Water
             ,
             was
             again
             precipitated
             and
             subsided
             towards
             the
             bottom
             .
             That
             this
             Subsidence
             happened
             generally
             ,
             and
             as
             near
             as
             possibly
             could
             be
             expected
             in
             so
             great
             a
             Confusion
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Laws
             of
             Gravity
             †
             :
             that
             Matter
             ,
             Body
             ,
             or
             Bodies
             ,
             which
             had
             the
             greatest
             quantity
             or
             degree
             of
             Gravity
             ,
             subsiding
             first
             in
             order
             ,
             and
             falling
             lowest
             :
             that
             which
             had
             the
             next
             ,
             or
             a
             still
             lesser
             degree
             of
             Gravity
             ,
             subsiding
             next
             after
             ,
             and
             ●ettling
             upon
             the
             precedent
             :
             and
             so
             on
             in
             their
             several
             Courses
             ;
             that
             which
             had
             the
             least
             Gravity
             sinking
             not
             down
             till
             last
             of
             all
             ,
             settling
             at
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Sediment
             ,
             and
             covering
             all
             the
             rest
             .
             That
             the
             
             Matter
             ,
             subsiding
             thus
             ,
             formed
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             of
             Marble
             ,
             of
             Cole
             ,
             of
             Earth
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ;
             of
             which
             Strata
             ,
             lying
             one
             upon
             another
             ,
             the
             Terrestrial
             Globe
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             as
             much
             of
             it
             as
             is
             ever
             displayed
             to
             view
             ,
             doth
             mainly
             consist
             .
             That
             the
             Strata
             being
             arranged
             in
             this
             order
             meerly
             by
             the
             disparity
             of
             the
             Matter
             ,
             of
             which
             each
             consisted
             ,
             as
             to
             Gravity
             ,
             that
             Matter
             which
             was
             heaviest
             descending
             first
             ,
             and
             all
             that
             had
             the
             same
             degree
             of
             Gravity
             subsiding
             at
             the
             same
             time
             :
             and
             ihere
             being
             Bodies
             of
             quite
             different
             Kinds
             ,
             Natures
             ,
             and
             Constitutions
             ,
             that
             are
             nearly
             of
             the
             same
             specifick
             Gravity
             ,
             it
             thence
             happened
             that
             Bodies
             of
             quite
             different
             kinds
             subsided
             at
             the
             same
             instant
             ,
             fell
             together
             into
             ,
             and
             composed
             the
             same
             Stratum
             .
             That
             for
             this
             reason
             the
             Shells
             of
             those
             Cockles
             ,
             Escalops
             ,
             Perewinkles
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             which
             have
             a
             greater
             degree
             of
             Gravity
             ,
             were
             enclosed
             and
             lodged
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             and
             the
             heavier
             kinds
             of
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             :
             the
             lighter
             Shells
             not
             sinking
             down
             till
             afterwards
             ,
             and
             so
             falling
             amongst
             the
             lighter
             Matter
             ,
             such
             as
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             in
             all
             such
             parts
             
             of
             the
             Mass
             where
             there
             happened
             to
             be
             any
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             Chalk
             ,
             or
             other
             Matter
             lighter
             than
             Stone
             ;
             but
             where
             there
             was
             none
             ,
             the
             said
             Shells
             fell
             upon
             ,
             or
             near
             unto
             ,
             the
             Surface
             :
             and
             that
             accordingly
             we
             now
             find
             the
             lighter
             kinds
             of
             Shells
             ,
             such
             as
             those
             of
             the
             Echini
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             very
             plentifully
             in
             Chalk
             ,
             but
             of
             the
             heavier
             kinds
             scarcely
             one
             ever
             appears
             ;
             these
             subsiding
             sooner
             ,
             and
             so
             settling
             deeper
             ,
             and
             beneath
             the
             Strata
             of
             Chalk
             .
             That
             Humane
             Bodies
             ,
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Quadrupeds
             ,
             and
             other
             Land-Animals
             ,
             of
             Birds
             ,
             of
             Fishes
             ,
             both
             of
             the
             Cartilaginous
             ,
             Squamose
             ,
             and
             Crustaceous
             kinds
             ;
             the
             Bones
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             Horns
             ,
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             Beasts
             ,
             and
             of
             Fishes
             :
             the
             Shells
             of
             Land-Snails
             :
             and
             the
             Shells
             of
             those
             River
             and
             Sea
             Shell-Fish
             that
             were
             lighter
             than
             Chalk
             &c.
             
             Trees
             ,
             Shrubs
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             the
             Seeds
             of
             them
             :
             and
             that
             peculiar
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             whereof
             these
             consist
             ,
             and
             out
             of
             which
             they
             are
             all
             formed
             :
             I
             say
             all
             these
             (
             except
             some
             Mineral
             or
             Metallick
             Matter
             happened
             to
             have
             been
             affix'd
             to
             any
             of
             them
             *
             ,
             whilst
             they
             were
             sustained
             together
             in
             the
             Water
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             augment
             
             the
             weight
             of
             them
             )
             being
             ,
             bulk
             for
             bulk
             ,
             lighter
             than
             Sand
             ,
             Marl
             ,
             Chalk
             ,
             or
             the
             other
             ordinary
             Matter
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             were
             not
             precipitated
             till
             the
             last
             ,
             and
             so
             lay
             above
             all
             the
             former
             ,
             constituting
             the
             supreme
             or
             outmost
             Stratum
             of
             the
             Globe
             .
             That
             ●hese
             being
             thus
             lodged
             upon
             the
             rest
             ,
             and
             consequently
             more
             nearly
             exposed
             to
             the
             Air
             ,
             Weather
             ,
             and
             other
             Injuries
             ;
             the
             Bodies
             of
             the
             Animals
             would
             suddenly
             corrupt
             and
             rot
             :
             the
             Bones
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             and
             Shells
             ,
             would
             likewise
             all
             rot
             in
             time
             ,
             except
             those
             which
             were
             secured
             by
             the
             extraordinary
             Strength
             and
             Firmness
             of
             their
             Parts
             ,
             or
             which
             happened
             to
             be
             lodged
             in
             such
             places
             where
             there
             was
             great
             plenty
             of
             bituminous
             or
             other
             like
             Matter
             to
             preserve
             ,
             and
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             embalm
             them
             :
             that
             the
             Trees
             would
             in
             time
             also
             decay
             and
             rot
             ,
             unless
             such
             as
             chanced
             to
             be
             reposed
             in
             ,
             and
             secured
             by
             the
             same
             kind
             of
             Matter
             :
             that
             the
             other
             more
             tender
             Vegetables
             ,
             Shrubs
             ,
             and
             Herbs
             ,
             would
             rot
             likewise
             and
             decay
             :
             But
             the
             Seeds
             of
             all
             kinds
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             being
             by
             this
             means
             reposed
             ,
             and
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             planted
             near
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             in
             a
             convenient
             and
             natural
             
             Soil
             ,
             amongst
             Matter
             proper
             for
             the
             Formation
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             would
             germinate
             ,
             grow
             up
             ,
             and
             replenish
             the
             face
             of
             the
             Earth
             :
             And
             that
             vegetative
             terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             that
             fell
             ,
             along
             with
             these
             ,
             into
             this
             uppermost
             Stratum
             ,
             and
             of
             which
             principally
             it
             consists
             ,
             hath
             been
             ever
             since
             ,
             and
             will
             continue
             to
             be
             ,
             the
             standing
             fund
             and
             promptuary
             out
             of
             which
             is
             derived
             the
             Matter
             of
             all
             Animal
             and
             Vegetable
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             whereinto
             ,
             at
             the
             Dissolution
             of
             those
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             Matter
             is
             restored
             back
             again
             successively
             for
             the
             Constitution
             and
             Formation
             of
             others
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Strata
             of
             Marble
             ,
             of
             Stone
             ,
             
             and
             of
             all
             other
             solid
             Matter
             ,
             attained
             their
             Solidity
             ,
             as
             soon
             as
             the
             Sand
             ,
             or
             other
             Matter
             whereof
             they
             consist
             ,
             was
             arrived
             at
             the
             bottom
             ,
             and
             well
             settled
             there
             :
             And
             that
             all
             those
             Strata
             which
             are
             solid
             at
             this
             day
             ,
             have
             been
             so
             ever
             since
             that
             time
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             said
             Strata
             ;
             whether
             of
             
             Stone
             ,
             of
             Chalk
             ,
             of
             Cole
             ,
             of
             Earth
             ,
             or
             whatever
             other
             Matter
             they
             consisted
             of
             ,
             lying
             thus
             each
             upon
             other
             ,
             were
             all
             originally
             parallel
             :
             that
             they
             were
             plain
             ,
             eaven
             ,
             and
             regular
             ;
             and
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             likewise
             eaven
             
             and
             spherical
             :
             that
             they
             were
             continuous
             ,
             and
             not
             interrupted
             ,
             or
             broken
             :
             and
             that
             the
             whole
             Mass
             of
             the
             Water
             lay
             then
             above
             them
             all
             ,
             and
             constituted
             a
             fluid
             Sphere
             environing
             the
             Globe
             .
          
           
             
             That
             after
             some
             time
             the
             Strata
             were
             broken
             ,
             on
             all
             sides
             of
             the
             Globe
             :
             that
             they
             were
             dislocated
             ,
             and
             their
             Situation
             varied
             ,
             being
             elevated
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             and
             depressed
             in
             others
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             Agent
             ,
             or
             force
             ,
             which
             effected
             this
             Disruption
             and
             Dislocation
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             was
             seated
             within
             the
             Earth
             .
          
           
             
             That
             all
             the
             Irregularities
             and
             Inequalities
             of
             the
             Terrestrial
             Globe
             were
             caused
             by
             this
             means
             :
             date
             their
             Original
             from
             this
             Disruption
             ,
             and
             are
             all
             entirely
             owing
             unto
             it
             .
             That
             the
             natural
             
             Grotto's
             in
             Rocks
             ,
             and
             those
             Intervals
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             which
             ,
             in
             my
             Observations
             ,
             I
             call
             the
             
               Perpendicular
               Fissures
            
             ,
             are
             nothing
             but
             these
             Interruptions
             or
             Breaches
             of
             the
             Strata
             .
             That
             the
             more
             eminent
             Parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             Mountains
             and
             Rocks
             ,
             are
             only
             the
             Elevations
             of
             the
             Strata
             ;
             these
             ,
             wherever
             they
             were
             solid
             ,
             rearing
             against
             and
             supporting
             each
             other
             in
             
             the
             posture
             whereinto
             they
             were
             put
             by
             the
             bursting
             or
             breaking
             up
             of
             the
             Sphere
             of
             Earth
             ‖
             :
             and
             not
             falling
             down
             again
             ,
             nor
             returning
             to
             their
             former
             and
             more
             level
             site
             ,
             as
             did
             the
             Strata
             of
             Earth
             ,
             and
             other
             Matter
             that
             was
             not
             solid
             ,
             and
             had
             no
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             or
             other
             consistent
             Matter
             ,
             interposed
             ,
             amongst
             their
             Strata
             ,
             underneath
             ,
             to
             uphold
             them
             in
             the
             posture
             they
             were
             then
             raised
             into
             .
             For
             which
             reason'tis
             ,
             that
             Countries
             which
             abound
             with
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             or
             other
             solid
             Matter
             ,
             are
             uneaven
             and
             mountainous
             :
             and
             that
             those
             which
             afford
             none
             of
             these
             ,
             but
             consist
             of
             Clay
             ,
             Gravel
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             without
             any
             Stone
             &c.
             interposed
             ,
             are
             more
             champaign
             ,
             plain
             ,
             and
             level
             .
             That
             the
             lower
             parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             Vallies
             ,
             the
             
               Chanel
               of
               the
               Sea
            
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             are
             nothing
             but
             Depressions
             of
             the
             Strata
             .
             That
             Islands
             were
             formed
             and
             distinguished
             by
             the
             Depression
             or
             sinking
             down
             of
             the
             Strata
             lying
             betwixt
             each
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             betwixt
             them
             and
             the
             Continent
             .
             In
             one
             word
             ,
             that
             the
             
               whole
               terraqueous
               Globe
            
             was
             ,
             by
             this
             means
             ,
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             put
             into
             the
             Condition
             that
             we
             now
             behold
             .
          
           
           
             Here
             was
             ,
             we
             see
             ,
             a
             mighty
             Revolution
             :
             and
             that
             attended
             with
             Accidents
             very
             strange
             and
             amazing
             :
             the
             most
             horrible
             and
             portentous
             Catastrophe
             that
             Nature
             ever
             yet
             saw
             :
             an
             elegant
             ,
             orderly
             ,
             and
             habitable
             Earth
             quite
             unhinged
             ,
             shattered
             all
             to
             pieces
             ,
             and
             turned
             into
             an
             heap
             of
             ruins
             :
             Convulsions
             so
             exorbitant
             and
             unruly
             :
             a
             Change
             so
             exceeding
             great
             and
             violent
             ,
             that
             the
             very
             Representation
             alone
             is
             enough
             to
             startle
             and
             shock
             a
             Man.
             In
             truth
             the
             thing
             ,
             at
             first
             ,
             appeared
             so
             wonderful
             and
             surprizing
             to
             me
             ,
             that
             I
             must
             confess
             I
             was
             for
             some
             time
             at
             a
             stand
             ;
             nor
             could
             I
             bring
             over
             my
             Reason
             to
             assent
             ,
             untill
             ,
             by
             a
             deliberate
             and
             careful
             Examination
             of
             all
             Circumstances
             of
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             ,
             I
             was
             abundantly
             convinced
             that
             they
             could
             not
             have
             come
             into
             those
             Circumstances
             by
             any
             other
             means
             than
             such
             a
             Dissolution
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             Confusion
             of
             things
             .
             And
             were
             it
             not
             that
             the
             Observations
             ,
             made
             in
             so
             many
             ,
             and
             those
             so
             distant
             ,
             places
             ,
             and
             repeated
             so
             often
             with
             the
             most
             scrupulous
             and
             diffident
             Circumspection
             ,
             did
             so
             establish
             and
             ascertain
             the
             thing
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             leave
             any
             room
             for
             Contest
             or
             
             Doubt
             ,
             I
             could
             scarcely
             ever
             have
             credited
             it
             .
          
           
             And
             though
             the
             whole
             Series
             of
             this
             extraordinary
             Turn
             may
             seem
             at
             first
             view
             to
             exhibit
             nothing
             but
             Tumult
             and
             Disorder
             :
             nothing
             but
             hurry
             ,
             jarring
             ,
             and
             distraction
             of
             things
             :
             though
             it
             may
             carry
             along
             with
             it
             some
             slight
             shew
             that
             't
             was
             managed
             blindly
             and
             at
             random
             :
             yet
             if
             we
             draw
             somewhat
             nearer
             ,
             and
             take
             a
             closer
             prospect
             of
             it
             :
             if
             we
             look
             into
             its
             retired
             Movements
             ,
             and
             more
             secret
             and
             latent
             Springs
             ,
             we
             may
             there
             trace
             out
             a
             steady
             Hand
             ,
             producing
             good
             out
             of
             evil
             :
             the
             most
             consummate
             and
             absolute
             Order
             and
             Beauty
             ,
             out
             of
             the
             highest
             Confusion
             and
             Deformity
             :
             acting
             with
             the
             most
             exquisite
             Contrivance
             and
             Wisdom
             :
             attending
             vigilantly
             throughout
             the
             whole
             Course
             of
             this
             grand
             Affair
             ,
             and
             directing
             all
             the
             several
             Steps
             and
             Periods
             of
             it
             to
             
               an
               End
            
             ,
             and
             that
             a
             most
             noble
             and
             excellent
             one
             ;
             no
             less
             than
             the
             Happiness
             of
             the
             whole
             race
             of
             Mankind
             :
             the
             Benefit
             ,
             and
             universal
             Good
             ,
             of
             all
             the
             many
             Generations
             of
             Men
             which
             were
             to
             come
             after
             :
             which
             were
             to
             inhabit
             this
             Earth
             ,
             thus
             moduled
             anew
             ,
             thus
             suited
             to
             their
             
             present
             Condition
             and
             Necessities
             .
          
           
             But
             the
             Presidence
             of
             that
             mighty
             Power
             in
             this
             Revolution
             :
             its
             particular
             Agency
             and
             Concern
             therein
             :
             and
             its
             Purpose
             and
             Design
             in
             the
             several
             Accidents
             of
             it
             ,
             will
             more
             evidently
             appear
             ,
             when
             I
             shall
             have
             proved
             ,
          
           
             That
             ,
             altho'
             one
             Intention
             of
             the
             Deluge
             was
             to
             inflict
             a
             deserved
             Punishment
             upon
             
               that
               Race
            
             of
             Men
             ,
             yet
             it
             was
             not
             solely
             levelled
             against
             Mankind
             ,
             but
             principally
             against
             the
             Earth
             that
             then
             was
             ;
             with
             design
             to
             destroy
             and
             alter
             that
             Constitution
             of
             it
             ,
             which
             was
             apparently
             calculated
             and
             contrived
             for
             a
             state
             of
             Innocence
             :
             to
             fashion
             it
             afresh
             ,
             and
             give
             it
             a
             Constitution
             more
             nearly
             accommodated
             to
             the
             present
             Frailties
             of
             its
             Inhabitants
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             said
             Earth
             ,
             though
             not
             indifferently
             and
             alike
             fertil
             in
             all
             parts
             of
             it
             ,
             was
             yet
             generally
             much
             more
             fertil
             than
             ours
             is
             .
             That
             the
             exteriour
             Stratum
             or
             Surface
             of
             it
             ,
             consisted
             entirely
             of
             a
             kind
             of
             terrestrial
             Matter
             proper
             for
             the
             Nourishment
             and
             Formation
             of
             Plants
             ,
             and
             this
             in
             great
             Plenty
             and
             Purity
             ;
             being
             little
             ,
             or
             not
             at
             all
             ,
             entangled
             with
             an
             Intermixture
             of
             meer
             Mineral
             Matter
             that
             was
             unfit
             
             for
             Vegetation
             .
             That
             its
             Soil
             was
             more
             luxuriant
             ,
             and
             teemed
             forth
             its
             Productions
             in
             far
             greater
             plenty
             and
             abundance
             than
             the
             present
             Earth
             does
             .
             That
             the
             Plough
             was
             then
             of
             no
             use
             ,
             and
             not
             invented
             till
             after
             the
             Deluge
             ;
             that
             Earth
             requiring
             little
             or
             no
             Care
             or
             Culture
             ;
             but
             yeilding
             its
             encrease
             freely
             ,
             and
             without
             any
             considerable
             Labour
             and
             Toil
             ,
             or
             assistance
             of
             Humane
             Industry
             ;
             by
             this
             means
             allowing
             Mankind
             that
             time
             ,
             which
             must
             otherwise
             have
             been
             spent
             in
             Agriculture
             ,
             Plowing
             ,
             Sowing
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             to
             far
             more
             divine
             and
             noble
             Uses
             :
             to
             Purposes
             more
             agreeable
             to
             the
             Design
             of
             their
             Creation
             ;
             there
             being
             no
             hazard
             ,
             whilst
             they
             continued
             in
             that
             state
             of
             Perfection
             ,
             of
             their
             abusing
             this
             Plenty
             ,
             or
             perverting
             it
             to
             any
             other
             end
             than
             the
             sustenance
             of
             Nature
             ,
             and
             the
             necessary
             support
             of
             Life
             .
          
           
             That
             when
             Man
             was
             fallen
             ,
             and
             had
             abandoned
             his
             primitive
             Innocence
             ,
             the
             Cafe
             was
             much
             altered
             ,
             and
             a
             far
             different
             Scene
             of
             Things
             presented
             ;
             that
             generous
             Vertue
             ,
             masculine
             Bravery
             ,
             and
             prudent
             Circumspection
             
             which
             he
             was
             before
             Master
             of
             ,
             now
             deserted
             him
             ,
             together
             with
             that
             Innocence
             which
             was
             the
             Basis
             and
             Support
             of
             all
             :
             and
             a
             strange
             imbecility
             immediately
             seized
             and
             laid
             hold
             of
             him
             :
             he
             became
             pusillanimous
             ,
             and
             was
             easily
             ruffled
             with
             every
             little
             Passion
             within
             :
             supine
             ,
             and
             as
             openly
             exposed
             to
             any
             Temptation
             or
             Assault
             from
             without
             .
             And
             now
             these
             exuberant
             Productions
             of
             the
             Earth
             became
             a
             continual
             Decoy
             and
             Snare
             unto
             him
             :
             they
             only
             excited
             and
             fomented
             his
             Lusts
             ,
             and
             ministred
             plentiful
             Fewel
             to
             his
             Vices
             and
             Luxury
             ;
             and
             the
             Earth
             requiring
             little
             or
             no
             Tillage
             ,
             there
             was
             little
             occasion
             for
             Labour
             ;
             so
             that
             almost
             his
             whole
             time
             lay
             upon
             his
             hands
             ,
             and
             gave
             him
             leisure
             to
             contrive
             ,
             and
             full
             swing
             to
             pursue
             his
             Follies
             ;
             by
             which
             means
             he
             was
             laid
             open
             to
             all
             manner
             of
             Pravity
             ,
             Corruption
             ,
             and
             Enormity
             ;
             and
             we
             need
             not
             be
             much
             surprized
             to
             hear
             
               That
               the
               wickedness
               of
               Man
               was
               great
               in
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               that
               every
               imagination
               of
               the
               thoughts
               of
               his
               heart
               was
               only
               evil
               continually
            
             
             :
             no●
             more
             ,
             that
             that
             Generation
             of
             Men
             was
             more
             particularly
             addicted
             to
             Intemperance
             ,
             
             Sensuality
             ,
             and
             Unchastity
             :
             that
             they
             spent
             their
             time
             in
             Gluttony
             ,
             in
             
               Eating
               and
               Drinking
            
             ,
             in
             Lust
             and
             Wantonness
             ,
             or
             ,
             as
             the
             sacred
             Writer
             cleanly
             and
             modestly
             expresses
             it
             ,
             in
             
               marrying
               ,
               and
               giving
               in
               marriage
            
             ‖
             ,
             and
             this
             without
             Discretion
             or
             Decency
             :
             without
             regard
             to
             Age
             or
             Affinity
             :
             but
             promiscuously
             ,
             and
             with
             no
             better
             a
             Guide
             than
             the
             Impulses
             of
             a
             brutal
             Appetite
             ,
             
               They
               took
               them
               Wives
               of
               all
               which
               they
               chose
            
             *
             ;
             Plenty
             and
             Abundance
             ,
             Idleness
             and
             Ease
             ,
             so
             naturally
             cherishing
             and
             promoting
             those
             particular
             Vices
             :
             nor
             lastly
             ,
             that
             the
             Apostacy
             was
             so
             great
             ,
             the
             Infection
             so
             universal
             :
             that
             
               the
               Earth
               was
               filled
               with
               violence
               ,
            
             and
             that
             
               all
               flesh
               had
               corrupted
               his
               way
            
             †
             ;
             the
             Cause
             of
             this
             Corruption
             ,
             the
             Fertility
             of
             that
             Earth
             ,
             being
             so
             universal
             ,
             so
             diffusive
             and
             epidemical
             .
             And
             indeed
             ,
             't
             would
             be
             very
             hard
             to
             assign
             any
             other
             single
             Cause
             ,
             besides
             this
             ,
             that
             could
             ever
             possibly
             have
             had
             so
             spreading
             and
             general
             an
             Effect
             as
             this
             had
             .
             The
             Pravity
             of
             humane
             Nature
             is
             not
             ,
             I
             fear
             ,
             less
             than
             it
             was
             then
             :
             The
             Passions
             of
             Men
             are
             yet
             as
             exorbitant
             ,
             and
             their
             Inclinations
             as
             vicious
             :
             Men
             have
             been
             wicked
             since
             
             the
             Deluge
             :
             they
             are
             so
             still
             :
             and
             will
             be
             so
             ,
             but
             not
             universally
             ;
             there
             are
             now
             bounds
             set
             to
             the
             Contagion
             ,
             and
             't
             is
             restrained
             by
             removing
             the
             main
             cause
             of
             it
             ;
             but
             there
             ,
             the
             Venom
             manifested
             it self
             on
             all
             hands
             :
             spread
             far
             and
             near
             :
             and
             scarcely
             stop'd
             till
             't
             was
             insinuated
             into
             the
             whole
             mass
             of
             Mankind
             ,
             and
             the
             World
             was
             little
             better
             than
             a
             common
             fold
             of
             Phrenticks
             and
             Bedlams
             .
          
           
             That
             to
             reclaim
             and
             retrieve
             the
             World
             out
             of
             this
             wretched
             and
             forlorn
             state
             ,
             the
             common
             Father
             and
             Benefactor
             of
             Mankind
             seasonably
             interposed
             his
             hand
             :
             and
             rescued
             miserable
             Man
             out
             of
             the
             gross
             Stupidity
             and
             Sensuality
             whereinto
             he
             was
             thus
             unfortunately
             plunged
             .
             And
             this
             he
             did
             partly
             by
             tying
             up
             his
             hands
             ,
             and
             shortning
             the
             power
             of
             sinning
             :
             checking
             him
             ,
             in
             the
             Career
             of
             his
             Follies
             ,
             by
             Diseases
             and
             Pains
             :
             and
             setting
             Death
             ,
             the
             King
             of
             Terrors
             ,
             which
             before
             stood
             aloof
             off
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             long
             distance
             of
             eight
             or
             nine
             hundred
             Years
             ,
             now
             much
             nearer
             to
             his
             view
             ,
             ordaining
             *
             that
             
               his
               days
               shall
               be
            
             but
             
               an
               hundred
               and
               twenty
               years
            
             †
             :
             and
             partly
             by
             removing
             the
             Temptation
             ,
             
             and
             cause
             of
             the
             Sin
             :
             by
             destroying
             *
             that
             Earth
             which
             had
             furnish'd
             forth
             Maintenance
             in
             such
             store
             unto
             it
             :
             by
             changing
             that
             Constitution
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             rendring
             it
             more
             agreeable
             to
             the
             laps'd
             and
             frail
             state
             of
             Mankind
             .
             That
             this
             Change
             was
             not
             wrought
             by
             altering
             either
             the
             form
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             or
             its
             Position
             in
             respect
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             as
             was
             not
             long
             ago
             surmised
             by
             a
             very
             Learned
             Man
             †
             ,
             but
             by
             dissolving
             ‖
             it
             :
             by
             reducing
             all
             the
             Matter
             of
             it
             to
             its
             first
             constituent
             Principles
             :
             by
             mingling
             ,
             and
             confounding
             them
             :
             the
             Vegetative
             with
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             and
             the
             different
             kinds
             of
             mineral
             Matter
             with
             each
             other
             **
             :
             and
             by
             retrenching
             a
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             the
             vegetable
             Matter
             ,
             (
             which
             lay
             in
             such
             plenty
             and
             purity
             at
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             ,
             and
             rendred
             it
             so
             exuberantly
             
             fruitful
             )
             and
             precipitating
             it
             ,
             (
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             subsidence
             ‖
             of
             the
             general
             Mass
             of
             Earth
             and
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             which
             were
             before
             raised
             up
             into
             the
             Water
             )
             to
             such
             a
             depth
             as
             to
             bury
             it
             ,
             leaving
             only
             so
             much
             of
             it
             near
             the
             Surface
             as
             might
             just
             sufficiently
             satisfie
             the
             Wants
             of
             humane
             Nature
             ,
             but
             little
             or
             no
             more
             ;
             and
             even
             that
             not
             pure
             ,
             not
             free
             from
             the
             inter-mixture
             of
             meer
             steril
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             is
             in
             no
             wise
             fit
             for
             the
             Nutrition
             of
             Vegetables
             ;
             but
             so
             that
             it
             should
             require
             Industry
             and
             Labour
             to
             excite
             it
             ,
             and
             not
             yeild
             a
             competent
             Crop
             without
             Tillage
             and
             Manure
             .
             That
             by
             this
             means
             ,
             a
             great
             part
             of
             that
             time
             ,
             which
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             the
             former
             Earth
             had
             to
             spare
             ,
             and
             whereof
             they
             made
             so
             ill
             use
             ,
             was
             employed
             ,
             and
             taken
             up
             in
             Digging
             and
             Plowing
             ,
             in
             making
             provision
             for
             bread
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             Necessities
             of
             Life
             :
             and
             the
             Excess
             of
             Fertility
             ,
             which
             contributed
             so
             much
             to
             their
             Miscarriages
             ,
             was
             retracted
             and
             cut
             off
             .
          
           
             That
             had
             the
             Deluge
             been
             aimed
             
               only
               at
               Mankind
            
             :
             and
             its
             utmost
             design
             meerly
             to
             punish
             that
             Generation
             ,
             and
             thereby
             to
             deterr
             Posterity
             from
             the
             
             like
             Offences
             ;
             this
             might
             have
             been
             brought
             about
             by
             means
             much
             more
             compendious
             ,
             and
             obvious
             too
             ,
             and
             yet
             equally
             terrifying
             and
             exemplary
             .
             Mankind
             ,
             I
             say
             ,
             might
             have
             been
             taken
             off
             at
             a
             far
             cheaper
             rate
             :
             without
             this
             ransacking
             of
             Nature
             ,
             and
             turning
             all
             things
             topsie-turvy
             :
             without
             this
             battering
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             unhinging
             the
             whole
             frame
             of
             the
             Globe
             .
             The
             Business
             might
             have
             been
             done
             as
             effectually
             by
             Wars
             ;
             the
             Heart
             of
             every
             Man
             of
             them
             was
             in
             the
             hand
             of
             God
             ,
             and
             he
             could
             easily
             have
             made
             them
             Executioners
             of
             his
             Wrath
             upon
             one
             another
             .
             He
             had
             the
             command
             of
             Famine
             ,
             of
             Pestilence
             ,
             and
             a
             thousand
             other
             Disasters
             ,
             whereby
             he
             could
             have
             carried
             them
             off
             by
             sholes
             ,
             yea
             swept
             them
             all
             clear
             away
             .
             Besides
             ,
             he
             had
             the
             whole
             Artillery
             of
             the
             Sky
             in
             his
             power
             ,
             and
             might
             presently
             have
             Thunder
             struck
             them
             all
             ,
             or
             destroyed
             them
             by
             Fire
             from
             Heaven
             .
             But
             none
             of
             all
             these
             were
             used
             ,
             though
             't
             is
             most
             apparent
             that
             any
             of
             them
             would
             have
             been
             as
             fatal
             and
             pernicious
             to
             Man
             as
             the
             Deluge
             was
             ,
             for
             the
             Design
             lay
             a
             great
             deal
             deeper
             ,
             and
             these
             would
             have
             fallen
             short
             of
             it
             :
             these
             
             would
             never
             have
             reach'd
             the
             Earth
             ,
             nor
             affected
             that
             in
             the
             least
             :
             they
             could
             never
             have
             touch'd
             the
             Head
             ,
             or
             stop'd
             the
             source
             of
             these
             unhappy
             misdemeanours
             ,
             for
             which
             the
             Punishment
             was
             sent
             .
             That
             was
             what
             nothing
             but
             a
             Deluge
             could
             reach
             ;
             and
             as
             long
             as
             the
             Cause
             remained
             :
             as
             long
             as
             the
             old
             Temptation
             was
             still
             behind
             ,
             every
             Age
             would
             have
             lain
             under
             fresh
             Inducements
             to
             the
             same
             Crimes
             :
             and
             there
             would
             have
             been
             a
             new
             necessity
             to
             punish
             and
             reclaim
             the
             World
             :
             to
             depopulate
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             reduce
             it
             again
             to
             a
             vast
             Solitude
             ,
             as
             constantly
             as
             there
             succeeded
             a
             new
             Age
             and
             Race
             of
             Men.
             For
             the
             terror
             of
             the
             Calamity
             would
             not
             have
             extended
             it self
             much
             farther
             than
             the
             Men
             which
             suffered
             under
             the
             weight
             of
             it
             :
             and
             a
             few
             Years
             would
             have
             worn
             out
             ,
             in
             great
             measure
             ,
             the
             Impressions
             it
             made
             .
             This
             we
             see
             even
             from
             the
             Example
             of
             the
             Deluge
             it self
             .
             As
             formidable
             as
             this
             was
             to
             those
             who
             lived
             at
             ,
             or
             near
             ,
             the
             time
             of
             it
             :
             who
             saw
             the
             prodigious
             Devastations
             it
             made
             :
             the
             horrible
             Methods
             by
             which
             't
             was
             brought
             about
             :
             and
             the
             Reason
             why
             't
             was
             inflicted
             ;
             and
             to
             their
             Posterity
             ,
             
             for
             a
             few
             Generations
             ;
             yet
             the
             Fright
             was
             not
             lasting
             :
             't
             was
             not
             long
             e're
             the
             Sting
             of
             it
             was
             worn
             out
             .
             And
             though
             the
             Elder
             Ages
             knew
             full
             well
             that
             there
             had
             been
             such
             a
             Deluge
             :
             and
             had
             some
             Tradition
             of
             the
             cruel
             Desolation
             it
             made
             ;
             yet
             by
             degrees
             the
             Particulars
             of
             it
             were
             drop'd
             ,
             and
             the
             most
             frightful
             Passages
             bore
             the
             least
             share
             in
             the
             Relation
             ;
             being
             probably
             so
             strange
             as
             to
             be
             hardly
             credible
             ;
             and
             carrying
             rather
             an
             appearance
             of
             Figment
             and
             Invention
             ,
             in
             those
             that
             handed
             down
             the
             memory
             of
             it
             ,
             than
             of
             Truth
             and
             Reality
             .
             So
             that
             upon
             the
             whole
             't
             is
             very
             plain
             that
             the
             Deluge
             was
             not
             sent
             only
             as
             an
             Executioner
             to
             Mankind
             :
             but
             that
             its
             prime
             Errand
             was
             to
             reform
             and
             
               new-mold
               the
               Earth
            
             .
          
           
             That
             therefore
             as
             much
             Harshness
             and
             Cruelty
             as
             this
             great
             Destruction
             of
             Mankind
             seemingly
             carries
             along
             with
             it
             :
             as
             wild
             and
             extravagant
             a
             thing
             as
             that
             Dissolution
             of
             the
             primitive
             Earth
             appeared
             at
             first
             sight
             ,
             yet
             all
             the
             Severity
             lay
             in
             the
             Punishment
             of
             that
             Generation
             ,
             (
             which
             yet
             was
             no
             more
             than
             what
             was
             highly
             just
             ,
             yea
             and
             necessary
             too
             :
             )
             and
             the
             whole
             
             of
             the
             Tragedy
             terminated
             there
             .
             For
             the
             Destruction
             of
             the
             Earth
             was
             not
             only
             an
             Act
             of
             the
             profoundest
             Wisdom
             and
             Forecast
             ,
             but
             the
             most
             monumental
             proof
             that
             could
             ever
             possibly
             have
             been
             ,
             of
             Goodness
             ,
             Compassion
             ,
             and
             Tenderness
             ,
             in
             the
             Author
             of
             our
             Being
             ;
             and
             this
             so
             liberal
             too
             and
             extensive
             ,
             as
             to
             reach
             all
             the
             succeeding
             Ages
             of
             Mankind
             :
             all
             the
             Posterity
             of
             Noah
             :
             all
             that
             should
             dwell
             upon
             the
             thus
             renewed
             Earth
             to
             the
             End
             of
             the
             World
             ;
             by
             this
             means
             removing
             the
             old
             Charm
             :
             the
             Bait
             that
             had
             so
             long
             bewildred
             and
             deluded
             unhappy
             Man
             :
             setting
             him
             once
             more
             upon
             his
             Legs
             :
             reducing
             him
             from
             the
             most
             abject
             and
             stupid
             Ferity
             ,
             to
             his
             Senses
             ,
             and
             to
             sober
             Reason
             :
             from
             the
             most
             deplorable
             Misery
             and
             Slavery
             ,
             to
             a
             Capacity
             of
             being
             happy
             .
          
           
             That
             notwithstanding
             that
             this
             Remedy
             struck
             as
             deep
             at
             the
             Intellectuals
             ,
             as
             at
             the
             Morals
             of
             Mankind
             :
             that
             Ignorance
             and
             Rudeness
             would
             be
             as
             necessary
             a
             Consequence
             of
             it
             ,
             as
             Reformation
             of
             Life
             :
             and
             that
             this
             so
             general
             Employ
             and
             Expence
             of
             their
             time
             would
             as
             assuredly
             curtail
             and
             retrench
             the
             ordinary
             means
             of
             Knowledge
             
             and
             Erudition
             *
             ,
             as
             't
             would
             shorten
             the
             Opportunities
             of
             Vice
             :
             And
             so
             accordingly
             it
             fell
             out
             ;
             An
             universal
             Rusticity
             presently
             took
             place
             ,
             spread
             on
             all
             hands
             ,
             and
             stop'd
             not
             till
             it
             had
             over-run
             the
             whole
             stock
             of
             Mankind
             .
             Those
             first
             Ages
             of
             the
             new
             World
             were
             simple
             ,
             and
             illiterate
             to
             Admiration
             ;
             and
             't
             was
             a
             long
             time
             e're
             the
             Cloud
             was
             withdrawn
             :
             e're
             the
             least
             spark
             of
             Learning
             (
             I
             had
             almost
             said
             of
             Humanity
             )
             broke
             forth
             ,
             or
             any
             Man
             betook
             himself
             to
             the
             promotion
             of
             Science
             .
             Nay
             the
             Effects
             of
             it
             are
             visible
             to
             this
             hour
             :
             a
             general
             Darkness
             yet
             prevails
             ,
             and
             hangs
             over
             whole
             Nations
             ,
             yea
             the
             far
             greater
             part
             of
             the
             World
             is
             still
             barbarous
             and
             savage
             .
             I
             say
             ,
             tho
             't
             was
             most
             evident
             that
             this
             Remedy
             must
             needs
             have
             this
             Consequence
             also
             as
             well
             as
             the
             other
             ,
             yet
             it
             was
             not
             suspended
             or
             chang'd
             upon
             that
             account
             ;
             An
             egregious
             and
             pregnant
             instance
             how
             far
             Vertue
             surpasses
             Ingenuity
             :
             how
             much
             an
             honest
             Simplicity
             ,
             Probity
             of
             Mind
             ,
             Integrity
             and
             Incorruptness
             of
             Manners
             ,
             is
             preferable
             to
             fine
             Parts
             ,
             profound
             Knowledge
             ,
             and
             subtile
             Speculations
             .
             I
             would
             not
             have
             this
             interpreted
             an
             invective
             
             against
             Humane
             Learning
             ,
             or
             a
             decrying
             any
             commendable
             Accomplishments
             either
             of
             Body
             or
             Mind
             ,
             (
             that
             is
             what
             no
             Man
             will
             ,
             I
             hope
             ,
             suspect
             me
             of
             )
             but
             only
             an
             intimation
             that
             these
             are
             not
             of
             any
             solid
             use
             ,
             or
             real
             advantage
             ,
             unless
             when
             aiding
             and
             serviceable
             to
             the
             other
             .
          
           
             Nor
             does
             this
             grand
             Catastrophe
             only
             present
             us
             with
             Demonstrations
             of
             the
             Goodness
             ,
             but
             also
             of
             the
             Wisdom
             and
             Contrivance
             of
             its
             Author
             .
             There
             runs
             a
             long
             train
             of
             Providence
             thro●
             the
             whole
             :
             and
             shines
             brightly
             forth
             of
             all
             the
             various
             Accidents
             of
             it
             .
             The
             Consolidation
             of
             the
             Marble
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Stone
             ,
             immediately
             after
             their
             Settlement
             to
             the
             bottom
             :
             the
             disruption
             of
             the
             Strata
             afterwards
             :
             their
             Dislocation
             ,
             the
             Elevation
             of
             some
             ,
             and
             Depression
             of
             others
             of
             them
             ,
             did
             not
             fall
             out
             at
             random
             ,
             or
             by
             chance
             ,
             but
             were
             managed
             and
             directed
             by
             a
             more
             steady
             and
             discerning
             Principle
             ;
             for
             proof
             whereof
             ,
             this
             is
             indeed
             the
             proper
             place
             :
             but
             ,
             in
             regard
             that
             there
             are
             some
             things
             advanced
             in
             the
             succeeding
             ,
             or
             third
             ,
             Part
             of
             this
             Discourse
             ,
             which
             give
             some
             farther
             light
             to
             this
             matter
             ,
             I
             shall
             beg
             leave
             to
             break
             off
             here
             ,
             and
             
             to
             deferr
             it
             a
             while
             ,
             untill
             I
             have
             first
             proposed
             them
             .
          
           
             Thus
             have
             I
             drawn
             up
             a
             
               brief
               Scheme
            
             of
             what
             befell
             the
             Earth
             at
             the
             Deluge
             :
             and
             of
             the
             Change
             that
             it
             then
             underwent
             .
             I
             have
             ,
             by
             comparing
             its
             Antediluvian
             *
             with
             its
             present
             state
             ,
             found
             where
             chiefly
             the
             Difference
             lay
             ;
             viz.
             in
             degree
             of
             Fertility
             .
             I
             have
             endeavour'd
             also
             to
             discover
             the
             Reason
             why
             this
             Change
             was
             made
             in
             it
             .
             For
             since
             that
             the
             Process
             of
             it
             was
             so
             solemn
             and
             extraordinary
             :
             that
             there
             were
             so
             many
             ,
             and
             those
             so
             strange
             things
             done
             :
             that
             the
             
               first
               Earth
            
             was
             perfectly
             unmade
             again
             ,
             taken
             all
             to
             pieces
             ,
             and
             framed
             a-new
             ;
             and
             indeed
             ,
             the
             very
             same
             Method
             that
             was
             used
             in
             the
             original
             Formation
             of
             it
             ,
             used
             likewise
             in
             this
             Renovation
             ;
             
               our
               Earth
            
             standing
             the
             first
             step
             after
             its
             Dissolution
             ,
             in
             the
             same
             posture
             that
             the
             
               Primitive
               Earth
            
             did
             the
             first
             step
             after
             its
             Rise
             out
             of
             Nothing
             ;
             which
             the
             Reader
             will
             easily
             find
             by
             conferring
             the
             fifth
             Proposition
             of
             this
             Part
             with
             Gen.
             i.
             v.
             2.
             and
             9
             :
             since
             likewise
             there
             was
             so
             mighty
             an
             Hand
             †
             concerned
             ,
             and
             which
             does
             not
             act
             without
             great
             and
             weighty
             Reasons
             ,
             there
             could
             be
             no
             doubt
             but
             
             that
             there
             was
             some
             real
             and
             very
             necessary
             Cause
             for
             the
             making
             that
             Alteration
             .
             Nor
             was
             such
             a
             Cause
             very
             hard
             to
             be
             found
             out
             .
             The
             first
             Earth
             was
             suited
             to
             the
             first
             state
             of
             Mankind
             ;
             who
             were
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             for
             whose
             use
             't
             was
             made
             .
             But
             when
             Humane
             Nature
             had
             ,
             by
             
               the
               Fall
            
             ,
             suffer'd
             so
             great
             a
             Change
             ,
             't
             was
             but
             necessary
             that
             the
             Earth
             should
             undergo
             a
             Change
             too
             ,
             the
             better
             to
             accommodate
             it
             to
             the
             Condition
             that
             Mankind
             was
             then
             in
             :
             and
             such
             a
             Change
             the
             Deluge
             brought
             to
             pass
             .
          
           
             But
             least
             that
             the
             Br●vity
             which
             I
             have
             above
             used
             ,
             and
             which
             indeed
             I
             am
             tied
             up
             to
             ,
             in
             my
             Representation
             of
             this
             matter
             ,
             should
             render
             it
             liable
             to
             Misconstruction
             :
             or
             that
             any
             one
             should
             suspect
             ,
             that
             what
             I
             have
             delivered
             concerning
             the
             Fertility
             of
             
               that
               Earth
            
             ,
             does
             not
             well
             square
             with
             the
             Mosaick
             Description
             of
             it
             ,
             I
             must
             beg
             leave
             to
             make
             a
             Digression
             here
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             explain
             my self
             a
             little
             more
             upon
             that
             Head.
             And
             that
             the
             Reader
             may
             himself
             be
             Judge
             in
             the
             Case
             ,
             I
             shall
             fairly
             lay
             down
             
             Moses's
             sense
             of
             it
             in
             his
             own
             words
             .
             
               
               
                 
                   Ver.
                   17.
                
                 
              
               
                 And
                 unto
                 Adam
                 he
                 said
                 ,
                 
                 because
                 thou
                 hast
                 hearkned
                 unto
                 the
                 Voice
                 of
                 thy
                 wife
                 ,
                 and
                 hast
                 eaten
                 of
                 the
                 Tree
                 of
                 which
                 I
                 commanded
                 thee
                 ,
                 saying
                 ,
                 thou
                 shalt
                 not
                 eat
                 of
                 it
                 :
                 Cursed
                 is
                 the
                 ground
                 for
                 thy
                 sake
                 ;
                 in
                 sorrow
                 shalt
                 thou
                 eat
                 of
                 it
                 all
                 the
                 days
                 of
                 thy
                 life
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Ver.
                   18.
                
                 
              
               
                 Thorns
                 also
                 and
                 Thistles
                 shall
                 it
                 bring
                 forth
                 to
                 thee
                 :
                 and
                 thou
                 shalt
                 eat
                 the
                 herb
                 of
                 the
                 field
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Ver.
                   19.
                
                 
              
               
                 In
                 the
                 sweat
                 of
                 thy
                 face
                 shalt
                 thou
                 eat
                 bread
                 ,
                 till
                 thou
                 return
                 unto
                 the
                 ground
                 ;
                 for
                 out
                 of
                 it
                 wast
                 thou
                 taken
                 :
                 for
                 dust
                 thou
                 art
                 ,
                 and
                 unto
                 dust
                 shalt
                 thou
                 return
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Ver.
                   23.
                
                 
              
               
                 Therefore
                 the
                 Lord
                 God
                 sent
                 him
                 forth
                 from
                 the
                 Garden
                 of
                 Eden
                 ,
                 to
                 till
                 the
                 ground
                 from
                 whence
                 he
                 was
                 taken
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Ver.
                   2.
                
                 
              
               
                 
                   Cain
                   was
                   a
                   tiller
                   of
                   the
                   ground
                   .
                
                 
              
            
          
           
             All
             which
             may
             be
             well
             reduced
             to
             two
             plain
             and
             short
             Propositions
             ,
             
               
                 1.
                 
                 That
                 
                 Adam's
                 Revolt
                 drew
                 down
                 a
                 Curse
                 upon
                 the
                 Earth
                 .
              
               
                 2.
                 
                 That
                 there
                 was
                 some
                 sort
                 of
                 Agriculture
                 used
                 before
                 the
                 Deluge
                 .
              
            
          
           
             As
             to
             the
             former
             ,
             the
             Curse
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             I
             shall
             not
             in
             the
             least
             go
             about
             to
             extenuate
             the
             Latitude
             of
             it
             :
             or
             to
             stint
             it
             only
             to
             the
             Production
             of
             Weeds
             ,
             of
             
               Thorns
               ,
               Thistles
            
             ,
             and
             other
             
             the
             less
             useful
             kinds
             of
             Plants
             :
             but
             shall
             give
             it
             its
             full
             scope
             ,
             and
             grant
             that
             no
             less
             than
             an
             universal
             Restraint
             and
             Diminution
             of
             the
             primitive
             Fruitfulness
             of
             the
             Earth
             was
             intended
             by
             it
             ;
             this
             indeed
             seeming
             to
             be
             the
             plain
             and
             genuine
             meaning
             of
             the
             words
             .
             But
             the
             Question
             is
             ,
             whether
             this
             Curse
             was
             presently
             inflicted
             or
             not
             :
             whether
             it
             was
             succeeded
             with
             an
             universal
             Sterility
             ,
             and
             the
             Earth's
             native
             and
             original
             Exuberance
             all
             straitways
             check'd
             ,
             and
             turn'd
             to
             as
             general
             a
             Desolation
             and
             Barrenness
             .
             And
             here
             I
             entreat
             it
             may
             be
             taken
             notice
             ,
             that
             this
             was
             but
             one
             ,
             and
             that
             much
             the
             lesser
             ,
             part
             of
             the
             Sentence
             past
             upon
             Adam
             .
             The
             other
             was
             Death
             *
             ;
             which
             ,
             't
             is
             most
             certain
             ,
             was
             not
             immediately
             inflicted
             .
             And
             yet
             this
             was
             pronounc'd
             at
             the
             same
             time
             and
             with
             the
             same
             breath
             ,
             that
             the
             other
             was
             :
             
               Unto
               dust
               shalt
               thou
               return
            
             .
             Nay
             and
             much
             more
             emphatically
             a
             little
             before
             ‖
             ,
             
               In
               the
               day
               that
               thou
               eatest
               thereof
               thou
               shalt
            
             surely
             dye
             .
             This
             was
             exceedingly
             peremptory
             :
             and
             the
             very
             day
             fix'd
             likewise
             .
             Notwithstanding
             ,
             through
             the
             Clemency
             and
             Goodness
             of
             God
             ,
             Execution
             was
             delayed
             for
             a
             long
             time
             ;
             Adam
             being
             
             reprieved
             for
             eight
             or
             nine
             hundred
             years
             †
             .
             The
             Dominion
             of
             Death
             over
             him
             commenc'd
             indeed
             not
             only
             the
             same
             day
             that
             Sentence
             was
             past
             ,
             but
             the
             very
             minute
             that
             he
             tasted
             the
             forbidden
             Fruit
             :
             and
             Mortality
             went
             hand
             in
             hand
             with
             the
             Transgression
             :
             but
             't
             was
             a
             long
             time
             before
             it
             had
             raised
             any
             Trophies
             ,
             or
             made
             a
             final
             and
             absolute
             Conquest
             .
          
           
             Why
             therefore
             may
             we
             not
             as
             well
             suppose
             the
             other
             part
             of
             the
             Sentence
             ,
             the
             Sterilizing
             the
             Earth
             ,
             was
             also
             suspended
             for
             some
             time
             ,
             and
             deferr'd
             till
             the
             Deluge
             happened
             ,
             and
             became
             the
             Executioner
             of
             it
             ?
             'T
             is
             certainly
             very
             hard
             to
             imagine
             that
             God
             should
             destroy
             the
             Work
             of
             his
             hands
             almost
             as
             soon
             as
             he
             had
             finish'd
             it
             :
             that
             all
             things
             should
             be
             unhinged
             again
             by
             such
             time
             as
             they
             were
             well
             ranged
             and
             put
             in
             order
             :
             and
             that
             the
             Fragrancy
             and
             lovely
             Verdure
             which
             then
             appeared
             every
             where
             ,
             and
             which
             had
             but
             just
             shewed
             it self
             ,
             should
             be
             nip'd
             in
             the
             bud
             ,
             and
             blasted
             all
             of
             a
             sudden
             .
             To
             be
             short
             ,
             't
             is
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             most
             apparent
             ,
             that
             as
             on
             the
             other
             part
             Mortality
             did
             presently
             enter
             and
             take
             place
             ,
             but
             got
             not
             full
             possession
             of
             many
             
             Ages
             after
             :
             so
             here
             ,
             Thorns
             ,
             Thistles
             ,
             and
             other
             the
             like
             Consequences
             of
             this
             Curse
             ,
             immediately
             sprung
             out
             of
             the
             Ground
             ,
             and
             manifested
             themselves
             on
             every
             side
             ,
             but
             it
             had
             not
             its
             full
             effect
             ,
             nor
             was
             the
             Earth
             impoverish'd
             ,
             or
             its
             Fertility
             ,
             sensibly
             curb'd
             ,
             till
             the
             Deluge
             .
             And
             for
             proof
             of
             this
             I
             appeal
             to
             the
             Remains
             of
             
               that
               Earth
            
             :
             the
             Animal
             and
             Vegetable
             Productions
             of
             it
             still
             preserved
             ;
             the
             vast
             and
             incredible
             Numbers
             whereof
             notoriously
             testifie
             the
             extreme
             Luxuriance
             and
             Foecundity
             of
             it
             ;
             and
             I
             need
             but
             produce
             these
             as
             Evidences
             that
             at
             the
             time
             that
             the
             Deluge
             came
             ,
             the
             Earth
             was
             so
             loaded
             with
             Herbage
             ,
             and
             throng'd
             with
             Animals
             ,
             that
             such
             an
             Expedient
             was
             even
             wanting
             to
             ease
             it
             of
             the
             burden
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             room
             for
             a
             succession
             of
             its
             Productions
             .
             For
             this
             also
             I
             appeal
             to
             Moses
             himself
             ,
             who
             openly
             acknowledgeth
             that
             this
             Curse
             did
             not
             take
             place
             effectually
             till
             the
             Deluge
             .
             For
             he
             tells
             us
             ,
             that
             ,
             after
             the
             Deluge
             was
             over
             ,
             and
             Noah
             and
             his
             Family
             come
             forth
             of
             the
             Ark
             ,
             
               He
               builded
               an
               Altar
               unto
               the
               Lord
               ,
               and
               offered
               burnt-offerings
               on
               the
               Altar
               :
               and
               the
               ●ord
               smelled
               a
               sweet
               savour
               ,
               and
               the
               Lord
               said
               in
               his
               heart
               ,
               I
               will
               not
               again
            
             
             Curse
             the
             Ground
             
               any
               more
               ,
               neither
               will
               I
               again
               smite
               any
               more
               every
               thing
               living
               as
               I
               have
               done
            
             *
             .
             Wherein
             he
             plainly
             refers
             to
             the
             Curse
             denounc'd
             above
             ,
             at
             the
             Apostacy
             of
             Adam
             :
             implying
             that
             it
             was
             not
             fulfilled
             till
             the
             Deluge
             .
             And
             a
             little
             after
             he
             as
             plainly
             intimates
             ,
             that
             the
             fulfilling
             of
             it
             lay
             in
             the
             Destruction
             of
             the
             Earth
             then
             wrought
             .
             For
             ,
             speaking
             again
             of
             the
             same
             thing
             ,
             instead
             of
             the
             Expression
             [
             
               Curse
               the
               Ground
            
             ]
             here
             used
             ,
             he
             makes
             use
             of
             [
             
               Destroy
               the
               Earth
            
             ]
             The
             whole
             Passage
             runs
             thus
             ;
             
               And
               I
               will
               establish
               my
               Covenant
               with
               you
               ,
               neither
               shall
               all
               flesh
               be
               cut
               off
               any
               more
               by
               the
               waters
               of
               a
               flood
               :
               neither
               shall
               there
               any
               more
               be
               a
            
             Flood
             to
             destroy
             the
             Earth
             *
             .
          
           
             Nor
             is
             it
             indeed
             in
             any
             wise
             strange
             that
             this
             Curse
             had
             not
             it's
             Effect
             sooner
             :
             especially
             since
             't
             was
             not
             limited
             to
             any
             time
             .
             There
             are
             so
             many
             Presidents
             on
             Record
             in
             Holy
             Writ
             of
             this
             way
             of
             proceeding
             ,
             that
             no
             one
             can
             be
             well
             ignorant
             of
             them
             ;
             so
             that
             I
             shall
             not
             need
             to
             charge
             this
             place
             with
             more
             than
             one
             ,
             and
             that
             shall
             be
             the
             Case
             of
             Ham
             ,
             for
             which
             we
             are
             likewise
             beholden
             to
             the
             same
             Author
             ,
             
             Moses
             .
             This
             Person
             ,
             by
             his
             indiscreet
             and
             unnatural
             Irrision
             and
             exposing
             of
             his
             Father
             ,
             incurrs
             his
             Indignation
             ,
             and
             Curse
             .
             But
             ,
             which
             is
             very
             remarkable
             ,
             Noah
             does
             not
             lay
             the
             Curse
             upon
             Ham
             ,
             who
             was
             actually
             guilty
             of
             the
             Crime
             ,
             whether
             out
             of
             greater
             Tenderness
             ▪
             he
             being
             of
             the
             two
             nearer
             allied
             unto
             him
             ,
             or
             for
             what
             other
             reason
             I
             shall
             not
             here
             enquire
             ,
             but
             transferrs
             it
             to
             Canaan
             :
             
               Cursed
               be
               Canaan
               ,
               a
               Servant
               of
               Servants
               shall
               he
               be
               to
               his
               Brethren
            
             :
             ‖
             to
             Shem
             and
             to
             Iaphet
             .
             Nay
             ,
             which
             is
             still
             more
             ,
             this
             was
             never
             inflicted
             upon
             Canaan
             in
             person
             ,
             but
             upon
             his
             Posterity
             ;
             and
             that
             not
             till
             many
             Generations
             afterwards
             ,
             at
             such
             time
             as
             the
             Israelites
             returning
             out
             of
             Egypt
             ,
             possest
             themselves
             of
             the
             Country
             of
             the
             Canaanites
             ,
             and
             made
             them
             their
             Servants
             .
             The
             Story
             is
             so
             well
             known
             ,
             that
             I
             shall
             not
             need
             to
             point
             it
             out
             to
             the
             Reader
             ,
             who
             may
             peruse
             it
             at
             his
             leisure
             .
             'T
             was
             well
             onwards
             of
             a
             thousand
             Years
             before
             ever
             this
             Curse
             began
             to
             take
             effect
             :
             before
             the
             Canaanites
             were
             brought
             under
             Servitude
             by
             the
             Israelites
             ,
             who
             were
             descended
             from
             Shem
             :
             and
             a
             great
             many
             more
             before
             't
             was
             finally
             accomplished
             ,
             and
             they
             subjected
             unto
             the
             Posterity
             
             of
             Iaphet
             .
             To
             conclude
             ,
             't
             was
             really
             a
             longer
             time
             before
             this
             ,
             than
             it
             was
             before
             
               the
               other
            
             ,
             the
             Curse
             upon
             the
             Earth
             ,
             was
             fully
             brought
             about
             .
          
           
             To
             proceed
             therefore
             to
             the
             other
             Point
             ,
             the
             Tillage
             of
             the
             Earth
             before
             the
             Deluge
             .
             That
             there
             was
             Tillage
             bestowed
             upon
             it
             Moses
             does
             indeed
             intimate
             in
             general
             and
             at
             large
             :
             but
             whether
             it
             was
             bestowed
             on
             all
             ,
             or
             only
             upon
             some
             parts
             of
             that
             Earth
             :
             as
             also
             what
             sort
             of
             Tillage
             that
             was
             ,
             and
             what
             Labour
             it
             cost
             ,
             is
             not
             exprest
             ;
             so
             that
             for
             all
             this
             we
             are
             at
             liberty
             ,
             and
             may
             use
             our
             Discretion
             .
             For
             the
             present
             I
             must
             pass
             by
             the
             Enquiry
             :
             but
             in
             due
             place
             I
             hope
             to
             give
             some
             Satisfaction
             in
             it
             ,
             and
             to
             shew
             that
             their
             Agriculture
             was
             nothing
             near
             so
             laborious
             ,
             and
             troublesome
             ,
             nor
             did
             it
             take
             up
             so
             much
             time
             as
             ours
             doth
             .
             That
             's
             a
             Consequence
             of
             the
             Proof
             of
             the
             greater
             Fertility
             of
             that
             Earth
             ;
             it
             being
             plain
             that
             the
             more
             it
             exerted
             that
             Fertility
             ,
             the
             less
             need
             there
             was
             of
             Manure
             ,
             of
             Culture
             ,
             or
             Humane
             Industry
             to
             excite
             and
             promote
             it
             .
             Nor
             can
             any
             Man
             reasonably
             suspect
             ,
             because
             of
             this
             mention
             of
             Tillage
             ,
             that
             the
             Curse
             upon
             the
             Ground
             was
             come
             
             on
             ,
             or
             that
             the
             primitive
             Exuberance
             of
             the
             Earth
             was
             lessened
             and
             abridged
             ,
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ;
             for
             Moses
             makes
             mention
             of
             Tillage
             before
             ever
             Adam
             was
             created
             :
             
               There
               was
               not
            
             ,
             says
             he
             †
             ,
             
               a
               man
               to
               till
               the
               ground
            
             :
             and
             consequently
             ,
             there
             would
             have
             been
             requisite
             such
             a
             Tillage
             as
             this
             which
             he
             speaks
             of
             in
             these
             three
             Chapters
             ,
             tho'
             the
             Curse
             had
             never
             been
             denounc'd
             ,
             or
             Man
             had
             not
             fallen
             .
             But
             't
             is
             highly
             probable
             that
             upon
             
             Adam's
             Disobedience
             ,
             Almighty
             God
             chased
             him
             out
             of
             Paradise
             ,
             the
             fairest
             and
             most
             delicious
             part
             of
             that
             Earth
             ,
             into
             some
             other
             the
             most
             barren
             and
             unpleasant
             of
             all
             the
             whole
             Globe
             ;
             the
             more
             effectually
             to
             signifie
             his
             Displeasure
             ,
             and
             to
             convince
             that
             unhappy
             Man
             how
             great
             a
             Misfortune
             and
             Forfeiture
             he
             had
             incurred
             by
             his
             late
             Offence
             .
             And
             here
             ,
             above
             all
             other
             Parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             there
             would
             be
             Work
             and
             Employ
             for
             him
             ,
             and
             for
             his
             Son
             Cain
             .
          
           
             And
             thus
             much
             may
             serve
             for
             the
             present
             ,
             to
             shew
             that
             my
             Account
             of
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             is
             so
             far
             from
             interfereing
             with
             that
             which
             Moses
             hath
             given
             us
             ,
             that
             it
             holds
             forth
             a
             natural
             and
             unforc'd
             Interpretation
             of
             his
             
             Sense
             on
             this
             Subject
             .
             There
             are
             a
             few
             other
             Passages
             in
             the
             same
             Author
             which
             may
             require
             some
             Explication
             :
             but
             they
             are
             none
             of
             them
             such
             that
             a
             Reader
             of
             moderate
             Understanding
             may
             not
             easily
             clear
             them
             ,
             without
             my
             Assistance
             ,
             so
             that
             I
             shall
             not
             crowd
             this
             Piece
             with
             them
             ;
             for
             I
             fear
             't
             will
             be
             thought
             that
             I
             have
             already
             taken
             too
             great
             a
             liberty
             .
             The
             Compass
             that
             I
             am
             confined
             unto
             ,
             by
             
               the
               Rules
            
             of
             this
             kind
             of
             Writing
             ,
             is
             so
             narrow
             ,
             that
             I
             am
             forced
             to
             pass
             over
             many
             things
             in
             silence
             ,
             and
             can
             but
             just
             touch
             upon
             others
             .
             To
             lay
             down
             every
             thing
             at
             length
             ,
             and
             in
             its
             full
             light
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             obviate
             all
             Exceptions
             ,
             and
             remove
             every
             Difficulty
             ,
             would
             carry
             me
             out
             too
             far
             beyond
             the
             Measures
             allowed
             to
             a
             Tract
             of
             this
             Nature
             .
             That
             's
             the
             Business
             of
             the
             Larger
             Work
             ,
             of
             which
             this
             is
             only
             the
             Module
             or
             Platform
             .
             In
             that
             Work
             I
             hope
             to
             make
             amends
             for
             these
             Omissions
             ,
             and
             particularly
             shall
             consider
             ▪
          
           
             What
             was
             the
             immediate
             Instrument
             or
             Means
             whereby
             the
             Stone
             ,
             and
             other
             solid
             Matter
             of
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             was
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             reduced
             to
             the
             Condition
             mentioned
             Consect
             .
             2.
             of
             this
             Part.
             
          
           
           
           
           
           
           
             Why
             the
             Shells
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             Bones
             ,
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             Animal
             Bodies
             :
             as
             also
             the
             Trunks
             ,
             Roots
             ,
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             were
             not
             dissolved
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             Stone
             ,
             and
             other
             Mineral
             Solids
             of
             
               that
               Earth
            
             .
             Of
             this
             I
             shall
             assign
             a
             plain
             and
             Physical
             Reason
             ,
             taken
             meerly
             from
             the
             Cause
             of
             the
             Solidity
             of
             these
             Mineral
             Bodies
             ;
             which
             I
             shew
             to
             be
             quite
             different
             from
             that
             ,
             whereunto
             Vegetables
             and
             Animals
             owe
             the
             Cohaesion
             of
             their
             parts
             :
             and
             that
             this
             was
             suspended
             ,
             and
             ceased
             ,
             at
             the
             time
             that
             the
             Water
             of
             the
             Deluge
             came
             forth
             ;
             which
             the
             other
             (
             I
             mean
             the
             Cause
             of
             the
             Cohaesion
             of
             the
             Parts
             of
             Animals
             and
             Vegetables
             )
             did
             not
             ;
             with
             the
             reason
             of
             this
             .
          
           
             What
             was
             the
             Reason
             that
             (
             in
             case
             the
             Terrestrial
             Globe
             was
             entirely
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             there
             be
             now
             ,
             and
             was
             then
             ,
             a
             Space
             or
             Cavity
             ,
             in
             the
             Central
             parts
             of
             it
             ,
             so
             large
             as
             to
             give
             reception
             to
             that
             mighty
             Mass
             of
             Water
             which
             covered
             the
             Earth
             at
             the
             Deluge
             *
             )
             the
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             which
             first
             subsided
             ,
             (
             as
             in
             Consect
             .
             3.
             supra
             )
             did
             not
             fill
             the
             said
             Cavity
             ,
             and
             descend
             quite
             down
             to
             the
             Center
             ,
             but
             stop'd
             at
             that
             distance
             from
             it
             ,
             forming
             an
             arched
             
             Expansum
             ,
             or
             rather
             a
             Sphere
             around
             it
             ;
             which
             is
             now
             the
             lowest
             Stratum
             ,
             and
             Boundary
             of
             that
             vast
             Conceptacle
             of
             Water
             .
             As
             also
             how
             this
             Water
             was
             raised
             at
             the
             Deluge
             ;
             by
             what
             Issues
             or
             Outlets
             it
             came
             forth
             :
             what
             succeeded
             into
             the
             room
             of
             it
             ,
             whilst
             absent
             :
             and
             which
             way
             it
             returned
             back
             again
             .
          
           
             By
             what
             means
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             and
             Marble
             ,
             acquired
             such
             a
             Solidity
             ,
             as
             soon
             as
             the
             Matter
             ,
             whereof
             they
             consist
             ,
             had
             subsided
             ,
             and
             was
             well
             settled
             to
             the
             bottom
             ,
             as
             in
             Consect
             .
             4.
             of
             this
             Part.
             
          
           
             What
             was
             the
             immediate
             Agent
             which
             effected
             that
             Disruption
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             and
             their
             Dislocation
             afterwards
             ;
             whereof
             in
             Consect
             .
             6.
             of
             this
             Part.
             
          
           
             And
             because
             there
             have
             been
             some
             Conjectures
             formerly
             started
             by
             Learned
             Men
             about
             the
             Formation
             of
             Sand-Stone
             ,
             the
             Origin
             of
             Mountains
             ,
             and
             of
             Islands
             ,
             that
             are
             repugnant
             to
             what
             I
             have
             here
             advanc'd
             upon
             those
             Subjects
             ,
             I
             am
             obliged
             to
             look
             a
             little
             into
             the
             Reasons
             of
             them
             ;
             and
             ,
             that
             they
             may
             not
             remain
             as
             Obstacles
             to
             those
             who
             are
             less
             skilfull
             in
             these
             things
             ,
             I
             
             shall
             weigh
             their
             Arguments
             ,
             detect
             the
             Invalidity
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             prove
             ,
             against
             them
             ,
          
           
             That
             the
             Sand-Stone
             now
             in
             being
             is
             not
             as
             old
             as
             the
             Earth
             it self
             :
             nor
             hath
             it
             been
             consolidated
             ever
             since
             the
             Creation
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             as
             some
             Authors
             have
             believed
             .
          
           
             That
             Sand-Stone
             does
             not
             now
             grow
             by
             Iuxtaposition
             ,
             as
             they
             speak
             ;
             that
             is
             by
             continual
             Addition
             of
             new
             Matter
             ;
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Animals
             and
             of
             Vegetables
             grow
             ,
             and
             are
             augmented
             ;
             as
             others
             were
             of
             Opinion
             .
          
           
             That
             Sand-Stone
             does
             not
             still
             consolidate
             :
             i.e.
             that
             Matter
             which
             was
             ,
             a
             few
             Years
             ago
             ,
             lax
             ,
             incoherent
             ,
             and
             in
             form
             of
             Earth
             ,
             or
             of
             Sand
             ,
             does
             not
             become
             daily
             more
             hard
             and
             consistent
             ,
             and
             by
             little
             and
             little
             acquire
             a
             perfect
             Solidity
             ,
             and
             so
             turn
             to
             Stone
             ;
             as
             others
             have
             asserted
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Mountains
             of
             our
             Earth
             have
             not
             had
             being
             ever
             since
             the
             Creation
             :
             and
             stood
             as
             long
             as
             the
             Earth
             it self
             ;
             as
             some
             Writers
             have
             thought
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             said
             Mountains
             were
             not
             raised
             successively
             ,
             and
             at
             several
             times
             ,
             being
             flung
             up
             or
             elevated
             by
             Earthquakes
             ,
             some
             at
             one
             time
             ,
             and
             some
             at
             
             another
             ,
             as
             those
             Earthquakes
             happened
             .
             That
             these
             are
             so
             far
             from
             raising
             Mountains
             ,
             that
             they
             overturn
             and
             fling
             down
             ,
             some
             of
             those
             which
             were
             before
             standing
             ;
             and
             undermine
             others
             ,
             sinking
             them
             into
             the
             Abyss
             underneath
             †
             .
             That
             of
             all
             the
             Mountains
             of
             the
             whole
             Globe
             ,
             which
             are
             very
             numerous
             ,
             and
             many
             of
             them
             extremely
             large
             ,
             and
             consequently
             cannot
             be
             supposed
             to
             have
             been
             all
             thus
             raised
             without
             the
             Notice
             of
             Mankind
             ,
             yet
             there
             is
             not
             any
             authentick
             Instance
             ,
             in
             all
             History
             ,
             of
             so
             much
             as
             one
             single
             Mountain
             that
             was
             heaved
             up
             by
             an
             Earthquake
             .
             That
             the
             new
             Mountain
             in
             the
             Lucrine
             Lake
             ,
             not
             far
             from
             Pozzuolo
             in
             Italy
             ,
             called
             
               Monte
               di
               Cinere
            
             ,
             which
             is
             alledged
             by
             the
             Fautors
             of
             this
             Opinion
             ,
             as
             an
             instance
             in
             behalf
             of
             it
             ,
             was
             not
             raised
             thus
             ;
             the
             Relators
             of
             that
             Accident
             ,
             as
             well
             those
             who
             were
             then
             living
             ,
             as
             they
             who
             wrote
             since
             ,
             unanimously
             agreeing
             that
             this
             Tumulus
             ,
             or
             Hill
             ,
             is
             no
             other
             than
             an
             huge
             heap
             of
             Stones
             ,
             Cinders
             ,
             Earth
             ,
             and
             Ashes
             ,
             which
             were
             spued
             up
             out
             of
             the
             bowels
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             by
             the
             Eruption
             of
             a
             Volcano
             ,
             which
             happened
             there
             ,
             in
             the
             Year
             1538.
             
             And
             
             though
             this
             Eruption
             was
             preceded
             by
             several
             Earthquakes
             (
             the
             Country
             all
             round
             having
             been
             frequently
             shaken
             for
             almost
             the
             space
             of
             two
             years
             before
             )
             as
             those
             of
             
               AEtna
               ,
               Vesuvius
            
             ,
             and
             Hecla
             usually
             are
             ,
             yet
             this
             Hill
             was
             not
             elevated
             or
             heaved
             up
             by
             any
             of
             those
             Earthquakes
             ,
             but
             the
             Matter
             ,
             whereof
             't
             is
             compiled
             ,
             discharged
             out
             of
             the
             Volcano
             ,
             as
             af●●●said
             ;
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             
               AEtna
               ,
               Vesuvius
            
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             fling
             forth
             Stones
             ,
             Cinders
             ,
             &c.
             upon
             any
             extraordinary
             Eruption
             of
             them
             .
          
           
             That
             there
             have
             not
             been
             any
             Islands
             of
             note
             ,
             or
             considerable
             extent
             ,
             torn
             and
             cast
             off
             from
             the
             Continent
             by
             Earthquakes
             ,
             or
             severed
             from
             it
             by
             the
             boisterous
             Allision
             of
             the
             Sea.
             That
             
               Sicily
               ,
               Cyprus
            
             ,
             the
             Negropont
             ,
             and
             many
             more
             ,
             which
             have
             been
             supposed
             by
             some
             to
             be
             only
             dismembered
             parcels
             of
             the
             Main-land
             ,
             and
             anciently
             parted
             from
             it
             by
             one
             or
             other
             of
             these
             means
             ,
             yet
             really
             never
             were
             so
             ;
             but
             have
             been
             Islands
             ever
             since
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Noetick
             Deluge
             .
          
           
             Unto
             this
             Second
             Part
             I
             shall
             annex
             ,
          
           
             A
             Discourse
             concerning
             the
             Trees
             ,
             which
             are
             commonly
             called
             
               Subterranean
               Trees
            
             ,
             or
             
               Fossil
               Wood
            
             ,
             and
             which
             
             are
             found
             in
             great
             plenty
             buried
             amongst
             other
             Vegetable
             Bodies
             in
             Mosses
             *
             ▪
             Fens
             ,
             or
             Bogs
             ,
             not
             only
             in
             several
             Parts
             of
             England
             ,
             but
             likewise
             in
             many
             Foreign
             Countries
             ;
             wherein
             I
             shall
             shew
             ,
             from
             Observations
             made
             upon
             the
             Places
             where
             these
             Trees
             are
             digg'd
             up
             :
             upon
             the
             Trees
             themselves
             :
             their
             Position
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             other
             Circumstances
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             lodged
             thus
             by
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             and
             have
             lain
             here
             ever
             since
             .
             That
             there
             are
             found
             
               great
               numbers
            
             of
             these
             Trees
             ,
             and
             many
             of
             them
             
               very
               large
            
             ,
             so
             buried
             in
             several
             Islands
             where
             no
             Trees
             at
             all
             do
             ,
             or
             will
             ,
             now
             grow
             :
             the
             Winds
             being
             so
             fierce
             ,
             and
             the
             Weather
             so
             severe
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             suffer
             any
             thing
             to
             prosper
             or
             thrive
             beyond
             the
             height
             of
             a
             Shrub
             ,
             in
             any
             of
             all
             those
             Islands
             ,
             unless
             it
             be
             protected
             by
             Walls
             ,
             as
             in
             Gardens
             ,
             or
             other
             like
             Coverture
             .
             That
             the
             said
             Trees
             are
             in
             some
             places
             found
             enclosed
             in
             the
             Stone
             of
             Quarries
             and
             of
             Rocks
             :
             buried
             amongst
             Marle
             ,
             and
             other
             kinds
             of
             Earth
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             in
             this
             Peat
             or
             Moss●Earth
             .
             That
             they
             were
             originally
             lodged
             indifferently
             amongst
             all
             sorts
             of
             Earth
             ,
             or
             other
             Matter
             ,
             which
             lay
             near
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             †
             :
             and
             
             that
             they
             are
             at
             this
             day
             found
             very
             seldom
             unless
             in
             this
             Peat-Earth
             ,
             is
             meerly
             accidental
             ;
             this
             Earth
             being
             of
             a
             bituminous
             and
             mild
             Nature
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             Trees
             lay
             all
             this
             while
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             ,
             embalmed
             in
             it
             ,
             and
             were
             by
             that
             means
             preserved
             down
             to
             our
             times
             ;
             whilst
             those
             which
             chanced
             to
             be
             lodged
             in
             other
             Earth
             ,
             that
             was
             more
             lax
             and
             pervious
             ,
             decayed
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             ,
             and
             rotted
             at
             length
             ,
             and
             therefore
             do
             not
             now
             appear
             at
             all
             ,
             when
             we
             dig
             and
             search
             into
             those
             Earths
             ;
             or
             if
             any
             thing
             of
             them
             do
             appear
             ,
             't
             is
             only
             the
             Ruins
             ,
             or
             some
             slight
             Remains
             of
             them
             ;
             there
             being
             very
             rarely
             found
             any
             Trunks
             of
             Trees
             ,
             in
             these
             laxer
             Earths
             ,
             that
             are
             intire
             ,
             or
             tolerably
             firm
             and
             sound
             .
             To
             conclude
             ,
             from
             several
             of
             the
             aforesaid
             Circumstances
             I
             shall
             evince
             that
             these
             Trees
             could
             never
             possibly
             have
             been
             reposed
             thus
             by
             any
             other
             means
             than
             the
             Deluge
             :
             neither
             by
             Men
             :
             nor
             by
             Inundations
             :
             nor
             by
             Deterations
             *
             :
             nor
             by
             violent
             and
             impetuous
             Winds
             :
             nor
             by
             Earthquakes
             ;
             which
             are
             the
             several
             ways
             whereby
             Learned
             Men
             have
             thought
             they
             were
             thus
             buried
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             PART
             III.
             Concerning
             the
             Fluids
             of
             the
             Globe
             .
          
           
             
               SECT
               .
               I.
               Of
               the
               great
               Abyss
               .
               Of
               the
               Ocean
               .
               Concerning
               the
               Origine
               of
               Springs
               ,
               and
               Rivers
               .
               Of
               Vapours
               ,
               and
               of
               Rain
               .
            
             
               HAving
               thus
               done
               with
               the
               more
               bulky
               and
               Corpulent
               Parts
               of
               the
               Globe
               ,
               the
               next
               place
               in
               course
               is
               due
               unto
               Metalls
               and
               Minerals
               ,
               which
               are
               the
               only
               remaining
               part
               of
               the
               Terrestrial
               Matter
               of
               it
               not
               yet
               treated
               of
               And
               accordingly
               I
               should
               now
               pass
               on
               to
               these
               ;
               but
               the
               present
               Oeconomy
               and
               Disposal
               of
               some
               of
               them
               being
               wholly
               owing
               to
               the
               Motion
               and
               Passage
               of
               Water
               in
               the
               interiour
               parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               I
               have
               for
               that
               reason
               chosen
               
               rather
               ,
               that
               I
               may
               be
               as
               brief
               as
               possible
               ,
               and
               avoid
               all
               needless
               Repetitions
               ,
               to
               wave
               them
               for
               a
               while
               ,
               till
               I
               have
               first
               offered
               what
               I
               have
               to
               say
               about
               that
               .
            
             
               The
               Water
               therefore
               of
               the
               Globe
               ,
               as
               well
               that
               resident
               in
               it
               ,
               as
               that
               which
               floats
               upon
               it
               ,
               is
               the
               Subject
               which
               I
               purpose
               here
               to
               prosecute
               .
               In
               order
               whereunto
               ,
               I
               shall
               sub-divide
               this
               third
               Part
               into
               two
               Sections
               ;
               the
               former
               whereof
               will
               comprehend
               what
               relates
               to
               the
               present
               and
               natural
               State
               of
               the
               Fluids
               in
               and
               upon
               the
               Earth
               :
               the
               other
               ,
               what
               concerns
               that
               extraordinary
               Change
               of
               this
               State
               which
               happened
               at
               the
               Deluge
               ,
               and
               how
               that
               Change
               was
               wrought
               .
            
             
               At
               the
               Head
               of
               the
               first
               of
               these
               Sections
               I
               prefix
               a
               new
               set
               of
               
                 Observations
                 touching
                 the
                 Fluids
                 of
                 the
                 Terraqueous
                 Globe
              
               :
               the
               Sea
               ,
               Rivers
               ,
               and
               Springs
               :
               the
               Water
               of
               Mines
               ,
               of
               Cole-pits
               :
               of
               Caves
               ,
               Grotts
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               Recesses
               :
               as
               also
               concerning
               Vapours
               ,
               Rain
               ,
               Hail
               ,
               and
               Snow
               .
            
             
               And
               because
               this
               is
               a
               Subject
               of
               that
               vast
               Latitude
               that
               the
               Strength
               of
               one
               single
               Man
               will
               scarcely
               be
               reckoned
               sufficient
               effectually
               to
               cultivate
               and
               
               carry
               it
               on
               ,
               I
               have
               taken
               in
               the
               joint
               Assistance
               of
               
                 other
                 Hands
              
               ,
               and
               superadded
               ,
               to
               my
               own
               ,
               all
               such
               Relations
               as
               I
               could
               procure
               from
               Persons
               whose
               Judgment
               and
               Fidelity
               might
               safely
               be
               relyed
               upon
               ,
               about
               the
               Sea
               ,
               Lakes
               ,
               Rivers
               ,
               Springs
               ,
               and
               Rain
               ,
               not
               only
               of
               this
               Island
               ,
               but
               many
               other
               Parts
               of
               the
               World
               besides
               .
               Nor
               do
               I
               neglect
               those
               which
               are
               already
               extant
               in
               the
               
                 Published
                 Discourses
              
               of
               diligent
               and
               inquisitive
               Men.
               
            
             
               From
               all
               which
               Observations
               ,
               joyned
               with
               those
               made
               by
               my self
               ,
               I
               prove
               ,
            
             
               That
               there
               is
               a
               mighty
               
                 Collection
                 of
                 
                 Water
              
               inclosed
               in
               the
               
                 Bowels
                 of
                 the
                 Earth
              
               ,
               constituting
               an
               
                 huge
                 Orb
              
               in
               the
               interiour
               or
               central
               Parts
               of
               it
               ;
               upon
               the
               Surface
               of
               which
               Orb
               of
               Water
               the
               terrestrial
               Strata
               are
               expanded
               .
               That
               this
               is
               the
               same
               which
               Moses
               calls
               the
               
                 Great
                 Deep
              
               ,
               or
               Abyss
               :
               the
               ancient
               Gentile
               Writers
               ,
               Erebus
               ,
               and
               Tartarus
               .
            
             
               That
               the
               Water
               of
               this
               Orb
               communicates
               
               with
               that
               of
               the
               Ocean
               ,
               by
               means
               of
               certain
               Hiatus's
               or
               Chasmes
               passing
               betwixt
               it
               and
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               Ocean
               .
               That
               they
               have
               the
               same
               common
               Center
               ,
               around
               which
               the
               Water
               of
               
               both
               of
               them
               is
               compiled
               and
               arranged
               ;
               but
               in
               such
               manner
               ,
               that
               the
               ordinary
               Surface
               of
               this
               Orb
               is
               not
               level
               with
               that
               of
               the
               Ocean
               ,
               nor
               at
               so
               great
               a
               distance
               from
               the
               Center
               as
               that
               is
               ,
               it
               being
               for
               the
               most
               part
               restrained
               and
               depressed
               by
               the
               Strata
               of
               Earth
               lying
               upon
               it
               ;
               but
               wherever
               those
               Strata
               are
               broken
               ,
               or
               so
               lax
               and
               porose
               that
               Water
               can
               pervade
               them
               ,
               there
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               said
               Orb
               does
               ascend
               :
               fills
               up
               all
               the
               Fissures
               whereinto
               it
               can
               get
               Admission
               or
               Entrance
               :
               and
               saturates
               all
               the
               Interstices
               and
               Pores
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               Stone
               ,
               or
               other
               Matter
               ,
               all
               round
               the
               Globe
               ,
               quite
               up
               to
               the
               level
               of
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Ocean
               .
            
             
               
               That
               there
               is
               a
               perpetual
               and
               incessant
               Circulation
               of
               Water
               in
               the
               Atmosphere
               :
               it
               arising
               from
               the
               Globe
               in
               form
               of
               Vapour
               ,
               and
               falling
               down
               again
               in
               
                 Rain
                 ,
                 Dew
                 ,
                 Hail
              
               ,
               and
               Snow
               .
               That
               the
               quantity
               of
               Water
               thus
               rising
               and
               falling
               is
               equal
               ;
               as
               much
               returning
               back
               in
               Rain
               ,
               &c.
               to
               the
               whole
               terraqueous
               Globe
               ,
               as
               was
               exhaled
               from
               it
               in
               Vapours
               :
               and
               reciprocally
               as
               much
               mounting
               up
               again
               in
               Vapour
               as
               was
               discharged
               down
               in
               Rain
               .
               That
               tho'
               the
               quantity
               of
               Water
               thus
               rising
               and
               
               falling
               be
               nearly
               certain
               and
               constant
               as
               to
               the
               whole
               ,
               yet
               it
               varies
               in
               the
               several
               Parts
               of
               the
               Globe
               ;
               by
               reason
               that
               the
               Vapours
               float
               in
               the
               Atmosphere
               ,
               sailing
               in
               Clouds
               from
               place
               to
               place
               ,
               and
               are
               not
               restored
               down
               again
               in
               a
               Perpendicular
               upon
               the
               same
               precise
               Tract
               of
               Land
               ,
               or
               Sea
               ,
               or
               both
               together
               ,
               from
               which
               Originally
               they
               arose
               ,
               but
               
                 any
                 other
              
               indifferently
               ;
               so
               that
               some
               Regions
               receive
               back
               more
               in
               Rain
               than
               they
               send
               up
               in
               Vapour
               :
               as
               ,
               on
               the
               contrary
               ,
               others
               send
               up
               more
               in
               Vapour
               than
               they
               receive
               in
               Rain
               :
               nay
               ,
               the
               very
               same
               Region
               at
               
                 one
                 Season
              
               sends
               up
               more
               in
               Vapours
               than
               it
               receives
               in
               Rain
               ,
               and
               at
               another
               receives
               more
               in
               Rain
               than
               it
               sends
               up
               in
               Vapour
               ;
               but
               the
               Excesses
               of
               one
               Region
               and
               Season
               compensating
               the
               Defects
               of
               the
               others
               ,
               the
               quantity
               rising
               and
               falling
               upon
               the
               whole
               Globe
               is
               equal
               ,
               however
               different
               it
               may
               be
               in
               the
               several
               Parts
               of
               it
               .
            
             
               That
               the
               Rain
               which
               falls
               upon
               the
               
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               partly
               runs
               off
               into
               Rivers
               ,
               and
               thence
               into
               the
               Sea
               :
               and
               partly
               sinks
               down
               into
               the
               Earth
               ,
               insinuating
               it self
               into
               the
               Interstices
               of
               the
               Sand
               ,
               Gravel
               ,
               or
               other
               Matter
               of
               the
               
               exteriour
               or
               uppermost
               Strata
               ;
               whence
               
                 some
                 of
                 it
              
               passes
               on
               into
               Wells
               ,
               and
               into
               Grotts
               ,
               and
               stagnates
               there
               ,
               till
               't
               is
               by
               degrees
               again
               exhaled
               :
               
                 some
                 of
                 it
              
               glides
               into
               the
               perpendicular
               Intervalls
               of
               the
               solid
               Strata
               ;
               where
               ,
               if
               there
               be
               no
               Outlet
               or
               Passage
               to
               the
               Surface
               ,
               it
               stagnates
               ,
               as
               the
               other
               :
               but
               if
               there
               be
               such
               Outlets
               ,
               't
               is
               by
               them
               refunded
               forth
               together
               with
               the
               ordinary
               Water
               of
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               :
               and
               
                 the
                 rest
              
               ,
               which
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               compactness
               of
               the
               terrestrial
               Matter
               underneath
               ,
               cannot
               make
               its
               way
               to
               Wells
               ,
               the
               perpendicular
               Fissures
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               Exits
               ,
               only
               saturates
               the
               uppermost
               Strata
               :
               and
               in
               time
               remounts
               up
               again
               in
               Vapour
               into
               the
               Atmosphere
               .
            
             
               
               That
               although
               Rains
               do
               thus
               fall
               into
               ,
               and
               augment
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               ,
               yet
               neither
               
                 the
                 one
              
               nor
               
                 the
                 other
              
               do
               derive
               the
               Water
               ,
               which
               they
               ordinaririly
               refund
               ,
               from
               Rains
               ;
               notwithstanding
               what
               very
               many
               Learned
               Men
               have
               believed
               .
            
             
               
               That
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               do
               not
               proceed
               from
               Vapours
               raised
               out
               of
               the
               Sea
               by
               the
               Sun
               ,
               borne
               thence
               by
               Winds
               unto
               Mountains
               ,
               and
               there
               condensed
               ,
               as
               a
               modern
               ingenious
               Writer
               is
               of
               Opinion
               .
            
             
             
               That
               the
               abovementioned
               great
               subterranean
               
               Magazine
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               with
               its
               Partner
               the
               Ocean
               ,
               is
               the
               
                 Standing
                 Fund
              
               and
               Promptuary
               which
               supplies
               Water
               to
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               :
               as
               well
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               ,
               as
               Vapours
               and
               Rain
               .
            
             
               That
               there
               is
               a
               nearly
               uniform
               and
               
               constant
               Fire
               or
               Heat
               †
               disseminated
               throughout
               the
               Body
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               especially
               the
               interiour
               Parts
               of
               it
               ;
               the
               bottoms
               of
               the
               deeper
               Mines
               being
               very
               sultry
               ,
               and
               the
               Stone
               and
               Ores
               there
               very
               sensibly
               hot
               even
               in
               Winter
               ,
               and
               the
               colder
               Seasons
               .
               That
               't
               is
               
                 this
                 Heat
              
               which
               evaporates
               and
               elevates
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               buoying
               it
               up
               indifferently
               on
               every
               side
               ,
               and
               towards
               all
               parts
               of
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Globe
               :
               pervading
               not
               only
               the
               Fissures
               and
               Intervals
               of
               the
               Strata
               ,
               but
               the
               very
               Bodies
               of
               the
               Strata
               themselves
               ,
               permeating
               the
               Interstices
               of
               the
               Sand
               ,
               Earth
               ,
               or
               other
               Matter
               ,
               whereof
               they
               consist
               :
               yea
               even
               the
               most
               firm
               and
               
               dense
               Marble
               and
               Sand-stone
               ;
               for
               these
               give
               Admission
               to
               it
               ,
               though
               in
               lesser
               quantity
               ,
               and
               are
               always
               found
               saturated
               with
               it
               ;
               which
               is
               the
               reason
               that
               they
               are
               softer
               ,
               and
               cut
               much
               more
               easily
               ,
               when
               first
               taken
               out
               of
               their
               Beds
               and
               Quarries
               ,
               than
               afterwards
               ,
               when
               they
               have
               lain
               some
               time
               exposed
               to
               the
               Air
               ,
               and
               that
               Humidity
               is
               evaporated
               .
            
             
               That
               this
               Vapour
               proceeds
               up
               directly
               towards
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Globe
               on
               all
               sides
               ,
               and
               ,
               as
               near
               as
               possible
               ,
               in
               right
               Lines
               ,
               unless
               impeded
               and
               diverted
               by
               the
               Interposition
               of
               Strata
               of
               Marble
               ,
               the
               denser
               sorts
               of
               Stone
               ,
               or
               other
               like
               Matter
               ,
               which
               is
               so
               close
               and
               compact
               that
               it
               can
               admit
               it
               only
               in
               smaller
               quantity
               ,
               and
               this
               very
               slowly
               and
               leisurely
               too
               .
            
             
               That
               when
               it
               is
               thus
               intercepted
               in
               its
               passage
               ,
               the
               Vapour
               ,
               which
               cannot
               penetrate
               the
               Stratum
               diametrically
               ,
               
                 some
                 of
                 it
              
               glides
               along
               the
               lower
               Surface
               of
               it
               ,
               permeating
               the
               horizontal
               Interval
               which
               is
               betwixt
               the
               said
               dense
               Stratum
               and
               that
               which
               lies
               underneath
               it
               :
               
                 the
                 rest
              
               passing
               the
               Interstices
               of
               the
               Mass
               of
               the
               subjacent
               Strata
               ,
               whether
               they
               be
               of
               laxer
               Stone
               ,
               of
               Sand
               ,
               of
               
               Marle
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               ,
               with
               a
               Direction
               parallel
               to
               the
               Site
               of
               those
               Strata
               ,
               till
               it
               arrives
               at
               their
               perpendicular
               Intervalls
               .
            
             
               That
               the
               Water
               being
               thus
               approach'd
               to
               these
               Intervalls
               ,
               in
               case
               the
               Strata
               ,
               whereby
               the
               ascending
               Vapour
               was
               collected
               and
               condensed
               into
               Water
               (
               as
               we
               usually
               speak
               )
               in
               like
               manner
               as
               by
               an
               Alembick
               ,
               happen
               to
               be
               raised
               above
               the
               level
               of
               the
               Earth's
               ordinary
               Surface
               ,
               as
               those
               Strata
               are
               whereof
               Mountains
               consist
               ,
               then
               the
               Water
               ,
               being
               likewise
               got
               above
               the
               said
               
                 level
                 ,
                 flows
                 forth
              
               of
               those
               Intervalls
               or
               Apertures
               ,
               and
               ,
               if
               there
               be
               no
               Obstacle
               without
               ,
               forms
               Brooks
               and
               Rivers
               :
               but
               where
               the
               Strata
               ,
               which
               so
               condense
               it
               ,
               are
               not
               higher
               than
               the
               mean
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               it
               stagnates
               at
               the
               Apertures
               ,
               and
               only
               forms
               
                 Standing
                 Springs
              
               .
            
             
               That
               though
               the
               Supply
               from
               this
               great
               Receptacle
               below
               be
               continual
               ,
               and
               nearly
               the
               same
               at
               all
               Seasons
               ,
               and
               alike
               to
               all
               parts
               of
               the
               Globe
               ,
               yet
               when
               it
               arrives
               at
               or
               near
               the
               
                 Surface
                 of
                 the
                 Earth
              
               ,
               where
               the
               Heat
               (
               the
               Agent
               which
               evaporates
               and
               bears
               it
               up
               )
               is
               
                 not
                 so
                 constant
              
               and
               uniform
               as
               is
               that
               resident
               
               within
               the
               Globe
               ,
               but
               is
               subject
               to
               Vicissitudes
               and
               Alterations
               ,
               being
               at
               certain
               Seasons
               greater
               than
               at
               others
               :
               being
               also
               greater
               in
               some
               Climates
               and
               Parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               than
               in
               others
               :
               it
               thence
               happens
               that
               the
               quantity
               of
               
                 Water
                 at
                 the
                 Surface
              
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               though
               sent
               up
               from
               the
               Abyss
               with
               an
               almost
               constant
               Equality
               ,
               is
               
                 various
                 and
                 uncertain
              
               ,
               as
               is
               the
               Heat
               there
               ;
               at
               
                 some
                 Seasons
              
               ,
               and
               in
               
                 some
                 Countries
              
               ,
               the
               Surface
               abounding
               ,
               and
               being
               even
               drowned
               with
               the
               plenty
               of
               it
               ,
               the
               
                 Springs
                 full
              
               ,
               and
               the
               
                 Rivers
                 high
              
               :
               at
               
                 other
                 Seasons
              
               ,
               and
               in
               
                 other
                 Countries
              
               both
               
                 Springs
                 and
                 Rivers
                 exceeding
                 low
              
               ,
               yea
               sometimes
               
                 totally
                 failing
              
               .
            
             
               That
               when
               the
               Heat
               in
               the
               
                 exteriour
                 Parts
              
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               ambient
               Air
               ,
               is
               as
               intense
               as
               that
               in
               the
               interiour
               Parts
               of
               it
               ,
               all
               
                 that
                 Water
              
               which
               passes
               the
               Strata
               directly
               ,
               mounting
               up
               in
               separate
               Parcels
               ,
               or
               in
               form
               of
               Vapour
               ,
               does
               
                 not
                 stop
              
               at
               the
               Surface
               ,
               because
               the
               Heat
               there
               is
               equal
               both
               in
               quantity
               and
               power
               to
               that
               underneath
               ,
               which
               brought
               it
               out
               of
               the
               Abyss
               .
               This
               Heat
               therefore
               takes
               it
               here
               ,
               and
               
                 bears
                 it
                 up
              
               ,
               part
               of
               it
               immediately
               out
               
               at
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               :
               the
               rest
               ,
               through
               the
               Tubes
               and
               Vessels
               of
               the
               Vegetables
               which
               grow
               thereon
               ,
               Herbs
               ,
               Shrubs
               ,
               and
               Trees
               ,
               and
               along
               with
               it
               a
               sort
               of
               vegetative
               terrestrial
               Matter
               ,
               which
               it
               detaches
               from
               out
               the
               uppermost
               Stratum
               wherein
               these
               are
               planted
               ;
               this
               it
               deposes
               in
               them
               ,
               for
               their
               Nutriment
               ,
               as
               it
               passes
               through
               them
               †
               ;
               and
               issuing
               out
               at
               the
               tops
               and
               extremities
               of
               them
               ,
               it
               marches
               still
               on
               ,
               and
               is
               elevated
               up
               into
               the
               Atmosphere
               to
               such
               height
               that
               ,
               the
               Heat
               being
               there
               less
               ,
               it
               becomes
               condensed
               ,
               unites
               and
               combines
               into
               small
               Masses
               or
               Drops
               ,
               and
               at
               length
               falls
               down
               again
               in
               
                 Rain
                 ,
                 Dew
                 ,
                 Hail
              
               ,
               or
               Snow
               .
               And
               for
               the
               
                 other
                 part
              
               of
               the
               Water
               ,
               which
               was
               condensed
               at
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               sent
               forth
               collectively
               into
               Standing-Springs
               and
               
                 Rivers
                 ,
                 this
              
               also
               sustains
               a
               Diminution
               from
               the
               Heat
               above
               ,
               being
               evaporated
               ,
               more
               or
               less
               ,
               in
               proportion
               to
               the
               greater
               or
               lesser
               Intenseness
               of
               the
               Heat
               ,
               and
               the
               greater
               or
               lesser
               Extent
               of
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Water
               so
               sent
               forth
               .
            
             
               That
               as
               these
               Evaporations
               are
               at
               
                 some
                 times
                 greater
              
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               
                 greater
                 heat
              
               of
               the
               Sun
               ,
               fo
               wherever
               they
               
               alight
               again
               in
               Rain
               ;
               't
               is
               as
               much
               superiour
               in
               quantity
               to
               the
               Rain
               of
               
                 colder
                 Seasons
              
               ,
               as
               the
               
                 Suns
                 power
              
               is
               then
               superiour
               to
               its
               power
               in
               those
               Seasons
               .
               This
               is
               apparent
               even
               in
               these
               
                 Northern
                 Climes
              
               ,
               where
               the
               Suns
               power
               is
               never
               very
               great
               ,
               our
               Rains
               in
               
                 Iune
                 ,
                 Iuly
              
               ,
               and
               August
               ,
               being
               much
               greater
               than
               those
               of
               the
               colder
               Months
               :
               the
               Drops
               larger
               ,
               and
               consequently
               heavier
               :
               falling
               thicker
               ,
               faster
               ,
               and
               with
               greater
               force
               :
               striking
               the
               ground
               ,
               at
               their
               fall
               ,
               with
               violence
               ,
               and
               making
               a
               mighty
               noise
               :
               beating
               down
               the
               fruit
               from
               the
               Trees
               ,
               prostrating
               and
               laying
               Corn
               growing
               in
               the
               Fields
               :
               and
               sometimes
               so
               filling
               the
               Rivers
               as
               to
               make
               them
               out-swell
               their
               Banks
               ,
               and
               lay
               the
               neighbouring
               Grounds
               under
               Water
               .
               But
               much
               more
               apparent
               is
               it
               in
               the
               more
               
                 Southern
                 Regions
              
               :
               in
               
                 Abassinia
                 ,
                 Nigritia
                 ,
                 Guinea
              
               :
               in
               the
               East-Indies
               :
               in
               
                 Brasil
                 ,
                 Paraguay
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Countries
               of
               
                 South
                 America
              
               ,
               to
               instance
               in
               no
               more
               .
               In
               these
               the
               Sun
               shews
               a
               much
               greater
               force
               :
               and
               their
               Rains
               (
               which
               are
               periodical
               ,
               happening
               always
               much
               about
               the
               same
               time
               ,
               and
               lasting
               several
               Months
               )
               fall
               in
               such
               quantities
               as
               to
               be
               more
               like
               Rivers
               
               descending
               ,
               than
               Showers
               ;
               and
               by
               these
               are
               caused
               those
               mighty
               
                 periodical
                 Inundations
              
               of
               the
               Nile
               ,
               the
               Niger
               ,
               the
               
                 Rio
                 da
                 Volta
              
               :
               the
               Ganges
               :
               the
               
                 Rio
                 de
                 las
                 Amazonas
              
               ,
               the
               
                 Rio
                 de
                 la
                 Plata
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Rivers
               of
               those
               Countries
               ;
               to
               which
               
                 Inundations
                 Egypt
              
               ,
               through
               which
               the
               Nile
               flows
               ,
               the
               Indies
               ,
               and
               the
               rest
               ,
               owe
               their
               
                 extraordinary
                 Fertility
              
               ,
               and
               those
               
                 mighty
                 Crops
              
               they
               produce
               after
               these
               Waters
               are
               withdrawn
               from
               off
               their
               Fields
               ;
               Rain-water
               ,
               as
               we
               have
               already
               noted
               *
               ,
               carrying
               along
               with
               it
               a
               sort
               of
               terrestrial
               Matter
               that
               fertilizes
               the
               Land
               ,
               as
               being
               proper
               for
               the
               Formation
               of
               Vegetables
               .
            
             
               That
               when
               the
               Heat
               in
               the
               exteriour
               Parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               ambient
               Air
               ,
               is
               less
               than
               that
               in
               the
               interiour
               ,
               the
               Evaporations
               are
               likewise
               less
               ;
               and
               the
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               thereupon
               do
               not
               only
               cease
               to
               be
               diminished
               †
               ,
               proportionably
               to
               the
               Relaxation
               of
               the
               Heat
               ,
               but
               are
               much
               augmented
               ;
               a
               great
               part
               of
               the
               Water
               ,
               which
               ascends
               to
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               in
               
                 Vapour
                 ,
                 stopping
                 there
              
               ,
               for
               
                 want
                 of
                 Heat
              
               to
               ●ount
               it
               thence
               up
               into
               the
               Atmosphere
               ,
               and
               saturating
               the
               superficial
               
               or
               uppermost
               Strata
               with
               Water
               ;
               which
               by
               degrees
               drains
               down
               into
               
                 Wells
                 ,
                 Springs
              
               ,
               and
               Rivers
               ,
               and
               so
               makes
               an
               Addition
               unto
               them
               .
               And
               this
               is
               the
               reason
               that
               
                 these
                 abound
                 with
                 Water
              
               in
               the
               
                 colder
                 Season
              
               so
               much
               more
               than
               they
               do
               in
               the
               hotter
               .
            
             
               
               That
               the
               Water
               ,
               which
               is
               thus
               dispens'd
               to
               the
               Earth
               and
               Atmosphere
               by
               the
               
                 Great
                 Abyss
              
               ,
               being
               carried
               down
               by
               Rains
               and
               by
               Rivers
               into
               the
               Ocean
               ,
               which
               ,
               as
               we
               have
               said
               ,
               communicates
               ,
               and
               stands
               at
               an
               AEquilibrium
               with
               that
               subterranean
               Conservatory
               ,
               is
               by
               that
               means
               restored
               back
               to
               the
               Abyss
               ;
               whence
               it
               returns
               again
               ,
               in
               a
               continual
               Circulation
               ,
               to
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               in
               Vapours
               ,
               and
               Springs
               .
            
             
               
               That
               the
               
                 final
                 Cause
              
               of
               this
               Distribution
               of
               Water
               ,
               in
               such
               quantity
               ,
               to
               all
               parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               indifferently
               in
               Springs
               ,
               Rivers
               ,
               and
               Rain
               :
               and
               of
               this
               
                 perpetual
                 Circulation
              
               and
               Motion
               of
               it
               ,
               is
               the
               
                 Propagation
                 of
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 Animals
                 ,
                 Vegetables
                 ,
              
               and
               Minerals
               ,
               in
               a
               continued
               Succession
               .
               That
               for
               Animals
               ,
               they
               either
               feed
               upon
               Vegetables
               immediately
               :
               or
               ,
               which
               comes
               to
               the
               same
               at
               last
               ,
               upon
               other
               Animals
               which
               have
               fed
               upon
               them
               ;
               so
               that
               Vegetables
               
               are
               the
               first
               and
               
                 main
                 Fund
              
               ,
               and
               fit
               Matter
               being
               supplied
               unto
               
                 these
                 ,
                 Provision
              
               is
               thereby
               made
               for
               the
               Nourishment
               of
               
                 Animals
                 ;
                 these
              
               Vegetables
               being
               no
               other
               than
               so
               many
               Machines
               serving
               to
               derive
               that
               Matter
               from
               the
               Earth
               ,
               to
               digest
               and
               prepare
               it
               ,
               for
               
                 their
                 food
              
               ,
               leisurely
               and
               by
               little
               and
               little
               ,
               as
               they
               can
               admit
               and
               dispose
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               as
               it
               is
               brought
               to
               them
               by
               the
               Ministration
               of
               
                 this
                 Fluid
              
               .
               That
               Vegetables
               being
               naturally
               fix'd
               and
               tyed
               al●ays
               to
               the
               same
               place
               ,
               and
               so
               not
               able
               (
               as
               Animals
               are
               )
               to
               shift
               ,
               and
               seek
               out
               after
               Matter
               proper
               for
               their
               Increment
               ,
               't
               was
               indispensably
               necessary
               that
               it
               should
               be
               
                 brought
                 to
                 them
              
               :
               and
               that
               there
               should
               be
               some
               Agent
               ,
               thus
               ready
               and
               at
               hand
               in
               all
               places
               ,
               to
               do
               them
               that
               Office
               ,
               and
               so
               carry
               on
               this
               great
               and
               important
               Work.
               For
               this
               Matter
               being
               impotent
               ,
               sluggish
               ,
               and
               inactive
               ,
               hath
               no
               more
               power
               to
               stir
               ,
               or
               move
               it self
               to
               
                 these
                 Bodies
              
               ,
               than
               they
               themselves
               have
               to
               move
               unto
               it
               ;
               and
               therefore
               it
               must
               have
               lain
               eternally
               confined
               to
               its
               Beds
               of
               Earth
               ,
               and
               then
               none
               of
               these
               Bodies
               could
               ever
               have
               been
               formed
               ,
               were
               there
               not
               this
               ,
               or
               the
               like
               ,
               Agent
               to
               educe
               it
               thence
               ,
               
               and
               bear
               it
               unto
               them
               .
               Nor
               does
               the
               Water
               ,
               thus
               hurried
               about
               from
               place
               to
               place
               ,
               serve
               only
               to
               
                 carry
                 the
                 Matter
              
               unto
               these
               Bodies
               ,
               but
               the
               parts
               of
               it
               being
               very
               voluble
               and
               lubricous
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               fine
               and
               small
               ,
               it
               easily
               insinuates
               it self
               into
               ,
               and
               placidly
               distends
               the
               Tubes
               and
               Vessels
               of
               Vegetables
               ,
               and
               by
               that
               means
               introduces
               into
               them
               the
               Matter
               it
               bears
               along
               with
               it
               ,
               conveying
               it
               to
               the
               several
               Parts
               of
               them
               ;
               where
               each
               Part
               ,
               by
               a
               particular
               Mechanism
               in
               the
               Structure
               of
               it
               ,
               detaches
               and
               assumes
               those
               Particles
               of
               the
               Mass
               so
               conveyed
               which
               are
               proper
               for
               the
               Nutrition
               and
               Augmentation
               of
               
                 that
                 Part
              
               ,
               incorporating
               these
               with
               it
               ,
               and
               letting
               all
               the
               rest
               pass
               on
               with
               the
               Fluid
               ;
               those
               Particles
               which
               are
               either
               superfluous
               ,
               and
               more
               than
               the
               parts
               of
               the
               Plant
               can
               admit
               and
               manage
               at
               one
               time
               :
               or
               that
               are
               not
               suitable
               and
               proper
               for
               the
               Nourishment
               of
               any
               of
               the
               parts
               of
               a
               Plant
               of
               that
               kind
               ,
               passing
               out
               at
               the
               Extremities
               of
               it
               along
               with
               the
               Water
               *
               And
               this
               latter
               Office
               it
               does
               likewise
               to
               Animals
               ;
               Water
               ,
               and
               other
               Fluids
               ,
               serving
               to
               
                 convey
                 the
                 Matter
              
               ,
               whereby
               they
               are
               nourished
               ,
               from
               their
               Stomachs
               and
               
               Guts
               ,
               through
               the
               Lacteals
               and
               other
               finer
               Vessels
               ,
               to
               the
               several
               parts
               of
               their
               Bodies
               .
               But
               the
               Formation
               of
               Animals
               and
               Vegetables
               ,
               being
               a
               thing
               somewhat
               foreign
               to
               my
               present
               purpose
               ,
               I
               shall
               adjourn
               the
               fuller
               Consideration
               of
               it
               to
               another
               Occasion
               .
               How
               far
               Water
               is
               concerned
               in
               the
               Formation
               of
               Minerals
               ,
               will
               appear
               more
               at
               large
               in
               the
               succeeding
               Part
               of
               this
               Work.
               
            
             
               That
               't
               is
               this
               Vapour
               ,
               or
               
                 subtile
                 Fluid
              
               ,
               
               that
               ascending
               thus
               incessantly
               out
               of
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               and
               
                 pervading
                 the
                 Strata
              
               of
               Gravel
               ,
               Sand
               ,
               Earth
               ,
               Stone
               ,
               and
               the
               rest
               ,
               by
               degrees
               rots
               and
               decays
               the
               
                 Bones
                 ,
                 Shells
                 ,
                 Teeth
              
               ,
               and
               other
               parts
               of
               Animals
               :
               as
               also
               the
               Trees
               ,
               and
               other
               Vegetables
               ,
               which
               were
               lodged
               in
               those
               Strata
               at
               the
               Deluge
               †
               ;
               this
               Fluid
               ,
               by
               its
               continual
               Attrition
               as
               it
               passes
               successively
               by
               them
               ,
               fretting
               the
               said
               Bodies
               ,
               by
               little
               and
               little
               wearing
               off
               and
               dissipating
               their
               constituent
               Corpuscles
               ,
               and
               at
               length
               quite
               dissolving
               and
               destroying
               their
               Texture
               .
               That
               yet
               it
               hath
               not
               this
               Effect
               indifferently
               upon
               all
               of
               them
               ;
               those
               which
               happened
               to
               be
               reposed
               in
               the
               firmer
               and
               compacter
               Strata
               ,
               e.g.
               of
               Marble
               ,
               the
               closer
               kinds
               of
               Sand-stone
               ,
               Chalk
               ,
               and
               
               the
               like
               ,
               being
               thereby
               protected
               in
               great
               measure
               from
               its
               Attacks
               ;
               it
               passing
               through
               these
               only
               in
               lesser
               quantity
               ,
               and
               that
               slowly
               and
               with
               difficulty
               *
               ;
               so
               that
               its
               Motion
               here
               being
               more
               feeble
               and
               languid
               ,
               the
               Shells
               and
               other
               Bodies
               enclosed
               
                 in
                 these
              
               are
               usually
               found
               very
               firm
               and
               entire
               ,
               many
               of
               them
               retaining
               even
               their
               natural
               Colours
               to
               this
               day
               ,
               though
               they
               have
               lain
               thus
               above
               four
               thousand
               years
               ;
               and
               may
               doubtless
               endure
               much
               longer
               ,
               even
               as
               long
               as
               those
               Strata
               ,
               to
               which
               they
               owe
               their
               Preservation
               ,
               shall
               themselves
               endure
               ,
               and
               continue
               entire
               and
               undisturbed
               :
               whilst
               those
               which
               were
               lodged
               in
               Marle
               ,
               Sand
               ,
               Gravel
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               ,
               more
               loose
               and
               pervious
               Matter
               ,
               are
               so
               rotted
               and
               decayed
               ,
               that
               they
               are
               now
               not
               at
               all
               ,
               or
               very
               difficultly
               ,
               distinguishable
               from
               the
               Marle
               ,
               or
               other
               Matter
               in
               which
               they
               lye
               .
               Not
               but
               that
               there
               are
               sometimes
               found
               ,
               even
               in
               these
               laxer
               Strata
               ,
               Shells
               ,
               Teeth
               ,
               and
               other
               Bodies
               that
               are
               still
               tolerably
               firm
               ,
               and
               that
               have
               escaped
               pretty
               safe
               ;
               but
               these
               are
               only
               such
               as
               are
               of
               a
               more
               than
               ordinary
               robust
               and
               durable
               Constitution
               ,
               whereby
               they
               were
               enabled
               the
               better
               to
               
               withstand
               the
               repeated
               Assaults
               of
               the
               permeating
               Fluid
               ,
               and
               to
               maintain
               their
               Integrity
               ,
               whilst
               the
               other
               tenderer
               kinds
               perish'd
               and
               were
               destroyed
               .
            
             
               That
               this
               same
               subtile
               Fluid
               exerts
               the
               same
               power
               upon
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               that
               it
               does
               in
               the
               Bowels
               of
               it
               :
               and
               as
               it
               is
               instrumental
               to
               the
               Formation
               of
               Bodies
               here
               *
               ,
               so
               is
               it
               likewise
               (
               by
               a
               different
               Operation
               ,
               which
               I
               have
               not
               room
               to
               describe
               in
               this
               place
               )
               of
               the
               Destruction
               of
               them
               ;
               and
               that
               Corrosion
               and
               Dissolution
               of
               Bodies
               ,
               even
               the
               most
               solid
               and
               durable
               ,
               which
               is
               vulgarly
               ascrib'd
               to
               the
               Air
               ,
               is
               caused
               meerly
               by
               the
               Action
               of
               
                 this
                 Matter
              
               upon
               them
               ;
               the
               Air
               being
               so
               far
               from
               injuring
               and
               preying
               upon
               the
               Bodies
               it
               environs
               ,
               that
               it
               contributes
               to
               their
               Security
               and
               Preservation
               ,
               by
               impeding
               and
               obstructing
               the
               Action
               of
               this
               Matter
               :
               and
               were
               it
               not
               for
               the
               Interposition
               of
               the
               Air
               ,
               they
               could
               never
               be
               able
               to
               make
               so
               long
               and
               vigorous
               Resistance
               as
               now
               they
               do
               .
            
             
               That
               this
               
                 Subterranean
                 Heat
              
               or
               Fire
               ,
               
               which
               thus
               elevates
               the
               Water
               out
               of
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               being
               in
               any
               part
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               stop'd
               ,
               and
               so
               diverted
               from
               its
               
               ordinary
               course
               ,
               by
               some
               accidental
               Glut
               or
               Obstruction
               in
               the
               Pores
               or
               Passages
               through
               which
               it
               used
               to
               ascend
               to
               the
               Surface
               :
               and
               being
               by
               that
               means
               preternaturally
               assembled
               ,
               in
               greater
               quantity
               than
               usual
               ,
               into
               one
               place
               ,
               it
               causes
               a
               great
               Rarifaction
               and
               Intumescence
               of
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               putting
               it
               into
               very
               great
               Commotions
               and
               Disorders
               :
               and
               at
               the
               same
               time
               making
               the
               like
               Effort
               upon
               the
               Earth
               ,
               which
               is
               expanded
               upon
               the
               face
               of
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               it
               occasions
               that
               Agitation
               and
               Concussion
               of
               it
               ,
               which
               we
               call
               an
               Earthquake
               .
            
             
               That
               this
               Effort
               is
               in
               some
               Earthquakes
               so
               vehement
               that
               it
               splits
               and
               tears
               the
               Earth
               ,
               making
               Cracks
               or
               Chasmes
               in
               it
               some
               Miles
               in
               length
               ,
               which
               open
               at
               the
               instants
               of
               the
               Shocks
               ,
               and
               close
               again
               in
               the
               Intervalls
               betwixt
               them
               :
               nay
               ,
               't
               is
               sometimes
               so
               extremely
               violent
               ,
               that
               it
               plainly
               forces
               the
               superincumbent
               Strata
               :
               breaks
               them
               all
               throughout
               ,
               and
               thereby
               perfectly
               undermines
               and
               ruins
               the
               Foundations
               of
               them
               ;
               so
               that
               these
               failing
               ,
               
                 the
                 whole
                 Tract
              
               ,
               assoon
               as
               ever
               the
               Shock
               is
               over
               ,
               sinks
               down
               to
               rights
               into
               the
               Abyss
               underneath
               ,
               and
               is
               swallowed
               
               up
               by
               it
               ,
               the
               Water
               thereof
               immediately
               rising
               up
               ,
               and
               forming
               a
               Lake
               in
               the
               place
               where
               the
               said
               Tract
               before
               was
               .
               That
               several
               considerable
               Tracts
               of
               Land
               ,
               and
               some
               with
               Cities
               and
               Towns
               standing
               upon
               them
               :
               as
               also
               whole
               Mountains
               ,
               many
               of
               them
               very
               large
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               great
               height
               ,
               have
               been
               thus
               totally
               
                 swallowed
                 up
              
               .
            
             
               That
               this
               Effort
               being
               made
               in
               
                 ad
                 Directions
              
               indifferently
               :
               upwards
               ,
               downwards
               ,
               and
               on
               every
               side
               ;
               the
               Fire
               dilating
               and
               expanding
               on
               all
               hands
               ,
               and
               endeavouring
               ,
               proportionably
               to
               the
               quantity
               and
               strength
               of
               it
               ,
               to
               get
               room
               ,
               and
               make
               its
               way
               through
               all
               Obstacles
               ,
               falls
               as
               foul
               upon
               the
               
                 Water
                 of
                 the
                 Abyss
              
               beneath
               ,
               as
               upon
               the
               Earth
               above
               ;
               
                 forcing
                 it
                 forth
              
               which
               way
               soever
               it
               can
               find
               vent
               or
               passage
               :
               as
               well
               through
               its
               ordinary
               Exits
               ,
               Wells
               ,
               Springs
               ,
               and
               the
               Outlets
               of
               Rivers
               :
               as
               through
               the
               Chasmes
               then
               newly
               opened
               :
               through
               the
               Camini
               or
               Spiracles
               of
               AEtna
               ,
               or
               other
               near
               Vulcanoes
               :
               and
               those
               
               Hiatus's
               at
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               Sea
               †
               ,
               whereby
               the
               Abyss
               below
               opens
               into
               it
               ,
               and
               communicates
               with
               it
               .
            
             
             
               That
               as
               the
               Water
               resident
               in
               the
               Abyss
               is
               ,
               in
               
                 all
                 Parts
              
               of
               it
               ,
               stored
               with
               a
               considerable
               quantity
               of
               Heat
               ,
               and
               more
               especially
               in
               those
               where
               these
               extraordinary
               Aggregations
               of
               this
               Fire
               happen
               ,
               so
               likewise
               is
               the
               Water
               which
               is
               thus
               forced
               out
               of
               it
               ;
               insomuch
               that
               ,
               when
               thrown
               forth
               ,
               and
               mix'd
               with
               the
               Waters
               of
               Wells
               ,
               of
               Springs
               ,
               of
               Rivers
               ,
               and
               the
               Sea
               ,
               it
               renders
               them
               very
               sensibly
               hot
               .
            
             
               That
               it
               is
               usually
               expelled
               forth
               in
               
                 vast
                 quantities
              
               ,
               and
               with
               
                 great
                 Impetuosity
              
               ;
               insomuch
               that
               it
               hath
               been
               seen
               to
               spout
               up
               out
               of
               deep
               Wells
               ,
               and
               fly
               forth
               ,
               at
               the
               tops
               of
               them
               ,
               upon
               the
               face
               of
               the
               ground
               .
               With
               like
               rapidity
               comes
               it
               out
               of
               the
               Sources
               of
               Rivers
               ,
               filling
               them
               so
               of
               a
               sudden
               as
               to
               make
               them
               run
               over
               their
               Banks
               ,
               and
               overflow
               the
               neighbouring
               Territories
               ,
               without
               so
               much
               as
               one
               drop
               of
               Rain
               falling
               into
               them
               ,
               or
               any
               other
               concurrent
               Water
               to
               raise
               and
               augment
               them
               .
               That
               it
               spues
               out
               of
               the
               Chasmes
               ,
               opened
               by
               the
               Earthquake
               ,
               in
               great
               abundance
               :
               mounting
               up
               ,
               in
               mighty
               Streams
               ,
               to
               an
               incredible
               height
               in
               the
               Air
               ,
               and
               this
               oftentimes
               at
               many
               Miles
               distance
               from
               any
               Sea.
               That
               it
               likewise
               flies
               
               forth
               of
               the
               Volcanoes
               in
               
                 vast
                 floods
              
               ,
               and
               with
               wonderful
               violence
               .
               That
               't
               is
               forced
               through
               the
               
               Hiatus's
               at
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               Sea
               with
               such
               vehemence
               ,
               that
               it
               puts
               the
               Sea
               immediately
               into
               the
               most
               horrible
               Disorder
               and
               Perturbation
               imaginable
               ,
               even
               when
               there
               is
               not
               the
               least
               breath
               of
               Wind
               stirring
               ,
               but
               all
               ,
               till
               then
               ,
               calm
               and
               still
               :
               making
               it
               rage
               and
               roar
               with
               a
               most
               hideous
               and
               amazing
               Noise
               :
               raising
               its
               Surface
               into
               prodigious
               Waves
               ,
               and
               tossing
               and
               rowling
               them
               about
               in
               a
               very
               strange
               and
               furious
               manner
               :
               over-setting
               Ships
               in
               the
               Harbours
               ,
               and
               sinking
               them
               to
               the
               bottom
               ;
               with
               many
               other
               like
               Outrages
               .
               That
               't
               is
               refunded
               out
               of
               these
               
               Hiatus's
               in
               such
               quantity
               also
               that
               it
               makes
               a
               vast
               Addition
               to
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Sea
               :
               raising
               it
               many
               Fathoms
               higher
               than
               ever
               it
               flows
               in
               the
               highest
               Tides
               ,
               so
               as
               to
               pour
               it
               forth
               far
               beyond
               its
               usual
               Bounds
               ,
               and
               make
               it
               overwhelm
               the
               adjacent
               Country
               ;
               by
               this
               means
               ruining
               and
               destroying
               Towns
               and
               Cities
               :
               drowning
               both
               Men
               and
               Cattel
               :
               breaking
               the
               Cables
               of
               Ships
               ,
               driving
               them
               from
               their
               Anchors
               ,
               bearing
               them
               along
               with
               the
               Inundation
               several
               
               Miles
               up
               into
               the
               Country
               ,
               and
               there
               running
               them
               a-ground
               :
               stranding
               Whales
               likewise
               ,
               and
               other
               great
               Fishes
               ,
               and
               leaving
               them
               ,
               at
               its
               Return
               ,
               upon
               dry
               Land.
               
            
             
               That
               these
               Phoenomena
               are
               not
               new
               ,
               or
               peculiar
               to
               the
               Earthquakes
               which
               have
               happened
               in
               our
               times
               ,
               but
               have
               been
               observed
               in
               
                 all
                 Ages
              
               ,
               and
               particularly
               these
               exorbitant
               Commotions
               of
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Globe
               .
               This
               we
               may
               learn
               abundantly
               from
               the
               Histories
               of
               former
               Times
               :
               and
               't
               was
               for
               this
               Reason
               that
               many
               of
               the
               Ancients
               concluded
               ,
               rightly
               enough
               ,
               that
               they
               were
               caused
               by
               the
               Impulses
               and
               Fluctuation
               of
               Water
               in
               the
               Bowels
               of
               the
               Earth
               ;
               and
               therefore
               they
               very
               frequently
               called
               Neptune
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               as
               also
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               and
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ;
               by
               all
               which
               Epithets
               they
               denoted
               his
               Power
               of
               
                 Shaking
                 the
                 Earth
              
               .
               They
               supposed
               that
               he
               presided
               over
               all
               Water
               whatever
               ,
               as
               well
               that
               within
               the
               Earth
               ,
               as
               the
               Sea
               ,
               and
               the
               rest
               upon
               it
               :
               and
               that
               the
               Earth
               was
               supported
               by
               Water
               ,
               its
               Foundations
               being
               laid
               thereon
               ;
               on
               which
               account
               it
               was
               that
               they
               bestowed
               upon
               him
               the
               Cognomen
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               or
               
                 Supporter
                 of
                 the
                 Earth
              
               ,
               
               and
               that
               of
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               or
               
                 The
                 Sustainer
                 of
                 its
                 Foundations
              
               .
               They
               likewise
               believed
               that
               he
               ,
               having
               a
               full
               Sway
               and
               Command
               over
               the
               Water
               ,
               had
               Power
               to
               still
               and
               compose
               it
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               to
               move
               and
               disturb
               it
               ,
               and
               the
               Earth
               ,
               by
               means
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               therefore
               they
               also
               gave
               him
               the
               Name
               of
               
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
                 〈◊〉
              
               ,
               or
               
                 The
                 Establisher
              
               ;
               under
               which
               Name
               several
               Temples
               were
               consecrated
               to
               him
               ,
               and
               Sacrifices
               offered
               whenever
               an
               Earthquake
               happened
               ,
               to
               pacifie
               and
               to
               appease
               him
               ;
               requesting
               that
               he
               would
               allay
               the
               Commotions
               of
               the
               Water
               ,
               secure
               the
               Foundations
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               put
               an
               end
               to
               the
               Earthquake
               .
            
             
               That
               the
               Fire
               it self
               ,
               which
               ,
               being
               thus
               assembled
               and
               pent
               up
               ,
               is
               the
               Cause
               of
               all
               these
               Perturbations
               ,
               makes
               its
               own
               way
               also
               forth
               ,
               by
               what
               Passages
               soever
               it
               can
               get
               vent
               :
               through
               the
               Spiracles
               of
               the
               next
               Vulcano
               ‖
               :
               through
               the
               Cracks
               and
               Openings
               of
               the
               Earth
               above-mentioned
               :
               through
               the
               Apertures
               of
               Springs
               ,
               especially
               those
               of
               the
               Thermae
               †
               :
               or
               any
               other
               way
               that
               it
               can
               either
               find
               or
               make
               ;
               and
               being
               thus
               discharged
               ,
               the
               Earthquake
               ceaseth
               ,
               till
               the
               Cause
               returns
               again
               ,
               and
               
               a
               fresh
               Collection
               of
               this
               Fire
               commits
               the
               same
               Outrages
               as
               before
               .
            
             
               That
               there
               is
               sometimes
               in
               Commotion
               a
               Portion
               of
               the
               Abyss
               of
               that
               
                 vast
                 Extent
              
               ,
               as
               to
               shake
               the
               Earth
               incumbent
               upon
               it
               for
               so
               very
               large
               a
               part
               of
               the
               Globe
               together
               ,
               that
               the
               Shock
               is
               felt
               the
               same
               Minute
               precisely
               in
               Countries
               that
               are
               many
               hundreds
               of
               Miles
               distant
               from
               each
               other
               ,
               and
               this
               even
               though
               they
               happen
               to
               be
               parted
               by
               the
               Sea
               lying
               betwixt
               them
               :
               nay
               ,
               there
               want
               not
               Instances
               of
               such
               an
               universal
               
                 Concussion
                 of
                 the
                 whole
                 Globe
              
               as
               must
               needs
               imply
               an
               Agitation
               of
               the
               
                 whole
                 Abyss
              
               .
            
             
               That
               though
               the
               Abyss
               be
               liable
               to
               these
               Commotions
               in
               all
               parts
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               therefore
               no
               Country
               can
               be
               wholly
               exempted
               from
               the
               Effects
               of
               them
               ;
               yet
               these
               Effects
               are
               no
               where
               very
               remarkable
               ,
               nor
               are
               there
               usually
               any
               great
               damages
               done
               by
               Earthquakes
               ,
               except
               only
               in
               those
               Countries
               which
               are
               mountainous
               ,
               and
               consequently
               stoney
               ,
               and
               cavernous
               underneath
               *
               ;
               and
               especially
               where
               the
               Disposition
               of
               the
               Strata
               is
               such
               that
               those
               Caverns
               open
               into
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               and
               so
               freely
               admit
               and
               entertain
               the
               Fire
               ,
               which
               assembling
               
               therein
               ,
               is
               the
               Cause
               of
               the
               Shock
               ;
               it
               naturally
               steering
               its
               course
               that
               way
               where
               it
               finds
               the
               readiest
               Reception
               ,
               which
               is
               towards
               these
               Caverns
               ;
               this
               being
               indeed
               much
               the
               case
               of
               Damps
               in
               Mines
               ,
               whereof
               more
               by
               and
               by
               .
               Besides
               that
               those
               Parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               which
               abound
               with
               Strata
               of
               Stone
               ,
               or
               Marble
               ,
               making
               the
               strongest
               Opposition
               to
               this
               Effort
               ,
               are
               the
               most
               furiously
               shattered
               ,
               and
               suffer
               much
               more
               by
               it
               than
               those
               which
               consist
               of
               Gravel
               ,
               Sand
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               laxer
               Matter
               ,
               which
               more
               easily
               give
               way
               ,
               and
               make
               not
               so
               great
               resistance
               ;
               an
               Event
               observable
               not
               only
               in
               this
               ,
               but
               all
               other
               Explosions
               whatever
               .
               But
               ,
               above
               all
               ,
               those
               Countries
               ,
               which
               yeild
               great
               store
               of
               Sulphur
               and
               Nitre
               ,
               are
               by
               far
               the
               most
               injured
               and
               incommoded
               by
               Earthquakes
               ;
               these
               Minerals
               constituting
               in
               the
               Earth
               a
               kind
               of
               Natural
               Gunpowder
               ,
               which
               ,
               taking
               fire
               ,
               upon
               this
               assembly
               and
               approach
               of
               it
               ,
               occasions
               that
               murmuring
               noise
               ,
               that
               subterranean
               Thunder
               (
               if
               I
               may
               so
               speak
               )
               which
               is
               heard
               rumbling
               in
               the
               bowels
               of
               the
               Earth
               during
               Earthquakes
               ,
               and
               ,
               by
               the
               assistance
               of
               its
               explosive
               Power
               ,
               renders
               the
               Shock
               
               much
               greater
               ,
               so
               as
               sometimes
               to
               make
               miserable
               Havock
               and
               Destruction
               .
               And
               't
               is
               for
               this
               reason
               that
               
                 Italy
                 ,
                 Sicily
                 ,
                 Anatolia
              
               ,
               and
               some
               parts
               of
               Greece
               have
               been
               
                 so
                 long
              
               and
               
                 so
                 often
              
               alarmed
               and
               harassed
               by
               Earthquakes
               ;
               these
               Countries
               being
               all
               Mountainous
               ,
               and
               Cavernous
               ,
               abounding
               with
               Stone
               and
               Marble
               ,
               and
               affording
               Sulphur
               and
               Nitre
               in
               great
               Plenty
               .
               But
               for
               a
               more
               particular
               History
               of
               the
               several
               Phaenomena
               which
               precede
               ,
               which
               accompany
               ,
               and
               which
               follow
               after
               Earthquakes
               :
               for
               the
               Causes
               of
               those
               Phaenomena
               :
               and
               for
               a
               more
               exact
               Account
               of
               the
               Origine
               ,
               and
               the
               Oeconomy
               of
               this
               subterranean
               Fire
               ,
               I
               must
               beg
               the
               Reader
               's
               Patience
               till
               the
               larger
               Work
               be
               made
               publick
               .
            
             
               
               That
               
                 AEtna
                 ,
                 Vesavius
                 ,
                 Hecla
              
               ,
               and
               the
               other
               Volcanoes
               ,
               are
               only
               so
               many
               Spiracles
               ,
               serving
               for
               the
               discharge
               of
               this
               
                 subterranean
                 Fire
              
               ,
               when
               't
               is
               thus
               preternaturally
               assembled
               .
               That
               where
               there
               happens
               to
               be
               such
               a
               Structure
               and
               Conformation
               of
               the
               interiour
               Parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               as
               that
               the
               Fire
               may
               pass
               freely
               and
               without
               impediment
               from
               the
               Caverns
               ,
               wherein
               it
               assembles
               ,
               unto
               these
               Spiracles
               ,
               it
               then
               readily
               
               and
               easily
               gets
               out
               ,
               from
               time
               to
               time
               ,
               without
               shaking
               or
               disturbing
               the
               Earth
               ;
               but
               where
               such
               Communication
               is
               wanting
               ,
               or
               the
               Passages
               not
               sufficiently
               large
               and
               open
               ,
               so
               that
               it
               cannot
               come
               at
               the
               said
               Spiracles
               without
               first
               forcing
               and
               removing
               all
               Obstacles
               ,
               it
               heaves
               up
               and
               shocks
               the
               Earth
               ,
               with
               greater
               or
               lesser
               Impetuosity
               ,
               according
               as
               the
               quantity
               of
               the
               Fire
               thus
               assembled
               is
               greater
               or
               less
               ,
               till
               it
               hath
               made
               its
               way
               to
               the
               Mouth
               of
               the
               Vulcano
               ;
               where
               it
               rusheth
               forth
               ,
               sometimes
               in
               mighty
               Flames
               ,
               with
               great
               Velocity
               ,
               and
               a
               terrible
               bellowing
               noise
               .
               That
               therefore
               there
               are
               scarcely
               any
               Countries
               ,
               that
               are
               much
               annoyed
               with
               Earthquakes
               ,
               that
               have
               not
               one
               of
               these
               Fiery
               Vents
               ;
               and
               these
               are
               constantly
               all
               in
               Flames
               whenever
               any
               Earthquake
               happens
               ;
               they
               disgorging
               that
               Fire
               ,
               which
               ,
               whilst
               underneath
               ,
               was
               the
               cause
               of
               the
               Disaster
               ;
               and
               were
               it
               not
               for
               these
               Diverticula
               ,
               whereby
               it
               thus
               gains
               an
               Exit
               ,
               't
               would
               rage
               in
               the
               Bowels
               of
               the
               Earth
               much
               more
               furiously
               ,
               and
               make
               greater
               havock
               than
               now
               it
               doth
               .
               So
               that
               though
               those
               Countries
               ,
               where
               there
               are
               such
               
               Vulcano's
               ,
               are
               usually
               ,
               
               more
               or
               less
               ,
               troubled
               with
               Earthquakes
               ;
               yet
               ,
               were
               these
               
               Vulcano's
               wanting
               ,
               they
               would
               be
               much
               more
               troubled
               with
               them
               than
               now
               they
               are
               :
               yea
               in
               all
               probability
               to
               that
               degree
               ,
               as
               to
               render
               the
               Earth
               ,
               for
               a
               vast
               space
               around
               them
               ,
               perfectly
               uninhabitable
               .
               In
               one
               word
               ,
               so
               beneficial
               are
               these
               to
               the
               Territories
               where
               they
               are
               ,
               that
               there
               do
               not
               want
               Instances
               of
               some
               which
               have
               been
               rescued
               and
               wholly
               delivered
               from
               Earthquakes
               by
               the
               breaking
               forth
               of
               a
               new
               Vulcano
               there
               ;
               this
               continually
               discharging
               that
               Matter
               ,
               which
               ,
               being
               till
               then
               barricaded
               up
               ,
               and
               imprisoned
               in
               the
               Bowels
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               was
               the
               occasion
               of
               very
               great
               and
               frequent
               Calamities
               .
               That
               most
               of
               these
               Spiracles
               perpetually
               and
               at
               all
               Seasons
               send
               forth
               Fire
               ,
               more
               or
               less
               ;
               and
               though
               it
               be
               sometimes
               so
               little
               that
               the
               Eye
               cannot
               discern
               it
               ,
               yet
               even
               then
               ,
               by
               a
               nearer
               Approach
               of
               the
               Body
               ,
               may
               be
               discovered
               a
               copious
               and
               very
               sensible
               Heat
               continually
               issuing
               out
               .
            
             
               
               That
               the
               
                 Thermae
                 ,
                 Natural
                 Baths
              
               ,
               or
               
                 Hot
                 Springs
              
               ,
               do
               not
               owe
               their
               Heat
               to
               any
               Colluctation
               or
               Effervescence
               of
               the
               Minerals
               in
               them
               ,
               as
               some
               Naturalists
               
               have
               believed
               :
               but
               to
               the
               before-mention'd
               
                 Subterranean
                 Heat
              
               or
               Fire
               .
               That
               these
               Baths
               continually
               emit
               a
               manifest
               and
               very
               sensible
               Heat
               :
               n●y
               some
               of
               them
               have
               been
               observed
               at
               some
               times
               to
               send
               forth
               an
               actual
               and
               visible
               Flame
               .
               That
               not
               only
               these
               ,
               but
               all
               other
               Springs
               whatever
               ,
               have
               in
               them
               some
               degree
               of
               Heat
               *
               ,
               (
               none
               of
               them
               ever
               Freezing
               ,
               no
               not
               in
               the
               longest
               and
               severest
               Frosts
               )
               but
               more
               especially
               those
               which
               arise
               where
               there
               is
               such
               a
               Site
               and
               Disposition
               of
               the
               Strata
               within
               the
               Earth
               as
               gives
               free
               and
               easie
               Admission
               to
               this
               Heat
               ,
               and
               favours
               its
               Ascent
               to
               the
               Surface
               ;
               where
               perspiring
               forth
               at
               the
               same
               Outlets
               with
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Spring
               ,
               it
               by
               that
               means
               heats
               it
               ,
               more
               or
               less
               ,
               as
               it
               chanceth
               to
               be
               dispensed
               forth
               in
               greater
               or
               lesser
               quantity
               .
               That
               as
               the
               Heat
               of
               all
               Springs
               is
               owing
               to
               this
               subterraneous
               Fire
               ,
               so
               wherever
               there
               are
               any
               extraordinary
               Discharges
               of
               this
               Fire
               ,
               there
               also
               are
               the
               neighbouring
               Springs
               hotter
               than
               ordinary
               ;
               witness
               the
               many
               Hot-Springs
               near
               
                 AEtna
                 ,
                 Vesuvius
                 ,
                 Hecla
              
               ,
               and
               all
               other
               Vulcanoes
               .
               That
               the
               Heat
               of
               the
               Thermae
               is
               not
               constant
               ,
               and
               always
               alike
               ;
               the
               
               same
               Spring
               suffering
               at
               some
               times
               a
               very
               manifest
               Failure
               and
               Remission
               of
               its
               Heat
               :
               at
               others
               as
               manifest
               an
               Addition
               and
               Encrease
               of
               it
               ;
               yea
               sometimes
               to
               that
               Excess
               as
               to
               make
               it
               boil
               and
               bubble
               with
               extream
               Heat
               ,
               like
               Water
               when
               boyling
               over
               a
               common
               Fire
               .
               That
               particularly
               during
               Earthquakes
               ,
               and
               Eruptions
               of
               Vulcano's
               †
               ,
               when
               there
               is
               a
               more
               copious
               Accession
               of
               this
               subterraneous
               Fire
               ,
               the
               Thermae
               all
               thereabouts
               become
               much
               hotter
               than
               before
               :
               yeilding
               also
               a
               far
               greater
               supply
               of
               Water
               than
               they
               were
               wont
               to
               do
               :
               and
               a
               murmuring
               Noise
               is
               usually
               heard
               ,
               below
               them
               ,
               in
               the
               Bowels
               of
               the
               Earth
               ;
               all
               which
               is
               occasioned
               meerly
               by
               the
               then
               rapid
               Motion
               ,
               and
               Ascent
               of
               the
               Fire
               ,
               in
               greater
               plenty
               than
               before
               ,
               to
               the
               Apertures
               of
               these
               Springs
               .
            
             
               I
               have
               now
               finish'd
               the
               Account
               of
               this
               Section
               :
               and
               was
               just
               going
               to
               take
               off
               my
               hand
               here
               ;
               but
               recollecting
               that
               in
               the
               foregoing
               Part
               of
               this
               Work
               ‖
               I
               promised
               some
               further
               Proofs
               of
               Contrivance
               in
               the
               Structure
               of
               the
               Globe
               we
               dwell
               upon
               :
               and
               such
               too
               as
               may
               satisfie
               any
               fair
               and
               unbyass'd
               Spectator
               that
               the
               framing
               and
               Composition
               
               of
               it
               out
               of
               the
               Materials
               of
               the
               former
               Earth
               was
               a
               work
               of
               Counsel
               and
               Sagacity
               :
               a
               Work
               apparently
               above
               the
               highest
               reaches
               of
               Chance
               ,
               or
               the
               Powers
               of
               Nature
               ;
               and
               this
               being
               a
               proper
               place
               wherein
               to
               produce
               those
               Proofs
               ,
               I
               shall
               give
               such
               Hints
               of
               them
               as
               the
               Brevity
               I
               am
               tyed
               up
               to
               will
               permit
               me
               ,
               and
               then
               conclude
               .
            
             
               I
               am
               indeed
               well
               aware
               that
               the
               Author
               of
               the
               
                 Theory
                 of
                 the
                 Earth
              
               *
               differs
               very
               much
               from
               me
               in
               Opinion
               as
               to
               this
               matter
               .
               He
               will
               not
               allow
               that
               there
               are
               any
               such
               Signs
               of
               Art
               and
               Skill
               in
               the
               Make
               of
               the
               Present
               Globe
               as
               are
               here
               mentioned
               :
               or
               that
               there
               was
               so
               great
               Care
               ,
               and
               such
               exact
               Measures
               taken
               in
               the
               re-sitting
               of
               it
               up
               again
               at
               the
               Del●uge
               .
               He
               reckons
               it
               no
               other
               than
               an
               huge
               disorderly
               Pile
               of
               
                 Raines
                 and
                 Rubbisb
              
               :
               and
               is
               very
               unwilling
               to
               believe
               that
               it
               was
               the
               Product
               of
               any
               Reasoning
               or
               Designing
               Agent
               .
               The
               Chanel
               of
               the
               Ocean
               appears
               to
               him
               
                 the
                 most
                 ghastly
                 thing
                 in
                 Nature
                 ,
              
               and
               he
               
                 cannot
                 at
                 all
                 admire
                 its
                 beauty
                 or
                 elegancy
                 :
                 for
                 't
                 is
                 ,
              
               in
               his
               judgment
               ,
               
                 as
                 deformed
                 and
                 irregular
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 great
                 .
              
               And
               for
               the
               Caverns
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               the
               Fissures
               and
               Breaches
               of
               the
               
               Strata
               ,
               he
               cannot
               fancy
               that
               they
               were
               formed
               
                 by
                 any
                 work
                 of
                 Nature
                 ,
                 nor
                 by
                 any
                 immediate
                 Action
                 of
                 God
                 ,
                 seeing
                 there
                 is
                 neither
                 use
                 ,
              
               that
               he
               can
               discover
               ,
               
                 nor
                 beauty
                 in
                 this
                 kind
                 of
                 Construction
                 .
              
               Then
               for
               the
               Mountains
               ,
               these
               ,
               he
               says
               ,
               
                 are
                 placed
                 in
                 no
                 order
                 one
                 with
                 another
                 ,
                 that
                 can
                 either
                 respect
                 Vse
                 or
                 Beauty
                 ,
                 and
                 do
                 not
                 consist
                 of
                 any
                 proportion
                 of
                 Parts
                 that
                 is
                 referable
                 to
                 any
                 Design
                 ,
                 or
                 that
                 hath
                 the
                 least
                 footsteps
                 of
                 Art
                 or
                 Counsel
                 .
              
               In
               fine
               ,
               he
               thinks
               there
               are
               several
               things
               in
               the
               Terraqueous
               Globe
               that
               are
               
                 rude
                 and
                 unseemly
              
               :
               and
               many
               that
               are
               superfluous
               .
               He
               looks
               upon
               it
               as
               incommodious
               ,
               and
               
                 as
                 a
                 broken
                 and
                 confused
                 heap
                 of
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 placed
                 in
                 no
                 order
                 to
                 one
                 another
                 ,
                 nor
                 with
                 any
                 correspondency
                 or
                 regularity
                 of
                 Parts
              
               :
               and
               it
               seems
               to
               him
               nothing
               better
               than
               a
               
                 rude
                 Lump
              
               ,
               and
               a
               
                 little
                 dirty
                 Planet
              
               .
               I
               have
               given
               his
               Opinion
               in
               his
               own
               Words
               ,
               though
               I
               have
               upon
               all
               like
               Occasions
               taken
               a
               shorter
               Course
               ,
               and
               contented
               my self
               with
               giving
               only
               the
               sense
               of
               others
               ;
               but
               this
               I
               have
               done
               here
               ,
               least
               any
               Man
               should
               suspect
               that
               I
               mistake
               the
               Author's
               Sentiments
               ,
               or
               do
               not
               represent
               them
               fairly
               .
            
             
             
               Now
               though
               it
               were
               really
               so
               ,
               that
               there
               were
               some
               such
               Eye-sores
               in
               our
               Earth
               as
               are
               here
               suggested
               :
               and
               that
               we
               could
               not
               presently
               find
               out
               all
               the
               Gayeities
               and
               Embelishments
               that
               we
               might
               seek
               for
               in
               it
               ,
               the
               matter
               would
               not
               be
               great
               :
               and
               we
               might
               very
               well
               be
               contented
               to
               take
               it
               as
               we
               find
               it
               .
               But
               after
               all
               the
               thing
               is
               in
               truth
               quite
               otherwise
               ,
               and
               there
               are
               none
               of
               all
               these
               wanting
               :
               nor
               any
               such
               Deformities
               as
               are
               here
               imagined
               ;
               but
               ,
               on
               the
               contrary
               ,
               so
               very
               many
               real
               Graces
               and
               Beauties
               ,
               that
               't
               is
               no
               easie
               thing
               to
               overlook
               them
               all
               .
               Even
               this
               very
               variety
               of
               Sea
               and
               Land
               ,
               of
               Hill
               and
               Dale
               ,
               which
               is
               here
               reputed
               so
               inelegant
               and
               unbecoming
               ,
               is
               indeed
               extreamly
               charming
               and
               agreeable
               .
               Nor
               do
               I
               offer
               this
               as
               any
               private
               Fancy
               of
               my
               own
               ,
               but
               as
               the
               common
               Sense
               of
               Mankind
               ,
               who
               are
               the
               true
               and
               proper
               Judges
               in
               the
               Case
               ,
               both
               the
               Ancients
               and
               Moderns
               ,
               giving
               their
               Suffrages
               unanimously
               herein
               ;
               and
               even
               the
               Heathens
               themselves
               ,
               have
               esteemed
               this
               variety
               not
               only
               ornamental
               to
               the
               Earth
               ,
               but
               a
               Proof
               of
               the
               Wisdom
               of
               the
               Creator
               of
               it
               ,
               and
               alledged
               it
               as
               such
               ;
               whereof
               more
               in
               due
               place
               .
            
             
             
               And
               ,
               as
               I
               cannot
               admit
               that
               there
               is
               any
               thing
               unhandsome
               or
               irregular
               :
               so
               much
               less
               can
               I
               grant
               that
               there
               is
               any
               thing
               incommodious
               and
               Artless
               ,
               or
               useless
               and
               Superfluous
               ,
               in
               the
               Globe
               .
               Were
               I
               at
               full
               Liberty
               to
               do
               it
               here
               ,
               't
               would
               be
               no
               hard
               thing
               to
               make
               appear
               that
               there
               are
               no
               real
               Grounds
               for
               any
               such
               Charge
               .
               For
               how
               easie
               were
               it
               ,
               by
               taking
               a
               minute
               and
               distinct
               Survey
               of
               the
               Globe
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               very
               many
               and
               various
               Limbs
               and
               Parts
               of
               it
               ,
               to
               shew
               that
               all
               these
               are
               ordered
               and
               digested
               with
               infinite
               Exactness
               and
               Artifice
               ;
               each
               in
               such
               manner
               as
               may
               best
               serve
               to
               its
               own
               proper
               End
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               use
               of
               the
               whole
               ?
               How
               easie
               were
               it
               to
               shew
               ,
               that
               the
               Rocks
               ,
               the
               Mountains
               ,
               and
               the
               Caverns
               ,
               against
               which
               these
               Exceptions
               are
               made
               ,
               are
               of
               indispensible
               Use
               and
               Necessity
               ,
               as
               well
               to
               the
               Earth
               ,
               as
               to
               Man
               and
               other
               Animals
               ,
               and
               even
               to
               all
               the
               rest
               of
               its
               Productions
               ?
               That
               there
               are
               no
               such
               Blemishes
               ,
               no
               Defects
               :
               nothing
               that
               might
               have
               been
               altered
               for
               the
               better
               :
               nothing
               superfluous
               :
               nothing
               useless
               ,
               in
               all
               the
               whole
               Composition
               ?
               and
               so
               finally
               trace
               out
               the
               numerous
               Footsteps
               and
               Marks
               of
               the
               Presence
               and
               
               Interposition
               of
               a
               most
               wise
               and
               intelligent
               Architect
               throughout
               all
               this
               stupendous
               Fabrick
               ?
               But
               I
               must
               reserve
               this
               for
               the
               larger
               Work
               ,
               and
               content
               my self
               for
               the
               present
               with
               only
               giving
               some
               brief
               Hints
               of
               it
               in
               the
               following
               Propositions
               .
               Namely
               ,
            
             
               That
               't
               was
               absolutely
               necessary
               for
               the
               well-being
               both
               of
               the
               Earth
               it self
               ,
               and
               of
               all
               terrestrial
               Bodies
               ,
               that
               some
               of
               the
               Strata
               should
               consolidate
               ,
               as
               they
               did
               ,
               immediately
               after
               the
               Subsidence
               of
               their
               Matter
               at
               the
               Deluge
               :
               that
               these
               should
               afterwards
               be
               broken
               in
               certain
               places
               :
               and
               lastly
               ,
               that
               they
               should
               be
               dislocated
               ,
               some
               of
               them
               elevated
               ,
               and
               others
               depressed
               .
            
             
               That
               had
               not
               the
               Strata
               of
               Stone
               and
               Marble
               become
               solid
               *
               ,
               but
               the
               Sand
               ,
               or
               other
               Matter
               whereof
               they
               consist
               ,
               continued
               lax
               and
               incoherent
               ,
               and
               they
               consequently
               been
               as
               previous
               as
               those
               of
               Marle
               ,
               Gravel
               ,
               and
               the
               like
               ,
               the
               Water
               which
               rises
               out
               of
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               for
               the
               Supply
               of
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               ,
               would
               not
               have
               stop'd
               at
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               but
               march'd
               directly
               ,
               and
               without
               impediment
               ,
               up
               into
               the
               Atmosphere
               ,
               in
               all
               parts
               of
               the
               Globe
               wherever
               there
               was
               Heat
               enough
               in
               
               the
               Air
               to
               continue
               its
               Ascent
               ,
               and
               buoy
               it
               up
               ;
               so
               that
               there
               then
               must
               needs
               have
               been
               an
               universal
               failure
               and
               want
               of
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               all
               the
               Summer-Season
               ,
               in
               the
               colder
               Climes
               :
               and
               all
               the
               Year
               round
               in
               the
               hotter
               and
               those
               that
               are
               near
               the
               AEquator
               ,
               where
               there
               is
               much
               the
               greatest
               need
               of
               both
               the
               one
               and
               the
               other
               ;
               and
               this
               meerly
               for
               want
               of
               the
               Interposition
               of
               such
               dense
               and
               solid
               Strata
               ,
               to
               arrest
               the
               ascending
               Vapour
               to
               stop
               it
               at
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               :
               and
               to
               collect
               and
               condense
               it
               there
               .
            
             
               That
               though
               the
               Strata
               had
               become
               solid
               ,
               so
               as
               to
               have
               condensed
               the
               rising
               Vapour
               ,
               yet
               if
               they
               had
               not
               been
               broken
               also
               ,
               ‖
               the
               Water
               must
               have
               lain
               eternally
               underneath
               those
               Strata
               ,
               without
               ever
               coming
               forth
               ;
               so
               that
               there
               then
               could
               have
               been
               neither
               Springs
               nor
               Rivers
               for
               a
               very
               considerable
               part
               ,
               or
               indeed
               ,
               almost
               the
               whole
               Earth
               ;
               the
               Water
               ,
               which
               supplies
               these
               ,
               proceeding
               out
               at
               those
               Breaches
               *
               .
               This
               Water
               therefore
               would
               have
               been
               wholly
               intercepted
               ,
               all
               lock'd
               up
               within
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               its
               Egress
               utterly
               debarr'd
               ,
               had
               the
               Strata
               of
               Stone
               and
               Marble
               remained
               continuous
               ,
               and
               
               without
               such
               Fissures
               and
               Interruptions
               .
               That
               these
               Fissures
               have
               a
               still
               further
               use
               ,
               and
               serve
               for
               Receptacles
               of
               Metalls
               ,
               and
               of
               several
               sorts
               of
               Minerals
               ;
               which
               are
               arrested
               by
               the
               Water
               in
               its
               passage
               thither
               through
               the
               Strata
               wherein
               the
               single
               Corpuscles
               of
               those
               Metalls
               and
               Minerals
               were
               lodged
               †
               ,
               and
               borne
               along
               with
               it
               into
               these
               Fissures
               ;
               where
               ,
               being
               by
               this
               means
               collected
               ,
               they
               are
               kept
               in
               store
               for
               the
               use
               of
               Mankind
               .
            
             
               That
               though
               there
               had
               been
               both
               
                 solid
                 Strata
              
               to
               have
               condens'd
               the
               ascending
               Vapour
               :
               and
               those
               so
               broken
               too
               as
               to
               have
               given
               free
               Vent
               and
               Issue
               to
               the
               Water
               so
               condensed
               ;
               yet
               had
               not
               the
               said
               Strata
               been
               dislocated
               likewise
               ‖
               :
               some
               of
               them
               elevated
               ,
               and
               others
               depress'd
               ,
               there
               would
               have
               been
               no
               Cavity
               or
               Chanel
               to
               give
               Reception
               to
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Sea
               :
               no
               Rocks
               ,
               Mountains
               ,
               or
               other
               Inequalities
               in
               the
               Globe
               ;
               and
               without
               these
               ,
               the
               Water
               ,
               which
               now
               arises
               out
               of
               it
               ,
               must
               have
               all
               stagnated
               at
               the
               Surface
               ,
               and
               could
               never
               possibly
               have
               been
               refunded
               forth
               upon
               the
               Earth
               :
               nor
               would
               there
               have
               been
               any
               Rivers
               ,
               or
               running
               Streams
               ,
               upon
               the
               face
               of
               
               the
               whole
               Globe
               ,
               had
               not
               the
               Strata
               been
               thus
               raised
               up
               ,
               and
               the
               Hills
               exalted
               above
               the
               neighbouring
               Valleys
               and
               Plains
               ;
               whereby
               the
               Heads
               and
               Sources
               of
               Rivers
               ,
               which
               are
               in
               those
               Hills
               ,
               were
               also
               borne
               up
               above
               the
               ordinary
               Level
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               so
               as
               that
               they
               may
               flow
               upon
               a
               Descent
               ,
               or
               an
               inclining
               Plane
               ,
               without
               which
               they
               could
               not
               flow
               at
               all
               †
               .
            
             
               That
               this
               Affair
               was
               not
               transacted
               unadvisedly
               ,
               casually
               ,
               or
               at
               random
               :
               but
               with
               due
               Conduct
               ,
               and
               just
               Measures
               .
               That
               the
               quantity
               of
               Matter
               consolidated
               :
               the
               Number
               ,
               Capacity
               ,
               and
               Distances
               of
               the
               Fissures
               :
               the
               Situation
               ,
               Magnitude
               ,
               and
               Number
               of
               the
               Hills
               ,
               for
               the
               condensing
               ,
               and
               discharging
               forth
               the
               Water
               ;
               and
               ,
               in
               a
               word
               ,
               all
               other
               things
               were
               so
               ordered
               as
               that
               they
               might
               best
               conduce
               to
               the
               End
               whereunto
               they
               were
               designed
               and
               ordained
               :
               and
               such
               provision
               made
               that
               a
               Country
               should
               not
               want
               so
               many
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               as
               were
               convenient
               and
               requisite
               for
               it
               :
               nor
               ,
               on
               the
               other
               hand
               ,
               be
               over-run
               with
               them
               ,
               and
               afford
               little
               or
               nothing
               else
               ;
               but
               a
               Supply
               every
               where
               ready
               ,
               suitable
               to
               the
               Necessities
               and
               Expences
               of
               each
               
               Climate
               and
               Region
               of
               the
               Globe
               .
               For
               example
               ,
               those
               Countries
               which
               lye
               in
               the
               Torrid
               Zone
               ,
               and
               under
               or
               near
               the
               Line
               ,
               where
               the
               Heat
               is
               very
               great
               ,
               are
               furnished
               with
               Mountains
               answerable
               :
               Mountains
               which
               both
               for
               Bigness
               and
               Number
               surpass
               those
               of
               colder
               Countries
               as
               much
               as
               the
               Heat
               there
               surpasses
               that
               of
               those
               Countries
               .
               Witness
               the
               Ande●
               ,
               that
               prodigious
               Chain
               of
               Mountains
               in
               
                 South
                 America
                 :
                 Atlas
              
               in
               
                 Africa
                 :
                 Taurus
              
               in
               Asia
               :
               the
               Alpes
               and
               Pyrenees
               of
               Europe
               ,
               to
               mention
               no
               more
               :
               By
               these
               is
               collected
               and
               dispensed
               forth
               a
               quantity
               of
               Water
               proportionable
               to
               the
               Heat
               of
               those
               Parts
               ;
               so
               that
               although
               ,
               by
               reason
               of
               the
               Excess
               of
               this
               Heat
               there
               ,
               the
               Evaporations
               from
               the
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               are
               
                 very
                 great
              
               ,
               yet
               they
               ,
               being
               ,
               by
               these
               larger
               Supplies
               ,
               continually
               stock'd
               with
               an
               Excess
               of
               Water
               
                 as
                 great
              
               ,
               yeild
               a
               Mass
               of
               it
               for
               the
               use
               of
               Mankind
               ,
               the
               Inhabitants
               of
               those
               Parts
               ,
               of
               the
               other
               Animals
               ,
               and
               of
               Vegetables
               ,
               not
               much
               ,
               if
               at
               all
               ,
               inferiour
               to
               the
               Springs
               and
               Rivers
               of
               colder
               Climates
               .
               That
               besides
               this
               ,
               the
               Waters
               thus
               evaporated
               and
               mounted
               up
               into
               the
               Air
               ,
               thicken
               and
               cool
               
               it
               ,
               and
               ,
               by
               their
               Interposition
               betwixt
               the
               Earth
               ,
               and
               the
               Sun
               ,
               skreen
               and
               fence
               off
               the
               ardent
               Heat
               of
               it
               ,
               which
               would
               be
               otherwise
               unsupportable
               :
               and
               are
               at
               last
               returned
               down
               again
               in
               copious
               and
               fruitful
               Showers
               to
               the
               scorched
               Earth
               ;
               which
               ,
               were
               it
               not
               for
               this
               remarkably
               Providential
               Contrivance
               of
               Things
               ,
               would
               have
               been
               there
               perfectly
               uninhabitable
               :
               laboured
               under
               an
               eternal
               Drought
               :
               and
               have
               been
               continually
               parched
               and
               burnt
               .
            
             
               To
               this
               former
               Section
               I
               shall
               add
               ,
               by
               way
               of
               Appendix
               ,
            
             
               
               A
               Dissertation
               concerning
               the
               
                 Flux
                 and
                 Reflux
                 of
                 the
                 Sea
                 :
              
               and
               it
               s
               other
               Natural
               Motions
               ;
               with
               an
               Account
               of
               the
               Gause
               of
               those
               Motions
               :
               as
               also
               of
               the
               End
               and
               Vse
               of
               them
               :
               and
               an
               Enquiry
               touching
               the
               Cause
               of
               the
               Ebbing
               and
               Flowing
               ,
               and
               some
               other
               uncommon
               Phaenomena
               of
               certain
               Springs
               .
            
             
               
               A
               Discourse
               concerning
               the
               Saltness
               of
               the
               Sea.
               
            
             
               
               A
               Discourse
               concerning
               Wind
               :
               the
               Origin
               ,
               and
               Use
               of
               it
               in
               the
               Natural
               World.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               PART
               III.
               
            
             
               SECT
               .
               II.
               Of
               the
               Universality
               of
               the
               Deluge
               .
               Of
               the
               Water
               which
               effected
               it
               .
               Together
               with
               some
               further
               Particulars
               concerning
               it
               .
            
             
               IN
               the
               precedent
               Section
               I
               consider
               the
               present
               and
               natural
               State
               of
               the
               Fluids
               of
               the
               Globe
               .
               I
               ransack
               the
               several
               Caverns
               of
               the
               Earth
               :
               and
               search
               into
               the
               Storehouses
               of
               Water
               ;
               and
               this
               principally
               in
               order
               to
               find
               out
               where
               that
               mighty
               Mass
               of
               Water
               which
               overflowed
               the
               whole
               Earth
               in
               the
               days
               of
               Noah
               ,
               is
               now
               bestowed
               and
               concealed
               :
               as
               also
               which
               way
               't
               is
               at
               this
               time
               useful
               to
               the
               Earth
               and
               its
               Productions
               ,
               and
               serviceable
               to
               the
               present
               Purposes
               of
               Almighty
               Providence
               .
            
             
               Such
               a
               Deluge
               as
               that
               which
               Moses
               represents
               ,
               whereby
               
                 All
                 the
                 high
                 Hills
                 that
                 were
                 under
                 the
                 whole
                 Heaven
                 were
                 covered
              
               †
               ,
               would
               require
               a
               portentous
               quantity
               of
               Water
               ;
               and
               Men
               of
               Curiosity
               ,
               in
               all
               Ages
               ,
               have
               been
               very
               ,
               
               much
               to
               seek
               what
               was
               become
               of
               it
               ,
               or
               where
               i●
               could
               ever
               find
               a
               Reservatory
               capable
               of
               containing
               it
               .
               'T
               is
               true
               there
               have
               been
               several
               who
               have
               gone
               about
               to
               inform
               them
               ,
               and
               set
               them
               to
               rights
               in
               this
               Matter
               ;
               but
               for
               want
               of
               that
               Knowledge
               of
               the
               present
               System
               of
               Nature
               :
               and
               that
               insight
               into
               the
               Structure
               and
               Constitution
               of
               the
               Terraqueous
               Globe
               ,
               which
               was
               necessary
               for
               such
               an
               Undertaking
               ,
               they
               have
               not
               given
               the
               Satisfaction
               that
               was
               expected
               .
               So
               far
               from
               it
               that
               the
               
                 greatest
                 part
              
               of
               these
               ,
               seeing
               no
               where
               Wa●er
               ●nough
               to
               effect
               a
               General
               Deluge
               ,
               were
               forced
               at
               last
               to
               mince
               the
               Matter
               ,
               and
               make
               only
               a
               Partial
               one
               of
               it
               ;
               restraining
               it
               to
               one
               single
               Country
               :
               to
               Asia
               ,
               or
               some
               lesser
               portion
               of
               Land
               ;
               than
               which
               ,
               nothing
               can
               be
               more
               contrary
               to
               the
               Mosaick
               Narrative
               .
            
             
               For
               
                 the
                 rest
              
               ,
               they
               had
               recourse
               to
               Shifts
               which
               were
               not
               much
               better
               ;
               and
               rather
               evaded
               than
               solved
               the
               Difficulty
               ;
               some
               of
               them
               imagining
               that
               a
               quantity
               of
               Water
               ,
               sufficient
               to
               make
               such
               a
               Deluge
               ,
               was
               created
               upon
               that
               Occasion
               ,
               and
               ,
               when
               the
               business
               was
               done
               ,
               all
               disbanded
               again
               and
               annihilated
               .
               
               Others
               supposed
               a
               Conversion
               of
               the
               Air
               and
               Atmosphere
               into
               Water
               ,
               to
               serve
               the
               turn
               .
               Many
               of
               them
               were
               for
               fetching
               down
               I
               know
               not
               what
               supercoelestial
               Waters
               for
               the
               purpose
               .
               Others
               concluded
               that
               the
               Deluge
               rose
               only
               fifteen
               Cubits
               above
               the
               Level
               of
               the
               Earth's
               ordinary
               Surface
               ,
               covering
               the
               Valleys
               and
               Plains
               ,
               but
               not
               the
               Mountains
               :
               all
               equally
               wide
               of
               Truth
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               Mind
               of
               the
               Sacred
               Writer
               .
            
             
               One
               of
               the
               last
               Undertakers
               of
               all
               seeing
               this
               ,
               began
               to
               think
               the
               Cause
               desperate
               ;
               and
               therefore
               ,
               in
               effect
               ,
               gives
               it
               up
               .
               For
               considering
               how
               unsuccessful
               the
               Attempts
               of
               those
               who
               were
               gone
               before
               him
               had
               proved
               :
               and
               having
               himself
               ‖
               also
               
                 employed
                 his
                 l●st
                 and
                 utmost
                 endeavours
                 to
                 find
                 out
                 Waters
                 for
                 the
                 Vulgar
                 Deluge
                 :
              
               having
               mustered
               up
               all
               the
               Forces
               he
               could
               think
               of
               ,
               and
               all
               too
               little
               :
               
                 The
                 Clouds
                 above
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Deeps
                 below
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 the
                 bowels
                 of
                 the
                 Earth
                 ;
                 and
                 these
                 ,
              
               says
               he
               ,
               
                 are
                 all
                 the
                 Stores
                 we
                 have
                 for
                 Water
                 ,
                 and
                 Moses
                 directs
                 us
                 to
                 no
                 other
                 for
                 the
                 Causes
                 of
                 the
                 Deluge
                 :
              
               he
               prepares
               for
               a
               Surrender
               ,
               asserting
               ,
               from
               a
               mistaken
               and
               defective
               Computation
               ,
               that
               
                 all
                 these
              
               will
               not
               come
               up
               to
               near
               the
               
               quantity
               requisite
               :
               and
               that
               
                 in
                 any
                 known
                 parts
                 of
                 the
                 Vniverse
                 ,
                 to
                 find
                 Water
                 sufficient
                 for
                 this
                 effect
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 is
                 generally
                 explained
                 and
                 understood
                 ,
                 is
                 ,
              
               he
               thinks
               ,
               impossible
               :
               that
               is
               ,
               sufficient
               to
               cause
               
                 a
                 Deluge
              
               ,
               to
               use
               his
               own
               Words
               ,
               
                 overflowing
                 the
                 whole
                 Earth
                 ,
                 the
                 whole
                 Circuit
                 ,
                 and
                 whole
                 Extent
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 burying
                 all
                 in
                 Water
                 ,
                 even
                 the
                 greatest
                 Mountains
                 :
              
               which
               is
               ,
               in
               plain
               terms
               ,
               such
               a
               one
               as
               was
               
                 explained
                 and
                 understood
              
               by
               Moses
               ,
               and
               the
               Generality
               of
               Writers
               since
               .
            
             
               Having
               therefore
               thus
               over-hastily
               concluded
               that
               such
               a
               Deluge
               was
               impossible
               :
               and
               that
               all
               Nature
               could
               not
               afford
               Water
               enough
               to
               drown
               the
               whole
               Globe
               ,
               if
               of
               the
               Circuit
               and
               Extent
               that
               now
               it
               is
               :
               he
               flies
               to
               a
               new
               Expedient
               to
               solve
               the
               Matter
               ,
               and
               supposes
               an
               Earth
               of
               a
               Make
               and
               Frame
               much
               like
               that
               imaginary
               one
               of
               the
               Famous
               Monsieur
               
                 Des
                 Cartes
              
               ‖
               which
               he
               makes
               to
               fall
               all
               to
               pieces
               ,
               at
               the
               Deluge
               ,
               and
               to
               contract
               it self
               into
               a
               lesser
               room
               ,
               that
               the
               Water
               might
               the
               better
               surround
               and
               encompass
               it
               .
            
             
               The
               sober
               and
               better
               sort
               of
               the
               Standers-by
               ,
               and
               those
               who
               were
               Well-wishers
               to
               Moses
               ,
               began
               to
               be
               
               under
               some
               Concern
               and
               Uneasiness
               to
               see
               him
               thus
               set
               aside
               only
               to
               make
               way
               for
               a
               new
               Hypothesis
               :
               and
               so
               serious
               and
               weighty
               a
               Matter
               ,
               as
               is
               this
               Tradition
               of
               the
               Universal
               Deluge
               ,
               plac'd
               after
               all
               upon
               so
               very
               unsteady
               a
               Bottom
               .
               But
               that
               Concern
               encreas'd
               when
               they
               further
               heard
               him
               so
               zealously
               decrying
               all
               former
               Notions
               of
               a
               Deluge
               :
               refusing
               to
               grant
               one
               upon
               any
               Terms
               but
               his
               own
               :
               and
               so
               peremptorily
               declaring
               ,
               
                 That
                 all
                 other
                 ways
                 assigned
                 for
                 the
                 Explication
                 of
                 Noah's
                 Flood
                 are
                 false
                 or
                 impossible
                 .
              
               This
               was
               to
               reduce
               the
               Thing
               to
               a
               very
               great
               Streight
               :
               and
               surely
               an
               exposing
               and
               venturing
               of
               it
               a
               little
               too
               far
               .
               For
               if
               all
               the
               other
               Ways
               be
               false
               and
               impossible
               ,
               should
               this
               ,
               the
               only
               one
               left
               ,
               prove
               at
               last
               so
               likewise
               ,
               the
               Opinion
               of
               a
               Deluge
               would
               be
               left
               very
               precarious
               and
               defenceless
               ,
               and
               we
               might
               either
               believe
               or
               disbelieve
               it
               at
               pleasure
               ;
               nay
               the
               negative
               part
               would
               of
               the
               two
               have
               much
               the
               Advantage
               ,
               there
               being
               no
               reasonable
               Foundation
               to
               believe
               that
               the
               Deluge
               did
               come
               to
               pass
               this
               way
               .
            
             
               Some
               Men
               there
               are
               who
               have
               made
               a
               very
               untoward
               use
               of
               this
               ,
               and
               such
               
               a
               one
               that
               I
               am
               willing
               to
               persuade
               my self
               he
               never
               intended
               they
               should
               ;
               yet
               it
               were
               to
               have
               been
               wish'd
               that
               he
               had
               been
               somewhat
               more
               wary
               .
               These
               cryed
               up
               this
               Computation
               of
               the
               Water
               as
               indisputable
               and
               infallible
               :
               and
               then
               boldly
               gave
               out
               that
               such
               a
               Deluge
               as
               that
               described
               by
               Moses
               was
               altogether
               incredible
               ,
               and
               that
               there
               never
               was
               nor
               could
               be
               any
               such
               Thing
               .
               Nothing
               was
               talk'd
               of
               amongst
               them
               under
               Mathematical
               Demonstrations
               of
               the
               Falshood
               of
               it
               ;
               which
               they
               vented
               with
               all
               imaginable
               Triumph
               ,
               and
               would
               needs
               have
               it
               that
               they
               had
               here
               sprung
               a
               fresh
               and
               unanswerable
               Argument
               against
               the
               Authentickness
               of
               the
               Mosaick
               Writings
               ;
               which
               indeed
               is
               what
               they
               drive
               at
               ,
               and
               a
               Point
               they
               very
               fain
               would
               gain
               .
            
             
               For
               my
               part
               ,
               my
               Subject
               does
               not
               necessarily
               oblige
               me
               to
               look
               after
               this
               Water
               :
               or
               to
               point
               forth
               the
               place
               whereinto
               't
               is
               now
               retreated
               .
               For
               when
               ,
               from
               the
               Sea-shells
               ,
               and
               other
               Remains
               of
               the
               Deluge
               ,
               I
               shall
               have
               given
               undeniable
               Evidence
               that
               it
               did
               actually
               cover
               all
               Parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               it
               must
               needs
               follow
               that
               there
               was
               then
               Water
               enough
               to
               do
               it
               ,
               wherever
               it
               
               may
               be
               now
               hid
               ,
               or
               whether
               it
               be
               still
               in
               being
               or
               not
               .
               Yet
               the
               more
               effectually
               to
               put
               a
               stop
               to
               the
               Insults
               and
               Detractions
               of
               these
               vain
               Men
               ,
               I
               resolved
               to
               enter
               a
               little
               farther
               into
               the
               Examination
               of
               this
               Matter
               ;
               and
               that
               produced
               the
               former
               Section
               of
               this
               3d
               Part
               ;
               wherein
               I
               enquire
               what
               proportion
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Globe
               bears
               to
               the
               Earthy
               Matter
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               upon
               a
               moderate
               Estimate
               and
               Calculation
               of
               the
               Quantity
               of
               Water
               now
               actually
               contained
               in
               the
               Abyss
               ,
               I
               found
               that
               this
               alone
               was
               full
               enough
               ,
               if
               brought
               out
               upon
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               to
               cover
               the
               whole
               Globe
               to
               the
               height
               assigned
               by
               Moses
               ;
               which
               is
               ,
               fifteen
               Cubits
               above
               the
               Tops
               of
               the
               highest
               Mountains
               *
               ;
               the
               Particulars
               of
               which
               Calculation
               ,
               shall
               be
               laid
               before
               the
               Reader
               at
               length
               in
               the
               
                 Larger
                 Work
              
               ;
               for
               any
               one
               will
               easily
               see
               that
               there
               is
               so
               great
               an
               Apparatus
               of
               Things
               only
               Previous
               ,
               which
               must
               needs
               be
               adjusted
               before
               I
               can
               come
               to
               the
               Calculation
               it self
               ,
               that
               to
               descend
               to
               Particulars
               here
               ,
               further
               than
               I
               have
               already
               ‖
               done
               ,
               would
               not
               only
               carry
               
                 this
                 Discourse
              
               out
               beyond
               all
               reasonable
               Bounds
               ,
               and
               make
               the
               Parts
               of
               it
               disproportionate
               
               to
               each
               other
               ,
               but
               ,
               which
               is
               not
               less
               to
               be
               thought
               of
               ,
               would
               be
               an
               Anticipation
               of
               the
               
                 Other
                 Work.
              
               
            
             
               This
               done
               ,
               I
               again
               set
               aside
               the
               Observations
               about
               the
               Fluids
               of
               the
               Globe
               ,
               introduced
               upon
               this
               Occasion
               in
               the
               other
               Section
               ,
               as
               now
               of
               no
               further
               use
               :
               and
               reassume
               the
               Thread
               of
               the
               other
               Observations
               which
               I
               propose
               at
               the
               Beginning
               of
               this
               Work
               ;
               and
               from
               them
               I
               shew
               ,
            
             
               
               That
               the
               Del●ge
               was
               Universal
               ,
               and
               laid
               the
               whole
               Earth
               under
               Water
               :
               covering
               all
               ,
               even
               the
               highest
               ,
               Mountains
               ,
               quite
               round
               the
               Globe
               .
            
             
               
               That
               at
               the
               time
               of
               the
               Deluge
               the
               Water
               of
               the
               Ocean
               was
               first
               born
               forth
               upon
               the
               Earth
               :
               That
               it
               was
               immediately
               succeeded
               by
               that
               of
               the
               Abyss
               ;
               which
               likewise
               was
               brought
               out
               upon
               the
               Surface
               of
               the
               Globe
               .
            
             
               
               That
               upon
               the
               Disruption
               of
               the
               Strata
               :
               and
               the
               Elevation
               of
               some
               ,
               and
               Depression
               of
               others
               of
               them
               ,
               which
               followed
               after
               that
               Disruption
               ,
               towards
               the
               latter
               end
               of
               the
               Deluge
               †
               ,
               this
               Mass
               of
               Water
               fell
               back
               again
               into
               the
               deprest
               and
               lower
               parts
               of
               the
               Earth
               :
               into
               Lakes
               and
               other
               Cavities
               :
               into
               the
               Alveus
               of
               the
               Ocean
               :
               and
               through
               the
               
               Fissures
               whereby
               this
               communicates
               with
               the
               Ocean
               *
               ,
               into
               the
               Abyss
               ;
               which
               it
               filled
               till
               it
               came
               to
               an
               AEquilibrium
               with
               the
               Ocean
               .
            
             
               That
               there
               must
               have
               pass'd
               a
               considerable
               
               number
               of
               Years
               betwixt
               the
               Creation
               and
               the
               Deluge
               :
               and
               most
               probably
               about
               so
               many
               as
               Moses
               hath
               assigned
               .
            
             
               That
               the
               Deluge
               commenc'd
               in
               the
               
               Spring-season
               :
               the
               Water
               coming
               forth
               upon
               the
               Earth
               in
               the
               Month
               which
               we
               call
               May
               †
               .
            
             
               That
               not
               only
               Men
               ,
               Quadrupeds
               ,
               
               Birds
               ,
               Serpents
               ,
               and
               Insects
               ;
               the
               Inhabitants
               of
               the
               Earth
               and
               Air
               :
               but
               the
               far
               greatest
               part
               of
               all
               kinds
               of
               Fish
               likewise
               ,
               the
               Inhabitants
               of
               the
               Sea
               ,
               of
               Lakes
               ,
               and
               of
               Rivers
               ,
               suffered
               under
               the
               Fury
               of
               the
               Deluge
               ,
               and
               were
               killed
               and
               destroyed
               by
               it
               .
            
             
               That
               the
               Deluge
               did
               not
               happen
               
               from
               an
               accidental
               Concourse
               of
               Natural
               Causes
               as
               the
               Author
               above-cited
               is
               of
               Opinion
               ‖
               .
               That
               very
               many
               Things
               were
               then
               certainly
               done
               ,
               which
               never
               possibly
               could
               have
               been
               done
               without
               the
               Assistance
               of
               a
               
                 Supernatural
                 Power
              
               .
               That
               the
               said
               Power
               acted
               in
               this
               Matter
               with
               Design
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               highest
               
               Wisdom
               .
               And
               that
               ,
               as
               the
               System
               of
               Nature
               was
               then
               ,
               and
               is
               still
               ,
               supported
               and
               established
               ,
               a
               Deluge
               neither
               could
               then
               ,
               nor
               can
               now
               ,
               happen
               naturally
               .
            
             
               I
               close
               up
               this
               Section
               with
               two
               additional
               Discourses
               .
            
             
               The
               first
               concerning
               the
               
                 Migration
                 of
                 Nations
              
               :
               with
               the
               several
               Steps
               whereby
               the
               World
               was
               re-peopled
               after
               the
               Deluge
               by
               the
               Posterity
               of
               Noah
               ,
               and
               particularly
               that
               mighty
               Tract
               of
               America
               .
               Wherein
               I
               shall
               make
               out
               ,
               1.
               
               Who
               they
               were
               that
               first
               peopled
               it
               .
               2.
               
               When
               they
               departed
               thitherwards
               .
               3.
               
               What
               Course
               they
               took
               :
               and
               by
               what
               means
               both
               Men
               and
               Beasts
               ,
               as
               well
               Serpents
               and
               the
               other
               noxious
               and
               more
               intractible
               kinds
               of
               them
               ,
               as
               the
               more
               innocent
               and
               useful
               ,
               got
               thither
               .
               4.
               
               Whether
               there
               remain
               any
               certain
               Vestigia
               of
               a
               Tradition
               ,
               in
               the
               Writings
               of
               the
               Ancients
               ,
               about
               these
               Americans
               :
               and
               what
               Country
               they
               intended
               under
               the
               Name
               of
               Atlantis
               .
               5.
               
               Whether
               the
               Phaenicians
               ,
               or
               any
               other
               Nation
               of
               the
               old
               World
               ,
               maintained
               anciently
               any
               Commerce
               or
               Correspondence
               with
               them
               .
               6.
               
               How
               it
               happened
               that
               both
               the
               Inhabitants
               
               of
               that
               ,
               and
               of
               our
               World
               ,
               lost
               all
               memory
               of
               their
               Commigration
               hence
               .
               7.
               
               Whence
               came
               the
               Difference
               in
               Person
               ,
               or
               in
               the
               external
               Shape
               and
               Lineaments
               of
               the
               Body
               :
               in
               Language
               :
               in
               Dyet
               ,
               and
               manner
               of
               Living
               :
               in
               Clothing
               :
               in
               Arts
               and
               Sciences
               :
               in
               Customs
               Religious
               ,
               Civil
               ,
               and
               Military
               ,
               betwixt
               these
               Americans
               ,
               and
               their
               old
               Relations
               in
               
                 Asia
                 ,
                 Europe
              
               ,
               and
               Africa
               .
               With
               Animadversions
               on
               the
               Writings
               of
               
                 Grotious
                 ,
                 De
                 Laet
                 ,
                 Hornius
                 ,
              
               and
               others
               ,
               upon
               this
               Subject
               .
            
             
               The
               Second
               concerning
               the
               unanimous
               ▪
               Tradition
               of
               an
               
                 Universal
                 Deluge
              
               amongst
               all
               the
               most
               
                 ancient
                 Gentile
                 Nations
              
               :
               particularly
               the
               Scythians
               ,
               the
               Persians
               ,
               and
               Babylonians
               :
               the
               
                 Bithynians
                 ,
                 Ph●ygians
                 ,
                 Lydians
                 ,
                 Cilicians
                 ,
              
               and
               other
               People
               of
               
                 Asia
                 Minor
              
               :
               the
               
                 Hierapolitans
                 ,
                 Phaenicians
              
               ,
               and
               other
               Inhabitants
               of
               Syria
               :
               the
               
                 Egyptians
                 ,
                 Carthaginians
              
               ,
               and
               other
               African
               Nations
               :
               the
               most
               ancient
               Inhabitants
               of
               the
               several
               Parts
               of
               Greece
               :
               and
               of
               the
               other
               Countries
               of
               Europe
               :
               the
               old
               Germans
               :
               the
               Gauls
               :
               the
               Romans
               :
               the
               ancient
               Inhabitants
               of
               Spain
               ,
               and
               even
               the
               Britains
               themselves
               ,
               the
               first
               Inhabiters
               of
               this
               Island
               :
               Proving
               that
               the
               great
               Devastation
               
               and
               Havock
               the
               Deluge
               made
               ,
               both
               of
               the
               Earth
               it self
               ,
               of
               the
               Generality
               of
               Mankind
               ,
               of
               Brutes
               ,
               and
               all
               Animals
               ,
               had
               wrought
               a
               deep
               and
               very
               sensible
               Impression
               upon
               the
               Minds
               of
               these
               ancient
               Nations
               ,
               who
               lived
               nearer
               to
               the
               time
               of
               it
               .
               That
               they
               had
               not
               only
               a
               Memory
               and
               Tradition
               of
               it
               in
               general
               and
               at
               large
               :
               but
               even
               of
               several
               the
               most
               remarkable
               particular
               Accidents
               of
               it
               likewise
               ;
               which
               they
               handed
               downwards
               ,
               to
               the
               succeeding
               Ages
               ,
               for
               some
               time
               ,
               with
               Notes
               of
               the
               greatest
               Terror
               ,
               Amazement
               ,
               and
               Consternation
               expressible
               .
               That
               it
               was
               commemorated
               chiefly
               by
               certain
               Religious
               Rites
               and
               Ceremonies
               used
               by
               them
               in
               the
               Worship
               of
               the
               EARTH
               :
               which
               Superstitious
               Adoration
               was
               first
               instituted
               upon
               this
               Occasion
               in
               those
               simple
               and
               ignorant
               Ages
               †
               ,
               and
               address'd
               to
               the
               Earth
               ,
               not
               only
               expresly
               and
               by
               Name
               ,
               but
               also
               under
               the
               feigned
               and
               borrowed
               Names
               of
               
                 Alargatis
                 ,
                 Derceto
                 ,
                 Astarte
                 ,
                 Dea
                 Syria
                 ,
                 Herthus
                 ,
                 Isis
                 ,
                 Magna
                 Mater
                 ,
                 Cybele
                 ,
              
               and
               Rhea
               ,
               with
               several
               more
               ;
               by
               all
               which
               ,
               they
               intended
               the
               Earth
               .
               That
               at
               length
               the
               Tradition
               ,
               for
               want
               of
               Letters
               ,
               
               which
               were
               not
               then
               invented
               ,
               or
               some
               other
               like
               means
               to
               preserve
               it
               ,
               wearing
               out
               ,
               and
               the
               reason
               of
               the
               Institution
               of
               this
               Worship
               being
               by
               degrees
               forgot
               ,
               the
               After-Ages
               perverted
               it
               to
               a
               somewhat
               different
               Sense
               and
               Intention
               :
               supposing
               that
               this
               was
               only
               a
               reverential
               Duty
               and
               Gratitude
               paid
               to
               the
               Earth
               as
               the
               Common
               Parent
               of
               Mankind
               ,
               and
               because
               both
               Man
               ,
               and
               all
               other
               Creatures
               proceed
               out
               of
               it
               ;
               by
               which
               means
               the
               true
               Notion
               of
               the
               Institution
               being
               lost
               ,
               the
               Tradition
               of
               the
               Deluge
               ,
               which
               was
               couched
               under
               it
               ,
               was
               also
               thereupon
               at
               length
               suspended
               and
               lost
               ;
               none
               of
               all
               these
               many
               Nations
               ,
               in
               the
               latter
               Ages
               of
               the
               World
               ,
               having
               any
               Memory
               or
               Knowledge
               of
               it
               ,
               besides
               what
               they
               afterwards
               recovered
               from
               the
               Jews
               and
               ancient
               Christians
               ,
               who
               had
               it
               from
               the
               Writings
               of
               Moses
               .
               In
               Greece
               indeed
               there
               were
               some
               other
               Accidents
               which
               perplex'd
               and
               impeded
               the
               Tradition
               of
               it
               in
               that
               Country
               ,
               whereof
               I
               have
               already
               †
               given
               such
               Hints
               as
               this
               Discourse
               will
               bear
               .
            
          
        
         
           
           
             PART
             IV.
             Of
             the
             Origin
             and
             Formation
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             .
          
           
             WHat
             I
             can
             advance
             ,
             with
             competent
             Certainty
             ,
             about
             the
             Fluids
             of
             the
             Globe
             :
             the
             Sea
             ,
             Springs
             ,
             Rivers
             ,
             and
             Rain
             ,
             I
             propose
             in
             the
             immediately
             foregoing
             ,
             or
             Third
             Part
             of
             this
             Essay
             :
             As
             in
             the
             Second
             Part
             of
             it
             I
             dispatch
             the
             Solids
             :
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             Gravel
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             other
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             of
             it
             ,
             which
             is
             digested
             into
             Strata
             .
             That
             Part
             therefore
             comprehends
             the
             far
             greater
             share
             of
             that
             Matter
             ;
             and
             indeed
             all
             ,
             excepting
             only
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ;
             which
             are
             found
             much
             more
             sparingly
             and
             in
             lesser
             Parcels
             ;
             being
             either
             enclosed
             in
             those
             Strata
             (
             lying
             amongst
             the
             Sand
             ,
             Earth
             ,
             or
             other
             Matter
             whereof
             they
             consist
             )
             or
             contained
             in
             their
             perpendicular
             Fissures
             .
             And
             these
             remaining
             
             still
             to
             be
             considered
             ,
             I
             have
             allotted
             this
             Fourth
             Part
             to
             that
             Purpose
             .
          
           
             To
             write
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             intelligibly
             and
             with
             tolerable
             p●rspicuity
             ,
             is
             a
             Task
             much
             more
             difficult
             than
             to
             write
             of
             either
             Animals
             or
             Vegetables
             .
             For
             these
             carry
             along
             with
             them
             such
             plain
             and
             evident
             Notes
             and
             Characters
             either
             of
             Disagreement
             ,
             or
             Affinity
             with
             one
             another
             ,
             that
             the
             several
             Kinds
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             the
             subordinate
             Species
             of
             each
             ,
             are
             easily
             known
             and
             distinguish'd
             ,
             even
             at
             first
             sight
             ;
             the
             Eye
             alone
             being
             fully
             capable
             of
             judging
             and
             determining
             their
             mutual
             Relations
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             their
             Differences
             .
          
           
             But
             in
             the
             Mineral
             Kingdom
             the
             Matter
             is
             quite
             otherwise
             .
             Here
             is
             nothing
             regular
             ,
             whatever
             some
             may
             have
             pretended
             :
             nothing
             constant
             or
             certain
             :
             insomuch
             that
             a
             Man
             had
             need
             to
             have
             all
             his
             Senses
             about
             him
             :
             to
             use
             repeated
             Tryals
             and
             Inspections
             ,
             and
             that
             with
             all
             imaginable
             Care
             and
             Wariness
             ,
             truly
             and
             rightly
             to
             discern
             and
             distinguish
             Things
             ,
             and
             all
             little
             enough
             too
             .
             Here
             is
             such
             a
             vast
             variety
             of
             Phoenomena
             ,
             and
             those
             ,
             many
             of
             them
             ,
             so
             delusive
             ,
             that
             't
             is
             very
             hard
             to
             escape
             Imposition
             and
             Mistake
             .
             
             Colour
             ,
             or
             outward
             Appearance
             ,
             is
             not
             at
             all
             to
             be
             trusted
             .
             A
             common
             Marcasite
             or
             Pyrites
             shall
             have
             the
             Colour
             of
             Gold
             most
             exactly
             :
             and
             shine
             with
             all
             the
             Brightness
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             yet
             upon
             tryal
             ,
             after
             all
             ,
             yield
             nothing
             of
             worth
             ,
             but
             Vitriol
             ,
             and
             a
             little
             Sulphur
             :
             whilst
             another
             Body
             ,
             that
             hath
             only
             the
             Resemblance
             of
             an
             ordinary
             Peble
             ,
             shall
             yield
             a
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             Metallick
             and
             valuable
             Matter
             .
             So
             likewise
             a
             Mass
             ,
             which
             ,
             to
             the
             Eye
             ,
             appears
             to
             be
             nothing
             but
             meer
             simple
             Earth
             ,
             shall
             ,
             to
             the
             Smell
             or
             Taste
             ,
             discover
             a
             plentiful
             Admixture
             of
             Sulphur
             ,
             Alum
             ,
             or
             some
             other
             Mineral
             .
          
           
             Nor
             may
             we
             with
             much
             better
             Security
             rely
             upon
             Figure
             ,
             or
             external
             Form.
             Nothing
             more
             uncertain
             and
             varying
             .
             'T
             is
             usual
             to
             meet
             with
             the
             very
             same
             Metall
             or
             Mineral
             ,
             naturally
             shot
             into
             quite
             different
             Figures
             :
             as
             't
             is
             to
             find
             quite
             different
             kinds
             of
             them
             all
             of
             the
             same
             Figure
             .
             And
             a
             Body
             ,
             that
             has
             the
             shape
             and
             appearance
             of
             a
             Diamond
             ,
             may
             prove
             ,
             upon
             ▪
             Examination
             ,
             to
             be
             nothing
             but
             Crystal
             ,
             or
             Selenitis
             :
             nay
             perhaps
             only
             common
             Salt
             ,
             or
             Alum
             ,
             naturally
             crystallized
             and
             shot
             into
             that
             Form.
             
          
           
           
             So
             likewise
             if
             we
             look
             into
             their
             Situation
             ,
             and
             place
             in
             the
             Earth
             ;
             sometimes
             we
             find
             them
             in
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             :
             sometimes
             in
             the
             Bodies
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             being
             interspers'd
             amongst
             the
             Matter
             whereof
             they
             consist
             :
             and
             sometimes
             in
             both
             ;
             even
             the
             gemmeous
             Matter
             it self
             ,
             (
             if
             I
             may
             so
             speak
             )
             with
             this
             only
             difference
             ,
             that
             those
             Gemms
             ,
             
               e.
               g.
            
             Topazes
             ,
             Am●thysts
             ,
             or
             Emeralds
             ,
             which
             grow
             in
             the
             Fissures
             ,
             are
             ordinarily
             crystallized
             ,
             or
             shot
             into
             angulated
             Figures
             :
             whereas
             in
             the
             Strata
             they
             are
             found
             in
             rude
             Lumps
             ,
             and
             only
             like
             so
             many
             yellow
             ,
             purple
             ,
             and
             green
             Pebles
             .
             Not
             but
             that
             even
             these
             that
             are
             thus
             lodged
             in
             the
             Strata
             are
             also
             sometimes
             found
             crystallized
             †
             ,
             and
             in
             form
             of
             Cubes
             ,
             
             Rhombs
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             *
             .
             Or
             if
             we
             have
             respect
             to
             
               the
               terrestrial
               Matter
               wherein
               they
               lye
            
             in
             those
             Strata
             ,
             here
             we
             shall
             meet
             with
             the
             same
             Metall
             or
             Mineral
             embodied
             in
             Stone
             ,
             or
             lodged
             in
             Cole
             ,
             that
             elsewhere
             we
             found
             in
             Marle
             ,
             in
             Clay
             ,
             or
             in
             Chalk
             ‖
             .
          
           
             As
             much
             Inconstancy
             and
             Confusion
             is
             there
             in
             their
             
               Mixtures
               with
               each
               other
            
             ,
             or
             their
             Combinations
             amongst
             themselves
             ;
             for
             't
             is
             rare
             to
             find
             any
             of
             them
             pure
             ,
             simple
             ,
             and
             unmixt
             :
             but
             Copper
             and
             Iron
             together
             in
             the
             same
             Mass
             :
             Copper
             and
             Gold
             :
             Silver
             and
             Lead
             :
             Tin
             and
             Lead
             :
             yea
             sometimes
             all
             the
             six
             promiscuously
             in
             one
             Lump
             .
             'T
             is
             the
             same
             also
             in
             Minerals
             ;
             Nitre
             with
             Vitriol
             :
             Common
             Salt
             with
             Alum
             :
             Sulphur
             with
             Vitriol
             :
             and
             sometimes
             all
             five
             together
             .
             Nor
             do
             Metalls
             only
             sort
             and
             herd
             with
             Metalls
             in
             the
             Earth
             :
             and
             Minerals
             with
             Minerals
             :
             but
             both
             indifferently
             and
             in
             common
             together
             :
             Iron
             with
             Vitriol
             ,
             with
             Alum
             ,
             with
             Sulphur
             :
             Copper
             with
             Sulphur
             ,
             with
             Vitriol
             ,
             &c.
             yea
             Iron
             ,
             Copper
             ,
             Lead
             ,
             Nitre
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             Vitriol
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             some
             more
             in
             one
             and
             the
             same
             Mass.
             In
             a
             word
             ,
             the
             only
             standing
             Test
             ,
             and
             discriminative
             Characteristick
             
             of
             any
             Metall
             or
             Mineral
             must
             be
             sought
             for
             in
             the
             constituent
             Matter
             of
             it
             :
             and
             it
             must
             be
             first
             brought
             down
             to
             that
             before
             any
             certain
             Judgment
             can
             be
             given
             .
             And
             when
             that
             is
             once
             done
             ,
             and
             the
             several
             kinds
             separated
             and
             extracted
             each
             from
             the
             other
             ,
             an
             homogeneous
             Mass
             of
             one
             kind
             is
             easily
             distinguishable
             from
             any
             other
             :
             Gold
             from
             Iron
             :
             Sulphur
             from
             Alum
             :
             and
             so
             of
             the
             rest
             .
             But
             without
             this
             ,
             so
             various
             are
             their
             Intermixtures
             ,
             and
             so
             different
             the
             Face
             and
             Appearance
             of
             each
             ,
             because
             of
             that
             Variety
             ,
             that
             scarcely
             any
             thing
             can
             be
             certainly
             determined
             of
             the
             particular
             Contents
             of
             any
             single
             Mass
             of
             Ore
             by
             meer
             Inspection
             .
             I
             know
             that
             by
             Experience
             and
             Conversation
             with
             these
             Bodies
             ,
             in
             any
             Place
             or
             Mine
             ,
             a
             Man
             may
             be
             enabled
             to
             give
             a
             near
             Conjecture
             at
             the
             Metallick
             or
             Mineral
             Ingredients
             of
             any
             Mass
             commonly
             found
             there
             ;
             but
             this
             meerly
             because
             he
             hath
             before
             made
             tryal
             of
             other
             like
             Masses
             ,
             and
             thereby
             learned
             what
             it
             is
             they
             contain
             .
             But
             if
             he
             remove
             to
             another
             place
             ,
             though
             perhaps
             very
             little
             distant
             ,
             't
             is
             ten
             to
             one
             but
             he
             meets
             with
             so
             different
             a
             face
             of
             Things
             ,
             that
             he
             'll
             
             be
             there
             as
             far
             to
             seek
             in
             his
             Conjectures
             as
             one
             who
             never
             before
             saw
             a
             native
             Ore
             ,
             untill
             he
             hath
             here
             made
             his
             tryals
             as
             before
             ,
             and
             so
             further
             informed
             himself
             in
             the
             matter
             .
          
           
             Metalls
             being
             so
             very
             useful
             and
             serviceable
             to
             Mankind
             ,
             great
             Care
             and
             Pains
             hath
             been
             taken
             ,
             in
             all
             Ages
             ,
             in
             searching
             after
             them
             ,
             and
             in
             separating
             and
             refining
             of
             them
             .
             For
             which
             reason
             't
             is
             that
             these
             have
             been
             accurately
             enough
             distinguish'd
             ,
             and
             reduced
             to
             six
             kinds
             ,
             which
             are
             all
             well
             enough
             known
             .
             But
             the
             like
             pains
             hath
             not
             been
             taken
             in
             Minerals
             ;
             and
             therefore
             the
             Knowledge
             of
             them
             is
             somewhat
             more
             confused
             and
             obscure
             .
             These
             have
             not
             yet
             been
             well
             reduced
             ,
             or
             the
             number
             of
             the
             simple
             original
             ones
             rightly
             fixt
             ;
             some
             ,
             which
             are
             only
             Compounds
             ,
             the
             Matter
             of
             two
             or
             more
             kinds
             being
             mix'd
             together
             ,
             and
             ,
             by
             the
             different
             Proportion
             and
             Modulation
             of
             that
             Matter
             ,
             variously
             disguised
             and
             diversifyed
             ,
             having
             been
             reputed
             all
             different
             kinds
             of
             Minerals
             ,
             and
             thereby
             the
             Number
             of
             them
             unnecessarily
             multiplied
             .
             Of
             this
             we
             have
             an
             Instance
             in
             the
             Gemm-kind
             ;
             where
             ,
             of
             all
             the
             many
             sorts
             reckoned
             
             up
             by
             Lapidaries
             ▪
             there
             are
             not
             above
             three
             or
             four
             that
             are
             Original
             ;
             their
             Diversities
             ,
             as
             to
             Lustre
             ,
             Colour
             ,
             and
             Hardness
             ,
             arising
             from
             the
             different
             Admixture
             of
             other
             adventitious
             Mineral
             Matter
             .
             But
             the
             farther
             and
             clearer
             Adjustment
             of
             this
             Affair
             I
             am
             constrained
             to
             adjourn
             to
             the
             larger
             Treatise
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             mean
             time
             't
             is
             sufficient
             for
             my
             present
             ▪
             Design
             ,
             to
             remark
             in
             general
             ,
             that
             those
             Minerals
             and
             Ores
             of
             Metalls
             which
             are
             reposited
             in
             the
             
               Bodies
               of
               the
               Strata
            
             ,
             are
             either
             found
             in
             Grains
             ,
             or
             small
             Particles
             ,
             dispersedly
             intermix'd
             with
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             Earth
             ,
             Sand
             ,
             or
             other
             Matter
             of
             those
             Strata
             :
             or
             else
             they
             are
             amass'd
             into
             
               Balls
               ,
               Lumps
            
             ,
             or
             Nodules
             .
             Which
             Nodules
             are
             either
             of
             an
             irregular
             and
             uncertain
             Figure
             ,
             such
             as
             are
             the
             common
             
               Pyritoe
               :
               Flints
               ,
               Agat●s
               ,
               Onyx's
               :
               Pebles
               ,
               Cornelions
               ,
               Iaspers
               ,
            
             and
             the
             like
             :
             or
             of
             a
             Figure
             somewhat
             more
             regular
             and
             observable
             ,
             such
             as
             the
             Belemnites
             :
             the
             several
             sorts
             of
             
               Mineral
               Coral
            
             ,
             of
             the
             Stelechites
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             
               Lapis
               Mycetoides
            
             ‖
             :
             the
             Astroites
             ,
             or
             Starry-Stone
             ,
             as
             well
             that
             sort
             with
             the
             Prominent
             ,
             as
             that
             with
             the
             
               Conc●ve
               Stars
            
             :
             the
             Selenites
             :
             
             the
             
               Echi●ated
               Crystalline
               Balls
            
             ,
             with
             many
             more
             analogous
             Bodies
             .
          
           
             Those
             which
             are
             contained
             in
             the
             
               Perpendicular
               Intervalls
            
             of
             the
             Strata
             are
             ,
             either
             such
             as
             are
             there
             accumulated
             into
             a
             
               rude
               Heap
            
             ,
             without
             any
             particular
             Form
             or
             Order
             ,
             being
             only
             included
             betwixt
             the
             two
             opposite
             Walls
             or
             Sides
             of
             the
             said
             Intervalls
             ,
             which
             they
             wholly
             or
             partly
             fill
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             a
             greater
             or
             less
             quantity
             of
             them
             ;
             in
             which
             manner
             Spar
             is
             usually
             found
             here
             in
             ;
             and
             other
             Minerals
             ,
             as
             also
             the
             common
             Ores
             of
             
               Lead
               ,
               Tin
               ,
               Iron
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Metals
             :
             or
             else
             such
             as
             ●re
             of
             some
             
               observable
               Figure
            
             ;
             of
             which
             sort
             are
             the
             
               Sparry
               Stiri●
            
             ,
             or
             Iceycle●
             called
             Stalactit●
             *
             :
             the
             
               Native
               Saline
               Ic●ycles
            
             ,
             or
             
               Sal
               Stalacticum
            
             :
             the
             
               Vitriolum
               S●at●cticum
               Nativum
            
             :
             the
             
               Vitriolum
               Capillare
            
             :
             the
             
               Alumen
               Stalacti●um
            
             ,
             and
             
               Capillare
               :
               Minera
               ferri
               Stalac●ica
            
             ,
             which
             ,
             when
             several
             of
             the
             Cylindri●k
             Stirlae
             are
             contiguous
             ,
             and
             grow
             together
             into
             one
             Sheaf
             ,
             is
             called
             
               Br●sh
               ▪
               Iron
               ▪
               Ore
               :
               Argentum
               Arboresce●●
               ,
               &
               Capillare●
            
             ▪
             as
             also
             the
             
               Crystallized
               Ore●
               and
               Miner●ls
            
             ,
             e.
             g.
             the
             Iron-Rhombs
             ,
             the
             
               Tin
               Grain●
               ▪
            
             the
             
               M●ndick-Grains
               :
               Cryst●lli●ed
               Native
               S●lt
               ,
               Alum
               ,
               Vitri●l
               ,
            
             and
             Sulp●●●
             :
             
             of
             which
             sort
             likewise
             are
             the
             Gemms
             or
             Stones
             that
             are
             here
             shot
             into
             Cubes
             ,
             into
             Pyramidal
             Forms
             ,
             or
             into
             angulated
             Columns
             ,
             consisting
             of
             six
             Sides
             ,
             and
             mucronated
             or
             terminating
             in
             a
             Point
             :
             being
             either
             opake
             ,
             or
             pellucid
             :
             or
             partly
             pellucid
             ,
             and
             partly
             opake
             ,
             and
             coloured
             ,
             black
             ,
             white
             ,
             grey
             ,
             red
             ,
             purple
             ,
             blue
             ,
             yellow
             ,
             or
             green
             :
             
               e.
               g.
               Crystall
               ,
               the
               Pseud●-Adamantes
               ,
               the
               Cor●is●-Stones
               ,
               the
               Bristow-Stones
               ,
               Crystallized
               Sparrs
               ▪
               the
               Iris
               ,
               the
               Amethyst
               ,
               the
               Saphire
               ,
               the
               Topaz
               ,
               the
               Em●rauld
               ,
            
             and
             several
             others
             ▪
          
           
             My
             Business
             here
             is
             to
             enquire
             into
             the
             Origin
             and
             Production
             of
             these
             Metallick
             and
             Mineral
             Bodies
             :
             to
             enquire
             how
             they
             came
             into
             this
             condition
             ,
             and
             attained
             these
             Figures
             .
             And
             as
             my
             Observations
             have
             been
             the
             light
             whereby
             I
             have
             hitherto
             steered
             my
             Course
             ,
             so
             I
             here
             betake
             my self
             unto
             them
             again
             ;
             and
             't
             is
             from
             them
             that
             I
             prove
             ,
          
           
             That
             as
             the
             more
             gross
             and
             massive
             
             parts
             of
             the
             Terrestrial
             Globe
             :
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             Earth
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             owe
             their
             present
             Frame
             and
             Order
             to
             the
             Deluge
             *
             :
             so
             likewise
             do
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             too
             ;
             the
             far
             
             greater
             part
             of
             them
             ,
             I
             mean
             all
             those
             which
             we
             now
             find
             lodged
             in
             those
             Strata
             amongst
             the
             Sand
             ,
             Earth
             ,
             &c.
             being
             actually
             reposed
             therein
             during
             the
             time
             that
             the
             Water
             covered
             the
             Earth
             :
             and
             the
             Earth
             it self
             then
             put
             into
             such
             a
             condition
             that
             the
             rest
             ,
             I
             mean
             those
             we
             now
             find
             in
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             ,
             should
             be
             collected
             thither
             by
             degrees
             ,
             and
             be
             formed
             almost
             of
             course
             ,
             meerly
             by
             the
             ordinary
             Motion
             of
             the
             Water
             ,
             and
             its
             Passage
             to
             and
             fro
             in
             the
             Earth
             *
          
           
             
             That
             whilst
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ▪
             together
             with
             those
             of
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             Cole
             ,
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             courser
             Matter
             :
             as
             also
             the
             Shells
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             and
             other
             parts
             of
             Animals
             and
             Vegetables
             :
             were
             sustained
             in
             the
             Water
             ,
             at
             the
             Deluge
             †
             ;
             after
             some
             time
             ,
             that
             the
             violence
             of
             the
             Hurry
             and
             Commotion
             was
             over
             ,
             and
             the
             Water
             come
             to
             a
             state
             somewhat
             more
             calm
             and
             sedate
             ,
             such
             of
             those
             Corpuscles
             ,
             as
             happened
             to
             occurr
             or
             meet
             together
             ,
             affix'd
             to
             each
             other
             :
             and
             ,
             many
             of
             them
             convening
             ,
             uniting
             ,
             and
             combining
             into
             one
             Mass
             ,
             formed
             the
             Metallick
             and
             Mineral
             Balls
             or
             Nodules
             which
             we
             now
             find
             .
          
           
           
             That
             all
             Metallick
             and
             Mineral
             Nodules
             whatever
             :
             as
             well
             those
             which
             are
             in
             rude
             Lumps
             ,
             such
             as
             the
             common
             Pyritae
             ,
             Flints
             ,
             Agates
             ,
             Onyxes
             ,
             Pebles
             ,
             Jaspers
             ,
             Cornelions
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             :
             as
             those
             which
             are
             of
             a
             more
             regular
             and
             observable
             Shape
             ,
             such
             as
             the
             Selenites
             ,
             Belemnites
             ,
             Stelechites
             ,
             Mineral
             Coral
             :
             and
             ,
             in
             one
             word
             ,
             all
             others
             whatsoever
             ,
             were
             formed
             at
             this
             time
             and
             by
             this
             means
             .
          
           
             That
             in
             such
             parts
             of
             the
             Water
             where
             the
             Corpuscles
             so
             sustained
             chanced
             to
             be
             all
             of
             the
             same
             kind
             *
             ▪
             or
             ,
             at
             least
             ,
             where
             there
             were
             fewer
             kinds
             or
             varieties
             of
             them
             ,
             the
             Nodules
             ,
             which
             were
             thus
             formed
             out
             of
             them
             ,
             were
             more
             simple
             ,
             pure
             ,
             and
             homogeneous
             ,
             as
             are
             the
             Selenites
             ,
             and
             some
             kinds
             of
             Pebles
             and
             Flints
             ,
             to
             name
             no
             more
             :
             But
             where
             (
             as
             indeed
             it
             generally
             fell
             out
             )
             there
             happened
             to
             be
             a
             greater
             variety
             of
             Corpuscles
             ,
             as
             suppose
             of
             Sulphur
             ,
             of
             Vitriol
             ,
             of
             Alum
             ,
             of
             Iron
             ,
             of
             Copper
             ,
             or
             whatever
             else
             ,
             sustained
             promiscuously
             together
             ,
             there
             the
             Nodules
             ,
             formed
             out
             of
             them
             ,
             were
             mixt
             ,
             and
             consisted
             of
             a
             greater
             variety
             of
             Matter
             confusedly
             associated
             into
             the
             same
             Lump
             .
             Of
             this
             the
             Pyrit●
             
             may
             serve
             for
             an
             Example
             ;
             whereof
             some
             yield
             Iron
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             and
             Vitriol
             :
             others
             Copper
             and
             Alum
             :
             yea
             some
             of
             them
             contain
             all
             these
             ,
             and
             several
             more
             ,
             in
             the
             same
             Nodule
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Bones
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Bodies
             ,
             being
             sustained
             in
             the
             Water
             together
             with
             these
             Metallick
             and
             Mineral
             Corpuscles
             ‖
             ,
             and
             the
             said
             Corpuscles
             meeting
             with
             ,
             and
             hitting
             upon
             those
             Bodies
             ,
             they
             affix'd
             unto
             them
             ,
             and
             became
             conjoyned
             with
             them
             :
             some
             of
             them
             (
             though
             this
             very
             rarely
             )
             passing
             into
             their
             Pores
             and
             Interstices
             :
             others
             adhering
             in
             Lumps
             ,
             or
             Masses
             ,
             to
             their
             Out-sides
             ,
             and
             indeed
             oftentimes
             combining
             in
             such
             numbers
             upon
             the
             exteriour
             Surface
             of
             the
             Shell
             ,
             Tooth
             ,
             &c.
             as
             wholly
             to
             cover
             and
             involve
             it
             in
             the
             Mass
             they
             together
             constituted
             :
             and
             others
             of
             them
             entering
             into
             the
             Cavities
             of
             the
             
               Echini
               ,
               Cochleae
               ,
               Conchae
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Shells
             ,
             till
             they
             had
             quite
             filled
             them
             up
             ;
             those
             Shells
             ,
             by
             that
             means
             ,
             serving
             as
             Proplasmes
             ,
             o●
             Moulds
             ,
             to
             the
             Matter
             which
             so
             filled
             them
             ,
             limiting
             and
             determining
             both
             the
             Dimensions
             and
             Figure
             of
             it
             .
             That
             accordingly
             we
             at
             this
             day
             find
             some
             few
             of
             these
             
             fossil
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             Animal
             Substan●es
             ,
             with
             Iron-ore
             ,
             Spar
             ,
             Vitriol
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             intruded
             into
             their
             Pores
             :
             but
             far
             greater
             numbers
             of
             them
             with
             Lumps
             of
             Flint
             ,
             Ores
             of
             Metalls
             ,
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             growing
             firmly
             to
             the
             Out-sides
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             oftentimes
             in
             such
             quantity
             as
             that
             the
             Shell
             or
             Tooth
             is
             wholly
             covered
             by
             those
             Minerals
             ,
             being
             immers'd
             or
             included
             in
             the
             Mass
             they
             constitute
             ;
             insomuch
             that
             't
             is
             very
             usual
             ,
             upon
             breaking
             Flints
             ,
             Pyrit●
             ,
             &c
             to
             find
             
               Pectines
               ,
               Conchae
            
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             enclosed
             ,
             even
             in
             the
             very
             middle
             of
             them
             .
             As
             common
             is
             it
             to
             find
             
               Echini
               ,
               Cochleae
               ,
               Conchae
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Shells
             ,
             having
             their
             Cavities
             fill'd
             up
             with
             Ores
             of
             Metalls
             ,
             Flint
             ,
             Spar
             ,
             Native
             Vitriol
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             and
             other
             Minerals
             .
             Not
             but
             that
             these
             Minerals
             many
             times
             survive
             the
             Shells
             which
             gave
             them
             their
             Forms
             ,
             and
             are
             found
             even
             after
             they
             are
             rotted
             and
             disappeared
             ;
             for
             though
             ,
             when
             lodged
             in
             Chalk
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             close
             Matter
             ,
             which
             preserves
             and
             secures
             them
             against
             external
             Injuries
             ,
             these
             Shells
             are
             constantly
             found
             upon
             ,
             and
             actually
             investing
             the
             Flint
             ,
             Spar
             ,
             or
             other
             Mineral
             ,
             and
             are
             commonly
             as
             fair
             and
             
             entire
             as
             any
             of
             their
             fellow
             Shells
             at
             Sea
             :
             yet
             when
             they
             happened
             to
             be
             lodged
             amongst
             Sand
             ,
             Gravel
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             laxer
             Matter
             ,
             the
             Shells
             are
             usually
             perish'd
             and
             gone
             *
             ,
             and
             so
             the
             Flint
             ,
             Spar
             ,
             &c.
             left
             uncover'd
             .
             In
             which
             case
             the
             said
             Flint
             ,
             Spar
             ,
             or
             other
             Mineral
             ,
             is
             of
             a
             constant
             ,
             regular
             ,
             and
             specifick
             Shape
             ,
             as
             is
             the
             Shell
             whence
             it
             borrows
             both
             that
             Shape
             ,
             and
             indeed
             its
             Name
             ;
             these
             being
             the
             Bodies
             which
             are
             called
             ,
             by
             Naturalists
             ,
             
               Echinitae
               ,
               Cochlitae
            
             ,
             and
             Cochitae
             ‖
             ,
             as
             resembli●g
             the
             Shells
             of
             those
             names
             :
             and
             truly
             many
             of
             them
             very
             nearly
             ,
             they
             having
             taken
             the
             Impresses
             of
             the
             Insides
             of
             these
             Shells
             with
             that
             exquisite
             Niceness
             as
             to
             express
             even
             the
             smallest
             and
             finest
             Lineaments
             of
             them
             :
             insomuch
             that
             no
             Metall
             ,
             when
             melted
             and
             cast
             in
             a
             Mould
             ,
             can
             ever
             possibly
             represent
             the
             Concavity
             of
             that
             Mould
             with
             greater
             Exactness
             than
             these
             Flints
             ,
             and
             other
             Minerals
             ,
             do
             the
             Concavities
             of
             the
             Shells
             wherein
             they
             were
             thus
             moulded
             .
          
           
             
             That
             at
             length
             all
             this
             Metallick
             and
             Mineral
             Matter
             ,
             both
             that
             which
             continued
             asunder
             ,
             and
             in
             single
             Corpuseles
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             was
             amass'd
             and
             
             concreted
             into
             Nodules
             ,
             subsided
             down
             to
             the
             bottom
             :
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             did
             the
             Shells
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Bodies
             ,
             as
             also
             the
             Sand
             ,
             Cole
             ,
             Marle
             ,
             and
             other
             Matter
             whereof
             the
             S●rata
             of
             Sand-stone
             ,
             Cole
             ,
             Marle
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             are
             for
             the
             most
             part
             composed
             †
             ,
             and
             so
             were
             included
             in
             ,
             and
             lodged
             amongst
             ,
             that
             matter
             .
          
           
             That
             in
             regard
             that
             both
             the
             ordinary
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             and
             the
             Mineral
             and
             Metallick
             Matter
             which
             was
             assumed
             up
             into
             the
             Fluid
             was
             different
             in
             different
             parts
             of
             it
             ,
             being
             in
             some
             places
             all
             chiefly
             of
             one
             kind
             ,
             suppose
             Sand
             :
             in
             others
             of
             a
             different
             kind
             ,
             e.g.
             Chalk
             :
             and
             in
             others
             of
             several
             kinds
             together
             ,
             as
             Sand
             ,
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             many
             more
             :
             and
             there
             being
             no
             other
             Place
             or
             Apartment
             in
             the
             Globe
             assigned
             to
             any
             of
             this
             Matter
             than
             that
             whereinto
             it
             s
             own
             natural
             Gravity
             bore
             it
             ,
             which
             was
             only
             directly
             downwards
             ,
             whereby
             it
             obtained
             that
             place
             in
             the
             Globe
             which
             was
             just
             underneath
             that
             part
             of
             the
             Fluid
             where
             it
             was
             sustained
             when
             the
             Subsidence
             began
             ;
             it
             thence
             happened
             that
             the
             Strata
             ,
             which
             were
             afterwards
             constituted
             by
             this
             Matter
             thus
             subsiding
             ,
             
             are
             also
             different
             in
             different
             places
             :
             in
             some
             all
             ,
             or
             most
             of
             them
             ,
             of
             Sand-stone
             :
             in
             others
             of
             Chalk
             :
             and
             in
             others
             of
             both
             Sand-stone
             and
             Chalk
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             many
             more
             ,
             lying
             each
             upon
             other
             .
             And
             the
             Case
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             being
             the
             same
             ,
             't
             is
             for
             that
             reason
             that
             in
             some
             places
             we
             now
             get
             Iron
             ,
             or
             Vitriol
             ;
             but
             no
             Copper
             ,
             or
             Alum
             :
             in
             others
             we
             find
             these
             ,
             but
             not
             those
             :
             and
             in
             others
             both
             these
             ,
             and
             those
             ,
             and
             perhaps
             many
             more
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Place
             ,
             both
             of
             the
             several
             sorts
             of
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             and
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             whilst
             sustained
             in
             the
             Fluid
             ,
             being
             thus
             contingent
             and
             uncertain
             ,
             their
             Intermixtures
             with
             each
             other
             ,
             and
             with
             the
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             in
             the
             Sediment
             ,
             or
             Strata
             ,
             which
             subsiding
             they
             together
             composed
             ,
             must
             consequently
             be
             uncertain
             likewise
             ;
             that
             Metall
             or
             Mineral
             ,
             of
             whatever
             kind
             it
             chanced
             to
             be
             ,
             which
             was
             sustained
             in
             any
             part
             of
             the
             Fluid
             ,
             setling
             only
             directly
             downwards
             ,
             was
             lodged
             amongst
             the
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             which
             chanced
             to
             be
             sustained
             together
             with
             it
             in
             the
             same
             part
             ,
             of
             what
             kind
             soever
             that
             Matter
             was
             .
             And
             accordingly
             we
             now
             find
             them
             uncertainly
             
             mixt
             :
             the
             same
             Metall
             or
             Mineral
             lodged
             ,
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             in
             Stone
             :
             in
             others
             ,
             in
             Cole
             :
             and
             in
             others
             ,
             in
             Clay
             ,
             Marle
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             Matter
             indifferently
             †
             .
             And
             as
             we
             find
             the
             same
             Metall
             or
             Mineral
             lodged
             amongst
             different
             sorts
             of
             the
             common
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             so
             do
             we
             ,
             for
             still
             the
             same
             reason
             ,
             also
             find
             different
             kinds
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             Copper
             ,
             Iron
             ,
             and
             Sulphur
             ,
             Tin
             ,
             Lead
             ,
             and
             Vitriol
             ,
             with
             several
             more
             ,
             lodged
             all
             confusedly
             together
             in
             the
             very
             same
             fort
             of
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ‖
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             quantity
             of
             the
             Metallick
             or
             Mineral
             Matter
             taken
             up
             into
             the
             Fluid
             was
             various
             and
             uncertain
             :
             there
             being
             in
             some
             parts
             little
             or
             perhaps
             none
             of
             it
             :
             in
             others
             a
             very
             great
             abundance
             .
             And
             so
             we
             at
             this
             day
             find
             it
             ;
             in
             some
             places
             ,
             little
             ,
             or
             none
             :
             in
             others
             ,
             in
             such
             plenty
             as
             to
             exceed
             even
             the
             ordinary
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             and
             of
             it self
             to
             compose
             whole
             Strata
             ,
             without
             any
             considerable
             Admixture
             of
             Sand
             ,
             Clay
             ,
             or
             other
             common
             Matter
             .
             Thus
             we
             sometimes
             see
             whole
             Strata
             compiled
             of
             Metallick
             and
             Mineral
             Pyrite
             :
             others
             of
             Pebles
             ,
             and
             of
             Flints
             ,
             without
             the
             Interposition
             of
             any
             other
             Matter
             :
             that
             finer
             Matter
             
             commonly
             found
             amongst
             these
             ,
             and
             vulgarly
             called
             Sand
             ,
             being
             really
             no
             other
             than
             very
             small
             Pebles
             ;
             as
             may
             appear
             to
             any
             one
             who
             shall
             carefully
             examine
             ▪
             and
             observe
             it
             ,
             especially
             with
             a
             good
             Microscope
             .
             Thus
             likewise
             we
             find
             Strata
             consisting
             almost
             entirely
             of
             Common
             Salt
             :
             others
             of
             Ochre
             :
             and
             others
             of
             several
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             Tin
             ,
             Lead
             ,
             Vitriol
             ,
             Nitre
             ,
             and
             Sulphur
             ,
             promiscuously
             ,
             without
             any
             considerable
             Intermixture
             of
             coarser
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             which
             is
             now
             found
             in
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             was
             all
             of
             it
             originally
             ,
             and
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             lodged
             in
             the
             Bodies
             of
             those
             Strata
             :
             being
             interspersed
             or
             scattered
             in
             single
             Corpuscles
             ,
             amongst
             the
             Sand
             ,
             or
             other
             Matter
             ,
             whereof
             the
             said
             Strata
             mainly
             consist
             .
             That
             it
             was
             educed
             thence
             ,
             and
             transmitted
             into
             these
             Intervalls
             ,
             since
             that
             time
             ;
             the
             Intervalls
             themselves
             not
             existing
             till
             the
             Strata
             were
             formed
             ,
             and
             the
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Matter
             actually
             lodged
             in
             them
             ;
             they
             being
             only
             Breaches
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             and
             not
             made
             till
             the
             very
             conclusion
             
             of
             the
             Catastrophe
             ,
             the
             Water
             thereupon
             immediately
             withdrawing
             again
             from
             off
             the
             Earth
             *
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Water
             which
             ascends
             up
             out
             of
             the
             Abyss
             ,
             on
             all
             sides
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             towards
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             †
             ,
             incessantly
             pervading
             the
             
             Pores
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             I
             mean
             the
             Interstices
             of
             the
             Sand
             or
             other
             Matter
             whereof
             they
             consist
             ,
             detaches
             and
             bears
             along
             with
             it
             all
             such
             metallick
             ,
             mineral
             ,
             and
             other
             Corpuscles
             which
             lye
             loose
             in
             its
             way
             ,
             and
             are
             withal
             so
             small
             as
             to
             be
             able
             to
             pass
             those
             Interstices
             :
             forcing
             them
             along
             with
             it
             into
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             ;
             to
             which
             it
             naturally
             directs
             its
             course
             ,
             as
             finding
             there
             a
             ready
             Exit
             and
             Discharge
             ‖
             ,
             being
             partly
             exhaled
             thence
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             and
             partly
             flowing
             forth
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             forming
             Springs
             and
             Rivers
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Water
             which
             falls
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             in
             Rain
             ,
             bears
             also
             some
             ,
             though
             a
             lesser
             ,
             share
             in
             this
             Action
             ;
             this
             ,
             soaking
             into
             the
             Strata
             which
             lye
             near
             the
             Surface
             ,
             straining
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             advancing
             on
             towards
             their
             perpendicular
             
             Intervalls
             *
             ,
             bears
             thither
             along
             with
             it
             all
             such
             moveable
             Matter
             as
             occurrs
             in
             those
             Pores
             ,
             in
             much
             the
             same
             manner
             as
             does
             the
             Water
             which
             arises
             out
             of
             the
             Abyss
             ;
             with
             this
             only
             difference
             ,
             that
             this
             passes
             and
             pervades
             none
             but
             the
             superficial
             and
             uppermost
             Strata
             ,
             whereas
             
               the
               other
            
             permeates
             also
             those
             which
             lye
             lower
             and
             deeper
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Corpuscles
             ,
             being
             thus
             conveyed
             into
             these
             Intervalls
             ;
             and
             the
             Water
             there
             having
             more
             room
             and
             freer
             passage
             than
             before
             ,
             whilst
             it
             only
             penetrated
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Stone
             ,
             it
             deserts
             the
             said
             Corpuscles
             ,
             leaving
             them
             in
             these
             Intervalls
             ;
             unless
             it
             flow
             forth
             with
             a
             very
             rapid
             and
             precipitate
             Motion
             ;
             for
             then
             it
             hurries
             them
             out
             along
             with
             it
             ,
             till
             its
             Motion
             becomes
             more
             languid
             and
             remiss
             ,
             when
             it
             quits
             and
             abandons
             them
             †
             .
          
           
             
             That
             by
             the
             Water
             ,
             thus
             passing
             through
             the
             Stone
             to
             its
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             ,
             was
             brought
             thither
             all
             the
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Matter
             which
             is
             now
             lodged
             therein
             :
             as
             well
             that
             which
             lyes
             only
             in
             an
             indigested
             and
             confused
             Pile
             ‖
             ,
             in
             which
             manner
             the
             far
             greatest
             part
             of
             it
             is
             found
             ,
             and
             particularly
             
             the
             common
             Ores
             of
             Metalls
             ,
             Iron
             ,
             Tin
             ,
             Lead
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             as
             also
             Spar
             ,
             Alum
             ,
             Vitriol
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             and
             other
             Minerals
             ●punc
             ;
             as
             that
             which
             is
             disposed
             and
             formed
             into
             some
             observable
             Figure
             ,
             such
             as
             the
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Stalactita
             ,
             the
             angulated
             or
             Crystallized
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             *
             ,
             and
             ,
             to
             be
             short
             ,
             all
             others
             whatever
             .
          
           
             That
             there
             is
             not
             ,
             whatever
             some
             
             Men
             may
             have
             fancied
             ,
             any
             thing
             very
             strange
             or
             extraordinary
             in
             the
             Production
             of
             the
             said
             formed
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             which
             are
             found
             in
             these
             Intervalls
             :
             nor
             other
             plastick
             Vertue
             concerned
             in
             shaping
             them
             into
             those
             Figures
             than
             meerly
             the
             Configurations
             of
             the
             Particles
             whereof
             they
             consist
             ,
             and
             the
             simple
             Motion
             of
             the
             Water
             to
             bring
             those
             Particles
             together
             .
             That
             particularly
             the
             common
             
               Stalactites
               ,
               Lapis
               Stillatitius
            
             ,
             or
             Dropstone
             ,
             which
             consists
             principally
             of
             Spar
             ,
             and
             is
             frequently
             found
             ,
             in
             form
             of
             an
             Icycle
             ,
             hanging
             down
             from
             the
             tops
             and
             sides
             of
             Grotto's
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             lesser
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             ,
             was
             formed
             by
             the
             Water
             which
             continually
             is
             passing
             through
             the
             Strata
             into
             these
             their
             Interv●lls
             ;
             this
             taking
             the
             
             Sparry
             Particles
             as
             they
             lay
             dispersedly
             mingled
             with
             the
             Sand
             ,
             or
             other
             Matter
             whereof
             those
             Strata
             consist
             ,
             and
             bearing
             them
             on
             with
             it
             to
             the
             said
             Intervalls
             ;
             where
             issuing
             leisurely
             out
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             and
             having
             now
             free
             passage
             ,
             it
             deserts
             these
             Particles
             ,
             falling
             down
             from
             the
             tops
             and
             sides
             of
             the
             Grotto's
             ,
             to
             which
             the
             Particles
             affixing
             by
             little
             and
             little
             ,
             incrust
             them
             over
             with
             a
             Sparry
             Cover
             ,
             and
             also
             from
             these
             Stalactitae
             ,
             from
             which
             the
             Water
             is
             continually
             falling
             and
             distilling
             drop
             by
             drop
             ;
             which
             gave
             occasion
             to
             that
             Mistake
             of
             those
             who
             suppose
             these
             Bodies
             to
             be
             only
             Water
             petrified
             ,
             as
             they
             speak
             ,
             or
             converted
             into
             these
             Sparry
             or
             Stony
             Iceycles
             ,
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             as
             it
             is
             by
             Frost
             congealed
             into
             the
             Icy
             ones
             which
             hang
             down
             from
             the
             Eaves
             of
             Houses
             ,
             from
             Pipes
             ,
             or
             other
             conveyances
             of
             Water
             .
             That
             the
             Iron
             ,
             and
             
               other
               metallick
               Stalactitae
            
             :
             the
             Aluminous
             ,
             and
             the
             
               Vitriolick
               Stalactitae
            
             :
             the
             Saline
             ones
             ,
             or
             those
             which
             consist
             of
             common
             Salt
             ,
             and
             
               all
               others
            
             ,
             are
             found
             suspended
             in
             the
             same
             manner
             ,
             and
             their
             Matter
             conducted
             out
             of
             the
             Strata
             to
             their
             Fissures
             by
             the
             same
             means
             .
          
           
           
             That
             the
             Iron-Rhombs
             ,
             Tin-Grains
             ,
             
             and
             other
             Ores
             of
             Metalls
             ,
             which
             are
             found
             in
             these
             Intervalls
             naturally
             formed
             into
             Cubick
             ,
             Pyramidal
             ,
             or
             other
             Figures
             :
             as
             likewise
             the
             Minerals
             which
             are
             there
             shot
             into
             the
             like
             Figures
             ,
             such
             as
             the
             Mundick-Grains
             ,
             crystallized
             native
             Salt
             ,
             Alum
             ,
             Vitriol
             ,
             and
             Sulphur
             :
             the
             Gemms
             also
             which
             are
             thus
             figured
             ,
             
               e.
               g.
            
             Crystal
             ,
             the
             Pseud-Adamantes
             ,
             the
             Amethyst
             ,
             Emerauld
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             :
             I
             say
             these
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             natural
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Crystallizations
             ,
             were
             effected
             by
             the
             Water
             ,
             which
             first
             brought
             the
             Particles
             whereof
             each
             consists
             out
             from
             amongst
             the
             Matter
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             into
             these
             their
             Intervalls
             ,
             in
             much
             the
             same
             manner
             that
             the
             common
             ,
             or
             artificial
             ,
             Crystallizations
             of
             Alum
             ,
             Vitriol
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             are
             now
             effected
             in
             the
             Water
             wherein
             they
             were
             before
             dissolved
             :
             and
             as
             are
             the
             Chymical
             Crystallizations
             of
             other
             Minerals
             and
             Metalls
             in
             their
             several
             Menstrua
             ;
             whereof
             more
             in
             its
             place
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Corpuscles
             of
             Metalls
             and
             
             of
             Minerals
             being
             smaller
             than
             those
             of
             Sand
             and
             of
             the
             other
             common
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             and
             consequently
             the
             
             Pores
             of
             the
             Strata
             which
             consist
             mainly
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             contain
             in
             them
             a
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             these
             *
             ,
             being
             lesser
             and
             narrower
             than
             those
             of
             the
             Strata
             of
             Sand-stone
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             common
             and
             crasser
             Matter
             ,
             the
             Water
             which
             ascends
             from
             beneath
             towards
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             is
             admitted
             into
             them
             ,
             if
             at
             all
             ,
             only
             in
             lesser
             quantity
             ,
             passes
             them
             slowly
             and
             difficultly
             ,
             and
             therefore
             hath
             not
             Scope
             and
             Power
             sufficient
             to
             dislodge
             the
             Corpuscles
             ,
             and
             bear
             them
             off
             with
             it
             into
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             ,
             as
             it
             does
             in
             those
             Strata
             which
             consist
             chiefly
             of
             Stone
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             grosser
             Matter
             ,
             where
             the
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Corpuscles
             lye
             thinner
             ,
             and
             so
             the
             Pores
             are
             more
             wide
             and
             open
             .
             That
             ,
             for
             this
             reason
             ,
             in
             the
             Intervalls
             of
             those
             Strata
             which
             abound
             plentifully
             with
             Iron
             ,
             Tin
             ,
             Spar
             ,
             common
             Salt
             ,
             Alum
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             ,
             we
             ordinarily
             find
             a
             lesser
             quantity
             of
             these
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             resident
             ,
             than
             we
             do
             in
             the
             Intervalls
             of
             some
             other
             Strata
             which
             now
             shew
             little
             ,
             or
             perhaps
             nothing
             in
             the
             Bodies
             of
             them
             besides
             Sand
             and
             such
             like
             coarser
             Matter
             ;
             there
             being
             so
             admirable
             a
             Contrivance
             in
             this
             Affair
             ,
             that
             
             the
             Water
             does
             not
             disturb
             and
             remove
             that
             metallick
             or
             mineral
             Matter
             which
             lves
             in
             the
             Strata
             in
             great
             plenty
             ,
             and
             so
             is
             there
             ready
             collected
             to
             the
             hand
             of
             Man
             :
             but
             only
             that
             which
             needs
             such
             an
             Agent
             to
             collect
             it
             :
             that
             which
             is
             so
             sparingly
             and
             dispersedly
             intermix'd
             with
             the
             common
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             as
             not
             to
             be
             discoverable
             by
             humane
             Industry
             ,
             or
             ,
             if
             discoverable
             ,
             so
             diffused
             and
             scattered
             amongst
             the
             crasser
             and
             more
             unprofitable
             Matter
             ,
             that
             't
             would
             never
             be
             possible
             to
             separate
             and
             extract
             it
             :
             or
             ,
             if
             't
             was
             ,
             it
             would
             not
             defray
             the
             Charge
             and
             Labour
             of
             the
             Extraction
             ,
             and
             therefore
             must
             needs
             have
             been
             all
             irretrievably
             lost
             ,
             and
             useless
             to
             Mankind
             ,
             was
             it
             not
             here
             by
             this
             means
             collected
             and
             brought
             into
             one
             Mass.
             
          
           
             That
             therefore
             the
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             which
             are
             lodged
             in
             the
             
             
               perpendicular
               Intervalls
            
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             do
             still
             grow
             ,
             (
             to
             speak
             in
             the
             Mineralists
             phrase
             )
             or
             receive
             additional
             Encrease
             from
             the
             Corpuscles
             which
             are
             yet
             daily
             born
             along
             with
             the
             Water
             into
             them
             :
             and
             have
             grown
             so
             ever
             since
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             in
             all
             such
             places
             where
             those
             Intervalls
             are
             not
             already
             
             so
             filled
             ,
             that
             they
             cannot
             receive
             any
             more
             ;
             or
             where
             the
             Stock
             of
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Corpuscles
             ,
             originally
             lodged
             in
             the
             Strata
             ,
             is
             not
             quite
             exhausted
             ,
             and
             all
             borne
             thither
             already
             .
             That
             yet
             this
             Encrease
             is
             not
             now
             any
             where
             very
             great
             ;
             the
             Corpuscles
             ,
             which
             were
             capable
             of
             being
             stirred
             and
             removed
             ,
             being
             ,
             by
             the
             continual
             Passage
             of
             the
             Water
             for
             so
             many
             Ages
             ,
             in
             most
             places
             exhausted
             ,
             educed
             forth
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             and
             transmitted
             into
             these
             their
             Fissures
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Matter
             which
             lyes
             in
             the
             Bodies
             of
             the
             Strata
             does
             not
             now
             grow
             :
             nor
             hath
             it
             ever
             received
             any
             Addition
             since
             't
             was
             first
             reposed
             in
             those
             Strata
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Universal
             Deluge
             :
             but
             ,
             on
             the
             contrary
             ,
             hath
             been
             diminished
             and
             lessened
             by
             so
             much
             as
             hath
             been
             conveyed
             into
             their
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             ,
             and
             as
             hath
             been
             brought
             forth
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             by
             Springs
             ,
             Rivers
             *
             ,
             and
             Exhalations
             †
             from
             the
             Abyss
             ,
             ever
             since
             that
             time
             .
             That
             notwithstanding
             there
             have
             ,
             and
             do
             still
             ,
             happen
             ,
             Transitions
             and
             Removes
             of
             it
             ,
             in
             the
             solid
             Strata
             ,
             from
             one
             part
             of
             the
             same
             Stratum
             to
             another
             
             part
             of
             it
             ,
             occasioned
             by
             the
             Motion
             of
             the
             Vapour
             towards
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             of
             these
             *
             :
             and
             ,
             in
             the
             laxer
             Strata
             ,
             such
             as
             those
             of
             Sand
             ,
             Clay
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             from
             the
             lower
             ones
             to
             those
             which
             lye
             above
             them
             ,
             and
             even
             to
             the
             very
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             occasioned
             by
             the
             Motion
             of
             the
             Vapour
             directly
             towards
             the
             Surface
             ,
             it
             pervading
             these
             looser
             Strata
             diametrically
             †
             .
             But
             of
             this
             I
             have
             not
             room
             to
             enlarge
             more
             particularly
             in
             this
             place
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Bitumen
             which
             is
             found
             in
             
             Lumps
             ,
             or
             coagulated
             Masses
             ,
             in
             some
             Springs
             ;
             and
             which
             is
             ,
             in
             others
             ,
             found
             floating
             in
             form
             of
             an
             Oyl
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Water
             ;
             when
             't
             is
             called
             by
             Naturalists
             Naphtha
             ,
             and
             Petroleum
             :
             the
             Salt
             wherewith
             the
             Salinae
             ,
             or
             Salt-Springs
             ,
             abound
             :
             the
             Vitriol
             ,
             Alum
             ,
             Nitre
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             Spar
             ,
             and
             other
             Minerals
             ,
             wherewith
             the
             Acidulae
             ,
             or
             Medicinal-Springs
             are
             saturated
             :
             I
             say
             ,
             all
             these
             Minerals
             were
             originally
             lodged
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             Cole
             ,
             Earth
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             :
             that
             they
             were
             educed
             thence
             ,
             and
             conveyed
             into
             these
             Springs
             ,
             by
             the
             Water
             pervading
             those
             Strata
             in
             its
             passage
             from
             the
             Abyss
             towards
             the
             said
             Springs
             ‖
             .
          
           
           
             
             That
             when
             the
             Water
             of
             Rivers
             issues
             out
             of
             the
             Apertures
             of
             them
             with
             more
             than
             ordinary
             Agitation
             and
             Rapidity
             ,
             it
             usually
             bears
             forth
             along
             with
             it
             such
             Particles
             of
             Spar
             ,
             Argilla
             ,
             or
             other
             loose
             and
             moveable
             Matter
             as
             it
             met
             with
             in
             its
             Passage
             through
             the
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             or
             other
             solid
             Strata
             :
             that
             it
             sustains
             these
             Particles
             ,
             and
             carries
             them
             on
             together
             with
             it'till
             such
             time
             as
             its
             Motion
             begins
             to
             remit
             and
             be
             less
             rapid
             than
             it
             was
             at
             ,
             and
             near
             its
             Source
             ;
             when
             by
             degrees
             it
             lowers
             them
             ,
             and
             lets
             them
             fall
             ,
             deposing
             and
             affixing
             them
             upon
             any
             thing
             which
             occurrs
             in
             the
             way
             ,
             as
             Stones
             ,
             Shells
             ,
             Sticks
             ,
             or
             other
             like
             Bodies
             ;
             especially
             those
             which
             lye
             in
             the
             Sinus's
             or
             Creeks
             of
             those
             Rivers
             where
             the
             Motion
             of
             the
             Water
             is
             more
             sluggish
             and
             languid
             than
             in
             the
             Stream
             ,
             or
             middle
             of
             the
             Chanel
             .
             That
             some
             Rivers
             do
             thus
             bring
             forth
             Spar
             ,
             and
             other
             mineral
             Matter
             in
             great
             quantity
             ,
             so
             as
             to
             cover
             and
             incrust
             the
             Stones
             ,
             Sticks
             ,
             and
             other
             Bodies
             lying
             therein
             ,
             to
             a
             very
             considerable
             Thickness
             .
             That
             sometimes
             the
             Water
             of
             Standing-Springs
             does
             the
             same
             :
             precipitating
             the
             mineral
             Matter
             which
             it
             brought
             
             forth
             of
             the
             Strata
             ,
             upon
             the
             Stones
             at
             the
             bottoms
             and
             sides
             of
             the
             said
             Springs
             :
             and
             affixing
             it
             upon
             Sticks
             ,
             Straws
             ,
             and
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             upon
             the
             Moss
             ,
             or
             other
             Plants
             which
             happen
             to
             grow
             therein
             ,
             incrusting
             them
             over
             ,
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             does
             the
             above-mentioned
             Water
             of
             Rivers
             .
          
           
             That
             when
             the
             Heat
             at
             ,
             and
             upon
             ,
             
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             is
             great
             ,
             it
             not
             only
             mounts
             up
             the
             Water
             sent
             from
             beneath
             ,
             and
             ,
             along
             with
             it
             ,
             the
             lighter
             Terrestrial
             Vegetative
             Matter
             *
             ,
             but
             likewise
             the
             very
             mineral
             Matter
             it self
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             Nitre
             ,
             Vitriol
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ;
             the
             Atoms
             ,
             or
             single
             Corpuscles
             whereof
             being
             detach'd
             from
             their
             respective
             Beds
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             it
             bears
             quite
             to
             the
             Surface
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             the
             light
             and
             more
             active
             sorts
             of
             them
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             (
             together
             with
             the
             Vapour
             ,
             which
             ,
             when
             condensed
             ,
             falls
             down
             again
             in
             Rain
             )
             in
             greater
             or
             lesser
             plenty
             ,
             and
             to
             a
             greater
             or
             lesser
             height
             ,
             answerably
             to
             the
             greater
             or
             lesser
             quantity
             or
             Intenseness
             of
             the
             Heat
             .
          
           
             That
             wherever
             there
             happen
             to
             be
             any
             extraordinary
             Discharges
             of
             the
             Subterranean
             Heat
             :
             either
             Vulcano's
             ,
             or
             lesser
             Spiracles
             ,
             such
             as
             those
             about
             
             
               Naples
               ,
               Pozzuolo
            
             ,
             and
             in
             other
             Parts
             of
             the
             World
             :
             Thermae
             ,
             or
             Hot-springs
             :
             or
             fiery
             Eructations
             ,
             such
             as
             burst
             forth
             of
             the
             Earth
             during
             Earthquakes
             :
             I
             say
             wherever
             there
             are
             such
             or
             the
             like
             Discharges
             of
             this
             Subterranean
             Fire
             ,
             there
             likewise
             is
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             hurried
             up
             along
             with
             it
             .
             That
             even
             the
             Heat
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             and
             indeed
             any
             other
             ,
             though
             but
             an
             accidental
             Heat
             ,
             hath
             the
             same
             Effect
             ,
             and
             contributes
             to
             the
             raising
             of
             mineral
             Matter
             out
             of
             the
             Earth
             .
          
           
             That
             
               AEtna
               ,
               Vesuvius
            
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Vulcano's
             discharge
             forth
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             Fire
             ,
             not
             only
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Matter
             in
             great
             quantity
             ,
             but
             Sand
             likewise
             ,
             and
             huge
             Stones
             ,
             tossing
             them
             up
             sometimes
             to
             a
             very
             great
             height
             in
             the
             Air.
             
          
           
             That
             the
             Heat
             ,
             which
             arises
             out
             of
             the
             
               lesser
               Spiracles
            
             ,
             also
             brings
             forth
             along
             with
             it
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             and
             particularly
             Nitre
             ,
             and
             Sulphur
             ;
             some
             of
             which
             it
             affixes
             to
             the
             tops
             and
             sides
             of
             the
             Grotto's
             as
             it
             passes
             ,
             which
             Grotto's
             are
             usually
             so
             hot
             as
             to
             serve
             for
             natural
             Stoves
             ,
             or
             Sweating-Vaults
             :
             some
             it
             deposes
             near
             unto
             ,
             and
             even
             upon
             ,
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ;
             insomuch
             
             that
             in
             some
             places
             the
             
               Flores
               Sulphuris
            
             are
             gathered
             in
             considerable
             plenty
             near
             these
             Spiracles
             :
             some
             it
             bears
             in
             Steams
             up
             into
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             this
             in
             such
             quantity
             too
             as
             to
             be
             manifest
             to
             the
             Smell
             ,
             especially
             the
             Sulphur
             ,
             that
             Mineral
             so
             particularly
             affecting
             this
             Sense
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Heat
             which
             is
             continually
             passing
             up
             towards
             the
             Thermae
             ,
             brings
             thither
             along
             with
             it
             Particles
             of
             Spar
             ,
             Alum
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             Nitre
             ,
             and
             other
             Minerals
             in
             such
             quantity
             ,
             that
             these
             ordinarily
             as
             much
             exceed
             the
             common
             Acidulae
             *
             in
             plenty
             of
             this
             mineral
             Matter
             as
             they
             do
             in
             Heat
             .
             That
             this
             Heat
             ,
             ascending
             out
             of
             the
             Thermae
             ,
             bears
             up
             with
             it
             not
             only
             Water
             ,
             in
             form
             of
             Vapour
             ,
             but
             likewise
             mineral
             Matter
             ;
             some
             whereof
             it
             affixes
             to
             the
             Sides
             and
             Arches
             of
             the
             
             Grotto's
             ,
             where
             these
             Thermae
             arise
             in
             such
             :
             or
             ,
             if
             they
             be
             covered
             with
             Buildings
             ,
             to
             the
             Walls
             and
             Roofs
             of
             those
             Buildings
             :
             to
             the
             Pipes
             through
             which
             the
             Water
             is
             conveyed
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             .
             That
             Sulphur
             is
             in
             some
             places
             collected
             very
             plentifully
             adhering
             to
             the
             Stone
             of
             these
             Grotts
             ,
             and
             Buildings
             :
             yea
             sometimes
             Spar
             ,
             and
             other
             crasser
             Minerals
             ,
             are
             thus
             
             mounted
             up
             ,
             and
             affix
             to
             the
             Walls
             and
             Roofs
             ,
             incrust
             them
             over
             ,
             and
             ,
             being
             stop'd
             and
             reverberated
             thereby
             ,
             form
             Stalactitae
             ,
             or
             Sparry
             Iceycles
             hanging
             down
             from
             the
             Arches
             of
             the
             Grotto's
             ,
             from
             the
             Capitals
             of
             the
             Pillars
             ,
             and
             Roofs
             of
             the
             Buildings
             .
             That
             where
             these
             Thermae
             are
             not
             thus
             covered
             and
             vaulted
             over
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             mineral
             Matter
             is
             not
             stop'd
             and
             hinder'd
             in
             its
             Ascent
             ,
             a
             great
             part
             of
             it
             advances
             directly
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Heat
             which
             is
             discharged
             out
             of
             the
             Earth
             at
             the
             time
             of
             Earthquakes
             ‖
             brings
             forth
             Nirre
             ,
             Sulphur
             ,
             and
             other
             mineral
             Matter
             along
             with
             it
             .
             That
             the
             Water
             also
             which
             is
             at
             the
             same
             time
             spued
             out
             *
             ,
             through
             the
             Cracks
             or
             Chasmes
             opened
             by
             the
             Earthquake
             ,
             and
             through
             the
             Apertures
             of
             Springs
             and
             Rivers
             ,
             is
             turbid
             and
             stinking
             ,
             as
             being
             highly
             saturated
             with
             mineral
             Matter
             .
             That
             the
             Acidulae
             ,
             or
             Medical
             Springs
             emit
             then
             likewise
             a
             greater
             quantity
             of
             their
             Minerals
             than
             usual
             :
             and
             even
             the
             ordinary
             Springs
             ,
             which
             were
             before
             clear
             ,
             fresh
             ,
             and
             limpid
             ,
             become
             thick
             and
             turbid
             ,
             and
             are
             impregnated
             with
             Sulphur
             
             and
             other
             ▪
             Minerals
             as
             long
             as
             the
             Earthquake
             lasts
             .
             That
             these
             Minerals
             do
             not
             issue
             out
             only
             at
             these
             larger
             Exits
             ,
             but
             steam
             forth
             likewise
             through
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             occasioning
             those
             sulphureous
             and
             other
             offensive
             Stenches
             which
             usually
             attend
             Earthquakes
             ,
             and
             are
             the
             Cause
             of
             the
             Fevers
             and
             other
             
               malignant
               Dis●empers
            
             which
             commonly
             succeed
             them
             :
             bringing
             on
             oftentimes
             great
             Mortalities
             ,
             not
             only
             amongst
             Men
             ,
             but
             even
             the
             very
             Beasts
             and
             Fishes
             .
             That
             these
             mineral
             Eructations
             arise
             in
             such
             quantity
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             as
             to
             thicken
             ,
             discolour
             ,
             and
             darken
             it
             sometimes
             to
             a
             very
             great
             degree
             .
          
           
             That
             
               any
               Heat
            
             whatsoever
             ,
             even
             an
             accidental
             one
             ,
             such
             as
             is
             that
             which
             proceeds
             from
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Animals
             ,
             and
             from
             their
             Excrements
             ,
             promotes
             the
             Ascent
             of
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             but
             more
             especially
             of
             that
             which
             is
             subtile
             ,
             light
             ,
             and
             active
             ,
             and
             is
             consequently
             moveable
             more
             easily
             ,
             and
             with
             a
             lesser
             Power
             .
             That
             by
             this
             means
             Nitre
             (
             wherever
             there
             happens
             to
             be
             any
             in
             the
             Earth
             underneath
             )
             is
             raised
             in
             Stables
             ,
             Pigeon-Houses
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Receptacles
             of
             Animals
             :
             and
             in
             those
             
             places
             where
             their
             Dung
             lyes
             heap'd
             up
             .
             That
             't
             was
             this
             which
             occasioned
             ,
             in
             some
             ,
             an
             Opinion
             that
             Nitre
             proceeds
             forth
             of
             those
             Animals
             ,
             and
             their
             Excrements
             ;
             whereas
             it
             is
             found
             raised
             up
             ,
             and
             convened
             or
             collected
             indifferently
             and
             as
             well
             in
             Buildings
             where
             Animals
             rarely
             or
             never
             come
             ,
             as
             in
             those
             they
             ordinarily
             frequent
             ;
             not
             to
             mention
             that
             which
             is
             found
             sometimes
             in
             considerable
             plenty
             at
             great
             depths
             in
             the
             Earth
             :
             in
             the
             Water
             of
             Springs
             ,
             of
             Rivers
             ,
             of
             Lakes
             ,
             and
             ,
             in
             some
             Parts
             ,
             even
             of
             the
             Sea
             it self
             ;
             whereof
             more
             largely
             hereafter
             .
             That
             ,
             in
             such
             places
             where
             the
             Earth
             contains
             Nitre
             within
             it
             ,
             though
             there
             be
             no
             such
             adventitious
             Heat
             ,
             if
             that
             Heat
             which
             is
             almost
             continually
             steaming
             out
             of
             the
             Earth
             be
             but
             preserved
             ,
             its
             Dissipation
             prevented
             ,
             and
             the
             Cold
             kept
             off
             by
             some
             Building
             or
             other
             like
             Coverture
             ,
             this
             alone
             is
             ordinarily
             sufficient
             to
             raise
             up
             the
             Nitre
             ,
             and
             bear
             it
             out
             at
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             (
             unless
             its
             Egress
             be
             impeded
             by
             Pavements
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             Obstructions
             )
             and
             mount
             it
             up
             into
             the
             Air
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             those
             Buildings
             will
             permit
             .
             For
             ,
             the
             Cielings
             and
             Walls
             stopping
             it
             in
             its
             
             Ascent
             ,
             it
             usually
             affixes
             ,
             unto
             them
             ,
             and
             settles
             there
             .
             And
             accordingly
             't
             is
             frequently
             found
             thus
             affix'd
             to
             the
             Walls
             and
             Cielings
             of
             Ground-Rooms
             ,
             Cellars
             ,
             and
             Vaults
             ;
             and
             this
             sometimes
             in
             such
             quantities
             as
             to
             form
             nitrose
             Stalactitae
             †
             ,
             hanging
             down
             from
             them
             in
             form
             of
             Iceycles
             ,
             especially
             from
             the
             Tops
             and
             Arches
             of
             Cellars
             and
             Vaults
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Heat
             of
             the
             Sun
             in
             the
             hotter
             Seasons
             being
             very
             intense
             ,
             and
             penetrating
             the
             exteriour
             or
             superficial
             parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             it
             thereby-excites
             and
             stirs
             up
             those
             mineral
             Exhalations
             ,
             in
             subterraneous
             Caverns
             ,
             in
             Mines
             ,
             and
             in
             Cole-pits
             ,
             which
             are
             commonly
             called
             Damps
             .
             That
             it
             is
             for
             this
             reason
             that
             these
             seldom
             or
             never
             happen
             but
             in
             the
             Summer
             time
             ;
             when
             ,
             the
             hotter
             the
             Weather
             is
             ,
             the
             greater
             and
             more
             frequent
             are
             the
             Damps
             .
             That
             besides
             this
             of
             the
             Sun
             ,
             they
             are
             also
             sometimes
             raised
             by
             the
             Accession
             of
             
               other
               Heat
            
             ,
             and
             particularly
             by
             the
             Fires
             which
             the
             Miners
             use
             in
             the
             Grooves
             ,
             for
             breaking
             the
             Rocks
             ,
             and
             for
             other
             Ends.
             That
             the
             Quantity
             of
             mineral
             Matter
             thus
             raised
             is
             according
             as
             there
             is
             more
             or
             less
             of
             it
             in
             those
             Mines
             ,
             
             especially
             of
             Sulphur
             ,
             Nitre
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             subtile
             and
             easily
             moveable
             Minerals
             :
             and
             as
             the
             Heat
             is
             there
             more
             or
             less
             intense
             .
             That
             this
             mineral
             Matter
             being
             sustained
             in
             the
             Air
             there
             ,
             and
             floating
             about
             in
             the
             Mines
             ,
             and
             Pits
             ,
             it
             hits
             upon
             ,
             and
             affixes
             it self
             unto
             ,
             the
             Workmens
             Tools
             ,
             to
             their
             Cloaths
             ,
             Candles
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             bodies
             that
             occurr
             .
             That
             where
             there
             is
             any
             considerable
             quantity
             of
             Sulphur
             in
             the
             Exhalation
             thus
             floating
             too
             and
             again
             ,
             it
             takes
             fire
             at
             the
             Candles
             ,
             burns
             with
             a
             blue
             Flame
             ,
             and
             emits
             a
             strong
             sulphureous
             Smell
             .
             That
             these
             Damps
             differ
             in
             their
             Effects
             according
             to
             the
             different
             Minerals
             that
             are
             the
             Cause
             of
             them
             ;
             ours
             in
             England
             being
             generally
             reducible
             to
             two
             kinds
             ;
             whereof
             one
             is
             called
             the
             Suffocating
             ,
             the
             other
             the
             
               Fulminating
               Damp.
            
             That
             the
             former
             of
             these
             extinguisheth
             the
             Candles
             ,
             makes
             the
             Workmen
             faint
             ,
             and
             vertiginous
             ,
             and
             ,
             when
             very
             great
             ,
             suffocates
             ,
             and
             kills
             them
             .
             The
             Fulminating
             Damp
             will
             take
             fire
             at
             a
             Candle
             ,
             or
             other
             Flame
             ,
             and
             ,
             upon
             its
             Accension
             ,
             gives
             a
             Crack
             or
             Report
             like
             the
             Discharge
             of
             a
             Gun
             ,
             and
             makes
             likewise
             an
             Explosion
             so
             forcible
             as
             
             sometimes
             to
             kill
             the
             Miners
             ,
             break
             their
             Limbs
             ,
             shake
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             force
             Coles
             ,
             Stones
             ,
             and
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             even
             though
             they
             be
             of
             very
             great
             Weight
             and
             Bulk
             ,
             from
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             Pit
             or
             Mine
             ,
             up
             through
             the
             Shaft
             ,
             discharging
             them
             out
             at
             the
             Top
             or
             Mouth
             of
             it
             ,
             sometimes
             striking
             off
             the
             Turn
             which
             stands
             thereon
             ,
             and
             mounting
             all
             up
             to
             a
             great
             height
             in
             the
             Air
             ;
             this
             being
             succeeded
             by
             a
             Smoak
             ,
             which
             both
             in
             Smell
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             respects
             ,
             resembles
             that
             of
             fired
             Gunpowder
             ;
             and
             is
             ,
             as
             may
             appear
             from
             these
             and
             other
             Phaenomena
             of
             it
             ,
             nothing
             but
             an
             Exhalation
             of
             Nitre
             and
             Sulphur
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             principal
             Ingredients
             of
             that
             Composition
             we
             call
             Gunpowder
             .
             That
             as
             these
             Damps
             are
             caused
             by
             Heat
             ,
             so
             they
             are
             remedied
             by
             withdrawing
             that
             Heat
             ,
             and
             by
             conveying
             forth
             the
             mineral
             Steams
             ;
             which
             the
             Miners
             effect
             by
             Perflations
             with
             large
             Bellows
             :
             by
             letting
             down
             Tubes
             ,
             and
             sinking
             new
             Shafts
             ;
             whereby
             they
             give
             free
             passage
             and
             motion
             to
             the
             Air
             ,
             which
             ventilates
             and
             cools
             the
             Mines
             ,
             purges
             and
             frees
             them
             from
             these
             mineral
             Exhalations
             .
          
           
           
             That
             at
             such
             time
             as
             the
             Sun's
             power
             is
             so
             great
             as
             thus
             to
             penetrate
             the
             exteriour
             Parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             :
             to
             disturb
             these
             mineral
             Particles
             :
             and
             raise
             them
             from
             out
             the
             Strata
             wherein
             they
             lay
             ,
             it
             does
             not
             only
             sustain
             them
             in
             the
             Air
             of
             Grotto's
             ,
             Mines
             ,
             and
             other
             Caverns
             under
             ground
             ,
             but
             likewise
             bears
             them
             out
             through
             the
             Mouths
             of
             those
             Caverns
             ,
             and
             through
             the
             ordinary
             Cracks
             and
             Pores
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             mounting
             them
             up
             ,
             along
             with
             the
             watery
             Exhalations
             ,
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             †
             ,
             especially
             Sulphur
             ,
             Nitre
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             more
             light
             and
             active
             Minerals
             ;
             where
             they
             form
             Meteors
             ;
             and
             are
             particularly
             the
             Cause
             of
             Thunder
             ,
             and
             of
             Lightning
             .
             That
             ,
             this
             mineral
             Matter
             requiring
             a
             considerable
             degree
             of
             Heat
             to
             raise
             it
             ,
             the
             most
             Northern
             Climes
             ,
             and
             the
             Winter
             Seasons
             are
             ,
             for
             that
             reason
             ,
             little
             or
             not
             at
             all
             troubled
             with
             Thunder
             ;
             it
             seldom
             happening
             ,
             in
             any
             great
             measure
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             hotter
             Months
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Southern
             Countries
             ,
             as
             in
             
               Congo
               ,
               Guinea
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Parts
             of
             Africa
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Southern
             Parts
             of
             Asia
             and
             America
             ;
             where
             't
             is
             ,
             during
             the
             Season
             of
             their
             great
             Rains
             ‖
             ,
             horribly
             loud
             and
             astonishing
             ,
             and
             as
             much
             exceeds
             
             the
             Thunder
             of
             these
             Northern
             Climes
             ,
             as
             the
             Heat
             there
             exceeds
             that
             of
             these
             Climes
             .
             That
             the
             mineral
             Matter
             which
             is
             discharged
             forth
             of
             Vulcano's
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Spiracles
             :
             and
             out
             of
             the
             Thermae
             ,
             ascends
             up
             into
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             contributes
             to
             the
             Formation
             of
             these
             Meteors
             .
             That
             likewise
             the
             Nitre
             and
             Sulphur
             ,
             which
             are
             belch'd
             forth
             of
             the
             Earth
             at
             the
             time
             of
             Earthquakes
             (
             the
             Countries
             which
             are
             most
             obnoxious
             to
             this
             Malady
             abounding
             ,
             as
             I
             have
             already
             intimated
             †
             ,
             with
             these
             two
             Minerals
             particularly
             ;
             )
             in
             such
             plenty
             as
             to
             thicken
             and
             darken
             the
             Air
             ,
             constitute
             there
             a
             kind
             of
             AErial
             Gunpowder
             ,
             and
             are
             the
             Cause
             of
             that
             dismal
             and
             terrible
             Thunder
             and
             Lightning
             which
             commonly
             ,
             if
             not
             always
             ,
             attend
             Earthquakes
             ;
             even
             when
             all
             was
             till
             then
             calm
             and
             clear
             ,
             and
             not
             the
             least
             Sign
             or
             Presage
             of
             any
             such
             thing
             before
             the
             Earthquake
             began
             .
          
           
             That
             as
             the
             mineral
             Eruptions
             which
             happen
             during
             Earthquakes
             *
             :
             and
             the
             Steams
             and
             Damps
             of
             Mines
             ‖
             are
             detrimental
             to
             Health
             ,
             hurtful
             and
             injurious
             to
             the
             Bodies
             of
             Men
             and
             other
             Animals
             ,
             so
             likewise
             are
             the
             
               Mineral
               Exhalations
            
             which
             are
             thus
             raised
             by
             the
             
             Sun
             out
             of
             the
             Body
             of
             the
             Earth
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             :
             but
             more
             especially
             in
             those
             Parts
             of
             it
             where
             there
             are
             Arsenical
             ,
             or
             other
             like
             noxious
             Minerals
             lodged
             underneath
             .
             That
             these
             mingling
             with
             ,
             and
             being
             disseminated
             in
             ,
             the
             Air
             ,
             and
             passing
             together
             with
             it
             into
             the
             Lungs
             in
             Respiration
             ,
             are
             by
             them
             transmitted
             into
             the
             Body
             ,
             where
             they
             infect
             the
             Mass
             of
             Blood
             ,
             create
             Perturbations
             and
             disorderly
             Motions
             therein
             ,
             and
             lay
             the
             Foundation
             of
             
               Pestilential
               Fevers
            
             ,
             and
             other
             malignant
             Distempers
             .
             That
             't
             is
             for
             this
             reason
             that
             the
             Southern
             Countries
             are
             more
             frequently
             molested
             and
             incommoded
             by
             these
             Distempers
             than
             the
             Northern
             are
             :
             and
             that
             they
             are
             more
             rise
             and
             stirring
             in
             the
             hotter
             Months
             ,
             in
             Iuly
             and
             August
             ,
             than
             in
             the
             colder
             ,
             
               December
               ,
               Ianuary
            
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             .
             That
             't
             is
             indeed
             true
             ,
             that
             in
             September
             and
             October
             ,
             which
             are
             none
             of
             the
             hottest
             Months
             ,
             these
             Diseases
             are
             oftentimes
             as
             epidemical
             as
             in
             the
             precedent
             and
             warmer
             Season
             :
             and
             do
             not
             abate
             and
             remit
             in
             proportion
             to
             the
             remission
             of
             the
             Sun's
             Heat
             in
             those
             Months
             ;
             but
             this
             is
             purely
             accidental
             ,
             and
             happens
             meerly
             because
             the
             Heat
             
             within
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             is
             not
             liable
             to
             so
             sudden
             Vicissitudes
             ,
             or
             so
             quickly
             spent
             and
             dispersed
             ,
             as
             is
             that
             which
             is
             upon
             it
             ,
             and
             in
             the
             Air.
             This
             therefore
             ,
             the
             Pores
             of
             the
             Earth
             remaining
             still
             as
             free
             ,
             and
             open
             ,
             as
             ever
             ,
             continues
             to
             send
             out
             the
             mineral
             Steams
             as
             before
             ,
             but
             in
             lesser
             and
             lesser
             quantity
             ,
             answerably
             to
             the
             gradual
             Diminution
             of
             this
             Heat
             .
             Which
             Steams
             ,
             though
             now
             sent
             up
             to
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             only
             in
             lesser
             plenty
             ,
             may
             be
             much
             more
             offensive
             and
             mischievous
             than
             in
             the
             hotter
             Months
             when
             it
             came
             forth
             in
             far
             greater
             .
             For
             the
             Sun's
             power
             being
             in
             those
             Months
             also
             greater
             ,
             it
             then
             straitways
             hurries
             these
             Steams
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             :
             whereas
             in
             the
             colder
             ,
             its
             power
             being
             lessened
             ,
             it
             cannot
             bear
             it
             up
             so
             fast
             ;
             so
             that
             it
             stays
             and
             stagnates
             near
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             swimming
             and
             floating
             about
             in
             that
             Region
             of
             the
             Air
             wherein
             we
             breath
             ;
             where
             it
             must
             needs
             be
             much
             more
             pernicious
             than
             when
             born
             up
             to
             a
             greater
             height
             ,
             and
             so
             farther
             out
             of
             the
             way
             .
             And
             this
             is
             indeed
             much
             the
             
               Case
               of
               Foggs
            
             :
             particularly
             of
             those
             which
             we
             frequently
             observe
             after
             Sun-setting
             ,
             even
             in
             our
             
             hottest
             Months
             .
             These
             being
             nothing
             but
             a
             Vapour
             ,
             consisting
             of
             Water
             ,
             and
             of
             such
             mineral
             Matter
             as
             this
             met
             with
             in
             its
             passage
             ,
             and
             could
             well
             bring
             up
             along
             with
             it
             .
             Which
             Vapour
             was
             sent
             up
             in
             greater
             quantity
             all
             the
             foregoing
             Day
             ,
             than
             now
             in
             the
             Evening
             ;
             but
             the
             Sun
             ,
             then
             being
             above
             the
             Horizon
             ,
             taking
             it
             at
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             rapidly
             mounting
             it
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             it
             was
             not
             discernible
             ,
             as
             now
             it
             is
             ;
             because
             ,
             the
             Sun
             being
             now
             gone
             off
             ,
             the
             Vapour
             stagnates
             at
             and
             near
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             saturates
             the
             Air
             till
             't
             is
             so
             thick
             as
             to
             be
             easily
             visible
             therein
             .
             And
             when
             at
             length
             the
             Heat
             there
             is
             somewhat
             further
             spent
             ,
             which
             is
             usually
             about
             the
             middle
             of
             the
             Night
             ,
             it
             falls
             down
             again
             in
             a
             Dew
             ,
             alighting
             upon
             Herbs
             and
             other
             Vegetables
             ,
             which
             i●
             cherishes
             ,
             cools
             ,
             and
             refreshes
             ,
             after
             the
             scorching
             Heat
             of
             the
             foregoing
             Day
             .
             But
             if
             it
             happens
             ,
             as
             sometimes
             it
             does
             ,
             that
             this
             Vapour
             bears
             up
             along
             with
             it
             any
             noxious
             mineral
             Steams
             ,
             it
             then
             
               blasts
               Vegetables
            
             ,
             especially
             those
             which
             are
             more
             young
             and
             tender
             :
             blights
             Corn
             and
             Fruits
             :
             and
             is
             sometimes
             injurious
             even
             to
             Men
             who
             chance
             to
             be
             
             then
             abroad
             in
             the
             Fields
             .
             'T
             is
             also
             the
             Case
             of
             Water
             at
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             *
             ;
             where
             the
             Springs
             and
             Rivers
             are
             very
             low
             ,
             yea
             some
             of
             them
             cease
             to
             yield
             any
             Water
             at
             all
             ,
             in
             the
             Summer
             Months
             ,
             because
             the
             Sun's
             Power
             is
             then
             so
             great
             as
             easily
             and
             speedily
             to
             bear
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             ,
             in
             small
             and
             invisible
             parcels
             ,
             and
             in
             form
             of
             an
             extremely
             fine
             and
             thin
             Vapour
             ,
             a
             very
             great
             part
             of
             the
             Water
             which
             is
             sent
             up
             out
             of
             the
             Abyss
             :
             whereas
             in
             the
             Winter-time
             the
             Sun
             is
             withdrawn
             farther
             off
             ,
             and
             its
             power
             lessened
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             cannot
             then
             buoy
             it
             up
             as
             before
             ;
             for
             which
             reason
             't
             is
             that
             so
             much
             more
             of
             it
             then
             stands
             at
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             stagnates
             there
             .
             So
             likewise
             for
             Rain
             ;
             we
             learn
             from
             Experiment
             that
             there
             commonly
             falls
             in
             England
             ,
             in
             France
             ,
             and
             some
             other
             Countries
             ,
             more
             Rain
             in
             Iune
             and
             Iuly
             ,
             than
             in
             December
             and
             Ianuary
             ;
             but
             it
             makes
             a
             much
             greater
             Shew
             upon
             the
             Earth
             in
             these
             Months
             than
             in
             those
             ,
             because
             it
             lyes
             longer
             upon
             it
             ;
             the
             Sun
             now
             wanting
             power
             to
             exhale
             and
             bear
             it
             up
             so
             quickly
             and
             plentifully
             as
             then
             it
             did
             .
             'T
             is
             also
             the
             Case
             of
             the
             Halitus
             emitted
             forth
             of
             the
             Lungs
             of
             
             Men
             and
             other
             Animals
             .
             In
             a
             
               Physiological
               Treatise
            
             ,
             which
             I
             have
             by
             me
             ,
             concerning
             the
             
               Structure
               and
               Vse
               of
               the
               Parts
               of
               Animals
               ,
            
             discoursing
             of
             the
             Lungs
             ,
             I
             shew
             that
             they
             are
             the
             grand
             Emunctory
             of
             the
             Body
             :
             that
             the
             main
             End
             of
             Respiration
             is
             continually
             to
             discharge
             and
             expell
             an
             excrementitious
             Fluid
             out
             of
             the
             Mass
             of
             Blood
             :
             and
             prove
             from
             several
             Experiments
             that
             there
             passes
             out
             of
             the
             Body
             a
             greater
             quantity
             of
             Fluid
             Matter
             this
             way
             ,
             I
             mean
             upwards
             ,
             and
             through
             the
             Lungs
             ,
             than
             there
             does
             of
             Urine
             ,
             by
             the
             Kidneys
             ,
             downwards
             .
             Now
             the
             Fluid
             ,
             which
             is
             thus
             secreted
             ,
             and
             expired
             forth
             along
             with
             the
             Air
             ,
             goes
             off
             with
             it
             in
             insensible
             parcels
             ,
             in
             the
             Summer
             Season
             ,
             when
             the
             ambient
             Air
             contains
             Heat
             enough
             to
             bear
             it
             quickly
             away
             ,
             and
             so
             disperse
             it
             .
             But
             in
             the
             Winter
             ,
             when
             the
             Heat
             without
             is
             less
             ,
             it
             oftentimes
             becomes
             so
             far
             condensed
             as
             to
             be
             visible
             ,
             flowing
             out
             of
             the
             Mouth
             in
             form
             of
             a
             Fume
             ,
             or
             crasser
             Vapour
             ▪
             and
             may
             ,
             by
             proper
             Vessels
             ,
             set
             in
             a
             strong
             freezing
             Mixture
             ,
             the
             better
             to
             condense
             this
             Vapour
             ,
             be
             collected
             in
             considerable
             quantity
             .
             But
             to
             return
             .
             That
             't
             is
             not
             without
             a
             very
             extraordinary
             
             Providence
             that
             there
             so
             constantly
             happens
             ,
             in
             the
             Month
             of
             September
             (
             the
             time
             when
             chiefly
             these
             mineral
             Steams
             stagnate
             thus
             at
             and
             near
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             )
             a
             very
             nipping
             and
             severe
             Season
             of
             Cold
             ,
             far
             beyond
             what
             might
             ,
             from
             the
             Sun's
             height
             and
             power
             ,
             be
             then
             expected
             :
             beyond
             that
             of
             October
             and
             November
             :
             and
             sometimes
             equal
             to
             that
             of
             Ianuary
             and
             the
             coldest
             Months
             :
             as
             also
             that
             there
             then
             so
             constantly
             happens
             very
             blustering
             and
             turbulent
             Winds
             ;
             the
             Cold
             serving
             to
             check
             and
             put
             a
             stop
             to
             the
             Ascent
             of
             this
             mineral
             Matter
             :
             and
             the
             Wind
             to
             dissipate
             and
             convey
             away
             that
             which
             was
             before
             raised
             out
             of
             the
             Earth
             ;
             which
             ,
             was
             it
             not
             thus
             carried
             off
             ,
             would
             be
             infinitely
             more
             fatal
             and
             pernicious
             to
             Man
             and
             other
             Animals
             than
             now
             it
             is
             .
             But
             I
             must
             be
             contented
             here
             to
             give
             only
             short
             Hints
             of
             these
             ,
             as
             of
             other
             ,
             Things
             :
             and
             to
             write
             but
             obscurely
             and
             reservedly
             ,
             untill
             I
             have
             opportunity
             to
             express
             my
             Sentiments
             of
             them
             with
             greater
             Copiousness
             ,
             Freedom
             ,
             and
             Perspicuity
             .
          
           
             Thus
             much
             of
             the
             Scheme
             of
             my
             Design
             in
             this
             Part
             have
             I
             run
             over
             :
             
             and
             lead
             my
             Reader
             a
             long
             and
             tedious
             Jaunt
             in
             tracing
             out
             these
             metallick
             and
             mineral
             Bodies
             :
             in
             pursuing
             them
             through
             their
             several
             Mazes
             and
             Retreats
             :
             through
             the
             Earth
             ,
             the
             Water
             ,
             and
             the
             Air.
             And
             yet
             ,
             long
             as
             it
             is
             ,
             we
             are
             not
             got
             much
             further
             than
             the
             Borders
             of
             the
             Mineral
             Kingdom
             ,
             and
             have
             done
             little
             more
             yet
             than
             settled
             and
             adjusted
             Preliminaries
             ;
             so
             very
             ample
             is
             this
             Kingdom
             ,
             so
             various
             and
             manifold
             its
             Productions
             .
             For
             the
             foregoing
             Conclusions
             relate
             only
             to
             the
             Origin
             and
             Growth
             of
             these
             Bodies
             ;
             the
             
               Natural
               History
            
             of
             each
             particular
             Metall
             and
             Mineral
             ,
             with
             the
             Observations
             whereon
             that
             History
             is
             grounded
             ,
             being
             still
             to
             come
             .
             But
             I
             must
             be
             forced
             wholly
             to
             wave
             and
             supersede
             the
             Detail
             of
             these
             ;
             for
             I
             perceive
             ,
             do
             what
             I
             can
             ,
             this
             Abstract
             will
             swell
             much
             beyond
             the
             bounds
             which
             I
             at
             first
             designed
             .
          
           
             This
             Fourth
             Part
             will
             be
             followed
             by
             several
             Treatises
             ,
             serving
             to
             confirm
             ,
             and
             to
             illustrate
             some
             Passages
             in
             it
             :
             whereof
             I
             shall
             at
             present
             only
             mention
             the
             four
             following
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             Rules
             and
             Directions
             for
             the
             Discovery
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             la●ent
             in
             
             the
             Earth
             :
             with
             an
             Enquiry
             why
             these
             lye
             sometimes
             so
             near
             the
             Surface
             ,
             and
             did
             not
             ,
             (
             because
             of
             their
             greater
             Gravity
             )
             at
             the
             General
             Subsidence
             in
             the
             Deluge
             †
             ,
             fall
             to
             a
             much
             greater
             depth
             than
             we
             now
             find
             them
             :
             even
             to
             such
             a
             depth
             as
             to
             have
             lain
             quite
             out
             of
             humane
             reach
             ,
             and
             so
             have
             been
             all
             buried
             ,
             and
             irrecoverably
             lost
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             An
             Examination
             of
             the
             Common
             Doctrine
             about
             the
             Generation
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             :
             and
             particularly
             that
             of
             the
             Chymists
             ;
             with
             an
             Appendix
             ,
             relating
             to
             the
             Transmutation
             of
             Metalls
             :
             detecting
             the
             Impostures
             and
             Elusions
             of
             those
             who
             have
             pretended
             to
             it
             :
             and
             evincing
             the
             Impossibility
             of
             it
             from
             the
             most
             plain
             ,
             simple
             ,
             and
             Physical
             Reasons
             :
             proving
             likewise
             that
             there
             are
             no
             such
             natural
             Gradations
             ,
             and
             Conversions
             of
             one
             Metall
             and
             Mineral
             into
             another
             ,
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             as
             many
             have
             fancied
             .
             As
             also
             an
             Account
             of
             the
             
               Mineral
               Iuyces
            
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             which
             some
             Writers
             have
             imagined
             to
             be
             I
             know
             not
             what
             Seeds
             of
             Minerals
             ,
             shewing
             that
             they
             are
             ,
             for
             the
             far
             greatest
             part
             ,
             nothing
             but
             Water
             strongly
             impregnated
             with
             Mineral
             Matter
             ,
             which
             it
             derives
             from
             
             the
             Strata
             as
             it
             passes
             through
             them
             ‖
             .
          
           
             3.
             
             Relations
             ,
             obtained
             from
             several
             Hands
             ,
             concerning
             the
             State
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             in
             
               Foreign
               Countries
            
             :
             in
             divers
             Parts
             of
             
               Asia
               ,
               Africa
            
             ,
             and
             America
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             in
             
               Hungary
               ,
               Germany
               ,
               Sweden
            
             ,
             and
             other
             Parts
             of
             Europe
             :
             and
             particularly
             of
             those
             which
             are
             not
             found
             in
             England
             ;
             shewing
             that
             the
             Condition
             of
             these
             Bodies
             in
             those
             remoter
             Regions
             is
             exactly
             conformable
             to
             that
             of
             ours
             here
             :
             and
             that
             they
             were
             all
             put
             into
             this
             Condition
             by
             the
             very
             same
             means
             †
             .
          
           
             4.
             
             Observations
             concerning
             English
             Amber
             :
             and
             Relations
             from
             abroad
             ,
             about
             the
             Amber
             of
             Prussia
             and
             other
             distant
             Places
             :
             with
             a
             Discourse
             founded
             upon
             them
             ,
             proving
             that
             Amber
             is
             not
             a
             gummons
             or
             resinous
             Substance
             drawn
             out
             of
             Trees
             by
             the
             Sun's
             Heat
             ;
             and
             coagulated
             and
             hardened
             by
             falling
             down
             into
             Rivers
             ,
             or
             the
             Sea
             ,
             as
             the
             Ancients
             generally
             believed
             :
             but
             is
             a
             
               Natural
               Fossil
            
             ,
             as
             Pebles
             ,
             Flints
             ,
             Pyritae
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             are
             :
             formed
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             same
             means
             that
             they
             were
             :
             and
             all
             of
             it
             originally
             reposed
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Earth
             ,
             Sand
             ,
             &c.
             together
             with
             them
             .
             That
             
             it
             is
             indeed
             found
             in
             some
             places
             lying
             upon
             the
             Shores
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             of
             Rivers
             :
             but
             't
             is
             also
             found
             at
             Land
             ,
             and
             dug
             up
             (
             sometimes
             at
             very
             great
             depths
             )
             in
             the
             Earth
             ;
             and
             this
             as
             well
             in
             Places
             very
             remote
             from
             any
             Sea
             ,
             or
             River
             ,
             as
             in
             those
             which
             are
             nearer
             unto
             them
             .
             That
             't
             is
             digged
             out
             of
             even
             the
             highest
             Mountains
             ,
             and
             indeed
             all
             other
             Parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             contingently
             and
             indifferently
             ,
             as
             the
             Pyritae
             ,
             Agates
             ,
             Jaspers
             ,
             Pebles
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             are
             .
             That
             wherever
             't
             is
             found
             upon
             the
             Sea-Shores
             ,
             there
             also
             is
             it
             as
             certainly
             found
             at
             Land
             ,
             up
             in
             the
             neighbouring
             Country
             :
             and
             particularly
             in
             Prussia
             ,
             upon
             whose
             Shores
             so
             great
             a
             quantity
             of
             Amber
             is
             yearly
             collected
             ,
             't
             is
             dug
             up
             almost
             all
             over
             the
             Country
             .
             That
             even
             that
             which
             now
             lyes
             loose
             upon
             the
             Sea-Shores
             ,
             was
             all
             of
             it
             originally
             lodged
             in
             the
             Earth
             :
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Sand
             ,
             Marle
             ,
             Clay
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             whereof
             the
             neighbouring
             Land
             ,
             and
             the
             Cliffs
             adjacent
             to
             those
             Shores
             ,
             do
             consist
             ;
             and
             wherever
             't
             is
             so
             found
             scattered
             upon
             the
             Shores
             ,
             there
             is
             it
             as
             constantly
             found
             lodged
             in
             the
             Cliffs
             thereabouts
             .
             That
             when
             the
             Sea
             ,
             at
             High-water
             ,
             comes
             up
             unto
             ,
             
             and
             bears
             hard
             upon
             ,
             the
             said
             Cliffs
             ,
             and
             is
             agitated
             by
             Winds
             and
             Storms
             ,
             it
             frequently
             beats
             down
             huge
             pieces
             of
             Earth
             from
             them
             ;
             which
             Earth
             ,
             falling
             into
             the
             Water
             ,
             is
             ,
             by
             its
             continued
             Agitation
             and
             Motion
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             borne
             by
             degrees
             down
             into
             the
             Sea
             ,
             being
             loose
             ,
             and
             light
             ,
             and
             so
             easily
             reduced
             into
             lesser
             Parcels
             ,
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             wash'd
             away
             :
             but
             the
             Pebles
             ,
             Pyritae
             ,
             Amber
             ,
             or
             other
             like
             Nodules
             ,
             which
             happened
             to
             be
             reposed
             in
             those
             Cliffs
             ,
             amongst
             the
             Earth
             so
             beaten
             down
             ,
             being
             hard
             ,
             and
             not
             so
             dissoluble
             ,
             and
             likewise
             more
             bulky
             and
             ponderous
             ,
             are
             left
             behind
             upon
             the
             Shores
             ,
             being
             impeded
             ,
             and
             secured
             ,
             by
             that
             their
             bulk
             and
             weight
             ,
             from
             being
             born
             along
             with
             the
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             into
             the
             Sea.
             That
             therefore
             the
             Sea
             is
             no
             ways
             concerned
             in
             the
             Formation
             of
             these
             Bodies
             :
             no
             more
             in
             the
             Formation
             of
             Amber
             ,
             than
             of
             the
             Pyritae
             ,
             Flints
             ,
             and
             other
             mineral
             Masses
             that
             are
             found
             together
             with
             it
             :
             but
             only
             dislodges
             and
             discovers
             them
             ,
             bears
             away
             the
             Earth
             wherein
             they
             were
             buried
             ,
             washes
             off
             the
             Soil
             and
             Sordes
             wherein
             they
             were
             involved
             and
             concealed
             ,
             and
             thereby
             renders
             them
             more
             
             conspicuous
             ,
             apparent
             ,
             and
             easie
             to
             be
             found
             .
             That
             this
             is
             so
             known
             and
             experienced
             amongst
             the
             People
             who
             are
             employed
             to
             gather
             the
             Amber
             ,
             that
             they
             always
             run
             down
             to
             the
             Sea-side
             after
             a
             Storm
             ,
             for
             that
             purpose
             ;
             and
             ,
             if
             it
             hath
             been
             so
             great
             as
             to
             beat
             down
             part
             of
             the
             Cliffs
             there
             ,
             they
             assuredly
             find
             Amber
             ,
             more
             or
             less
             ,
             upon
             the
             Seas
             Ebb
             and
             Retirement
             ,
             and
             after
             every
             Retreat
             of
             the
             Sea
             for
             some
             Tides
             after
             ;
             the
             Sea
             not
             bearing
             down
             the
             Earth
             immediately
             and
             all
             at
             once
             ,
             but
             washing
             it
             off
             by
             little
             and
             little
             ,
             and
             so
             discovering
             the
             Amber
             by
             degrees
             ,
             some
             after
             one
             Tide
             ,
             and
             some
             after
             another
             .
             That
             particularly
             the
             Amber
             ,
             Vitriolick
             Pyritae
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Bodies
             ,
             that
             are
             found
             upon
             the
             Shores
             of
             
               Kent
               ,
               Essex
               ,
               Hampshire
            
             ,
             and
             elsewhere
             ,
             all
             came
             first
             from
             the
             bordering
             Cliffs
             ,
             and
             were
             dislodged
             by
             this
             means
             ;
             and
             are
             found
             in
             the
             Earth
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             upon
             the
             Shores
             ,
             whenever
             't
             is
             laid
             open
             ,
             as
             in
             sinking
             Wells
             ,
             Pits
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             .
             That
             not
             only
             the
             Sea
             ,
             but
             Rivers
             and
             Rains
             also
             ,
             are
             instrumental
             to
             the
             Detection
             of
             Amber
             ;
             and
             other
             Fossils
             ,
             by
             washing
             away
             the
             Earth
             and
             Dirt
             that
             before
             covered
             
             and
             concealed
             them
             .
             Thus
             the
             Golden
             Pyritae
             ,
             or
             ,
             as
             they
             are
             commonly
             called
             ,
             Gold-grains
             ,
             Amethystine
             Pebles
             ,
             Amber
             ,
             and
             other
             Stones
             of
             Worth
             ,
             are
             uncovered
             by
             such
             Rivers
             as
             chance
             to
             run
             through
             the
             Grounds
             which
             contain
             those
             Bodies
             in
             them
             .
             Thus
             likewise
             Rains
             ,
             by
             their
             washing
             the
             Earth
             down
             from
             off
             the
             Hills
             *
             ,
             clear
             ,
             and
             disclose
             such
             
               Pyritae
               ,
               Selenitae
            
             ,
             or
             other
             Bodies
             that
             happen
             to
             be
             lodged
             ,
             near
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             in
             those
             Hills
             :
             and
             't
             is
             by
             this
             means
             chiefly
             that
             the
             Grain-Gold
             ,
             upon
             all
             the
             
               Golden
               Coast
            
             (
             as
             't
             is
             called
             )
             in
             Guinea
             ,
             is
             displayed
             ;
             the
             Rains
             falling
             there
             in
             great
             Abundance
             ,
             and
             with
             incredible
             Force
             ,
             thereby
             the
             more
             powerfully
             beating
             off
             the
             Earth
             .
             This
             the
             Negrues
             ,
             Natives
             of
             those
             Parts
             ,
             know
             full
             well
             ;
             and
             therefore
             do
             not
             expect
             to
             find
             much
             of
             it
             unless
             after
             the
             Season
             of
             their
             Rains
             *
             ;
             when
             they
             never
             fail
             to
             find
             of
             it
             ,
             no
             more
             than
             the
             Amber-Gatherers
             fail
             of
             finding
             that
             upon
             the
             Sea-Coasts
             after
             a
             Storm
             .
             And
             if
             those
             Persons
             who
             are
             curious
             in
             collecting
             either
             Minerals
             ,
             or
             the
             
               Shells
               ,
               Teeth
            
             ,
             or
             other
             Parts
             of
             Animal
             Bodies
             that
             have
             been
             buried
             in
             
             the
             Earth
             ,
             do
             but
             search
             the
             Hills
             after
             Rains
             ,
             and
             the
             Sea-Shores
             after
             Storms
             ,
             I
             dare
             undertake
             they
             will
             not
             lose
             their
             Labour
             .
             But
             to
             return
             .
             That
             Amber
             is
             not
             only
             lodged
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Earth
             ,
             and
             of
             Sand
             together
             with
             the
             other
             mineral
             Nodules
             ,
             but
             is
             sometimes
             found
             actually
             growing
             unto
             ,
             and
             combined
             into
             the
             same
             Mass
             ‖
             with
             the
             Pyrites
             ,
             and
             others
             of
             them
             .
             That
             it
             likewise
             sometimes
             contains
             in
             it
             pieces
             of
             Straws
             ,
             Flies
             ,
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             heterogeneous
             Bodies
             ,
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             the
             Pyritae
             ,
             Flints
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             analogous
             Fossils
             do
             †
             .
             That
             although
             Amber
             be
             most
             commonly
             of
             a
             yellowish
             Colour
             ,
             and
             therefore
             not
             unlike
             some
             kinds
             of
             Gums
             ,
             yet
             there
             is
             found
             of
             it
             also
             of
             several
             other
             Colours
             ,
             as
             black
             ,
             white
             ,
             brown
             ,
             green
             ,
             blue
             ,
             and
             purple
             ,
             to
             name
             no
             more
             .
             Yea
             the
             very
             same
             Lump
             is
             frequently
             of
             different
             Colours
             .
             That
             these
             Colours
             are
             all
             accidental
             ,
             even
             the
             yellow
             it self
             ,
             and
             owing
             to
             the
             Intermixture
             of
             foreign
             Matter
             ,
             which
             concreted
             into
             the
             same
             Mass
             with
             the
             proper
             Matter
             of
             this
             Stone
             ,
             and
             with
             the
             heterogeneous
             
             Bodies
             which
             are
             included
             in
             it
             ,
             at
             the
             time
             of
             its
             Coalition
             †
             .
             That
             this
             is
             the
             Case
             of
             Agates
             ,
             of
             Cornelians
             ,
             of
             Topazes
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             coloured
             Stones
             ;
             the
             Colours
             of
             several
             whereof
             ,
             and
             even
             that
             of
             Amber
             it self
             ,
             may
             by
             a
             very
             easie
             process
             ,
             be
             in
             great
             measure
             ,
             if
             not
             wholly
             ,
             extracted
             ,
             and
             taken
             from
             them
             :
             and
             the
             Bodies
             of
             these
             Stones
             rendered
             almost
             ,
             if
             not
             quite
             ,
             as
             pellucid
             as
             Crystal
             ,
             without
             sensibly
             damaging
             the
             Texture
             of
             them
             .
             That
             even
             the
             most
             obvious
             and
             ordinary
             Minerals
             are
             not
             free
             from
             this
             Contagion
             of
             adventitious
             Matter
             :
             Common
             Salt
             it self
             ,
             when
             found
             naturally
             crystallized
             amongst
             other
             Minerals
             and
             Metalls
             ,
             in
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             of
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             being
             ,
             not
             only
             pellucid
             ,
             as
             it
             naturally
             is
             when
             pure
             and
             simple
             ,
             but
             white
             also
             ,
             and
             like
             the
             white
             crystallized
             Spar
             :
             yellow
             ,
             and
             nearly
             resembling
             the
             Topaz
             :
             blue
             ,
             and
             not
             unlike
             the
             Saphire
             ;
             and
             yet
             these
             specious
             Bodies
             ,
             and
             Gemms
             as
             to
             outward
             shew
             ,
             upon
             tryal
             ,
             yield
             nothing
             but
             meer
             Salt
             ,
             with
             an
             extremely
             
             small
             Admixture
             of
             other
             Matter
             ,
             which
             gave
             them
             their
             Tincture
             .
             Which
             may
             serve
             for
             a
             further
             Instance
             of
             the
             confused
             state
             of
             Minerals
             in
             the
             Earth
             :
             and
             of
             the
             Uncertainty
             of
             their
             Colours
             and
             Figures
             †
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             PART
             V.
             Of
             the
             Alterations
             which
             the
             Terraqueous
             Globe
             hath
             undergone
             since
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             .
          
           
             IT
             now
             remains
             that
             we
             take
             a
             view
             of
             the
             
               Postdiluvian
               State
            
             of
             this
             our
             Globe
             :
             that
             we
             examine
             how
             it
             hath
             stood
             for
             this
             last
             four
             thousand
             years
             :
             that
             we
             enquire
             what
             Accidents
             have
             befallen
             it
             ,
             and
             what
             Alterations
             it
             hath
             suffered
             since
             that
             wonderful
             Change
             it
             underwent
             at
             the
             Deluge
             .
          
           
             There
             have
             been
             some
             who
             have
             made
             a
             mighty
             Outcry
             about
             Changes
             and
             Alterations
             in
             the
             Terraqueous
             Globe
             .
             The
             Pretences
             and
             Pleas
             of
             each
             I
             consider
             in
             the
             first
             Part
             of
             this
             Essay
             :
             shewing
             that
             they
             are
             without
             any
             just
             ground
             :
             and
             that
             there
             are
             no
             Signs
             or
             Footsteps
             ,
             in
             all
             the
             whole
             Globe
             ,
             of
             any
             such
             Alterations
             .
             And
             indeed
             't
             is
             well
             for
             the
             World
             that
             
             there
             are
             not
             ;
             for
             the
             Alterations
             which
             they
             have
             fancied
             are
             such
             as
             turn
             all
             the
             wrong
             way
             :
             such
             as
             are
             without
             use
             ,
             and
             have
             no
             end
             at
             all
             ,
             or
             ,
             which
             is
             worse
             than
             none
             ,
             a
             bad
             one
             :
             and
             tend
             to
             the
             damage
             and
             detriment
             of
             the
             Earth
             and
             its
             Productions
             .
          
           
             Notwithstanding
             ,
             some
             Alterations
             there
             are
             which
             it
             hath
             ,
             and
             doth
             still
             undergo
             .
             This
             is
             what
             we
             may
             pronounce
             with
             Certainty
             :
             and
             there
             want
             not
             Instances
             enough
             sufficiently
             to
             vouch
             and
             attest
             it
             .
             But
             these
             Alterations
             are
             of
             a
             quite
             different
             Strain
             :
             these
             are
             as
             amicable
             and
             benificent
             to
             the
             Earth
             and
             
               Terrestrial
               Bodies
            
             ,
             as
             the
             other
             ,
             were
             there
             really
             any
             such
             ,
             would
             be
             pernicious
             and
             destructive
             to
             both
             .
             I
             have
             already
             *
             given
             some
             Intimations
             of
             the
             Changes
             which
             happen
             in
             the
             interiour
             parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             I
             mean
             the
             Transitions
             and
             Removes
             of
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             there
             :
             and
             shewn
             of
             what
             use
             and
             advantage
             those
             Changes
             are
             to
             the
             World
             †
             .
             So
             that
             I
             may
             now
             pass
             freely
             on
             to
             consider
             those
             which
             befall
             the
             exteriour
             ▪
             or
             Surface
             of
             it
             .
             And
             these
             are
             brought
             about
             silently
             and
             insensibly
             ;
             and
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             constant
             Method
             of
             Nature
             ,
             with
             
             all
             imaginable
             Benignity
             and
             Gentleness
             .
             Here
             is
             none
             of
             the
             Hurry
             and
             Precipitation
             :
             none
             of
             the
             Blustering
             and
             Violence
             :
             no
             more
             than
             any
             of
             the
             direful
             and
             ruinous
             Effects
             ,
             which
             must
             needs
             have
             attended
             those
             Supposititious
             Changes
             .
             And
             as
             these
             Alterations
             are
             not
             great
             ,
             so
             neither
             are
             they
             numerous
             .
             I
             have
             made
             careful
             search
             on
             all
             hands
             ,
             and
             canvass'd
             the
             Matter
             with
             all
             possible
             Diligence
             ,
             and
             yet
             there
             are
             none
             that
             I
             can
             advance
             from
             my
             own
             Observations
             ,
             but
          
           
             
             That
             the
             upper
             or
             outermost
             Stratum
             of
             Earth
             :
             that
             Stratum
             whereon
             Men
             and
             other
             Animals
             tread
             ,
             and
             Vegetables
             grow
             ,
             is
             in
             a
             perpetual
             Flux
             and
             Change
             ;
             this
             being
             the
             common
             Fund
             and
             Promptuary
             that
             supplies
             and
             sends
             forth
             Matter
             for
             the
             Formation
             of
             Bodies
             upon
             the
             face
             of
             the
             Earth
             .
             That
             all
             Animals
             ,
             and
             particularly
             Mankind
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             all
             Vegetables
             ,
             which
             have
             had
             Being
             since
             the
             Creation
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             derived
             all
             the
             constituent
             Matter
             of
             their
             Bodies
             ,
             successively
             ,
             in
             all
             Ages
             ,
             out
             of
             this
             Fund
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Matter
             which
             is
             thus
             drawn
             out
             of
             this
             Stratum
             for
             the
             Formation
             of
             these
             Bodies
             ,
             is
             at
             length
             
             laid
             down
             again
             in
             it
             ,
             and
             
               restored
               back
            
             unto
             it
             ,
             upon
             the
             Dissolution
             of
             them
             ;
             where
             it
             lies
             ready
             to
             be
             again
             assumed
             ,
             and
             educed
             thence
             for
             the
             fitting
             forth
             of
             other
             like
             Bodies
             in
             a
             continual
             Succession
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             constituent
             Matter
             of
             any
             one
             Body
             being
             proper
             ,
             and
             turning
             thus
             naturally
             ,
             when
             again
             refunded
             into
             this
             Stratum
             ,
             to
             the
             Constitution
             of
             another
             like
             Body
             ,
             there
             is
             a
             kind
             of
             Revolution
             or
             Circulation
             of
             it
             ;
             so
             that
             the
             Stock
             or
             Fund
             can
             never
             possibly
             be
             exhausted
             ,
             nor
             the
             Flux
             and
             Alteration
             sensible
             .
          
           
             That
             as
             the
             Bodies
             which
             arise
             out
             of
             this
             Fund
             are
             various
             ,
             differing
             very
             much
             ,
             not
             only
             from
             one
             another
             ,
             but
             the
             Members
             ,
             Organs
             ,
             or
             Parts
             of
             each
             individual
             amongst
             themselves
             :
             so
             likewise
             is
             the
             Matter
             of
             this
             Fund
             whereof
             they
             all
             consist
             .
             For
             though
             when
             confusedly
             blended
             and
             mingled
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             whilst
             lying
             in
             this
             Stratum
             ,
             it
             may
             put
             on
             a
             Face
             never
             so
             uniform
             and
             alike
             ,
             yet
             it
             is
             in
             reality
             very
             different
             ,
             and
             consists
             of
             
               several
               Ranks
               ,
               Sets
            
             ,
             or
             kinds
             of
             Corpuscles
             .
          
           
             That
             all
             the
             Corpuscles
             that
             are
             of
             the
             
               same
               Set
            
             ,
             or
             
               Kind
               ,
               agree
            
             in
             every
             
             thing
             ,
             and
             are
             most
             exactly
             like
             unto
             each
             other
             in
             all
             respects
             :
             but
             those
             that
             are
             of
             
               diverse
               kinds
               ,
               differ
            
             from
             one
             another
             ,
             as
             well
             in
             Matter
             or
             Substance
             ,
             in
             Specifick
             Gravity
             ,
             in
             Hardness
             ,
             in
             Flexibility
             ,
             and
             several
             other
             ways
             ,
             as
             in
             Bigness
             and
             Figure
             .
             That
             from
             the
             various
             Composures
             and
             Combinations
             of
             these
             Corpusoles
             together
             ,
             happen
             all
             the
             Varieties
             of
             the
             Bodies
             formed
             out
             of
             them
             :
             all
             their
             Differences
             in
             Colour
             and
             outward
             Appearance
             ,
             in
             Taste
             ,
             in
             Smell
             ,
             in
             Hardness
             ,
             in
             specifick
             Gravity
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             Regards
             ;
             in
             much
             the
             same
             manner
             as
             that
             vast
             variety
             we
             see
             of
             Words
             arises
             from
             the
             various
             Order
             and
             Composition
             of
             the
             twenty
             four
             Letters
             of
             the
             Alphabet
             .
             But
             of
             this
             Matter
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Process
             and
             Method
             of
             Nature
             in
             the
             Formation
             of
             Bodies
             out
             of
             it
             ,
             I
             shall
             treat
             more
             at
             large
             in
             the
             
               Discourse
               it self
            
             :
             wherein
             I
             shall
             also
             consider
             the
             Opinions
             of
             Others
             ,
             particularly
             the
             Ancients
             ,
             and
             ,
             amongst
             the
             rest
             ,
             of
             Thales
             and
             Pythagoras
             ,
             about
             the
             Elements
             or
             Principles
             of
             Natural
             Things
             :
             for
             I
             now
             hasten
             to
             propose
             the
             other
             Alterations
             that
             happen
             in
             the
             Terraqueous
             Globe
             .
          
           
           
             That
             
               Rocks
               ,
               Mountains
            
             ,
             and
             the
             
             other
             Elevations
             of
             the
             Earth
             (
             especially
             those
             whose
             Surfaces
             are
             yearly
             stirr'd
             and
             disturbed
             by
             digging
             ,
             plowing
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             )
             suffer
             a
             continual
             Decrement
             ,
             and
             
               grow
               lower
            
             and
             lower
             ;
             the
             superficial
             parts
             of
             them
             being
             by
             little
             and
             little
             wash'd
             away
             by
             Rains
             ,
             and
             
               born
               down
            
             upon
             the
             subjacent
             Plains
             and
             Valleys
             .
             That
             even
             the
             Stone
             it self
             (
             whether
             naked
             and
             uncovered
             as
             in
             Rocks
             ,
             or
             invested
             with
             a
             Stratum
             of
             Earth
             as
             is
             that
             in
             our
             ordinary
             Hills
             )
             is
             not
             ,
             by
             its
             Solidity
             ,
             priviledg'd
             and
             secured
             against
             them
             ,
             but
             is
             dissolved
             by
             degrees
             ,
             and
             wash'd
             also
             down
             ,
             in
             its
             turn
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             the
             looser
             Earth
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Matter
             which
             thus
             devolves
             
             from
             the
             Hills
             down
             upon
             the
             lower
             Grounds
             ,
             does
             not
             considerably
             raise
             and
             augment
             them
             ;
             a
             great
             
               part
               of
               it
            
             ,
             viz
             the
             vegetative
             and
             lighter
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             ,
             being
             either
             mounted
             up
             into
             the
             Atmosphere
             by
             the
             ascending
             Vapour
             *
             ,
             or
             carried
             along
             with
             the
             Rain-water
             into
             Rivers
             ,
             and
             ,
             by
             them
             ,
             into
             the
             Sea
             †
             ;
             whence
             't
             is
             returned
             back
             again
             to
             the
             Earth
             dispersedly
             by
             Rain
             †
             ,
             and
             serves
             for
             the
             
             Nutriment
             and
             Formation
             of
             the
             Plants
             which
             grow
             thereon
             :
             and
             
               the
               rest
            
             of
             it
             ,
             being
             more
             crass
             and
             ponderous
             ,
             does
             not
             move
             far
             ,
             but
             lodges
             in
             the
             Clefts
             ,
             Craggs
             ,
             and
             sides
             of
             the
             Rocks
             or
             Mountains
             ,
             and
             at
             or
             near
             the
             Roots
             or
             Bottoms
             of
             them
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             Stone
             of
             Rocks
             and
             Mountains
             being
             by
             degrees
             in
             this
             manner
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             the
             Sand
             born
             off
             ,
             the
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             Marine
             Bodies
             which
             were
             originally
             included
             therein
             *
             ,
             are
             by
             that
             means
             let
             loose
             ,
             turned
             out
             ,
             and
             exposed
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             .
             That
             't
             is
             for
             this
             reason
             that
             these
             Marine
             Bodies
             are
             now
             most
             commonly
             found
             upon
             Hills
             ,
             and
             the
             higher
             Grounds
             ;
             those
             few
             which
             are
             found
             below
             and
             at
             the
             bottoms
             of
             them
             ,
             being
             for
             the
             most
             part
             only
             such
             as
             have
             fallen
             down
             from
             above
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             tops
             of
             them
             ;
             those
             which
             were
             ,
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             reposed
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             being
             most
             of
             them
             perish'd
             and
             gone
             ‖
             :
             and
             indeed
             these
             ,
             which
             are
             yet
             existent
             ,
             only
             accidentally
             preserved
             by
             their
             being
             at
             first
             enclosed
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             and
             so
             secured
             by
             it
             as
             long
             as
             it
             was
             it self
             secure
             ,
             I
             mean
             ,
             
             untill
             it
             was
             thus
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             so
             could
             not
             any
             longer
             contribute
             any
             thing
             to
             their
             Preservation
             .
          
           
             That
             these
             Shells
             and
             other
             Bodies
             ,
             
             being
             thus
             turned
             out
             of
             the
             Stone
             ,
             and
             exposed
             loose
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             to
             the
             Injuries
             of
             Weather
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             Plough
             ,
             to
             be
             trod
             upon
             by
             Horses
             and
             other
             Cattel
             ,
             and
             to
             many
             other
             external
             Accidents
             ,
             are
             ,
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             ,
             worn
             ,
             fretted
             ,
             and
             broken
             to
             pieces
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Shells
             being
             so
             broken
             ,
             struck
             off
             ,
             and
             gone
             ,
             the
             
               Stone
               included
            
             in
             them
             is
             thereby
             disclosed
             and
             set
             at
             liberty
             ;
             which
             Stone
             consists
             of
             the
             Sand
             wherewith
             the
             Cavities
             of
             those
             Shells
             were
             filled
             when
             they
             were
             sustained
             together
             with
             it
             in
             the
             Water
             at
             the
             Deluge
             ‖
             ,
             and
             which
             at
             length
             subsided
             in
             them
             ,
             and
             was
             lodged
             with
             them
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Sand-stone
             ;
             the
             Sand
             contained
             within
             the
             Shell
             becoming
             solid
             and
             consistent
             at
             the
             same
             time
             that
             the
             ambient
             ,
             or
             that
             of
             the
             Stratum
             without
             it
             ,
             did
             †
             .
          
           
             That
             therefore
             the
             Shells
             served
             as
             Plasms
             or
             Moulds
             to
             this
             Sand
             ;
             which
             ,
             when
             consolidated
             ,
             and
             afterwards
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             by
             this
             means
             freed
             from
             
             its
             investient
             Shell
             ,
             is
             of
             the
             same
             shape
             and
             size
             as
             is
             the
             Cavity
             of
             the
             Shell
             ,
             of
             what
             kind
             soever
             that
             Shell
             happened
             to
             be
             .
             That
             this
             is
             the
             true
             Origin
             of
             those
             Stones
             (
             consisting
             of
             Sand
             *
             )
             which
             are
             called
             ,
             by
             Authors
             ,
             
               Cochlitae
               ,
               Conchitae
               ,
               M●it●
               ,
               Ostracitae
               ,
               Ctenitae
            
             ‖
             ,
             &c.
             and
             which
             are
             of
             constant
             ,
             regular
             ,
             and
             specifick
             Figures
             ;
             as
             are
             the
             
               Cochleae
               ,
               Conchae
            
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             Shells
             in
             which
             they
             were
             moulded
             ,
             and
             from
             which
             ,
             by
             reason
             of
             their
             so
             near
             resemblance
             of
             the
             insides
             of
             them
             ,
             they
             borrow
             their
             several
             Denominations
             .
          
           
             
             That
             these
             
               formed
               Stones
            
             being
             by
             this
             means
             despoiled
             of
             their
             Shells
             ,
             and
             exposed
             naked
             ,
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             ground
             ,
             to
             the
             Injuries
             before
             recited
             ,
             do
             also
             themselves
             in
             time
             decay
             ,
             wear
             ,
             and
             moulder
             away
             ,
             and
             are
             frequently
             found
             defaced
             and
             broken
             to
             pieces
             :
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             the
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             wherein
             they
             were
             originally
             lodged
             first
             did
             :
             and
             afterwards
             the
             Shells
             wherein
             these
             Stones
             were
             enclosed
             and
             formed
             .
          
           
             This
             Deterration
             ,
             as
             't
             is
             called
             ,
             or
             Devolution
             of
             Earth
             and
             Sand
             from
             the
             Mountains
             and
             higher
             grounds
             ,
             is
             not
             in
             equal
             quantity
             and
             alike
             in
             all
             
             places
             ,
             but
             varies
             according
             to
             the
             different
             height
             of
             those
             Mountains
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             extent
             of
             the
             Plane
             at
             top
             of
             them
             :
             to
             the
             different
             consistence
             and
             durableness
             of
             the
             Strata
             whereof
             they
             consist
             :
             and
             according
             as
             they
             are
             more
             or
             less
             disturbed
             by
             Showers
             †
             ,
             Ploughing
             ,
             or
             other
             Accidents
             .
             Nay
             this
             Deterration
             varies
             in
             different
             parts
             of
             even
             the
             same
             Mountain
             ;
             those
             which
             lye
             nearer
             to
             the
             Brink
             or
             Margin
             of
             it
             suffering
             a
             quicker
             and
             greater
             Decrement
             than
             those
             which
             are
             more
             remote
             therefrom
             ,
             and
             towards
             the
             middle
             of
             it
             .
             But
             though
             this
             Devolution
             be
             thus
             different
             ,
             't
             is
             no●
             any
             where
             ,
             even
             where
             greatest
             ,
             very
             considerable
             ;
             and
             therefore
             does
             not
             make
             any
             great
             Alteration
             in
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Earth
             .
             This
             I
             have
             learn'd
             from
             Observations
             purposely
             made
             in
             several
             Parts
             of
             England
             ;
             and
             when
             I
             shall
             ,
             in
             the
             larger
             Work
             ,
             propose
             the
             Standard
             whereby
             I
             give
             Judgment
             of
             it
             ,
             any
             one
             may
             presently
             and
             easily
             inform
             himself
             of
             the
             quantity
             and
             measure
             of
             it
             ,
             either
             here
             ,
             or
             in
             any
             other
             part
             of
             the
             World.
             
          
           
             There
             are
             indeed
             some
             other
             Casualties
             that
             the
             Globe
             is
             obnoxious
             unto
             ;
             
             such
             as
             Earthquakes
             ,
             and
             the
             burning
             Mountains
             ,
             or
             Vulcanoes
             .
             But
             of
             these
             ,
             I
             thank
             God
             ,
             and
             the
             good
             Constitution
             of
             this
             happy
             Island
             ,
             I
             have
             not
             had
             any
             opportunity
             of
             Observation
             .
             Yet
             something
             I
             have
             to
             offer
             concerning
             these
             ,
             and
             the
             Causes
             of
             them
             ,
             from
             the
             Observations
             of
             others
             .
             Not
             that
             the
             Thing
             is
             so
             very
             material
             ,
             or
             that
             they
             make
             such
             havock
             of
             ,
             and
             Alterations
             in
             ,
             the
             Globe
             as
             some
             Men
             fancy
             .
             We
             have
             assurance
             from
             History
             ,
             that
             AEtna
             and
             Vesuvius
             have
             sent
             forth
             Flames
             ,
             by
             fits
             ,
             for
             this
             two
             or
             three
             thousand
             years
             ,
             and
             no
             doubt
             but
             they
             have
             done
             so
             much
             longer
             ;
             and
             yet
             we
             see
             both
             Sicily
             and
             Campania
             ,
             the
             Countries
             wherein
             those
             two
             Mountains
             stand
             ,
             are
             still
             where
             they
             were
             :
             nay
             the
             very
             Mountains
             themselves
             are
             yet
             in
             Being
             ,
             and
             have
             not
             suffered
             any
             considerable
             Diminution
             or
             Consumption
             ,
             but
             are
             at
             this
             day
             the
             two
             highest
             Mountains
             in
             those
             Countries
             .
             What
             they
             have
             really
             suffered
             :
             by
             what
             means
             both
             these
             ,
             and
             Earthquakes
             ,
             are
             occasioned
             :
             and
             what
             are
             their
             Effects
             upon
             the
             Globe
             ,
             shall
             be
             fully
             and
             carefully
             considered
             in
             due
             place
             ;
             from
             which
             Considerations
             
             it
             will
             appear
             ,
             that
             even
             these
             have
             their
             uses
             :
             and
             that
             ,
             although
             they
             do
             make
             some
             lesser
             Alterations
             in
             some
             few
             Parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             molest
             and
             incommode
             the
             Inhabitants
             of
             those
             Parts
             ,
             yet
             the
             Agent
             ,
             whereby
             both
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             is
             effected
             ,
             is
             of
             that
             indispensible
             Necessity
             and
             Vse
             both
             to
             the
             Earth
             it self
             ,
             to
             Mankind
             ,
             and
             to
             all
             other
             the
             Productions
             of
             it
             ,
             that
             they
             could
             not
             subsist
             without
             it
             .
             I
             have
             already
             given
             some
             brief
             Intimations
             that
             Winds
             and
             Hurricanes
             at
             Land
             *
             ,
             Tempests
             and
             Storms
             at
             Sea
             †
             ,
             (
             things
             that
             have
             always
             been
             look'd
             upon
             with
             as
             evil
             an
             eye
             as
             Earthquakes
             ,
             and
             pointed
             at
             as
             only
             disastrous
             and
             mischievous
             to
             the
             World
             )
             are
             yet
             not
             without
             a
             very
             necessary
             and
             excellent
             Use
             :
             the
             same
             have
             I
             also
             done
             concerning
             
             Vulcano's
             ‖
             ;
             but
             I
             must
             not
             dwell
             upon
             these
             things
             too
             long
             ,
             wherefore
             I
             shall
             only
             now
             dispatch
             what
             is
             further
             necessary
             to
             be
             hinted
             here
             about
             this
             Decrement
             of
             Mountains
             ,
             and
             then
             conclude
             this
             Part.
             
          
           
             And
             this
             ,
             as
             it
             does
             not
             make
             any
             great
             Alteration
             ,
             so
             neither
             doth
             that
             ,
             which
             it
             really
             does
             make
             ,
             any
             ways
             
             end●mage
             or
             disorder
             the
             Globe
             :
             nor
             is
             it
             any
             the
             least
             Detriment
             or
             Disadvantage
             to
             the
             Productions
             of
             it
             ,
             to
             Vegetables
             ,
             to
             Animals
             ,
             and
             particularly
             to
             Mankind
             :
             nor
             does
             it
             thwart
             and
             interfere
             with
             the
             grand
             Design
             of
             Providence
             ,
             viz.
             the
             Conservation
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             and
             the
             Propagation
             of
             Bodies
             upon
             it
             ,
             for
             the
             use
             of
             Man.
             So
             far
             from
             this
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             very
             highly
             beneficial
             and
             serviceable
             to
             both
             ;
             which
             will
             further
             appear
             if
             we
             consider
             ,
          
           
             That
             in
             the
             first
             Ages
             after
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             when
             the
             number
             of
             Mankind
             ,
             of
             Quadrupeds
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             other
             Animals
             was
             but
             small
             ,
             the
             Vallies
             and
             Plains
             were
             more
             than
             sufficient
             for
             their
             Habitation
             and
             Use.
             And
             ,
             by
             such
             time
             as
             that
             Stock
             of
             them
             was
             enlarged
             ,
             that
             they
             were
             further
             spread
             and
             multiplied
             ,
             and
             thereby
             the
             Earth
             so
             far
             peopled
             and
             replenish'd
             that
             the
             Hills
             and
             higher
             Grounds
             began
             to
             be
             needed
             ;
             those
             Rocks
             and
             Mountains
             which
             in
             the
             first
             Ages
             were
             high
             ,
             steep
             ,
             and
             craggy
             ,
             and
             consequently
             then
             inconvenient
             and
             unfit
             for
             Habitation
             ;
             were
             by
             this
             continual
             Deterration
             brought
             to
             a
             lower
             pitch
             ,
             rendered
             
             more
             plain
             and
             even
             ,
             and
             reduced
             nearer
             to
             the
             ordinary
             Level
             of
             the
             Earth
             ;
             by
             which
             means
             they
             were
             made
             habitable
             by
             such
             time
             as
             there
             was
             occasion
             for
             them
             ,
             fit
             for
             Tillage
             ,
             for
             the
             Production
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             of
             Corn
             ,
             and
             other
             Necessaries
             ,
             for
             the
             use
             of
             their
             Inhabitants
             .
          
           
             That
             although
             the
             
               Principal
               Intention
            
             in
             the
             Precipitation
             of
             the
             Vegetative
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             *
             ,
             at
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             and
             the
             burying
             it
             in
             the
             Strata
             underneath
             amongst
             the
             Sand
             ,
             and
             other
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             was
             to
             retrench
             and
             abridge
             the
             Luxury
             and
             Superabundance
             of
             the
             Productions
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             which
             had
             been
             so
             ingratefully
             and
             scandalously
             abused
             by
             its
             former
             Inhabitants
             ,
             and
             to
             cause
             it
             to
             deal
             them
             forth
             for
             the
             future
             more
             frugally
             and
             sparingly
             ;
             yet
             there
             was
             a
             still
             
               further
               Design
            
             in
             that
             Precipitation
             :
             and
             the
             Matter
             so
             buried
             was
             to
             be
             brought
             up
             upon
             the
             Stage
             once
             more
             ;
             being
             only
             reserved
             in
             store
             for
             the
             benefit
             of
             Posterity
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             ,
             by
             this
             Deterration
             ,
             fetch'd
             out
             to
             light
             again
             to
             supply
             the
             Wants
             of
             the
             latter
             Ages
             of
             the
             World.
             For
             had
             these
             Strata
             of
             Stone
             ,
             and
             other
             mineral
             
             Matter
             ,
             which
             lay
             then
             underneath
             ,
             been
             altogether
             destitute
             of
             this
             Vegetative
             Intermixture
             ,
             and
             had
             not
             contained
             some
             ,
             though
             a
             smaller
             and
             more
             parsimonious
             Supply
             of
             it
             in
             them
             :
             had
             there
             not
             been
             also
             vast
             numbers
             of
             Shells
             ,
             Teeth
             ,
             Bones
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             lodged
             in
             them
             ,
             which
             are
             ,
             when
             rotted
             and
             dissolved
             ,
             ‖
             a
             proper
             and
             natural
             Manure
             to
             the
             Earth
             ,
             as
             all
             Parts
             whatsoever
             of
             Animals
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             Vegetables
             ,
             are
             ;
             they
             consisting
             of
             such
             Matter
             as
             the
             upper
             and
             Vegetative
             Stratum
             it self
             contains
             ,
             and
             therefore
             such
             as
             is
             fit
             for
             the
             Constitution
             of
             Plants
             and
             of
             Animals
             *
             ;
             I
             say
             ,
             had
             it
             not
             been
             for
             this
             ,
             when
             the
             upper
             and
             Vegetative
             Stratum
             was
             once
             wash'd
             off
             ,
             and
             born
             down
             by
             Rains
             ,
             the
             Hills
             would
             have
             become
             all
             perfectly
             barren
             ,
             the
             Strata
             below
             yielding
             only
             meer
             steril
             and
             mineral
             Matter
             ,
             such
             as
             was
             wholly
             inept
             and
             improper
             for
             the
             Formation
             of
             Vegetables
             .
             Nay
             ,
             the
             Inconvenience
             would
             not
             have
             stop'd
             there
             ,
             but
             have
             spread
             it self
             much
             further
             .
             For
             ,
             the
             Vegetative
             Stratum
             being
             carried
             off
             ,
             and
             the
             Devolution
             still
             continuing
             ,
             the
             Matter
             of
             the
             lower
             or
             mineral
             Strata
             
             being
             likewise
             by
             degrees
             borne
             down
             successively
             to
             the
             Roots
             and
             Bottoms
             of
             the
             Hills
             ,
             and
             upon
             the
             neighbouring
             parts
             of
             the
             Valleys
             and
             Plains
             ,
             it
             would
             ,
             as
             far
             as
             it
             reach'd
             ,
             have
             cover'd
             and
             buried
             the
             upper
             and
             vegetative
             Stratum
             that
             was
             expanded
             over
             those
             Valleys
             and
             Plains
             ,
             and
             render'd
             as
             much
             of
             them
             as
             it
             so
             covered
             also
             frustrate
             ,
             steril
             ,
             and
             unfruitful
             .
             So
             that
             by
             this
             means
             ,
             in
             the
             latter
             Ages
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             when
             the
             Earth
             should
             be
             fully
             peopled
             ,
             and
             all
             Quarters
             and
             Corners
             of
             it
             stock'd
             with
             Inhabitants
             ,
             and
             when
             consequently
             there
             would
             be
             the
             greatest
             need
             and
             occasion
             for
             its
             Productions
             every
             where
             ,
             for
             supply
             of
             the
             Necessities
             of
             these
             its
             numerous
             Inhabitants
             ,
             there
             would
             have
             been
             then
             much
             less
             than
             ever
             ,
             a
             great
             part
             of
             the
             Earth
             being
             rendered
             entirely
             barren
             ;
             so
             that
             they
             might
             have
             e'en
             starved
             ,
             had
             it
             not
             been
             for
             this
             Providential
             Reserve
             :
             this
             Hoord
             ,
             if
             I
             may
             so
             say
             ,
             that
             was
             stowed
             in
             the
             Strata
             underneath
             ,
             and
             now
             seasonably
             disclosed
             and
             brought
             forth
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             PART
             VI.
             Concerning
             the
             State
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             the
             Productions
             of
             it
             ,
             before
             the
             Deluge
             .
          
           
             THE
             Thread
             of
             this
             Discourse
             draws
             now
             near
             to
             an
             End
             ;
             and
             I
             have
             reason
             to
             fear
             that
             ,
             by
             this
             time
             ,
             the
             Reader
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             my self
             ,
             thinks
             it
             high
             time
             that
             it
             were
             quite
             spun
             out
             .
             For
             which
             reason
             I
             shall
             not
             any
             longer
             presume
             upon
             his
             Patience
             farther
             than
             needs
             I
             must
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             five
             foregoing
             Parts
             of
             this
             Essay
             I
             lay
             down
             what
             I
             have
             to
             propose
             relating
             to
             the
             Condition
             of
             the
             Earth
             during
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             and
             ever
             since
             that
             time
             .
             And
             here
             I
             am
             to
             make
             a
             Stand
             :
             to
             look
             a
             great
             way
             back
             :
             and
             make
             some
             Reflections
             upon
             the
             Posture
             of
             Things
             before
             the
             Deluge
             .
          
           
           
             The
             Method
             I
             take
             may
             perhaps
             be
             censured
             by
             some
             as
             preposterous
             ,
             because
             I
             thus
             treat
             last
             of
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             ,
             which
             was
             first
             in
             order
             of
             Nature
             .
             But
             they
             will
             ,
             I
             hope
             ,
             let
             fall
             that
             Censure
             ,
             when
             they
             are
             acquainted
             that
             't
             is
             a
             thing
             of
             Constraint
             ,
             and
             not
             of
             Choice
             :
             and
             that
             't
             was
             for
             want
             of
             Footing
             ,
             and
             good
             ground
             to
             go
             upon
             ,
             that
             I
             did
             not
             take
             that
             Earth
             under
             Consideration
             sooner
             .
             The
             truth
             is
             ,
             there
             was
             no
             way
             for
             me
             to
             come
             to
             any
             competent
             Knowledge
             of
             it
             ,
             or
             to
             give
             any
             sure
             Judgment
             concerning
             it
             ,
             but
             meerly
             by
             Induction
             :
             and
             by
             Contemplation
             of
             the
             Shells
             ,
             Bones
             ,
             and
             other
             Remains
             of
             it
             ,
             which
             are
             still
             in
             being
             .
             Now
             before
             I
             could
             inferr
             any
             thing
             from
             these
             ,
             it
             lay
             upon
             me
             to
             make
             out
             that
             they
             all
             belonged
             to
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             were
             the
             genuine
             Products
             of
             it
             :
             to
             shew
             likewise
             how
             they
             became
             buried
             and
             disposed
             in
             the
             manner
             we
             now
             find
             them
             :
             and
             by
             what
             means
             they
             were
             preserved
             till
             now
             .
             And
             that
             is
             what
             I
             have
             been
             hitherto
             about
             ;
             so
             that
             this
             is
             indeed
             but
             the
             proper
             place
             for
             this
             Disquisition
             concerning
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             :
             and
             
             it
             could
             not
             well
             have
             been
             brought
             in
             before
             .
          
           
             Had
             there
             not
             been
             still
             remaining
             a
             great
             many
             Animal
             and
             Vegetable
             Bodies
             that
             were
             the
             legitimate
             Off-springs
             of
             that
             Earth
             ,
             't
             would
             have
             been
             an
             extravagant
             and
             impracticable
             Undertaking
             to
             have
             gone
             about
             to
             have
             determined
             any
             thing
             concerning
             it
             ;
             and
             the
             more
             so
             because
             the
             Earth
             it self
             was
             dissolved
             and
             destroyed
             *
             .
             But
             I
             prove
             that
             there
             are
             such
             Remains
             of
             it
             ,
             enclosed
             in
             great
             plenty
             in
             the
             Marble
             ,
             Stone
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             compacter
             Strata
             of
             the
             present
             Earth
             ;
             whereby
             they
             have
             been
             preserved
             ,
             through
             so
             many
             Ages
             ,
             quite
             down
             to
             our
             Times
             :
             and
             are
             like
             to
             endure
             ,
             many
             of
             them
             ,
             much
             longer
             ;
             even
             as
             long
             as
             the
             Strata
             themselves
             continue
             in
             the
             Condition
             they
             now
             are
             ;
             and
             so
             will
             be
             a
             sure
             and
             lasting
             Monument
             and
             Witness
             of
             the
             Truth
             of
             that
             extraordinary
             Accident
             (
             the
             Destruction
             of
             the
             Earth
             and
             of
             Mankind
             by
             the
             Deluge
             )
             to
             Posterity
             ,
             quite
             down
             to
             the
             End
             of
             the
             World.
             
          
           
             Now
             because
             the
             Observations
             which
             I
             make
             use
             of
             in
             the
             former
             Parts
             of
             this
             Work
             give
             an
             Account
             of
             
             the
             said
             Productions
             thus
             preserved
             ,
             I
             proceed
             upon
             those
             Observations
             ,
             as
             hitherto
             ,
             and
             ,
             by
             Inferences
             which
             easily
             ,
             clearly
             ,
             and
             naturally
             flow
             from
             them
             ,
             shew
             what
             was
             the
             Condition
             and
             State
             of
             that
             Earth
             ,
             and
             wherein
             it
             differ'd
             from
             this
             we
             now
             inhabit
             .
          
           
             And
             in
             regard
             that
             ,
             from
             a
             Theory
             which
             ,
             how
             much
             soever
             it
             may
             relish
             of
             Wit
             and
             Invention
             ,
             hath
             no
             real
             Foundation
             either
             in
             Nature
             or
             History
             ,
             the
             Author
             so
             often
             mentioned
             already
             hath
             set
             forth
             an
             imaginary
             and
             fictitious
             Earth
             :
             whose
             Posture
             to
             the
             Sun
             he
             supposes
             to
             have
             been
             much
             different
             from
             that
             which
             the
             Earth
             at
             present
             obtains
             ,
             and
             such
             that
             there
             could
             be
             no
             Alteration
             of
             Heat
             and
             Cold
             ,
             Summer
             and
             Winter
             ,
             as
             now
             there
             is
             ,
             but
             a
             constant
             Uniformity
             of
             Weather
             and
             Equality
             of
             Seasons
             †
             :
             An
             Earth
             without
             any
             Sea
             :
             without
             Mountains
             ,
             or
             other
             Inequalities
             ‖
             :
             and
             without
             either
             Metalls
             or
             Minerals
             *
             :
             in
             few
             words
             ,
             one
             perfectly
             unlike
             what
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             was
             in
             truth
             and
             reality
             :
             and
             perfectly
             unlike
             that
             which
             Moses
             hath
             represented
             ;
             I
             shall
             therefore
             interpose
             some
             Consectaries
             which
             would
             have
             
             been
             otherwise
             needless
             and
             superfluous
             :
             which
             are
             directly
             levelled
             against
             these
             Mistakes
             :
             and
             evince
             that
             where-ever
             he
             hath
             receded
             from
             the
             Mosaick
             Account
             of
             
               that
               Earth
            
             ,
             he
             hath
             at
             the
             same
             time
             also
             receded
             from
             Nature
             ,
             and
             Matter
             of
             Fact
             ;
             and
             this
             purely
             from
             the
             aforesaid
             Observations
             ;
             from
             which
             I
             shall
             prove
             ,
          
           
             
             That
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             was
             
               not
               smooth
            
             ,
             eaven
             ,
             and
             uniform
             :
             but
             unequal
             ,
             and
             distinguish'd
             with
             
               Mountains
               ,
               Valleys
            
             ,
             and
             Plains
             :
             also
             with
             
               Sea
               ,
               Lakes
            
             ,
             and
             Rivers
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             Quantity
             of
             Water
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Globe
             was
             nearly
             the
             same
             as
             now
             :
             the
             Ocean
             of
             the
             same
             Extent
             ,
             and
             possest
             an
             equal
             share
             of
             the
             Globe
             ;
             intermixing
             with
             the
             Land
             so
             as
             to
             checquer
             it
             into
             Earth
             and
             Water
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             much
             the
             same
             Diversities
             of
             Sea
             and
             Land
             that
             we
             behold
             at
             present
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             Water
             of
             the
             Sea
             was
             saturated
             with
             Salt
             ,
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             now
             it
             is
             :
             that
             it
             was
             agitated
             with
             Tides
             ,
             or
             a
             Flux
             and
             Reflux
             :
             with
             Storms
             ,
             and
             other
             Commotions
             .
          
           
             
             That
             the
             Sea
             was
             very
             abundantly
             
               replenished
               with
               Fish
            
             of
             all
             kinds
             :
             as
             
             well
             of
             the
             cartilaginous
             and
             squammose
             ,
             as
             of
             the
             testaceous
             and
             crustaceous
             kinds
             :
             and
             that
             the
             Lakes
             and
             Rivers
             were
             as
             plentifully
             furnish'd
             with
             Lake
             and
             River-Fish
             of
             all
             sorts
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Earth
             was
             very
             exuberantly
             
             beset
             with
             
               Trees
               ,
               Shrubs
            
             ,
             and
             Herbs
             :
             and
             stock'd
             with
             Animals
             of
             all
             sorts
             ,
             
               Quadrupeds
               ,
               Insects
            
             ,
             and
             Fowls
             :
             and
             this
             on
             all
             sides
             ,
             and
             in
             all
             parts
             of
             it
             ,
             quite
             round
             the
             Globe
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Animal
             and
             Vegetable
             
             Productions
             of
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             did
             not
             in
             any
             wise
             differ
             from
             those
             of
             the
             present
             Earth
             .
             That
             there
             were
             then
             the
             very
             
               same
               kinds
            
             of
             Animals
             and
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             the
             same
             subordinate
             Species
             under
             each
             kind
             that
             now
             there
             is
             .
             That
             they
             were
             of
             the
             
               same
               stature
            
             and
             size
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             of
             the
             
               same
               shape
            
             :
             their
             Parts
             of
             the
             
               same
               Fabrick
            
             ,
             Texture
             ,
             Constitution
             ,
             and
             Colour
             ,
             as
             are
             those
             of
             the
             Animals
             and
             Vegetables
             at
             this
             day
             in
             being
             .
          
           
             That
             there
             were
             both
             Metalls
             and
             
             Minerals
             in
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Terraqueous
             Globe
             had
             
             the
             same
             Site
             and
             Position
             in
             respect
             of
             the
             Sun
             that
             it
             now
             hath
             .
             That
             its
             Axis
             was
             not
             parallel
             to
             that
             of
             the
             
             Ecliptick
             ,
             but
             inclined
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             it
             is
             at
             present
             :
             and
             that
             there
             were
             the
             same
             Successions
             of
             Heat
             and
             
               Cold
               ,
               Wet
            
             and
             Dry
             :
             the
             same
             Vicissitudes
             of
             Seasons
             ,
             Spring
             ,
             Summer
             ,
             Autumn
             and
             Winter
             ,
             that
             now
             there
             is
             .
          
           
             It
             hath
             been
             already
             noted
             ,
             that
             these
             Propositions
             are
             founded
             on
             Observations
             made
             upon
             the
             Animal
             and
             Vegetable
             Remains
             of
             the
             
               Antediluvian
               Earth
            
             .
             From
             those
             Remains
             we
             may
             judge
             what
             sort
             of
             Earth
             that
             was
             :
             and
             see
             that
             it
             was
             not
             much
             different
             from
             this
             we
             now
             inhabit
             *
             .
             Now
             though
             't
             is
             not
             to
             be
             expected
             that
             I
             here
             formally
             lay
             down
             those
             Observations
             ,
             that
             being
             not
             the
             Business
             of
             
               this
               Tract
            
             ,
             yet
             untill
             I
             have
             Opportunity
             both
             of
             doing
             so
             ,
             and
             of
             shewing
             in
             what
             manner
             the
             foregoing
             Propositions
             flow
             from
             them
             ,
             it
             may
             be
             very
             convenient
             that
             I
             give
             some
             short
             Directions
             how
             the
             Reader
             ,
             for
             his
             present
             Satisfaction
             ,
             may
             ,
             of
             himself
             ,
             and
             without
             my
             Assistance
             ,
             make
             out
             the
             principal
             Articles
             of
             these
             Propositions
             from
             the
             Observations
             already
             delivered
             in
             the
             several
             Parts
             of
             this
             Discourse
             ,
             and
             from
             one
             or
             two
             more
             that
             I
             shall
             add
             upon
             this
             Occasion
             .
             And
             that
             he
             may
             
             at
             one
             View
             discover
             how
             consonant
             the
             Account
             which
             Moses
             hath
             left
             us
             of
             the
             Primitive
             Earth
             ,
             is
             to
             this
             which
             we
             have
             from
             Nature
             ,
             and
             how
             much
             the
             late
             
               Theory
               of
               the
               Earth
            
             differs
             from
             both
             ,
             I
             will
             set
             down
             that
             Writer's
             Sense
             of
             the
             Matter
             under
             each
             Head
             as
             we
             pass
             along
             .
          
           
             To
             begin
             therefore
             with
             the
             Sea
             ;
             That
             there
             was
             one
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             there
             needs
             not
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             any
             other
             Proof
             than
             the
             Productions
             of
             it
             yet
             in
             being
             :
             the
             Shells
             ,
             the
             Teeth
             ,
             and
             Bones
             of
             Sea-Fishes
             ‖
             .
             And
             for
             Moses
             ,
             he
             is
             not
             at
             all
             averse
             hereto
             ;
             but
             as
             expresly
             asserts
             that
             there
             was
             then
             a
             Sea
             ,
             as
             the
             Theory
             does
             ,
             that
             there
             was
             none
             .
             Take
             it
             in
             his
             own
             words
             .
             †
             
               And
               God
               said
               ,
               Let
               the
               Waters
               under
               the
               Heaven
               be
               gathered
               together
               unto
               one
               place
               ,
               and
               let
               the
               Dry-land
               appear
               :
               and
               it
               was
               so
               .
               And
               God
               called
               the
               Dry-land
               Earth
               ,
               and
               the
               gathering
               together
               of
               the
               Waters
               called
               he
               SEAS
               :
               and
               God
               saw
               that
               it
               was
               good
               .
            
             And
             though
             the
             Theorist
             flatly
             denies
             that
             there
             was
             then
             any
             such
             thing
             ,
             yet
             he
             does
             not
             go
             about
             to
             dispute
             the
             Translation
             of
             this
             Passage
             ,
             but
             readily
             owns
             *
             ,
             that
             Moses
             hath
             here
             
               used
               a
               word
               that
               was
               common
               
               and
               known
               to
               signifie
               the
               Sea.
            
             According
             to
             him
             therefore
             ,
             we
             see
             the
             Sea
             was
             formed
             at
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             and
             after
             its
             Formation
             approved
             of
             as
             good●
             that
             is
             ,
             very
             necessary
             and
             serviceable
             to
             the
             Ends
             of
             Providence
             in
             the
             Kingdom
             of
             Nature
             ;
             and
             this
             indeed
             it
             is
             so
             many
             ways
             ,
             that
             it
             must
             needs
             be
             granted
             that
             that
             would
             have
             been
             a
             very
             wild
             World
             had
             it
             been
             without
             any
             Sea.
             The
             separating
             of
             the
             Sea
             and
             Land
             ,
             and
             determining
             the
             set
             Bounds
             of
             each
             ,
             is
             here
             †
             reckoned
             part
             of
             the
             Work
             of
             the
             third
             Day
             :
             as
             the
             stocking
             of
             the
             Sea
             with
             Whales
             and
             other
             Fishes
             ,
             is
             ‖
             of
             the
             fifth
             .
             
               And
               God
               created
               great
               Whales
            
             ,
             &c.
             
               and
               blessed
               them
               ,
               saying
               ,
               be
               fruitful
               and
               multiply
               ,
               and
               fill
               the
               Waters
               in
               the
               SEAS
               .
            
             And
             when
             on
             the
             sixth
             Day
             the
             finishing
             Hand
             was
             set
             to
             the
             Work
             ,
             and
             Man
             created
             ,
             God
             gives
             him
             
               Dominion
               over
               the
               Fish
               of
               the
               SEA
            
             *
             .
             'T
             would
             have
             been
             but
             a
             scanty
             and
             narrow
             Dominion
             ,
             and
             Adam
             a
             very
             mean
             Prince
             ,
             had
             there
             then
             been
             neither
             any
             Fish
             existent
             nor
             Sea
             to
             contain
             them
             .
             Nay
             ,
             this
             had
             been
             little
             better
             than
             a
             downright
             illusion
             and
             abusing
             of
             him
             :
             and
             what
             is
             more
             ,
             
             
               that
               World
            
             had
             been
             so
             far
             from
             excelling
             ●●rs
             in
             the
             Abundance
             of
             its
             Productions
             ,
             which
             is
             what
             the
             Theorist
             contends
             for
             on
             another
             Occasion
             ,
             that
             't
             would
             have
             fallen
             far
             short
             of
             it
             :
             have
             wanted
             a
             very
             noble
             and
             large
             share
             of
             the
             Creation
             which
             we
             enjoy
             :
             been
             deprived
             of
             a
             most
             excellent
             and
             wholsome
             Fare
             ,
             and
             very
             many
             delicious
             Dishes
             that
             we
             have
             the
             use
             and
             benefit
             of
             .
             But
             the
             Case
             was
             really
             much
             otherwise
             :
             and
             we
             have
             as
             good
             proof
             as
             could
             be
             wish'd
             that
             there
             were
             not
             any
             of
             all
             these
             wanting
             .
             The
             things
             many
             of
             them
             yet
             extant
             speak
             aloud
             for
             themselves
             :
             and
             are
             back'd
             with
             an
             early
             and
             general
             Tradition
             .
             For
             Moses
             is
             so
             far
             from
             being
             singular
             in
             thus
             relating
             that
             the
             Sea
             is
             of
             as
             old
             a
             Date
             and
             Standing
             as
             the
             Earth
             it self
             is
             ,
             that
             he
             hath
             all
             ,
             even
             the
             first
             and
             remotest
             Antiquity
             of
             his
             side
             ;
             the
             
               Gentil
               Account
            
             of
             the
             Creation
             making
             the
             Ocean
             to
             arise
             out
             of
             the
             Chaos
             almost
             as
             soon
             as
             any
             thing
             besides
             .
             But
             we
             have
             in
             store
             a
             yet
             further
             Testimony
             that
             will
             be
             granted
             to
             be
             beyond
             all
             Exception
             .
             'T
             is
             from
             the
             mouth
             of
             God
             himself
             ,
             being
             part
             of
             the
             Law
             promulgated
             by
             him
             in
             a
             most
             
             solemn
             and
             extraordinary
             manner
             .
             Exod.
             20.11
             .
             
               In
               six
               days
               the
               Lord
               made
               Heaven
               and
               Earth
               ,
               the
               SEA
               ,
               and
               all
               that
               in
               them
               is
               .
            
             'T
             is
             very
             hard
             to
             think
             the
             Theorist
             should
             not
             know
             this
             :
             and
             as
             hard
             that
             ,
             knowing
             it
             ,
             he
             should
             so
             openly
             dissent
             from
             it
             .
          
           
             Then
             for
             the
             Dimensions
             of
             the
             Sea
             ;
             that
             it
             was
             as
             large
             ,
             and
             of
             as
             great
             extent
             as
             now
             it
             is
             ,
             may
             be
             inferr'd
             from
             the
             vast
             ▪
             Multitudes
             of
             those
             Marine
             Bodies
             which
             are
             still
             found
             in
             all
             Parts
             of
             the
             known
             World
             †
             .
             Had
             these
             been
             found
             in
             only
             one
             or
             two
             places
             :
             or
             did
             we
             meet
             with
             but
             some
             few
             Species
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             such
             as
             are
             the
             Products
             of
             one
             Climate
             or
             Country
             ,
             it
             might
             have
             been
             suspected
             that
             the
             Sea
             was
             then
             ,
             what
             the
             Caspian
             is
             ,
             only
             a
             great
             Pond
             or
             Lake
             ,
             and
             confined
             to
             one
             part
             of
             the
             Globe
             .
             But
             seeing
             they
             are
             dug
             up
             at
             Land
             almost
             every
             where
             ,
             〈◊〉
             at
             least
             as
             great
             variety
             and
             plenty
             as
             they
             are
             observed
             at
             Sea
             :
             since
             likewise
             the
             fossil
             Shells
             are
             
               many
               of
               them
            
             of
             the
             same
             kinds
             with
             those
             that
             now
             appear
             upon
             the
             neighbouring
             Shores
             ,
             and
             
               the
               rest
            
             such
             as
             may
             well
             be
             presumed
             to
             be
             living
             at
             the
             bottom
             ,
             or
             in
             the
             interiour
             and
             deeper
             
             Parts
             of
             the
             adjacent
             Seas
             †
             ,
             but
             never
             any
             that
             are
             peculiar
             to
             remoter
             Seas
             or
             to
             the
             Shores
             of
             distant
             Countries
             ,
             we
             may
             reasonably
             conclude
             ,
             not
             only
             that
             the
             Sea
             was
             of
             the
             same
             bigness
             and
             capacity
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             but
             that
             it
             was
             of
             much
             the
             same
             form
             also
             ,
             and
             interwoven
             with
             the
             Earth
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             at
             this
             time
             :
             that
             there
             was
             Sea
             in
             or
             near
             the
             very
             
               same
               places
            
             or
             Parts
             of
             the
             Globe
             :
             that
             each
             Sea
             had
             its
             
               peculiar
               Shells
            
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             the
             
               same
               Kinds
            
             that
             now
             it
             hath
             :
             that
             there
             was
             the
             
               same
               diversity
               of
               Climates
            
             ,
             here
             warmer
             and
             more
             agreeable
             to
             the
             Southern
             Shells
             ,
             there
             colder
             and
             better
             suited
             to
             the
             Northern
             ones
             :
             the
             same
             
               variation
               of
               Soils
               ,
               this
            
             Tract
             affording
             such
             a
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             as
             is
             proper
             for
             the
             Formation
             and
             Nourishment
             of
             one
             sort
             of
             Shell-fish
             ,
             that
             of
             another
             :
             in
             few
             words
             ,
             much
             the
             same
             Appearance
             of
             Nature
             ,
             and
             Face
             of
             Things
             that
             we
             behold
             in
             the
             present
             Earth
             .
             But
             of
             this
             more
             by
             and
             by
             .
          
           
             That
             the
             Water
             of
             the
             Sea
             was
             salt
             ,
             as
             now
             it
             is
             ,
             may
             be
             made
             out
             likewise
             from
             those
             Shells
             and
             other
             the
             Productions
             of
             it
             ;
             they
             being
             of
             the
             same
             constitution
             ,
             and
             consisting
             of
             
             the
             same
             sort
             of
             Matter
             that
             do
             the
             Shells
             at
             this
             day
             found
             upon
             our
             Shores
             *
             .
             Now
             the
             Salt
             wherewith
             the
             Sea-water
             is
             saturated
             ,
             is
             part
             of
             the
             Food
             of
             the
             Shell-fish
             residing
             therein
             ,
             and
             a
             main
             Ingredient
             in
             the
             Make
             of
             their
             Bodies
             ;
             they
             living
             upon
             this
             ,
             and
             upon
             the
             Mud
             and
             other
             Earthy
             Matter
             there
             .
          
           
             And
             that
             the
             Sea
             
               Ebbed
               and
               Flowed
            
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             may
             be
             inferr'd
             ,
             not
             so
             moch
             from
             the
             Necessity
             of
             that
             Motion
             ,
             and
             the
             many
             and
             great
             Uses
             of
             it
             in
             the
             Natural
             World
             †
             ,
             as
             from
             certain
             Effects
             that
             it
             had
             upon
             the
             Shells
             ,
             and
             other
             like
             Bodies
             yet
             preserved
             .
             'T
             is
             known
             that
             the
             Sea
             ,
             by
             this
             Access
             and
             Recess
             ,
             shuffling
             the
             empty
             Shells
             ,
             or
             whatever
             else
             lies
             exposed
             upon
             the
             Shores
             ,
             and
             bearing
             them
             along
             with
             it
             backward
             and
             forward
             upon
             the
             Sand
             there
             ,
             frets
             and
             wears
             them
             away
             by
             little
             and
             little
             ,
             in
             tract
             of
             time
             reducing
             those
             that
             are
             concave
             and
             gibbose
             to
             a
             flat
             ,
             and
             at
             length
             grinding
             them
             away
             almost
             to
             nothing
             .
             And
             there
             are
             ,
             not
             uncommonly
             ,
             found
             Shells
             so
             worn
             enclosed
             ,
             amongst
             others
             ,
             in
             Stone
             .
          
           
             As
             the
             Sea-shells
             afford
             us
             a
             sure
             Argument
             
             of
             a
             Sea
             ,
             so
             do
             the
             River-ones
             of
             Rivers
             in
             the
             Antediluvian
             Earth
             .
             And
             if
             there
             were
             Rivers
             ,
             there
             must
             needs
             also
             have
             been
             Mountains
             ;
             for
             they
             will
             not
             flow
             unless
             upon
             a
             Declivity
             ,
             and
             their
             Sources
             be
             raised
             above
             the
             Earth's
             ordinary
             Surface
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             may
             run
             upon
             a
             Descent
             ‖
             ;
             the
             Swiftness
             of
             their
             Current
             ,
             and
             the
             Quantity
             of
             Water
             refunded
             by
             them
             ,
             being
             proportioned
             generally
             to
             the
             height
             of
             their
             Sources
             ,
             and
             the
             Bigness
             of
             the
             Mountains
             out
             of
             which
             they
             arise
             .
             Mountains
             being
             proved
             ,
             nothing
             need
             be
             said
             concerning
             Valleys
             ;
             they
             necessarily
             following
             from
             that
             Proof
             ,
             as
             being
             nothing
             but
             the
             Intervalls
             betwixt
             the
             Mountains
             .
             But
             let
             us
             see
             what
             Moses
             hath
             on
             this
             Subject
             *
             .
             
               And
               the
               Waters
            
             (
             he
             is
             treating
             of
             the
             Deluge
             )
             
             
               prevailed
               exceedingly
               upon
               the
               Earth
               ;
               and
               all
               the
               HIGH
               HILLS
               that
               were
               under
               the
               whole
               Heaven
               were
               covered
               .
               Fifteen
               Cubits
               upwards
               did
               the
               Waters
               prevail
               ;
               and
               the
               MOVNTAINS
               were
               covered
               .
               And
               all
               flesh
               dyed
               :
               —
               all
               in
               whose
               Nostrils
               was
               the
               breath
               of
               Life
               .
            
             The
             Theorist
             averrs
             ,
             that
             there
             were
             no
             Mountains
             in
             the
             
               first
               Earth
            
             .
             I
             am
             not
             willing
             to
             suppose
             that
             he
             charges
             a
             Falshood
             or
             Mistake
             upon
             the
             Passage
             ,
             but
             rather
             that
             he
             would
             have
             this
             to
             be
             understood
             of
             those
             Mountains
             which
             were
             raised
             afterwards
             .
             Which
             yet
             cannot
             be
             ;
             for
             the
             Historian
             here
             plainly
             makes
             these
             Mountains
             the
             Standards
             and
             Measures
             of
             the
             Rise
             of
             the
             Water
             ;
             which
             they
             could
             never
             have
             been
             had
             they
             not
             been
             standing
             when
             it
             did
             so
             rise
             and
             overpour
             the
             Earth
             .
             His
             Intention
             in
             the
             whole
             is
             to
             acquaint
             us
             that
             all
             Land-Creatures
             whatever
             ,
             both
             Men
             ,
             Quadrupeds
             ,
             Birds
             ,
             and
             Insects
             ,
             perish'd
             and
             were
             destroyed
             by
             the
             Water
             ,
             Noah
             only
             excepted
             ,
             
               and
               they
               that
               were
               with
               him
               in
               the
               Ark.
            
             And
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             to
             let
             us
             see
             the
             Truth
             and
             Probability
             of
             the
             Thing
             :
             to
             convince
             us
             that
             there
             was
             no
             way
             for
             any
             to
             escape
             ,
             and
             particularly
             
             that
             none
             could
             save
             themselves
             by
             climbing
             up
             to
             the
             tops
             of
             the
             Mountains
             that
             then
             were
             ,
             he
             assures
             us
             that
             they
             ,
             even
             the
             highest
             of
             them
             ,
             were
             all
             covered
             and
             buried
             under
             Water
             .
             Now
             to
             say
             that
             there
             were
             then
             no
             Mountains
             :
             and
             that
             this
             is
             meant
             of
             Mountains
             that
             were
             not
             formed
             till
             afterwards
             ,
             makes
             it
             not
             intelligible
             ,
             and
             indeed
             hardly
             common
             Sense
             .
          
           
             The
             extreme
             Fertility
             of
             both
             Sea
             and
             Land
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             appears
             sufficiently
             from
             the
             vast
             and
             almost
             incredible
             Numbers
             of
             their
             Productions
             yet
             extant
             *
             ;
             not
             to
             insist
             upon
             those
             which
             are
             long
             ago
             rotted
             and
             gone
             †
             .
             Nor
             need
             we
             much
             wonder
             at
             this
             their
             
               abundant
               Fruitfulness
            
             ,
             when
             we
             know
             from
             what
             Source
             it
             proceeded
             ;
             which
             our
             Historian
             hath
             opened
             to
             us
             in
             very
             significant
             words
             ‖
             .
             
               And
               God
               said
               ,
               let
               the
               Waters
               bring
               forth
               abundantly
               the
               moving
               Creature
               that
               hath
               life
               ,
            
             &c.
             —
             
               And
               God
               blessed
               them
               ,
               saying
               ,
               be
               fruitful
               and
               multiply
               ,
               and
               fill
               the
               Waters
               in
               the
               Seas
               :
               and
               let
               Fowl
               multiply
               in
               the
               Earth
               ,
            
             &c.
             
             Here
             was
             we
             see
             a
             Blessing
             ,
             handed
             out
             with
             the
             first
             Pairs
             of
             Animals
             at
             the
             moment
             of
             
             their
             Creation
             ,
             very
             liberal
             and
             extensive
             ;
             and
             it
             had
             effect
             with
             a
             Witness
             ,
             A
             Man
             that
             does
             but
             behold
             the
             mighty
             Sholes
             of
             Shells
             ,
             to
             take
             them
             for
             an
             Instance
             ,
             that
             are
             still
             remaining
             ,
             and
             that
             lye
             bedded
             and
             cumulated
             in
             many
             places
             heap
             upon
             heap
             ,
             amongst
             the
             ordinary
             Matter
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             will
             scarcely
             be
             able
             to
             believe
             his
             Eyes
             ,
             or
             conceive
             which
             way
             these
             could
             ever
             live
             or
             subsist
             one
             by
             another
             .
             But
             yet
             subsist
             they
             did
             :
             and
             ,
             as
             they
             themselves
             testifie
             ,
             well
             too
             ;
             an
             Argument
             that
             
               that
               Earth
            
             did
             not
             deal
             out
             their
             Nourishment
             with
             an
             over-sparing
             or
             illiberal
             Hand
             .
          
           
             That
             these
             Productions
             of
             the
             
               Original
               Earth
               ,
               differ
            
             not
             from
             those
             of
             the
             Present
             ,
             either
             in
             Figure
             ,
             in
             Magnitude
             ,
             in
             Texture
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             respect
             ,
             is
             easily
             learn'd
             by
             comparing
             of
             them
             .
             The
             exact
             Agreement
             betwixt
             the
             
               Marine
               Bodies
            
             I
             have
             shewn
             already
             *
             :
             and
             shall
             in
             due
             place
             shew
             the
             same
             of
             the
             
               Terrestrial
               ones
            
             .
          
           
             And
             as
             there
             were
             such
             great
             Numbers
             of
             Animals
             and
             Vegetables
             in
             the
             Primitive
             Earth
             ,
             so
             that
             there
             were
             also
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             and
             these
             in
             no
             less
             plenty
             than
             in
             ours
             ,
             is
             very
             
             clear
             from
             what
             hath
             been
             delivered
             in
             the
             Fourth
             Part
             of
             this
             Essay
             ,
             which
             need
             not
             be
             repeated
             here
             .
             Nor
             is
             Moses
             defective
             in
             this
             Point
             †
             .
             
               And
               Zillah
               ,
               she
               also
               bare
               Tubal-Cain
               ,
               an
               Instructer
               of
               every
               Artificer
               in
               Brass
               and
               Iron
               .
            
             The
             Theorist
             ,
             quite
             contrary
             ,
             says
             ,
             
               As
               for
               Subterraneous
               Things
               ,
               Metalls
               and
               Minerals
               ,
               I
               believe
               they
               had
               none
               in
               the
               first
               Earth
               ;
               and
               the
               happier
               they
               ;
               no
               Gold
               ,
               nor
               Silver
               ,
               nor
               coarser
               Metalls
               .
            
             Amongst
             these
             coarser
             Metalls
             are
             Copper
             ,
             or
             Brass
             ,
             and
             Iron
             .
             Now
             if
             there
             were
             none
             of
             these
             ,
             't
             is
             a
             great
             Mystery
             to
             me
             ,
             I
             confess
             ,
             how
             Tubal-Cain
             ,
             who
             certainly
             died
             either
             before
             or
             at
             the
             Deluge
             ‖
             ,
             could
             ever
             have
             taught
             the
             Workmanship
             and
             Use
             of
             them
             .
             And
             yet
             if
             this
             Theory
             be
             true
             ,
             there
             neither
             was
             nor
             could
             be
             any
             within
             their
             reach
             ,
             or
             that
             they
             could
             ever
             possibly
             come
             at
             .
             For
             the
             truth
             of
             the
             Theory
             I
             am
             in
             no
             wise
             concerned
             :
             the
             Composer
             of
             it
             must
             look
             to
             that
             ;
             but
             that
             there
             were
             really
             both
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             is
             most
             certain
             .
             For
             besides
             the
             Testimony
             that
             we
             have
             of
             the
             Thing
             from
             Nature
             ,
             and
             the
             Passage
             already
             alledged
             out
             of
             Moses
             ,
             there
             is
             
             another
             for
             which
             we
             are
             also
             obliged
             to
             the
             same
             Author
             ,
             that
             acquaints
             us
             there
             were
             both
             even
             in
             Paradise
             it self
             .
             'T
             is
             in
             his
             second
             Chapter
             *
             .
             
               The
               name
               of
               the
               first
            
             River
             
               is
               Pison
               :
               that
               is
               it
               which
               compasseth
               the
               whole
               Land
               of
               Havilah
               ,
               where
               there
               is
               Gold.
               And
               the
               Gold
               of
               that
               Land
               is
               good
               :
               there
               is
               Bdellium
               and
               the
               Onyx-stone
               .
            
             He
             speaks
             here
             ,
             I
             grant
             ,
             only
             in
             the
             Present
             Tense
             ,
             
               there
               is
               Gold
            
             :
             but
             must
             mean
             not
             only
             that
             there
             was
             Gold
             and
             Gemms
             there
             in
             his
             time
             ,
             but
             that
             there
             was
             so
             likewise
             from
             the
             beginning
             of
             the
             World
             ,
             of
             which
             he
             is
             giving
             an
             Account
             in
             these
             two
             Chapters
             ,
             or
             ,
             with
             Submission
             ,
             I
             conceive
             't
             would
             not
             be
             any
             thing
             to
             his
             purpose
             .
             He
             is
             here
             speaking
             of
             Paradise
             ;
             which
             he
             represents
             as
             a
             most
             charming
             and
             delightful
             Place
             :
             besett
             with
             
               every
               Tree
               that
               is
               pleasant
               to
               the
               sight
               ,
               and
               good
               for
               food
            
             ‖
             :
             watered
             with
             refreshing
             Streams
             and
             excellent
             Rivers
             :
             and
             abounding
             with
             Things
             not
             only
             useful
             and
             convenient
             ,
             but
             even
             the
             most
             rare
             and
             valuable
             ,
             the
             most
             costly
             and
             desirable
             :
             particularly
             
               Gold
               ,
               Precious
               Stones
               ,
               and
               Perfumes
            
             ;
             which
             were
             all
             much
             esteemed
             and
             admired
             by
             the
             Jews
             ,
             to
             whom
             
             he
             wrote
             this
             .
             Nor
             is
             it
             any
             Paradox
             ,
             notwithstanding
             that
             Dissolution
             of
             the
             Earth
             which
             happened
             at
             the
             Deluge
             *
             ,
             to
             suppose
             there
             was
             this
             or
             that
             Metall
             or
             Mineral
             in
             the
             same
             Part
             of
             the
             Globe
             afterwards
             where
             it
             was
             before
             that
             happened
             .
             The
             Water
             of
             the
             Abyss
             indeed
             changed
             its
             Place
             ,
             during
             the
             time
             :
             So
             did
             the
             Sea
             ,
             and
             bore
             the
             Bodies
             it
             contained
             ,
             many
             of
             them
             ,
             out
             along
             with
             it
             .
             But
             for
             the
             Terrestrial
             Parts
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             Metalls
             ,
             Minerals
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             Stone
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             ,
             they
             ,
             though
             dissolved
             ,
             and
             assumed
             up
             into
             the
             Water
             ,
             did
             not
             flitt
             or
             move
             far
             ,
             but
             ,
             at
             the
             general
             Subsidence
             ,
             settled
             down
             again
             in
             or
             near
             the
             same
             Place
             from
             which
             they
             were
             before
             taken
             up
             .
             For
             the
             Water
             was
             all
             out
             upon
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Earth
             before
             ever
             these
             stirr'd
             ,
             or
             were
             fetch'd
             up
             out
             of
             their
             native
             Beds
             :
             and
             they
             were
             all
             sunk
             down
             into
             the
             same
             Beds
             again
             ,
             before
             the
             Water
             began
             to
             shift
             away
             back
             to
             its
             old
             Quarters
             ;
             so
             that
             it
             could
             not
             contribute
             any
             thing
             to
             the
             Removal
             of
             them
             .
             Even
             the
             very
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             their
             Seeds
             ,
             which
             were
             many
             of
             them
             naturally
             lighter
             than
             the
             Water
             ,
             assisted
             by
             the
             
             heavier
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             that
             had
             in
             this
             Jumble
             and
             Confusion
             fasten'd
             and
             stuck
             to
             them
             ,
             fell
             all
             to
             the
             bottom
             :
             and
             the
             Water
             was
             in
             great
             measure
             clear
             ,
             and
             disengaged
             from
             the
             Earthy
             Mass
             ,
             before
             it
             went
             off
             .
             And
             't
             was
             well
             it
             was
             so
             ;
             for
             had
             the
             Mineral
             Matter
             of
             the
             Globe
             not
             been
             held
             to
             its
             former
             Station
             ,
             but
             hurried
             about
             and
             transposed
             from
             place
             to
             place
             ,
             't
             is
             scarcely
             to
             be
             conceived
             how
             many
             and
             great
             Inconveniences
             it
             would
             have
             occasioned
             .
             The
             same
             likewise
             for
             Vegetables
             .
             Had
             the
             Seeds
             of
             the
             Pepper
             Plant
             ,
             the
             Nutmeg
             ,
             the
             Clove
             ,
             or
             the
             Cinnamon
             Trees
             ,
             been
             born
             from
             
               Iava
               ,
               Banda
            
             ,
             the
             Moluccoes
             ,
             and
             Ceylon
             ,
             to
             these
             Northern
             Countries
             ,
             they
             must
             all
             have
             starved
             for
             want
             of
             Sun
             :
             or
             had
             the
             Seeds
             of
             our
             colder
             Plants
             shifted
             thither
             ,
             they
             wou'd
             have
             been
             burnt
             up
             and
             spoil'd
             by
             it
             .
             But
             Things
             generally
             kept
             to
             their
             proper
             Places
             :
             to
             their
             old
             natural
             Soil
             and
             Climate
             ;
             which
             had
             they
             not
             done
             ,
             all
             would
             have
             been
             confounded
             and
             destroyed
             .
             'T
             is
             true
             ,
             the
             Vegetables
             ,
             being
             comparatively
             lighter
             than
             the
             ordinary
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             subsided
             last
             †
             ;
             and
             consequently
             
             lying
             many
             of
             them
             upon
             the
             Surface
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             those
             which
             were
             of
             considerable
             Bulk
             ,
             as
             the
             bigger
             sorts
             of
             Trees
             ,
             which
             had
             large
             and
             spreading
             Heads
             ,
             would
             lye
             with
             their
             Branches
             stretch'd
             up
             to
             a
             great
             height
             in
             the
             Water
             ,
             (
             and
             ,
             when
             that
             was
             withdrawn
             in
             the
             Air
             ‖
             ,
             )
             and
             so
             being
             very
             much
             in
             the
             Waters
             way
             ,
             when
             it
             began
             to
             depart
             and
             retire
             back
             again
             ,
             would
             be
             apt
             to
             be
             removed
             and
             driven
             forward
             along
             with
             it
             ,
             especially
             those
             which
             lay
             in
             such
             places
             where
             the
             Current
             happened
             to
             run
             strong
             .
             Accordingly
             we
             now
             find
             of
             these
             Trees
             in
             Islands
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             bleaker
             and
             colder
             Parts
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             where
             none
             now
             do
             ,
             or
             perhaps
             ever
             did
             ,
             grow
             *
             .
             And
             there
             they
             are
             of
             mighty
             use
             to
             the
             Inhabitants
             ,
             affording
             them
             a
             Supply
             of
             Timber
             which
             their
             own
             Country
             doth
             not
             yield
             ,
             and
             which
             they
             employ
             not
             only
             for
             Fewel
             ,
             which
             yet
             is
             much
             needed
             in
             those
             cold
             Countries
             ,
             but
             for
             Building
             likewise
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             Purposes
             ;
             whereas
             in
             the
             Places
             whence
             they
             were
             thus
             driven
             they
             would
             have
             been
             useless
             ,
             yea
             but
             an
             Incumberance
             ,
             and
             might
             be
             easily
             spared
             ,
             for
             as
             long
             as
             the
             Seeds
             
             remained
             behind
             ,
             lodged
             in
             a
             natural
             and
             agreeable
             Soil
             ,
             all
             was
             safe
             enough
             :
             they
             would
             soon
             vegetate
             ,
             and
             send
             forth
             a
             new
             Sett
             of
             Trees
             there
             ,
             so
             that
             't
             was
             not
             much
             matter
             what
             became
             of
             the
             Old
             ones
             .
             But
             to
             the
             Parts
             whereunto
             they
             were
             thus
             removed
             ,
             they
             are
             of
             great
             advantage
             .
             And
             ,
             which
             is
             in
             truth
             very
             remarkable
             ,
             and
             an
             Argument
             that
             there
             was
             something
             more
             than
             meer
             Chance
             in
             this
             Affair
             ,
             there
             are
             hardly
             any
             Countries
             that
             are
             destitute
             of
             Timber
             of
             their
             own
             growth
             ,
             which
             have
             not
             a
             very
             large
             Supply
             of
             these
             Stray-Trees
             ,
             if
             I
             may
             so
             call
             them
             .
             But
             to
             proceed
             .
             After
             that
             the
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             was
             once
             sunk
             down
             into
             its
             several
             Beds
             ,
             and
             well
             settled
             there
             ,
             the
             Mountains
             were
             cast
             up
             ,
             and
             the
             Springs
             and
             Rivers
             burst
             forth
             ,
             in
             such
             Numbers
             ,
             and
             at
             such
             Distances
             from
             one
             another
             ,
             in
             all
             Parts
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             as
             best
             answered
             the
             Necessities
             and
             Expences
             of
             each
             :
             and
             therefore
             undoubtedly
             in
             much
             the
             same
             Places
             that
             they
             were
             before
             the
             Deluge
             .
             All
             Things
             were
             so
             contrived
             and
             ordered
             in
             the
             re-sitting
             up
             the
             Globe
             at
             this
             time
             ,
             that
             they
             might
             best
             execute
             and
             perform
             each
             their
             
             several
             Ends
             and
             Offices
             .
             There
             were
             the
             same
             Measures
             taken
             ,
             and
             the
             same
             Process
             used
             in
             this
             Re-formation
             of
             it
             ,
             that
             were
             when
             't
             was
             first
             built
             :
             and
             much
             such
             an
             Earth
             arose
             out
             of
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             as
             at
             the
             Creation
             ,
             sprung
             out
             of
             Nothing
             ‖
             .
             But
             the
             Reader
             will
             more
             clearly
             discover
             all
             this
             ,
             with
             the
             Reasons
             of
             it
             ,
             if
             he
             give
             but
             himself
             the
             trouble
             to
             compare
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
               &
               seq
               .
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             pag.
             154.
             
               &
               seq
               .
               &
               Sect.
            
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2
             ,
             3
             ,
             &
             7.
             
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
             
               &
               Part
            
             6.
             
             Cons.
             9.
             
             This
             premised
             ,
             't
             would
             be
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             not
             strange
             should
             we
             find
             Paradise
             at
             this
             Day
             where
             Adam
             left
             it
             :
             the
             same
             Rivers
             :
             the
             same
             Face
             of
             the
             Ground
             :
             the
             same
             Metalls
             and
             Minerals
             ,
             that
             then
             there
             were
             .
             And
             I
             the
             rather
             Note
             this
             ,
             because
             I
             see
             there
             are
             some
             so
             earnest
             in
             quest
             of
             it
             .
             Learned
             Men
             have
             been
             now
             a
             long
             time
             a
             searching
             after
             the
             happy
             Country
             from
             which
             our
             first
             Parents
             were
             exiled
             .
             If
             they
             can
             find
             it
             ,
             with
             all
             my
             heart
             :
             and
             there
             have
             been
             some
             that
             have
             sought
             it
             with
             that
             Industry
             that
             I
             think
             they
             deserve
             it
             for
             their
             pains
             whenever
             they
             make
             the
             Discovery
             .
             
             To
             deal
             freely
             ,
             I
             am
             of
             opinion
             there
             's
             no
             part
             of
             the
             present
             Earth
             that
             does
             come
             up
             fully
             to
             the
             Mosaick
             Description
             of
             Paradise
             .
             The
             Country
             about
             Babylon
             ,
             or
             Bagdet
             ,
             bids
             fairest
             for
             it
             :
             and
             I
             am
             persuaded
             that
             it
             was
             thereabouts
             .
             But
             if
             so
             ,
             whoever
             shall
             compare
             this
             Country
             ,
             as
             now
             it
             stands
             ,
             with
             that
             Description
             ,
             will
             find
             that
             it
             sustained
             some
             Alterations
             from
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             perhaps
             more
             than
             any
             Part
             of
             the
             Earth
             besides
             .
             And
             there
             's
             an
             obvious
             Reason
             why
             it
             should
             .
             There
             was
             a
             Paradise
             before
             ,
             but
             was
             to
             be
             none
             after
             the
             Deluge
             .
             The
             Case
             was
             altered
             ,
             and
             the
             Reason
             of
             the
             thing
             ceased
             .
             So
             that
             all
             that
             denominated
             it
             Paradise
             ,
             and
             that
             distinguish'd
             it
             from
             the
             rest
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             was
             lop'd
             off
             by
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             and
             that
             only
             left
             which
             it
             enjoyed
             in
             common
             with
             its
             neighbour
             Countries
             .
             Upon
             the
             whole
             ,
             't
             is
             ,
             I
             think
             ,
             apparent
             that
             what
             I
             offer
             in
             this
             Discourse
             is
             so
             far
             from
             doing
             any
             Diskindness
             to
             the
             Cause
             these
             Gentlemen
             are
             ,
             and
             have
             been
             so
             long
             ,
             engaged
             in
             ,
             that
             it
             does
             them
             a
             real
             Service
             ,
             and
             helps
             them
             out
             with
             the
             main
             thing
             whereat
             they
             
             stuck
             :
             fairly
             solving
             all
             Difficulties
             in
             the
             Mosaick
             Relation
             of
             Paradise
             .
             Wherefore
             now
             to
             proceed
             to
             the
             last
             Head
             to
             be
             discuss'd
             ,
             the
             Vicissitude
             of
             Seasons
             ,
             Summer
             and
             Winter
             ,
             Hot
             and
             Cold
             ,
             in
             the
             Antediluvian
             World.
             
          
           
             And
             that
             there
             really
             was
             such
             a
             Vicissitude
             we
             need
             not
             go
             any
             further
             for
             proof
             than
             to
             the
             aforesaid
             Animal
             and
             Vegetable
             Bodies
             still
             preserved
             ;
             the
             general
             Tenour
             of
             them
             speaking
             it
             out
             so
             plainly
             as
             to
             leave
             no
             room
             for
             doubt
             .
             There
             are
             ,
             we
             know
             ,
             some
             sorts
             of
             Vegetables
             which
             consist
             of
             Particles
             very
             fine
             ,
             light
             ,
             and
             active
             :
             and
             which
             therefore
             require
             only
             a
             smaller
             degree
             of
             Heat
             to
             raise
             them
             *
             from
             out
             the
             Earth
             up
             into
             the
             Seeds
             ,
             Roots
             ,
             or
             Bodies
             of
             those
             Vegetables
             ,
             for
             their
             growth
             and
             nourishment
             .
             So
             that
             for
             the
             raising
             of
             these
             ,
             the
             Suns
             Power
             ,
             when
             only
             lesser
             ,
             is
             sufficient
             .
             And
             therefore
             they
             begin
             to
             appear
             in
             the
             earlyer
             Months
             ,
             in
             February
             and
             March
             ;
             when
             they
             first
             peep
             forth
             of
             the
             Ground
             :
             after
             a
             while
             they
             display
             themselves
             ,
             shewing
             their
             whole
             Tire
             of
             Leaves
             :
             then
             their
             Flowers
             :
             next
             their
             Seeds
             :
             and
             
             lastly
             when
             ,
             in
             the
             following
             Months
             ,
             April
             and
             May
             ,
             the
             Sun
             is
             further
             advanc'd
             ,
             and
             (
             to
             speak
             in
             the
             Phrase
             of
             the
             Vulgar
             ,
             which
             I
             choose
             all
             along
             for
             the
             sake
             of
             plainness
             )
             hath
             gained
             a
             greater
             strength
             ,
             the
             Heat
             becomes
             too
             powerful
             and
             boisterous
             for
             them
             ;
             it
             now
             mounting
             up
             the
             Terrestrial
             Matter
             with
             such
             force
             and
             rapidity
             ,
             that
             the
             Plants
             cannot
             assume
             that
             part
             of
             it
             which
             is
             proper
             for
             their
             Nourishment
             ,
             as
             it
             passeth
             through
             them
             ,
             nor
             incorporate
             it
             with
             them
             ,
             as
             before
             they
             were
             wont
             when
             it
             pass'd
             more
             gently
             and
             leisurely
             .
             Nay
             the
             Heat
             at
             length
             grows
             so
             great
             ,
             that
             it
             again
             dissipates
             and
             bears
             off
             those
             very
             Corpuscles
             which
             before
             it
             brought
             ;
             the
             Parts
             of
             these
             Plants
             being
             very
             tender
             ,
             as
             consisting
             of
             Corpuscles
             which
             are
             extremely
             small
             and
             light
             ,
             and
             therefore
             the
             more
             easily
             dissipable
             .
             So
             that
             then
             these
             Plants
             dye
             away
             ,
             shrink
             down
             again
             into
             the
             Earth
             ,
             and
             all
             ,
             save
             only
             their
             Roots
             and
             Seeds
             ,
             vanish
             and
             disappear
             .
             But
             when
             the
             Sun's
             Heat
             is
             thus
             far
             advanc'd
             ,
             't
             is
             but
             just
             come
             up
             to
             the
             pitch
             of
             another
             Sett
             of
             Vegetables
             ;
             
             and
             but
             great
             enough
             to
             excite
             and
             bear
             up
             the
             Terrestrial
             Particles
             ,
             which
             are
             more
             crass
             and
             ponderous
             .
             And
             therefore
             those
             Plants
             which
             consist
             of
             such
             ,
             begin
             then
             to
             shoot
             forth
             ,
             and
             display
             themselves
             .
             So
             that
             the
             Months
             of
             April
             and
             May
             present
             us
             with
             another
             Crop
             and
             Order
             of
             Plants
             .
             For
             the
             same
             reason
             also
             ,
             
               Iune
               ,
               Iuly
            
             ,
             and
             August
             go
             farther
             ,
             and
             exhibit
             a
             still
             different
             Shew
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             Face
             of
             Things
             .
             But
             when
             ,
             in
             the
             Months
             of
             September
             and
             October
             ,
             the
             Sun's
             Power
             is
             again
             diminish'd
             ,
             and
             its
             Heat
             but
             about
             equivalent
             to
             that
             of
             March
             and
             April
             ,
             it
             again
             suits
             the
             Plants
             which
             were
             then
             in
             season
             ,
             so
             that
             they
             many
             of
             them
             spring
             up
             afresh
             in
             these
             Months
             ,
             and
             flourish
             over
             a-new
             ,
             in
             like
             manner
             as
             before
             they
             did
             in
             those
             ;
             till
             being
             check'd
             by
             the
             Cold
             of
             the
             succeeding
             Winter
             ,
             the
             Sun
             being
             gone0off
             ,
             and
             having
             now
             no
             longer
             Power
             great
             enough
             to
             bring
             up
             and
             supply
             them
             with
             fresh
             Matter
             ,
             they
             presently
             begin
             to
             decline
             for
             want
             thereof
             ,
             and
             at
             length
             quite
             dwindle
             away
             and
             disappear
             ,
             untill
             the
             Arrival
             of
             the
             Spring
             Season
             ,
             when
             they
             take
             
             their
             Turns
             over
             again
             as
             formerly
             .
             Yea
             the
             more
             tender
             and
             frigitive
             Parts
             ,
             the
             Leaves
             ,
             and
             the
             like
             ,
             of
             many
             of
             the
             more
             sturdy
             and
             vigorous
             Vegetables
             ,
             Shrubs
             ,
             and
             Trees
             ,
             suffer
             the
             same
             Fate
             ,
             and
             fall
             off
             for
             want
             of
             the
             Supply
             from
             beneath
             ;
             those
             only
             which
             are
             more
             tenacious
             ,
             consistent
             ,
             and
             hardy
             ,
             enduring
             the
             Brunt
             ,
             and
             making
             a
             shift
             to
             subsist
             for
             the
             time
             without
             such
             Recruit
             and
             Reparation
             .
             'T
             is
             therefore
             ,
             we
             see
             ,
             most
             apparent
             that
             this
             Succession
             of
             Things
             upon
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Earth
             ,
             is
             purely
             the
             Result
             and
             Effect
             of
             the
             Vicissitude
             of
             Seasons
             :
             and
             is
             as
             constant
             and
             certain
             as
             is
             the
             Cause
             of
             that
             Vicissitude
             ,
             the
             Sun's
             Declination
             :
             so
             certain
             ,
             that
             were
             a
             Man
             kept
             for
             some
             time
             blindfold
             ,
             in
             such
             manner
             that
             he
             could
             have
             no
             Notice
             how
             the
             Year
             pass'd
             on
             ,
             and
             were
             at
             length
             turn'd
             forth
             into
             the
             next
             Field
             or
             Garden
             ,
             he
             would
             not
             need
             any
             other
             Almanack
             to
             inform
             him
             what
             Season
             of
             the
             Year
             it
             then
             was
             .
          
           
             But
             if
             instead
             of
             this
             Variation
             of
             Heat
             ,
             we
             suppose
             that
             there
             was
             an
             Equality
             or
             constant
             Temperature
             of
             
             it
             before
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             which
             is
             what
             the
             Theorist
             contends
             for
             ,
             the
             Case
             would
             be
             very
             much
             altered
             ,
             and
             that
             altogether
             for
             the
             worse
             .
             A
             Man
             can
             hardly
             at
             first
             imagine
             what
             a
             Train
             of
             ill
             Consequences
             would
             follow
             from
             such
             a
             Condition
             and
             Posture
             of
             Things
             ;
             of
             which
             't
             would
             not
             be
             the
             least
             that
             such
             a
             Mediocrity
             of
             Heat
             would
             deprive
             the
             World
             of
             the
             most
             beautiful
             and
             the
             most
             useful
             Parts
             of
             all
             the
             whole
             Creation
             :
             and
             would
             be
             so
             far
             from
             exalting
             the
             Earth
             to
             a
             more
             happy
             and
             Paradisiacal
             State
             ,
             which
             is
             what
             he
             brought
             it
             in
             for
             ,
             that
             't
             would
             turn
             it
             to
             a
             general
             Desolation
             ,
             and
             a
             meer
             barren
             Wilderness
             ,
             to
             say
             no
             worse
             .
             Such
             an
             Heat
             would
             be
             too
             little
             for
             some
             sorts
             of
             Vegetables
             ,
             and
             too
             great
             for
             others
             .
             The
             more
             fine
             and
             tender
             Plants
             ,
             those
             which
             will
             not
             bear
             a
             degree
             of
             Heat
             beyond
             that
             of
             April
             ,
             would
             be
             all
             burnt
             up
             ,
             and
             destroyed
             by
             it
             :
             whilst
             it
             could
             never
             reach
             the
             more
             lofty
             and
             robust
             ,
             nor
             would
             there
             be
             near
             Heat
             enough
             to
             ripen
             their
             Fruits
             and
             bring
             them
             to
             Perfection
             .
             Nothing
             would
             suit
             and
             hit
             ▪
             
             all
             ,
             and
             answer
             every
             End
             of
             Nature
             ,
             but
             such
             a
             gradual
             Increase
             and
             Decrease
             of
             Heat
             as
             now
             there
             is
             .
             I
             must
             not
             descend
             to
             the
             Animal
             World
             ,
             where
             the
             Inconveniences
             would
             be
             as
             many
             and
             as
             great
             as
             in
             the
             Vegetable
             :
             and
             such
             a
             Situation
             of
             the
             Sun
             and
             Earth
             as
             that
             which
             the
             Theorist
             supposes
             ,
             is
             so
             far
             from
             being
             preferable
             to
             this
             which
             at
             present
             obtains
             ,
             that
             this
             hath
             infinitely
             the
             Advantage
             of
             it
             in
             all
             respects
             .
          
           
             Be
             that
             how
             it
             will
             ,
             for
             I
             have
             no
             need
             to
             insist
             upon
             it
             ,
             but
             may
             take
             the
             thing
             in
             his
             way
             ,
             and
             suppose
             that
             such
             a
             Temperature
             would
             have
             all
             the
             happy
             Effects
             that
             he
             expects
             from
             it
             ;
             yet
             there
             is
             one
             very
             considerable
             Phaenomenon
             of
             the
             Vegetable
             Remains
             of
             
               that
               Earth
            
             ,
             which
             affords
             us
             a
             sure
             and
             plain
             Indication
             that
             there
             was
             not
             then
             any
             such
             Temperature
             .
             From
             these
             it
             clearly
             appears
             that
             there
             was
             the
             same
             Order
             and
             Succession
             of
             Things
             upon
             the
             Face
             of
             the
             Earth
             that
             there
             is
             at
             this
             time
             .
             Now
             this
             Succession
             being
             ,
             as
             we
             have
             seen
             ,
             caused
             meerly
             by
             the
             Variation
             of
             the
             Sun's
             Heat
             ,
             it
             must
             needs
             
             follow
             ,
             that
             there
             was
             then
             the
             same
             Variations
             of
             it
             ,
             and
             consequently
             the
             same
             Alternations
             of
             Seasons
             ,
             that
             now
             there
             is
             .
             Had
             there
             been
             an
             Equality
             of
             Heat
             ,
             if
             we
             grant
             that
             it
             could
             have
             produced
             all
             the
             Plants
             in
             Nature
             ,
             which
             't
             is
             impossible
             it
             ever
             should
             ,
             it
             must
             have
             done
             it
             indifferently
             and
             uncertainly
             .
             There
             could
             be
             no
             reason
             why
             they
             should
             flourish
             at
             any
             one
             set
             time
             rather
             than
             another
             ;
             that
             's
             peculiarly
             the
             Effect
             of
             the
             Sun's
             Variation
             .
             So
             that
             they
             must
             needs
             have
             been
             all
             in
             Confusion
             ,
             and
             this
             Succession
             of
             Things
             would
             have
             been
             quite
             overturned
             .
             The
             Plants
             which
             now
             appear
             in
             the
             most
             different
             and
             distant
             Seasons
             ,
             would
             have
             been
             all
             in
             Prime
             ,
             and
             flourishing
             together
             at
             the
             same
             time
             :
             so
             that
             they
             would
             have
             had
             February
             and
             
               May
               ,
               Iuly
            
             and
             September
             ,
             all
             in
             one
             Scene
             .
             Nay
             ,
             the
             several
             Individuals
             of
             the
             same
             kind
             must
             have
             been
             as
             greatly
             at
             odds
             :
             one
             arrived
             to
             Seed
             ,
             and
             that
             fully
             ripe
             ,
             and
             ready
             to
             shed
             ,
             whilst
             another
             was
             not
             so
             much
             as
             come
             to
             Flower
             ,
             but
             in
             as
             differing
             a
             State
             and
             Hue
             as
             can
             be
             .
             In
             brief
             ,
             there
             
             would
             have
             been
             all
             the
             Diversity
             ,
             Uncertainty
             ,
             and
             Disorder
             ,
             in
             the
             Vegetable
             Kingdom
             that
             can
             well
             be
             conceived
             .
             Which
             indeed
             is
             no
             more
             than
             what
             he
             freely
             owns
             :
             telling
             us
             that
             then
             
               Every
               Season
               was
               a
               Seed-time
               to
               Nature
               ,
               and
               every
               Season
               an
               Harvest
               .
            
             This
             is
             what
             he
             does
             ,
             and
             must
             grant
             :
             and
             this
             is
             as
             much
             as
             is
             needful
             for
             the
             overturning
             his
             Hypothesis
             .
             For
             the
             Vegetable
             Remains
             of
             that
             Earth
             say
             no
             such
             thing
             :
             they
             give
             not
             any
             the
             least
             Countenance
             to
             these
             Conjectures
             ,
             but
             the
             quite
             contrary
             :
             and
             these
             ,
             being
             many
             of
             them
             enclosed
             in
             very
             fine
             and
             close
             Stone
             ,
             are
             preserved
             to
             this
             day
             very
             curiously
             and
             entire
             to
             Admiration
             .
             By
             them
             we
             may
             easily
             judge
             how
             Things
             then
             stood
             .
             And
             there
             is
             so
             great
             an
             Uniformity
             ,
             and
             general
             Consent
             amongst
             them
             ,
             that
             from
             it
             I
             was
             enabled
             to
             discover
             what
             time
             of
             the
             year
             it
             was
             that
             the
             Deluge
             began
             †
             ;
             the
             whole
             Tenour
             of
             these
             Bodies
             thus
             preserved
             clearly
             pointing
             forth
             the
             Month
             
             of
             May
             ‖
             ;
             nor
             have
             I
             ever
             met
             with
             so
             much
             as
             one
             single
             Plant
             ,
             or
             other
             Body
             ,
             amongst
             all
             those
             vast
             multitudes
             which
             I
             have
             carefully
             viewed
             ,
             that
             is
             peculiar
             to
             any
             other
             Season
             of
             the
             Year
             :
             or
             any
             thing
             that
             happens
             earlier
             or
             later
             :
             any
             of
             them
             short
             ,
             or
             any
             further
             advanc'd
             in
             Growth
             ,
             Seed
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             ,
             than
             they
             now
             usually
             are
             in
             that
             Month
             ;
             which
             surely
             I
             must
             needs
             have
             done
             ,
             had
             there
             really
             been
             such
             an
             equality
             of
             Seasons
             ,
             and
             constant
             temperature
             of
             Heat
             as
             is
             imagined
             by
             the
             Theorist
             .
             There
             are
             some
             Phaenomena
             of
             the
             Animal
             Remains
             of
             
               that
               Earth
            
             which
             afford
             us
             more
             Arguments
             to
             the
             same
             purpose
             ,
             and
             those
             not
             less
             concluding
             than
             the
             others
             ;
             but
             these
             I
             shall
             wholly
             wave
             for
             the
             present
             ,
             there
             being
             indeed
             no
             occasion
             to
             make
             use
             of
             them
             here
             .
          
           
           
             I
             shall
             now
             only
             look
             a
             little
             into
             the
             Mosaick
             Archives
             ,
             to
             observe
             what
             they
             furnish
             us
             with
             upon
             this
             Subject
             ,
             and
             I
             have
             done
             ;
             for
             I
             perceive
             I
             have
             ,
             before
             I
             am
             aware
             ,
             much
             exceeded
             the
             Measures
             I
             design'd
             ,
             which
             on
             so
             copious
             a
             Subject
             't
             was
             hard
             not
             to
             do
             .
             Gen.
             1.14
             .
             
               And
               God
               said
               ,
               let
               there
               be
               LIGHTS
               in
               the
               Firmament
               of
               the
               Heaven
               ,
               to
               divide
               the
               Day
               from
               the
               Night
               :
               and
               let
               them
               be
               for
               Signs
               ,
               and
               for
               SEASONS
               ,
               and
               for
               Days
               and
               Years
               .
            
             This
             Passage
             ,
             we
             see
             ,
             does
             not
             at
             all
             favour
             the
             Opinion
             that
             there
             was
             no
             Variation
             of
             Seasons
             before
             the
             Deluge
             :
             so
             far
             from
             it
             ,
             that
             should
             a
             Man
             go
             about
             with
             never
             so
             set
             Study
             and
             Design
             to
             describe
             such
             a
             Natural
             Form
             of
             the
             Year
             as
             is
             that
             which
             is
             at
             present
             establish'd
             ,
             he
             could
             scarcely
             ever
             do
             it
             in
             so
             few
             Words
             again
             that
             were
             so
             fit
             and
             proper
             ,
             so
             full
             and
             express
             ;
             especially
             if
             ,
             by
             Signs
             ,
             in
             this
             place
             ,
             Months
             are
             intended
             ,
             for
             then
             we
             have
             here
             first
             the
             Year
             :
             and
             that
             subdivided
             into
             its
             usual
             Parts
             ,
             the
             four
             Quarters
             or
             Seasons
             ,
             the
             twelve
             Signs
             or
             Months
             ,
             and
             Days
             ;
             nay
             at
             the
             same
             time
             ,
             from
             the
             19th
             Verse
             ,
             we
             learn
             that
             this
             Establishment
             is
             ,
             within
             four
             
             days
             ,
             as
             old
             as
             the
             World.
             But
             further
             ,
             Gen.
             viii
             .
             21
             ,
             22.
             
             
               And
               the
               Lord
               said
               in
               his
               heart
               ,
               I
               will
               not
               again
               curse
               the
               ground
               ,
               —
               neither
               will
               I
               again
               smite
               any
               more
               every
               thing
               living
               as
               I
               have
               done
               .
               While
               the
               Earth
               remaineth
               ,
               Seed-time
               and
               Harvest
               ,
               and
               Cold
               and
               Heat
               ,
               and
               Summer
               and
               Winter
               ,
               and
               Day
               and
               Night
               ,
               shall
               not
               cease
               .
            
             This
             was
             pronounc'd
             upon
             
             Noah's
             Sacrificing
             ,
             at
             his
             coming
             forth
             of
             the
             Ark
             ,
             after
             the
             Deluge
             was
             over
             :
             and
             implies
             ,
             that
             there
             had
             indeed
             then
             lately
             been
             a
             mighty
             Confusion
             of
             Things
             ,
             for
             the
             time
             :
             an
             Interruption
             and
             Perturbation
             of
             the
             ordinary
             Course
             of
             them
             :
             and
             a
             Cessation
             and
             Suspension
             of
             the
             Laws
             of
             Nature
             :
             but
             withall
             gives
             Security
             and
             Assurance
             that
             there
             should
             never
             be
             the
             like
             any
             more
             to
             the
             End
             of
             the
             World
             :
             that
             for
             the
             future
             they
             should
             all
             run
             again
             in
             their
             old
             Chanel
             :
             and
             that
             particularly
             there
             should
             be
             the
             same
             
               Vicissitudes
               of
               Seasons
            
             ,
             and
             
               Alternations
               of
               Heat
               and
               Cold
            
             that
             were
             
               before
               the
               Del●ge
            
             .
          
           
             FINIS
             .
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Books
           Printed
           for
           
             Richard
             Wilkin
          
           at
           the
           King's-Head
           in
           S.
           
           Paul's
           Church-Yard
           .
        
         
           LEtters
           concerning
           the
           Love
           of
           God
           ,
           between
           the
           Author
           of
           the
           Proposal
           to
           the
           Ladies
           ,
           and
           Mr.
           
             Iohn
             Norris
          
           ;
           wherein
           his
           late
           Discourse
           ,
           shewing
           that
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           entire
           and
           exclusive
           of
           all
           other
           Loves
           ,
           is
           farther
           clear'd
           and
           justified
           ,
           Octavo
           .
        
         
           A
           Proposal
           to
           the
           Ladies
           for
           the
           Advancement
           of
           their
           true
           and
           greatest
           Interest
           .
           By
           a
           Lover
           of
           her
           Sex.
           Twelves
           .
           The
           Second
           Edition
           .
        
         
           A
           Vindication
           of
           the
           Truth
           of
           Christian
           Religion
           against
           the
           Objections
           of
           all
           Modern
           Opposers
           .
           
             By
             Iames
             Abbadie
          
           ,
           D.
           D.
           Octavo
           .
        
         
           A
           second
           Part
           of
           the
           Enquiry
           into
           several
           remarkable
           Texts
           of
           the
           Old
           and
           New
           Testament
           ,
           which
           contain
           some
           Difficulty
           in
           them
           :
           with
           a
           probable
           Resolution
           of
           them
           .
           The
           second
           Edition
           .
           Octavo
           .
        
         
           A
           Discourse
           concerning
           the
           Authority
           ,
           Style
           ,
           and
           Perfection
           of
           the
           Books
           
           of
           the
           Old
           and
           New
           Testament
           ;
           with
           a
           continued
           Illustration
           of
           several
           difficult
           Texts
           of
           Scripture
           throughout
           the
           whole
           work
           .
           Both
           by
           
             Iohn
             Edwards
          
           ,
           B.
           D.
           sometime
           Fellow
           of
           St.
           Iohn's
           College
           in
           
             Cambridge
             .
             Octavo
          
           .
        
         
           The
           Glorious
           Epiphany
           ,
           with
           the
           Devout
           Christians
           Love
           to
           it
           .
           The
           Second
           Edition
           .
           Octavo
           .
        
         
           Search
           the
           Scriptures
           .
           A
           Treatise
           shewing
           that
           all
           Christians
           ought
           to
           read
           the
           Holy
           Books
           ;
           with
           Directions
           to
           them
           therein
           .
        
         
           A
           Discourse
           concerning
           Prayer
           ,
           especially
           of
           frequenting
           the
           daily
           Publick
           Prayers
           .
           All
           three
           by
           the
           Reverend
           
             Sim.
             Patrick
          
           ,
           D.
           D.
           
        
         
           The
           Old
           Religion
           demonstrated
           in
           the
           Principles
           ,
           and
           described
           in
           the
           Life
           and
           Practice
           thereof
           .
           By
           
             I.
             Goodman
          
           ,
           D.
           D.
           The
           Second
           Edition
           .
           Twelves
           .
        
      
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A67007-e1380
           
             ‖
             
               I
               call
               those
               Fissures
               ,
               which
               distinguish
               the
               St●ne
               into
               Strata
               ,
            
             Horizontal
             
               ones
               ;
               and
               those
               which
               intersect
               these
            
             Perpendicular
             :
             
               not
               so
               much
               with
               respect
               to
               the
            
             present
             
               site
               of
               the
               Strata
               ,
               which
               (
               as
               I
               shall
               shew
               )
               is
               altered
               in
               many
               places
               ,
               as
               to
               its
            
             original
             
               situation
               ;
               concerning
               which
               ,
               see
            
             Part
             2.
             
             Consect
             .
             5.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             4.
             
             Consect
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Concerning
               these
            
             Conchitae
             ,
             Cochlitae
             ,
             
               &c.
               see
               Part
            
             4.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
               and
               Part
            
             5.
             
             Cons.
             5.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             4.
             
             Conf.
             2.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
        
         
           Notes for div A67007-e3690
           
             *
             Part
             5.
             
             Cons.
             1.
             &c.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             2.
             and
             Part
             5.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             2.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             &c.
             
          
           
             *
             Pag.
             29
             ,
             &c.
             supra
             ,
             and
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Cons.
               pag.
            
             28.
             and
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Part
             5.
             
             Cons.
             4.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Confer
               .
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2
             ,
             3.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Consect
             .
             1.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Confer
               .
               p.
            
             29
             .
             &c.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons●ct
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Conf.
               Conf.
            
             5.
             supra
             .
          
           
             G●n
             .
             vi
             .
             5.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Matth.
             xxiv
             .
             38.
             
          
           
             *
             Gen.
             vi
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             vi
             .
             11
             ,
             12.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Confer
               .
               Part
            
             6.
             
             Dis.
             3.
             
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             6.3
             .
          
           
             *
             Gen.
             vi
             .
             13
             .
             
               And
               behold
               I
               will
               DESTROY
               them
               with
               THE
               EARTH
               .
            
             And
             again
             ,
             at
             the
             Covenant
             made
             with
             Noah
             ,
             after
             the
             Deluge
             ,
             more
             distinctly
             Gen.
             ix
             .
             11
             .
             
               Neither
               shall
               all
               flesh
               be
               cut
               off
               any
               more
               by
               the
               waters
               of
               a
               flood
               :
               neither
               shall
               there
               any
               more
               be
               A
               FLOOD
               TO
               DESTROY
               THE
               EARTH
            
             ;
             the
             latter
             part
             whereof
             is
             render'd
             somewhat
             more
             expresly
             by
             the
             Septuagint
             
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
               〈◊〉
            
             i.e.
             
               And
               there
               shall
               not
               be
               any
               more
               a-Deluge
               of
               Water
               to
               destroy
               the
               WHOLE
               EARTH
               .
            
             And
             the
             vulg
             .
             Lat.
             
               Neque
               erit
               deinceps
               Diluvium
            
             dissipans
             terram
             ,
             i.
             e.
             Neither
             shall
             there
             be
             hereafter
             a
             Deluge
             to
             dissipate
             [
             or
             dissolve
             ]
             the
             Earth
             .
             And
             of
             this
             Dissolution
             of
             the
             Earth
             there
             was
             a
             Tradition
             amongst
             the
             Ancients
             ,
             both
             Iews
             and
             Gentiles
             .
          
           
             †
             Dr.
             Burnet
             .
             
               Theory
               of
               the
               Earth
            
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             2.
             supra
             .
          
           
             **
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             3.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Confen
               .
               p.
            
             55.
             &
             seq
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             6.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             2.
             
             Con●
             .
             7.
             
          
           
             
               Gen.
               iii.
            
             
          
           
             Gen.
             iv
             .
          
           
             *
             Conf.
             Rom.
             v.
             12.
             and
             1
             Cor.
             xv
             .
             21
             ,
             22.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Gen.
             ii
             .
             17.
             
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             v.
             5.
             
          
           
             *
             Gen.
             viii
             .
             20
             ,
             21.
             
          
           
             *
             Gen.
             ix
             .
             11.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Gen
             ix
             .
             25
             ,
             26
             ,
             27.
             
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             ii
             .
             5
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Consect
             .
             1.
             and
             Sect.
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2
             ,
             3
             
          
           
             †
             
               Confer
               .
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             12.
             
          
           
             *
             Moss
             is
             the
             Name
             used
             all
             over
             the
             North
             of
             England
             instead
             of
             Fen.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Cons.
            
             3.
             sup●a
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Confer
               .
               Part
            
             5.
             
             Consect
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             Heat
             and
             Fire
             
               differ
               but
               in
            
             degree
             :
             
               and
               Heat
               is
               Fire
               only
               in
               lesser
               quantity
               .
               Fire
               I
               shall
               shew
               to
               be
               a
               fluid
               consisting
               of
               Parts
               extremely
               small
               and
               light
               ,
               and
               consequently
               very
               subtile
               ,
               active
               ,
               and
               susceptive
               of
               Motion
               .
               An
            
             Aggregate
             
               of
               these
               Parts
               in
               such
            
             number
             
               as
               to
               be
            
             visible
             
               to
               the
               Eye
               ,
               is
               what
               we
               call
            
             Flame
             and
             Fire
             :
             
               a
               lesser
               ,
               thinner
               ,
               and
               more
               dispers'd
               Collection
               ,
            
             Heat
             and
             Warmth
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             10.
             infra
             .
          
           
             *
             Pag.
             47.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               pag.
            
             12●
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Confer
               .
               pag.
            
             125.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             2
             ,
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             8.
             
             Supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Conser
               .
               Cons.
            
             10.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             2.
             supra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Conf.
               Consect
            
             .
             13.
             infra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             14.
             infra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             2.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             *
             
               It
               is
               ind●e●
               by
               this
               very
               heat
               that
               their
               Water
               is
               borne
               unto
               them
               from
               our
               the
               Abyss
               .
            
             Vid.
             Cens.
             8.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             12.
             and
             13.
             supra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Pag.
               96.
            
             
          
           
             *
             Lib.
             1.
             c.
             9.
             to
             12.
             
          
           
             *
             AsPart
             2.
             
             Cons.
             4.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               As
               Part
            
             2.
             
             
               Cons.
               6.
            
             
          
           
             *
             
               Cons.
               8.
            
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons.
             5.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             6
             ,
             7
             ,
             8.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Cons.
            
             8.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             7.
             19.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Theory
               of
               Earth
            
             ,
             l.
             1.
             c.
             2.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Princ.
               Pbilos
            
             .
             1.
             4.
             
          
           
             *
             Gen.
             vii
             .
             20.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Conf.
               Sect.
            
             1.
             
             Cons.
             12.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             6.
             
          
           
             *
             Sect.
             1.
             
               supra
               .
               Cons.
            
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Confer
               .
               Part
            
             6.
             
             
               Sub
               finem
            
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Theory
               of
               the
               Earth
            
             .
             l.
             1.c.6.8
             .
             &c.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Vi●
               .
               pag.
            
             55.
             
               &
               seq
               .
               ut
               &
               pag.
            
             95.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             1.
             pag.
             68.
             
          
           
             †
             The
             Crystallized
             Bodies
             found
             in
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             are
             easily
             known
             from
             those
             which
             are
             lodged
             in
             the
             Strata
             ,
             even
             by
             one
             who
             did
             not
             take
             them
             thence
             ,
             or
             observe
             ▪
             them
             there
             .
             The
             former
             have
             always
             their
             Root
             ,
             (
             as
             the
             Iewellers
             call
             it
             )
             which
             〈◊〉
             only
             the
             Abruptness
             at
             that
             end
             of
             the
             Body
             whereby
             it
             adhered
             to
             the
             Stone
             ,
             or
             sides
             of
             the
             Intervalls
             ,
             which
             Abruptn●ss
             is
             caused
             by
             its
             being
             broke
             off
             from
             it
             .
             Those
             which
             are
             found
             in
             the
             Strata
             of
             Earth
             ,
             Sand
             ,
             or
             the
             like
             ,
             (
             having
             lain
             loose
             therein
             )
             are
             intire
             ,
             ●●d
             want
             that
             Mark
             of
             Adhesion
             :
             but
             those
             which
             are
             inclosed
             in
             Stone
             ,
             Marble
             ,
             or
             such
             other
             solid
             Matter
             ,
             being
             difficulty
             separable
             from
             it
             ,
             because
             of
             its
             Adhesion
             to
             all
             sides
             of
             them
             ,
             have
             commonly
             some
             of
             that
             Matter
             still
             adhering
             to
             them
             ,
             or
             at
             least
             Marks
             of
             its
             Abruption
             from
             them
             ,
             on
             all
             their
             sides
             ;
             wherein
             these
             differ
             from
             those
             found
             in
             the
             perpendicular
             Intervalls
             ,
             they
             adhering
             ,
             〈◊〉
             we
             have
             noted
             ,
             by
             only
             one
             end
             .
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             6
             .
             &c.
             infra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             2.
             infra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Consect
            
             .
             3.
             infra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vulgarly
               call'd
            
             Fungites
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Or
               rather
            
             Stagonitae
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             2.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             4.
             and
             5.
             infra
             .
          
           
             †
             Part
             2.
             
             Consect
             .
             2.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             5.
             
             Cons.
             1.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             
               Cons.
               11.
            
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             5.
             
             Cons.
             5.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Pag.
            
             174
             supra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Pag.
            
             174.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
             &
             6.
             and
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
               uti
               &
               Part
            
             4.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Ibid.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             4.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Cons.
            
             12.
             
             &
             13.
             infra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Pag.
            
             178.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Pag.
            
             178.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Confer
               .
               Consect
            
             .
             3.
             
             Pag.
             188.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             12.
             infra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             14.
             
             Infra
             .
          
           
             *
             Part
             3.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             †
             Ibid.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             and
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons.
             5.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             1.
             
             Pag.
             47.
             and
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             12.
             supra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             12.
             pag.
             139.
             
             &
             141.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Ib.
               pag.
            
             135.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Confer
               .
               Pag.
            
             202.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Pag.
            
             126.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Vid.
               pag.
            
             141.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               pag.
            
             203.
             supra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               pag.
            
             206.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
             
               &
               Part
            
             4.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Cons.
             5.
             &c.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Cons.
            
             1.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             Part
             5.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
             Pag.
             126.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Cons.
            
             2.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             Ibid.
             
          
           
             †
             Ibid.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Pag.
            
             172.
             
             
               &
               Pag.
            
             174.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons.
             4.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Ibid.
               Cons.
            
             9.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Confer
               .
               Pag.
            
             47.
             
               &
               seq
               .
               u●i
               &
               Pag.
            
             128.
             
               &
               seq
            
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Confer
               .
               Pag.
            
             47.
             
               &
               seq
               .
               u●i
               &
               Pag.
            
             128.
             
               &
               seq
            
             .
          
           
             *
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             3.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Pag.
            
             65.
             
             &
             66.
             supra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
             &
             3.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             4.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Those
               which
               consist
               of
               Spar
               ,
               Flint
               ,
            
             &c.
             
             
               I
               have
               considered
               above
            
             ,
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Vulgarly
             Pectinitae
             .
          
           
             †
             Which
             are
             much
             more
             violent
             in
             some
             Countries
             than
             in
             others
             .
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             4.
             
             Cons.
             14.
             pag.
             215.
             
          
           
             †
             Part
             1.
             
             Pag.
             49.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             13.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             2.
             pag.
             89
             ,
             90.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               Consect
            
             .
             5.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Confer
               .
               Cons.
            
             1.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             Part
             2.
             
             Cons.
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Theory
               of
               the
               Earth
               ,
               l.
            
             1.
             c.
             6.
             
               &
               l.
            
             2.
             c.
             3.
             
          
           
             ‖
             L.
             1.
             c.
             5.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Ibid.
               l.
            
             2.
             c.
             6.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Conf.
               Pag.
            
             84.
             
               &
               seq
            
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             1.9
             ,
             10.
             
          
           
             *
             L.
             1.
             c.
             7.
             
          
           
             †
             Vers.
             13.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Vers.
             21
             ,
             22.
             
          
           
             *
             Vers.
             28.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Pag.
            
             6.
             
             
               &
               Part
            
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Pag.
            
             26.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               pag.
            
             22.
             
             &
             23.
             supra
             .
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               pag.
            
             48.
             
             &
             156.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Part
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Pag.
             153.
             
             &
             154.
             
             The
             Theorist
             ,
             
               I
               know
               ,
               supposes
               both
               the
               Antediluvian
               and
               the
               present
               Earth
               to
               be
               of
               an
               Oval
               Figure
               ,
               and
               protended
               towards
               the
               Poles
               ,
               as
               thinking
               that
               such
               a
               Figure
               would
               afford
               him
               a
               Plane
               so
               much
               inclined
               towards
               the
               AEquator
               ,
               that
               the
               Rivers
               might
               flow
               upon
               it
               though
               there
               were
               no
               Mountains
               .
               But
               't
               is
               plain
               they
               could
               not
               .
               Nor
               are
               there
               any
               the
               least
               Grounds
               to
               believe
               that
               the
               first
               Earth
               was
               of
               that
               Figure
               .
               If
               he
               had
               had
               any
               thing
               that
               had
               look'd
               like
               a
               Proof
               of
               it
               ,
               he
               had
               done
               well
               to
               have
               produced
               it
               .
               But
               't
               is
               manifest
               though
               we
               imagine
               the
               Earth
               formed
               that
               way
               he
               proposes
               ,
               it
               would
               not
               have
               fallen
               into
               any
               such
               Figure
               .
               And
               for
               the
               present
               Earth
               ,
               't
               is
               of
               a
               Figure
               as
               different
               from
               that
               which
               he
               assigns
               as
               it
               well
               could
               be
               ;
               it
               being
               a
            
             Sphaeroides
             Prolatus
             ,
             
               as
               appears
               from
               the
               late
               Discoveries
               concerning
               it
               .
            
          
           
             *
             Gen.
             vii
             .
             19.
             
               &
               seq
            
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Part
            
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Conf.
               Pag.
            
             32.66.77
             .
             
               &
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             2.
             
             Cons.
             11.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Gen.
             i.
             20.
             
               &
               seq
            
             .
          
           
             *
             Pag.
             22
             ,
             23.
             
             
               Conf.
               Gen.
            
             i.
             11
             ,
             12
             ,
             21
             ,
             24
             ,
             25.
             &
             vi
             .
             20.
             
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             iv
             .
             22.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               Con●er
               .
               Gen.
            
             vii
             .
             23.
             
             &
             1
             Pet.
             iii.
             20.
             
          
           
             *
             Gen.
             ii
             .
             11
             ,
             12.
             
          
           
             ‖
             Vers.
             9.
             
          
           
             *
             Part
             2.
             
          
           
             †
             
               Confer
               .
               P●r●
            
             2.
             
             C●ns●ct
             .
             3.
             
          
           
             ‖
             
               In
               which
               Posture
               't
               is
               probable
               the
            
             Olive-Tree
             
               lay
               from
               which
               the
               Dove
               pluck'd
               off
               the
            
             Leaf
             
               that
               she
               brought
               unto
            
             Noah
             ,
             Gen.
             viii
             .
             11.
             
          
           
             *
             
               Conf.
               pag.
            
             113.
             supra
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Vid.
               pag.
            
             97.
             supra
             .
          
           
             *
             
               Vid.
               Par●
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             1.
             
             Cons.
             8.
             
             Pag.
             125.
             
          
           
             †
             Gen.
             vii
             .
             11.
             
             In
             the
             second
             Month
             ,
             the
             seventeenth
             day
             of
             the
             Month
             ,
             —
             were
             all
             the
             Fountains
             of
             the
             great
             Deep
             broken
             up
             ,
             and
             the
             windows
             of
             Heaven
             were
             opened
             .
             Moses
             ▪
             
               writing
               to
               the
            
             Jews
             
               his
               ▪
               Country-men
               ,
               makes
               use
               of
               the
               Form
               of
               the
               Year
               then
               received
               amongst
               them
               ,
               which
               was
               indeed
               the
               first
               and
               most
               ancient
               ,
               but
               had
               been
               disused
               during
               the
               time
               of
               their
               Abode
               in
            
             Egypt
             ,
             
               and
               but
               newly
               re-establish'd
               when
               this
               was
               wrote
            
             [
             Exod.
             xii
             .
             2.
             ]
             In
             this
             ,
             Nisan
             ,
             
               or
               ;
               as
               't
               was
               also
               call'd
               ,
            
             Adib
             
               was
               the
               first
               Month
               :
               and
            
             Ijar
             
               the
               second
               ,
               upon
               the
            
             17th
             day
             whereof
             thé
             waters
             of
             the
             Deluge
             came
             forth
             ,
             according
             to
             this
             Relation
             .
             And
             truly
             the
             time
             (
             which
             is
             not
             d
             little
             remarkable
             )
             falls
             within
             the
             Compass
             here
             chalk'd
             out
             by
             Nature
             so
             very
             punctually
             ,
             that
             one
             can
             scarcely
             forbear
             concluding
             that
             th●se
             Strokes
             and
             Lines
             of
             Nature
             ,
             and
             those
             of
             that
             Relation
             ,
             came
             both
             from
             the
             same
             Hand
             ;
             but
             this
             only
             by
             the
             by
             .
             The
             Particulars
             of
             the
             Computation
             I
             here
             use
             shall
             be
             given
             at
             fall
             elsewhere
             ,
             they
             being
             too
             bulky
             for
             this
             place
             .
          
           
             ‖
             
               Conf.
               Part
            
             3.
             
             Sect.
             2.
             
             Conf.
             5.