a true report of all the burials and christnings within the city of london and the liberties thereof, from the . of december, to the . of december whereunto is added the number of euery seuerall parish, from the . of iuly to the . of december, aswell within the citie of london and the liberties thereof, as in other parishes in the skirtes of the cittie, and out of the freedome adioyning to the cittie : according to the weekly reports made to the kings most excellent maiestie / by the company of parish clearks of the same citie. worshipful company of parish clerks. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc . estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a true report of all the burials and christnings within the city of london and the liberties thereof, from the . of december, to the . of december whereunto is added the number of euery seuerall parish, from the . of iuly to the . of december, aswell within the citie of london and the liberties thereof, as in other parishes in the skirtes of the cittie, and out of the freedome adioyning to the cittie : according to the weekly reports made to the kings most excellent maiestie / by the company of parish clearks of the same citie. worshipful company of parish clerks. broadside. printed by iohn windet, printer to the honourable city of london, [london?] : [ ] at head of title: . . imperfect: slightly faded. reproduction of original in the harvard university. library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng mortality -- england -- london -- statistics. london (england) -- history -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - pip willcox sampled and proofread - pip willcox text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion royal english blazon or coat of arms . . blazon or coat of arms of the city of london a trve report of all the bvrials and christnings within the city of london and the liberties thereof , from the . of december , to the . of december , . whereunto is added the number of euery seuerall parish , from the . of iuly , to the . of december , aswell within the citie of london and the liberties thereof , as in other parishes in the skirtes of the cittie , and out of the freedome , adioyning to the citie : according to the report made to the kings most excellent maiestie , by the company of parish clearks of the same citie .   buried in all . of the plague christnings . december ianuary ianuary ianuary ianuary february february february february march march march march march aprill aprill aprill aprill may may may may iune iune iune iune iune iuly iuly this weeke was the out-parishes brought in to be ioyned with the city and liberties .   buried in all of the plague christnings . iuly iuly august august august august september september september september september october october october october nouember nouember nouember nouember december december december december the totall of all that hath beene buried this yeare whereof of the plague christnings london within the walles .   buried in all . of the plague albones in woodstreet alhallowes lumberstreet alhallowes the great alhallowes the lesse alhallowes bredstreet alhallowes staynings alhallowes the wall alhallowes hony-lane alhallowes barking alphage at cripplegate androwes by the wardrope androwes eastcheape androwes vndershaft annes at aldersgate annes blacke fryers auntlins parish austines parish barthelmew at the exch. bennets at pauls-wharf bennets grace-church bennets finck bennets sherhogg buttols billingsgate christ church parish christophers parish clements by eastcheape dennis backe church dunstones in the east edmunds in lumbard-st . ethelborow within bishopsg . s. faithes s. fosters in fostar-lane gabriel fan-church george botolph lane gregories by paules hellens within bishopsg iames by garlike hithe iohn euangelist iohn zacharies iohns in the walbrooke katherines cree-church katherine colemans laurence in the iury laurence pountney leonards foster-lane leonards eastechape magnus parish by the bridge margrets new fishstreete margrets pattons margrets moyses margrets lothbery martins in the vintry martins orgars martins iremonger lane martins at ludgate martins outwich mary le booe mary botha●e mary at the hill mary abchurch ● mary woolchurch mary colchurch ● ● mary woolwich mary aldermans ●● mary alderman●●●●● mary staynings ● mary mount●●● mary sommersets mathew friday street maudlins milke street ● maudlins by oldfish street mighels bassie shawe mighels corne hill ● mighels in woodstreet mighels in the ryall mighels in the querne mighels queene-hithe mighels crooked lane mildreds poultry mildreds bredstreet nicholas acons nicholas cole-abbay nicholas olaues olaues in the iury olaues in hartstreet olaues in siluer street pancras by soperlane peters in cornchill peters in cheape peters the poore in broadst . peters at pauls wharf stephens in colymanstreet stephens in the walbrook swithins at london-stone thomas apostles trinity parish london without the wals , and within the liberties . androwes in holborn barthelmew the lesse smith barthelmew the great smith brides parish buttols algate bridewell precinct buttols bishops buttols without aldersg . dunstones in the west georges in southwarke giles without cripplegate olaues in southwark sauiours in southwarke sepulchers parish thomas in southwarke trinity in the minories out parishes adioining to the city . clemēts without templeb . giles in the fields iames at clarkenwel katherines by the tower leonards in shordich martins in the fields mary whitechappell magdalens in barmondsiy streete at the pest-house buried in all , within these . weekes . whereof , of the plague . printed by iohn windet , printer to the honourable city of london . [bill of mortality] approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc . estc s ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) [bill of mortality] city of london (england). broadside. s.n., [london : ] title devised from content of item. "from the [blank] to the [blank] [i.e. ?]." place and date of publication suggested by stc ( nd ed.). handwritten entry indicates bill covers the period dec. -dec. . reproduction of original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng mortality -- england -- london -- statistics. london (england) -- history -- th century. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images - judith siefring sampled and proofread - judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion from the to the   〈◊〉 albons woodstreet . alhallowes b●rk . alhallowes bredstr . alhallowes great , alhallows honilane alhallowes lesse alhall . lumbardstr . alhallows staining alhallowes wal alphage . andrew hubbard . andrew vndershaft . andrew wardrobe . anne aldersgate anne blacke-friers autholins parish austins parish barthol . exchange bennet fynch bennet gracechur bennet pauls whar . bennet sherehog . botolph billingsgat . christs church christophers clemēts eastcheap dionis backchurch dunstans east edmonds lūbardst . ethelborough faiths fosters gabriel fenchurch . george botolphlane gregories hellens iames garlickhith iohn baptist iohn euangelist iohn zacharie katherin coleman . katherin creechur . lawrence iewrie lawrence pountn . leonard eastcheap . leonard fosterlane . magnus parish margaret lothbury margaret moses . margaret newfish . margaret pattons mary abchurch mary aldermanbu .   〈◊〉 mary aldermarie mary bow mary bochaw mary colchurch mary hill mary mounthaw mary somerset mary staynings mary woolchurch mary woolnoth martins iremong . martins ludgate martins orgars martin outwitch martins vintre matthew fridaystr . maudl●ns milkstr . maudlin oldfishstr . michael bassithaw . michael cornehill michael crookedla . michael queenhith michael querne michael rial michael woodstreet mildred bredstreet . mildred poultrie nicholas acons nicholas coleabby . nicholas olaues olaues hartstreet . olaues iewrie olaues siluerstreet pancras soperlane peters cheape peters corne peters paulswharf . peters poore stephens coleman stephens walbrok . sloithens thomas apostle trinitie parish . bartholmew great bartholmew lesse . brides parish bridewell precinct . george southwark . tham. southwark . trinitie minories pest-house . parishes , standing part within the liberties and part without .   〈◊〉   londō midd. andrew holborne . botolph aldersgate botolph algare . botolph bishopsgate . dunstanes west . giles cripplegate . sepulchers .   londō surrey olaues southwarke sauiours southwarke . the nine out parishes .   midd. surrey clements templebarre giles fields iames clarkenwell katharine tower leonard shoreditch mary whitechappell martins fields . maudlins bermondsey sauoy parish . buried in london within the wals whereof of the plague . buryed without the wals within the liberties and the pest-house , whereof of the plague . the whole number in london and in the liberties whereof of the plague buryed of the plague without the liberties , in middlesex and surrey . christned in those places . buryed in the nine out parishes . whereof of the plague the totall of all the buryals this 〈◊〉 whereof of the plague christned in the . parishes parishes cleare . parishes infected . natural and political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the bills of mortality by john graunt ... ; with reference to the government, religion, trade, growth, ayre, diseases, and the several changes of the said city. graunt, john, - . approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing g estc r ocm this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) natural and political observations mentioned in a following index, and made upon the bills of mortality by john graunt ... ; with reference to the government, religion, trade, growth, ayre, diseases, and the several changes of the said city. graunt, john, - . petty, william, sir, - . [ ], , [ ] p. printed by tho. roycroft for john martin, james allestry, and tho. dicas ..., london : . errata: p. [ ] at end. attributed also to sir william petty. cf. c.h. hull, the economic writings of sir william petty. cambridge, . reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng mortality -- england -- london. london (england) -- statistics, vital. - tcp assigned for keying and markup - apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images - john latta sampled and proofread - john latta text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion natural and political observations mentioned in a following index , and made upon the bills of mortality . by john gravnt , citizen of london . with reference to the government , religion , trade , growth , ayre , diseases , and the several changes of the said city . — non , me ut miretur turba , laboro , contentus paucis lectoribus — london , printed by tho : roycroft , for john martin , james allestry , and tho : dicas , at the sign of the bell in st. paul's church-yard , mdclxii . to the right honourable john lord roberts , baron of truro , lord privie-seal , and one of his majestie 's most honourable privie council . my lord , as the favours i have received from your lordship oblige me to present you with some token of my gratitude : so the especial honour i have for your lordship hath made me sollicitous in the choice of the present . for , if i could have given your lordship any choice excerptions out of the greek , or latine learning , i should ( according to our english proverb ) thereby but carry coals to newcastle , and but give your lorship puddle-water , who , by your own eminent knowledge in those learned languages , can drink out of the very fountains your self . moreover , to present your lordship with tedious narrations , were but to speak my own ignorance of the value , which his majesty , and the publick have of your lordship's time. and in brief , to offer any thing like what is already in other books , were but to derogate from your lordship's learning , which the world knows to be universal , and unacquainted with few usefull things contained in any of them . now having ( i know not by what accident ) engaged my thoughts upon the bills of mortality , and so far succeeded therein , as to have reduced several great confused volumes into a few perspicuous tables , and abridged such observations as naturally flowed from them , into a few succinct paragraphs , without any long series of multiloquious deductions , i have presumed to sacrifice these my small , but first publish'd , labours unto your lordship , as unto whose benigne acceptance of some other of my papers , even the birth of these is due ; hoping ( if i may without vanity say it ) they may be of as much use to persons in your lordship's place , as they are of little or none to me , which is no more then the fairest diamonds are to the journey-man jeweller that works them , or the poor labourer that first dig'd them from the earth . for with all humble submission to your lordship , i conceive , that it doth not ill-become a peer of the parliament , or member of his majestie 's council , to consider how few starve of the many that beg : that the irreligious proposals of some , to multiply people by polygamy , is withall irrational , and fruitless : that the troublesome seclusions in the plague-time is not a remedy to be purchased at vast inconveniencies : that the greatest plagues of the city are equally , and quickly repaired from the country : that the wasting of males by wars , and colonies do not prejudice the due proportion between them and females : that the opinions of plagues accompanying the entrance of kings is false , and seditious : that london , the metropolis of england , is perhaps a head too big for the body , and possibly too strong : that this head grows three times as fast as the body unto which it belongs , that is , it doubles its people in a third part of the time : that our parishes are now grown madly disproportionable : that our temples are not sutable to our religion : that the trade , and very city of london removes westward : that the walled city is but a one fifth of the whole pyle : that the old streets are unfit for the present frequencie of coaches : that the passage of ludgate is a throat too straight for the body : that the fighting men about london , are able to make three as great armies as can be of use in this island : that the number of heads is such , as hath certainly much deceived some of our senatours in their appointments of pole-money , &c. now , although your lordship's most excellent discourses have well informed me , that your lordship is no stranger to all these positions ; yet because i knew not that your lordship had ever deduced them from the bills of mortality ; i hoped it might not be ungratefull to your lordship , to see unto how much profit that one talent might be improved , besides the many curiosities concerning the waxing , and waning of diseases , the relation between healthfull , and fruitfull seasons , the difference between the city and country air , &c. all which , being new , to the best of my knowledge , and the whole pamphlet , not two hours reading , i did make bold to trouble your lordship with a perusal of it , and by this humble dedication of it , let your lordship and the world see the wisdom of our city , in appointing , and keeping these accompts , and with how much affection and success i am my lord , your lordship 's most obedient , and most faithfull servant , john graunt . birchen-lane , january / . to the honourable , sir robert moray , knight , one of his majestie 's privie-council for his kingdom of scotland , and president of the royal society of philosophers , meeting at gresham-college , and to the rest of that honourable society . the observations , which i happened to make ( for i designed them not ) upon the bills of mortality , have fallen out to be both political , and natural , some concerning trade , and government , others concerning the air , countries , seasons , fruitfulness , health , diseases , longevity , and the proportions between the sex , and ages of mankinde . all which ( because sr. francis bacon reckons his discourses of life and death to be natural history ; and because i understand your selves are also appointing means , how to measure the degrees of heat , wetness , and windiness in the several parts of his majestie 's dominions ) i am humbly bold to think natural history also , and consequently , that i am obliged to cast in this small mite into your great treasury of that kinde . his majesty being not onely by antient right supremely concerned in matters of government , and trade , but also by happy accident prince of philosophers , and of physico-mathematical learning , not called so by flatterers , and parasites , but really so , as well by his own personal abilities , as affection concerning those matters , upon which accompt i should have humbly dedicated both sorts of my observations unto his most sacred majesty ; but to be short , i knew neither my work , nor my person fit to bear his name , nor to deserve his patronage . nevertheless , as i have presumed to present this pamphlet , so far as it relates to government , and trade , to one of his majestie 's peers , and eminent ministers of state : so i do desire your leave , to present the same unto you also , as it relates to natural history , and as it depends upon the mathematiques of my shop-arithmetique . for you are not onely his majesties privie council for philosophie , but also his great council . you are the three estates , viz. the mathematical , mechanical , and physical . you are his parliament of nature , and it is no less disparagement to the meanest of your number , to say there may be commoners as well as peers in philosophie amongst you . for my own part i count it happiness enough to my self , that there is such a council of nature , as your society is , in being ; and i do with as much earnestness enquire after your expeditious against the impediments of science , as to know what armies , and navies the several princes of the world are setting forth . i concern my self as much to know who are curatours of this or the other experiments , as to know who are mareschals of france , or chancellour of sweden . i am as well pleased to hear you are satisfied in a luciferous experiment , as that a breach hath been made in the enemy 's works : and your ingenious arguings immediately from sense , and fact , are as pleasant to me as the noise of victorious guns , and trumpets . moreover , as i contend for the decent rights , and ceremonies of the church , so i also contend against the envious schismaticks of your society ( who think you do nothing , unless you presently transmute mettals , make butter and cheese without milk ; and ( as their own ballad hath it , make leather without hides ) by asserting the usefulness of even all your preparatory , and luciferous experiments being not the ceremonies , but the substance , and principles of usefull arts. for , i finde in trade the want of an universal measure , and have heard musicians wrangle about the just , and uniform keeping of time in their consorts , and therefore cannot with patience hear , that your labours about vibrations , eminently conducing to both , should be slighted , nor your pendula , called swing-swangs with scorn . nor can i better endure that your exercitations about air should be termed fit employment onely for airie fancies , and not adequate tasks for the most solid , and piercing heads : this is my opinion concerning you , and although i am none of your number , nor have the least ambition to be so , otherwise then to become able for your service , and worthy of your trust : yet i am coveteous to have the right of being represented by you : to which end i desire , that this little exhibition of mine , may be looked upon as a free-holder's vote for the choosing of knights and burgesses to sit in the parliament of nature , meaning thereby , that as the parliament owns a free-holder , though he hath but fourty shillings a year to be one of them ; so in the same manner and degree , i also desire to be owned as one of you , and that no longer , then i continue a faithfull friend , and servant of your designs and persons , j. g. an index of the positions , observations , and questions contained in this discourse . . the occasion of keeping the accompt of burials arose first from the plague , anno , page . seven alterations , and augmentations of the published bills , between the years , and , pag. , , , , , , . reasons , why the accompts of burials , and christnings should be kept universally , and now called for , and perused by the magistrate , p. . a true accompt of the plague cannot be kept , without the accompt of other diseases , p. . the ignorance of the searchers no impediment to the keeping of sufficient , and usefull accompts , p. . that about one third of all that were ever quick die under five years old , and about thirty six per centum under six , p. . that two parts of nine die of acute , and seventy of two hundred twenty nine of chronical diseases , and four of two hundred twenty nine of outward griefs , p. . a table of the proportions dying of the most notorious , and formidable diseases , or casualties , p. . that seven per centum die of age , p. . that some diseases , and casualties keep a constant proportion , whereas some other are very irregular , p. . that not above one in four thousand are starved , p. . that it were better to maintain all beggars at the publick charge , though earning nothing , then to let them beg about the streets ; and that employing them without discretion , may do more harm , then good , pag. , . that not one in two thousand are murthered in london , with the reasons thereof , p. . that not one in fifteen hundred dies lunatick , p. . that few of those , who die of the french-pox , are set down , but coloured under the consumption , &c. pag. , . that the rickets is a new disease , both as to name , and thing ; that from fourteen dying thereof , anno , it hath gradually encreased to above five hundred anno , p. , , that there is another new disease appearing ; as a stopping of the stomach , which hath encreased in twenty years , from six , to near three hundred , p. . that the rising of the lights ( supposed in most cases to be the fits of the mother ) have also encreased in thirty years , from fourty four , to two hundred fourty nine , p. . that both the stopping of the stomach , and rising of the lights , are probably reliques of , or depending upon the rickets , p. . that the stone decreases , and is wearing away , p. . the gowt stands at a stay , p. . the scurvie encreases , p. . the deaths by reason of agues are to those caused by fevers , as one to fourty , p. . . abortives , and stilborn , to those that are christned are as one to twenty , p. . that since the differences , in religion the christnings have been neglected half in half , p. . that not one woman in an hundred dies in child-bed , nor one of two hundred in her labour , p. . three reasons why the registring of children hath been neglected , p. . there was a confusion in the accompts of chrysoms , infants , and convulsions ; but rectified in this discourse , p. . there hath been in london within this age four times of great mortality , viz. anno , , , and , whereof that of was the greatest , p. , annis , and , about a fifth part of the whole died , and eight times more then were born , p. . that a fourth part more die of the plague then are set down , p. . the plague anno lasted eight years , that in twelve years , but that in continued but one single year , p. . that alterations in the air do incomparably more operate as to the plague , then the contagion of converse , p. . that purples , small-pox , and other malignant diseases fore-run the plague p. . a disposition in the air towards the plague doth also dispose women to abortions , p. . that as about ⅕ . part of the whole people died in the great plague-years , so two other fifth parts fled , pag. , , which shews the large relation , and interest , which the londoners have in the country . ibid. . that ( be the plague great , or small ) the city is fully re-peopled within two years , p. . the years , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , were sickly years , p. . the more sickly the year is , the less fertile of births , p. . that plagues always come in with king's reigns is most false , p. . the autumn , or the fall is the most unhealthfull season , p. . that in london there have been twelve burials for eleven christnings , p. . that in the country there have been , contrary-wise , sixty three christnings for fifty two burials , p. . a supposition , that the people in , and about london , are a fifteenth part of the people of all england , and wales , p. . that there are about six millions , and an half of people in england , and wales , p. . that the people in the country double by procreation but in two hundred and eighty years , and in london in about seventy , as hereafter will be shewn ; the reason whereof is , that many of the breeders leave the country , and that the breeders of london come from all parts of the country , such persons breeding in the country almost onely , as were born there , but in london multitudes of others , p. . that about per annum come up to london out of the country , p. . that in london about three die yearly out of eleven families , p. . there are about twenty five millions of acres of land in england , and wales , p. . why the proportion of breeders in london to the rest of the people is less then in the country , p. . that in london are more impediments of breeding , then in the country , p. . that there are fourteen males for thirteen females in london , and in the country but fifteen males for fourteen females , p. . polygamy useless to the multiplication of man-kinde , without castrations , p. . why sheep , and oxen out-breed foxes , and other vermin-animals , p. . there being fourteen males to thirteen females , and males being prolifique fourty years , and females but twenty five , it follows , that in effect there be males to females , p. . the said inequality is reduced by the latter marriage of the males , and their imployment in wars , sea-voiage , and colonies , p. . physicians have two women patients to one man , and yet more men die then women , p . the great emission of males into the wars out of london anno was instantly supplyed , p. . castration is not used onely to meliorate the flesh of eatable animals , but to promote their increase also , p. . the true ratio formalis of the evil of adulteries , and fornications , p. . where polygamy is allowed , wives can be no other then servants , p. . that ninety seven , and sixteen parishes of london are in twenty years encreased from seven to twelve , and in fourty years from twenty three to fifty two , p. . the sixteen parishes have encreased farther then the ninety seven , the one having encreased but from nine to ten in the said fourty years , p. . the ten out-parishes have in fifty four years encreased from one to four , p. . the ninety seven , sixteen , and ten parishes have in fifty four years encreased from two to five . p. . what great houses within the walls have been turned into tenements , p. . cripplegate-parish hath most encreased , &c. p. . the city removes westwards , with the reasons thereof , p. . why ludgate is become too narrow a throat for the city , p. . that there be some parishes in london two hundred times as big as others , p. , . the natural bigness , and figure of a church for the reformed religion , p. , . the city of london , and suburbs , being equally divided , would make parishes , about the largeness of christ-church , blackfriers , or colmanstreet , p. . there are about teeming women in the ninety seven , sixteen , and ten parishes in , and about london , p. . that about three die yearly out of eleven families containing each eight persons , p. . there are about families within the walls of london , p. . the housing of the sixteen and ten suburb-parishes is thrice as big as that of the ninety seven parishes within the walls , p. . the number of souls in the ninety seven , sixteen , and two out-parishes is about p. . whereof are males , and females p. . a table shewing of quick conceptions how many die within six years , how many the next decad , and so for every decad till , p. . tables , whereby may be collected how many there be in london of every age assigned , p. . that there be in the , , and ten parishes near fighting men , that is , men between the ages of , and , p. . that westminster , lambeth , islington , hackney , redriff , stepney , newington , contain as many people as the parishes within the walls , and are consequently ⅕ . of the whole pile , p. . so that in , and about london are about fighting men , and in all , p. . adam and eve in years might have , by the ordinary proportion of procreation , begotten more people , then are now probably upon the face of the earth , p. . wherefore the world cannot be older then the scriptures represent it , p. . that every wedding one with another produces four children , p. . that in several places the proportion between the males and females differ , p. . that in ninety years there were just as many males as females buried within a certain great parish in the country , p. . that a parish , consisting of about inhabitants , had in years but more christnings , then burials , p. . there come yearly to dwell at london about strangers out of the country , which swells the burials about per annum , p. . in the country there have been five christnings for four burials , ibid . a confirmation , that the most healthfull years are also the most fruitfull , p. . the proportion between the greatest , & least mortalities in the country are greater then the same in the city , p. . the country air more capable of good , and bad impressions , then that of the city , p. . the differences also of births are greater in the country , then at london , p. . in the country but about one of fifty dies yearly , but at london one of thirty , over and above the plague , p. . london not so healthfull now as heretofore , p. . it is doubted whether encrease of people , or the burning of sea-coal were the cause , or both , p. . the art of making of gold would be neither benefit to the world , or the artist , p. . the elements of true policy are to understand throughly the lands , and hands of any country , p. . vpon what considerations the intrinsick value of lands doth depend , p. . and in what the accidental , p. . some of the few benefits of having a true accompt of the people , p. . that but a small part of the whole people are imployed upon necessary affairs , p. . that a true accompt of people is necessary for the government , and trade of them , and for their peace , and plenty , p. . whether this accompt ought to be confined to the chief governours , p. the preface . having been born , and bred in the city of london , and having always observed , that most of them who constantly took in the weekly bills of mortality , made little other use of them , then to look at the foot , how the burials increased , or decreased ; and , among the casualties , what had happened rare , and extraordinary in the week currant : so as they might take the same as a text to talk upon , in the next company ; and withall , in the plague-time , how the sickness increased , or decreased , that so the rich might judge of the necessity of their removall , and trades-men might conjecture what doings they were like to have in their respective dealings : . now , i thought that the wisdom of our city had certainly designed the laudable practice of takeing , and distributing these accompts , for other , and greater uses then those above-mentioned , or at least , that some other uses might be made of them : and thereupon i casting mine eye upon so many of the general bills , as next came to hand , i found encouragement from them , to look out all the bills i could , and ( to be short ) to furnish my self with as much matter of that kind , even as the hall of the parish-clerks could afford me ; the which , when i had reduced into tables ( the copies whereof are here inserted ) so as to have a view of the whole together , in order to the more ready comparing of one year , season , parish , or other division of the city , with another , in respect of all the burials , and christnings , and of all the diseases , and casualties happening in each of them respectively ; i did then begin , not onely to examine the conceits , opinions , and conjectures , which upon view of a few scattered bills i had taken up ; but did also admit new ones , as i found reason , and occasion from my tables . . moreover , finding some truths , and not commonly-believed opinions , to arise from my meditations upon these neglected papers , i proceeded further , to consider what benefit the knowledge of the same would bring to the world ; that i might not engage my self in idle , and useless speculations , but like those noble virtuosi of gresham-colledge ( who reduce their subtile disquisitions upon nature into downright mechanical uses ) present the world with some real fruit from those ayrie blossoms . . how far i have succeeded in the premisses , i now offer to the world's censure . who , i hope , will not expect from me , not professing letters , things demonstrated with the same certainty , wherewith learned men determine in their scholes ; but will take it well , that i should offer at a new thing , and could forbear presuming to meddle where any of the learned pens have ever touched before , and that i have taken the pains , and been at the charge , of setting out those tables , whereby all men may both correct my positions , and raise others of their own : for herein i have , like a silly schole-boy , coming to say my lesson to the world ( that peevish , and tetchie master ) brought a bundle of rods wherewith to be whipt , for every mistake i have committed . chap. i. of the bills of mortality , their beginning , and progress . the first of the continued weekly bills of mortality extant at the parish-clerks hall , begins the . of december , , being the first year of king james his reign ; since when , a weekly accompt hath been kept there of burials and christnings . it is true , there were bills before , viz. for the years , - , - . but so interrupted since , that i could not depend upon the sufficiencie of them , rather relying upon those accompts which have been kept since , in order , as to all the uses i shall make of them . . i believe , that the rise of keeping these accompts , was taken from the plague : for the said bills ( for ought appears ) first began in the said year . being a time of great mortality ; and after some disuse , were resumed again in the year , after the great plague then happening likewise . . these bills were printed and published , not onely every week on thursdays , but also a general accompt of the whole year was given in , upon the thursday before christmas day : which said general accompts have been presented in the several manners following , viz. from the year , to the year , inclusivè , according to the pattern here inserted . . . the generall bill for the whole year , of all the burials and christnings , as well within the city of london , and the liberties thereof , as in the nine out-parishes adjoyning to the city , with the pest-house belonging to the same : from thursday the . of december . . to thursday the . of december , . according to the report made to the king 's most excellent majesty , by the company of the parish-clerks of london . buried this year in the fourscore and seventeen parishes of london within the walls . . whereof , of the plague , . buried this year in the sixteen parishes of london , and the pest-house , being within the liberties , and without the walls , . whereof , of the plague . . the whole summ of all the burials in london , and the liberties thereof , is this year , . whereof , of the plague , . buried of the plague without the liberties , in middlesex , and surrey this whole year , . christned in london , and the liberties thereof , this year , . buried this year in the nine out-parishes , adjoyning to london , and out of the freedom , . whereof , of the plague . . the total of all the burials in the places aforesaid , is . whereof , of the plague . . christned in all the aforesaid places this year . parishes clear of the plague , . parishes that have been infected this year . . in the year , every parish was particularized , as in this following bill : where note , that this next year of plague caused the augmentation , and correction of the bills ; as the former year of plague , did the very being of them . . . a general , or great bill for this year , of the whole number of buria's , which have been buried of all diseases , and also of the plague in every parish within the city of london , and the liberties thereof ; as also in the nine out-parishes adjoyning to the said city ; with the pest-houfe belonging to the same . from thursday the . day of december , . to thursday the . day of december , . according to the report , made to the king's most excellent majesty , by the company of parish-clerks of london . london , bur. plag . albanes in woodstreet alhallows barking alhallows breadstreet alhallows the great alhallows hony-lane alhallows the less alhal in lumberdstreet alhallows stainings alhallows the wall alphage cripple-gate andrew-hubbard andrews undershaft andrews by wardrobe annes at aldersgate annes black friers antholins parish austins parish barthol at the exchange bennets fink bennets grace-church bennets at pauls wharf bennets sherehog botolps billings-gate christ's church parish christopher's parish clements by eastcheap dyonis black-church dunstans in the east edmunds lumberdstreet ethelborow in bishopsg st. faiths st. fosters in foster-lane gabriel fen-church george botolphs-lane gregories by pauls hellens in bishopsgatest . james by garlickhithe john baptist john evangelist john zacharies james duks place katherine coleman ratherine cree-church lawrence in the jewrie lawrence pountney leonards eastcheap leonards fosterlane magnus parish by bridge margarets lothbury margarets moses margarets new fishstreet margarets pattons mary ab-church mary aldermanbury mary aldermary mary le bow mary both●w mary colechurch mary at the hill mary mounthaw mary sommerset mary stainings mary woolchurch mary woolnoth martins ironmonger-lane martins at ludgate martins orgars martins outwich martins in the vintry matthew fridaystreet maudlins in milkstreet maudlins oldfish-street michael bassishaw michael corn-hill michael crooked-lane michael queenhithe michael in the quern michael in the ryal michael in woodstreet mildreds breadstreet mildreds poultrey nicholas acons nicholas cole-abby nicholas olaves olaves in hartstreet olaves in the jewry olaves in silverstreet pancras by soperlane peter in cheap peters in corn-hill peters at pauls wharf peters poor in broadstreet stevens in colemanstreet stevens in walbrook swithins at londonstone thomas apostles trinity parish buried within the . parishes within the walls of , all diseases . .   where of , of the plague .   . andrews in holborn bartholmew the great bartholmew the less brides parish botolph algate bridewel precinct bottolph bishopgate botolph aldersgate dunstanes the west georges southwark giles cripplegate olaves in southwark saviours in southwark sepulchres parish thomas in southwark trinity in the minories at the pesthouse buried in the parishes without the walls , standing part within the liberties , and part without : in middlesex , and surrey , and at the pesthouse .   whereof , of the plague   buried in the nine out-parishes . clements templebar giles in the fields james at clarkenwell katherins by the tower leonards in shorditoh martins in the fields mary white-chappel magdalens bermondsey savoy parish buried in the nine out parishes , in middlesex , and surrey   whereof , of the plague   the total of all the burials of all diseases , within the walls , without the walls , in the liberties , in middlesex and surrey : with the nine out parishes and the pest-house . . whereof , buried of the plague , this present year , is christnings this present year , is parishes clear this year , is parishes infected this year , is . in the year . the city of westminster in imitation of london , was inserted . the grosse accompt of the burials , and christnings , with distinction of the plague being only taken notice of therein ; the fifth , or last canton , or lined-space , of the said bill , being varyed into the form following , viz. in westminster this year , buried plague christenings . in the year . an accompt of the diseases , and casualties whereof any dyed , together with the distinction of males and females , making the sixth canton of the bill , was added in manner following . the canton of casualties , and of the bill for the year . being of the some forme with that of . the diseases , and casualties this year being . abortive , and stilborn affrighted aged ague apoplex , and meagrom bit with a mad dog bleeding bloody flux , scowring , and flux brused , issues , sores , and ulcers , burnt , and scalded burst , and rupture cancer , and wolf canker childbed chrisomes , and infants cold , and cough colick , stone , and strangury consumption convulsion cut of the stone dead in the street , and starved dropsie , and swelling drowned executed , and prest to death falling sickness fever fistula flocks , and small pox french pox gangrene gout grief jaundies jawfaln impostume kil'd by several accidents king 's evil lethargie livergrown lunatique made away themselves measles murthered over-laid , and starved at nurse palsie piles plague planet pleurisie , and spleen purples , and spotted feaver quinsie rising of the lights sciatica scurvey , and itch suddenly surfet swine pox teeth thrush , and sore mouth tympany tissick vomiting worms christened males buried males whereof , of the plague- females females in all in all increased in the burials in the parishes , and at the pesthouse this year decreased of the plague in the parishes , and at the pesthouse this year , . in the year , the accompt of the burials , and christnings in the parishes of islington , lambeth , stepney , newington , hackney , and redriff , were added in the manner following , making a seventh canton , viz. in margaret westminster christned buried plague islington christned buried plague lambeth christned buried plague stepney christned buried plague newington christned buried plague hackney christned buried plague redriff christned buried plague the total of all the burials in the seven last parishes this year whereof of the plague the total of all the christnings . covent garden being made a parish , the nine out-parishes were called the ten out-parishes , the which in former years were but eight . . in the year . the last-mentioned ten parishes , with westminster , islington , lambeth , stepney , newington , hackney , and redriff , are entered under two divisions , viz. the one containing the twelve parishes lying in middlesex , and surrey , and the other the five parishes within the city , and liberties of westminster , viz. st. clement-danes , st. paul's - covent-garden , st. martin's in the fields , st. mary-savoy , and st. margaret's westminster . . we have hitherto described the several steps , whereby the bills of mortality are come up to their present state ; we come next to shew how they are made , and composed , which is in this manner , viz. when any one dies , then , either by tolling , or ringing of a bell , or by bespeaking of a grave of the sexton , the same is known to the searchers , corresponding with the said sexton . . the searchers hereupon ( who are antient matrons , sworn to their office ) repair to the place , where the dead corps lies , and by view of the same , and by other enquiries , they examine by what disease , or casualty the corps died . hereupon they make their report to the parish-clerk , and he , every tuesday night , carries in an accompt of all the burials , and christnings , hapning that week , to the clerk of the hall. on wednesday the general accompt is made up , and printed , and on thursdays published , and dispersed to the several families , who will pay four shillings per annum for them . . memorandum , that although the general yearly bills have been set out in the several varieties aforementioned , yet the original entries in the hall-books were as exact in the very first year as to all particulars , as now ; and the specifying of casualties and diseases , was probably more . cap. ii. general observations upon the casualties . in my discourses upon these bills i shall first speak of the casualties , then give my observations with reference to the places , and parishes comprehended in the bills ; and next of the years , and seasons . . there seems to be good reason , why the magistrate should himself take notice of the numbers of burials , and christnings , viz. to see , whether the city increase or decrease in people ; whether it increase proportionably with the rest of the nation ; whether it be grown big enough , or too big , &c. but why the same should be made known to the people , otherwise then to please them as with a curiosity , i see not . . nor could i ever yet learn ( from the many i have asked , and those not of the least sagacity ) to what purpose the distinction between males and females is inserted , or at all taken notice of ; or why that of marriages was not equally given in ? nor is it obvious to every body , why the accompt of casualties ( whereof we are now speaking ) is made ? the reason , which seems most obvious for this latter , is , that the state of health in the city may at all times appear . . now it may be objected , that the same depends most upon the accompts of epidemical diseases , and upon the chief of them all , the plague ; wherefore the mention of the rest seems onely matter of curiosity . . but to this we answer ; that the knowledg even of the numbers , which die of the plague , is not sufficiently deduced from the meer report of the searchers , which onely the bills afford ; but from other ratiocinations , and comparings of the plague with some other casualties . . for we shall make it probable , that in years of plague a quarter part more dies of that disease then are set down ; the same we shall also prove by the other casualties . wherefore , if it be necessary to impart to the world a good accompt of some few casualties , which since it cannot well be done without giving an accompt of them all , then is our common practise of so doing very apt , and rational . . now , to make these corrections upon the perhaps , ignorant , and careless searchers reports , i considered first of what authority they were in themselves , that is , whether any credit at all were to be given to their distinguishments : and finding that many of the casualties were but matter of sense , as whether a childe were abortive , or stilborn ; whether men were aged , that is to say , above sixty years old , or thereabouts , when they died , without any curious determination , whether such aged persons died purely of age , as for that the innate heat was quite extinct , or the radical moisture quite dried up ( for i have heard some candid physicians complain of the darkness , which themselves were in hereupon ) i say , that these distinguishments being but matter of sense , i concluded the searchers report might be sufficient in the case . . as for consumptions , if the searchers do but truly report ( as they may ) whether the dead corps were very lean , and worn away , it matters not to many of our purposes , whether the disease were exactly the same , as physicians define it in their books . moreover , in case a man of seventy five years old died of a cough ( of which had he been free , he might have possibly lived to ninety ) i esteem it little errour ( as to many of our purposes ) if this person be , in the table of casualties , reckoned among the aged , and not placed under the title of coughs . . in the matter of infants i would desire but to know clearly , what the searchers mean by infants , as whether children that cannot speak , as the word infans seems to signifie , or children under two or three years old , although i should not be satisfied , whether the infant died of winde , or of teeth , or of the convulsion , &c. or were choak'd with phlegm , or else of teeth , convulsion , and scowring , apart , or together , which , they say , do often cause one another : for , i say , it is somewhat , to know how many die usually before they can speak , or how many live past any assigned number of years . . i say , it is enough , if we know from the searchers but the most predominant symptomes ; as that one died of the head-ache , who was sorely tormented with it , though the physicians were of opinion , that the disease was in the stomach . again , if one died suddenly , the matter is not great , whether it be reported in the bills , suddenly , apoplexie , or planet-strucken , &c. . to conclude , in many of these cases the searchers are able to report the opinion of the physician , who was with the patient , as they receive the same from the friends of the defunct , and in very many cases , such as drowning , scalding , bleeding , vomiting , making-away them selves , lunatiques , sores , small-pox , &c. their own senses are sufficient , and the generality of the world , are able prettie well to distinguish the gowt , stone , dropsie , falling-sickness , palsie , agues , plurisy , rickets , &c. one from another . . but now as for those casualties , which are aptest to be confounded , and mistaken , i shall in the ensuing discourse presume to touch upon them so far , as the learning of these bills hath enabled me . . having premised these general advertisements , our first observation upon the casualties shall be , that in twenty years there dying of all diseases and casualties , . that . dyed of the thrush , convulsion , rickets , teeth , and worms ; and as abortives , chrysomes , infants , liver-grown , and overlaid ; that is to say , that about ⅓ . of the whole died of those diseases , which we guess did all light upon children under four or five years old . . there died also of the small-pox , swine-pox , and measles , and of worms without convulsions , . of which number we suppose likewise , that about ½ . might be children under six years old . now , if we consider that . of the said thousand died of that extraordinary and grand casualty the plague , we shall finde that about thirty six per centum of all quick conceptions , died before six years old . . the second observation is ; that of the said . dying of all diseases , there died of acute diseases ( the plague excepted ) but about . or / parts . the which proportion doth give a measure of the state , and disposition of this climate , and air , as to health , these acute , and epidemical diseases happening suddenly , and vehemently , upon the like corruptions , and alterations in the air. . the third observation is , that of the said . thousand about . died of chronical diseases , which shews ( as i conceive ) the state , and disposition of the country ( including as well it 's food , as air ) in reference to health , or rather to longaevity : for as the proportion of acute and epidemical diseases shews the aptness of the air to suddain and vehement impressions , so the chronical diseases shew the ordinary temper of the place , so that upon the proportion of chronical diseases seems to hang the judgment of the fitness of the country for long life . for , i conceive , that in countries subject to great epidemical sweeps men may live very long , but where the proportion of the chronical distempers is great , it is not likely to be so ; because men being long sick , and alwayes sickly , cannot live to any great age , as we see in several sorts of metal-men , who although they are less subject to acute diseases then others , yet seldome live to be old , that is , not to reach unto those years , which david saies is the age of man. . the fourth observation is ; that of the said . not . died of outward griefs , as of cancers , fistulaes , sores , vlcers , broken and bruised limbs , impostumes , itch , king's-evil , leprosie , scald-head , swine-pox , wens , &c. viz. not one in . . in the next place , whereas many persons live in great fear , and apprehension of some of the more formidable , and notorious diseases following ; i shall onely set down how many died of each : that the respective numbers , being compared with the total , those persons may the better understand the hazard they are in . table of notorious diseases . apoplex cut of the stone falling sickness dead in the streets gowt head-ach jaundice lethargy leprosy lunatique overlaid , and starved palsy rupture stone and strangury sciatica sodainly table of casualties . bleeding burnt , and scalded drowned excessive drinking frighted grief hanged themselves kil'd by several accidents murthered poysoned smothered shot starved vomiting . in the foregoing observations we ventured to make a standard of the healthfulness of the air from the proportion of acute and epidemical diseases , and of the wholesomeness of the food from that of the chronical . yet , forasmuch as neither of them alone do shew the longaevity of the inhabitants , we shall in the next place come to the more absolute standard , and correction of both , which is the proportion of the aged , viz. to the total . that is of about . to . or . per cent. onely the question is , what number of years the searchers call aged , which i conceive must be the same , that david calls so , viz. . for no man can be said to die properly of age , who is much less : it follows from hence , that if in any other country more then seven of the live beyond . such country is to be esteemed more healthfull then this of our city . . before we speak of particular casualties , we shall observe , that among the several casualties some bear a constant proportion unto the whole number of burials ; such are chronical diseases , and the diseases , whereunto the city is most subject ; as for example , consumptions , dropsies , jaundice , gowt , stone , palsie , seurvy , rising of the lights , or mother , rickets , aged , agues , feavers , bloody-flux , and scowring : nay some accidents , as grief , drowning , men's making away themselves , and being kil'd by several accidents , &c. do the like , whereas epidemical , and malignant diseases , as the plague , purples , spotted-feaver , small-pox , and measles do not keep that equality , so as in some years , or moneths , there died ten times as many as in others . chap. iii. of particular casualties . . my first observation is , that few are starved . this appears , for that of the which have died , we find not above fifty one to have been starved , excepting helpless infants at nurse , which being caused rather by carelesness , ignorance , and infirmity of the milch-women , is not properly an effect , or sign of want of food in the countrey , or of means to get it . . the observation , which i shall add hereunto , is , that the vast numbers of beggars , swarming up and down this city , do all live , and seem to be most of them healthy and strong ; whereupon i make this question , whether , since they do all live by begging , that is , without any kind of labour ; it were not better for the state to keep them , even although they earned nothing ; that so they might live regularly , and not in that debauchery , as many beggars do ; and that they might be cured of their bodily impotencies , or taught to work , &c. each according to his condition , and capacity ; or by being employed in some work ( not better undone ) might be accustomed , and fitted for labour . . to this some may object ; that beggars are now maintained by voluntary contributions , whereas in the other way the same must be done by a general tax ; and consequently , the objects of charity would be removed , and taken away . . to which we answer ; that in holland , although no where fewer beggars appear to charm up commiseration in the credulous , yet no where is there greater , or more frequent charity : onely indeed the magistrate is both the beggar , and the disposer of what is gotten by begging ; so as all givers have a moral certainty , that their charity shall be well applied . . moreover , i question ; whether what we give to a wretch , that shews us lamentable sores , and mutilations , be always out of the purest charity ? that is , purely for god's sake ; for as much as when we see such objects , we then feel in our selves a kinde of pain , and passion by consent ; of which we ease our selves , when we think we have eased them , with whom we sympathized : or else we bespeak aforehand the like commiseration in others towards our selves , when we shall ( as we fear we may ) fall into the like distress . . we have said , 't were better the publick should keep the beggars , though they earned nothing , &c. but most men will laugh to hear us suppose , that any able to work ( as indeed most beggars are , in one kind of measure , or another ) should be kept without earning any thing . but we answer , that if there be but a certain proportion of work to be done ; and that the same be already done by the not-beggars ; then to employ the beggars about it , will but transfer the want from one hand to another ; nor can a learner work so cheap as a skilfull practised artist can . as for example , a practised spinner shall spin a pound of wool worth two shillings for six pence ; but a learner , undertaking it for three pence , shall make the wool indeed into yarn , but not worth twelve pence . . this little hint is the model of the greatest work in the world , which is the making england as considerable for trade as holland ; for there is but a certain proportion of trade in the world , and holland is prepossessed of the greater part of it , and is thought to have more skill , and experience to manage it : wherefore , to bring england into holland's condition , as to this particular , is the same , as to send all the beggars about london into the west-countrey to spin , where they shall onely spoil the clothiers wool , and beggar the present spinners at best ; but , at worst , put the whole trade of the countrey to a stand , untill the hollander , being more ready for it , have snapt that with the rest . . my next observation is ; that but few are murthered , viz. not above of the . which have died of other diseases , and casualties ; whereas in paris few nights scape without their tragedie . . the reasons of this we conceive to be two : one is the government , and guard of the city by citizens themselves , and that alternately . no man settling into a trade for that employment . and the other is , the natural , and customary abhorrence of that in humane crime , and all bloodshed by most englishmen : for of all that are executed few are for murther . besides the great and frequent revolutions , and changes of government since the year , have been with little bloodshed ; the vsurpers themselves having executed few in comparison , upon the accompt of disturbing their innovations . . in brief , when any dead body is found in england , no algebraist , or vncipherer of letters , can use more subtile suppositions , and varietie of conjectures to finde out the demonstration , or cipher ; then every common unconcerned person doth to finde out the murtherers , and that for ever , untill it be done . . the lunaticks are also but few , viz. in . though i fear many more then are set down in our bills , few being entred for such , but those who die at bedlam ; and there all seem to die of their lunacie , who died lunaticks ; for there is much difference in computing the number of lunaticks , that die ( though of fevers , and all other diseases , unto which lunacie is no supersedeas ) and those , that die by reason of their madness . . so that , this casualty being so uncertain , i shall not force my self to make any inference from the numbers , and proportions we finde in our bills concerning it : onely i dare ensure any man at this present , well in his wits , for one in the thousand , that he shall not die a lunatick in bedlam , within these seven years , because i finde not above one in about one thousand five hundred have done so . . the like use may be made of the accompts of men , that made away themselves , who are another sort of mad-men , that think to ease themselves of pain by leaping into hell ; or else are yet more mad , so as to think there is no such place ; or that men may go to rest by death , though they die in self-murther , the greatest sin. . we shall say nothing of the numbers of those , that have been drowned , killed by falls from scaffolds , or by carts running over them , &c. because the same depends upon the casual trade , and employment of men , and upon matters , which are but circumstantial to the seasons , and regions we live in ; and affords little of that science , and certainty we aim at . . we finde one casualty in our bills , of which though there be daily talk , there is little effect , much like our abhorrence of toads , and snakes , as most poisonous creatures , whereas few men dare say upon their own knowledge , they ever found harm by either ; and this casualty is the french-pox , gotten , for the most part , not so much by the intemperate use of venery ( which rather causeth the gowt ) as of many common women . . i say , the bills of mortality would take off these bars , which keep some men within bounds , as to these extravagancies : for in the afore-mentioned we finde not above to haved died of the pox. now , forasmuch as it is not good to let the world be lulled into a security , and belief of impunity by our bills , which we intend shall not be onely as death's-heads to put men in minde of their mortality , but also as mercurial statues to point out the most dangerous ways , that lead us into it , and misery . we shall therefore shew , that the pox is not as the toads , and snakes afore-mentioned , but of a quite contrary nature , together with the reason , why it appears otherwise . . forasmuch as by the ordinary discourse of the world it seems a great part of men have , at one time , or other , had some species of this disease , i wondering why so few died of it , especially because i could not take that to be so harmless , where of so many complained very fiercely ; upon inquiry i found that those who died of it out of the hospitals ( especially that of king's-land , and the lock in southwark ) were returned of vlcers , and sores . and in brief i found , that all mentioned to die of the french-pox were retured by the clerks of saint giles's , and saint martin's in the fields onely ; in which place i understood that most of the vilest , and most miserable houses of uncleanness were : from whence i concluded , that onely hated persons , and such , whose very noses were eaten of , were reported by the searchers to have died of this too frequent maladie . . in the next place , it shall be examined under what name , or casualtie , such as die of these diseases are brought in : i say , under the consumption : forasmuch , as all dying thereof die so emaciated and lean ( their vlcers disappearing upon death ) that the old-women searchers after the mist of a cup of ale , and the bribe of a two-groat fee , instead of one , given them , cannot tell whether this emaciation , or leanness were from a phthisis , or from an hectick fever , atrophy , &c. or from an infection of the spermatick parts , which in length of time , and in various disguises hath at last vitiated the habit of the body , and by disabling the parts to digest their nourishment brought them to the condition of leanness above mentioned . . my next observation is , that of the rickets we finde no mention among the casualties ; untill the year . and then but of for that whole year . . now the question is , whether that disease did first appear about that time ; or whether a disease , which had been long before , did then first receive its name ? . to clear this difficulty out of the bills ( for i dare venture on no deeper arguments : ) i enquired what other casualties before the year , named in the bills , was most like the rickets ; and found , not onely by pretenders to know it , but also from other bills , that liver-grown was the nearest . for in some years i finde liver-grown , spleen , and rickets , put all together , by reson ( as i conceive ) of their likeness to each other . hereupon i added the liver-growns of the year , viz. , to the rickets of the same year , viz. . making in all . which total , as also the number . it self , i compared with the liver-grown of the precedent year , , viz. . all which shewed me , that the rickets was a new disease over and above . . now , this being but a faint argument , i looked both forwards and backwards , and found , that in the year , when no rickets appeared , there was but liver-growns ; and in the year . there was liver-grown , although there were also of the rickets : onely this is not to be denyed , that when the rickets grew very numerous ( as in the year , viz. to be . ) then there appeared not above of liver-grown . . in the year were rickets , and liver-grown . in the year , were rickets , and liver-grown . now , though it be granted that these diseases were confounded in the judgment of the nurses , yet it is most certain , that the liver-grown did never but once , viz. anno , exceed . whereas anno , liver-grown , and rickets were . . it is also to be observed , that the rickets were never more numerous then now , and that they are still increasing ; for anno , there was but , next year , next after that . and so forwards , with some little starting backwards in some years , untill the year , which produced the greatest of all . . now , such backstartings seem to be universal in all things ; for we do not onely see in the progressive motion of the wheels of watches , and in the rowing of boats , that there is a little starting , or jerking backwards between every step forwards , but also ( if i am not much deceived ) there appeared the like in the motion of the moon , which in the long telescopes at gresham-college one may sensibly discern . . there seems also to be another new disease , called by our bills the stopping of the stomack , first mentioned in the year , the which malady from that year to , increased but from to ; anno it came to be . in , to . in , to . now these proportions far exceeding the difference of proportion generally arising from the increase of inhabitants , and from the resort of advenae to the city , shews there is some new disease , which appeareth to the vulgar as a stopping of the stomach . . hereupon i apprehended , that this stopping might be the green-sickness , for as much as i finde few , or none , to have been returned upon that accompt , although many be visibly stained with it . now whether the same be forborn out of shame , i know not ? for since the world believes , that marriage cures it , it may seem indeed a shame , that any maid should die uncured , when there are more males then females , that is , an overplus of husbands to all that can be wives . . in the next place i conjectured , that this stopping of the stomach might be the mother , for as much as i have heard of many troubled with mother-fits ( as they call them ) although few returned to have died of them ; which conjecture , if it be true , we may then safely say , that the mother-fits have also increased . . but i was somewhat taken off from thinking this stopping of the stomach to be the mother , because i guessed rather the rising of the lights might be it . for i remembred that some women , troubled with the mother-fits , did complain of a choaking in their throats . now as i understand , it is more conceivable , that the lights , ot lungs ( which i have heard called the bellows of the body ) not blowing , that is , neither venting out , nor taking in breath , might rather cause such a choaking , then that the mother should rise up thither , and do it . for me-thinks , when a woman is with childe , there is a greater rising , and yet no such fits at all . . but what i have said of the rickets , and stopping of the stomach , i do in some measure say of the rising of the lights also , viz. that these risings ( be they what they will ) have increased much above the general proportion ; for in there was but , and in , , viz. almost six times as many . . now for as much as rickets appear much in the over-growing of childrens livers , and spleons ( as by the bills may appear ) which surely may cause stopping of the stomach by squeezing , and crowding upon that part . and for as much as these choakings , or risings of the lights may proceed from the same stuffings , as make the liver , and spleen to over-grow their due proportion . and lastly , for as much as the rickets , stopping of the stomach , and rising of the lights , have all increased together , and in some kinde of correspondent proportions ; it seems to me , that they depend one upon another . and that what is the rickets in children may be the other in more grown bodies ; for surely children , which recover of the rickets , may retain somewhat sufficient to cause what i have imagined ; but of this let the learned physicians consider , as i presume they have . . i had not medled thus far , but that i have heard , the first hints of the circulation of the blood were taken from a common person 's wondering what became of all the blood which issued out of the heart , since the heart beats above three thousand times an hour , although but one drop should be pumpt out of it , at every stroke . . the stone seemed to decrease : for in , , , , and . there died of the stone , and strangury , . and in the years , , , , , and ▪ but , which numbers although indeed they be almost equal , yet considering the burials of the first named five years were but half those of the latter , it seems to be decreased by about one half . . now the stone , and strangury , are diseases , which most men know , that feel them , unless it be in some few cases , where ( as i have heard physicians say ) a stone is held up by the filmes of the bladder , and so kept from grating , or offending it . . the gowt stands much at a stay , that is , it answers the general proportion of burials ; there dies not above one of . of the gowt , although i believe that more die gowty . the reason is , because those that have the gowt , are said to be long-livers , and therefore , when such die , they are returned as aged . . the scurvy hath likewise increased , and that gradually from . anno . to . anno . . the tyssick seems to be quite worn away , but that it is probable the same is entred as cough , or consumption . . agues and fevers are entred promiscuously , yet in the few bills , wherein they have been distinguished , it appears , that not above one in , of the whole are agues . . the abortives , and stil-born are about the twentieth part of those that are christned , and the numbers seem the same thirty years ago as now , which shews there were more proportion in those years then now : or else that in these latter years due accompts have not been kept of the abortives , as having been buried without notice , and perhaps not in church-yards . . for that there hath been a neglect in the accompts of the christnings is most certain , because untill the year , we finde the burials but equal with the christnings , or near thereabouts , but in , when the differences in religion had changed the government , the christnings were but two thirds of the burials . and in the year , not half , viz. the burials were . ( of the plague but ) and the christnings were but , which great disproportion could be from no other cause , then that above-mentioned , for as much as the same grew as the confusions , and changes grew . . moreover , although the bills give us in anno but christnings , yet they give us abortives , and dying in child-bed , whereas in the year , when the abortives were , that is , near the number of the year , the christnings were . wherefore by the proportion of abortives anno , the christnings should have been about , but if we shall reckon by the women dying in child-bed , of whom a better accompt is kept then of stil-borns , and abortives , we shall finde anno , there were child-beds ; and anno , , viz. not ½ . wherefore i conceive that the true number of the christnings anno is above double to the set down in our bills ; that is about , and then the christnings will come near the same proportion to the burials , as hath been observed in former times . . in regular times , when accompts were well kept , we finde that not above three in died in child-bed , and that the number of abortives was about treble to that of the women dying in child-bed , from whence we may probably collect , that not one woman of an hundred ( i might say of two hundred ) dies in her labour ; for as much as there be other causes of a woman's dying within the moneth , then the hardness of her labour . . if this be true in these countries , where women hinder the facility of their child-bearing by affected straightning of their bodies ; then certainly in america , where the same is not practised , nature is little more to be taxed as to women , then in brutes , among whom not one in some thousands do die of their deliveries : what i have heard of the irish-women confirms me herein . . before we quite leave this matter , we shall insert the causes , why the accompt of christninos hath been neglected more then that of burials : one , and the chief whereof was a religious opinion against baptizing of infants , either as unlawfull , or unnecessary . if this were the onely reason , we might by our defects of this kinde , conclude the growth of this opinion , and pronounce , that not half the people of england , between the years , and , were convinced of the need of baptizing . . a second reason was , the scruples , which many publick ministers would make of the worthiness of parents to have their children baptized , which forced such questioned parents , who did also not believe the necessity of having their children baptized by such scrupulers , to carry their children unto such other ministers , as having performed the thing , had not the authority or command of the register to enter the names of the baptized . . a third reason was , that a little fee was to be paid for the registrie . . upon the whole matter it is most certain , that the number of heterodox believers was very great between the said year , , and , and so peevish were they , as not to have the births of their children registred , although thereby the time of their coming of age might be known , in respect of such inheritances , as might belong unto them ; and withall by such registring it would have appeared unto what parish each childe had belonged , in case any of them should happen to want its relief . . of convulsions there appeared very few , viz. but in the year , which grew to , keeping about that stay , till , though sometimes rising to about . . it is to be noted , that from to , when the convulsions were but few , the number of chrysoms , and infants was greater : for in , there was of chrysoms , and infants , and of the convulsion , viz. of both , . and in there was of infants , and of the convulsions , in both , by which it appears , that this difference is likely to be onely a confusion in the accompts . . moreover , we finde that for these later years , since , the total of convulsions and chrysoms added together are much less , viz. by about or , per annum , then the like totals from to , which makes me think , that teeth also were thrust in under the title of chrysoms , and infants , in as much as in the said years , from to , the number of worms , and teeth , wants by about per annum of what we find in following years . cap. iv. of the plague . . before we leave to discourse of the casualties , we shall add something concerning that greatest disease , or casualty of all , the plague . there have been in london , within this age , four times of great mortality , that is to say , the years , and , , , and . there died annno from march to december , whereof of the plague anno whereof of the plague christned in the said year anno within the same space of time , were buried whereof of the plague anno , within the same space , whereof of the plague anno , from april to december whereof of the plague . now it is manifest of it self , in which of these years most died ; but in which of them was the greatest mortality of all diseases in general , or of the plague in particular , we discover thus . in the year , and , we finde the proportion of those dying of the plague in the whole to be near alike , that is about to . or to . or as about two to five . . in the year . we finde the plague to bear unto the whole in proportion as to . or to . that is almost the triplicate of the former proportion , for the cube of . being . and the cube of . being . the said . is not / . of . . in anno . the proportion of the plague to the whole was as to . viz. as . to . which is yet greater then that last of to . for if the year . had been as great a plague-year as . there must have died not onely to . but to . which in those great numbers makes a vast difference . . we must therefore conclude the year . to have been the greatest plague-year of this age . . now to know in which of these . was the greatest mortality at large , we reason thus , anno . buried or as christned   there died in the whole or as anno . year of all     christned     died in the whole or as . to . or anno . year   . / . to . christned anno . there died , ut suprà or as christned . from whence it appears , that anno . the christnings were about ⅖ . parts of the burials . anno . but ⅙ . but in the year . and . not above an eighth , so that the said two years were the years of greatest mortality . we said that the year . was the greatest plague year . and now we say , that the same was not a greater year of mortality then anno . now to reconcile these two positions , we must alledg , that anno . there was errour in the accompots , or distinctions of the casualties ; that is , more died of the plague then were accompted for under that name . which allegation we also prove thus , viz. . in the said year . there are said to have died of the plague . and of all other diseases . whereas in the years , both before and after the same , the ordinary number of burials was between . and . so that if we add about . ( which is the difference between . and ) to our . the whole will be . which bears to the whole . as about . to . thereby rendering the said year . to be as great a plague-year as that of . and no greater , which answers to what we proved before , viz. that the mortality of the two years was equal . . from whence we may probably suspect that about ¼ . part more died of the plague then are returned for such ; which we further prove by noting , that anno . there died . of the plague , the ¼ . whereof is . now there are said to have died of all diseases that year . out of which number deducting . there remains . more then which there died not in several years next before and after the said year . . the next observation we shall offer is , that the plague of . lasted eight years . in some whereof there died above , in others above , and in but one less then : whereas in the year . next preceding , and in the year . next following the said great plague-year . there died in the former but , and in the latter but . of the plague . moreover in the said year . the plague decreased from its utmost number a week , to below within six weeks . . the plague of . lasted twelve years , in eight whereof there died . per annum one with another , and never under . the which shews , that the contagion of the plague depends more upon the disposition of the air , then upon the effluvia from the bodies of men. . which also we prove by the sudden jumps , which the plague hath made , leaping in one week from to : and back again from to : and from thence again the very next week to . the which effects must surely be rather attributed to change of the air , then of the constitution of mens bodies , otherwise then as this depends upon that . . it may be also noted , that many times other pestilential diseases , as purple-feavers , small-pox , &c. do forerun the plague a year , two , or three , for in ; there died but . in ; : in . about : till in there died of all diseases above . chap. v. other observations upon the plague , and casualties . . the decrease , and increase of people is to be reckoned chiefly by christnings , because few bear children in london but inhabitants , though others die there . the accompts of christnings were well kept , untill differences in religion occasioned some neglect therein , although even these neglects we must confess to have been regular , and proportionable . . by the numbers and proportions of christnings , therefore we observe as followeth , viz. first , that ( when from december , , to march following , there was little , or no plague ) then the christnings at a medium , were between , and per week , few weeks being above the one , or below the other ; but when from thence to july the plague increased , that then the christnings decreased to under . secondly , the question is , whether teeming-women died , or fled , or miscarried ? the later at this time , seems most probable , because even in the said space , between march , and july , there died not above twenty per week of the plague , which small number could neither cause the death , or flight of so many women , as to alter the proportion ¼ part lower . . moreover , we observe from the of july to the of october , the plague increasing , reduced the christnings to at a medium , diminishing the above proportion , down to ⅖ . now the cause of this must be flying , and death , as well as miscarriages , and abortions ; for there died within that time about , whereof many were certainly women with childe , besides the fright of so many dying within so small a time might drive away so many others , as to cause this effect . . from december , to the middle of april , there died not above a week of the plague one with another . in this time , the christnings were one with another . the which decreased gradually by the of september to , or from the proportion of to , which evidently squares with our former observation . . the next observation we shall offer , is , the time wherein the city hath been re-peopled after a great plague ; which we affirm to be by the second year . for in , the christnings ( which are our standard in this case ) were , which in next preceding the plague year ( that had swept away above ) were but , and the christnings of ( which were but ) mounted in one year to the said . . now the cause hereof , for as much as it cannot be a supply by procreations ; ergo , it must be by new affluxes to london out of the countrey . . we might fortifie this assertion by shewing , that before the plague-year , , the christnings were about , which were in that very year reduced to , but crept up the next year , to , recovering their former ordinary proportion in of , about which proportion it stood till the year . . i say , it followeth , that , let the mortality be what it will , the city repairs its loss of inhabitants within two years , which observation lessens the objection made against the value of houses in london , as if they were liable to great prejudice through the loss of inhabitants by the plague . chap. vi. of the sickliness , healthfulness , and fruitfulness of seasons . . having spoken of casualties , we come next to compare the sickliness , healthfulness , and fruitfulness of the several years , and seasons , one with another . and first , having in the chapters aforegoing mentioned the several years of plague , we shall next present the several other sickly years ; we meaning by a sickly year , such wherein the burials exceed those , both of the precedent , and subsequent years , and not above dying of the plague , for such we call plague-years ; and this we do , that the world may see , by what spaces , and intervals we may hereafter expect such times again . now , we may not call that a more sickly year , wherein more die , because such excess of burials may proceed from increase , and access of people to the city onely . . such sickly years were , , , , , , , , , , , , , as may be seen by the tables . . in reference to this observation , we shall present another , namely , that the more sickly the years are , the less fecund , or fruitfull of children also they be , which will appear , if the number of children born in the said sickly years be less , then that of the years both next preceding , and next following ; all which , upon view of the tables , will be found true , except in a very few cases , where sometimes the precedent , and sometimes the subsequent years vary a little , but never both together . moreover , for the confirmation of this truth , we present you the year , where the burials were fewer then in either of the two next precedent years by , and fewer then in the subsequent by above . and withall , the number of christnings in the said year was far greater then in any of the three years next aforegoing . . as to this year , although we would not be thought superstitious , yet is it not to be neglected , that in the said year was the king's restauration to his empire over these three nations , as if god almighty had caused the healthfulness and fruitfulness thereof to repair the bloodshed , and clamities suffered in his absence . i say , this conceit doth abundantly counterpoise the opinion of those who think great plagues come in with kings reigns , because it hapned so twice , viz. anno , and , whereas as well the year , wherein the present king commenced his right to reign , as also the year , wherein he commenced the exercise of the same , were both eminently healthfull , which clears both monarchie , and our present king's familie from what seditious men have surmised against them . . the diseases , which beside the plague make years unhealthfull in this city , are spotted feavers , small pox , dysentery , called by some the plague in the guts , and the unhealthfull season is the autumn . chap. vii . of the difference between burials , and christnings . . the next observation is , that in the said bills there are far more burials , then christnings . this is plain , depending onely upon arithmetical computation ; for , in years , from the year , to the year , exclusivè of both years , there have been set down ( as happening within the same ground , space , or parishes ) although differently numbered , and divided , burials , and but christnings within the , , and out-parishes , those of westminster , lambeth , newington , redriff , stepney , hackney , and islington , not being included . . from this single observation it will follow , that london hath decreased in its people , the contrary whereof we see by its daily increase of buildings upon new foundations , and by the turning of great palacious houses into small tenements . it is therefore certain , that london is supplied with people from out of the countrey , whereby not onely to repair the overplus difference of burials above-mentioned , but likewise to increase its inhabitants according to the said increase of housing . . this supplying of london seems to be the reason , why winchester , lincoln , and several other cities have decreased in their buildings , and consequently in their inhabitants . the same may be suspected of many towns in cornwal , and other places , which probably , when they were first allowed to send burgesses to the parliament , were more populous then now , and bore another proportion to london then now ; for several of those burroughs send two burgesses , whereas london it self sends but four , although it bears the fifteenth part of the charge of the whole nation in all publick taxes , and levies . . but , if we consider what i have upon exact enquiry found true , viz. that in the countrie , within ninetie years , there have been christnings , and but burials , the increase of london will be salved without inferring the decrease of the people in the countrie ; and withall , in case all england have but fourteen times more people then london , it will appear , how the said increase of the country may increase the people , both of london , and it self ; for if there be in the , , , and parishes , usually comprehended within our bills , but souls as hereafter we shall shew , then there are in all england , and wales , persons , out of which substract , for those in , and about london , there remains in the countrie , the which increasing about / part in years , as we shall hereafter prove , doth happen in the countrie , the whole increase of the countrie will be about in the said time , out of which number , if but about be sent up to london in the said years , viz. about per annum , the said missions will make good the alterations , which we finde to have been in , and about london , between the years and above-mentioned . but that will do the same , i prove thus , viz. in the years , from to , the burials in all the parishes , and of all diseases , the plague included , were at a medium per annum . and between and were , the difference whereof is , which is the total of the increase of the burials in years , that is about per annum . now , to make the burials increase per annum , there must be added to the city thirty times as many ( according to the proportion of dying out of families ) viz. advenae , the which number multiplied again by the years , makes the product , which is less then the above propounded ; so as there remains above of increase in the countrie within the said years , either to render it more populous , or send forth into other colonies , or wars . but that england hath fourteen times more people , is not improbable , for the reasons following . . london is observed to bear about the fifteenth proportion of the whole tax . . there is in england , and wales , about square miles of land , and we have computed that in one of the greatest parishes in hampshire , being also a market-town , and containing twelve square miles , there are souls in every square mile , out of which i abate ¼ for the overplus of people more in that parish , then in other wilde counties . so as the ¾ parts of the said , multiplied by the total of square miles , produces souls in all london included . . there are about parishes in england , and wales , the which , although they should not contain the ⅓ part of the land , nor the ¼ of the people of that country-parish , which we have examined , yet may be supposed to contain about people , one with another , according to which accompt there will be six millions of people in the nation . i might add , that there are in england , and wales , about five and twenty millions of acres at ½ foot to the perch ; and if there be six millions of people , then there is about four acres for every head , which how well it agrees to the rules of plantation , i leave unto others , not onely as a means to examine my assertion , but as an hint to their enquiry concerning the fundamental trade , which is husbandrie , and plantation . . upon the whole matter we may therefore conclude , that the people of the whole nation do increase , and consequently the decrease of winchester , lincoln , and other like places , must be attributed to other reasons , then that of refurnishing london onely . . we come to shew , why although in the country the christnings exceed the burials , yet in london they do not . the general reason of this must be , that in london the proportion of those subject to die unto those capable of breeding is greater then in the countrey ; that is , let there be an hundred persons in london , and as many in the country ; we say , that if there be of them breeders in london , there are more then in the country , or else we must say , that london is more unhealthfull , or that it enclines men and women more to barrenness , then the country , which by comparing the burials , and christnings of hackney , newington , and the other country-parishes , with the most smoaky , and stinking parts of the city , is scarce discernable in any considerable degree . . now that the breeders in london are proportionally fewer then those in the country arises from these reasons , viz. . all that have business to the court of the king , or to the courts of justice , and all country-men coming up to bring provisions to the city , or to buy foreign commodities , manufactures , and rarities , do for the most part leave their wives in the country . . persons coming to live in london out of curiosity , and pleasure , as also such as would retire , and live privately , do the same , if they have any . . such , as come up to be cured of diseases , do scarce use their wives pro tempore . . that many apprentices of london , who are bound seven , or nine years from marriage , do often stay longer voluntarily . . that many sea-men of london leave their wives behind them , who are more subject to die in the absence of their husbands , then to breed either without men , or with the use of many promiscuously . . as for unhealthiness it may well be supposed , that although seasoned bodies may , and do live near as long in london , as elsewhere , yet new-comers , and children do not , for the smoaks , stinks , and close air are less healthfull then that of the country ; otherwise why do sickly persons remove into the country air ? and why are there more old men in countries then in london , per rata ? and although the difference in hackney , and newington , above-mentioned , be not very notorious , yet the reason may be their vicinity to london , and that the inhabitants are most such , whose bodies have first been impaired with the london air , before they withdraw thither . . as to the causes of barrenness in london , i say , that although there should be none extraordinary in the native air of the place , yet the intemperance in feeding , and especially the adulteries and fornications , supposed more frequent in london then elsewhere , do certainly hinder breeding . for a woman , admitting men , is so far from having ten times as many children , that she hath none at all . . add to this , that the minds of men in london are more thoughtfull and full of business then in the country , where their work is corporal labour , and exercizes . all which promote breedings , whereas anxieties of the minde hinder it . chhp. viii . of the difference between the numbers of males , and females . the next observation is , that there be more males then females . there have been buried from the year , to the year , exclusivè , males , and but females : but it will be objected , that in london it may indeed be so , though otherwise elsewhere ; because london is the great stage and shop of business , wherein the masculine sex bears the greatest part . but we answer , that there have been also christned within the same time , males , and but females , and that the country accompts are consonant enough to those of london upon this matter . . what the causes hereof are , we shall not trouble our selves to conjecture , as in other cases , onely we shall desire , that travellers would enquire whether it be the same in other countries . . we should have given an accompt , how in every age these proportions change here , but that we have bills of distinction but for years , so that we shall pass from hence to some inferences from this conclusion ; as first , i. that christian religion , prohibiting polygamy , is more agreeable to the law of nature , that is , the law of god , then mahumetism , and others , that allow it ; for one man his having many women , or wives by law , signifies nothing , unless there were many women to one man in nature also . ii. the obvious objection hereunto is , that one horse , bull , or ram , having each of them many females , do promote increase . to which i answer , that although perhaps there be naturally , even of these species , more males then females , yet artificially , that is , by making geldings , oxen , and weathers , there are fewer . from whence it will follow , that when by experience it is found how many ews ( suppose twenty ) one ram will serve , we may know what proportion of male-lambs to castrate , or geld , viz. nineteen , or thereabouts : for if you emasculate fewer , viz. but ten , you shall by promiscuous copulation of each of those ten with two females , ( in such as admit the male after conception ) hinder the increase so far , as the admittance of two males will do it : but , if you castrate none at all , it is highly probable , that every of the twenty males copulating with every of the twenty females , there will be little , or no conception in any of them all . iii. and this i take to be the truest reason , why foxes , wolves , and other vermin animals that are not gelt , increase not faster then sheep , when as so many thousands of these are daily butchered , and very few of the other die otherwise then of themselves . . we have hitherto said there are more males , then females ; we say next , that the one exceed the other by about a thirteenth part ; so that although more men die violent deaths then women , that is , more are slain in wars , killed by mischance , drowned at sea , and die by the hand of justice . moreover , more men go to colonies , and travel into foreign parts , then women . and lastly , more remain unmarried , then of women , as fellows of colleges , and apprentises , above eighteen , &c. yet the said thirteenth part difference bringeth the business but to such a pass , that every woman may have an husband , without the allowance of polygamy . . moreover , although a man be prolifique fourty years , and a woman but five and twenty , which makes the males to be as to females , yet the causes above named , and the later marriage of the men , reduce all to an equality . . it appearing , that there were fourteen men to thirteen women , and that they die in the same proportion also , yet i have heard physicians say , that they have two women patients to one man , which assertion seems very likely ; for that women have either the green-sickness , or other like distempers , are sick of breedings , abortions , child-bearing , sore-breasts , whites , obstructions , fits of the mother , and the like . . now , from this it should follow , that more women should die then men , if the number of burials answered in proportion to that of sicknesses : but this must be salved , either by the alledging , that the physicians cure those sicknesses , so as few more die , then if none were sick ; or else that men , being more intemperate then women , die as much by reason of their vices , as the women do by the infirmitie of their sex , and consequently , more males being born , then females , more also die . . in the year many males went out of london into the wars then beginning , in so much , as i expected in the succeeding year , , to have found the burials of females to have exceeded those of males , but no alteration appeared ; for as much , as i suppose , trading continuing the same in london , all those who lost their apprentices had others out of the countrey ; and if any left their trades , or shops , that others forthwith succeeded them : for if employment for hands remain the same , no doubt but the number of them could not long continue in disproportion . . another pregnant argument to the same purpose ( which hath already been touched on ) is , that although in the very year of the plague , the christnings decreased , by the dying and flying of teeming-women , yet the very next year after , they increased somewhat , but the second after , to as full a number as in the second year before the said plague : for i say again , if there be encouragement for an hundred in london , that is , a way how an hundred may live better then in the countrey , and if there be void housing there to receive them , the evacuating of a ¼th , or ⅓ part of that number , must soon be supplied out of the countrey ; so as , the great plague doth not lessen the inhabitants of the city , but of the countrey , who in a short time remove themselves from hence thither , so long , untill the city for want of receit and encouragement , regurgitates and sends them back . . from the difference between males and females , we see the reason of making eunuchs in those places where polygamy is allowed , the latter being useless as to multiplication , without the former , as was said before in the case of sheep and other animals , usually gelt in these countries . . by consequence , this practise of castracon serves as well to promote increase as to meliorate the flesh of those beasts that suffer it . for that operation is equally practised upon horses which are not used for food , as upon those that are . . in popish countries where polygamy is forbidden , if a greater number of males oblige themselves to caelibate then the natural overplus or difference between them and females amounts unto ; then multiplication is hindred ; for if there be eight men to ten women , all of which eight men are married to eight of the ten women , then the other two bear no children , as either admitting no man at all , or else admitting men as whores ( that is more then one ) which commonly procreates no more then if none at all had been used : or else such unlawfull copulations beget conceptions but to frustrate them by procured abortions or secret murthers , all which returns to the same reckoning . now , if the same proportion of women oblige themselves to a single life like-wise , then such obligation makes no change in this matter of encrease . . from what hath been said , appears the reason why the law is , and ought to be so strict against fornications and adulteries , for if there were universal liberty , the increase of man-kind would be but like that of foxes at best . . now forasmuch as princes are not only powerfull but rich , according to the number of their people ( hands being the father , as lands are the mother , and womb of wealth ) it is no wonder why states by encouraging marriage , and hindering licentiousness , advance their own interest , as well as preserve the laws of god from contempt , and violation . . it is a blessing to man-kind , that by this overplus of males there is this natural bar to polygamy : for in such a state women could not live in that parity , and equality of expence with their husbands , as now , and here they do . . the reason whereof is , not , that the husband cannot maintain as splendidly three , as one ; for he might , having three wives , live himself upon a quarter of his income , that is in a parity with all three , as-well as , having but one , live in the same parity at half with her alone : but rather , because that to keep them all quiet with each other , and himself , he must keep them all in greater aw , and less splendor , which power he having will probably use it to keep them all as low , as he pleases , and at no more cost then makes for his own pleasure ; the poorest subjects ( such as this plurality of wives must be ) being most easily governed . chap. ix . of the growth of the city . . in the year there died in the ninety seven parishes within the walls , and the sixteen without the walls ( besides of the plague ) . and the next year , besides of the plague : in both years . twenty years after , there died in the same ninety seven , and sixteen parishes , , viz. anno , ; and anno , : so as the said parishes are increased , in the said time , from seven to twelve , or very near thereabouts . . moreover , the burials within the like space of he next twenty years , viz. anno , and , vere , viz. as about twenty four to thirty one : he which last of the three numbers , , is much more then double to the first , viz. the said parishes have in fourty years increased from twenty three to fifty two . . where is to be noted , that although we were necessitated to compound the said ninety seven with the sixteen parishes , yet the sixteen parishes have increased faster then the ninety seven . for , in the year , there died within the walls , and in there died but ( both years being clear of the plague ) so as in this fourty years the said ninety seven parishes have increased but from nine to ten , or thereabouts , because the housing of the said ninety seven parishes could be no otherwise increased , then by turning great houses into tenements , and building upon a few gardens . . in the year , there died in the ninety seven parishes , and of the plague . and in the year , , and none of the plague , so as in fifty six years the said parishes have doubled : where note , that forasmuch as the said year was the very next year after the great plague , ( when the city was not yet re-peopled ) we shall rather make the comparison between , which died anno , and anno , choosing rather from hence to assert , that the said ninety seven , and sixteen parishes encreased from twenty to thirty four , or from ten to seventeen in fifty four years , then from one to two in fifty six , as in the last aforegoing paragraph is set down . . anno , there died in the sixteen out-parishes , and anno , , so as in the fifty four years , the said parishes have encreased from three to seven . . anno there died in the eight out-parishes , , anno , there died in the same scope of ground , although called now ten parishes ( the savoy , and covent-garden being added ) , so as the said parishes have encreased within the said fifty four years , more then from one to four . . moreover , there was buried in all , anno , , and anno , viz. about two to five . . having set down the proportions , wherein we find the said three great divisions of the whole pyle , call'd london , to have encreased ; we come next to shew what particular parishes have had the most remarkable share in these augmentations , viz. of the ninty seven parishes within the walls the increase is not very discernable , but where great houses formerly belonging to noblemen before they built others neer white-hall , have been turned into tenements , upon which accompt alhallows on the wall is encreased , by the conversion of the marquess of winchesters house , lately the spanish ambassadors , into a new street , the like of alderman freeman , and la motte neer the exchange , the like of the earl of arundells in loathbury , the like of the bishop of london's palace , the dean of paul's , and the lord river's house , now in hand , as also of the dukes-place , and others heretofore . . of the sixteen parishes next without the walls , saint gile's criplegate hath been most inlarged , next to that , saint olave's southwark , then saint andrews holborn , then white-chappel , the difference in the rest not being considerable . . of the out parishes now called ten , formerly nine , and before that eight , saint gile's , and saint martins in the fields , are most encreased , notwithstanding saint pauls covent-garden was taken out of them both . . the general observation which arises from hence is , that the city of london gradually removes westward , and did not the royal exchange , and london-bridg stay the trade , it would remove much faster , for leaden-hall-street , bishops-gate , and part of fan-church-street , have lost their ancient trade , grace-church-street indeed keeping it self yet entire , by reason of its conjunction with , and relation to london-bridg . . again , canning-street , and watlin-street have lost their trade of woollen-drapery to paul's church-yard , ludgate-hill , and fleet-street ; the mercery is gone from out of lombard-street , and cheapside , into pater-noster-row , and fleet-street . . the reasons whereof are , that the king's court ( in old times frequently kept in the city ) is now always at westminster . secondly , the use of coaches , whereunto the narrow streets of the old city are unfit , hath caused the building of those broader streets in covent-garden , &c. . thirdly , where the consumption of commodity is , viz. among the gentry , the vendors of the same must seat themselves . . fourthly , the cramming up of the voyd spaces , and gardens within the walls , with houses , to the prejudice of light , and air , have made men build new ones , where they less fear those inconveniencies . . conformity in building to other civil nations hath disposed us to let our old wooden dark houses fall to decay , and to build new ones , whereby to answer all the ends above-mentioned . . where note , that when lud-gate was the onely western gate of the city , little building was westward thereof . but when holborn began to encrease new-gate was made . but now both these gates are not sufficient for the communication between the walled city , and it s enlarged western suburbs , as dayly appears by the intolerable stops and embaresses of coaches near both these gates , especially lud-gate . chap. x. of the inequality of parishes . . before we pass from hence , we shall offer to consideration the inequality of parishes in , and about london , evident in the proportion of their respective burials ; for in the same year were buried in cripple-gate-parish , that but twelve died in trinity-minories , st. saviour's southwark , and botolph's bishop-gate , being of the middle size , as burying five and per annum ; so that cripple-gate is an hundred times as big as the minories , and times as big as st. bennet's grace-church , matthew-friday-street , and some others within the city . . hence may arise this question , wherefore should this inequality be continued ? if it be answered , because that pastours of all sorts , and sizes of abilities , may have benefices , each man according to his merit : we answer , that a two hundredth part of the best parson's learning is scarce enough for a sexton . but besides , there seems no reason of any differences at all , it being as much science to save one single soul , as one thousand . . we encline therefore to think the parishes should be equal , or near , because , in the reformed religions , the principal use of churches is to preach in : now the bigness of such a church ought to be no greater , then that , unto which the voice of a preacher of middling lungs will eafily extend ; i say , easily , because they speak an hour , or more together . . the use of such large churches , as paul's , is now wholly lost , we having no need of saying perhaps fifty masses all at one time , nor of making those grand processions frequent in the romish church ; nor is the shape of our cathedral proper at all for our preaching auditories , but rather the figure of an amphi-theatre with galleries , gradually over-looking each other ; for unto this condition the parish-churches of london are driving apace , as appears by the many galleries every day built in them . . moreover , if parishes were brought to the size of colman-street , alhallows-barking , christ-church , black-friers , &c ▪ in each whereof die between and , per annum , then an hundred parishes would be a fit , and equal division of this great charge , and all the ministers ( some whereof have now scarce fourty pounds per annum ) might obtain a subsistance . . and lastly , the church-wardens , and over-seers of the poor might finde it possible to discharge their duties , whereas now in the greater out-parishes many of the poorer parishioners through neglect do perish , and many vicious persons get liberty to live as they please , for want of some heedfull eye to over-look them . chap. xi . of the number of inhabitants . . i have been several times in company with men of great experience in this city , and have heard them talk seldom under millions of people to be in london , all which i was apt enough to believe , untill , on a certain day , one of eminent reputation was upon occasion asserting , that there was in the year two millions of people more then anno , before the great plague ; i must confess , that , untill this provocation , i had been frighted with that mis-understood example of david , from attempting any computation of the people of this populous place ; but hereupon i both examined the lawfulness of making such enquiries , and , being satisfied thereof , went about the work it self in this manner : viz. . first , i imagined , that , if the conjecture of the worthy person afore-mentioned had any truth in it , there must needs be about six , or seven millions of people in london now ; but repairing to my bills i found , that not above per annum were buried , and consequently , that not above one in four hundred must die per annum , if the total were but six millions . . next considering , that it is esteemed an even lay , whether any man lives ten years longer , i supposed it was the same , that one of any might die within one year . but when i considered , that of the afore-mentioned about were abortive , and stilborn , or died of teeth , convulsion , rickets , or as infants , and chrysoms , and aged . i concluded , that of men , and women , between ten and sixty , there scarce died per annum in london , which number being multiplied by , there must be but in all , that is not the / part of what the alderman imagined . these were but sudden thoughts on both sides , and both far from truth , i thereupon endeavoured to get a little nearer , thus : viz. . i considered , that the number of child-bearing women might be about double to the births : forasmuch as such women , one with another , have scarce more then one childe in two years . the number of births i found , by those years , wherein the registries were well kept , to have been somewhat less then the burials . the burials in these late years at a medium are about , and consequently the christnings not above . i therefore esteemed the number of teeming women to be : then i imagined , that there might be twice as many families , as of such women ; for that there might be twice as many women aged between and , as between and , or between and ; and that there were about eight persons in a family , one with another , viz. the man , and his wife , three children , and three servants , or lodgers : now times makes . . secondly , i finde by telling the number of families in some parishes within the walls , that out of families per an ▪ have died : wherefore , having died in the whole , it should follow , there were families according to the last mentioned acccompt . . thirdly , the accompt , which i made of the trayned-bands , and auxiliary souldiers , doth enough justify this accompt . . and lastly i took the map of london set out in the year by richard newcourt , drawn by a scale of yards . now i guessed that in yards square there might be about families , supposing every house to be foot in the front : for on two sides of the said square there will be yards of housing in each , and in the two other sides each ; in all yards : that is families in each square , of which there are within the walls , making in all families within the walls . but forasmuch as there dy within the walls about per annum , and in the whole about ; it follows , that the housing within the walls is ¼ ▪ part of the whole , and consequently , that there are families in , and about london , which agrees well enough with all my former computations : the worst whereof doth sufficiently demonstrate , that there are no millions of people in london , which nevertheless most men do believe , as they do , that there be three women for one man , whereas there are fourteen men for thirteen women , as else where hath been said . . we have ( though perhaps too much at random ) determined the number of the inhabitants of london to be about : the which being granted , we assert , that are males , and females . . whereas we have found , that of quick conceptions about of them die before they be six years old , and that perhaps but one surviveth , we , having seven decads between six and , we sought six mean proportional numbers between , the remainder , living at six years , and the one , which survives , and finde , that the numbers following are practically near enough to the truth ; for men do not die in exact proportions , nor in fractions : from whence arises this table following . viz. of there dies within the first six years the next ten years , or decad the second decad the third decad the fourth the next the next the next the next . from whence it follows , that of the said conceived there remains alive at six years end . at sixteen years end at twenty six at tirty six at fourty six at fifty six at sixty six at seventy six at eighty . it follows also , that of all , which have been conceived , there are now alive per cent. above sixteen years old , above twenty six years old , & sic deinceps , as in the above table : there are therefore of aged between , and , the number of , less by six , viz. ; of between , and , the number of less by three , viz. : & sic deniceps . wherefore , supposing there be males , and the number between , and , being . it follows , there are per cent. of all those males fighting men in london , that is , viz. near : the truth whereof i leave to examination , only the ⅕ . of , viz. . is to be added for westminster , stepney , lambeth , and the other distant parishes , making in all fighting men. . the next enquiry shall be , in how long time the city of london shall , by the ordinary proportion of breeding , and dying , double its breeding people . i answer in about seven years , and ( plagues considered ) eight . wherefore since there be pair of breeders , that is ⅛ . of the whole , it follows , that in eight times eight years the whole people of the city shall double without the access of foreigners : the which contradicts not our accompt of its growing from two to five in years with such accesses . . according to this proportion , one couple viz. adam and eve , doubling themselves every years of the years , which is the age of the world according to the scriptures , shall produce far more people , then are now in it . wherefore the world is not above thousand years , old as some vainly imagine , nor above what the scripture makes it . chap. xii . of the country bills . we have , for the present , done with our observations upon the accompts of burials , and christnings , in , and about london ; we shall next present the accompts of both burials , christnings , and also of weddings in the country , having to that purpose inserted tables of years for a certain parish in hampshire , being a place neither famous for longevity , and healthfulness , nor for the contrary . upon which tables we observe , . that every wedding , one with another , produces four children , and consequently , that that is the proportion of children , which any marriagable man , or woman may be presumed shall have . for , though a man may be married more then once , yet , being once married , he may die without any issue at all . . that in this parish there were born females for males , whereas in london there were for , which shews , that london is somewhat more apt to produce males , then the country . and it is possible , that in some other places there are more females born , then males , which , upon this variation of proportion , i again recommend to the examination of the curious . . that in the said whole years the burials of the males and females were exactly equal , and that in several decads they differed not / part , that in one of the two decads , wherein the difference was very notorious , there were buried of males , and of females but , viz. difference , and in the other there died contrariwise males , and females , differing . . there are also decads , where the birth of males and females differ very much , viz. about . . that in the said years there have been born more , then buried in the said parish , ( the which both years ago , and also now , consisted of about souls ) but , viz. not per annum , one year with another . . that these have in all probability contributed to the increase of london ; since , as was said even now , it neither appears by the burials , christnings , or by the built of new-housing , that the said parish is more populous now , then years ago , by above two or souls . now , if all other places send about ⅓ of their encrease , viz. about one out of of their inhabitants annually to london , and that there be times as many people in england , as there be in london , ( for which we have given some reasons ) then london encreases by such advenae every year above : the which will make the accompt of burials to swell about per annum , and will answer the encreases . we observe it is clear , that the said parish is encreased about , and it is probable , that three or four hundred more went to london , and it is known , that about went to new-england , the caribe-islands , and new-found-land , within these last fourty years . . according to the medium of the said whole years , there have been five christnings for four burials , although in some single years , and decads , there have been three to two , although sometimes ( though more rarely ) the burials have exceeded the births , as in the case of epidemical diseases . . our former observation , that healthfull years are also the most fruitfull , is much confirmed by our country accompts ; for , being our standard for births , and for burials , you shall finde , that where fewer then died , more then were born . having given you a few instances thereof , i shall remit you to the tables for the general proof of this assertion . viz. anno . when were born , there died but . now , in none of the whole years more were born then , and but in one , fewer then died , viz. anno . again anno , when were born , but died . anno , when were born , but died . anno , when were born , but died . so that by how much more are born , by so much ( as it were ) the fewer die . for when were born , but died : but when but were born , then died . on the other side anno , when died per annum , which was the greatest year of mortality , then less then the meer standard , viz. but were born . again anno , when died , but were born . anno , when died , but were born . and anno , when died , but were born . a little irregularity may be found herein , as that anno , when died ( viz. a number double to our standard yet ) ( viz. about the standard ) were born . and that when died were born : but these differences are not so great , nor so often , as to evert our rule , which besides the authority of these accompts is probable in it self . . of all the said years the year was the most mortal , i therefore enquired whether the plague was then in that parish , and having received good satisfaction that it was not ( which i the rather believe , because , that the plague was not then considerable at london ) but that it was a malignant fever raging so fiercely about harvest , that there appeared scarce hands enough to take in the corn : which argues , considering there were parishioners , that seven might be sick for one that died : whereas of the plague more die then recover . lastly , these people lay longer sick then is usual in the plague , nor was there any mention of sores , swellings , blew-tokens , &c. among them . it follows , that the proportion between the greatest and the least mortalities in the country are far greater then at london . forasmuch as the greatest is above quintuple unto the least , whereas in london ( the plague excepted , as here it hath been ) the number of burials upon other accompts within no decad of years hath been double , whereas in the country it hath been quintuple not onely within the whole years , but also within the same decad : for anno . there died but , and anno the above-mentioned number of . moreover , as in london , in no decad , the burials of one year are double to those of another : so in the country they are seldom not more then so . as by this table appears , decad greatest least number of burials which shews , that the opener , and freer airs are most subject both to the good and bad impressions , and that the fumes , steams , and stenches of london do so medicate , and impregnate the air about it , that it becomes capable of little more , as if the said fumes rising out of london met with , opposed , and justled backwards the influences falling from above , or resisted the incursion of the country-airs . . in the last paragraph we said , that the burials in the country were sometimes quintuple to one another , but of the christnings we affirm , that within the same decad they are seldome double , as appears by this table , viz. decad greatest least number of burials now , although the disproportions of births be not so great as that of burials , yet these disproportions are far greater then at london : for let it be shewn in any of the london bills , that within two years the christnings have decreased ½ . or increased double , as they did anno , when were born , and an. , wherein were but : or to rise from , as anno , to , as in the next year . now , these disproportions both in births , and burials , confirm what hath been before asserted , that healthfulness , and fruitfulness go together , as they would not , were there not disproportions in both , although proportional . . by the standard of burials in this parish , i thought to have computed the number of inhabitants in it , viz. by multiplying by , which made the product , the number of families . hereupon i wondered , that a parish containing a large market-town , and miles compass , should have but houses , i then multiplied by , the product whereof was , thereby hoping to have had the number of the inhabitants , as i had for london ; but when upon enquiry i found there had been communicants in that parish in the time of a minister , who forced too many into that ordinance , and that was the ordinary number of communicants in all times , i found also , that for as much as there were near as many under years old , as there are above , viz. communicants , i concluded , that there must be about , or souls in that parish : from whence it follows , that little more then one of dies in the country , whereas in london , it seems manifest , that about one in dies , over and above what dies of the plague . . it follows therefore from hence , what i more faintly asserted in the former chapter , that the country is more healthfull , then the city , that is to say , although men die more regularly , and less per saltum in london , then in the country , yet , upon the whole matter , there die fewer per rata ; so as the fumes , steams , and stenches above-mentioned , although they make the air of london more equal , yet not more healthfull . . when i consider , that in the country seventy are born for fifty eight buried , and that before the year the like happened in london , i considered , whether a city , as it becomes more populous , doth not , for that very cause , become more unhealthfull , i inclined to believe , that london now is more unhealthfull , then heretofore , partly for that it is more populous , but chiefly , because i have heard , that years ago few sea-coals were burnt in london , which now are universally used . for i have heard , that newcastle is more unhealthfull then other places , and that many people cannot at all endure the smoak of london , not onely for its unpleasantness , but for the suffocations which it causes . . suppose , that anno there were souls in that parish , and that they increased by the births , exceeding the burials , it will follow , that the said cannot double under . now , if london be less healthfull then the country , as certainly it is , the plague being reckoned in , it follows , that london must be doubling it self by generation in much above : but if it hath encreased from to in , as aforesaid , the same must be by reason of transplantation out of the country . the conclusion . it may be now asked , to what purpose tends all this laborious buzzling , and groping ? to know , . the number of the people ? . how many males , and females ? . how many married , and single ? . how many teeming women ? . how many of every septenary , or decad of years in age ? . how many fighting men ? . how much london is , and by what steps it hath increased ? . in what time the housing is replenished after a plague ? . what proportion die of each general and perticular casualties ? . what years are fruitfull , and mortal , and in what spaces , and intervals , they follow each other ? . in what proportion men neglect the orders of the church , and sects have increased ? . the disproportion of parishes ? . why the burials in london exceed the christnings , when the contrary is visible in the country ? to this i might answer in general by saying , that those , who cannot apprehend the reason of these enquiries , are unfit to trouble themselves to ask them . . i might answer by asking ; why so many have spent their times , and estates about the art of making gold ? which , if it were much known , would onely exalt silver into the place , which gold now possesseth ; and if it were known but to some one person , the same single adeptus could not , nay , durst not enjoy it , but must be either a prisoner to some prince , and slave to some voluptuary , or else skulk obscurely up and down for his privacie , and concealment . . i might answer ; that there is much pleasure in deducing so many abstruse , and unexpected inferences out of these poor despised bills of mortality ; and in building upon that ground , which hath lain waste these eighty years . and there is pleasure in doing something new , though never so little , without pestering the world with voluminous transcriptions . . but , i answer more seriously ; by complaining , that whereas the art of governing , and the true politiques , is how to preserve the subject in peace , and plenty , that men study onely that part of it , which teacheth how to supplant , and over-reach one another , and how , not by fair out-running , but by tripping up each other's heels , to win the prize . now , the foundation , or elements of this honest harmless policy is to understand the land , and the hands of the territory to be governed , according to all their intrinsick , and accidental differences : as for example ; it were good to know the geometrical content , figure , and scituation of all the lands of a kingdom , especially , according to its most natural , permanent , and conspicuous bounds . it were good to know , how much hay an acre of every sort of meadow will bear ? how many cattel the same weight of each sort of hay will feed , and fatten ? what quantity of grain , and other commodities the same acre will bear in one , three , or seven years communibus annis ? unto what use each soil is most proper ? all which particulars i call the intrinsick value : for there is also another value meerly accidental , or extrinsick , consisting of the causes , why a parcel of land , lying near a good market , may be worth double to another parcel , though but of the same intrinsick goodness ; which answers the queries , why lands in the north of england are worth but sixteen years purchase , and those of the west above eight and twenty . it is no less necessary to know how many people there be of each sex , state , age , religion , trade , rank , or degree , &c. by the knowledg whereof trade , and government may be made more certain , and regular ; for , if men knew the people as aforesaid , they might know the consumption they would make , so as trade might not be hoped for where it is impossible . as for instance , i have heard much complaint , that trade is not set up in some of the south-western , and north-western parts of ireland , there being so many excellent harbours for that purpose , whereas in several of those places i have also heard , that there are few other inhabitants , but such as live ex sponte creatis , and are unfit subjects of trade , as neither employing others , nor working themselves . moreover , if all these things were clearly , and truly known ( which i have but guessed at ) it would appear , how small a part of the people work upon necessary labours , and callings , viz. how many women , and children do just nothing , onely learning to spend what others get ? how many are meer voluptuaries , and as it were meer gamesters by trade ? how many live by puzling poor people with unintelligible notions in divinity , and philosophie ? how many by perswading credulous , delicate , and litigious persons , that their bodies , or estates are out of tune , and in danger ? how many by fighting as souldiers ? how many by ministeries of vice , and sin ? how many by trades of meer pleasure , or ornaments ? and how many in a way of lazie attendance , &c. upon others ? and on the other side , how few are employed in raising , and working necessary food , and covering ? and of the speculative men , how few do truly studie nature , and things ? the more ingenious not advancing much further then to write , and speak wittily about these matters . i conclude , that a clear knowledge of all these particulars , and many more , whereat i have shot but at rovers , is necessary in order to good , certain , and easie government , and even to balance parties , and factions both in church and state. but whether the knowledge thereof be necessary to many , or fit for others , then the sovereign , and his chief ministers , i leave to consideration . the table of casvalties .                                               in                                               years .                                                 the years of our lord     abortive , and stilborn aged ague , and fever apoplex , and sodainly     bleach                                       blasted             bleeding     bloudy flux , scouring , and flux brunt , and scalded calenture                                 cancer , gangrene , and fistula wolf                                                     canker , sore-mouth , and thrush     childbed chrisomes , and infants colick , and wind         cold , and cough             consumption , and cough convulsion cramp                               cut of the stone           dropsy , and tympany drowned excessive drinking                                                   executed fainted in a bath                                                     falling-sickness     flox , and small pox found dead in the streets french-pox frighted                       gout grief hanged , and made-away themselves   head-ach                 jaundice jaw-faln               impostume itch                                               killed by several accidents king 's evil ● lethargy     leprosy                                     livergrown , spleen , and rickets lunatique meagrom               measles mother                       murdered       overlayd , and starved at nurse palsy plague       plague in the guts                             pleurisy   poysoned                                     purples , and spotted fever quinsy , and sore-throat rickets           mother , rising of the lights rupture scal'd-head                                             scurvy     smothered , and stifled                                               sores , ulcers , broken and bruised limbs   shot                                                     spleen                               shingles                                                   starved                     stitch                                                     stone , and strangury     sciatica                                             stopping of the stomach                 surfet swine-pox             teeth , and worms tissick                               thrush                               vomiting worms                   wen                       sodainly                                                                                           place this table after fol. . the table of burials , and christnings . anno dom. parishes parishes out-parishes buried in all besides of the plague christned           ●     the table following contains the number of burials , and christnings in the seven parishes here under-mentioned , from the year unto the year inclusive ; all which time the burials , and christnings were joyntly mentioned : the two last years the christnings were omitted in the yearly bills . this table consists of seventeen columns , the total of all the burials being contained in the sixteen columns : which number being added to the total in the precedent table of burials , and christnings , makes the total of every yearly , or general bill . note , where there follows a second number under any year , it denotes those , who died that year of the plague . westmin . islington , lambeth , stepney . newing ▪ hackney , rear . tot. . par. tot. . par. an. do. bur. ch. b. ch. b. ch. b. ch. b. ch. b. ch. b. ch. b. ch.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 place this table after fol. . the table of males and females for london . an. dom. buried christned   males females males females .   total       total the table by decads of years for the country-parish .       christened .   buried .   decads ●f years married males fem. both males fem. both ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●     the table of the country-parish .   communicants weddings christned euried years m. f. both m. f. both                                                                                                 the table of males and females .     christned buryed years weddings m. f. both. m. f. both           advertisements for the better understanding of the several tables : videlicet , concerning the table of casualties consisting of thirty columns . the first column contains all the casualties happening within the single years mentioned in this bill . the next columns contain two of the last septenaries of years , which being the latest are first set down . the next columns represent the first years , wherein the casualties were taken notice off . memorandum , that the years between and are omitted as containing nothing extraordinary , and as not consistent with the incapacity of a sheet . the next columns are the years from to brought into quaternions , and the of the last years brought into three more ; that comparison might be made between each years taken together , as well as each single year apart . the next column contains years together , taken at years distance from each other ; that the distant years , as well as consequent , might be compared with the whole , each of the quaternions , and each of the single years . the last column contains the total of the quaternions , or years . the number is the total of all the burials in the said years , as is of the burialsin the said distant years . where note that the ⅓ of the latter total is and the / of the former is ; differing but from each other in so great a sum , videlicet scarce / part . the table of burials , and christnings , consisting of columns . it is to be noted , that in all the several columns of the burials those dying of the plague are left out , being reckoned all together in the sixth column . whereas in the original bills the plague , and all other diseases are reckoned together , with mention how many of the respective totals are of the plague . secondly , from the year forwards the accompt of the christnings is not to be trusted , the neglects of the same beginning about that year : for in there are set down , and about the same number several years before , after which time the said christnings decreased to between and by omission of the greater part . thirdly , the several numbers are cast up into octonaries , that comparison may be made of them as as well as of single years . the table of males , and females , containing columns . first , the numbers are cast up for years ; videlicet from , when the distinction between males and females first began , untill inclusivè when the exactness in that accompt ceased . secondly , from to the numbers are cast up into another total , which seems as good for comparing the number of males with females , the neglect being in both sexes alike , and proportionable . the tables concerning the country-parish , the former of decads beginning at , and continuing untill , and the latter being for single years , being for the same time , are so plain , that they require no further explanation then the bare reading the chapter relating to them , &c. finis . errata . pag. . lin . . read . pag. . lin . . r. . p. . lin . . r. . p. . lin . . r. seemed . lin . . in proportion . p. . l. . r. which in p. . l. . r. other . p. . l. . r. calamities . p. . . r. should have . p. . l. . r. ii. p. . l. . r. . p. . l. , . dele all within the parenthe ●●●● . l. . r. difference . p. . l. . r. it. pag. , and r. country-parish . . . a true report of all the burials and christnings within the citie of london and the liberties thereof, from the . of december, to the . of december, vvhereunto is added the number of euery seuerall parish, from the . of iuly, to the . of december, aswell within the citie of london, and the liberties thereof, as in other parishes in the skirts of the citie and out of the freedome, adioyning to the citie: according to the report made to the kings most excellent maiestie, by the company of parish clearkes of the same citie. bills of mortality. - - to - - worshipful company of parish clerks. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a stc . estc s this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) . . a true report of all the burials and christnings within the citie of london and the liberties thereof, from the . of december, to the . of december, vvhereunto is added the number of euery seuerall parish, from the . of iuly, to the . of december, aswell within the citie of london, and the liberties thereof, as in other parishes in the skirts of the citie and out of the freedome, adioyning to the citie: according to the report made to the kings most excellent maiestie, by the company of parish clearkes of the same citie. bills of mortality. - - to - - worshipful company of parish clerks. sheet ([ ] p.) printed by william stansby, london : [ ] date of publication from stc. another edition of part i of stc --stc. this edition has both the royal arms and the arms of london at top. reproduction of original in the guildhall library, london, england. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng mortality -- england -- london -- statistics -- early works to . london (england) -- history -- th century -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - megan marion sampled and proofread - megan marion text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion royal blazon or coat of arms . . a true report of all the burials and christnings within the citie of london and the liberties thereof , from the . of december , . to the . of december , . whereunto is added the number of euery seuerall parish , from the . of iuly , to the . of december , aswell within the citie of london and the liberties thereof , as in other parishes in the skirts of the citie and out of the freedome , adioyning to the citie : according to the report made to the kings most excellent maiestie , by the company of parish clearkes of the same citie . coat of arms of the city of london   buried in all of the plague . christnings . december ianuary ianuary ianuary ianuary february february february february march march march march march aprill aprill aprill aprill may may may may iune iune iune iune iune iuly iuly this weeke was the out-parishes brought in to bee ioyned with the citie and liberties .   buried in all of the plague christnings . iuly iuly august august august ● august september september september september september october october october october nouember nouember nouember nouember december december december december the totall of all that hath beene buried this yeere whereof of the plague christnings london within the wals●   buried in all of the plague . albones in woodstreet alhallowes lumbardstreet alhallowes the great alhallowes the lesse alhallowes breadstreet alhallowes staynings alhallowes the wall alhallowes hony-lane alhallowes barking alphage cripplegate andrewes by the wardrobe andrewes eastcheape andrewes vndershaft annes at aldersgate annes black fryers antholines parish austines parish barthol . at the exchange bennets at pauls wharfe bennets grace-church bennets finck bennets sherhog botolphs billinsgate christ church parish christophers parish clements by eastcheape dionis backchurch dunstanes in the east edmunds in lumbardstreet ethelborow within bishopsg . saint faiths saint fosters in fosterlane gabriel fanchurch george botolphlane gregories by paules hellens within bishopsgate iames by garlickhithe iohn euangelist iohn zacharies iohns in the walbrooke katherines cree-church katherine colemans lawrence in the iewry lawrence pountney leonards fosterlane leonards eastcheape magnus parish by the bridge margrets new-fishstreet margarets pattons margarets moses margarets lothbery ● martins in the vintry martins orgars martins iremonger lane martins at ludgate martins outwich mary le booe mary bothaw mary at the hill mary abchurch mary woolchurch mary colchurch mary woolnoth mary aldermary mary aldermanbery mary staynings mary mounthaw mary sommersets matthew fridaystreet maudlins in milkestreet maudlins by oldfishstreet michael bashishaw michael corn-hill michael in woodstreet michael in the riall michael in the querne michael queenhithe michael crooked lane mildreds poulty mildreds breadstreet nicholas acons nicholas cole abbay nicholas olaues olaues in the iury olaues in siluerstreet pancras by soperlane peters in cornhill peters in cheape peters the poore in broadstr . peters at pauls wharfe steuens in colmanstreet steuens in the walbrooke swithins at londonstone thomas apostles trinitie parish london without the wals , and within the liberties . andrewes in holborne bartho . the lesse smithfield bart. the great smithfield brides parish botolph algate bridewell precinct botolphs bishopsgate botolphs without aldersg . dunstones in the west georges in southwarke giles without creeplegate olaues in southwarke sauiours in southwarke sepulchres parish thomas in southwarke trinitie in the minories out parishes adioyning to the citie . clements templebarre giles in the fields iames at clarkenwell katherines by the tower leonards in shorditch martins in the fields mary white-chappel magdalens in bermondsey — street at the pest-house buried in all within these . weekes whereof , of the plague . london , printed by william stansby . a general bill for this present year ending the . of december, . according to the report made to the kings most excellent majesty. by the company of parish clerks of london, &c. bills of mortality. - - . worshipful company of parish clerks. approx. kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from -bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : - (eebo-tcp phase ). a wing g estc r this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons . universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase , no. a ) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set ) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, - ; : ) a general bill for this present year ending the . of december, . according to the report made to the kings most excellent majesty. by the company of parish clerks of london, &c. bills of mortality. - - . worshipful company of parish clerks. sheet ([ ] p.) s.n., [london : ] imprint from wing. reproduction of the original in the university of london. created by converting tcp files to tei p using tcp tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between and available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the , texts created during phase of the project have been released into the public domain as of january . anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. % (or pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf- unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p , characters represented either as utf- unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng mortality -- early works to . london (england) -- history -- th century. london (england) -- statistics, vital -- early works to . - tcp assigned for keying and markup - spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images - emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread - emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited - pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a general bill for this present year , ending the . of december , . according to the report made to the kings most excellent majesty . by the company of parish clerks of london , &c.   buried pla. st albans woodstreet st alhallowes barking st alhallowes breadst . st alhallowes great st alhallowes honila . st alhallowes lesse st alhall . lumbardstr . st alhallowes staining st alhallowes the wall st alphage st andrew hubbard st andrew undershaft st andrew vvardrobe st anne aldersgate st anne black-friers st antholins parish st austins parish st barthol . exchange st bennet fyrch st benn . grace-church st bennet pauls wharf st bennet sherehog st botolph billingsgate christs church st christophers st clements eastcheap ● st dionis back-church st dunstans east st edmunds lumbard . st ethelborough st faiths st fosters st gabriel fen-church st george botolphlane st gregories by pauls st hellens st james dukes place st james garlickhithe st john baptist st john evangelist   st john zacharie st katherine coleman st katherine creechu . st lawrence jewry st lawrence pountney st leonard eastcheap st leonard fosterlane st magnus parish st margaret lothbury st margaret moses st margaret newfishst . st margaret pattons st mary abchurch st mary aldermanbury st mary aldermary st mary le bow st mary bothaw st mary colechurch st mary hill st mary mounthaw st mary summerset st mary staynings st mary woolchurch st mary woolnoth st martins iremonger . st martins ludgate st martins orgars st martins outwitch st martins vintrey st matthew fridaystr . st maudlins milkstreet st maudlins oldfishstr . st michael bassishaw st michael cornhill st michael crookedla . st michael queenhith . st michael querne st michael royal st michael woodstreet st mildred breadstreet st mildred poultrey st nicholas acons st nicholas coleabby st nicholas olaves st olaves hartstreet st olaves jewry st olaves silverstreet st pancras soperlane st peters cheape st peters cornhill st peters pauls wharf st peters poor st stevens colmanstr . st stevens walbrooke st swithins st thomas apostle trinity parish buried in the parishes within the walls , whereof , of the plague , st andrew holborne st bartholomew great st bartholomew lesse st bridget bridewell precinct st botolph aldersga . st botolph algate st botolph bishopsg . st dunstans west st george southwark st giles cripplegate st olaves southwark st saviours southwark st sepulchres parish st thomas southwark trinity minories at the pesthouse buried in the parishes without the walls , whereof , of the plague , st giles in the fields hackney parish st james clarkenwel st katherines tower lambeth parish st leonard shorditch st magdalen bermon st mary newington st mary islington st mary whitechappel redriffe parish stepney parish buried in the out parishes , in middlesex and surrey whereof , of the plague st clement danes st paul covent garden st martins in the field st mary savoy st margaret westminst . whereof at the pesthouse   buried in the parishes in the city and liberties of westminster whereof , of the plague the total of all the christnings the total of all the burials this year whereof , of the plague the diseases and casualties this year . abortive and stilborne aged ague and feaver appoplex and suddenly bed●d ●● blasted bleeding bloody flux , scowring and flux burnt and scalded calenture cancer , gangrene and fistula canker and thrush childbed chrisomes and infants cold and cough chollick and winde consumption and ptisick convulsion and mother distracted dropsie and timpany . drowned executed flox and small pox found dead in streets , fields , &c. french pox frighted ●● gout and sciatica grief gripping in the guts hang'd and made away themselves headmouldshot and mouldfallen jaundies imposthume kill'd by several accidents kings evil leprosie lethargy livergrown meagrom and headach measles murthered and shot overlaid and starved palsie plague plannet plurisie 〈◊〉 ● quinsie rickets rising of the lights rupture scurvy shingles and swine pox sores , ulcers , broken and bruised limbs spleen spotted feaver and purples stopping of the stomack stone and strangury surfet teeth and worms vomiting wenn christned males females in all buried males females in all of the plague increased in the burials in the parishes and at the pesthouse this year increased of the plague in the parishes and at the pesthouse this year