Englands vievv, in the vnmasking of two paradoxes with a replication vnto the answer of Maister Iohn Bodine. By Gerrard de Malynes Merchant.
         Malynes, Gerard, fl. 1586-1641.
      
       
         
           1603
        
      
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             Englands vievv, in the vnmasking of two paradoxes with a replication vnto the answer of Maister Iohn Bodine. By Gerrard de Malynes Merchant.
             Malynes, Gerard, fl. 1586-1641.
          
           [6], 197, [1] p.
           
             Printed by Richard Field,
             London :
             1603.
          
           
             A reply to Jean Bodin's response to the Paradoxes of Malestroict.
             Reproduction of the original in the British Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Bodin, Jean, 1530-1596. -- Résponse aus Paradoxes de M. de Malestroit -- Controversial literature -- Early works to 1800.
           Malestroict, Jehan Cherruyt, -- seigneur de. -- Paradoxes. -- Early works to 1800.
           Money -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
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           ENGLANDS
           VIEVV
           ,
           IN
           THE
           VNMASKING
           OF
           TWO
           PARADOXES
           :
        
         
           
             With
             a
             replication
             vnto
             the
          
           answer
           of
           Maister
           Iohn
           Bodine
           .
        
         
           By
           
             Gerrard
             de
             Malynes
          
           Merchant
           .
        
         
           Opposita
           iuxta
           se
           posita
           ,
           magis
           apparent
           .
        
         
           
             ANCHORA
             SPEI
          
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           by
           
             Richard
             Field
          
           .
           1603.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           
             To
             the
             right
             honourable
          
           Sir
           Thomas
           Sackuile
           ,
           Baron
           of
           
             Buckhurst
             ,
             Lord
             high
             Treasurer
             of
             England
             ,
          
           Knight
           of
           the
           most
           noble
           Order
           
             of
             the
             Garter
             ,
             and
             one
             of
             the
             Lords
             of
             her
             Maiesties
             most
             honorable
             priuie
             Councell
             :
             G.
          
           de
           M.
           wisheth
           all
           health
           ,
           increase
           of
           honour
           and
           euerlasting
           happinesse
           .
        
         
           THESE
           two
           Paradoxes
           (
           right
           honourable
           )
           hauing
           bene
           presented
           vnto
           the
           French
           King
           ,
           as
           a
           meane
           to
           qualifie
           the
           generall
           complaints
           of
           the
           dearth
           of
           things
           in
           France
           ,
           by
           prouing
           that
           nothing
           was
           growne
           dearer
           in
           three
           hundred
           yeares
           ,
           
           were
           answered
           by
           the
           famous
           M.
           
             Iohn
             Bodine
          
           :
           who
           dedicated
           his
           aunswer
           vnto
           the
           President
           of
           the
           high
           court
           of
           Parliament
           of
           Fraunce
           ,
           as
           a
           matter
           of
           great
           consequence
           and
           considerable
           in
           the
           gouernment
           of
           a
           Common-wealth
           .
           Hence
           proceeded
           that
           resolution
           ,
           which
           emboldened
           me
           to
           present
           vnto
           your
           Lordship
           ,
           the
           substance
           of
           both
           their
           writings
           ,
           with
           all
           their
           arguments
           and
           propounded
           remedies
           :
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           ballance
           of
           your
           graue
           wisdome
           they
           may
           be
           weighed
           with
           my
           Replication
           thereunto
           ,
           shewing
           how
           things
           are
           to
           be
           considered
           of
           for
           the
           good
           of
           a
           Common-wealth
           .
           Your
           Honors
           iudgement
           shall
           easily
           perceiue
           ,
           that
           the
           Paradoxes
           are
           opposite
           ,
           and
           do
           contradict
           one
           another
           ,
           besides
           the
           slender
           and
           weake
           ground
           of
           their
           foundation
           :
           as
           also
           that
           Maister
           Bodine
           hath
           mistaken
           the
           true
           ground
           of
           the
           matter
           ,
           by
           comparing
           the
           prices
           of
           things
           within
           themselues
           in
           a
           Common-wealth
           :
           whereas
           the
           comparison
           must
           be
           betweene
           the
           home
           
           Commodities
           of
           one
           Common-wealth
           ,
           and
           the
           forraine
           Commodities
           of
           other
           nations
           :
           and
           that
           ,
           either
           by
           way
           of
           permutation
           of
           Commodities
           for
           Commodities
           ,
           or
           by
           Commodities
           for
           money
           
             in
             specie
          
           ,
           or
           by
           exchange
           .
           So
           that
           a
           due
           consideration
           must
           be
           had
           of
           the
           course
           of
           Commodities
           ,
           Money
           ,
           and
           Exchange
           :
           which
           are
           the
           essentiall
           parts
           of
           all
           trade
           and
           trafficke
           .
           Wherein
           must
           be
           considered
           the
           end
           of
           all
           Merchants
           ,
           which
           is
           Gaine
           and
           profite
           :
           at
           which
           scope
           they
           ayme
           according
           to
           their
           profession
           and
           practise
           ;
           some
           by
           Commodities
           ,
           some
           by
           Money
           ,
           some
           by
           Exchange
           ,
           some
           by
           all
           three
           ,
           or
           that
           which
           yeeldeth
           them
           most
           gaine
           .
           For
           as
           money
           doth
           rule
           the
           course
           of
           Commodities
           :
           so
           the
           exchange
           for
           monies
           doth
           both
           rule
           the
           course
           of
           moneys
           ,
           and
           Commodities
           .
           By
           the
           disorder
           wherof
           it
           happeneth
           ,
           that
           the
           riches
           of
           a
           Common-wealth
           doth
           so
           much
           decrease
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           not
           alwayes
           in
           the
           power
           of
           the
           wise
           ,
           that
           haue
           the
           managing
           of
           the
           gouernement
           
           thereof
           ,
           to
           make
           choice
           of
           the
           best
           ,
           and
           to
           banish
           the
           worst
           :
           but
           must
           not
           only
           obey
           the
           tempest
           and
           strike
           sailes
           ,
           but
           also
           cast
           ouer
           boord
           some
           precious
           things
           to
           saue
           the
           ship
           and
           bring
           it
           into
           a
           safe
           port
           :
           and
           afterwards
           by
           degrees
           ouercome
           greater
           things
           ,
           changing
           the
           estate
           thereof
           from
           euill
           to
           good
           ,
           and
           from
           good
           to
           better
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           might
           haue
           bene
           preuented
           in
           the
           beginning
           by
           remouing
           the
           causes
           thereof
           .
           To
           your
           most
           honorable
           iudgement
           I
           referre
           the
           consideration
           of
           all
           :
           and
           pray
           the
           Almightie
           to
           haue
           your
           Honor
           in
           his
           diuine
           protection
           .
           And
           so
           in
           all
           humility
           I
           take
           leaue
           .
           London
           ,
           this
           16.
           of
           Ianuarie
           .
           1603.
           
        
         
           
             Your
             Lordships
             most
             humble
             and
             in
             all
             dutie
             bounden
             ,
             GERRARD
             DE
             MALYNES
             .
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Englands
           view
           .
        
         
           A
           SENTENCE
           alleaged
           without
           application
           to
           some
           purpose
           ,
           is
           to
           handle
           a
           matter
           without
           conclusion
           :
           and
           he
           that
           will
           attribute
           vnto
           any
           man
           the
           knowledge
           of
           the
           essentiall
           parts
           ,
           grounds
           ,
           or
           pillars
           of
           any
           science
           ,
           must
           make
           apparant
           proof
           therof
           :
           otherwise
           ,
           his
           assertion
           is
           like
           cloudes
           and
           winds
           without
           raine
           ,
           or
           like
           an
           arrow
           shot
           at
           randon
           .
           
             Quòd
             oportet
             patrem-familias
             vendacem
             esse
             ,
             non
             emacem
             ,
          
           is
           a
           worthie
           sentence
           to
           be
           duly
           executed
           of
           al
           good
           housholders
           ,
           or
           fathers
           of
           families
           ,
           especially
           of
           Princes
           ,
           that
           are
           the
           fathers
           of
           the
           great
           families
           of
           Common-weales
           :
           
           who
           (
           as
           Iustinian
           saith
           )
           are
           to
           prouide
           carefully
           for
           the
           two
           seasons
           ,
           namely
           ,
           the
           time
           of
           warre
           when
           armes
           are
           necessarie
           ,
           and
           the
           time
           of
           peace
           more
           fitting
           wholesome
           lawes
           :
           in
           both
           which
           ,
           it
           cannot
           properly
           be
           said
           ,
           that
           the
           office
           of
           a
           Prince
           is
           wholy
           employed
           about
           the
           gouernment
           of
           the
           persons
           of
           men
           ,
           and
           of
           things
           conuenient
           and
           fit
           for
           the
           maintenance
           of
           humane
           societie
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           definition
           of
           the
           heathens
           :
           but
           rather
           in
           the
           obseruation
           of
           Religion
           towards
           God
           ,
           and
           administration
           of
           Iustice
           towards
           man
           :
           the
           one
           teaching
           vs
           especially
           of
           the
           life
           to
           come
           ;
           &
           the
           other
           ,
           how
           we
           should
           liue
           in
           this
           life
           .
           Religion
           doth
           knit
           and
           vnite
           the
           spirits
           of
           men
           ,
           wherby
           they
           liue
           obediently
           in
           vnitie
           ,
           peace
           ,
           and
           concord
           :
           and
           Iustice
           is
           as
           a
           measure
           ordained
           by
           God
           amongst
           men
           ,
           to
           defend
           the
           feeble
           from
           the
           mightie
           .
           Hence
           proceedeth
           ,
           that
           the
           causes
           of
           seditions
           and
           ciuill
           
           warres
           ,
           is
           the
           deniall
           of
           iustice
           ,
           oppression
           of
           the
           common-people
           ,
           inequall
           distribution
           of
           rewards
           and
           punishments
           ,
           the
           exceeding
           riches
           of
           a
           small
           number
           ,
           the
           extreame
           pouertie
           of
           many
           ,
           the
           ouer-great
           idlenesse
           of
           the
           subiect
           ,
           and
           the
           not
           punishing
           of
           offenders
           :
           which
           bringeth
           destructiō
           of
           Common-weales
           .
        
         
           Religion
           doth
           teach
           the
           feare
           of
           God
           ,
           which
           maketh
           a
           good
           man
           ,
           and
           is
           indeed
           the
           beginning
           of
           a
           Prince
           .
           For
           sith
           Princes
           raigne
           by
           wisedome
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           feare
           of
           God
           is
           the
           beginning
           thereof
           :
           we
           must
           conclude
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           the
           beginning
           also
           of
           a
           vertuous
           and
           wise
           Prince
           .
           Now
           ,
           as
           Princes
           raigne
           by
           God
           ,
           so
           must
           they
           be
           directed
           by
           him
           :
           yea
           they
           raigne
           best
           and
           longest
           ,
           that
           serue
           him
           best
           and
           most
           .
           Serue
           him
           they
           cannot
           but
           according
           to
           his
           will
           ;
           and
           his
           will
           is
           not
           known
           ,
           but
           by
           his
           word
           and
           lawe
           :
           which
           made
           the
           Prophet
           Dauid
           to
           meditate
           
           therein
           day
           and
           night
           ,
           preferring
           the
           cause
           of
           faith
           or
           religion
           before
           temporall
           commoditie
           .
           And
           this
           is
           properly
           the
           first
           and
           chiefest
           point
           ,
           that
           the
           Prince
           is
           to
           regard
           :
           whereunto
           the
           other
           is
           annexed
           and
           doth
           depend
           vpon
           .
           For
           as
           iustice
           is
           administred
           and
           prescribed
           by
           lawes
           and
           customs
           :
           so
           reason
           requireth
           ,
           that
           this
           gradation
           should
           be
           obserued
           concerning
           all
           lawes
           :
           that
           euen
           as
           the
           wils
           ,
           contracts
           or
           testaments
           of
           particular
           men
           cannot
           derogate
           the
           ordinances
           of
           the
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           the
           order
           of
           the
           Magistrates
           cannot
           abolish
           customs
           ,
           nor
           the
           customes
           can
           abridge
           the
           generall
           lawes
           of
           an
           absolute
           Prince
           :
           no
           more
           can
           the
           lawes
           of
           Princes
           alter
           or
           chaunge
           the
           lawe
           of
           God
           and
           Nature
           .
        
         
           By
           iustice
           (
           properly
           called
           Distributiue
           )
           is
           the
           harmonie
           of
           the
           members
           of
           a
           Common-weale
           maintained
           in
           good
           concord
           :
           howbeit
           ,
           much
           hindred
           ,
           
           where
           vsurie
           is
           tollerated
           ,
           which
           giueth
           cause
           of
           discord
           ;
           some
           few
           waxing
           thereby
           too
           rich
           ,
           and
           many
           extreame
           poore
           :
           the
           operations
           of
           effects
           whereof
           ,
           are
           declared
           by
           me
           vnder
           certaine
           Similies
           or
           Metaphors
           in
           the
           Treatise
           of
           
             Saint
             George
             for
             England
          
           .
        
         
           By
           iustice
           (
           properly
           called
           Commutatiue
           )
           is
           the
           cōmerce
           and
           trafficke
           with
           other
           nations
           maintained
           ,
           obseruing
           a
           kind
           of
           equalitie
           ,
           which
           is
           requisite
           in
           euery
           well
           gouerned
           Cōmon-wealth
           ,
           where
           prouidence
           and
           pollicie
           cause
           the
           Prince
           (
           the
           Father
           of
           the
           great
           familie
           )
           to
           sell
           more
           then
           he
           buyeth
           ,
           or
           else
           the
           wealth
           and
           treasure
           of
           his
           realme
           doth
           decrease
           ,
           and
           it
           were
           his
           expences
           do
           become
           greater
           ,
           or
           surmount
           his
           incomes
           and
           reuenues
           .
           This
           kind
           of
           equalitie
           is
           interrupted
           and
           ouerthrowne
           by
           the
           merchandizing
           exchange
           ,
           as
           in
           the
           Treatise
           of
           
             The
             Canker
             of
             Englands
          
           
           Common-wealth
           is
           declared
           .
           For
           as
           all
           the
           trade
           and
           trafficke
           betweene
           vs
           and
           other
           nations
           ,
           is
           performed
           by
           three
           simples
           :
           namely
           ,
           Commodities
           ,
           Money
           ,
           and
           Exchange
           :
           so
           (
           as
           we
           haue
           proued
           )
           is
           the
           course
           of
           exchaunge
           (
           being
           abused
           )
           become
           predominant
           and
           ouerruling
           the
           course
           of
           money
           and
           Commodities
           ;
           whereby
           the
           wealth
           of
           the
           Realme
           doth
           decrease
           .
        
         
           And
           this
           wealth
           cannot
           properly
           increase
           but
           two
           manner
           of
           wayes
           :
           namely
           ,
           by
           bringing
           of
           money
           and
           bullion
           into
           the
           Realme
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           things
           which
           are
           not
           bought
           for
           our
           money
           ,
           or
           bartered
           by
           way
           of
           permutation
           for
           our
           Commodities
           :
           and
           by
           buying
           the
           forraine
           Commodities
           better
           cheape
           then
           we
           sell
           our
           home
           Commodities
           .
           And
           so
           may
           the
           father
           of
           the
           great
           familie
           become
           a
           seller
           and
           not
           a
           buyer
           ,
           as
           is
           before
           alleaged
           .
        
         
         
           We
           haue
           hertofore
           noted
           the
           propertie
           of
           money
           to
           be
           :
           That
           plentie
           of
           mony
           maketh
           generally
           things
           deare
           ;
           and
           scarcitie
           of
           money
           maketh
           likewise
           generally
           things
           good
           cheape
           :
           whereas
           things
           are
           also
           particularly
           deare
           or
           good
           cheape
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           plentie
           or
           scarcitie
           of
           the
           things
           themselues
           ,
           or
           the
           vse
           of
           them
           .
           According
           to
           which
           plentie
           or
           scarcitie
           of
           money
           aforesaid
           ,
           things
           generally
           became
           deare
           or
           cheape
           :
           whereunto
           the
           great
           store
           or
           abundance
           of
           mony
           and
           bullion
           ,
           which
           of
           late
           yeares
           is
           come
           from
           the
           West
           Indies
           into
           Europe
           ,
           hath
           made
           euery
           thing
           dearer
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           increase
           of
           money
           :
           which
           like
           vnto
           an
           Ocean
           ,
           deuiding
           her
           course
           into
           seuerall
           braunches
           in
           diuerse
           countries
           ,
           hath
           caused
           a
           great
           alteration
           and
           enhancing
           of
           the
           price
           of
           euery
           thing
           :
           and
           most
           especially
           ,
           because
           the
           money
           it selfe
           was
           altered
           in
           valuation
           in
           most
           countries
           .
           So
           that
           
           the
           measure
           being
           altered
           and
           made
           lesser
           by
           denomination
           ,
           there
           went
           more
           number
           to
           make
           vp
           the
           tale
           ,
           and
           of
           necessitie
           other
           things
           went
           and
           were
           named
           accordingly
           in
           price
           .
           For
           money
           must
           alwayes
           remaine
           to
           be
           the
           rule
           and
           square
           to
           set
           a
           price
           vnto
           euery
           thing
           ,
           and
           is
           therefore
           called
           
             Publica
             mensura
          
           ,
           the
           publike
           measure
           :
           whereby
           the
           price
           of
           all
           things
           is
           set
           to
           maintaine
           a
           certaine
           equalitie
           in
           buying
           and
           selling
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           that
           all
           things
           may
           equally
           passe
           by
           trade
           from
           one
           man
           to
           another
           .
        
         
           This
           money
           must
           haue
           his
           standing
           valuation
           onely
           by
           publike
           authoritie
           of
           the
           Prince
           :
           to
           whom
           properly
           belongeth
           the
           disposing
           thereof
           ,
           as
           a
           matter
           annexed
           to
           his
           Crown
           and
           dignitie
           .
           And
           as
           the
           money
           doth
           set
           a
           price
           to
           the
           naturall
           riches
           of
           lands
           :
           so
           doth
           it
           also
           set
           a
           price
           to
           the
           artificiall
           riches
           proceeding
           of
           the
           lands
           .
           And
           therfore
           reason
           requireth
           
           a
           certaine
           equalitie
           betweene
           the
           naturall
           riches
           and
           the
           artificiall
           riches
           .
        
         
           That
           plentie
           of
           money
           maketh
           things
           deare
           ,
           is
           found
           by
           daily
           experience
           :
           whether
           it
           be
           in
           bullion
           of
           gold
           and
           siluer
           ,
           or
           the
           same
           conuerted
           into
           mony
           .
           But
           so
           long
           as
           it
           is
           in
           bullion
           ,
           it
           remaineth
           in
           nature
           of
           Commoditie
           ,
           which
           is
           giuen
           by
           way
           of
           permutation
           or
           barter
           in
           exchange
           for
           other
           Commodities
           .
           Plentie
           or
           scarcitie
           of
           Commodities
           doth
           also
           alter
           the
           price
           of
           the
           things
           wanting
           or
           abounding
           according
           to
           the
           vse
           thereof
           ,
           which
           is
           grounded
           vpon
           estimation
           by
           consent
           ,
           after
           the
           pleasure
           and
           sensualitie
           of
           man.
           
        
         
           The
           Historie
           of
           the
           West
           Indies
           maketh
           mention
           ,
           that
           during
           the
           great
           quantitie
           or
           abundance
           of
           gold
           and
           siluer
           that
           was
           found
           about
           fourscore
           yeares
           past
           ,
           and
           the
           rarenesse
           of
           other
           things
           ,
           a
           cloake
           of
           cloth
           was
           sold
           in
           Peru
           for
           a
           thousand
           duckets
           ,
           
           a
           paire
           of
           breeches
           of
           cloth
           for
           three
           hundred
           duckets
           ,
           a
           good
           horse
           foure
           or
           fiue
           thousand
           duckets
           :
           and
           other
           things
           then
           in
           vse
           and
           rare
           accordingly
           .
           The
           Romaines
           after
           the
           conquest
           of
           the
           Persians
           ,
           brought
           such
           abundance
           of
           gold
           and
           siluer
           to
           Rome
           ,
           that
           the
           price
           of
           lands
           did
           rise
           aboue
           two
           thirds
           .
        
         
           And
           on
           the
           contrarie
           ,
           concerning
           scarcitie
           of
           money
           ,
           Grafton
           in
           his
           Chronicle
           of
           England
           hath
           recorded
           ,
           that
           king
           Edward
           the
           third
           hauing
           great
           warres
           with
           Fraunce
           and
           Scotland
           ,
           and
           incorporating
           the
           money
           into
           his
           handes
           for
           the
           maintenance
           thereof
           ,
           caused
           through
           the
           lacke
           of
           money
           the
           price
           of
           Commodities
           so
           to
           fall
           ,
           that
           a
           quarter
           of
           wheat
           was
           sold
           for
           two
           shillings
           ,
           a
           fat
           oxe
           for
           a
           noble
           ,
           a
           sheepe
           for
           sixe
           pence
           ,
           and
           other
           things
           after
           the
           rate
           .
        
         
           The
           consideration
           of
           the
           premises
           ,
           maketh
           the
           two
           Paradoxes
           of
           Maister
           
           Malestroit
           (
           one
           of
           the
           Officers
           of
           the
           French
           kings
           Exchequer
           )
           to
           be
           most
           Paradoxicall
           ,
           that
           is
           to
           say
           ,
           farre
           differing
           from
           the
           vulgar
           opinion
           :
           which
           Paradoxes
           (
           vpon
           complaint
           of
           the
           people
           of
           the
           dearth
           of
           things
           in
           Fraunce
           )
           he
           presented
           vnto
           the
           king
           ,
           thereby
           to
           qualifie
           the
           cause
           of
           their
           complaint
           .
           The
           substance
           whereof
           I
           haue
           thought
           most
           expedient
           to
           set
           downe
           ,
           and
           the
           aunswer
           also
           which
           Maister
           
             Iohn
             Bodine
          
           the
           greatest
           Polititian
           or
           Common-wealths
           man
           of
           Fraunce
           ,
           hath
           made
           thereunto
           :
           together
           with
           my
           explication
           thereof
           ,
           and
           Replication
           to
           his
           answer
           ;
           whereby
           the
           truth
           wil
           appeare
           ,
           and
           how
           things
           are
           to
           be
           considered
           of
           for
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Common-weale
           .
        
         
           
             The
             first
             Paradox
             .
          
           
             To
             complaine
             of
             the
             generall
             dearth
             of
             al
             things
             in
             Fraunce
             is
             without
             cause
             ,
             
             seeing
             that
             there
             is
             nothing
             growne
             dearer
             these
             three
             hundred
             yeares
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             second
             Paradox
             .
          
           
             There
             is
             much
             to
             be
             lost
             vpon
             a
             Crowne
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             mony
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             albeit
             one
             do
             giue
             the
             same
             in
             payment
             at
             the
             price
             he
             did
             receiue
             the
             same
             .
          
        
         
           
             Since
             that
             the
             auncient
             Permutation
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             hath
             bene
             chaunged
             in
             buying
             and
             selling
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             first
             riches
             of
             men
             (
             which
             did
             consist
             of
             cattel
             )
             was
             transferred
             to
             the
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ;
             whereby
             all
             things
             haue
             receiued
             their
             estimation
             ,
             and
             haue
             bene
             praised
             and
             sold
             for
             :
             it
             followeth
             ,
             that
             those
             mettals
             are
             the
             right
             iudges
             of
             the
             good
             cheap
             or
             dearth
             of
             al
             things
             ▪
          
           
             We
             cannot
             say
             ,
             that
             any
             thing
             is
             now
             dearer
             ,
             then
             it
             was
             three
             hundred
             yeares
             ago
             ,
             vnlesse
             that
             for
             the
             buying
             thereof
             we
             must
             now
             giue
             more
             gold
             or
             siluer
             ,
             then
             we
             did
             then
             ▪
             
             But
             for
             the
             buying
             of
             al
             things
             ,
             we
             do
             not
             giue
             now
             more
             gold
             or
             siluer
             ,
             then
             we
             did
             then
             ,
             saith
             he
             .
             Therefore
             ,
             since
             that
             time
             nothing
             is
             growne
             dearer
             in
             Fraunce
             .
          
           
             To
             proue
             this
             he
             doth
             alleadge
             ,
             that
             during
             the
             raigne
             of
             king
             
               Philip
               de
               Valois
            
             in
             the
             yere
             1328.
             the
             French
             Crowne
             of
             the
             Flower-de-luce
             ,
             as
             good
             in
             waight
             and
             finenesse
             ,
             as
             the
             French
             Crowne
             of
             the
             Sunne
             now
             ;
             was
             then
             worth
             but
             twentie
             sols
             tournois
             :
             which
             (
             for
             the
             better
             vnderstanding
             )
             being
             valued
             according
             to
             the
             common
             computation
             of
             ten
             sols
             for
             a
             shilling
             starling
             ,
             is
             two
             shillings
             .
             In
             those
             dayes
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             the
             French
             elle
             or
             yard
             of
             veluet
             was
             woorth
             foure
             liuers
             ,
             which
             is
             foure
             crowns
             or
             8
             shillings
             starling
             :
             the
             said
             yard
             of
             veluet
             doth
             now
             cost
             ten
             liuers
             ,
             or
             twentie
             shillings
             :
             and
             the
             French
             crowne
             ,
             which
             was
             then
             valued
             at
             two
             shillings
             ,
             is
             now
             valued
             at
             fiftie
             sols
             or
             fiue
             
             shillings
             .
             So
             that
             foure
             crownes
             do
             make
             the
             said
             20
             shillings
             ;
             yet
             the
             said
             french
             crownes
             do
             containe
             no
             more
             in
             gold
             ,
             in
             weight
             ,
             or
             in
             finenesse
             then
             before
             :
             wherby
             there
             is
             no
             more
             gold
             giuen
             in
             substance
             then
             heretofore
             ,
             and
             consequently
             the
             veluet
             is
             not
             now
             dearer
             then
             it
             was
             then
             .
          
           
             During
             the
             raigne
             of
             king
             Iohn
             his
             successor
             ,
             in
             the
             yeare
             1350
             ,
             the
             price
             of
             a
             measure
             of
             wine
             (
             being
             indifferently
             taken
             )
             was
             at
             4
             liuers
             or
             8
             shillings
             starling
             .
             And
             in
             his
             time
             were
             the
             golden
             francks
             coyned
             and
             valued
             at
             20
             sols
             or
             2
             shillings
             ,
             and
             so
             4
             franks
             were
             4
             liuers
             :
             the
             said
             measure
             of
             wine
             is
             now
             worth
             12
             liuers
             or
             24
             shillings
             ,
             and
             the
             said
             franke
             of
             gold
             is
             valued
             at
             60
             sols
             or
             6
             shillings
             :
             so
             that
             foure
             frankes
             valued
             now
             at
             three
             times
             the
             value
             ,
             will
             pay
             these
             12
             liuers
             or
             24
             shillings
             ;
             and
             yet
             the
             said
             frankes
             do
             not
             now
             containe
             any
             more
             gold
             in
             substance
             then
             they
             did
             then
             .
          
           
           
             Proceeding
             to
             the
             money
             of
             siluer
             ,
             he
             taketh
             his
             beginning
             from
             the
             time
             of
             king
             Saint
             Lewis
             ,
             who
             began
             his
             raigne
             anno
             1227
             ,
             and
             caused
             the
             first
             sols
             to
             be
             coyned
             woorth
             12
             deniers
             tournois
             :
             which
             were
             (
             as
             hee
             saith
             )
             of
             fine
             siluer
             ,
             and
             there
             went
             64
             peeces
             in
             the
             marke
             .
             The
             sols
             called
             douzains
             of
             late
             years
             coyned
             by
             king
             Henry
             the
             second
             ,
             and
             now
             currant
             ,
             are
             of
             three
             ounces
             and
             one
             half
             fine
             ,
             and
             of
             93½
             peeces
             to
             the
             marke
             :
             which
             accompted
             to
             the
             marke
             fine
             siluer
             is
             320
             ,
             which
             is
             fiue
             times
             64
             peeces
             which
             were
             in
             king
             Lewis
             his
             time
             .
             So
             that
             one
             of
             those
             sols
             of
             his
             time
             did
             make
             fiue
             of
             the
             sols
             made
             now
             :
             and
             consequently
             the
             twenty
             sols
             now
             are
             woorth
             but
             4
             of
             the
             sols
             then
             ;
             and
             the
             25
             liuers
             ,
             5
             liuers
             ;
             the
             hundred
             liuers
             ,
             twentie
             ;
             and
             so
             more
             or
             lesse
             accordingly
             .
          
           
             Now
             when
             we
             pay
             for
             one
             yard
             of
             veluet
             10
             liuers
             or
             20
             shillings
             starling
             ,
             
             it
             is
             no
             more
             then
             2
             liuers
             or
             40
             sols
             ,
             which
             is
             two
             shillings
             starling
             :
             which
             was
             the
             price
             of
             veluet
             in
             Saint
             Lewis
             his
             time
             .
          
           
             The
             elle
             of
             cloth
             which
             now
             is
             sold
             for
             100
             sols
             or
             10
             shillings
             starling
             ,
             is
             no
             more
             then
             twentie
             sols
             or
             two
             shillings
             starling
             in
             those
             dayes
             .
          
           
             The
             Gentleman
             that
             hath
             now
             500
             liuers
             by
             the
             yeare
             to
             spend
             ,
             hath
             no
             more
             then
             he
             that
             had
             one
             hundred
             liuers
             to
             spend
             in
             those
             dayes
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             like
             manner
             he
             proceedeth
             for
             corne
             ,
             wine
             ,
             and
             other
             commodities
             :
             and
             therupon
             concludeth
             ,
             that
             the
             dearth
             of
             all
             things
             is
             but
             imaginarie
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             is
             a
             vaine
             opinion
             of
             men
             without
             any
             substance
             of
             truth
             ,
             that
             things
             shold
             be
             dearer
             now
             ,
             then
             in
             those
             dayes
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             second
             Paradox
             .
          
           
             
               There
               is
               much
               to
               be
               lost
               vpon
               a
               crowne
               or
               any
               other
               money
               of
               gold
               and
               siluer
               :
               
               albeit
               ,
               one
               do
               giue
               the
               same
               in
               paiment
               for
               the
               same
               price
               he
               did
               receiue
               it
               .
            
          
           
             This
             (
             saith
             Maister
             Malestroit
             )
             is
             an
             old
             and
             common
             error
             rooted
             in
             the
             iudgement
             of
             most
             men
             ,
             that
             are
             farre
             from
             the
             mark
             and
             without
             their
             reckoning
             ,
             as
             he
             will
             manifest
             by
             the
             same
             termes
             of
             his
             former
             Paradox
             .
          
           
             In
             the
             aforesaid
             time
             of
             king
             
               Philip
               de
               Valois
            
             ,
             the
             French
             crowne
             aforesaid
             was
             woorth
             but
             20
             sols
             ,
             which
             is
             now
             currant
             for
             fiftie
             sols
             at
             the
             least
             .
          
           
             The
             Gentleman
             that
             had
             fiftie
             sols
             rent
             or
             income
             ,
             did
             receiue
             for
             it
             two
             crownes
             and
             a
             halfe
             ,
             or
             so
             much
             in
             siluer
             accordingly
             :
             for
             which
             two
             crownes
             and
             a
             halfe
             ,
             he
             had
             halfe
             a
             yard
             and
             halfe
             a
             quarter
             of
             veluet
             after
             the
             rate
             of
             4
             liuers
             the
             yard
             ,
             which
             was
             the
             price
             of
             veluet
             then
             .
             Now
             for
             this
             50
             sols
             ,
             the
             Gentleman
             doth
             receiue
             but
             one
             crowne
             ,
             or
             so
             much
             of
             siluer
             money
             :
             and
             for
             that
             one
             crown
             he
             can
             buy
             now
             but
             one
             quarter
             of
             a
             
             yard
             of
             veluet
             after
             the
             rate
             of
             ten
             liuers
             ,
             that
             veluet
             is
             now
             worth
             ;
             wheras
             before
             he
             had
             halfe
             a
             yard
             and
             halfe
             a
             quarter
             :
             whereby
             he
             loseth
             then
             one
             quarter
             and
             one
             halfe
             quarter
             of
             veluet
             vpon
             his
             crowne
             ,
             although
             hee
             haue
             giuen
             the
             same
             in
             payment
             for
             50
             sols
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             price
             for
             which
             he
             receiued
             the
             said
             crowne
             :
             and
             so
             proceedeth
             with
             other
             the
             like
             examples
             .
          
           
             Then
             for
             the
             siluer
             mony
             ,
             the
             gentleman
             (
             saith
             hee
             )
             who
             during
             the
             raigne
             of
             king
             Lewis
             had
             16
             liuers
             of
             rents
             or
             incomes
             ,
             did
             receiue
             for
             the
             said
             16
             liuers
             ,
             fiue
             markes
             of
             fine
             siluer
             ,
             or
             in
             gold
             accordingly
             .
             For
             as
             by
             the
             first
             Paradox
             is
             declared
             the
             mark
             of
             fine
             siluer
             did
             containe
             64
             peeces
             or
             sols
             .
             Now
             for
             the
             paiment
             of
             this
             rent
             of
             16
             liuers
             ,
             he
             shall
             receiue
             320
             peeces
             or
             sols
             ,
             which
             do
             containe
             but
             one
             marke
             of
             fine
             siluer
             :
             which
             is
             but
             the
             fift
             part
             of
             that
             which
             was
             contained
             
             in
             the
             16
             liuers
             of
             king
             Lewis
             .
             In
             those
             daies
             16
             elles
             of
             cloth
             would
             haue
             bene
             had
             for
             those
             16
             liuers
             after
             the
             rate
             of
             20
             sols
             the
             elle
             ,
             as
             good
             cloth
             &
             better
             then
             that
             which
             doth
             now
             cost
             100
             sols
             :
             whereof
             you
             shall
             haue
             now
             but
             3
             elles
             ⅕
             for
             your
             16
             liuers
             :
             so
             that
             you
             shall
             lose
             12
             elles
             ⅘
             of
             cloth
             vpon
             16
             liuers
             :
             albeit
             you
             haue
             giuen
             in
             payment
             euery
             liuer
             for
             20
             sols
             ,
             at
             which
             price
             you
             haue
             receiued
             the
             same
             :
             which
             he
             doth
             also
             amplifie
             with
             other
             examples
             ;
             adding
             therunto
             further
             :
             that
             if
             any
             man
             would
             obiect
             &
             say
             ,
             I
             care
             not
             what
             the
             crown
             ,
             liuer
             or
             sols
             is
             woorth
             ,
             so
             as
             I
             hauing
             one
             hundred
             liuers
             of
             rent
             ,
             I
             may
             haue
             one
             hundred
             liuers
             payed
             me
             ,
             and
             that
             I
             can
             pay
             out
             againe
             the
             said
             hundred
             liuers
             .
             This
             man
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             must
             then
             make
             proofe
             ,
             that
             he
             can
             now
             haue
             as
             much
             wares
             for
             two
             sols
             which
             are
             now
             almost
             all
             of
             copper
             ,
             as
             he
             could
             haue
             had
             in
             times
             past
             for
             
             two
             sols
             ,
             which
             were
             of
             fine
             siluer
             :
             and
             in
             doing
             so
             ,
             hee
             should
             make
             a
             third
             Paradox
             ,
             more
             straunge
             then
             the
             former
             .
             For
             he
             should
             go
             about
             to
             proue
             euery
             thing
             to
             be
             become
             better
             cheap
             :
             which
             cannot
             be
             proued
             .
             And
             therefore
             he
             concludeth
             still
             with
             the
             former
             first
             Paradox
             ,
             That
             nothing
             is
             growne
             deare
             .
          
           
             The
             substance
             and
             intention
             of
             these
             two
             Paradoxes
             is
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             to
             shew
             ,
             that
             the
             king
             and
             his
             subiects
             do
             now
             buy
             al
             things
             as
             deare
             ,
             as
             in
             times
             past
             :
             for
             that
             they
             must
             giue
             as
             great
             a
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             as
             in
             times
             past
             .
             But
             by
             the
             enhauncing
             of
             the
             price
             of
             the
             moneys
             of
             gold
             ,
             from
             whence
             of
             necessitie
             proceedeth
             the
             embasing
             of
             the
             siluer
             monies
             :
             the
             king
             doth
             not
             receiue
             in
             payment
             of
             his
             reuenues
             ,
             such
             a
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             as
             his
             predecessors
             .
             In
             like
             sort
             ,
             Noblemen
             and
             Gentlemen
             the
             kings
             subiects
             that
             haue
             great
             incoms
             ,
             
             do
             not
             receiue
             such
             a
             quantity
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             as
             in
             times
             past
             :
             but
             are
             paid
             (
             as
             the
             king
             is
             )
             in
             copper
             ,
             in
             lieu
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             .
             For
             which
             copper
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             second
             Paradox
             ,
             they
             cannot
             haue
             so
             much
             wares
             ,
             as
             they
             might
             haue
             for
             the
             like
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             &
             siluer
             .
             So
             that
             the
             losse
             ,
             which
             we
             thinke
             to
             haue
             by
             the
             growing
             deare
             of
             all
             things
             ,
             commeth
             not
             by
             giuing
             more
             :
             but
             by
             receiuing
             lesse
             quantitie
             of
             fine
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             then
             we
             were
             wont
             to
             haue
             .
             Whereby
             we
             see
             manifestly
             ,
             that
             the
             more
             we
             do
             enhance
             the
             price
             of
             mony
             ,
             the
             more
             we
             lose
             :
             for
             thereby
             commeth
             the
             great
             dearth
             of
             all
             things
             now
             ,
             which
             bringeth
             a
             generall
             pouertie
             to
             this
             realme
             .
          
           
             The
             famous
             and
             learned
             Maister
             
               Iohn
               Bodine
            
             making
             answer
             vnto
             these
             two
             Paradoxes
             ,
             first
             sheweth
             :
             how
             M.
             Malestroit
             hath
             abused
             himself
             ,
             to
             vse
             the
             example
             of
             veluet
             to
             proue
             his
             assertions
             .
             
             For
             he
             proueth
             that
             veluets
             were
             yet
             vnknowne
             in
             France
             during
             the
             raign
             of
             Philip
             surnamed
             the
             Faire
             .
             And
             that
             although
             he
             should
             admit
             the
             example
             of
             veluets
             :
             yet
             it
             were
             no
             consequence
             for
             all
             other
             things
             ,
             which
             were
             not
             so
             deare
             proportionably
             .
             And
             concerning
             the
             price
             of
             wines
             and
             corne
             ,
             he
             doth
             prooue
             the
             same
             to
             be
             dearer
             20
             times
             ,
             and
             more
             or
             lesse
             vpon
             occasions
             :
             concluding
             that
             those
             examples
             are
             also
             vnfit
             .
             And
             then
             he
             cometh
             to
             the
             price
             of
             lands
             ,
             which
             cānot
             increase
             or
             diminish
             nor
             be
             altered
             of
             their
             goodnesse
             ,
             if
             they
             be
             manured
             .
             Whereupon
             he
             taketh
             occasion
             to
             shewe
             the
             fertilitie
             of
             France
             :
             and
             that
             certaine
             Dukedoms
             ,
             Earledomes
             and
             Baronnies
             are
             now
             worth
             of
             reuenue
             as
             much
             yearely
             ,
             as
             they
             were
             sold
             for
             in
             times
             past
             .
             The
             lands
             being
             so
             much
             risen
             in
             price
             :
             he
             sheweth
             ,
             that
             within
             sixtie
             yeares
             all
             things
             are
             growne
             deare
             tenne
             times
             
             the
             price
             comparing
             it
             to
             any
             mony
             in
             Fraunce
             :
             and
             so
             setteth
             downe
             the
             causes
             of
             this
             dearth
             which
             are
             5
             in
             number
             :
          
           
             
               1
               The
               principal
               &
               almost
               only
               cause
               :
               The
               abundance
               of
               gold
               and
               siluer
               nowe
               extant
               in
               the
               kingdome
               ,
               more
               then
               in
               times
               past
               .
            
             
               2
               The
               Monopolies
               .
            
             
               3
               The
               want
               of
               things
               ,
               caused
               by
               excessiue
               trade
               and
               wast
               thereof
               .
            
             
               4
               The
               pleasure
               of
               Princes
               ,
               that
               aduance
               the
               price
               of
               things
               .
            
             
               5
               The
               alteration
               of
               the
               valuation
               of
               money
               .
            
          
           
             Concerning
             the
             first
             and
             principal
             cause
             ,
             he
             saith
             ,
             that
             the
             enhauncing
             of
             the
             price
             or
             dearth
             of
             all
             things
             in
             what
             place
             soeuer
             :
             proceedeth
             of
             the
             abundance
             of
             that
             which
             giueth
             price
             and
             estimation
             vnto
             things
             :
             and
             herupon
             doth
             alledge
             diuerse
             examples
             .
             Plutarch
             and
             Plinie
             do
             witnesse
             ,
             that
             
               Paulus
               Aemylius
            
             after
             the
             conquest
             of
             
             Macedon
             against
             the
             Persians
             ,
             did
             bring
             such
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             to
             Rome
             ;
             that
             the
             people
             was
             freed
             of
             all
             imposts
             ,
             and
             the
             price
             of
             lands
             aduaunced
             vnto
             two
             third
             partes
             in
             a
             moment
             .
             The
             Emperour
             Augustus
             brought
             such
             great
             riches
             from
             Egipt
             ,
             that
             the
             price
             of
             vsurie
             did
             decrease
             ,
             and
             the
             lands
             ,
             became
             much
             dearer
             then
             before
             :
             which
             was
             not
             for
             the
             want
             of
             lands
             ,
             which
             cannot
             increase
             or
             diminish
             ;
             nor
             for
             the
             Monopolies
             ,
             which
             can
             take
             no
             place
             in
             this
             case
             :
             but
             it
             was
             the
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             which
             abated
             the
             estimation
             thereof
             ;
             as
             it
             happened
             at
             Ierusalem
             at
             the
             time
             of
             the
             Queene
             of
             Candace
             ;
             and
             in
             the
             West
             Indies
             ,
             when
             the
             Spaniards
             became
             maisters
             thereof
             .
             By
             which
             reason
             the
             Emperour
             Tiberius
             was
             much
             mistaken
             ,
             to
             cause
             him
             to
             be
             beheaded
             ,
             that
             would
             haue
             made
             glasse
             soft
             and
             malleable
             ;
             fearing
             that
             gold
             and
             siluer
             would
             thereby
             haue
             
             lost
             their
             estimation
             :
             whereas
             the
             abundance
             of
             glasses
             ,
             which
             are
             made
             almost
             of
             all
             stones
             ,
             and
             many
             herbes
             ,
             would
             haue
             diminished
             the
             reputatiō
             thereof
             ;
             as
             it
             falleth
             out
             with
             all
             other
             things
             .
             Therefore
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             we
             are
             to
             shew
             ,
             that
             there
             was
             not
             so
             much
             gold
             and
             siluer
             in
             times
             past
             three
             hundred
             years
             ago
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             now
             :
             which
             may
             easily
             be
             known
             .
             For
             if
             there
             be
             mony
             within
             the
             realme
             ,
             it
             cannot
             be
             so
             wel
             hidden
             ,
             but
             that
             Princes
             in
             their
             necessitie
             and
             occurrences
             will
             find
             the
             same
             :
             whereas
             it
             is
             well
             knowne
             ,
             that
             king
             Iohn
             in
             his
             great
             necessitie
             ,
             could
             not
             find
             60
             thousand
             frankes
             (
             let
             it
             be
             crownes
             )
             for
             his
             raunsome
             ;
             but
             did
             remaine
             a
             prisoner
             to
             the
             king
             of
             England
             for
             the
             space
             of
             8
             yeares
             .
             In
             like
             sort
             ,
             the
             king
             of
             Scots
             being
             prisoner
             ,
             could
             not
             find
             means
             for
             his
             ransome
             of
             a
             hundred
             thousand
             nobles
             ,
             vntill
             the
             French
             king
             Charles
             the
             fift
             payed
             the
             same
             ,
             making
             alliance
             with
             Robert
             
             the
             king
             of
             
               Scots
               ,
               anno
            
             1371.
             
             King
             Saint
             Lewis
             was
             in
             the
             like
             predicamēt
             being
             prisoner
             in
             Egypt
             .
             And
             the
             auncient
             histories
             do
             record
             ,
             that
             for
             want
             of
             siluer
             ,
             money
             was
             made
             of
             leather
             with
             a
             naile
             of
             siluer
             .
             Wherby
             appeareth
             the
             great
             want
             of
             siluer
             and
             gold
             in
             Fraunce
             in
             those
             daies
             :
             whereas
             comming
             to
             our
             age
             ,
             we
             shall
             find
             that
             the
             king
             did
             find
             in
             Paris
             in
             sixe
             moneths
             (
             besides
             the
             incomes
             and
             reuenues
             )
             more
             then
             three
             millions
             4
             hundred
             thousand
             pounds
             ;
             which
             after
             10
             pounds
             for
             the
             pound
             starling
             ,
             is
             340
             thousand
             pounds
             starling
             .
             Herunto
             he
             hath
             added
             a
             comparison
             betweene
             certain
             reuenues
             and
             monies
             giuen
             in
             mariage
             with
             Princes
             and
             their
             kindred
             in
             those
             dayes
             ;
             with
             the
             like
             done
             by
             Princes
             of
             late
             yeares
             :
             and
             how
             Italie
             (
             through
             peace
             and
             meanes
             of
             their
             trafficke
             )
             had
             drawne
             all
             the
             gold
             vnto
             them
             ;
             the
             treasure
             in
             Europe
             being
             generally
             increased
             since
             
             the
             discouerie
             of
             the
             West
             Indies
             .
             For
             it
             is
             incredible
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             and
             yet
             true
             ,
             that
             since
             the
             yeare
             1533
             ,
             there
             came
             frō
             Peru
             more
             then
             one
             hundred
             millions
             of
             gold
             ,
             and
             twise
             as
             much
             in
             siluer
             .
             Then
             he
             commeth
             to
             the
             causes
             of
             the
             increase
             of
             the
             wealth
             and
             treasure
             of
             France
             :
             shewing
             how
             the
             Spaniard
             running
             to
             the
             vttermost
             corner
             of
             the
             world
             for
             gold
             ,
             siluer
             ,
             and
             spices
             ,
             doth
             come
             vnto
             them
             for
             their
             corne
             ,
             linnen
             cloth
             ,
             and
             diuerse
             other
             commodities
             .
             On
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             how
             the
             English
             man
             ,
             Scot
             ,
             the
             people
             of
             
               Norway
               ,
               Swaden
            
             ,
             and
             Denmarke
             are
             continually
             digging
             an
             infinite
             number
             of
             mynes
             euen
             to
             the
             very
             center
             of
             the
             earth
             ,
             for
             mettals
             and
             minerals
             ,
             for
             to
             buy
             their
             wines
             ,
             prunes
             ,
             and
             other
             Commodities
             ;
             and
             most
             especially
             their
             Manna
             of
             salt
             ,
             which
             God
             sendeth
             as
             it
             were
             from
             heauen
             ,
             their
             Climate
             being
             more
             apt
             thereunto
             ,
             then
             that
             of
             other
             countries
             :
             which
             
             causeth
             the
             Flemmings
             to
             come
             with
             their
             emptie
             vessels
             ,
             to
             buy
             the
             same
             for
             readie
             mony
             for
             the
             maintenance
             of
             their
             trafficke
             of
             salt-fish
             .
             And
             this
             is
             the
             first
             cause
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             is
             the
             increase
             of
             people
             ,
             which
             by
             reason
             of
             the
             ciuill
             wars
             which
             ceassed
             betweene
             the
             houses
             of
             Orleance
             &
             Burgundie
             ,
             are
             much
             augmented
             vntill
             the
             troubles
             for
             Religion
             .
             Whereas
             the
             warres
             of
             neighbor
             countries
             was
             but
             a
             necessarie
             purgation
             of
             the
             ill
             humors
             of
             the
             bodie
             of
             their
             Commonwealth
             :
             and
             the
             wars
             at
             home
             had
             before
             that
             time
             wasted
             the
             countrey
             ,
             ouerthrowne
             husbandrie
             ,
             and
             spoiled
             all
             handiworke
             :
             the
             Englishman
             hauing
             sacked
             their
             townes
             ,
             burned
             their
             villages
             ,
             murthered
             and
             robbed
             the
             most
             part
             of
             their
             people
             ,
             and
             gnawed
             the
             rest
             to
             the
             bones
             :
             howbeit
             ,
             within
             these
             100
             years
             ,
             the
             towns
             haue
             bene
             reedified
             ,
             villages
             new
             builded
             ,
             woods
             increased
             ,
             
             &
             the
             people
             augmented
             in
             such
             sort
             ,
             that
             colonies
             of
             Frenchmen
             haue
             bene
             sent
             into
             other
             countries
             to
             inhabite
             them
             :
             and
             the
             Spaniard
             being
             negligent
             and
             lazie
             ,
             is
             for
             the
             most
             part
             in
             Arragon
             and
             Nauarre
             without
             any
             labourers
             or
             any
             other
             workmen
             ,
             but
             only
             Frenchmen
             which
             are
             more
             seruiceable
             and
             actiue
             .
          
           
             Another
             cause
             of
             the
             riches
             of
             Fraunce
             ,
             is
             the
             trade
             had
             since
             their
             king
             Francis
             the
             first
             ,
             with
             the
             Turke
             and
             Barbarian
             :
             &
             the
             Banke
             of
             Lyons
             erected
             in
             his
             time
             ,
             brought
             aboundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             into
             Fraunce
             ,
             when
             he
             payed
             8
             vpon
             the
             hundred
             for
             money
             ,
             and
             his
             successor
             ten
             ,
             afterwards
             16
             ,
             and
             20
             vpon
             vrgent
             necessitie
             :
             which
             made
             the
             
               Florentines
               ,
               Lugueses
               ,
               Genowaies
               ,
               Germaines
            
             and
             others
             to
             come
             &
             dwell
             in
             the
             realme
             .
             By
             which
             meanes
             also
             the
             rentes
             leauied
             vpon
             the
             citie
             of
             Paris
             are
             brought
             to
             amount
             vnto
             3
             millions
             ,
             
             and
             three
             hundred
             and
             fifty
             thousand
             pounds
             tournois
             yearely
             .
             And
             the
             citie
             would
             be
             much
             richer
             ,
             if
             there
             were
             a
             house
             as
             at
             Genes
             ,
             called
             the
             house
             of
             S.
             George
             ,
             which
             taketh
             al
             the
             money
             that
             men
             will
             bring
             ,
             after
             the
             rate
             of
             5
             vpon
             the
             100
             ;
             and
             doth
             deliuer
             out
             the
             same
             to
             the
             merchants
             to
             trafficke
             therwith
             ,
             after
             two
             and
             three
             vpon
             the
             hundred
             :
             like
             as
             the
             great
             Emperours
             Antonie
             and
             
               Alexander
               Seuerus
            
             did
             ,
             which
             did
             deliuer
             mony
             at
             4
             per
             100.
             
             And
             Augustus
             deliuered
             mony
             freely
             without
             interest
             to
             them
             that
             wold
             giue
             sureties
             to
             restore
             double
             the
             value
             ,
             if
             they
             did
             not
             pay
             it
             at
             the
             time
             limited
             .
             By
             these
             means
             their
             subiects
             got
             much
             ,
             and
             Princes
             were
             not
             driuen
             to
             borrow
             ,
             or
             to
             pill
             their
             subiects
             :
             but
             did
             rather
             diminish
             their
             imposts
             .
             And
             so
             he
             concludeth
             ,
             that
             the
             aboundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             is
             the
             cause
             partly
             of
             the
             derth
             of
             things
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             
             things
             ,
             namely
             the
             Monopolies
             ,
             he
             doth
             passe
             ouer
             as
             a
             matter
             not
             considerable
             to
             the
             things
             intreated
             of
             :
             which
             is
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             when
             merchants
             ,
             artificers
             or
             laborers
             do
             assemble
             thēselues
             to
             set
             a
             price
             vpon
             the
             Commodities
             ,
             or
             their
             handiworke
             with
             the
             augmēting
             of
             wages
             .
             For
             the
             preuenting
             whereof
             ,
             hee
             commendeth
             the
             abolishing
             of
             their
             fraternities
             or
             companies
             procured
             by
             the
             meanes
             of
             their
             Chauncelor
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             by
             the
             want
             of
             things
             ,
             commeth
             to
             passe
             by
             the
             excessiue
             trade
             of
             the
             things
             ,
             and
             by
             the
             wast
             thereof
             .
             It
             is
             certaine
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             that
             we
             haue
             our
             corne
             and
             wine
             better
             cheape
             during
             the
             warres
             with
             the
             Spaniard
             and
             Flēming
             ,
             then
             after
             the
             warres
             when
             the
             trade
             is
             permitted
             .
             For
             the
             husbandman
             being
             driuen
             to
             sell
             and
             to
             make
             money
             of
             his
             wares
             ,
             and
             the
             gentleman
             finding
             the
             same
             perishable
             ,
             when
             the
             merchant
             
             dare
             not
             lade
             his
             ships
             ,
             bringeth
             downe
             the
             price
             of
             Commodities
             ,
             and
             maketh
             the
             people
             to
             liue
             good
             cheape
             :
             which
             according
             to
             the
             Prouerbe
             (
             
               Fraunce
               can
               neuer
               be
               famished
            
             )
             would
             alwaies
             continue
             ,
             if
             by
             the
             means
             of
             the
             stranger
             their
             storehouses
             were
             not
             emptied
             .
             The
             Spaniard
             doth
             buy
             and
             transport
             their
             corn
             before
             it
             is
             ripe
             ,
             because
             his
             countrey
             (
             except
             Arragon
             and
             Granado
             )
             is
             of
             great
             sterilitie
             :
             therfore
             haue
             the
             corn
             merchants
             great
             priuiledges
             for
             bringing
             corne
             vnto
             them
             ,
             and
             are
             onely
             licensed
             to
             export
             mony
             for
             the
             same
             .
             From
             the
             Spaniard
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             we
             haue
             but
             their
             oyles
             and
             spices
             ,
             and
             yet
             the
             best
             drugges
             come
             vnto
             vs
             from
             Turkie
             and
             Barbarie
             .
             From
             Italie
             we
             haue
             their
             allumes
             ,
             some
             silkes
             ,
             and
             other
             Commodities
             .
             Oyles
             we
             may
             haue
             within
             our
             dominions
             of
             Languedock
             and
             Prouence
             more
             then
             we
             do
             need
             :
             and
             there
             are
             as
             good
             silkes
             made
             with
             
             vs
             ,
             as
             at
             Florence
             and
             Genes
             .
             Touching
             allumes
             ,
             if
             we
             would
             cut
             the
             veines
             of
             the
             Pireney
             mountaines
             ,
             we
             should
             find
             an
             infinite
             number
             of
             allume
             and
             copresse
             ,
             as
             hath
             bin
             sufficiently
             proued
             :
             whereas
             France
             doth
             spend
             farre
             aboue
             the
             value
             of
             one
             million
             thereof
             yearely
             :
             and
             the
             wast
             of
             things
             is
             incredible
             .
          
           
             The
             fourth
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             proceedeth
             from
             the
             pleasure
             of
             Princes
             ,
             which
             do
             impose
             a
             price
             vnto
             the
             things
             which
             they
             affect
             .
             For
             it
             is
             a
             generall
             rule
             in
             state
             matters
             ,
             that
             Princes
             do
             not
             onely
             giue
             lawes
             vnto
             their
             subiects
             ,
             but
             also
             (
             as
             Plato
             hath
             noted
             )
             they
             do
             chaunge
             by
             their
             example
             the
             maners
             of
             men
             .
             To
             which
             purpose
             he
             doth
             vse
             the
             example
             of
             their
             king
             Francis
             the
             first
             ,
             who
             being
             hurt
             in
             the
             head
             ,
             caused
             his
             haire
             to
             be
             cut
             off
             :
             wherin
             the
             people
             did
             presently
             imitate
             him
             ,
             as
             following
             the
             will
             of
             Princes
             ,
             &
             praising
             that
             which
             
             they
             do
             commend
             .
             We
             haue
             seene
             at
             one
             time
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             three
             great
             Princes
             striuing
             (
             as
             it
             were
             )
             who
             should
             haue
             the
             most
             learned
             men
             and
             best
             artificers
             :
             namely
             ,
             the
             great
             king
             Francis
             the
             first
             ,
             Henry
             king
             of
             England
             ,
             and
             Pope
             Paul
             the
             third
             :
             in
             such
             sort
             ,
             that
             the
             king
             of
             England
             could
             neuer
             haue
             the
             learned
             and
             reuerend
             Beda
             ;
             and
             the
             French
             king
             did
             pay
             72
             thousand
             crownes
             for
             a
             Diamond
             ,
             rather
             then
             king
             Henry
             should
             haue
             had
             the
             same
             .
             Presently
             the
             Nobilitie
             and
             the
             people
             did
             giue
             themselues
             to
             studie
             and
             to
             buy
             precious
             stones
             :
             and
             whē
             king
             Henry
             beganne
             to
             make
             litle
             account
             of
             the
             stones
             ,
             their
             generall
             estimation
             and
             price
             was
             abated
             :
             wherof
             there
             are
             many
             examples
             in
             like
             sort
             for
             the
             art
             of
             painting
             .
             The
             Princes
             of
             the
             East
             and
             Alexander
             the
             Great
             had
             brought
             them
             into
             such
             credite
             ,
             that
             a
             picture
             of
             Venus
             issuing
             out
             of
             the
             waters
             which
             Apelles
             had
             made
             ,
             was
             
             bought
             for
             60
             thousand
             crownes
             ;
             Alexander
             gaue
             for
             his
             200
             talents
             ,
             that
             is
             36
             thousand
             pound
             starling
             .
             Apelles
             himselfe
             made
             no
             difficultie
             to
             buy
             a
             picture
             of
             Protogenes
             for
             50
             thousand
             crownes
             :
             concluding
             with
             other
             examples
             ,
             that
             the
             pleasure
             of
             Princes
             maketh
             things
             deare
             as
             aforesaid
             .
             And
             so
             returning
             to
             the
             wast
             or
             consumption
             of
             things
             ,
             wherein
             their
             example
             is
             also
             imitated
             ,
             he
             doth
             reprehend
             the
             cutting
             of
             silke
             vpon
             silke
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             stuffe
             ,
             so
             that
             it
             can
             serue
             but
             once
             for
             one
             person
             :
             which
             caused
             the
             Turkes
             to
             call
             vs
             mad
             men
             .
             And
             further
             he
             findeth
             fault
             ,
             that
             our
             Lackies
             and
             seruants
             are
             apparelled
             therwith
             ,
             and
             that
             so
             much
             stuffe
             is
             put
             into
             the
             apparell
             ,
             disguising
             with
             new
             fangled
             fashions
             the
             proportion
             of
             our
             person
             or
             bodie
             ,
             contrarie
             to
             the
             ancient
             modestie
             :
             when
             as
             the
             fashion
             of
             the
             apparell
             will
             many
             times
             cost
             more
             then
             the
             apparell
             itselfe
             .
             To
             this
             is
             linked
             
             the
             desire
             of
             costly
             houshold
             stuffe
             ,
             and
             daintie
             and
             delicate
             fare
             of
             al
             sorts
             of
             meate
             and
             drinke
             ;
             whereof
             he
             alleaged
             examples
             ,
             which
             are
             better
             cōcealed
             then
             spoken
             of
             :
             for
             they
             bring
             with
             them
             all
             licentiousnesse
             and
             excesse
             ,
             as
             a
             spring
             of
             vices
             of
             the
             calamities
             and
             miseries
             of
             a
             Common-wealth
             .
          
           
             If
             any
             man
             shold
             here
             obiect
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             that
             if
             things
             did
             still
             become
             dearer
             ,
             partly
             through
             the
             wast
             ,
             and
             partly
             also
             for
             the
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             no
             man
             should
             be
             able
             to
             liue
             because
             of
             the
             dearth
             :
             it
             is
             true
             .
             But
             the
             warres
             and
             calamities
             happening
             to
             a
             Common-wealth
             do
             stay
             the
             course
             hereof
             :
             as
             we
             may
             see
             ,
             that
             the
             Romaines
             haue
             liued
             with
             great
             scarcitie
             ,
             and
             to
             speake
             properly
             ,
             in
             great
             miserie
             almost
             fiue
             hundred
             yeares
             ,
             when
             they
             had
             but
             copper
             monies
             of
             a
             pound
             waight
             ,
             and
             without
             stampe
             ,
             vntill
             king
             Seruius
             ;
             and
             they
             made
             no
             
             siluer
             monies
             but
             485
             yeares
             after
             the
             foundation
             of
             Rome
             ;
             and
             62
             yeares
             after
             ,
             they
             made
             monies
             of
             gold
             .
             And
             here
             he
             taketh
             occasion
             to
             compare
             the
             price
             of
             things
             altered
             during
             the
             gouernment
             of
             the
             Romaines
             ,
             and
             the
             lawes
             made
             by
             them
             for
             the
             suppressing
             of
             abuses
             :
             and
             that
             all
             their
             gold
             and
             siluer
             came
             vnto
             them
             in
             a
             hundred
             and
             twentie
             yeares
             by
             the
             spoiles
             of
             all
             the
             world
             ,
             which
             was
             brought
             to
             Rome
             by
             the
             
               Scipions
               ,
               Paul
               Aemylius
               ,
               Marius
               ,
               Sylla
               ,
               Lucullus
               ,
               Pompey
            
             and
             Caesar
             ,
             especially
             by
             the
             two
             last
             .
             For
             Pompey
             did
             conquer
             so
             much
             land
             ,
             as
             made
             the
             reuenue
             of
             the
             Empire
             to
             come
             vnto
             8
             millions
             and
             one
             halfe
             of
             crownes
             .
             Caesar
             notwithstanding
             all
             his
             expences
             &
             prodigalities
             brought
             to
             the
             treasurie
             40
             millions
             of
             crowns
             :
             hauing
             giuen
             at
             one
             time
             vnto
             Paul
             Consull
             900
             thousand
             crownes
             for
             to
             hold
             silence
             ,
             and
             vnto
             Curion
             Tribune
             1500
             thousand
             crownes
             to
             take
             
             his
             part
             .
             
               Marke
               Antonie
            
             went
             further
             :
             (
             if
             it
             be
             true
             that
             which
             Plutarch
             and
             Appian
             haue
             written
             )
             for
             he
             gaue
             vnto
             his
             armie
             for
             their
             seruice
             done
             200
             thousand
             talents
             ,
             being
             120
             millions
             of
             crownes
             :
             which
             is
             to
             be
             credited
             ,
             seeing
             that
             the
             Emperour
             Adrian
             for
             to
             haue
             the
             goodwill
             of
             40
             legions
             ,
             gaue
             ten
             millions
             of
             crownes
             .
             So
             that
             we
             may
             here
             see
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             at
             Rome
             :
             but
             it
             did
             not
             last
             euer
             ,
             for
             in
             lesse
             then
             300
             yeares
             ,
             the
             
               Parths
               ,
               Goths
               ,
               Hercules
               ,
               Hongers
            
             and
             other
             cruel
             nations
             did
             ouercome
             the
             Empire
             &
             all
             Italy
             ,
             and
             ouercame
             the
             Romains
             ,
             burned
             their
             citie
             ,
             and
             tooke
             the
             spoile
             of
             them
             .
             The
             like
             doth
             happen
             vnto
             all
             Commonweales
             ,
             to
             wax
             and
             increase
             by
             litle
             and
             litle
             ,
             and
             to
             flourish
             for
             a
             time
             in
             wealth
             and
             power
             :
             and
             afterwards
             to
             grow
             old
             and
             decline
             ,
             vntill
             they
             be
             vtterly
             ruinated
             and
             destroyed
             .
          
           
             Comming
             to
             the
             last
             cause
             of
             the
             
             dearth
             of
             things
             by
             the
             alteration
             of
             mony
             ,
             he
             sheweth
             how
             Master
             Malestroit
             hath
             mistaken
             the
             matter
             in
             the
             monies
             themselues
             made
             within
             300
             yeares
             .
             For
             whereas
             he
             saith
             ,
             that
             S.
             Lewis
             caused
             the
             first
             sols
             to
             be
             coyned
             worth
             twelue
             deniers
             ,
             whereof
             64
             peeces
             went
             to
             the
             marke
             ;
             and
             that
             in
             
               Philip
               de
               Valois
            
             his
             time
             ,
             the
             crowne
             of
             the
             Flower-de-luce
             without
             number
             ,
             &
             as
             good
             as
             the
             crowns
             now
             ,
             was
             valued
             but
             20
             sols
             ;
             and
             that
             afterwards
             king
             Iohn
             caused
             the
             franks
             to
             be
             made
             of
             fine
             gold
             which
             were
             but
             valued
             20
             sols
             ;
             and
             that
             the
             sols
             of
             siluer
             of
             that
             time
             was
             worth
             fiue
             of
             our
             sols
             :
             he
             doth
             not
             say
             of
             what
             weight
             or
             finenesse
             the
             monies
             were
             in
             those
             daies
             .
             And
             touching
             the
             last
             point
             he
             doth
             contradict
             himselfe
             :
             for
             he
             doth
             acknowledge
             that
             the
             old
             crown
             weighing
             three
             penny
             weight
             ,
             is
             no
             more
             worth
             then
             60
             of
             our
             sols
             :
             so
             that
             the
             auncient
             sols
             of
             fine
             siluer
             
             can
             be
             worth
             but
             three
             of
             them
             :
             and
             yet
             the
             frankes
             of
             gold
             do
             weigh
             lesse
             by
             foure
             graines
             then
             the
             old
             crowne
             ,
             and
             are
             no
             better
             in
             finenesse
             then
             the
             other
             .
             And
             by
             the
             proclamation
             of
             the
             yeare
             1561
             ,
             the
             old
             crowne
             is
             valued
             at
             60
             sols
             ,
             and
             the
             franke
             at
             50
             sols
             :
             which
             if
             his
             proposition
             were
             true
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             were
             fiue
             sols
             for
             one
             ;
             then
             would
             the
             old
             crowne
             be
             by
             this
             proportion
             valued
             at
             100
             sols
             ,
             and
             the
             franke
             at
             90
             sols
             .
             And
             if
             Master
             Malestroit
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             doth
             take
             his
             comparison
             of
             the
             alteration
             of
             monies
             at
             some
             one
             time
             in
             any
             such
             years
             whē
             monies
             haue
             bene
             embased
             ;
             that
             is
             no
             consequence
             at
             all
             :
             for
             within
             the
             abouesaid
             time
             it
             is
             manifest
             ,
             that
             the
             money
             was
             once
             so
             base
             in
             allay
             ,
             that
             one
             of
             our
             sols
             was
             worth
             5
             of
             those
             which
             were
             then
             .
             And
             then
             he
             sheweth
             ,
             how
             al
             things
             were
             rated
             for
             their
             customes
             ,
             and
             how
             vsed
             within
             fiftie
             or
             sixtie
             yeares
             :
             concluding
             that
             the
             
             price
             of
             things
             (
             notwithstanding
             his
             former
             allegation
             )
             is
             not
             altered
             by
             the
             valuation
             of
             monies
             .
             But
             wel
             ,
             that
             things
             are
             growne
             deare
             ,
             contrary
             to
             the
             first
             Paradoxe
             of
             Maister
             Malestroit
             :
             and
             that
             was
             the
             first
             point
             which
             he
             was
             to
             proue
             ;
             &
             the
             second
             was
             the
             causes
             of
             this
             dearth
             ,
             as
             we
             haue
             briefly
             rehearsed
             .
          
           
             But
             forasmuch
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             as
             some
             great
             personages
             do
             labour
             by
             words
             and
             writings
             ,
             that
             the
             trade
             should
             be
             cut
             off
             ,
             and
             that
             no
             Commodities
             shold
             be
             transported
             out
             of
             the
             realm
             ;
             making
             accompt
             that
             we
             could
             liue
             peaceably
             within
             our selues
             ,
             and
             very
             good
             cheape
             without
             giuing
             or
             receiuing
             any
             thing
             of
             other
             nations
             :
             he
             doth
             reprehend
             them
             ,
             and
             sheweth
             that
             they
             haue
             need
             of
             the
             straungers
             ,
             and
             most
             especially
             of
             the
             trafficke
             with
             them
             .
             Insomuch
             that
             although
             they
             could
             liue
             without
             them
             in
             regard
             of
             Commodities
             :
             yet
             charitie
             
             and
             humanity
             willeth
             vs
             to
             maintaine
             friendship
             with
             our
             neighbours
             ,
             and
             rather
             to
             giue
             them
             part
             of
             our
             blessings
             ,
             then
             not
             to
             deale
             or
             to
             communicate
             with
             them
             .
             Wherein
             the
             Romaines
             were
             much
             to
             blame
             ,
             who
             hauing
             extended
             their
             power
             from
             the
             West
             vnto
             the
             East
             ,
             did
             refuse
             to
             take
             vnder
             their
             gouernment
             some
             nations
             ,
             because
             there
             was
             nothing
             to
             be
             had
             of
             them
             :
             whereas
             the
             greatest
             gift
             of
             honor
             that
             God
             giueth
             vnto
             man
             ,
             is
             to
             giue
             him
             the
             maiestie
             to
             commaund
             ,
             and
             to
             do
             iustice
             especially
             to
             the
             poore
             not
             being
             instructed
             .
             But
             if
             this
             lesson
             doth
             not
             please
             men
             of
             this
             humour
             ,
             God
             hath
             so
             bestowed
             and
             deuided
             his
             graces
             and
             blessings
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             no
             countrey
             in
             all
             the
             world
             so
             fruitfull
             ,
             but
             hath
             neede
             of
             diuers
             things
             :
             whereby
             he
             holdeth
             all
             the
             subiects
             of
             his
             Commonwealth
             in
             friendship
             ,
             or
             at
             the
             least
             doth
             hinder
             them
             to
             make
             long
             warres
             one
             with
             
             another
             .
             And
             so
             he
             proceedeth
             to
             shew
             some
             remedies
             to
             the
             causes
             aforesaid
             .
          
           
             The
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             now
             adaies
             more
             then
             in
             times
             past
             ,
             must
             partly
             excuse
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             :
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             adding
             further
             touching
             Monopolies
             and
             the
             wast
             of
             things
             ,
             that
             in
             vaine
             are
             good
             lawes
             made
             if
             they
             be
             not
             executed
             ;
             especially
             if
             the
             king
             do
             not
             cause
             the
             courtier
             to
             obserue
             them
             ,
             whom
             the
             common
             people
             doth
             imitate
             :
             whereby
             also
             many
             superfluous
             things
             might
             be
             auoided
             ,
             and
             not
             brought
             into
             the
             realme
             ;
             as
             is
             done
             by
             Italians
             with
             perfumes
             ,
             counterfeit
             stones
             ,
             and
             such
             trifles
             .
             Cōcerning
             the
             excessiue
             trade
             of
             some
             Commodities
             ,
             he
             declareth
             ,
             that
             as
             the
             things
             transported
             ,
             cause
             the
             like
             to
             grow
             deare
             by
             the
             exportation
             :
             so
             the
             things
             imported
             becom
             the
             better
             cheape
             .
             Wherof
             he
             excepteth
             the
             trade
             of
             corne
             ,
             which
             is
             to
             be
             
             gouerned
             more
             wisely
             :
             for
             they
             haue
             had
             intollerable
             famines
             for
             want
             of
             such
             a
             due
             care
             as
             Ioseph
             had
             in
             Aegypt
             .
             The
             meane
             to
             preuent
             the
             same
             ,
             is
             to
             haue
             many
             publike
             store-houses
             in
             seuerall
             places
             ,
             making
             prouision
             of
             corne
             yearely
             ,
             by
             selling
             the
             old
             and
             prouiding
             new
             in
             place
             .
          
           
             Touching
             the
             opinion
             of
             those
             ,
             that
             would
             haue
             the
             vines
             taken
             vp
             ,
             and
             corne
             sowed
             in
             the
             place
             :
             or
             at
             the
             least
             to
             commaund
             that
             no
             vines
             should
             be
             planted
             hereafter
             :
             the
             husbandman
             doth
             with
             reason
             laugh
             thē
             to
             scorne
             .
             For
             God
             himselfe
             did
             so
             direct
             and
             dispose
             the
             nature
             of
             the
             ground
             ,
             that
             all
             should
             not
             be
             for
             corne
             ,
             or
             all
             wine
             ;
             seeing
             the
             one
             hath
             need
             of
             a
             fat
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             of
             a
             stonie
             ground
             .
             And
             if
             the
             vines
             were
             pulled
             vp
             ,
             wee
             should
             (
             saith
             hee
             )
             depriue
             Fraunce
             of
             one
             of
             the
             greatest
             riches
             of
             the
             land
             .
             But
             there
             is
             a
             meane
             propounded
             by
             those
             that
             haue
             vnderstanding
             
             in
             matters
             of
             imposts
             ,
             which
             would
             very
             much
             enrich
             the
             realme
             ,
             and
             releeue
             the
             common-people
             :
             which
             is
             ,
             to
             lay
             part
             of
             the
             ordinarie
             charges
             vpon
             corn
             ,
             wine
             ,
             salt
             ,
             wood
             ,
             linnen
             cloth
             and
             draperie
             :
             and
             most
             especially
             vpon
             wine
             ,
             salt
             ,
             and
             corne
             ,
             which
             are
             three
             elements
             whereupon
             (
             next
             vnder
             God
             )
             the
             life
             of
             the
             stranger
             dependeth
             ,
             and
             which
             can
             neuer
             faile
             .
             The
             mines
             of
             the
             North
             and
             of
             the
             Indies
             are
             exhausted
             in
             a
             short
             time
             ,
             and
             the
             mettals
             cannot
             grow
             againe
             :
             but
             our
             springs
             of
             corne
             ,
             salt
             &
             wine
             are
             not
             to
             be
             drawne
             out
             .
             And
             howsoeuer
             the
             season
             of
             the
             yere
             doth
             hinder
             them
             to
             come
             to
             perfection
             :
             yet
             other
             nations
             do
             not
             regard
             ,
             at
             what
             price
             soeuer
             they
             buy
             thē
             .
             And
             it
             commeth
             to
             passe
             many
             times
             ,
             that
             salt
             is
             better
             cheape
             in
             
               England
               ,
               Scotland
            
             ,
             and
             Flaunders
             ,
             then
             in
             Fraunce
             :
             neither
             can
             other
             nations
             take
             offence
             if
             impositions
             bee
             layed
             vpon
             these
             
             Commodities
             :
             for
             they
             haue
             done
             the
             like
             vpon
             diuers
             Commodities
             of
             their
             owne
             .
             And
             so
             he
             concludeth
             ,
             that
             by
             these
             meanes
             there
             would
             be
             the
             lesse
             transported
             :
             and
             so
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             qualified
             by
             greater
             store
             remaining
             within
             the
             land
             .
          
           
             Another
             remedie
             against
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             especially
             of
             victuals
             ,
             is
             to
             restore
             the
             vse
             of
             fish
             to
             his
             auncient
             credite
             :
             by
             meanes
             whereof
             ,
             beefe
             ,
             mutton
             ,
             foule
             ,
             &
             all
             such
             kind
             of
             flesh
             would
             become
             better
             cheape
             :
             shewing
             to
             this
             purpose
             the
             commodious
             situation
             of
             France
             ,
             and
             the
             great
             nūber
             of
             riuers
             within
             their
             dominion
             .
             And
             so
             with
             Galen
             he
             doth
             preferre
             fish
             before
             flesh
             :
             for
             that
             fish
             is
             more
             wholesome
             ,
             and
             is
             neuer
             vnsound
             ,
             as
             the
             porke
             and
             hare
             ,
             nor
             scuruie
             as
             the
             sheepe
             ,
             nor
             lousie
             as
             the
             bucke
             ,
             neither
             subiect
             to
             diuers
             diseases
             as
             beasts
             are
             :
             neither
             hath
             God
             created
             foure
             hundred
             seuerall
             sorts
             of
             fishes
             (
             which
             
             doe
             not
             cost
             any
             thing
             to
             feede
             )
             in
             vaine
             ,
             being
             almost
             all
             fit
             for
             meate
             :
             whereas
             there
             is
             not
             40
             sorts
             of
             beasts
             and
             fowle
             ,
             fit
             for
             the
             nourishment
             of
             man
             :
             but
             to
             eate
             flesh
             and
             fish
             together
             is
             very
             vnwholesome
             .
             And
             hereupon
             he
             sheweth
             ,
             in
             what
             great
             estimation
             fish
             was
             in
             times
             past
             :
             and
             that
             the
             principall
             banquets
             were
             made
             of
             fish
             ;
             as
             that
             of
             Caligula
             which
             did
             continue
             sixe
             moneths
             ,
             who
             made
             all
             the
             Mediterrane
             sea
             to
             be
             fished
             ;
             and
             but
             for
             varietie
             ,
             fowle
             and
             other
             meates
             were
             vsed
             with
             it
             .
             The
             coast
             of
             Picardie
             where
             the
             sea
             is
             of
             a
             sandy
             ground
             ,
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             there
             the
             fish
             is
             flat
             ;
             the
             coast
             of
             Normandie
             &
             Guienne
             which
             is
             stonie
             ,
             bringeth
             foorth
             the
             rockefish
             ;
             and
             the
             coast
             of
             Brittaine
             which
             is
             slimie
             ,
             yeeldeth
             the
             round
             fish
             ,
             as
             Lamprays
             ,
             Congers
             &
             such
             like
             :
             and
             yet
             man
             knoweth
             not
             from
             whence
             at
             one
             season
             doth
             come
             the
             infinite
             millions
             of
             Herrings
             about
             the
             coasts
             
             of
             Fraunce
             and
             England
             ,
             Pilcheards
             about
             Galisiea
             ,
             and
             Whales
             and
             other
             fishes
             in
             new-found
             land
             and
             other
             seas
             .
             Commending
             hereupon
             our
             custome
             of
             England
             ,
             where
             men
             are
             constrained
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             to
             obserue
             fish-dayes
             in
             the
             weeke
             ,
             notwithstanding
             the
             great
             plentie
             of
             beasts
             and
             fowles
             .
             The
             only
             meane
             to
             bring
             this
             to
             passe
             is
             the
             example
             of
             the
             Prince
             and
             great
             men
             ,
             whom
             the
             people
             will
             imitate
             ▪
             Adrian
             a
             Hollander
             was
             of
             a
             poore
             scholer
             made
             Pope
             ,
             by
             meanes
             of
             the
             Emperour
             Charles
             the
             fift
             his
             disciple
             :
             and
             because
             he
             did
             loue
             to
             feed
             vpon
             hake-fish
             ,
             presently
             all
             the
             Courtiers
             ,
             and
             his
             followers
             to
             please
             him
             did
             the
             like
             ,
             and
             the
             people
             also
             :
             so
             that
             nothing
             was
             dearer
             at
             Rome
             then
             hake
             fish
             .
             The
             example
             therfore
             is
             of
             great
             efficacie
             ,
             which
             inferiour
             men
             do
             follow
             of
             their
             superiours
             .
          
           
             Then
             he
             cometh
             to
             the
             last
             point
             ,
             which
             may
             hold
             the
             price
             of
             Commodities
             
             in
             a
             certain
             equalitie
             :
             namely
             ,
             certaintie
             and
             equalitie
             of
             money
             ,
             which
             for
             the
             time
             must
             not
             be
             mutable
             or
             incertaine
             :
             for
             if
             it
             were
             ,
             no
             man
             could
             make
             an
             estate
             certain
             :
             the
             contracts
             wil
             be
             vncertaine
             ;
             the
             rents
             ,
             charges
             ,
             taxes
             ,
             wages
             ,
             pensions
             ,
             penalties
             ,
             customs
             and
             impositions
             ,
             and
             all
             things
             else
             in
             the
             Commonwealth
             wil
             be
             vncertaine
             :
             wheras
             the
             Prince
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             must
             be
             the
             warrant
             of
             the
             monies
             vnto
             his
             subiectes
             ,
             and
             is
             to
             haue
             a
             singular
             care
             to
             auoide
             embasing
             and
             counterfeiting
             .
             And
             then
             he
             discourseth
             of
             some
             auncient
             monies
             and
             waights
             vsed
             by
             other
             nations
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             propertie
             and
             diuersitie
             of
             mettals
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             alteration
             of
             mony
             in
             Fraunce
             ,
             together
             with
             their
             finenesse
             ,
             proportion
             ,
             &
             valuation
             :
             which
             (
             for
             to
             auoide
             prolixitie
             )
             I
             do
             passe
             ouer
             ,
             albeit
             I
             meane
             to
             touch
             in
             part
             hereafter
             .
          
           
             This
             is
             the
             substance
             and
             answer
             of
             
             Maister
             Bodine
             vnto
             these
             Paradoxes
             ,
             which
             he
             hath
             dedicated
             vnto
             the
             President
             of
             the
             French
             kings
             Parliament
             :
             for
             to
             encourage
             all
             them
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             that
             wish
             well
             to
             the
             Common-wealth
             ,
             to
             continue
             in
             the
             studie
             of
             so
             good
             a
             subiect
             ;
             to
             the
             end
             that
             Princes
             which
             haue
             the
             power
             to
             commaund
             ,
             together
             with
             those
             that
             do
             giue
             them
             counsell
             ,
             may
             be
             more
             resolued
             in
             those
             things
             ,
             for
             the
             honour
             of
             God
             ,
             &
             welfare
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             :
             when
             they
             shall
             vnderstand
             the
             iust
             complaints
             and
             griefes
             of
             the
             poore
             people
             ,
             which
             doe
             feele
             the
             smart
             ,
             but
             cannot
             for
             the
             most
             part
             iudge
             of
             the
             causes
             thereof
             ;
             and
             those
             that
             haue
             some
             iudgement
             ,
             cannot
             haue
             audience
             or
             meanes
             to
             make
             it
             knowne
             ,
             but
             by
             writings
             vnto
             those
             that
             can
             easily
             remedie
             the
             same
             .
          
           
             But
             if
             Maister
             Bodine
             had
             according
             to
             his
             wisedome
             and
             deepe
             iudgment
             in
             other
             matters
             ,
             considered
             of
             
             these
             two
             Paradoxes
             :
             he
             would
             haue
             made
             a
             direct
             aunswer
             thereunto
             ,
             before
             he
             would
             haue
             proceeded
             in
             his
             discourse
             before
             alleaged
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             Paradoxe
             being
             considered
             of
             with
             the
             second
             ,
             will
             shewe
             a
             manifest
             contradiction
             or
             contrarietie
             .
             For
             the
             first
             doth
             consist
             in
             giuing
             of
             more
             gold
             and
             siluer
             for
             Commodities
             now
             ,
             then
             in
             times
             past
             :
             which
             he
             denyeth
             .
             And
             the
             second
             ,
             in
             receiuing
             lesse
             Commodities
             for
             the
             gold
             and
             siluer
             now
             ,
             then
             in
             times
             past
             ;
             which
             he
             affirmeth
             :
             which
             both
             waies
             is
             to
             be
             taken
             in
             nature
             of
             Permutation
             .
          
           
             Now
             if
             we
             do
             not
             giue
             more
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             for
             Commodities
             then
             in
             times
             past
             :
             how
             can
             we
             receiue
             lesse
             Commodities
             for
             the
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             and
             thereby
             receiue
             a
             losse
             ,
             as
             in
             the
             second
             Paradoxe
             is
             alleaged
             ?
          
           
             Again
             ,
             if
             we
             do
             receiue
             lesse
             quantitie
             
             of
             Commodities
             for
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             then
             in
             times
             past
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             second
             Paradoxe
             ,
             whereby
             we
             sustaine
             a
             losse
             :
             how
             can
             the
             first
             Paradoxe
             be
             true
             ,
             That
             nothing
             is
             growne
             deare
             ,
             for
             that
             we
             giue
             no
             more
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             for
             Commodities
             ,
             then
             in
             times
             past
             ?
          
           
             The
             explanation
             of
             his
             intention
             touching
             these
             2
             Paradoxes
             ,
             is
             more
             absurd
             considering
             the
             premisses
             .
             For
             whereas
             he
             saith
             ,
             that
             the
             king
             and
             his
             subiects
             do
             now
             buy
             al
             things
             as
             dere
             as
             in
             times
             past
             ,
             by
             giuing
             as
             great
             a
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             or
             siluer
             for
             it
             :
             it
             followeth
             ,
             that
             the
             king
             and
             other
             his
             subiects
             do
             receiue
             the
             like
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             proportionably
             for
             their
             reuenues
             ,
             and
             not
             a
             payment
             of
             copper
             in
             lieu
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             (
             as
             he
             saith
             )
             considering
             the
             course
             of
             mony
             is
             all
             alike
             betweene
             the
             king
             and
             the
             subiect
             .
             But
             if
             we
             will
             take
             his
             meaning
             to
             be
             ,
             that
             he
             hath
             excepted
             the
             
             Crowne
             landes
             and
             incomes
             of
             the
             king
             ,
             and
             the
             reuenues
             of
             Noblemen
             &
             others
             ,
             wherof
             the
             price
             (
             as
             it
             shold
             seeme
             )
             is
             not
             altered
             with
             them
             ;
             like
             as
             the
             Crowne
             lands
             with
             vs
             ,
             which
             are
             at
             the
             auncient
             rent
             ,
             when
             siluer
             was
             at
             twenty
             pence
             an
             ounce
             ,
             which
             ounce
             is
             now
             esteemed
             fiue
             shillings
             :
             how
             can
             this
             construction
             be
             admitted
             ,
             considering
             that
             he
             ▪
             doth
             conclude
             againe
             in
             generall
             wordes
             ,
             that
             the
             losse
             which
             we
             thinke
             to
             haue
             by
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             commeth
             not
             by
             giuing
             more
             ,
             but
             by
             receiuing
             lesse
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             then
             we
             were
             wont
             to
             haue
             ?
             which
             is
             by
             enhauncing
             the
             price
             of
             money
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             which
             is
             the
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             all
             things
             now
             ,
             and
             bringeth
             a
             generall
             pouertie
             to
             the
             realme
             .
             A
             conclusion
             most
             opposite
             to
             the
             first
             Paradoxe
             .
          
           
             And
             whereas
             he
             saith
             ,
             that
             of
             necessitie
             the
             embasing
             of
             the
             siluer
             monies
             
             proceedeth
             by
             the
             enhauncing
             of
             the
             gold
             :
             the
             word
             Embasing
             must
             be
             vnderstood
             in
             price
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             proportion
             of
             valuation
             which
             is
             obserued
             betweene
             the
             gold
             and
             siluer
             :
             which
             in
             those
             daies
             was
             11
             of
             fine
             siluer
             to
             one
             of
             fine
             gold
             .
             But
             the
             siluer
             is
             not
             embased
             by
             allay
             or
             copper
             in
             aduancing
             the
             price
             of
             gold
             :
             for
             the
             substance
             remaineth
             vnaltered
             and
             becommeth
             only
             abated
             in
             price
             in
             regard
             of
             the
             gold
             .
             Now
             if
             Maister
             Bodine
             had
             not
             shewed
             before
             ,
             that
             Malestroit
             hath
             mistaken
             himselfe
             in
             the
             setting
             downe
             of
             the
             enhauncing
             of
             money
             in
             price
             ,
             and
             the
             embasing
             by
             allay
             :
             wherby
             the
             gold
             monies
             by
             him
             alleaged
             to
             be
             risen
             from
             one
             to
             two
             and
             a
             halfe
             ,
             and
             three
             in
             price
             ,
             and
             the
             siluer
             monies
             from
             one
             to
             5
             :
             we
             might
             haue
             examined
             this
             proportion
             betweene
             gold
             and
             siluer
             according
             to
             his
             allegation
             ;
             and
             therby
             made
             knowne
             ,
             that
             he
             had
             mistaken
             
             the
             matter
             as
             well
             in
             the
             alteration
             of
             monies
             in
             valuation
             ,
             finenesse
             ,
             and
             waight
             ,
             as
             hee
             did
             the
             whole
             ground
             of
             his
             Paradoxes
             .
             For
             hauing
             lost
             the
             line
             ,
             wherewith
             he
             went
             into
             the
             Labyrinth
             of
             monies
             and
             their
             property
             :
             he
             is
             like
             vnto
             a
             man
             ,
             who
             hauing
             lost
             his
             way
             amongst
             the
             woods
             ,
             the
             further
             he
             goeth
             ,
             the
             more
             he
             erreth
             from
             the
             right
             way
             .
          
           
             Maister
             Malestroit
             might
             haue
             declared
             his
             intention
             in
             two
             words
             ,
             if
             he
             had
             had
             the
             true
             ground
             ,
             and
             vnderstood
             the
             matter
             he
             went
             about
             :
             by
             prouing
             onely
             ,
             that
             when
             monies
             do
             alter
             in
             waight
             ,
             or
             in
             finenesse
             ,
             or
             in
             valuation
             ,
             or
             in
             all
             three
             ;
             the
             price
             of
             things
             doth
             alter
             onely
             by
             denomination
             ,
             if
             the
             valuation
             be
             made
             accordingly
             .
          
           
             As
             for
             example
             :
             an
             ounce
             of
             starling
             siluer
             was
             deuided
             heretofore
             by
             the
             kings
             of
             England
             in
             20
             peeces
             ,
             and
             so
             valued
             20
             pence
             ,
             euery
             pennie
             in
             
             value
             waighing
             a
             penny
             waight
             .
             This
             ounce
             in
             processe
             of
             time
             (
             as
             we
             haue
             shewed
             elsewhere
             )
             was
             deuided
             afterwards
             into
             30
             peeces
             ,
             then
             40
             peeces
             ,
             45
             peeces
             ,
             and
             now
             60
             peeces
             :
             so
             that
             a
             pennie
             waight
             of
             starling
             siluer
             is
             now
             three
             pence
             ,
             and
             the
             peece
             is
             only
             altered
             in
             name
             :
             for
             a
             three
             pennie
             peece
             waigheth
             but
             a
             penny
             waight
             .
             So
             that
             the
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             being
             altered
             onely
             in
             denomination
             ,
             the
             price
             of
             Commodities
             must
             needs
             receiue
             the
             like
             name
             or
             denomination
             .
             And
             if
             the
             price
             of
             Commodities
             were
             not
             risen
             aboue
             this
             estimation
             of
             three
             for
             one
             :
             then
             M.
             Malestroit
             might
             haue
             made
             good
             his
             first
             Paradoxe
             :
             howbeit
             failed
             in
             his
             second
             Paradox
             .
             Again
             ,
             let
             vs
             suppose
             that
             the
             Queene
             of
             England
             should
             reduce
             the
             valuation
             of
             an
             ounce
             of
             starling
             siluer
             vnto
             20
             pence
             ,
             presently
             the
             price
             of
             things
             would
             be
             altered
             accordingly
             :
             and
             that
             ,
             for
             which
             we
             giue
             now
             3
             
             pence
             ,
             should
             but
             beare
             the
             name
             of
             a
             pennie
             ;
             which
             would
             seeme
             to
             be
             better
             cheape
             ,
             and
             yet
             would
             not
             be
             so
             in
             effect
             .
             For
             we
             should
             giue
             still
             the
             quantitie
             of
             siluer
             of
             three
             pence
             ,
             albeit
             the
             name
             thereof
             were
             altered
             :
             and
             therefore
             not
             better
             cheape
             .
             True
             it
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             Queene
             should
             receiue
             for
             her
             incomes
             and
             reuenues
             of
             Crown
             lands
             such
             a
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             as
             her
             predecessours
             did
             in
             times
             past
             :
             and
             Noblemen
             and
             others
             in
             like
             sort
             for
             their
             lands
             ,
             and
             officers
             for
             their
             fees
             being
             after
             the
             old
             rent
             and
             custome
             .
             But
             this
             reduction
             wold
             proue
             very
             preiudiciall
             ,
             considering
             that
             other
             Princes
             haue
             enhaunced
             the
             price
             of
             their
             monies
             ,
             which
             doth
             carie
             a
             shew
             of
             gaine
             in
             the
             eyes
             or
             iudgement
             of
             most
             men
             ,
             which
             are
             thereupon
             inclined
             to
             carie
             money
             vnto
             thē
             :
             albeit
             ,
             the
             price
             of
             the
             Cōmodities
             of
             those
             Princes
             dominions
             ,
             doth
             not
             onely
             counteruaile
             that
             supposed
             
             gaine
             in
             the
             generall
             course
             of
             trafficke
             ,
             but
             also
             farre
             surmount
             the
             same
             .
             But
             the
             money
             with
             vs
             not
             being
             altered
             in
             waight
             ,
             finenesse
             or
             valuation
             within
             these
             fiftie
             yeares
             (
             in
             which
             time
             the
             price
             of
             Commodities
             is
             so
             much
             altered
             )
             how
             can
             the
             first
             Paradoxe
             take
             any
             place
             ?
             And
             if
             his
             second
             Paradox
             had
             bene
             of
             a
             true
             ground
             ,
             what
             reason
             hath
             any
             man
             to
             measure
             things
             present
             with
             the
             things
             of
             former
             ages
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             there
             is
             no
             alteration
             of
             the
             money
             almost
             within
             the
             age
             of
             any
             man
             ?
             For
             if
             aboue
             fiftie
             yeares
             past
             I
             haue
             receiued
             an
             angell
             of
             such
             waight
             and
             finenesse
             as
             the
             angels
             now
             adaies
             ,
             for
             ten
             shillings
             ,
             and
             do
             pay
             out
             the
             same
             againe
             for
             ten
             shillings
             ;
             there
             can
             be
             no
             losse
             ,
             although
             I
             should
             receiue
             lesse
             quantitie
             of
             Commodities
             for
             the
             same
             :
             which
             if
             I
             do
             ,
             I
             cannot
             attribute
             the
             losse
             thereof
             vpon
             my
             angell
             ,
             but
             rather
             to
             the
             dearth
             of
             Cōmodities
             ,
             the
             
             mony
             not
             hauing
             bene
             altered
             within
             my
             time
             .
          
           
             King
             Henry
             the
             8
             in
             the
             beginning
             of
             his
             raign
             ,
             did
             find
             the
             ounce
             of
             starling
             siluer
             to
             be
             valued
             at
             40
             pence
             ,
             &
             the
             price
             of
             Commodities
             accordingly
             ,
             the
             money
             being
             in
             weight
             and
             finenesse
             according
             to
             the
             auncient
             standard
             of
             England
             :
             at
             which
             time
             the
             monies
             of
             other
             countries
             adiacent
             was
             not
             so
             much
             aduaunced
             in
             price
             .
             For
             an
             angell
             being
             in
             his
             time
             valued
             at
             6
             shillings
             8
             pence
             ,
             was
             then
             woorth
             beyond
             the
             seas
             9
             shillings
             7
             pence
             ,
             and
             the
             siluer
             money
             accordingly
             .
             Afterwards
             towards
             the
             latter
             end
             of
             his
             raigne
             vpon
             especiall
             occasion
             ,
             he
             caused
             all
             his
             mony
             to
             be
             embased
             by
             allay
             of
             copper
             ,
             and
             made
             very
             base
             money
             :
             whereby
             the
             price
             of
             all
             Commodities
             was
             aduaunced
             .
             So
             that
             the
             money
             (
             being
             altered
             in
             substance
             )
             was
             the
             cause
             to
             aduaunce
             the
             price
             of
             Commodities
             :
             albeit
             that
             
             afterwardes
             when
             (
             to
             her
             Maiesties
             great
             honour
             )
             the
             substance
             of
             mony
             was
             reduced
             to
             her
             former
             puritie
             and
             finenesse
             ,
             had
             not
             the
             like
             effect
             ;
             which
             seemeth
             to
             contradict
             our
             matter
             in
             hand
             .
             But
             we
             must
             note
             here
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             a
             coherence
             to
             be
             considered
             of
             in
             the
             mony
             betweene
             the
             weight
             ,
             finenesse
             ,
             and
             valuation
             ;
             whereby
             if
             generally
             either
             of
             these
             be
             altered
             ,
             all
             things
             do
             alter
             in
             price
             accordingly
             :
             but
             if
             it
             be
             altered
             in
             part
             with
             due
             consideration
             ,
             it
             hath
             not
             the
             like
             effect
             or
             operation
             .
             King
             Henry
             did
             alter
             the
             finenesse
             of
             the
             mony
             by
             allay
             of
             copper
             ,
             and
             withall
             did
             aduaunce
             the
             valuation
             of
             an
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             frō
             40
             pence
             vnto
             45
             pence
             ,
             and
             the
             gold
             accordingly
             ;
             accounting
             one
             of
             fine
             gold
             to
             11
             of
             fine
             siluer
             :
             whereby
             an
             angell
             was
             worth
             7
             shillings
             6
             pence
             .
             The
             money
             being
             brought
             to
             the
             former
             goodnesse
             in
             her
             Maiesties
             raign
             ,
             would
             haue
             abated
             the
             price
             of
             other
             
             things
             accordingly
             :
             had
             not
             the
             valuation
             bene
             altered
             and
             counteruailed
             the
             same
             ,
             together
             with
             the
             increase
             of
             money
             .
             For
             this
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             aforesaid
             was
             valued
             at
             60
             pence
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             before
             did
             beare
             the
             name
             of
             45
             was
             called
             60
             :
             which
             denomination
             caused
             al
             other
             things
             to
             remaine
             at
             the
             old
             price
             ,
             whereunto
             they
             were
             come
             through
             the
             basenesse
             of
             the
             money
             before
             that
             time
             .
             Now
             before
             we
             conclude
             ,
             it
             is
             worthie
             the
             noting
             ,
             that
             when
             in
             this
             kings
             time
             the
             angel
             was
             woorth
             vnder
             the
             Archduke
             of
             Burgundie
             ,
             9
             shillings
             7
             pence
             ;
             the
             King
             did
             send
             vnto
             the
             Duchesse
             (
             whiles
             her
             husband
             was
             in
             Germany
             )
             desiring
             her
             to
             value
             the
             angell
             at
             10
             shillings
             Flemish
             :
             but
             he
             could
             not
             obtaine
             the
             same
             .
             Which
             seemeth
             very
             strange
             ,
             considering
             that
             the
             aduancing
             of
             the
             price
             of
             money
             ,
             doth
             cause
             the
             money
             to
             be
             transported
             to
             the
             places
             where
             it
             is
             aduaunced
             :
             
             whereby
             all
             the
             angels
             might
             haue
             bin
             caried
             into
             her
             dominion
             .
             But
             she
             like
             a
             wise
             and
             politicke
             Duchesse
             ,
             caused
             the
             matter
             to
             be
             examined
             and
             considered
             of
             ,
             sending
             men
             skilfull
             in
             mint
             causes
             into
             England
             .
             And
             finding
             that
             the
             golden
             fleece
             ,
             aliâs
             Toison
             d'or
             ,
             was
             the
             money
             then
             most
             currant
             with
             her
             :
             and
             that
             the
             same
             was
             worth
             both
             in
             regard
             of
             waight
             &
             finenesse
             ,
             asmuch
             as
             the
             angel
             ,
             &
             was
             also
             valued
             at
             9
             shillings
             7
             pence
             :
             she
             could
             not
             graunt
             the
             kings
             requests
             without
             altering
             also
             her
             money
             ,
             vnlesse
             shee
             would
             haue
             suffered
             the
             English
             merchants
             to
             bring
             angels
             vnto
             her
             for
             10
             shillings
             ,
             and
             to
             carie
             away
             the
             golden
             fleeces
             for
             9
             shillings
             7
             pence
             to
             be
             conuerted
             into
             angels
             ,
             to
             the
             great
             losse
             of
             her
             dominions
             ,
             both
             in
             the
             money
             ,
             and
             to
             leaue
             the
             Commodities
             of
             her
             country
             vnuented
             :
             so
             long
             as
             there
             were
             a
             gaine
             vpon
             the
             mony
             ,
             which
             abated
             the
             price
             of
             cōmodities
             .
          
           
           
             These
             two
             Paradoxes
             being
             thus
             vnmasked
             ,
             are
             easily
             conceiued
             of
             any
             man
             of
             iudgement
             to
             be
             far
             from
             the
             truth
             :
             and
             therefore
             will
             the
             vnderstanding
             thereof
             be
             accounted
             a
             matter
             of
             small
             moment
             ,
             as
             all
             things
             else
             are
             when
             they
             be
             known
             ;
             like
             vnto
             the
             egge
             of
             Columbus
             ,
             who
             hauing
             discouered
             the
             West
             Indies
             ,
             and
             hearing
             some
             say
             at
             a
             dinner
             ,
             that
             if
             he
             had
             not
             done
             it
             ,
             another
             might
             and
             wold
             ;
             called
             for
             an
             egge
             ,
             and
             willed
             all
             the
             guests
             one
             after
             another
             to
             set
             it
             vp
             on
             end
             :
             which
             when
             they
             could
             not
             do
             ,
             he
             gently
             bruising
             the
             one
             end
             of
             it
             did
             make
             it
             flat
             ,
             or
             rather
             by
             swinging
             did
             breake
             the
             yolke
             within
             ,
             and
             so
             set
             it
             vp
             :
             shewing
             how
             easie
             it
             was
             to
             do
             that
             which
             a
             man
             had
             seene
             done
             before
             him
             .
          
        
         
           
             Now
             let
             vs
             examine
             the
             answer
             of
             Maister
             Bodine
             .
          
           
             Maister
             Malestroit
             was
             of
             opinion
             ,
             That
             nothing
             was
             growne
             dearer
             in
             
             three
             hundred
             yeares
             ,
             as
             is
             before
             shewed
             .
             But
             Maister
             Bodine
             was
             of
             a
             contrarie
             opinion
             ,
             and
             sheweth
             fiue
             causes
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             as
             we
             haue
             also
             declared
             .
             Whereunto
             for
             a
             generall
             and
             direct
             answer
             by
             way
             of
             Replication
             ,
             we
             say
             :
             that
             to
             shew
             the
             alteration
             of
             the
             price
             of
             things
             and
             the
             causes
             therof
             ,
             is
             of
             small
             moment
             ,
             the
             true
             ground
             of
             the
             matter
             being
             by
             him
             mistaken
             .
             Which
             true
             ground
             must
             be
             by
             making
             a
             comparison
             of
             the
             enhauncing
             of
             the
             price
             of
             the
             Commodities
             of
             one
             countrie
             ,
             with
             the
             price
             of
             the
             Commodities
             of
             other
             countries
             :
             and
             thereby
             to
             find
             out
             ,
             whether
             things
             are
             grown
             deare
             with
             vs
             in
             effect
             ;
             and
             whether
             we
             pay
             more
             proportionably
             for
             the
             forraine
             Commodities
             within
             the
             aforesaid
             time
             of
             three
             hundred
             yeares
             ,
             then
             we
             doe
             receiue
             for
             the
             price
             of
             our
             home
             Commodities
             .
             For
             if
             we
             do
             now
             pay
             more
             for
             corne
             ,
             wine
             ,
             and
             all
             
             other
             victuals
             ;
             and
             sell
             our
             Commodities
             for
             more
             then
             we
             were
             wont
             to
             do
             proportionably
             :
             here
             is
             no
             alteration
             in
             effect
             ,
             but
             in
             name
             onely
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             the
             substance
             of
             the
             money
             is
             not
             altered
             in
             propertie
             .
             But
             if
             we
             sell
             our
             Commodities
             dearer
             ,
             and
             buy
             our
             victuals
             dearer
             then
             heretofore
             ;
             and
             that
             ouer
             and
             aboue
             the
             price
             thereof
             ,
             we
             must
             pay
             farre
             dearer
             for
             the
             forraine
             Commodities
             ,
             then
             proportionably
             the
             price
             of
             our
             Commodities
             is
             risen
             :
             this
             causeth
             vs
             to
             be
             aloser
             in
             particular
             ,
             and
             bringeth
             by
             an
             ouer-ballancing
             of
             forraine
             Commodities
             with
             our
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             a
             generall
             losse
             to
             the
             Common-wealth
             :
             which
             to
             supply
             ,
             causeth
             vs
             to
             make
             vp
             the
             inequalitie
             with
             mony
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             treasure
             of
             the
             realm
             .
             The
             consideration
             then
             must
             be
             ,
             not
             to
             compare
             things
             within
             themselues
             in
             the
             Commonwealth
             where
             we
             do
             liue
             ;
             but
             betweene
             vs
             and
             other
             nations
             
             with
             whom
             we
             deale
             ,
             either
             by
             way
             of
             permutation
             of
             Commodities
             for
             Commodities
             ,
             or
             Commodities
             for
             money
             
               in
               specie
            
             ,
             or
             by
             exchange
             .
             So
             that
             we
             must
             examine
             the
             course
             of
             Commodities
             ,
             Money
             ▪
             and
             Exchange
             ,
             which
             are
             the
             three
             simples
             ,
             vnder
             the
             which
             all
             the
             trade
             and
             trafficke
             is
             performed
             :
             whereof
             we
             shall
             intreate
             ,
             when
             we
             shall
             haue
             examined
             the
             matters
             by
             him
             alleaged
             in
             particular
             .
          
           
             The
             fiue
             causes
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             by
             him
             alleaged
             ,
             are
             to
             be
             distinguished
             according
             to
             our
             forme
             ▪
             obseruation
             .
             For
             the
             first
             &
             last
             cause
             concerning
             plentie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             and
             the
             alteration
             of
             the
             valuation
             of
             money
             ,
             may
             be
             causes
             that
             generally
             things
             are
             deare
             .
             But
             the
             other
             three
             touching
             Monopolies
             ,
             the
             want
             and
             wast
             of
             things
             ,
             and
             the
             pleasure
             of
             Princes
             ;
             can
             but
             make
             things
             particularly
             deare
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             vse
             
             thereof
             :
             wherein
             the
             time
             maketh
             also
             now
             and
             then
             an
             alteration
             vpon
             occasion
             ;
             as
             when
             armes
             are
             dearer
             in
             time
             of
             warre
             ,
             then
             in
             time
             of
             peace
             :
             victuals
             in
             time
             of
             famine
             :
             wood
             in
             winter
             ,
             and
             water
             in
             desert
             places
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             .
          
           
             Seeing
             then
             that
             plentie
             of
             money
             maketh
             not
             onely
             the
             Commodities
             of
             a
             countrie
             deare
             ,
             but
             that
             they
             are
             also
             
               Nerui
               bellorum
            
             ,
             the
             sinewes
             of
             warre
             ;
             euery
             Prince
             is
             to
             haue
             a
             singular
             care
             for
             the
             preseruation
             and
             augmentation
             therof
             :
             especially
             those
             Princes
             that
             haue
             no
             mines
             of
             gold
             or
             siluer
             within
             their
             dominions
             ,
             or
             such
             as
             haue
             had
             them
             ,
             and
             are
             now
             without
             them
             .
             The
             gold
             was
             wont
             to
             come
             much
             out
             of
             the
             mountaines
             of
             Boheme
             ,
             and
             riuers
             of
             Pannonia
             and
             Swaden
             .
             Out
             of
             Spaine
             ,
             there
             was
             wont
             to
             come
             both
             out
             of
             the
             riuers
             and
             monntaines
             aboue
             20
             thousand
             pound
             weight
             yearely
             ,
             which
             is
             all
             
             exhausted
             :
             then
             it
             came
             from
             the
             West
             Indies
             ,
             first
             from
             
               Santo
               Domingo
            
             and
             other
             places
             ,
             where
             it
             doth
             also
             cease
             :
             now
             it
             commeth
             from
             Peru
             by
             certaine
             millions
             ,
             which
             will
             also
             take
             an
             end
             .
             The
             siluer
             is
             brought
             also
             frō
             the
             West
             Indies
             ,
             and
             was
             much
             found
             in
             Germanie
             :
             but
             is
             now
             in
             many
             places
             drawne
             out
             .
          
           
             The
             most
             noble
             Kings
             of
             this
             realm
             haue
             alwaies
             had
             a
             singular
             care
             to
             accumulate
             treasure
             ;
             deeming
             therfore
             ,
             that
             it
             was
             neither
             expedient
             nor
             conuenient
             for
             them
             to
             suffer
             the
             transportation
             of
             their
             monies
             or
             bullion
             out
             of
             the
             same
             :
             as
             by
             diuers
             acts
             of
             Parliament
             may
             be
             seene
             ,
             whereby
             it
             was
             made
             fellonie
             for
             the
             space
             of
             many
             yeares
             continuing
             .
          
           
             William
             the
             Conqueror
             caused
             a
             description
             to
             be
             made
             of
             the
             realme
             ,
             and
             the
             land
             to
             be
             measured
             ,
             reseruing
             so
             much
             thereof
             ,
             as
             he
             thought
             conuenient
             for
             the
             Crowne
             :
             and
             the
             rest
             
             he
             deuided
             amongst
             his
             Barons
             and
             knights
             ,
             who
             did
             pay
             him
             therefore
             a
             certaine
             summe
             of
             money
             :
             whereby
             he
             did
             gather
             a
             treasure
             .
          
           
             Henry
             the
             second
             succeeding
             him
             within
             one
             hundred
             yeares
             ,
             hauing
             had
             many
             great
             warres
             ,
             and
             ioyned
             Ireland
             to
             the
             Crowne
             of
             England
             ,
             conquering
             also
             Scotland
             ,
             and
             reducing
             Normandie
             and
             other
             places
             in
             Fraunce
             to
             the
             Crowne
             ;
             and
             hauing
             raigned
             35
             yeares
             ,
             had
             neuer
             cause
             to
             impose
             any
             tribute
             ,
             subsidie
             or
             taxe
             vpon
             his
             subiects
             :
             and
             left
             notwithstanding
             behind
             him
             in
             treasure
             900
             thousand
             pounds
             ;
             which
             in
             those
             daies
             was
             not
             only
             a
             great
             matter
             (
             the
             West
             Indies
             not
             being
             discouered
             )
             but
             also
             for
             that
             it
             would
             make
             now
             with
             vs
             27
             hūdred
             thousand
             pounds
             ,
             the
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             being
             esteemed
             at
             fiue
             shillings
             ,
             which
             then
             was
             but
             at
             twentie
             pence
             .
          
           
             Edward
             the
             third
             made
             many
             good
             
             lawes
             to
             keepe
             the
             treasure
             within
             the
             realme
             ,
             and
             for
             the
             aduancement
             of
             his
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             and
             had
             a
             great
             care
             ,
             that
             the
             forraine
             Commodities
             ,
             should
             not
             ouer-ballaunce
             his
             home
             Commodities
             :
             knowing
             that
             if
             hee
             payed
             more
             for
             them
             ,
             then
             he
             made
             of
             his
             Commodities
             ,
             the
             difference
             must
             be
             made
             vp
             and
             ballanced
             with
             the
             treasure
             or
             money
             of
             the
             realme
             .
             For
             hauing
             brought
             the
             working
             and
             making
             of
             cloth
             into
             the
             realme
             ,
             he
             did
             deuise
             by
             all
             meanes
             to
             find
             vent
             for
             the
             same
             ,
             obseruing
             a
             due
             course
             for
             to
             preuent
             the
             transportation
             of
             his
             money
             :
             and
             that
             the
             true
             value
             of
             his
             money
             might
             be
             answered
             by
             exchaunge
             with
             the
             monies
             of
             other
             countries
             .
             And
             forasmuch
             as
             the
             same
             course
             of
             exchange
             could
             not
             be
             done
             by
             a
             multitude
             of
             people
             so
             conueniently
             ,
             (
             the
             most
             part
             being
             ignorant
             of
             the
             true
             value
             of
             the
             monies
             of
             other
             countries
             )
             he
             
             did
             appoint
             and
             ordaine
             an
             Exchanger
             ,
             who
             did
             make
             exchaunges
             with
             all
             men
             for
             forraine
             parts
             ,
             according
             to
             value
             for
             value
             ,
             and
             specie
             for
             specie
             ,
             proceeding
             in
             all
             things
             most
             orderly
             ,
             as
             may
             appeare
             also
             by
             that
             :
             a
             sacke
             of
             wooll
             containeth
             13
             Tods
             according
             to
             the
             Lunar
             moneths
             of
             the
             yeare
             ,
             euery
             Tod
             4
             nayles
             for
             the
             4
             weekes
             to
             the
             moneth
             ,
             and
             so
             52
             weekes
             in
             the
             yeare
             :
             euery
             nayle
             7
             pounds
             to
             the
             7
             daies
             of
             the
             weeke
             ,
             and
             so
             28
             dayes
             for
             the
             moneth
             ,
             as
             28
             pounds
             for
             a
             Tod
             :
             and
             in
             all
             364
             pounds
             for
             so
             many
             dayes
             of
             the
             yeare
             .
          
           
             Richard
             the
             second
             hauing
             an
             especiall
             regard
             to
             the
             ouer-ballancing
             of
             forraine
             Commodities
             with
             his
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             caused
             the
             Statute
             of
             Employment
             for
             merchants
             strangers
             ,
             to
             be
             duly
             executed
             .
             And
             if
             they
             could
             not
             sell
             their
             Commodities
             within
             a
             conuenient
             time
             ,
             they
             
             were
             to
             transport
             the
             same
             againe
             :
             and
             if
             they
             made
             not
             their
             returne
             in
             Commodities
             ,
             they
             might
             deliuer
             their
             money
             by
             exchange
             ,
             but
             onely
             to
             the
             Exchaunger
             by
             him
             ordained
             ,
             and
             none
             other
             .
          
           
             Henry
             the
             fift
             confirming
             the
             former
             statutes
             ,
             caused
             the
             Staplers
             to
             bring
             into
             the
             realme
             in
             returne
             of
             their
             wools
             a
             great
             part
             in
             bullion
             ,
             and
             the
             Statute
             of
             Employment
             to
             be
             duly
             executed
             .
             And
             the
             like
             was
             done
             by
             other
             kings
             .
          
           
             Henry
             the
             seuenth
             ,
             in
             the
             3
             yeare
             of
             his
             raigne
             ,
             made
             an
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             for
             explanation
             of
             the
             former
             Statutes
             ,
             prohibiting
             all
             manner
             of
             exchaunge
             or
             rechaunge
             within
             his
             realme
             ,
             or
             for
             any
             forraine
             parts
             :
             and
             that
             no
             person
             should
             make
             any
             exchange
             without
             the
             kings
             licence
             ,
             or
             of
             his
             exchanger
             according
             to
             the
             statute
             of
             Richard
             the
             second
             .
             For
             in
             his
             time
             the
             Bankers
             had
             their
             beginning
             ,
             
             who
             did
             inuent
             the
             merchandizing
             exchange
             ,
             and
             made
             of
             money
             a
             merchandize
             :
             whereby
             they
             found
             the
             means
             to
             ouer-rule
             the
             course
             of
             Cōmodities
             ,
             and
             to
             aduance
             the
             price
             of
             their
             Commodities
             ,
             abating
             the
             price
             of
             others
             .
             But
             this
             prudent
             and
             politicke
             king
             ,
             hauing
             his
             coffers
             stored
             with
             standing
             treasure
             ,
             did
             (
             for
             the
             furtherance
             of
             trafficke
             ,
             and
             for
             to
             aduance
             the
             price
             of
             his
             Commodities
             )
             lend
             great
             summes
             of
             mony
             freely
             to
             the
             Merchants
             .
             And
             whereas
             other
             nations
             came
             into
             the
             realme
             to
             buy
             his
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             he
             knew
             to
             be
             staple
             Commodities
             and
             of
             great
             request
             ,
             as
             being
             most
             necessarie
             for
             the
             vse
             of
             man
             ;
             he
             did
             inhibite
             them
             the
             buying
             of
             any
             ,
             vnlesse
             they
             became
             bound
             in
             Recognizance
             not
             to
             carie
             any
             to
             the
             place
             ,
             where
             his
             subiects
             kept
             their
             Marts
             :
             and
             did
             so
             qualifie
             the
             course
             of
             Commodities
             ,
             money
             and
             exchange
             ,
             as
             he
             left
             an
             incredible
             
             wealth
             and
             treasure
             in
             those
             dayes
             ,
             when
             the
             West
             Indies
             were
             but
             newly
             discouered
             ,
             and
             an
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             but
             valued
             at
             40
             pence
             .
          
           
             Henry
             the
             8
             in
             the
             18
             yeare
             of
             his
             raigne
             ,
             perceiuing
             the
             price
             of
             money
             continually
             to
             rise
             beyond
             the
             seas
             ,
             after
             remission
             made
             vnto
             the
             Archduke
             of
             Burgundie
             ,
             and
             no
             reformation
             ensuing
             ,
             caused
             the
             angell
             noble
             to
             be
             valued
             from
             6
             shillings
             8
             pence
             ,
             vnto
             seuen
             shillings
             6
             pence
             :
             wherby
             an
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             was
             worth
             fiue
             and
             fortie
             pence
             :
             afterwards
             requested
             the
             Duchesse
             to
             value
             his
             angell
             at
             a
             higher
             rate
             ,
             as
             is
             before
             shewed
             ,
             which
             was
             cleane
             contrarie
             .
             And
             then
             Cardinall
             Wolsey
             obtained
             a
             patent
             to
             alter
             the
             valuation
             of
             money
             ,
             as
             he
             should
             see
             cause
             from
             time
             to
             time
             .
             In
             the
             22
             yeare
             of
             his
             raigne
             ,
             the
             king
             being
             informed
             ,
             that
             diuerse
             nations
             brought
             abundance
             of
             forraine
             Commodities
             into
             his
             realme
             ,
             and
             fearing
             an
             ouerballancing
             
             of
             Commodities
             (
             for
             that
             those
             nations
             receiuing
             readie
             monie
             for
             their
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             mony
             they
             euer
             deliuered
             by
             exchange
             vnto
             other
             Merchants
             ,
             &
             neuer
             employed
             the
             same
             on
             the
             Commodities
             of
             the
             realme
             ;
             wherby
             his
             Maiestie
             was
             hindred
             in
             his
             Customes
             ,
             and
             the
             Commodities
             of
             the
             realme
             lesse
             vented
             )
             he
             caused
             a
             Proclamation
             to
             be
             made
             according
             to
             the
             former
             statutes
             ,
             That
             no
             person
             should
             make
             any
             exchange
             contrarie
             to
             the
             true
             meaning
             of
             the
             said
             Statutes
             ,
             vpon
             paine
             to
             be
             taken
             the
             kings
             mortall
             enemie
             ,
             and
             to
             forfeit
             all
             that
             he
             might
             forfeit
             :
             which
             tooke
             place
             but
             for
             a
             short
             time
             ,
             because
             the
             wars
             brought
             all
             things
             out
             of
             order
             .
             So
             that
             at
             last
             the
             base
             mony
             was
             coyned
             ,
             which
             being
             done
             without
             any
             order
             ,
             brought
             diuerse
             inconueniences
             to
             the
             realme
             .
          
           
             Edward
             the
             sixt
             did
             crie
             downe
             those
             base
             monies
             of
             his
             father
             ,
             and
             
             caused
             new
             money
             to
             be
             coyned
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             auncient
             standard
             of
             the
             realme
             ,
             and
             did
             also
             prohibite
             very
             seuerely
             the
             transportation
             thereof
             by
             Proclamations
             :
             albeit
             they
             proued
             fruitlesse
             ,
             as
             they
             haue
             done
             in
             her
             Maiesties
             time
             .
          
           
             By
             this
             briefe
             collection
             is
             to
             be
             seene
             ,
             the
             great
             care
             these
             noble
             Princes
             haue
             had
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             they
             should
             not
             find
             themselues
             and
             their
             kingdome
             without
             treasure
             of
             gold
             &
             siluer
             ,
             drawne
             by
             meanes
             of
             their
             Cōmodities
             :
             and
             to
             auoid
             Not
             to
             fall
             into
             that
             error
             of
             the
             French
             king
             Charls
             the
             ninth
             ;
             who
             after
             the
             massacre
             of
             Paris
             finding
             the
             treasure
             of
             his
             realm
             exhausted
             ,
             and
             his
             subiects
             wealth
             to
             consist
             more
             of
             plate
             then
             of
             readie
             money
             ,
             was
             aduised
             by
             some
             ,
             that
             vnder
             colour
             of
             the
             suppressing
             of
             pride
             ,
             it
             were
             good
             to
             take
             a
             course
             to
             prescribe
             euery
             man
             ,
             what
             store
             of
             plate
             he
             should
             keepe
             according
             to
             his
             degree
             
             and
             qualitie
             ,
             and
             the
             rest
             to
             bee
             conuerted
             into
             money
             .
             Others
             were
             of
             opinion
             ,
             that
             it
             would
             not
             onely
             breed
             a
             discontentment
             vnto
             his
             subiects
             ,
             but
             a
             derogation
             and
             dishonor
             of
             the
             kings
             reputation
             ;
             seeing
             that
             the
             estate
             of
             a
             Prince
             doth
             as
             much
             consist
             by
             reputation
             as
             by
             strength
             :
             wherefore
             like
             good
             Polititians
             did
             aduise
             the
             king
             to
             embase
             his
             money
             ,
             which
             wold
             cause
             the
             same
             not
             to
             be
             transported
             ,
             and
             the
             plate
             to
             be
             of
             course
             conuerted
             into
             mony
             .
             Which
             was
             done
             accordingly
             ,
             and
             had
             also
             that
             effect
             :
             sauing
             that
             where
             they
             thought
             money
             would
             not
             be
             transported
             ,
             they
             foūd
             thēselues
             deceiued
             .
             For
             the
             course
             of
             exchange
             was
             not
             looked
             into
             by
             them
             ,
             which
             did
             cause
             a
             gaine
             to
             be
             had
             vpon
             the
             mony
             ,
             and
             so
             long
             as
             the
             gaine
             remained
             ,
             it
             was
             still
             transported
             :
             whereby
             at
             last
             he
             lost
             the
             plate
             of
             the
             realme
             being
             conuerted
             into
             money
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             he
             had
             
             lost
             his
             money
             before
             that
             time
             .
          
           
             M.
             Bodine
             doth
             shew
             by
             diuers
             exāples
             ,
             that
             there
             was
             not
             so
             much
             siluer
             &
             gold
             in
             times
             past
             300
             yeares
             ago
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             now
             ,
             he
             might
             wel
             haue
             said
             in
             100
             yeares
             and
             lesse
             :
             howbeit
             this
             generall
             examination
             is
             to
             smal
             purpose
             .
             For
             euery
             Cōmonwealth
             is
             to
             make
             a
             particular
             examinatiō
             ,
             whether
             they
             do
             proportionably
             participate
             of
             the
             general
             abundance
             or
             plentie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             found
             now
             adaies
             ,
             and
             not
             by
             cōparing
             the
             same
             vnto
             the
             quantitie
             of
             times
             past
             :
             for
             so
             should
             they
             be
             deceiued
             .
             And
             we
             neede
             not
             to
             proue
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             now
             more
             gold
             and
             siluer
             then
             in
             times
             past
             ;
             for
             it
             is
             cleare
             in
             euery
             mans
             iudgement
             .
             And
             euen
             of
             very
             late
             yeares
             ,
             we
             find
             recorded
             in
             our
             Chronicles
             of
             England
             ,
             that
             during
             the
             gouernment
             of
             the
             most
             victorious
             king
             Henry
             the
             eight
             in
             the
             14
             yeare
             of
             his
             raigne
             in
             a
             Parliament
             then
             holden
             ,
             the
             whole
             substance
             of
             London
             was
             not
             taken
             to
             be
             
             worth
             20
             hundred
             thousand
             pounds
             :
             this
             citie
             being
             the
             head
             of
             the
             realm
             where
             the
             wealth
             is
             heaped
             vp
             ,
             as
             the
             corne
             of
             a
             field
             into
             a
             barne
             .
             And
             in
             the
             yeare
             following
             ,
             vpon
             the
             demaund
             of
             a
             subsidie
             of
             foure
             shillings
             of
             the
             pound
             ,
             it
             was
             proued
             that
             the
             same
             demaund
             (
             amounting
             to
             800
             thousand
             pounds
             )
             was
             more
             then
             all
             the
             readie
             money
             and
             plate
             of
             the
             realm
             came
             vnto
             ,
             which
             was
             out
             of
             the
             kings
             hands
             :
             and
             yet
             did
             amount
             but
             to
             about
             one
             hundred
             marke
             a
             parish
             ,
             not
             reckoning
             so
             many
             parishes
             as
             Machiauell
             hath
             done
             ;
             but
             only
             about
             12
             thousand
             in
             the
             whole
             realme
             :
             the
             spatious
             countrie
             of
             Fraunce
             containing
             but
             27400
             parishes
             .
             Which
             readie
             money
             and
             plate
             of
             the
             realme
             would
             be
             now
             adaies
             found
             farre
             differing
             ,
             and
             much
             more
             ,
             and
             yet
             not
             proportionable
             to
             the
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             found
             in
             other
             countries
             :
             and
             as
             we
             may
             see
             ,
             that
             Maister
             
             Bodine
             hath
             noted
             of
             the
             city
             of
             Paris
             ,
             and
             of
             the
             many
             millions
             which
             haue
             come
             from
             the
             West
             Indies
             ;
             whereby
             the
             realme
             should
             be
             stored
             with
             sufficient
             treasure
             and
             wealth
             .
             For
             as
             he
             called
             their
             salt
             to
             be
             a
             Manna
             :
             so
             may
             we
             call
             our
             cloth
             ,
             lead
             &
             tinne
             ,
             which
             be
             our
             staple
             Commodities
             most
             necessarie
             for
             the
             behoofe
             of
             man.
             And
             therefore
             ought
             this
             with
             vs
             to
             be
             the
             first
             cause
             of
             the
             increase
             of
             the
             wealth
             of
             the
             realme
             ,
             the
             rather
             for
             that
             in
             the
             second
             cause
             ,
             which
             Maister
             Bodine
             noteth
             to
             be
             The
             increase
             of
             people
             :
             we
             are
             not
             proportionably
             inferiour
             vnto
             them
             ,
             as
             we
             may
             iudge
             by
             diuerse
             causes
             :
             namely
             ,
             First
             ,
             for
             the
             mariage
             of
             the
             Cleargie
             .
             Secondly
             ,
             by
             the
             people
             driuen
             into
             the
             realme
             for
             Religion
             by
             the
             wars
             of
             other
             countries
             .
             Thirdly
             ,
             the
             seldome
             plague
             or
             mortalitie
             .
             Fourthly
             ,
             the
             seldome
             famine
             .
             Fiftly
             ,
             the
             small
             warres
             of
             countries
             adiacent
             or
             forraine
             warres
             ,
             hauing
             
             had
             no
             ciuill
             wars
             at
             home
             .
             And
             sixtly
             ,
             the
             vntimely
             mariages
             of
             both
             men
             and
             women
             now
             adaies
             .
             Whereby
             Colonies
             might
             be
             spared
             for
             the
             inhabiting
             of
             other
             dominions
             ,
             as
             heretofore
             was
             once
             taken
             in
             hand
             .
             The
             third
             cause
             concerning
             the
             trade
             for
             Turkie
             and
             Barbarie
             ,
             is
             not
             onely
             common
             with
             vs
             for
             those
             countries
             :
             but
             also
             with
             diuers
             other
             countries
             ,
             where
             the
             French
             men
             haue
             no
             trade
             at
             all
             .
             And
             as
             for
             their
             Bankes
             of
             money
             ,
             they
             would
             rather
             be
             preiudicial
             and
             impouerish
             the
             realme
             ,
             (
             as
             they
             are
             vsed
             )
             then
             do
             any
             good
             ,
             as
             is
             sufficiently
             declared
             in
             our
             Treatise
             of
             Exchanges
             :
             which
             other
             nations
             will
             find
             in
             time
             ,
             and
             most
             especially
             Princes
             that
             haue
             occasion
             to
             vse
             them
             ,
             and
             might
             well
             auoid
             them
             ;
             if
             a
             due
             care
             were
             had
             for
             the
             accumulating
             of
             a
             standing
             and
             yet
             a
             running
             treasure
             within
             such
             bounds
             ,
             as
             would
             stil
             ebbe
             and
             flow
             for
             the
             good
             of
             Princes
             
             and
             their
             Commonwealth
             .
          
           
             Concerning
             Monopolies
             ,
             it
             is
             strange
             that
             Maister
             Bodine
             doth
             with
             such
             breuitie
             passe
             ouer
             thē
             ,
             shewing
             onely
             what
             he
             meaneth
             thereby
             according
             to
             the
             Etimologie
             ,
             true
             sense
             and
             definition
             of
             the
             word
             :
             when
             merchants
             ,
             artificers
             ,
             or
             labourers
             do
             assemble
             themselues
             to
             set
             a
             price
             vpon
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             one
             man
             alone
             may
             also
             count
             when
             he
             buyeth
             vp
             all
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             be
             had
             of
             one
             kind
             of
             merchandize
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             he
             alone
             may
             sell
             the
             same
             at
             his
             pleasure
             .
             The
             engrossing
             ,
             forestalling
             ,
             or
             incorporating
             of
             any
             Commodities
             or
             victuals
             ,
             is
             intollerable
             in
             any
             Common-wealth
             ,
             vnlesse
             that
             the
             trade
             of
             those
             Cōmodities
             would
             decay
             ,
             if
             a
             kind
             of
             incorporation
             were
             not
             vsed
             .
             For
             whē
             the
             cōmon-people
             do
             buy
             generally
             things
             deare
             ;
             they
             can
             generally
             also
             sel
             their
             Cōmodities
             dere
             accordingly
             :
             but
             when
             some
             particular
             things
             
             are
             deare
             ,
             they
             cannot
             do
             so
             .
             Now
             as
             the
             effects
             of
             al
             Monopolies
             is
             to
             make
             the
             price
             of
             Cōmodities
             dere
             :
             so
             must
             the
             price
             of
             things
             in
             this
             regard
             be
             considered
             betweene
             our
             home
             Cōmodities
             ,
             &
             the
             price
             of
             forrain
             :
             which
             if
             we
             will
             but
             examine
             within
             the
             cōpasse
             of
             50
             years
             ,
             that
             our
             monies
             haue
             bene
             without
             alteration
             ,
             as
             is
             before
             expressed
             :
             we
             shall
             easily
             procure
             the
             great
             error
             or
             malice
             of
             those
             that
             do
             accuse
             the
             cōpanie
             of
             Merchants
             aduenturers
             to
             be
             a
             Monopoly
             ;
             which
             false
             imputation
             may
             be
             reproued
             by
             by
             this
             only
             ,
             that
             all
             forrain
             Cōmodities
             are
             dearer
             then
             our
             home
             Commodities
             :
             which
             are
             not
             risen
             in
             price
             accordingly
             ,
             &
             yet
             of
             late
             years
             are
             for
             the
             most
             part
             amended
             in
             the
             making
             &
             the
             other
             impaired
             :
             and
             one
             sort
             of
             cloth
             is
             sold
             at
             one
             time
             beyond
             the
             seas
             by
             2
             ,
             3
             ,
             4
             ,
             or
             more
             pounds
             differing
             in
             a
             packe
             one
             from
             another
             :
             neither
             haue
             the
             merchants
             aduenturers
             
             the
             trade
             of
             cloth
             onely
             in
             their
             own
             hands
             .
             For
             diuers
             other
             cōpanies
             of
             merchants
             are
             priuiledged
             ,
             and
             do
             transport
             great
             quantitie
             of
             clothes
             into
             forraine
             parts
             ,
             as
             well
             as
             they
             ;
             and
             it
             is
             free
             for
             all
             straungers
             that
             are
             in
             league
             with
             her
             Maiestie
             to
             buy
             cloth
             &
             to
             transport
             the
             same
             at
             their
             pleasure
             .
             Which
             reasons
             do
             concerne
             the
             effects
             of
             Monopolie
             .
             Whereas
             for
             the
             manner
             of
             their
             trafficke
             ,
             whereby
             euery
             man
             tradeth
             particularly
             and
             apart
             with
             his
             owne
             stocke
             ,
             selleth
             by
             his
             own
             factor
             or
             seruant
             ,
             with
             diuers
             other
             reasons
             :
             we
             will
             referre
             our selues
             to
             that
             which
             their
             Secretarie
             hath
             written
             of
             late
             ,
             in
             defence
             of
             their
             good
             orders
             and
             constitutions
             .
             Concluding
             ,
             that
             as
             their
             trade
             is
             the
             most
             important
             ,
             and
             as
             in
             all
             traffickes
             the
             vniuersall
             doth
             gouerne
             the
             particular
             :
             so
             the
             dissolution
             of
             that
             societie
             would
             be
             the
             vndoing
             of
             al
             the
             trade
             ,
             and
             bring
             a
             great
             confusion
             to
             the
             
             Realme
             .
             For
             albeit
             ,
             that
             some
             would
             haue
             other
             nations
             to
             come
             and
             buy
             the
             cōmodities
             of
             vs
             within
             the
             realm
             :
             for
             ,
             say
             they
             ,
             there
             is
             (
             according
             to
             the
             Prouerbe
             )
             twenty
             in
             the
             hundred
             difference
             betweene
             
               VVill
               you
               buy
               ?
               and
               will
               you
               sell
               ?
            
             these
             men
             haue
             no
             consideration
             for
             the
             maintenance
             of
             nauigatiō
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             greatest
             strength
             of
             the
             realme
             :
             whose
             defence
             (
             next
             vnder
             God
             )
             consisteth
             most
             in
             ships
             and
             well
             experienced
             mariners
             ,
             that
             most
             carefully
             are
             to
             be
             prouided
             for
             .
             Whereas
             also
             the
             transporting
             of
             our
             cloth
             to
             certaine
             places
             ,
             doth
             cause
             other
             nations
             to
             resort
             thither
             to
             buy
             them
             :
             which
             may
             be
             more
             properly
             called
             to
             be
             ,
             
               VVill
               you
               sell
            
             ?
             seeing
             that
             those
             nations
             doe
             bring
             their
             owne
             Commodities
             vnto
             our
             merchants
             to
             the
             places
             by
             them
             appointed
             ,
             which
             is
             in
             effect
             as
             much
             as
             ,
             
               VVill
               you
               buy
            
             ?
             And
             would
             not
             this
             be
             ,
             
               VVil
               you
               buy
            
             ?
             if
             in
             a
             dispersed
             and
             stragling
             manner
             
             our
             cloth
             were
             caried
             to
             al
             markets
             be
             yond
             the
             seas
             in
             seuerall
             places
             ?
             which
             would
             take
             away
             the
             desire
             of
             buying
             :
             for
             he
             that
             buyeth
             ,
             doth
             it
             in
             hope
             of
             sale
             with
             a
             gain
             to
             the
             places
             where
             he
             intendeth
             to
             carrie
             the
             Commoditie
             .
             Which
             Commoditie
             ,
             if
             hee
             knoweth
             to
             be
             extant
             in
             most
             places
             to
             be
             vented
             ;
             will
             quench
             his
             desire
             of
             buying
             :
             and
             he
             that
             commeth
             to
             barter
             other
             Commodities
             for
             ours
             ,
             hath
             also
             the
             like
             cōsideration
             .
             But
             let
             vs
             admit
             ,
             that
             our
             cloth
             would
             be
             aduanced
             in
             price
             ,
             when
             men
             shold
             (
             by
             multitudes
             )
             runne
             to
             the
             markets
             ,
             or
             into
             the
             countrey
             in
             all
             places
             to
             buy
             it
             :
             what
             would
             be
             the
             euent
             of
             it
             ?
             It
             would
             not
             onely
             be
             sold
             beyond
             the
             seas
             with
             a
             smaller
             gaine
             ,
             and
             many
             times
             to
             losse
             :
             (
             wee
             being
             naturally
             inclined
             to
             make
             speedie
             returnes
             )
             but
             we
             should
             also
             pay
             dearer
             for
             the
             forraine
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             we
             should
             obtaine
             by
             way
             of
             
             permutation
             ,
             or
             for
             the
             billes
             obligatorie
             of
             the
             Merchants
             to
             whom
             we
             should
             sell
             our
             cloth
             .
             And
             if
             our
             merchants
             were
             cut
             off
             ,
             and
             that
             other
             nations
             should
             buy
             the
             cloth
             within
             the
             realme
             ,
             and
             so
             aduaunce
             the
             price
             therof
             (
             as
             it
             hapneth
             most
             commonly
             in
             Fraunce
             and
             Spaine
             at
             the
             vintage
             time
             with
             their
             wines
             and
             raisins
             )
             then
             forraine
             Commodities
             would
             be
             sold
             dearer
             vnto
             vs
             by
             them
             againe
             .
             For
             the
             small
             gaine
             had
             vpon
             our
             home
             Commodities
             causeth
             vs
             ,
             and
             would
             cause
             them
             to
             seeke
             a
             better
             gaine
             vpon
             the
             forraine
             Commodities
             ,
             to
             the
             generall
             hurt
             of
             the
             realme
             ,
             and
             to
             the
             exhausting
             of
             our
             monies
             which
             (
             to
             ballance
             the
             matter
             )
             must
             supply
             the
             same
             .
             So
             that
             the
             enhauncing
             of
             the
             price
             of
             cloth
             in
             this
             manner
             would
             be
             but
             an
             imaginarie
             gaine
             ,
             and
             bring
             in
             the
             end
             an
             exceeding
             losse
             to
             the
             generall
             Commonwealth
             :
             whose
             welfare
             
             is
             to
             be
             preferred
             before
             any
             particular
             Cōmodity
             of
             any
             member
             therof
             .
             And
             it
             were
             to
             be
             wished
             ,
             that
             labourers
             and
             workmens
             wages
             were
             augmented
             ,
             although
             our
             cloth
             should
             cost
             so
             much
             the
             dearer
             ,
             as
             we
             haue
             noted
             elsewhere
             :
             and
             that
             with
             great
             regard
             the
             poore
             people
             were
             set
             on
             worke
             ,
             and
             (
             by
             way
             of
             corporation
             )
             their
             handiworke
             were
             vented
             ;
             which
             (
             without
             incurring
             the
             compasse
             of
             Monopolie
             )
             is
             very
             commendable
             in
             all
             Commonwealths
             ,
             and
             vsed
             in
             many
             countries
             .
             Lastly
             ,
             that
             the
             Statutes
             concerning
             the
             maintenance
             of
             nauigation
             were
             duly
             executed
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             cause
             (
             saith
             Maister
             Bodine
             )
             is
             the
             want
             of
             things
             ,
             proceeding
             of
             the
             excessiue
             trade
             of
             things
             ,
             or
             by
             the
             wast
             thereof
             .
             Touching
             the
             trade
             of
             any
             particular
             Commodities
             of
             the
             realme
             we
             may
             well
             passe
             ouer
             ,
             as
             he
             doth
             ,
             and
             make
             onely
             our
             stay
             with
             the
             trade
             for
             corne
             .
             Which
             if
             it
             were
             
             guided
             with
             that
             due
             consideration
             ,
             both
             for
             preseruation
             and
             transportation
             ,
             as
             is
             requisite
             ;
             would
             make
             plain
             the
             Prouerbe
             (
             
               Fraunce
               cannot
               be
               famished
            
             )
             to
             be
             more
             incident
             and
             proper
             to
             the
             realme
             of
             England
             ,
             then
             to
             the
             realme
             of
             Fraunce
             :
             because
             that
             proportionably
             we
             haue
             more
             fertile
             ground
             for
             corne
             ,
             and
             that
             in
             all
             places
             of
             the
             kingdome
             ,
             then
             Fraunce
             hath
             but
             in
             some
             places
             .
             For
             those
             countries
             where
             the
             vines
             do
             grow
             ,
             are
             vnapt
             for
             corne
             ,
             and
             must
             haue
             their
             prouision
             from
             the
             countries
             adiacent
             ,
             and
             many
             times
             out
             of
             England
             :
             when
             our
             corne
             is
             thither
             transported
             ,
             being
             with
             vs
             too
             good
             cheap
             in
             regard
             of
             their
             wines
             and
             other
             Commodities
             .
             The
             cōparison
             wherof
             being
             made
             ,
             and
             the
             goodnesse
             of
             our
             corne
             regarded
             ,
             will
             make
             manifest
             ,
             that
             to
             sell
             our
             wheate
             for
             thirtie
             shillings
             the
             quarter
             ,
             and
             other
             grains
             after
             the
             rate
             ,
             is
             good
             cheape
             :
             and
             that
             
             the
             Prince
             notwithstanding
             may
             impose
             a
             great
             custome
             or
             licence
             for
             the
             transportation
             therof
             ,
             which
             transportation
             might
             be
             done
             moderately
             ,
             and
             according
             to
             the
             quantitie
             extant
             ,
             and
             for
             so
             much
             therof
             as
             might
             conueniently
             be
             spared
             ,
             if
             the
             Magistrate
             and
             those
             that
             are
             in
             authoritie
             had
             the
             rule
             of
             the
             market
             ,
             in
             such
             sort
             as
             the
             Venetians
             haue
             ;
             who
             by
             the
             means
             of
             the
             Iustices
             of
             euery
             prouince
             ,
             do
             know
             little
             more
             or
             lesse
             the
             quantity
             of
             corne
             in
             all
             places
             :
             whereupon
             certaine
             substantiall
             men
             are
             appointed
             from
             time
             to
             time
             to
             haue
             a
             consideration
             of
             the
             quantitie
             or
             scarcitie
             therof
             ;
             which
             quantitie
             being
             known
             and
             in
             what
             places
             ,
             may
             be
             a
             direction
             to
             those
             that
             are
             in
             authoritie
             ,
             to
             consider
             what
             the
             realme
             may
             spare
             ,
             hauing
             a
             regard
             to
             the
             season
             of
             the
             yeare
             ,
             and
             making
             the
             price
             accordingly
             .
             And
             when
             the
             price
             of
             corne
             is
             limited
             and
             made
             knowne
             in
             writing
             
             in
             certaine
             publike
             places
             on
             euery
             Monday
             of
             the
             weeke
             :
             all
             ingrossers
             ,
             forestallers
             or
             others
             ,
             that
             buy
             corne
             to
             sell
             againe
             ,
             are
             preuented
             ,
             because
             that
             the
             price
             thereof
             is
             not
             in
             their
             owne
             power
             ,
             but
             by
             the
             direction
             of
             those
             honest
             men
             rated
             at
             all
             times
             according
             to
             the
             quantitie
             ,
             and
             as
             the
             haruest
             is
             distant
             ,
             or
             at
             hand
             ,
             which
             is
             so
             notified
             vnto
             all
             men
             ,
             as
             aforesaid
             .
             Whereby
             the
             execution
             of
             the
             law
             for
             the
             making
             of
             the
             loues
             of
             bread
             is
             duly
             obserued
             ,
             without
             any
             trouble
             vnto
             the
             magistrate
             .
             For
             the
             baker
             knoweth
             how
             to
             make
             his
             loues
             and
             of
             what
             waight
             ,
             deliuering
             the
             same
             according
             to
             the
             true
             waight
             by
             those
             men
             appointed
             ,
             vnto
             any
             man
             that
             doth
             call
             for
             it
             :
             which
             the
             poore
             doth
             so
             well
             obserue
             (
             for
             that
             his
             indigence
             giueth
             him
             cause
             )
             that
             without
             troubling
             any
             officer
             ,
             he
             is
             sure
             to
             haue
             his
             penni-worth
             :
             and
             if
             he
             shold
             find
             it
             wanting
             of
             his
             waight
             ,
             presently
             
             with
             the
             assistance
             of
             an
             Officer
             ,
             (
             as
             it
             were
             )
             the
             Constable
             ,
             he
             doth
             seaze
             vpon
             all
             the
             bakers
             bread
             then
             extant
             ,
             and
             taketh
             the
             one
             moitie
             for
             him
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             for
             the
             poore
             of
             the
             Hospitals
             .
             And
             who
             would
             buy
             corne
             to
             sell
             againe
             ,
             being
             debarred
             not
             to
             sell
             at
             his
             pleasure
             or
             with
             gain
             ,
             and
             vncertaine
             what
             the
             price
             will
             be
             made
             by
             others
             ?
             And
             what
             baker
             is
             he
             that
             would
             make
             his
             loaues
             of
             a
             lesser
             waight
             ,
             when
             he
             must
             sell
             them
             by
             waight
             as
             aforesaid
             ?
             By
             these
             meanes
             is
             corne
             brought
             to
             the
             market
             ,
             and
             none
             may
             be
             sold
             but
             in
             the
             market
             ,
             and
             the
             Clerke
             of
             the
             market
             taketh
             notice
             therof
             :
             and
             what
             is
             by
             licence
             transported
             ,
             is
             done
             vpon
             due
             knowledge
             ,
             and
             without
             defrauding
             the
             Prince
             of
             his
             custome
             .
             To
             haue
             many
             store-houses
             in
             seuerall
             places
             of
             the
             realme
             in
             the
             principall
             townes
             ,
             is
             most
             conuenient
             for
             the
             preseruation
             of
             corn
             ;
             which
             when
             need
             requireth
             ,
             
             may
             be
             prouided
             from
             forrain
             countries
             ,
             when
             the
             vnseasonable
             times
             cause
             vs
             to
             haue
             scarcitie
             or
             want
             therof
             notwithstanding
             all
             the
             industrie
             and
             care
             of
             man.
             Concerning
             the
             immoderate
             vse
             of
             forraine
             Commodities
             in
             wearing
             and
             wasting
             ,
             by
             cutting
             and
             putting
             into
             seuerall
             strange
             new
             fangled
             fashions
             ,
             we
             doe
             referre
             the
             examination
             thereof
             vnto
             those
             that
             haue
             authority
             to
             reprehend
             men
             of
             their
             actions
             :
             wishing
             reformation
             where
             things
             are
             amisse
             .
             And
             albeit
             ,
             that
             gay
             and
             sumptuous
             apparell
             is
             a
             demonstration
             of
             pride
             ,
             yet
             a
             country
             clowne
             may
             be
             as
             proude
             in
             a
             frize
             coat
             ,
             as
             a
             gentleman
             in
             a
             veluet
             gown
             .
             For
             pride
             harboureth
             in
             the
             mind
             ,
             and
             the
             difference
             is
             onely
             in
             the
             giuing
             of
             example
             vnto
             others
             :
             wherein
             the
             costly
             and
             gorgeous
             apparell
             giueth
             offence
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             handled
             hereafter
             .
             Concluding
             therefore
             this
             point
             with
             Maister
             Bodine
             touching
             
             allume
             (
             whereof
             abundance
             is
             spent
             with
             vs
             )
             we
             say
             that
             there
             is
             stuffe
             sufficient
             within
             the
             realme
             ,
             whereof
             to
             make
             it
             exceeding
             good
             :
             but
             so
             long
             as
             we
             be
             able
             to
             affoord
             the
             Romish
             allume
             for
             24
             shillings
             the
             hundred
             ,
             and
             other
             sorts
             accordingly
             ,
             being
             brought
             into
             English
             ships
             ,
             it
             is
             better
             for
             the
             Common-wealth
             to
             bring
             it
             from
             forraine
             parts
             ,
             then
             to
             make
             it
             within
             the
             realme
             .
          
           
             The
             fourth
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             being
             The
             pleasure
             of
             Princes
             or
             great
             men
             ,
             which
             doth
             giue
             a
             price
             vnto
             things
             ;
             is
             grounded
             vpon
             estimation
             ,
             the
             very
             ground
             of
             the
             value
             of
             all
             temporall
             things
             :
             which
             things
             in
             regard
             of
             the
             behoofe
             of
             man
             ,
             are
             seruing
             for
             food
             ,
             houses
             ,
             and
             apparell
             ,
             and
             (
             as
             they
             say
             )
             for
             the
             backe
             and
             belly
             .
             This
             estimation
             is
             authorised
             by
             common
             consent
             almost
             of
             al
             men
             and
             nations
             :
             and
             therefore
             of
             such
             efficacie
             ,
             that
             some
             Politicians
             haue
             obserued
             ,
             
             that
             things
             that
             be
             in
             d
             〈…〉
             things
             that
             be
             not
             in
             deed
             ,
             b
             〈…〉
             med
             to
             be
             in
             deede
             ,
             make
             n
             〈…〉
             rence
             in
             the
             course
             of
             trafficke
             .
             〈…〉
             rule
             the
             Bankers
             ,
             haue
             studie
             〈…〉
             〈…〉
             might
             be
             made
             apparant
             ,
             if
             I
             we
             〈…〉
             solued
             that
             it
             would
             tend
             to
             the
             g
             〈…〉
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             .
             But
             leauing
             this
             ,
             let
             vs
             consider
             of
             the
             second
             rule
             obserued
             by
             Plato
             ,
             That
             as
             the
             Prince
             is
             ,
             so
             are
             the
             subiects
             ,
             who
             by
             imitation
             follow
             his
             example
             ,
             which
             sooner
             entreth
             into
             their
             eyes
             thē
             their
             eares
             :
             and
             the
             greater
             their
             authoritie
             is
             ,
             the
             more
             affectionate
             is
             their
             imitation
             .
             Alexander
             cast
             his
             head
             aside
             ,
             and
             all
             the
             Court
             held
             their
             neckes
             awry
             :
             Denis
             was
             purblind
             ,
             and
             his
             Courtiers
             stumbled
             at
             euery
             steppe
             ,
             and
             iustled
             each
             other
             as
             if
             they
             had
             bene
             euill-fighted
             :
             and
             so
             of
             other
             Princes
             ,
             whose
             examples
             haue
             bene
             contagious
             to
             their
             subiects
             .
             Maister
             Bodine
             maketh
             mention
             of
             three
             great
             Prin
             〈…〉
             
             〈…〉
             ne
             time
             ,
             which
             did
             aduaunce
             〈…〉
             g
             and
             pretious
             stones
             .
             Tou
             〈…〉
             〈…〉
             arning
             ,
             vnlesse
             it
             be
             accom
             〈…〉
             with
             the
             knowledge
             how
             to
             〈…〉
             r
             to
             hauewealth
             ,
             it
             is
             litle
             accoun
             〈…〉
             whereas
             a
             lumpish
             blocke-head
             〈…〉
             le
             without
             wit
             or
             wisedome
             ,
             shall
             be
             much
             made
             of
             ,
             onely
             because
             hee
             hath
             money
             or
             wealth
             ;
             whereof
             by
             aduerse
             fortune
             or
             casualtie
             being
             depriued
             ,
             he
             is
             then
             seene
             in
             his
             owne
             colour
             ,
             and
             laid
             open
             to
             the
             world
             .
             And
             concerning
             pearles
             and
             precious
             stones
             ,
             it
             is
             not
             straunge
             ,
             that
             some
             men
             do
             despise
             and
             account
             them
             as
             glistering
             toyes
             &
             trifles
             ,
             considering
             the
             diuersitie
             of
             mens
             opinions
             ,
             which
             made
             the
             auncient
             Philosophers
             to
             say
             :
             That
             the
             world
             was
             gouerned
             by
             opinions
             .
             But
             if
             these
             men
             should
             wel
             consider
             the
             pure
             creation
             and
             vertue
             of
             the
             stones
             ,
             they
             would
             iudge
             otherwise
             ;
             and
             their
             owne
             opinion
             (
             opposite
             to
             most
             men
             )
             would
             
             condemne
             their
             errour
             :
             seeing
             that
             a
             generall
             estimation
             doth
             approue
             the
             value
             of
             things
             ,
             especially
             of
             things
             that
             are
             durable
             .
             Which
             was
             the
             cause
             that
             when
             Commodities
             began
             to
             abound
             in
             the
             world
             ,
             all
             mettals
             (
             as
             being
             fit
             for
             preseruation
             )
             were
             esteemed
             ,
             and
             the
             purest
             mettall
             most
             .
             The
             holy
             Scripture
             doth
             manifest
             vnto
             vs
             ,
             in
             what
             estimation
             precious
             stones
             ,
             gold
             ,
             and
             siluer
             ,
             haue
             bene
             alwaies
             from
             the
             beginning
             :
             and
             to
             what
             holy
             vses
             they
             haue
             bene
             employed
             and
             appropriated
             ,
             especially
             gold
             and
             siluer
             .
             Was
             not
             Iericho
             destroyed
             with
             the
             inhabitants
             and
             their
             goods
             by
             Gods
             commandement
             ,
             as
             things
             execrable
             :
             and
             would
             not
             God
             haue
             the
             gold
             and
             other
             mettals
             preserued
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             consecrated
             and
             kept
             in
             his
             treasurie
             ?
             Was
             it
             not
             gold
             and
             siluer
             wherewith
             his
             temple
             at
             Ierusalem
             was
             adorned
             and
             beautified
             ?
             But
             why
             should
             I
             enter
             into
             the
             enumeration
             
             of
             examples
             ,
             to
             illustrate
             and
             proue
             the
             antiquitie
             of
             the
             estimation
             of
             gold
             ,
             siluer
             ,
             and
             precious
             things
             :
             seeing
             that
             in
             all
             Common-weales
             and
             countries
             ,
             that
             onely
             is
             decent
             and
             of
             estimation
             ,
             which
             the
             custome
             doth
             allow
             or
             approoue
             ?
             Hence
             the
             Prouerbe
             took
             beginning
             ,
             
               Countries
               fashion
               ,
               countries
               honour
            
             :
             which
             maketh
             the
             Indian
             and
             Blacke-moore
             to
             dominiere
             with
             his
             glistering
             beades
             ,
             brasse
             rings
             for
             their
             eares
             and
             armes
             ,
             and
             to
             giue
             vs
             gold
             and
             siluer
             for
             them
             .
             Straunge
             was
             therefore
             the
             imagination
             of
             Sir
             
               Thomas
               Moore
            
             in
             his
             conceipted
             Commonwealth
             of
             Vtopia
             :
             where
             he
             fained
             gold
             to
             be
             in
             such
             contumelie
             ,
             that
             they
             made
             their
             chamber-pots
             and
             other
             vessels
             that
             serue
             for
             most
             vile
             vses
             ,
             of
             pure
             gold
             ;
             and
             haue
             the
             same
             in
             euery
             mans
             priuate
             house
             .
             And
             their
             chaines
             ,
             fetters
             and
             gyues
             wherein
             they
             tye
             their
             bondmen
             ,
             were
             all
             of
             gold
             ,
             as
             being
             
             the
             reprochfull
             badge
             of
             infamous
             persons
             .
             Their
             gemmes
             and
             precious
             stones
             were
             holden
             for
             toyes
             for
             yong
             children
             to
             play
             withall
             .
             And
             to
             proue
             the
             estimation
             of
             things
             to
             be
             according
             to
             the
             fashion
             of
             euery
             countrie
             ,
             and
             to
             giue
             gold
             his
             due
             commendation
             ,
             we
             will
             vse
             his
             owne
             pleasant
             tale
             ,
             in
             manner
             as
             he
             hath
             set
             downe
             the
             same
             .
             The
             Ambassadours
             of
             the
             next
             countries
             vnto
             Vtopia
             ,
             which
             knew
             the
             maners
             and
             fashions
             of
             the
             Vtopians
             (
             which
             giue
             no
             honour
             to
             sumptuous
             apparell
             ,
             and
             hold
             gold
             to
             be
             infamed
             and
             reprochfull
             )
             came
             to
             Amaurote
             (
             the
             principall
             citie
             of
             that
             Ile
             )
             in
             very
             homely
             and
             simple
             array
             .
             But
             the
             Anemolians
             because
             they
             dwell
             farre
             thence
             ,
             and
             had
             very
             litle
             acquaintance
             with
             them
             ,
             hearing
             that
             they
             were
             all
             apparelled
             alike
             ,
             and
             that
             very
             rudely
             and
             homely
             ;
             thinking
             them
             not
             to
             haue
             the
             things
             which
             they
             did
             not
             weare
             :
             being
             therefore
             
             more
             proud
             then
             wise
             ,
             determined
             in
             the
             gorgiousnesse
             of
             their
             apparell
             to
             represent
             very
             gods
             ;
             and
             with
             the
             bright
             shining
             and
             glistering
             of
             their
             gay
             clothing
             ,
             to
             dazle
             the
             eyes
             of
             the
             silly
             poore
             Vtopians
             .
             So
             there
             came
             in
             foure
             Ambassadors
             ,
             with
             a
             hundred
             seruants
             ,
             all
             apparelled
             in
             changeable
             colours
             ,
             the
             most
             of
             them
             in
             silkes
             :
             the
             Ambassadors
             themselues
             (
             for
             at
             home
             in
             their
             owne
             countrie
             they
             were
             Noblemen
             )
             in
             cloth
             of
             gold
             ,
             with
             great
             chaines
             of
             gold
             ,
             with
             gold
             hanging
             at
             their
             eares
             ,
             with
             gold
             rings
             vpon
             their
             fingers
             ,
             with
             brouches
             and
             aglets
             of
             gold
             vpon
             their
             caps
             ,
             which
             glistered
             full
             of
             pearles
             and
             precious
             stones
             :
             to
             be
             short
             ,
             trimmed
             and
             adorned
             with
             all
             those
             things
             ,
             which
             among
             the
             Vtopians
             were
             either
             the
             punishment
             of
             bondmen
             ,
             or
             the
             reproch
             of
             infamed
             persons
             ,
             or
             else
             trifles
             for
             young
             children
             to
             play
             withall
             .
             Therefore
             it
             would
             haue
             done
             a
             
             man
             good
             at
             his
             heart
             ,
             to
             haue
             seene
             how
             proudely
             they
             displayed
             their
             Peacockes
             feathers
             ,
             how
             much
             they
             made
             of
             their
             painted
             sheathes
             ,
             and
             how
             lustily
             they
             set
             foorth
             and
             aduanced
             themselues
             ;
             when
             they
             compared
             their
             gallant
             apparell
             with
             the
             poore
             rayment
             of
             the
             Vtopians
             :
             for
             all
             the
             people
             were
             swarmed
             foorth
             into
             the
             streetes
             .
             And
             on
             the
             other
             side
             ,
             it
             was
             no
             lesse
             pleasure
             to
             consider
             how
             much
             they
             were
             deceiued
             ,
             and
             how
             farre
             they
             missed
             of
             their
             purpose
             ,
             being
             contrarie
             waies
             taken
             ,
             then
             they
             thought
             they
             should
             haue
             beene
             .
             For
             to
             the
             eyes
             of
             all
             the
             Vtopians
             (
             except
             very
             few
             ,
             which
             had
             bene
             in
             other
             countries
             for
             some
             reasonable
             cause
             )
             all
             that
             gorgeousnesse
             of
             apparell
             seemed
             shamefull
             and
             reprochfull
             .
             Insomuch
             that
             they
             most
             reuerently
             saluted
             the
             most
             vile
             and
             most
             abiect
             of
             them
             for
             Lords
             ,
             iudging
             them
             by
             
             their
             wearing
             of
             golden
             chaines
             to
             be
             bondmen
             :
             yea
             ,
             you
             should
             haue
             seen
             children
             also
             (
             that
             had
             cast
             away
             their
             pearles
             and
             precious
             stones
             ,
             when
             they
             saw
             the
             like
             sticking
             vpon
             the
             Ambassadors
             cappes
             )
             digge
             and
             push
             their
             mothers
             vnder
             the
             sides
             ,
             saying
             thus
             to
             them
             :
             Looke
             mother
             ,
             how
             great
             a
             lubber
             doth
             yet
             weare
             pearles
             and
             precious
             stones
             ,
             as
             though
             hee
             were
             a
             litle
             child
             still
             .
             But
             the
             mother
             ,
             yea
             and
             that
             also
             in
             good
             earnest
             :
             Peace
             sonne
             (
             saith
             she
             )
             I
             thinke
             he
             be
             some
             of
             the
             Ambassadours
             fooles
             .
             Some
             found
             fault
             at
             their
             golden
             chaines
             ,
             as
             to
             no
             vse
             or
             purpose
             ,
             being
             so
             small
             and
             weake
             ,
             that
             a
             bondman
             might
             easily
             breake
             them
             :
             and
             againe
             so
             wide
             and
             large
             ,
             that
             when
             it
             pleased
             him
             ,
             he
             might
             cast
             them
             off
             ,
             and
             runne
             away
             at
             libertie
             whither
             he
             would
             .
             But
             when
             the
             Ambassadours
             had
             bene
             there
             a
             day
             or
             two
             ,
             and
             saw
             so
             great
             abundance
             of
             gold
             so
             lightly
             
             esteemed
             ;
             yea
             in
             no
             lesse
             reproch
             ,
             thē
             it
             was
             with
             them
             in
             honour
             :
             and
             besides
             that
             ,
             more
             gold
             in
             the
             chaines
             and
             gyues
             of
             one
             fugitiue
             bondman
             ,
             then
             all
             the
             costly
             ornaments
             of
             them
             three
             was
             woorth
             ;
             they
             beganne
             to
             abate
             their
             courage
             ,
             &
             for
             very
             shame
             laid
             away
             all
             that
             gorgeous
             array
             ,
             whereof
             they
             were
             so
             proud
             .
             Which
             in
             effect
             is
             as
             much
             as
             to
             accommodate
             and
             fashion
             himselfe
             to
             the
             manner
             and
             fashion
             of
             the
             countrie
             ,
             being
             also
             grounded
             vpon
             estimation
             although
             of
             baser
             things
             :
             which
             is
             to
             preferre
             earthen
             and
             glasse
             vessels
             ,
             wherein
             they
             eate
             and
             drinke
             (
             as
             he
             saith
             )
             before
             gold
             ,
             siluer
             ,
             &
             other
             precious
             things
             .
             But
             if
             all
             the
             wit
             and
             wisdome
             of
             man
             were
             as
             yet
             to
             deuise
             ,
             what
             thing
             would
             be
             fittest
             to
             set
             a
             price
             vnto
             all
             other
             things
             ,
             and
             to
             be
             as
             a
             iust
             measure
             and
             proportion
             betweene
             man
             and
             man
             in
             the
             trade
             and
             traffick
             of
             things
             ,
             they
             could
             not
             find
             
             any
             thing
             more
             proper
             then
             pure
             gold
             ,
             and
             other
             mettals
             accordingly
             .
             The
             foure
             elements
             haue
             such
             an
             equall
             proportion
             in
             gold
             ,
             that
             none
             is
             predominant
             ouer
             the
             other
             ;
             whereby
             all
             corruption
             is
             excluded
             ,
             whether
             you
             take
             the
             same
             according
             to
             the
             qualities
             of
             hote
             and
             drie
             ,
             cold
             and
             drie
             ,
             hote
             and
             moist
             ,
             and
             cold
             and
             moist
             with
             Galen
             :
             or
             according
             to
             the
             substance
             of
             the
             elements
             drawne
             into
             salt
             ,
             sulphure
             ,
             and
             mercurie
             with
             Paracelsus
             .
             For
             it
             neuer
             wasteth
             or
             consumeth
             by
             fire
             ,
             and
             the
             more
             it
             is
             burned
             ,
             the
             purer
             it
             is
             ;
             which
             cannot
             be
             said
             of
             any
             other
             mettall
             :
             there
             is
             no
             rust
             or
             scurfe
             that
             diminisheth
             the
             goodnesse
             or
             substance
             thereof
             :
             it
             abides
             the
             fretting
             and
             liquors
             of
             salt
             and
             vineger
             without
             damage
             ,
             which
             weareth
             any
             other
             thing
             :
             it
             needs
             no
             fire
             ere
             it
             be
             made
             gold
             ,
             for
             it
             is
             gold
             assoone
             as
             it
             is
             found
             :
             it
             draweth
             without
             wooll
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             wooll
             :
             and
             it
             is
             
             easily
             spread
             in
             leaues
             of
             maruellous
             thinnesse
             :
             you
             may
             adorne
             or
             guild
             any
             other
             mettall
             with
             it
             .
             Neither
             is
             it
             inferiour
             vnto
             any
             other
             mettall
             to
             make
             vessell
             and
             curious
             workes
             :
             it
             defileth
             not
             the
             thing
             it
             toucheth
             as
             siluer
             doth
             ,
             wherewith
             you
             may
             draw
             lines
             :
             it
             resembleth
             in
             colour
             the
             celestiall
             bodies
             ,
             and
             it
             is
             medicinable
             and
             bringeth
             gladnesse
             to
             the
             hart
             of
             man
             :
             it
             is
             fit
             also
             to
             be
             cut
             or
             deuided
             into
             many
             peeces
             to
             make
             mony
             ,
             and
             goeth
             into
             a
             litle
             roome
             ,
             being
             easie
             and
             〈…〉
             table
             to
             auoide
             the
             combersome
             〈…〉
             age
             of
             Commodities
             from
             one
             countrie
             into
             another
             .
             And
             what
             thing
             can
             be
             inuented
             or
             deuised
             ,
             that
             for
             this
             purpose
             hath
             all
             these
             qualities
             and
             properties
             ?
             With
             great
             reason
             therefore
             hath
             gold
             his
             due
             estimatiō
             aboue
             other
             things
             .
             Also
             such
             things
             wherein
             the
             art
             of
             man
             is
             illustrated
             ;
             as
             in
             pictures
             &
             other
             curious
             works
             ,
             are
             worthie
             of
             great
             commendation
             ,
             
             and
             to
             be
             preferred
             before
             many
             other
             things
             that
             man
             doth
             vse
             ,
             for
             to
             liue
             in
             the
             most
             ciuille
             maner
             aboue
             other
             nations
             which
             liue
             barbarously
             .
             In
             all
             which
             ,
             the
             generall
             care
             of
             the
             Prince
             must
             be
             ,
             and
             the
             particular
             regard
             of
             the
             subiect
             ,
             that
             the
             same
             bee
             done
             for
             the
             good
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             :
             so
             that
             the
             expences
             thereof
             do
             not
             surmount
             the
             incomes
             or
             reuenues
             ,
             hauing
             a
             due
             consideration
             of
             the
             moderate
             vse
             of
             forraine
             Commodities
             ,
             and
             at
             reasonable
             rates
             ,
             according
             as
             the
             price
             and
             vtteranc
             〈…〉
             of
             our
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             both
             〈…〉
             victuals
             and
             other
             wares
             :
             without
             studying
             how
             to
             liue
             without
             the
             trafficke
             and
             commerce
             with
             other
             nations
             ;
             seeing
             that
             God
             caused
             Nature
             to
             bestow
             and
             distribute
             her
             benefits
             ,
             or
             his
             blessings
             to
             seuerall
             Climates
             ,
             supplying
             the
             barrennesse
             of
             some
             things
             in
             one
             countrie
             with
             the
             fruitfulnesse
             and
             store
             of
             other
             countries
             ,
             
             to
             the
             end
             that
             interchāgeably
             one
             cōmon
             weale
             should
             liue
             with
             another
             .
          
           
             Concerning
             the
             last
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             by
             the
             alteration
             of
             mony
             ,
             wherein
             Maister
             Malestroit
             had
             a
             certaine
             good
             purpose
             if
             he
             could
             haue
             proued
             the
             same
             to
             haue
             bene
             in
             France
             :
             Maister
             Bodine
             concludeth
             that
             the
             price
             of
             things
             is
             not
             altered
             by
             the
             valuation
             of
             monies
             in
             sort
             by
             him
             alleaged
             ,
             and
             yet
             that
             things
             are
             grown
             deare
             :
             which
             only
             thē
             cometh
             to
             passe
             by
             one
             cause
             ,
             which
             he
             called
             almost
             the
             only
             cause
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             aundance
             of
             gold
             &
             siluer
             of
             late
             yeares
             running
             with
             vs
             into
             these
             parts
             of
             the
             world
             .
             For
             the
             other
             causes
             (
             as
             we
             haue
             noted
             before
             )
             make
             particularly
             some
             things
             deare
             ,
             but
             not
             generally
             all
             things
             .
             And
             for
             asmuch
             as
             we
             haue
             spoken
             hereof
             in
             answer
             of
             the
             Paradoxes
             of
             Maister
             Malestroit
             ,
             therefore
             we
             passe
             ouer
             it
             :
             and
             come
             to
             the
             examination
             of
             the
             remedies
             which
             
             Maister
             Bodine
             alleadgeth
             which
             do
             onely
             tend
             to
             remedy
             things
             in
             particular
             ,
             being
             well
             considered
             of
             .
          
           
             He
             saith
             ,
             that
             the
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             now
             a
             daies
             more
             then
             in
             times
             past
             ,
             must
             partly
             excuse
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             :
             which
             being
             so
             ,
             it
             followeth
             ,
             that
             this
             is
             not
             to
             be
             taken
             as
             a
             remedy
             ,
             nor
             yet
             as
             a
             true
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ;
             for
             what
             coherence
             is
             there
             to
             alleage
             a
             matter
             as
             a
             remedy
             against
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             when
             this
             remedy
             (
             as
             I
             haue
             shewed
             before
             )
             is
             the
             only
             cause
             of
             the
             dearth
             it selfe
             (
             as
             he
             saith
             )
             which
             must
             excuse
             the
             same
             ?
             which
             excuse
             being
             admitted
             in
             defence
             thereof
             :
             doth
             consequently
             proue
             ,
             that
             things
             are
             not
             growne
             deare
             to
             our
             hurt
             in
             particular
             ,
             or
             to
             the
             preiudice
             of
             the
             Common
             wealth
             in
             generall
             ,
             because
             that
             hauing
             more
             gold
             and
             siluer
             then
             we
             had
             heretofore
             ,
             we
             are
             made
             able
             to
             giue
             more
             then
             before
             .
             And
             if
             we
             will
             
             say
             :
             Take
             away
             the
             cause
             ,
             and
             then
             the
             effect
             will
             cease
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ;
             Take
             away
             or
             diminish
             the
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             and
             then
             things
             will
             become
             better
             cheape
             :
             this
             wold
             be
             a
             very
             great
             absurdity
             .
             For
             as
             he
             is
             a
             foolish
             Phisitian
             ,
             that
             cannot
             cure
             his
             patients
             disease
             ,
             vnlesse
             he
             cast
             him
             in
             another
             sicknes
             :
             so
             the
             Prince
             that
             cannot
             gouerne
             his
             subiects
             but
             by
             taking
             from
             them
             the
             wealth
             and
             commodity
             of
             life
             ,
             must
             needs
             graunt
             that
             he
             knoweth
             not
             how
             to
             gouerne
             mē
             .
             A
             prouident
             and
             wise
             Prince
             therefore
             will
             rather
             conclude
             thus
             :
             Are
             things
             growne
             deare
             ,
             through
             the
             abundance
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             of
             late
             yeares
             ?
             then
             is
             it
             most
             requisite
             for
             me
             to
             procure
             to
             participate
             of
             that
             abundance
             ,
             as
             much
             as
             lieth
             in
             my
             power
             ,
             and
             to
             accumulate
             treasure
             for
             me
             and
             my
             subiects
             by
             importation
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             and
             preuention
             of
             the
             transportation
             of
             any
             :
             the
             rather
             
             that
             the
             course
             of
             commodities
             in
             particular
             hath
             this
             property
             ,
             that
             as
             by
             the
             excessiue
             exportation
             of
             some
             things
             ,
             the
             like
             things
             do
             grow
             deare
             :
             so
             by
             the
             ouerabundant
             importation
             of
             other
             commodities
             things
             do
             become
             better
             cheape
             .
          
           
             Another
             remedy
             against
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             especially
             victuals
             is
             to
             restore
             the
             vse
             of
             fish
             to
             the
             ancient
             credit
             and
             estimation
             :
             and
             hereupon
             he
             taketh
             occasion
             to
             commend
             our
             custome
             of
             England
             for
             obseruing
             fish-dayes
             in
             the
             weeke
             .
             And
             for
             effecting
             of
             the
             like
             in
             Fraunce
             :
             he
             propoundeth
             the
             example
             of
             the
             Prince
             and
             magistrate
             whom
             the
             people
             will
             imitate
             .
             We
             may
             wish
             that
             both
             the
             one
             and
             the
             other
             were
             duly
             executed
             or
             obserued
             ,
             whereby
             fishing
             would
             be
             better
             maintained
             ,
             and
             most
             especially
             the
             nauigation
             :
             and
             flesh
             would
             in
             some
             seasons
             of
             the
             yeare
             be
             vsed
             more
             commodiously
             ,
             and
             better
             for
             
             the
             health
             of
             man.
             The
             great
             number
             of
             all
             sorts
             and
             kinds
             of
             fish
             according
             to
             the
             obseruation
             of
             the
             Romaines
             (
             noted
             by
             maister
             Bodine
             )
             ought
             to
             moue
             vs
             thereunto
             ;
             fish
             being
             so
             pure
             a
             creature
             ,
             that
             were
             it
             not
             ,
             that
             we
             see
             the
             same
             subiect
             vnto
             diseases
             ,
             it
             wold
             be
             very
             doubtfull
             ,
             whether
             the
             same
             amongst
             other
             creatures
             was
             cursed
             for
             mans
             transgression
             ,
             the
             Scripture
             speaking
             only
             that
             the
             earth
             was
             cursed
             therefore
             :
             considering
             also
             the
             Prouerbe
             ,
             
               As
               sound
               as
               a
               fish
            
             :
             and
             if
             any
             be
             subiect
             to
             diseases
             it
             is
             fish
             of
             riuers
             or
             of
             standing
             waters
             and
             fish-ponds
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             cured
             by
             strawing
             much
             parsley
             into
             the
             water
             .
             And
             because
             that
             flesh
             and
             fish
             are
             two
             principall
             things
             for
             the
             food
             of
             man
             ,
             and
             that
             our
             purpose
             is
             not
             to
             omit
             any
             thing
             ,
             that
             incidently
             may
             be
             handled
             for
             the
             good
             of
             the
             common-wealth
             ,
             therefore
             will
             it
             not
             be
             exorbitant
             the
             rule
             of
             our
             methode
             to
             discourse
             
             somewhat
             thereof
             .
             The
             best
             season
             of
             the
             yeare
             to
             eate
             fish
             is
             from
             September
             vntill
             March
             ,
             if
             we
             will
             regard
             the
             goodnesse
             of
             the
             fish
             :
             howbeit
             that
             for
             the
             increase
             of
             beasts
             ,
             we
             are
             commanded
             with
             great
             reason
             and
             consideration
             ,
             to
             eate
             most
             fish
             in
             March
             and
             Aprill
             ,
             when
             he
             loseth
             his
             taste
             .
             The
             fresh
             fish
             of
             riuers
             is
             of
             more
             digestion
             ,
             and
             better
             for
             sicke
             persons
             ;
             but
             the
             sea-fish
             is
             of
             more
             nourishment
             .
             All
             fish
             being
             moist
             and
             cold
             of
             nature
             ,
             is
             qualified
             by
             the
             addition
             of
             salt
             :
             and
             being
             eaten
             with
             much
             bread
             cannot
             do
             any
             hurt
             ,
             especially
             vnto
             cholericke
             persons
             ,
             with
             whose
             complexion
             it
             agreeth
             best
             .
             And
             whereas
             all
             other
             creatures
             do
             first
             decay
             and
             putrifie
             in
             the
             belly
             ,
             the
             fish
             doth
             first
             putrifie
             in
             the
             head
             :
             for
             no
             other
             reason
             ,
             but
             that
             hauing
             only
             one
             gut
             ,
             the
             meate
             doth
             easily
             passe
             the
             same
             ,
             without
             digestion
             or
             corruption
             ;
             which
             by
             staying
             long
             with
             other
             
             ereatures
             causeth
             putrifaction
             :
             an
             argument
             that
             fish
             is
             more
             healthfull
             then
             flesh
             ,
             howbeit
             that
             (
             through
             the
             continuall
             vse
             )
             flesh
             is
             more
             agreeable
             with
             our
             nature
             .
             And
             whereas
             maister
             Bodine
             saith
             that
             it
             is
             vnknowne
             vnto
             man
             ,
             from
             whence
             at
             one
             season
             the
             infinite
             millions
             of
             herrings
             do
             come
             :
             we
             are
             of
             another
             opinion
             .
             For
             the
             Herring
             (
             against
             the
             nature
             of
             all
             fish
             ,
             which
             goeth
             against
             the
             water
             and
             tide
             ,
             fearing
             the
             lifting
             vp
             of
             his
             scales
             )
             commeth
             from
             the
             Northerne
             seas
             ,
             and
             goeth
             to
             the
             West
             Ocean
             to
             enioy
             the
             temperature
             of
             the
             aire
             .
             For
             whereas
             all
             the
             sommer
             he
             hath
             taken
             his
             ease
             and
             pleasure
             in
             the
             Northerne
             seas
             ,
             desirous
             to
             enioy
             the
             water
             therof
             ,
             as
             being
             sweeter
             then
             that
             of
             other
             seas
             :
             he
             returneth
             in
             winter
             to
             those
             places
             ,
             that
             haue
             bene
             most
             beaten
             of
             the
             Sunne
             ,
             being
             hotter
             and
             deeper
             ,
             as
             also
             lesse
             troubled
             with
             the
             winds
             and
             tempests
             ;
             vnto
             the
             which
             the
             Northerne
             
             seas
             are
             more
             subiect
             ,
             &
             where
             the
             sands
             are
             thereby
             eleuated
             ,
             and
             concurring
             with
             the
             water
             .
             For
             the
             Herring
             aboue
             all
             other
             fishes
             cannot
             endure
             the
             cold
             ,
             and
             therfore
             are
             they
             also
             dead
             as
             soone
             as
             they
             be
             out
             of
             the
             water
             .
             Aire
             is
             the
             cause
             of
             putrification
             ,
             which
             those
             that
             haue
             studied
             to
             preserue
             flesh
             long
             without
             salt
             ,
             haue
             found
             by
             experience
             .
             Salt
             doth
             bite
             out
             the
             bloud
             of
             the
             flesh
             ,
             which
             we
             see
             will
             not
             keepe
             vnlesse
             it
             be
             couered
             with
             brine
             made
             of
             salt
             :
             yet
             those
             that
             do
             trauell
             vnder
             the
             line
             called
             Aequinoctiall
             ,
             do
             keepe
             fresh
             mutton
             ,
             veale
             ,
             or
             any
             other
             flesh
             for
             a
             long
             time
             without
             salt
             ;
             for
             they
             presse
             out
             the
             bloud
             ,
             and
             hauing
             well
             dried
             the
             same
             with
             linnen
             clouts
             ,
             they
             put
             it
             into
             their
             barrels
             of
             meale
             ,
             especially
             meale
             of
             Rie
             ,
             as
             it
             commeth
             from
             the
             East
             contries
             ,
             and
             so
             they
             do
             closevp
             the
             same
             ,
             that
             no
             aire
             can
             enter
             :
             which
             is
             an
             easie
             matter
             ,
             and
             their
             meale
             not
             
             the
             worse
             for
             to
             be
             vsed
             .
             Some
             do
             also
             a
             litle
             perboile
             their
             flesh
             ,
             and
             keepe
             it
             close
             stopped
             in
             vineger
             :
             but
             that
             is
             not
             so
             sauory
             to
             be
             eaten
             .
             The
             knowledge
             hereof
             is
             fit
             for
             Nauigators
             .
             But
             for
             the
             good
             of
             all
             the
             inhabitants
             of
             a
             Commonwealth
             ,
             let
             vs
             commend
             the
             singular
             care
             of
             those
             Magistrats
             which
             (
             to
             preuent
             all
             corruption
             and
             diseases
             of
             euill
             aire
             and
             corrupted
             bloud
             )
             do
             commaund
             ,
             that
             oxen
             and
             all
             other
             beasts
             should
             be
             fasting
             a
             day
             or
             two
             before
             they
             should
             be
             slaine
             :
             and
             then
             hanged
             vp
             for
             the
             like
             time
             ,
             or
             more
             ,
             as
             the
             season
             of
             the
             yeare
             will
             permit
             ,
             to
             let
             the
             blod
             runne
             out
             before
             the
             Butchers
             may
             sell
             the
             flesh
             thereof
             ;
             who
             knowing
             the
             losse
             of
             waight
             by
             the
             bleeding
             ,
             and
             that
             it
             doth
             not
             shew
             so
             well
             ,
             are
             hasty
             to
             sell
             the
             same
             to
             the
             great
             hurt
             and
             danger
             of
             the
             health
             of
             man.
             This
             care
             of
             the
             Magistrate
             therefore
             tendeth
             to
             the
             preseruation
             of
             the
             health
             of
             the
             subiect
             .
             
             And
             to
             this
             purpose
             we
             do
             not
             hold
             impertinent
             to
             commend
             a
             good
             order
             obserued
             in
             other
             countries
             ,
             for
             keeping
             of
             their
             cities
             and
             townes
             cleane
             without
             hauing
             so
             many
             scauengers
             in
             euery
             parish
             ,
             as
             we
             do
             ,
             to
             the
             great
             charge
             of
             the
             inhabitants
             .
             For
             whereas
             the
             cleansing
             of
             all
             vaults
             is
             brought
             to
             certaine
             places
             and
             vsed
             for
             dung
             ,
             there
             are
             certaine
             three
             or
             foure
             scauengers
             which
             for
             two
             or
             three
             hundred
             pounds
             a
             yeare
             take
             the
             same
             ,
             and
             the
             durt
             of
             the
             streetes
             to
             farme
             and
             do
             euery
             one
             of
             them
             keepe
             twelue
             or
             more
             horses
             and
             carts
             to
             cary
             the
             durt
             away
             :
             which
             by
             scattering
             straw
             along
             the
             streetes
             from
             time
             to
             time
             is
             gathered
             vp
             ,
             and
             so
             caried
             to
             the
             places
             where
             the
             cleansing
             of
             the
             vaults
             is
             mingled
             with
             it
             ,
             which
             maketh
             good
             dung
             ,
             and
             is
             caried
             all
             the
             countrey
             ouer
             ;
             preuenting
             hereby
             corruption
             of
             aire
             ,
             &
             bettering
             their
             grounds
             for
             increase
             .
          
           
           
             His
             last
             point
             concerning
             certainty
             and
             equality
             of
             money
             ,
             which
             may
             hold
             the
             price
             of
             commodities
             and
             all
             other
             things
             in
             a
             certaine
             equality
             by
             a
             due
             course
             of
             exchange
             ,
             is
             a
             matter
             of
             great
             moment
             ,
             as
             we
             haue
             shewed
             heretofore
             :
             which
             maister
             Bodine
             holdeth
             so
             difficult
             to
             be
             vnderstood
             ,
             that
             when
             any
             man
             is
             sayd
             to
             be
             of
             experience
             ,
             and
             to
             vnderstand
             matters
             wherein
             he
             is
             surpassing
             others
             ;
             that
             hence
             the
             prouerbe
             is
             deriued
             ,
             that
             
               One
               doth
               vnderstand
               his
               Par
            
             ,
             or
             Equalitie
             :
             be
             it
             in
             matter
             of
             exchange
             or
             monies
             ,
             whereby
             the
             course
             of
             commodities
             is
             ruled
             .
             But
             this
             cannot
             properly
             be
             taken
             as
             a
             remedy
             against
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             ,
             for
             it
             doth
             keepe
             a
             due
             equality
             in
             the
             price
             of
             all
             things
             ,
             and
             maketh
             not
             any
             alteration
             .
             So
             that
             we
             may
             conclude
             as
             before
             ,
             that
             maister
             Bodine
             hauing
             mistaken
             the
             true
             ground
             of
             the
             matter
             he
             intreated
             of
             :
             the
             remedies
             by
             him
             propounded
             
             are
             also
             incertaine
             .
             For
             as
             we
             haue
             said
             before
             ,
             we
             are
             not
             in
             this
             regard
             to
             compare
             things
             within
             themselues
             in
             the
             Common-wealth
             where
             we
             do
             liue
             :
             but
             betweene
             vs
             and
             other
             nations
             with
             whom
             we
             deale
             or
             traffike
             ,
             either
             by
             way
             of
             permutation
             of
             commodities
             for
             commodities
             ,
             or
             commodities
             for
             money
             
               in
               specie
            
             ,
             or
             by
             exchange
             .
             Therefore
             let
             vs
             examine
             the
             course
             of
             commodities
             ,
             money
             and
             exchange
             :
             whereby
             the
             wealth
             of
             a
             Realme
             may
             increase
             or
             decrease
             .
          
           
             Riches
             (
             as
             Aristotle
             hath
             defined
             )
             are
             either
             Naturall
             or
             Artificiall
             .
             And
             Plato
             (
             before
             he
             did
             reuoke
             his
             opinion
             concerning
             equalitie
             ,
             when
             he
             willed
             al
             things
             in
             a
             Commonwealth
             to
             be
             common
             ,
             whereby
             euery
             man
             might
             haue
             enough
             :
             and
             in
             regard
             of
             these
             words
             Mine
             and
             Thine
             ,
             wherby
             the
             propertie
             of
             things
             is
             distinguished
             )
             did
             vse
             to
             say
             :
             
               That
               there
               was
               no
               man
               that
               did
               gaine
               ,
               but
               another
               was
            
             
             
               a
               loser
            
             :
             supposing
             both
             the
             Naturall
             and
             Artificiall
             riches
             to
             be
             appertaining
             and
             proper
             to
             some
             ▪
             that
             were
             owners
             thereof
             .
             Wherein
             he
             did
             note
             a
             kind
             of
             absurditie
             at
             that
             time
             ,
             in
             regard
             of
             his
             purpose
             .
             But
             afterwards
             hauing
             had
             a
             due
             consideration
             of
             far
             greater
             absurdities
             that
             wold
             happen
             ,
             if
             (
             to
             auoide
             strife
             and
             contention
             )
             goods
             were
             common
             ,
             and
             consequently
             women
             and
             children
             ;
             wherby
             families
             (
             whereof
             Commonweals
             are
             compounded
             )
             wold
             be
             dissolued
             and
             ouerthrowne
             :
             he
             did
             wisely
             reuoke
             his
             former
             opinion
             ,
             holding
             the
             matter
             to
             be
             impossible
             and
             incompatible
             .
             For
             there
             can
             be
             no
             Common-wealth
             without
             a
             priuate
             wealth
             ;
             whereby
             these
             two
             words
             ,
             Mine
             and
             Thine
             ,
             were
             restored
             to
             their
             former
             and
             auncient
             credite
             :
             which
             all
             good
             housholders
             or
             fathers
             of
             families
             are
             to
             consider
             in
             particular
             ,
             &
             the
             Prince
             as
             the
             father
             of
             the
             great
             familie
             of
             a
             
             Commonwealth
             in
             generall
             ,
             as
             well
             touching
             the
             Natural
             riches
             of
             lands
             ,
             as
             of
             the
             Artificiall
             riches
             proceeding
             of
             the
             same
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             and
             moderate
             his
             charges
             and
             expences
             accordingly
             .
             To
             which
             end
             ,
             first
             in
             regard
             of
             Naturall
             riches
             ,
             the
             knowledge
             of
             his
             dominions
             and
             territories
             is
             requisite
             to
             be
             considered
             of
             ,
             being
             compared
             with
             other
             Princes
             dominions
             ,
             which
             oftentimes
             are
             accounted
             to
             be
             more
             spacious
             then
             they
             bee
             .
             By
             reason
             whereof
             ,
             we
             haue
             made
             this
             Geometricall
             description
             following
             ,
             whereby
             the
             spaciousnesse
             of
             one
             kingdome
             or
             countrey
             ,
             may
             be
             compared
             with
             another
             ,
             obseruing
             onely
             the
             difference
             of
             the
             number
             .
          
        
         
           
             
               A
               Geometricall
               Description
            
             of
             the
             world
             .
          
           
             The
             circumference
             of
             the
             Globe
             ,
             which
             according
             to
             the
             imaginarie
             accompt
             of
             Ptolomy
             ,
             containeth
             360
             
             Geometricall
             degrees
             of
             15
             leagues
             euery
             degree
             ,
             maketh
             in
             the
             whole
             5400
             leagues
             ,
             which
             we
             do
             reckon
             after
             one
             thousand
             measures
             of
             land
             for
             euery
             league
             of
             foure
             English
             miles
             ,
             or
             60
             miles
             for
             a
             degree
             .
             The
             Diameter
             being
             1718
             2
             /
             11
             leagues
             ,
             making
             the
             superficies
             both
             of
             water
             and
             land
             9278
             thousand
             ,
             181
             leagues
             ,
             euery
             league
             being
             4666⅔
             measures
             square
             :
             which
             maketh
             the
             whole
             globe
             of
             the
             world
             to
             containe
             43
             millions
             of
             millions
             ,
             298
             millions
             ,
             170
             thousand
             measures
             of
             land
             and
             water
             :
             whereof
             the
             water
             being
             deducted
             ,
             accoumpting
             aboue
             two
             third
             parts
             of
             the
             whole
             ,
             and
             the
             other
             third
             for
             the
             earth
             ;
             there
             remaineth
             (
             not
             accompting
             fractions
             and
             vnnecessarie
             numbers
             )
             nine
             millions
             of
             millions
             ,
             381
             millions
             ,
             627
             thousand
             measures
             of
             land
             ,
             knowne
             to
             be
             inhabited
             :
             wherof
             followeth
             a
             particular
             distribution
             vpon
             euery
             kingdome
             and
             countrie
             ,
             
             with
             a
             note
             of
             their
             situation
             .
          
           
             Beginning
             our
             voyage
             from
             England
             the
             most
             renowned
             Iland
             in
             the
             world
             ,
             and
             trauelling
             all
             the
             world
             ouer
             (
             which
             by
             water
             may
             be
             compassed
             in
             one
             yeare
             and
             a
             halfe
             )
             as
             may
             be
             seene
             by
             the
             globe
             set
             foorth
             at
             the
             charges
             of
             Maister
             Sanderson
             ,
             by
             the
             voyages
             of
             Sir
             
               Francis
               Drake
            
             ,
             and
             Sir
             
               Thomas
               Candish
            
             knights
             :
             we
             find
             England
             with
             the
             Ilands
             adiacent
             vnder
             her
             Maiesties
             dominion
             ,
             to
             containe
             34
             millions
             438
             thousand
             measures
             of
             land
             ,
             after
             the
             computation
             aforesaid
             .
          
           
             Ireland
             the
             Iland
             which
             lieth
             most
             West
             of
             those
             that
             be
             of
             any
             fame
             ,
             containeth
             21
             millions
             785
             thousand
             measures
             .
          
           
             Scotland
             being
             adioyned
             to
             England
             containeth
             12
             millions
             250
             thousand
             measures
             .
          
           
             The
             most
             Westerne
             countrey
             of
             Europe
             is
             Spaine
             :
             which
             is
             bounded
             
             the
             South
             with
             the
             Mediterranean
             sea
             :
             on
             the
             West
             with
             the
             Atlanticke
             :
             on
             the
             North
             with
             the
             
               Oceanus
               Cantabricus
            
             ,
             or
             the
             Spanish
             seas
             :
             &
             on
             the
             East
             with
             Fraunce
             ,
             from
             which
             it
             is
             seuered
             with
             the
             Pireney
             hils
             .
             Vnder
             Spaine
             we
             reckon
             the
             eight
             kingdoms
             following
             :
          
           
             
               
                 
                   Castile
                   containing
                
                 
                   31
                   ,
                   886.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Andaluzia
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   700.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Granado
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   150.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Nauarre
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   868.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Portugal
                
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   600.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Leon
                   gallicia
                
                 
                   9
                   ,
                   520.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Arragon
                
                 
                   16
                   ,
                   760.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Biscay
                
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   666.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   All
                   ,
                   84
                   ,
                   150.
                   m.
                   measures
                   of
                   land
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             Fraunce
             ,
             which
             is
             bounded
             on
             the
             West
             with
             the
             Pirency
             hilles
             :
             on
             the
             North
             with
             the
             English
             seas
             :
             on
             the
             East
             with
             Germanie
             :
             on
             the
             Southeast
             with
             the
             Alpe
             hilles
             :
             and
             on
             the
             Southwest
             with
             the
             Mediterranean
             sea
             :
             containing
             32
             Prouinces
             .
          
           
             
               
               
                 
                   Normandie
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   022.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Campagney
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   785.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Xantogne
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   791.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Poitou
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   644.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Berry
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   437.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Limogis
                
                 
                   140.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Picardie
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   307.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Anjou
                
                 
                   840.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Calis
                
                 
                   46.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Bulleyn
                
                 
                   135.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Languedoc
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   240.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Dauphiney
                
                 
                   900.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Burgundie
                
                 
                   757.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Prouence
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   178.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Vermandois
                
                 
                   116.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                     And
                     Vienois
                     ,
                     Lionois
                     ,
                     Gascoine
                     ,
                     France
                     ,
                     Lorreyne
                     ,
                     Britayne
                     ,
                     Guien
                     ,
                     Nivernois
                     ,
                     Bourbon
                     ,
                     Auverne
                     ,
                     Velay
                     ,
                     Pierigueux
                     ,
                     Viemois
                     ,
                  
                   and
                   the
                   rest
                   :
                
                 
                   Containing
                   all
                   91
                   ,
                   350.
                   m.
                   measures
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             next
             countrey
             vnto
             Fraunce
             on
             the
             East
             side
             is
             Germany
             ,
             which
             is
             bounded
             on
             the
             West
             with
             Fraunce
             ,
             and
             the
             Low
             countries
             :
             on
             the
             North
             
             with
             Denmarke
             and
             the
             Danish
             seas
             :
             on
             the
             East
             with
             
               Prussia
               ,
               Poland
            
             ,
             and
             Hungarie
             :
             on
             the
             Southeast
             with
             Istria
             and
             Illiricum
             :
             and
             the
             South
             with
             the
             Alpe
             hils
             and
             with
             Italie
             .
          
           
             
               
                 Vnder
                 Saxonie
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Saxonia
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   750.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Misnia
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   360.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Turingia
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   120.
                   m.
                   
                
              
            
             
               
                 Vnder
                 Austria
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Lusatia
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   614.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Slesia
                
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   558.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Bohemia
                
                 
                   7
                   ,
                   000.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Austria
                
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   300.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Morauia
                
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   200.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Beyeren
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   360.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Assia
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   947.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Heluetia
                
                 
                   12
                   ,
                   585.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Basle
                   and
                   Swetia
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   992.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Wirtenbergh
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   270.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Embden
                
                 
                   244.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Collen
                
                 
                   214.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Salsburie
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   089.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Cleues
                
                 
                   257.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                   Gulich
                
                 
                   357.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Westphalia
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   450.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Ofnab
                
                 
                   357.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Pomerania
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   360.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Marquis
                   brandeburgh
                
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   293.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Machalburgh
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   100.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Franconia
                
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   440.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Tiroll
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   360.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Carinthea
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   634.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Stiria
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   866.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Count
                   Palatin
                
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   450.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Oldeburg
                   &
                   Dulmar
                
                 
                   462.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Liege
                
                 
                   571.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Trier
                   ,
                   Ments
                   ,
                   Strasbourgh
                   ,
                   Spiers
                   ,
                   Wormes
                   :
                   together
                
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   324.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   All
                   ,
                   97
                   ,
                   884.
                   m.
                   measures
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             17
             Prouinces
             of
             the
             Low-countries
             accompting
             550
             townes
             ,
             and
             12
             thousand
             villages
             ,
             bounded
             on
             the
             West
             with
             Germanie
             and
             Fraunce
             consisting
             of
             4
             Dukedomes
             ,
             7
             Earledomes
             ,
             and
             6
             Seigniories
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                   Brabant
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   502.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Guildres
                
                 
                   420.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                   Luxenborgh
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   400.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Limborgh
                   and
                   Walkenborgh
                
                 
                   233.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Flaunders
                   ,
                   Lyle
                   ,
                   and
                   Doway
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   559.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Henault
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   050.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Artois
                
                 
                   722.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Holland
                
                 
                   572.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Zealand
                
                 
                   101.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Ouerysle
                
                 
                   840.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Freezeland
                
                 
                   464.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Malnies
                
                 
                   15.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Namure
                
                 
                   196.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Vtricht
                
                 
                   227.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Grocninghen
                
                 
                   250.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Zutphen
                
                 
                   357.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Meiers
                   35
                   m.
                   and
                   other
                   places
                   of
                   the
                   Empire
                   .
                
                 
                   141.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   All
                   ,
                   10.
                   049.
                   m.
                   measures
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             Italie
             ,
             which
             lyeth
             on
             the
             South-side
             of
             the
             Alpes
             and
             Germanie
             ,
             and
             stretcheth
             it self
             out
             in
             length
             towards
             the
             South
             &
             East
             ,
             may
             thus
             be
             described
             :
          
           
             
               
                 Vnder
                 Spaine
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Naples
                
                 
                   14
                   ,
                   700.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Lombardie
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   100.
                   m.
                   
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 Vnder
                 Venice
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Treuisana
                
                 
                   3
                   ,
                   290.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Verona
                
                 
                   740.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Frioul
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   400.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Mantua
                
                 
                   570.
                   m.
                   
                
              
            
             
               
                 Vnder
                 Rome
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Liguria
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   865.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Romagnia
                
                 
                   1520.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Latium
                
                 
                   570.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Hetruria
                
                 
                   642.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Sauoy
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   520.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Piamont
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   100.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Tuscane
                   Florence
                
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   160.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Siena
                
                 
                   570.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Marca
                   ancona
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   790.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Parma
                   plaisance
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   015.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Sicily
                
                 
                   4
                   ,
                   200.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Cyprus
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   100.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Candia
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   800.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Corsica
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   680.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Sardegnia
                
                 
                   5
                   ,
                   600.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   All
                   ,
                   55
                   ,
                   580.
                   m.
                   measures
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
                 
                   Prusia
                   lying
                   on
                   the
                   East
                   &
                   North
                   corner
                   of
                   Germany
                   .
                
                 
                   11
                   ,
                   200.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   
                   Poland
                   lying
                   on
                   the
                   East
                   side
                   of
                   Germanie
                   ,
                   containeth
                
                 
                   21
                   ,
                   000.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Russenia
                
                 
                   10
                   ,
                   500.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Volhimia
                
                 
                   6
                   ,
                   300.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Massouia
                
                 
                   2
                   ,
                   098.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Liuonia
                
                 
                   30
                   ,
                   152.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   All
                   ,
                   70
                   ,
                   050.
                   m.
                   measures
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             Denmarke
             lying
             on
             the
             North
             side
             of
             Germany
             ,
             hauing
             on
             the
             North
             and
             East
             side
             ,
             the
             kingdome
             of
             Sweden
             :
             &
             on
             the
             North
             side
             &
             West
             of
             Sweden
             ,
             lyeth
             the
             kingdome
             of
             Norway
             ,
             containing
             all
             with
             their
             dominions
             ,
             as
             followeth
             :
          
           
             
               
                 
                   Denmarke
                
                 
                   13
                   ,
                   643.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Norway
                
                 
                   37
                   ,
                   296.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Sweden
                
                 
                   64
                   ,
                   000.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Finland
                
                 
                   8
                   ,
                   392.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Holsten
                
                 
                   1
                   ,
                   398.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Ditmars
                
                 
                   442.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Gothia
                
                 
                   23
                   ,
                   334.
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                    
                
                 
                   All
                   ,
                   148
                   ,
                   505.
                   m.
                   measures
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             great
             Monarchie
             of
             Russia
             or
             Moscouia
             ,
             beginning
             on
             the
             East
             side
             
             
             
             
             
             of
             Sweden
             extending
             it self
             from
             Lapland
             and
             Finmarke
             vnto
             the
             Caspian
             sea
             ,
             containeth
             in
             it
             a
             great
             part
             of
             Europe
             ,
             and
             part
             of
             Asia
             ;
             whereof
             we
             are
             to
             make
             a
             deuision
             ,
             hauing
             only
             purposed
             to
             make
             a
             particular
             description
             of
             Europe
             .
             That
             part
             which
             is
             vnder
             Europe
             containeth
             302
             ,
             957.
             m.
             measures
             .
             So
             all
             Europe
             containeth
             940
             ,
             198.
             thousand
             measures
             of
             land
             .
          
           
             Hungarie
             containing
             21
             ,
             000.
             m.
             Dalmatia
             4
             ,
             900.
             m.
             Transiluania
             ,
             7000.
             m.
             with
             whole
             Turky
             cōtaining
             527,100
             .
             m.
             and
             Moscouia
             187,143
             .
             m.
             Tartarie
             containing
             420,000
             .
             m.
             Persia
             560,000
             .
             m.
             and
             the
             lands
             of
             Calicout
             840,000
             .
             m.
             maketh
             all
             Asia
             to
             containe
             2567
             ▪
             143.
             m.
             measures
             .
          
           
             
               
                 
                   Africa
                   &
                   all
                   Egypt
                
                 
                   2240,000
                   .
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   America
                   containeth
                
                 
                   1674,286
                   .
                   m.
                   
                
              
               
                 
                   Noua
                   Spania
                   containeth
                
                 
                   1960,000
                   .
                   m.
                   
                
              
            
          
           
             
               Summa
               tot
            
             .
             9
             ,
             381
             ,
             627.
             m.
             measures
             ,
             the
             whole
             earth
             of
             1000.
             measures
             for
             a
             league
             of
             4
             English
             miles
             .
          
           
           
             The
             territorie
             of
             Rome
             after
             the
             foundation
             of
             Romulus
             did
             containe
             but
             18
             thousand
             iourneys
             of
             land
             ,
             which
             he
             did
             deuide
             into
             three
             equall
             parts
             :
             allotting
             the
             one
             third
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             
               Ecclesiasticall
               lands
            
             ,
             for
             the
             defraying
             of
             the
             sacrifices
             :
             the
             other
             third
             to
             the
             common
             wealth
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             
               Crowne
               land
            
             :
             and
             the
             last
             third
             part
             was
             deuided
             betweene
             three
             thousand
             citizens
             of
             all
             sorts
             ,
             after
             the
             rate
             of
             two
             iourneys
             for
             euery
             one
             .
          
           
             William
             the
             conqueror
             ,
             caused
             (
             after
             the
             conquest
             )
             a
             description
             to
             be
             made
             of
             the
             Realme
             of
             England
             ,
             and
             the
             land
             to
             be
             measured
             ,
             reseruing
             for
             the
             Crowne
             so
             much
             as
             he
             thought
             conuenient
             :
             and
             bestowing
             the
             rest
             vpon
             his
             Barons
             and
             Knights
             ,
             he
             caused
             an
             imposition
             or
             taxe
             to
             be
             made
             of
             sixe
             shillings
             vpon
             euery
             hide
             of
             land
             ,
             being
             twenty
             acres
             ,
             making
             160
             acres
             to
             be
             a
             Knights
             fee.
             And
             so
             hauing
             left
             the
             Dukedome
             of
             Normandy
             
             vnto
             Robert
             his
             eldest
             sonne
             ,
             did
             thereby
             maintaine
             his
             royall
             estate
             &
             dignitie
             .
             The
             Grecians
             had
             diuerse
             meanes
             to
             maintaine
             their
             estate
             :
             but
             the
             Romaines
             hauing
             a
             very
             large
             and
             spatious
             iurisdiction
             ,
             had
             most
             means
             by
             conquest
             and
             tribute
             of
             other
             nations
             .
             The
             ordinary
             meanes
             that
             Princes
             haue
             now
             a
             dayes
             for
             the
             maintenance
             of
             their
             royall
             estates
             or
             dignities
             ,
             may
             be
             comprehended
             vnder
             these
             three
             :
             The
             first
             vpon
             the
             estimation
             of
             the
             body
             of
             their
             lands
             and
             dominions
             of
             all
             immoueable
             goods
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             value
             by
             a
             computation
             vpon
             the
             hundreth
             ,
             or
             a
             proportion
             of
             the
             fruits
             thereof
             :
             which
             is
             comprehended
             vnder
             Natural
             riches
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             vpon
             the
             things
             which
             are
             consumed
             proceeding
             thereof
             :
             namely
             of
             victuals
             ,
             as
             of
             flesh
             ,
             fish
             ,
             wine
             ,
             beare
             ,
             fruit
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             :
             of
             rents
             ,
             as
             of
             houses
             and
             farms
             ,
             liberties
             and
             franchises
             ,
             manors
             and
             townes
             :
             
             of
             fire
             ,
             as
             of
             wood
             and
             coales
             :
             of
             apparell
             ,
             as
             of
             wollen
             clothes
             ,
             silkes
             ,
             furs
             ,
             flaxe
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             vpon
             the
             trade
             and
             trafficke
             of
             merchandise
             ,
             and
             vpon
             the
             persons
             of
             men
             according
             to
             their
             degree
             and
             quality
             .
             Which
             meanes
             are
             increased
             by
             the
             inhabiting
             of
             countries
             and
             multitude
             of
             people
             :
             which
             causeth
             Princes
             to
             study
             to
             make
             their
             countries
             populous
             ,
             and
             to
             increase
             the
             cōmerce
             &
             trafficke
             ,
             by
             the
             gaines
             whereof
             ,
             the
             wealth
             is
             increased
             .
             For
             albeit
             ,
             that
             the
             multitude
             of
             people
             maketh
             the
             price
             of
             lands
             to
             rise
             ,
             and
             victuals
             to
             become
             dearer
             :
             yet
             the
             Prince
             and
             the
             subiects
             meanes
             of
             maintenance
             do
             also
             increase
             ,
             and
             one
             doth
             liue
             by
             another
             ,
             alwayes
             so
             as
             there
             be
             had
             a
             singular
             care
             to
             set
             poore
             men
             on
             work
             ,
             and
             that
             the
             idle
             droane
             do
             not
             consume
             the
             sweete
             honey
             .
          
           
             Hereupon
             two
             speciall
             points
             are
             
             incidently
             to
             be
             handled
             ,
             namely
             ,
             that
             as
             I
             haue
             made
             a
             commparison
             of
             country
             and
             countries
             vnder
             the
             dominion
             of
             the
             Princes
             in
             Europe
             :
             so
             is
             it
             not
             very
             difficult
             for
             me
             to
             make
             a
             comparison
             of
             the
             wealth
             thereof
             ,
             and
             likewise
             of
             the
             ordinary
             meanes
             which
             these
             Princes
             do
             vse
             for
             the
             maintenance
             of
             their
             estates
             ,
             and
             what
             ordinary
             charges
             and
             expences
             they
             do
             sustaine
             :
             whereby
             would
             appeare
             manifestly
             ,
             that
             England
             is
             able
             to
             hold
             out
             with
             any
             kingdome
             in
             Europe
             .
             But
             fearing
             the
             reprehension
             of
             some
             Apelles
             (
             this
             being
             a
             matter
             of
             State
             )
             I
             will
             containe
             my selfe
             within
             the
             compasse
             of
             my
             profession
             .
             The
             second
             part
             is
             to
             delare
             many
             and
             diuerse
             extraordinary
             meanes
             ,
             which
             Princes
             haue
             vsed
             heretofore
             ,
             and
             might
             vse
             in
             their
             necessities
             and
             occurrences
             .
             But
             this
             would
             proue
             vnnecessary
             ,
             considering
             we
             do
             liue
             vnder
             so
             gratious
             a
             Princesse
             (
             whom
             
             God
             long
             preserue
             to
             raigne
             ouer
             vs
             )
             whose
             most
             royal
             disposition
             and
             clemency
             ,
             doth
             rather
             moderate
             impositions
             and
             taxes
             ,
             then
             inuent
             any
             that
             neuer
             were
             :
             her
             subiects
             also
             being
             most
             dutifully
             obedient
             ,
             and
             thankfully
             inclined
             to
             make
             her
             Maiestie
             voluntarie
             offers
             of
             subsidies
             and
             other
             meanes
             for
             the
             generall
             defence
             of
             the
             Realme
             ,
             not
             expecting
             that
             the
             same
             should
             be
             of
             them
             required
             .
          
           
             Yet
             to
             giue
             some
             glaunce
             of
             comparison
             betweene
             England
             &
             France
             the
             greatest
             kingdome
             of
             Europe
             :
             let
             vs
             take
             notice
             of
             the
             obseruation
             of
             Polititians
             ,
             which
             affirme
             England
             properly
             to
             be
             deuided
             into
             52
             thousand
             villages
             or
             hamlets
             ,
             as
             there
             are
             weekes
             in
             the
             yeare
             :
             much
             after
             the
             deuision
             which
             the
             Athenians
             made
             of
             their
             land
             in
             365
             parts
             ,
             as
             there
             are
             dayes
             in
             the
             yeare
             ;
             and
             to
             containe
             (
             as
             they
             say
             )
             2800
             thousand
             families
             ,
             euery
             family
             6
             persons
             ,
             is
             16800
             thousand
             
             persons
             :
             England
             containing
             by
             our
             computation
             but
             34
             millions
             438
             thousand
             measures
             of
             land
             square
             :
             whereas
             Fraunce
             containing
             91
             millions
             350
             thousand
             measures
             of
             land
             ,
             is
             but
             esteemed
             to
             haue
             4400
             thousand
             families
             ,
             and
             fiue
             persons
             to
             euery
             family
             :
             which
             is
             but
             22000
             thousand
             persons
             .
             The
             commodities
             of
             France
             are
             not
             so
             rich
             and
             of
             estimation
             ,
             as
             the
             commodities
             of
             England
             :
             much
             lesse
             the
             commodities
             of
             
               Denmarke
               ,
               Russia
               ,
               Poland
            
             ,
             and
             other
             great
             countries
             .
             Wherefore
             let
             vs
             now
             examine
             ,
             for
             the
             second
             point
             concerning
             Artificiall
             riches
             ,
             the
             goodnesse
             of
             our
             commodities
             .
          
           
             Maister
             Bodine
             doth
             call
             (
             Salt
             )
             to
             be
             their
             manna
             ,
             and
             we
             may
             call
             our
             wools
             to
             be
             the
             Golden
             fleece
             ,
             which
             we
             shall
             not
             need
             to
             seeke
             in
             Colchos
             ,
             but
             here
             in
             England
             ,
             in
             regard
             both
             of
             their
             goodnesse
             and
             quantity
             .
             Great
             was
             the
             losse
             and
             hinderance
             
             which
             the
             Realme
             receiued
             by
             the
             licence
             ,
             which
             king
             Edward
             the
             third
             gaue
             vnto
             king
             Iohn
             of
             Aragon
             ,
             for
             to
             transport
             into
             Spaine
             certaine
             number
             of
             Cotswold
             sheep
             ,
             both
             in
             respect
             of
             wools
             and
             wooll
             fels
             .
             For
             we
             see
             what
             great
             quantity
             of
             wools
             (
             bettered
             vnder
             their
             climate
             )
             doth
             continually
             come
             from
             diuerse
             places
             of
             the
             king
             of
             Spaines
             dominions
             ,
             into
             Fraunce
             and
             the
             Low-countries
             :
             especially
             in
             Flaunders
             ,
             where
             diuerse
             fine
             stuffes
             are
             made
             ,
             and
             brought
             vnto
             vs
             and
             other
             nations
             ,
             causing
             a
             decrease
             of
             the
             custome
             of
             the
             Prince
             ,
             as
             may
             be
             knowne
             by
             this
             :
             that
             the
             custome
             of
             wooll
             in
             this
             king
             Edward
             his
             time
             came
             to
             aboue
             threescore
             and
             fiue
             thousand
             pounds
             yearely
             ,
             the
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             being
             valued
             but
             at
             20
             pence
             :
             which
             would
             make
             now
             200
             thousand
             pound
             .
             For
             there
             went
             out
             of
             the
             realm
             at
             the
             least
             a
             hundred
             thousand
             sackes
             of
             wooll
             ,
             whereof
             were
             
             made
             300
             thousand
             clothes
             at
             the
             least
             :
             whereas
             there
             is
             now
             computation
             made
             of
             100000
             clothes
             yearly
             ,
             or
             somwhat
             more
             ,
             the
             custome
             being
             35
             thousand
             poūds
             .
             Wherby
             we
             may
             see
             manifestly
             ,
             that
             there
             is
             a
             great
             ouer
             ballancing
             of
             forreine
             commodities
             with
             our
             home
             commodities
             ,
             as
             shall
             be
             made
             more
             apparant
             .
          
           
             It
             is
             wel
             knowne
             ,
             that
             since
             the
             Statute
             made
             in
             the
             sixt
             yeare
             of
             her
             Maiesties
             most
             happy
             raigne
             ,
             all
             sorts
             of
             white
             clothes
             ,
             haue
             bin
             amended
             for
             length
             &
             goodnesse
             ;
             likewise
             kerseys
             ,
             bayes
             ,
             cottons
             ,
             Northerne
             dozens
             ,
             &
             diuers
             other
             kinds
             of
             clothes
             haue
             bin
             bettered
             since
             that
             time
             :
             whereas
             the
             commodities
             of
             other
             countries
             haue
             bene
             made
             worse
             .
             Howbeit
             it
             were
             to
             be
             wished
             ,
             that
             with
             vs
             good
             order
             were
             taken
             for
             the
             continuance
             thereof
             :
             as
             also
             that
             clothiers
             would
             deuise
             to
             make
             their
             clothes
             after
             the
             manner
             of
             Venice
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             in
             hot-houses
             ;
             sauing
             
             thereby
             a
             great
             part
             of
             their
             oyle
             for
             the
             making
             of
             other
             clothes
             ,
             which
             is
             now
             wasted
             and
             spent
             :
             which
             practise
             is
             of
             late
             put
             in
             vre
             by
             the
             Flemmings
             in
             some
             places
             ;
             and
             yet
             can
             they
             not
             sell
             their
             clothes
             so
             good
             cheape
             ,
             but
             that
             our
             cloth
             is
             with
             thē
             in
             great
             request
             .
             For
             all
             that
             merchants
             (
             besides
             other
             great
             charges
             )
             pay
             vnto
             them
             aboue
             20
             shillings
             custome
             and
             licence
             for
             euery
             cloth
             to
             bring
             them
             thither
             ,
             ouer
             and
             aboue
             the
             charges
             and
             custome
             of
             the
             dominions
             of
             other
             Princes
             and
             States
             ,
             when
             cloth
             is
             not
             caried
             directly
             vnto
             them
             .
          
           
             Comming
             to
             our
             other
             Commodities
             of
             lead
             ,
             tinne
             ,
             copper
             ,
             iron
             ,
             bel-mettall
             ,
             and
             other
             minerals
             ,
             we
             shall
             not
             need
             to
             make
             mention
             of
             gold
             ,
             siluer
             and
             copper
             ,
             because
             our
             mynes
             do
             not
             yeeld
             such
             quantitie
             thereof
             as
             in
             other
             countries
             ,
             which
             haue
             a
             better
             temperature
             of
             climate
             to
             that
             effect
             .
             
             Howbeit
             ,
             greater
             store
             would
             be
             found
             ,
             if
             men
             did
             endeuour
             to
             find
             the
             same
             :
             as
             for
             any
             thing
             we
             can
             as
             yet
             learne
             ,
             one
             man
             onely
             hath
             bestowed
             extraordinarie
             charges
             therein
             ,
             as
             some
             haue
             done
             for
             the
             copper
             ,
             which
             by
             their
             means
             is
             found
             somewhat
             plentifull
             :
             whereby
             with
             the
             addition
             of
             the
             Calamine
             stone
             ,
             many
             manuall
             things
             are
             now
             made
             within
             the
             realme
             by
             milles
             and
             otherwise
             ,
             which
             heretofore
             were
             brought
             vnto
             vs.
             And
             now
             let
             vs
             speake
             of
             the
             particulars
             ,
             as
             of
             lead
             ,
             tinne
             ,
             and
             iron
             .
          
           
             Our
             lead
             (
             whereof
             we
             haue
             abundance
             )
             doth
             exceed
             in
             goodnesse
             that
             of
             Germany
             and
             other
             countries
             ,
             and
             containeth
             more
             siluer
             then
             theirs
             ,
             which
             is
             blacke
             ,
             harder
             and
             vncleane
             :
             and
             therefore
             serueth
             them
             to
             make
             peeces
             of
             Ordinance
             ,
             whereof
             the
             Duke
             of
             Brunswicke
             hath
             good
             store
             .
             But
             iron
             is
             farre
             better
             for
             that
             purpose
             :
             and
             that
             which
             is
             found
             in
             other
             
             places
             is
             not
             comparable
             vnto
             ours
             ,
             neither
             hath
             any
             Prince
             the
             like
             .
          
           
             Tinne
             ,
             a
             most
             royall
             Commodity
             ,
             is
             exceeding
             in
             goodnesse
             all
             other
             Tinne
             found
             elsewhere
             ,
             which
             is
             but
             litle
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             not
             very
             abundant
             with
             vs.
             For
             all
             our
             mynes
             do
             not
             yeeld
             aboue
             10
             or
             12
             hundred
             thousand
             pound
             waight
             yearely
             at
             the
             most
             ;
             which
             in
             regard
             of
             the
             vse
             thereof
             ,
             is
             and
             hath
             bene
             sold
             by
             vs
             very
             good
             cheape
             ,
             especially
             in
             such
             places
             from
             whence
             wee
             bring
             very
             corruptible
             Cōmodities
             of
             wines
             ,
             raisins
             ,
             prunes
             ,
             currans
             &
             such
             like
             :
             giuing
             them
             this
             &
             the
             like
             staple
             Cōmoditie
             for
             them
             .
             We
             haue
             noted
             how
             of
             late
             yeares
             ,
             gold
             ,
             siluer
             ,
             copper
             ,
             iron
             ,
             and
             lead
             ,
             haue
             bene
             found
             more
             plentifully
             then
             in
             times
             past
             :
             but
             we
             cannot
             say
             so
             of
             Tinne
             ,
             the
             vse
             thereof
             in
             Turky
             and
             other
             places
             being
             considered
             .
             By
             reason
             whereof
             ,
             if
             heretofore
             the
             proportion
             of
             mettals
             obserued
             by
             
             the
             Germaines
             and
             other
             nations
             ,
             was
             150
             pound
             waight
             of
             copper
             to
             one
             pound
             of
             siluer
             ,
             or
             700
             pound
             of
             iron
             ,
             600
             p.
             of
             lead
             ,
             or
             25
             pounds
             of
             quicksiluer
             ,
             and
             but
             one
             hundred
             p.
             of
             tin
             :
             much
             more
             ought
             we
             to
             diminish
             this
             proportion●
             ,
             considering
             (
             as
             aforesaid
             )
             the
             great
             quantitie
             of
             al
             other
             mettals
             found
             in
             diuerse
             places
             ,
             and
             but
             this
             small
             parcell
             of
             Tinne
             of
             that
             rare
             goodnesse
             found
             onely
             in
             England
             :
             where
             aboue
             80
             years
             past
             ,
             the
             price
             thereof
             was
             about
             forty
             shillings
             the
             hundred
             ,
             when
             anounce
             of
             siluer
             was
             esteemed
             forty
             pence
             ,
             and
             when
             the
             best
             veluet
             was
             sold
             for
             ten
             shillings
             the
             yard
             .
             And
             omitting
             to
             speake
             of
             saltpeter
             ,
             coppresse
             ,
             allume
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             minerals
             (
             whereof
             wee
             haue
             great
             store
             )
             let
             vs
             conclude
             with
             the
             consideration
             of
             the
             great
             abundance
             of
             sea-coles
             ,
             that
             are
             found
             in
             England
             :
             the
             price
             whereof
             might
             (
             with
             more
             reason
             )
             be
             farre
             aduaunced
             
             aboue
             the
             price
             of
             salt
             The
             Manna
             of
             Fraunce
             :
             seeing
             that
             (
             as
             Maister
             Bodine
             hath
             noted
             of
             all
             mines
             )
             the
             mines
             hereof
             can
             be
             exhausted
             ,
             and
             so
             cannot
             salt
             be
             ,
             which
             with
             lesse
             labor
             doth
             in
             a
             manner
             raine
             from
             heauen
             vnder
             their
             climate
             :
             the
             rather
             for
             that
             woods
             are
             not
             onely
             decreasing
             with
             vs
             ,
             but
             also
             with
             other
             nations
             that
             shall
             in
             time
             haue
             as
             much
             neede
             of
             our
             coales
             ,
             as
             we
             of
             their
             salt
             :
             wherof
             the
             impost
             in
             Fraunce
             amounteth
             to
             450
             thousand
             pound
             starling
             yearly
             ,
             as
             the
             matter
             is
             handled
             .
          
           
             Safforne
             and
             cony
             skins
             are
             two
             commodities
             exceeding
             also
             in
             goodnesse
             :
             likewise
             corne
             ,
             beare
             ,
             fels
             ,
             tallow
             ,
             hops
             ,
             wood
             ,
             hose
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             things
             are
             all
             better
             then
             the
             like
             had
             in
             other
             countries
             ;
             and
             so
             might
             leather
             be
             ,
             if
             the
             lawes
             did
             suffer
             it
             to
             be
             dressed
             accordingly
             .
             For
             albeit
             that
             the
             difference
             of
             water
             in
             goodnesse
             for
             that
             purpose
             maketh
             an
             alteration
             :
             
             yet
             they
             might
             be
             qualified
             and
             made
             seruiceable
             to
             that
             effect
             .
             Our
             waxe
             is
             also
             better
             then
             that
             of
             Moscouia
             and
             the
             East
             countries
             :
             and
             this
             being
             a
             commodity
             had
             with
             little
             labour
             ,
             and
             without
             the
             vse
             of
             much
             ground
             ,
             and
             of
             late
             yeares
             aduanced
             in
             price
             ;
             we
             would
             exhort
             many
             to
             practise
             the
             hauing
             thereof
             ,
             in
             regard
             both
             of
             the
             honny
             and
             waxe
             ,
             the
             rather
             for
             that
             the
             making
             of
             Bees
             of
             a
             Heighfer
             is
             naturall
             .
             Whereupon
             Plinie
             hath
             noted
             ,
             that
             the
             flesh
             of
             oxē
             is
             conuerted
             into
             Bees
             ,
             as
             the
             flesh
             of
             horses
             into
             waspes
             ,
             that
             of
             man
             into
             lice
             ,
             and
             so
             of
             other
             flesh
             according
             to
             the
             nature
             thereof
             :
             but
             I
             will
             not
             affirme
             ,
             that
             the
             flesh
             of
             a
             Cuckow
             is
             conuerted
             into
             toads
             ,
             as
             some
             do
             report
             .
          
           
             Touching
             the
             price
             of
             our
             commodities
             ,
             which
             certainly
             may
             be
             known
             as
             of
             tinne
             ,
             lead
             ,
             and
             certaine
             knowne
             sorts
             of
             clothes
             :
             we
             shall
             find
             ,
             that
             
             when
             an
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             was
             valued
             at
             40
             pence
             ,
             tinne
             was
             worth
             (
             as
             we
             haue
             sayd
             )
             about
             40
             shillings
             the
             hundreth
             ,
             which
             now
             maketh
             3
             pound
             ,
             and
             the
             price
             thereof
             in
             regard
             of
             veluet
             ,
             silkes
             and
             other
             commodities
             ,
             ought
             now
             to
             be
             5
             pound
             a
             hundreth
             all
             circumstances
             considered
             .
             Wooll
             was
             worth
             10
             shillings
             the
             tod
             ,
             equivalent
             with
             the
             best
             yeard
             of
             veluet
             :
             colour
             kentish
             cloths
             ,
             not
             of
             so
             good
             making
             as
             now
             ,
             were
             ordinarily
             sold
             for
             8
             and
             9
             pound
             the
             cloth
             of
             that
             mony
             which
             is
             now
             12
             pound
             and
             13
             pound
             10
             shillings
             :
             calue
             skins
             5
             shillings
             the
             dozen
             :
             Deuonshire
             kersies
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             cloth
             accordingly
             .
             At
             which
             time
             the
             bale
             of
             Venice
             fustians
             was
             sold
             for
             18
             pound
             :
             of
             horne
             fustians
             15
             pound
             :
             the
             best
             blacke
             Sattine
             6
             shillings
             the
             yeard
             :
             colour
             Damaske
             and
             Sattine
             5
             shillings
             :
             Bolonia
             Sarcenet
             20
             pence
             the
             yeard
             :
             all
             by
             retaile
             ;
             millian
             fustians
             18
             and
             19
             shillings
             the
             peece
             :
             Messina
             
             silke
             8
             shillings
             the
             pound
             :
             vnwatred
             Chamblet
             13
             shillings
             the
             peece
             ,
             and
             all
             other
             Italian
             wares
             accordingly
             ;
             which
             (
             although
             they
             are
             now
             more
             vsed
             then
             in
             those
             dayes
             )
             cannot
             counteruaile
             the
             difference
             in
             price
             being
             compared
             together
             ,
             because
             that
             the
             making
             thereof
             in
             Italy
             and
             France
             is
             also
             much
             more
             increased
             ,
             and
             on
             the
             contrary
             the
             making
             of
             cloth
             much
             diminished
             since
             that
             time
             .
             And
             in
             this
             place
             we
             must
             not
             forget
             to
             mention
             of
             the
             making
             of
             Venice
             gold
             thred
             ,
             which
             might
             be
             more
             practised
             and
             made
             in
             England
             then
             it
             is
             ,
             to
             set
             poore
             people
             on
             worke
             ,
             and
             so
             be
             had
             farre
             better
             cheape
             .
             For
             we
             shall
             find
             that
             whereas
             the
             pound
             of
             12
             ounces
             is
             now
             ordinarily
             sold
             for
             3
             pound
             5
             shillings
             ,
             or
             thereabouts
             :
             the
             same
             (
             being
             vntwisted
             )
             doth
             not
             cōtaine
             aboue
             4½
             ounces
             ,
             or
             5
             ounces
             at
             the
             most
             of
             guilded
             siluer
             ,
             which
             may
             be
             worth
             some
             
             25
             shillings
             :
             and
             all
             the
             rest
             goeth
             towards
             some
             very
             course
             silke
             and
             the
             workmanship
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             very
             easie
             spinning
             .
             To
             say
             nothing
             of
             the
             Easterlings
             wares
             of
             pitch
             ,
             tar
             ,
             wainscot
             ,
             cables
             ,
             flaxe
             ,
             hempe
             and
             such
             like
             ,
             because
             these
             are
             very
             necessary
             commodities
             ,
             and
             cannot
             be
             much
             ouer-bought
             ;
             we
             are
             onely
             to
             note
             ,
             that
             if
             the
             Statute
             for
             the
             sowing
             of
             hempe
             were
             well
             obserued
             ,
             all
             manner
             of
             cordage
             might
             be
             made
             within
             the
             Realme
             ,
             and
             thereby
             be
             had
             better
             cheape
             of
             others
             .
             Howbeit
             the
             entercourse
             and
             commerce
             with
             other
             nations
             ,
             requireth
             that
             euery
             countrey
             should
             haue
             their
             peculiar
             Commodities
             ;
             whereof
             we
             are
             to
             consider
             the
             price
             ,
             and
             to
             haue
             a
             care
             not
             to
             ouer-buy
             them
             ,
             and
             to
             sell
             our
             home
             Cōmodities
             too
             good
             cheape
             :
             which
             generally
             may
             be
             said
             for
             all
             commodities
             ,
             and
             particularly
             for
             Lawnes
             ,
             Cambrickes
             and
             such
             like
             ,
             and
             most
             
             especially
             when
             claret
             wine
             was
             sold
             for
             3
             and
             4
             pound
             the
             tunne
             :
             prunes
             5
             shillings
             the
             hundreth
             :
             ciuill
             oyle
             12
             pound
             the
             tunne
             :
             soape
             of
             Ciuill
             20
             shillings
             the
             hundreth
             :
             malmesey
             5
             pound
             the
             But
             :
             and
             so
             the
             like
             of
             diuers
             other
             Commodities
             ,
             if
             we
             do
             consider
             the
             great
             abundance
             thereof
             found
             now
             a
             dayes
             ,
             and
             more
             commodiously
             and
             directly
             brought
             vnto
             vs
             ,
             then
             heretofore
             ;
             as
             Spices
             ,
             Sugar
             ,
             Currans
             ,
             Raisins
             ,
             Figs
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             are
             .
             By
             all
             which
             commeth
             a
             notable
             ouer-ballancing
             of
             forreine
             Commodities
             with
             our
             home
             Commodities
             in
             nature
             before
             alleaged
             ,
             which
             doth
             cōsistin
             the
             price
             ,
             &
             not
             in
             the
             quantity
             .
             This
             ouerballancing
             is
             knowne
             by
             the
             increase
             of
             the
             custome
             of
             the
             goods
             inwards
             ,
             &
             the
             decrease
             of
             the
             custome
             of
             the
             goods
             outwards
             :
             for
             which
             purpose
             let
             vs
             obserue
             ,
             what
             the
             custome
             of
             wooll
             did
             amount
             in
             king
             Edward
             the
             third
             his
             time
             ,
             as
             aforesaid
             .
             
             Thus
             finding
             things
             to
             be
             deare
             ,
             and
             the
             price
             thereof
             hurtfull
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             because
             we
             do
             not
             sell
             our
             home
             Commodities
             so
             deare
             proportionably
             ,
             as
             we
             do
             buy
             the
             forraine
             commodities
             :
             we
             may
             see
             that
             we
             are
             become
             buyers
             &
             not
             sellers
             ,
             as
             the
             good
             father
             of
             the
             familie
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             as
             is
             aforesaid
             .
             Wherfore
             let
             vs
             now
             consider
             of
             the
             causes
             of
             this
             dearth
             of
             forraine
             commodities
             ouer
             and
             aboue
             the
             price
             of
             our
             home
             cōmodities
             ,
             which
             maketh
             vs
             to
             giue
             the
             treasure
             of
             the
             realm
             to
             boote
             ,
             by
             aduancing
             the
             price
             of
             the
             one
             ,
             and
             abating
             the
             price
             of
             the
             other
             :
             which
             might
             be
             attributed
             to
             the
             ignorance
             of
             permutation
             of
             commodities
             for
             commodities
             ,
             if
             money
             did
             not
             rule
             the
             price
             of
             commodities
             ;
             and
             the
             course
             of
             exchange
             for
             mony
             ,
             did
             not
             ouer-rule
             the
             property
             of
             mony
             :
             wherfore
             let
             vs
             note
             the
             causes
             ,
             which
             are
             declared
             in
             the
             treatise
             
             of
             the
             Canker
             of
             Englands
             Common
             wealth
             :
             where
             we
             may
             see
             that
             our
             home
             Commodities
             are
             abated
             in
             price
             foure
             manner
             of
             wayes
             .
          
           
             
               1
               By
               scarsitie
               of
               money
               with
               vs
               ,
               which
               maketh
               things
               good
               cheape
               .
            
             
               2
               By
               the
               gaine
               sought
               vpon
               money
               ,
               which
               otherwise
               would
               be
               sought
               vpon
               the
               commodities
               .
            
             
               3
               By
               a
               high
               course
               of
               exchange
               ,
               which
               draweth
               the
               money
               to
               be
               deliuered
               in
               nature
               of
               exchange
               onely
               ,
               or
               by
               a
               low
               price
               of
               exchange
               ,
               which
               is
               the
               efficient
               cause
               of
               the
               exportation
               of
               our
               money
               .
            
             
               4
               By
               the
               rash
               sale
               of
               our
               Commodities
               by
               such
               as
               haue
               small
               stockes
               .
            
          
           
             Forraine
             Commodities
             on
             the
             contrary
             are
             aduanced
             in
             price
             foure
             manner
             of
             wayes
             .
          
           
             
               1
               Through
               plenty
               of
               money
               in
               other
               countries
               ,
               which
               maketh
               things
               
               deare
               .
            
             
               2
               By
               a
               high
               exchange
               beyond
               the
               seas
               ,
               which
               yeeldeth
               a
               losse
               ;
               and
               by
               a
               low
               exchange
               which
               causeth
               few
               takers
               vp
               of
               money
               ,
               and
               driueth
               men
               to
               make
               returne
               in
               forraine
               Commodities
               .
            
             
               3
               By
               the
               aduancing
               of
               the
               price
               of
               their
               money
               aboue
               the
               value
               .
            
             
               4
               For
               that
               the
               principall
               Commodities
               are
               engrossed
               into
               rich
               mens
               hands
               .
            
          
           
             The
             course
             of
             this
             inequalitie
             may
             be
             illustrated
             by
             the
             comparison
             .
             Suppose
             that
             you
             were
             a
             Lord
             of
             some
             Iland
             ,
             that
             did
             yeeld
             great
             store
             of
             corne
             or
             graine
             ,
             and
             also
             great
             quantitie
             of
             wools
             :
             and
             another
             were
             Lord
             of
             another
             Iland
             ,
             that
             did
             yeeld
             great
             abundance
             of
             spices
             ,
             and
             sugar
             ,
             and
             great
             quantitie
             of
             silke
             and
             silke
             wares
             ,
             being
             things
             seruing
             either
             for
             the
             belly
             or
             backe
             .
             Both
             of
             you
             do
             desire
             to
             liue
             in
             the
             ciuillest
             manner
             
             that
             you
             can
             deuise
             or
             imagine
             ,
             and
             which
             is
             pleasing
             most
             your
             mind
             :
             and
             (
             wanting
             the
             vse
             of
             money
             )
             you
             are
             desirous
             to
             haue
             some
             of
             his
             spices
             ,
             sugar
             and
             silkes
             ;
             and
             willing
             to
             giue
             him
             by
             way
             of
             permutation
             or
             barter
             ,
             corne
             ,
             graine
             ,
             or
             wooll
             for
             them
             :
             whereupon
             by
             mutuall
             conference
             according
             to
             reason
             ,
             both
             of
             you
             do
             agree
             what
             quantitie
             of
             each
             Commoditie
             ,
             one
             will
             deliuer
             for
             the
             Commodities
             of
             the
             other
             ;
             and
             that
             chiefly
             in
             regard
             of
             the
             vse
             of
             euery
             mans
             Commoditie
             .
             But
             because
             many
             questions
             do
             arise
             ,
             and
             to
             auoide
             much
             cariage
             of
             wares
             vp
             and
             downe
             for
             the
             transporting
             from
             Iland
             to
             Iland
             ;
             you
             agree
             by
             mutuall
             consent
             ,
             that
             a
             thing
             of
             mettall
             (
             because
             it
             goeth
             in
             least
             roome
             ,
             and
             continueth
             longest
             without
             perishing
             ,
             and
             is
             caried
             too
             and
             fro
             with
             the
             least
             charge
             ,
             and
             is
             also
             fittest
             to
             be
             cut
             and
             deuided
             in
             most
             peeces
             without
             losse
             )
             
             shall
             be
             deuised
             to
             be
             coyned
             ,
             as
             the
             meane
             in
             wares
             to
             exchange
             all
             wares
             by
             .
             And
             to
             the
             end
             there
             should
             be
             alwaies
             neither
             more
             nor
             lesse
             wares
             brought
             into
             your
             Iland
             ,
             then
             were
             equiualent
             with
             the
             wares
             of
             your
             Iland
             (
             and
             this
             thing
             you
             call
             Money
             ,
             which
             is
             now
             a
             measure
             to
             set
             a
             price
             ,
             or
             to
             measure
             euery
             thing
             by
             )
             it
             commeth
             to
             passe
             ,
             that
             you
             haue
             more
             then
             sufficient
             for
             the
             inhabitants
             of
             your
             Iland
             of
             corne
             ,
             wools
             ,
             and
             other
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             in
             this
             regard
             may
             be
             called
             Superfluities
             :
             and
             because
             some
             of
             them
             are
             perishable
             and
             cannot
             keepe
             long
             ,
             you
             seeke
             to
             vtter
             and
             conuert
             into
             money
             :
             whereby
             you
             draw
             great
             store
             of
             money
             into
             your
             Iland
             .
             Wherupon
             some
             of
             your
             inhabitants
             (
             perceiuing
             the
             same
             to
             be
             the
             measure
             and
             meane
             to
             commaund
             and
             obtaine
             all
             other
             things
             )
             through
             a
             couetous
             desire
             do
             practise
             to
             be
             maisters
             of
             that
             measure
             :
             so
             that
             
             no
             man
             can
             come
             by
             it
             ,
             but
             with
             their
             consent
             ,
             and
             paying
             well
             for
             it
             :
             and
             in
             so
             doing
             ,
             they
             make
             the
             money
             to
             become
             a
             merchandise
             ,
             and
             heape
             vp
             much
             wealth
             to
             themselues
             ,
             &
             bring
             therby
             a
             dearth
             also
             of
             all
             things
             within
             your
             Iland
             .
             For
             when
             one
             taketh
             a
             hundred
             pounds
             ,
             to
             pay
             10
             pounds
             ouer
             and
             more
             then
             he
             borroweth
             ,
             that
             man
             in
             vttering
             of
             his
             ware
             must
             sell
             accordingly
             :
             whereby
             the
             measure
             between
             you
             is
             become
             falsified
             .
             The
             lord
             of
             the
             other
             Iland
             perceiuing
             this
             breach
             doth
             dissemble
             the
             matter
             ,
             &
             knowing
             that
             by
             these
             meanes
             he
             is
             bereaued
             of
             a
             great
             part
             of
             his
             readie
             money
             ,
             and
             therewithall
             ,
             that
             the
             Commodities
             which
             hee
             was
             wont
             to
             haue
             of
             you
             ,
             are
             become
             dearer
             ;
             and
             that
             on
             the
             contrarie
             the
             price
             of
             his
             Cōmodities
             is
             abated
             through
             scarcitie
             of
             money
             :
             hee
             deuiseth
             a
             course
             to
             draw
             the
             mony
             out
             of
             your
             Iland
             ,
             and
             to
             aduance
             the
             price
             of
             his
             
             Commodities
             :
             you
             thereupon
             make
             a
             law
             ,
             that
             no
             readie
             money
             shall
             be
             transported
             :
             but
             you
             are
             contented
             to
             admit
             an
             exchange
             for
             money
             on
             both
             sides
             ,
             grounded
             vpon
             the
             waight
             and
             finenesse
             of
             his
             mony
             and
             yours
             ,
             and
             according
             to
             the
             valuation
             to
             nominate
             the
             same
             ;
             and
             thereby
             to
             make
             returne
             of
             each
             others
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             exchange
             in
             nature
             of
             trade
             you
             suffer
             to
             rise
             and
             fall
             in
             price
             according
             to
             plentie
             and
             scarcitie
             of
             money
             .
             By
             meanes
             whereof
             ,
             he
             hath
             an
             abilitie
             giuen
             him
             to
             compasse
             the
             rule
             of
             this
             exchange
             ,
             and
             so
             doth
             abuse
             the
             same
             both
             waies
             ,
             that
             he
             draweth
             all
             the
             readie
             money
             out
             of
             your
             Iland
             ,
             and
             doth
             aduance
             the
             price
             of
             his
             Commodities
             ,
             which
             he
             thereby
             selleth
             the
             dearer
             vnto
             you
             .
             You
             do
             also
             sell
             your
             Commodities
             dearer
             ,
             but
             you
             do
             not
             make
             a
             proportionable
             price
             vnto
             his
             ,
             neither
             a
             due
             returne
             of
             the
             prouenue
             of
             your
             
             Commodities
             .
             For
             if
             you
             make
             your
             returne
             by
             exchange
             of
             money
             by
             bils
             ,
             he
             taketh
             an
             aduantage
             thereby
             in
             the
             price
             of
             exchange
             ,
             by
             ouer-valuing
             his
             money
             ,
             and
             vnder-valuing
             yours
             ;
             or
             else
             you
             are
             driuen
             to
             make
             returne
             in
             his
             Commodities
             at
             a
             deare
             rate
             :
             whereby
             of
             necessitie
             he
             doth
             ouer-ballance
             your
             Ilands
             commodities
             with
             his
             ,
             and
             doth
             of
             course
             expell
             your
             readie
             money
             to
             be
             giuen
             to
             boote
             with
             your
             Commodities
             .
             Where
             is
             now
             become
             that
             equiualent
             proportion
             of
             wares
             for
             wares
             ?
             or
             to
             what
             purpose
             serueth
             the
             measure
             of
             money
             ,
             betweene
             you
             and
             him
             ?
             do
             not
             the
             inhabitants
             of
             your
             Iland
             pay
             for
             all
             ?
             And
             whence
             commeth
             al
             this
             ?
             was
             not
             vsurie
             the
             beginning
             ,
             and
             the
             merchandizing
             exchange
             the
             efficient
             cause
             of
             all
             ?
             which
             being
             taken
             away
             ,
             will
             make
             the
             effectes
             to
             cease
             :
             and
             what
             might
             be
             done
             
               ex
               conuerso
            
             ,
             we
             leaue
             to
             the
             consideratiō
             
             of
             the
             wise
             to
             determine
             what
             may
             stand
             with
             the
             course
             of
             politicke
             gouernment
             .
             And
             to
             their
             iudgement
             we
             will
             now
             propound
             three
             meanes
             for
             the
             aduancing
             of
             the
             price
             of
             our
             home
             Commodities
             by
             increase
             of
             trade
             ,
             besides
             the
             operation
             of
             plentie
             of
             mony
             which
             maketh
             things
             deare
             :
             whereof
             we
             shall
             intreate
             more
             hereafter
             .
          
           
             The
             first
             is
             ,
             to
             giue
             an
             abilitie
             vnto
             Merchants
             to
             set
             ouer
             or
             transport
             their
             bils
             obligatorie
             or
             bonds
             ,
             which
             they
             receiue
             vpon
             sale
             made
             of
             their
             Commodities
             for
             other
             Commodities
             .
             For
             whereas
             they
             sell
             most
             commonly
             all
             the
             forraine
             Commodities
             payable
             at
             some
             short
             time
             ,
             if
             (
             hauing
             receiued
             billes
             or
             bonds
             for
             their
             wares
             )
             they
             might
             lawfully
             set
             them
             ouer
             for
             other
             Commodities
             ,
             there
             would
             be
             greater
             quantities
             of
             our
             Commodities
             bought
             from
             time
             to
             time
             .
             To
             which
             end
             the
             statutes
             of
             
             Champertie
             and
             maintenance
             might
             be
             qualified
             ,
             and
             the
             billes
             might
             be
             made
             payable
             to
             the
             partie
             or
             the
             lawfull
             bearer
             or
             bringer
             thereof
             ,
             as
             is
             vsed
             in
             other
             countries
             .
             But
             because
             the
             strictnesse
             of
             the
             Common
             lawe
             of
             the
             realme
             ,
             doth
             require
             a
             greater
             perfection
             of
             formall
             deedes
             ,
             then
             the
             Ciuill
             lawe
             of
             other
             countries
             ,
             where
             plaine
             and
             sincere
             dealings
             haue
             hitherto
             excluded
             
               Non
               est
               factum
            
             :
             therfore
             were
             it
             requisite
             to
             haue
             one
             generall
             office
             for
             all
             notaries
             and
             scriueners
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             in
             other
             countries
             :
             where
             euery
             act
             ,
             bill
             ,
             or
             bond
             should
             be
             registred
             ,
             not
             onely
             by
             the
             notarie
             or
             scriuen
             or
             that
             made
             the
             same
             ,
             but
             also
             by
             a
             Prothonotarie
             ,
             who
             should
             keepe
             register
             of
             all
             ,
             and
             where
             euery
             thing
             should
             be
             enrolled
             vpon
             a
             penaltie
             .
             A
             matter
             in
             reason
             as
             well
             belonging
             to
             the
             Chauncerie
             ,
             as
             the
             recording
             of
             the
             deedes
             of
             lands
             ,
             Statutes
             ,
             and
             Recognizances
             .
             This
             wold
             
             greatly
             ease
             the
             most
             honourable
             Court
             of
             Starre-chamber
             of
             many
             sutes
             ,
             which
             daily
             happen
             for
             forgeries
             and
             otherwise
             ,
             and
             disburden
             also
             the
             Court
             of
             Common
             lawes
             of
             the
             like
             .
             And
             finally
             ,
             many
             protractions
             in
             law
             would
             be
             abrogated
             ,
             that
             now
             are
             vsed
             to
             the
             hurt
             both
             of
             the
             partie
             plaintife
             and
             defendant
             .
          
           
             The
             second
             is
             ,
             that
             the
             citie
             of
             London
             ,
             and
             euery
             principall
             towne
             of
             a
             shire
             ,
             or
             the
             most
             part
             of
             them
             ,
             would
             take
             vpon
             them
             ,
             to
             take
             money
             casually
             at
             the
             hands
             of
             such
             ,
             as
             will
             deliuer
             the
             same
             vpon
             the
             aduenture
             of
             their
             liues
             :
             as
             at
             Venice
             ,
             where
             a
             man
             for
             the
             summe
             of
             foure
             or
             fiue
             hundred
             pounds
             once
             giuen
             ,
             shall
             be
             sure
             to
             haue
             a
             hundred
             pound
             a
             yeare
             during
             his
             life
             :
             whereby
             a
             great
             stocke
             might
             be
             raised
             for
             the
             generall
             good
             of
             all
             parties
             ,
             and
             especially
             to
             set
             poore
             people
             on
             worke
             ,
             and
             (
             by
             incorporating
             their
             manufacture
             and
             
             handiworke
             )
             to
             sell
             the
             same
             afterwards
             with
             a
             reasonable
             gain
             towards
             their
             aduenture
             .
             Besides
             that
             ,
             experience
             hath
             taught
             in
             all
             places
             where
             the
             like
             is
             vsed
             ,
             that
             the
             citie
             becommeth
             alwaies
             a
             gainer
             by
             the
             decease
             of
             the
             parties
             ,
             that
             do
             deliuer
             money
             in
             this
             nature
             .
          
           
             The
             third
             meane
             to
             aduaunce
             the
             price
             of
             our
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             is
             (
             as
             before
             hath
             bene
             noted
             )
             the
             example
             of
             great
             personages
             in
             the
             wearing
             of
             our
             Commodities
             ,
             whom
             the
             people
             will
             imitate
             :
             and
             so
             the
             more
             vsed
             ,
             the
             more
             aduaunced
             by
             the
             request
             thereof
             :
             wherein
             the
             example
             of
             the
             Prince
             is
             predominant
             .
             But
             leauing
             the
             matter
             of
             Commodities
             ,
             let
             vs
             come
             to
             intreate
             of
             monies
             .
          
           
             Money
             (
             as
             we
             haue
             said
             before
             )
             being
             the
             rule
             and
             square
             to
             set
             a
             price
             vnto
             euery
             thing
             ,
             as
             being
             the
             publike
             measure
             to
             maintaine
             a
             certaine
             equalitie
             in
             buying
             and
             selling
             ;
             must
             
             therefore
             haue
             his
             standing
             valuation
             onely
             by
             publike
             authoritie
             of
             Princes
             ,
             as
             a
             matter
             annexed
             to
             their
             Crownes
             and
             dignities
             .
             For
             they
             be
             the
             warrant
             of
             the
             monies
             vnto
             their
             subiects
             .
             And
             to
             the
             end
             that
             this
             measure
             of
             things
             ,
             namely
             money
             ,
             should
             not
             be
             falsified
             ,
             by
             making
             the
             same
             generally
             more
             or
             lesse
             (
             whereby
             the
             price
             of
             things
             would
             become
             incertaine
             ,
             if
             priuate
             men
             be
             suffered
             to
             haue
             the
             handling
             thereof
             )
             therefore
             are
             Princes
             so
             carefull
             to
             obserue
             a
             certaintie
             and
             equalitie
             of
             the
             price
             of
             money
             from
             time
             to
             time
             .
             Howbeit
             ,
             that
             the
             due
             regard
             which
             is
             to
             be
             had
             betweene
             their
             monies
             ,
             and
             the
             monies
             of
             other
             Princes
             ,
             is
             by
             some
             lesse
             regarded
             ,
             then
             the
             course
             thereof
             within
             their
             owne
             dominions
             being
             of
             lesse
             importance
             ,
             hauing
             some
             base
             money
             currant
             with
             the
             good
             .
             The
             price
             of
             money
             becommeth
             incertaine
             in
             particular
             ,
             when
             
             priuate
             men
             will
             giue
             or
             receiue
             any
             money
             
               in
               specie
            
             aboue
             the
             price
             of
             their
             valuation
             imposed
             by
             the
             authoritie
             of
             the
             Prince
             :
             whereby
             euery
             man
             vndertaketh
             to
             aduaunce
             still
             the
             price
             according
             as
             he
             seeth
             occasion
             to
             aduance
             his
             gaine
             by
             the
             necessitie
             or
             vse
             of
             another
             man
             ,
             that
             hath
             cause
             to
             employ
             the
             money
             .
             The
             vse
             hereof
             is
             in
             many
             countries
             seuerely
             prohibited
             ,
             and
             yet
             another
             way
             in
             a
             manner
             suffered
             for
             the
             good
             of
             their
             Commonweales
             ,
             as
             those
             that
             are
             skilfull
             in
             mint
             matters
             ,
             do
             very
             well
             know
             .
          
           
             The
             price
             of
             mony
             in
             generall
             becommeth
             incertaine
             ,
             when
             vsury
             is
             tollerated
             ,
             whereby
             one
             hundreth
             pounds
             are
             esteemed
             and
             valued
             (
             in
             regard
             of
             time
             )
             to
             be
             worth
             one
             hundreth
             and
             ten
             pounds
             ,
             and
             in
             some
             other
             countries
             more
             :
             which
             was
             the
             cause
             that
             commodities
             were
             sold
             accordingly
             ,
             when
             dayes
             were
             first
             giuen
             
             for
             the
             payment
             thereof
             ,
             euery
             man
             supposing
             that
             he
             could
             make
             so
             much
             of
             his
             money
             which
             did
             proceede
             of
             his
             commodities
             .
          
           
             This
             course
             being
             tollerated
             by
             the
             lawes
             of
             the
             land
             ,
             maketh
             vs
             to
             forbeare
             ,
             to
             speake
             hereof
             sparingly
             ,
             because
             Pollicy
             doth
             thinke
             that
             therby
             greater
             euils
             are
             auoided
             ,
             which
             (
             being
             compared
             to
             the
             operations
             and
             effects
             of
             vsury
             written
             allegorically
             by
             me
             in
             another
             treatise
             )
             may
             be
             ballanced
             in
             the
             iudgement
             of
             the
             wise
             .
             Onely
             to
             the
             end
             that
             (
             through
             ignorance
             )
             merchants
             and
             others
             might
             not
             fall
             within
             the
             compasse
             of
             the
             Statute
             of
             vsury
             ,
             we
             haue
             thought
             good
             to
             giue
             them
             this
             Caueat
             ,
             and
             to
             make
             them
             to
             vnderstand
             the
             true
             sence
             and
             definition
             of
             the
             branch
             of
             tolleration
             of
             that
             Statute
             :
             the
             rather
             for
             that
             some
             men
             do
             seeme
             to
             charge
             the
             makers
             thereof
             with
             a
             great
             absurdity
             .
             For
             say
             they
             ,
             the
             Statute
             
             giueth
             ability
             for
             a
             man
             to
             take
             one
             way
             ten
             pounds
             ten
             shillings
             or
             more
             for
             the
             vse
             of
             one
             hundreth
             pounds
             for
             one
             yeare
             ,
             being
             deliuered
             out
             for
             two
             yeares
             :
             and
             another
             way
             he
             cannot
             take
             ten
             pounds
             fiue
             shillings
             and
             lesse
             for
             one
             yeare
             ,
             but
             he
             shall
             be
             within
             the
             compasse
             of
             the
             Statute
             .
             But
             if
             they
             had
             a
             due
             consideration
             ,
             that
             Time
             is
             properly
             the
             Iudge
             hereof
             ,
             and
             that
             they
             could
             not
             make
             the
             Statute
             without
             the
             limitation
             of
             a
             time
             certaine
             :
             they
             would
             not
             find
             any
             absurdity
             therein
             .
             For
             it
             was
             impossible
             to
             make
             it
             otherwise
             more
             certaine
             .
             The
             words
             of
             the
             Statute
             be
             in
             effect
             :
             
               None
               may
               haue
               ,
               receiue
               ,
               accept
               or
               take
               for
               the
               lending
               or
               forbearing
               of
               his
               or
               their
               money
               for
               one
               whole
               yeare
               ,
               or
               for
               a
               longer
               or
               a
               shorter
               time
               ,
               or
               for
               a
               more
               or
               lesse
               summe
               aboue
               the
               rate
               of
               10
               pound
               pro
               100
               yearely
               .
               37.
               
            
             H.
             
               8.
               
               And
               this
               Statute
               to
               be
               most
               strongly
               &
               strictly
               cōstrued
               for
               the
            
             
             
               suppression
               of
               all
               vsury
               ,
               both
               directly
               and
               indirectly
               ,
               as
               by
               the
               Statute
               of
               the
               13.
               of
               her
               most
               excellent
               Maiestie
               .
            
          
           
             To
             make
             it
             euidently
             appeare
             ,
             that
             of
             necessity
             (
             Time
             )
             is
             herein
             Efficient
             and
             Actiue
             ,
             and
             the
             rate
             of
             10
             pro
             100
             Positiue
             and
             Passiue
             .
             Let
             vs
             suppose
             that
             you
             do
             deliuer
             at
             interest
             one
             hundreth
             pounds
             for
             three
             moneths
             after
             ten
             vpon
             the
             hundreth
             ,
             you
             may
             lawfully
             receiue
             at
             the
             three
             moneths
             end
             two
             pounds
             ten
             shillings
             for
             your
             interest
             ,
             and
             continue
             the
             hundreth
             pounds
             againe
             for
             other
             three
             moneths
             ,
             by
             a
             new
             contract
             or
             agreement
             :
             and
             then
             receiue
             againe
             two
             pounds
             ten
             shillings
             ,
             continuing
             in
             this
             manner
             for
             the
             whole
             yeare
             by
             foure
             seuerall
             agreements
             :
             whereby
             you
             do
             receiue
             three
             parts
             of
             your
             interest
             at
             seuerall
             times
             within
             the
             yeare
             :
             which
             interest
             you
             may
             put
             out
             also
             to
             vsury
             ,
             and
             so
             take
             aboue
             10
             pro
             100
             without
             incurring
             the
             
             danger
             of
             the
             Satute
             ,
             because
             your
             agreements
             haue
             from
             time
             to
             time
             altered
             the
             property
             of
             the
             interest
             money
             which
             you
             did
             receiue
             ,
             and
             that
             which
             before
             was
             anothers
             ,
             is
             thereby
             become
             yours
             ,
             and
             thereof
             you
             may
             lawfully
             dispose
             againe
             .
             But
             if
             you
             do
             deliuer
             out
             100
             pounds
             from
             the
             beginning
             for
             one
             whole
             yeare
             ,
             then
             you
             can
             haue
             but
             10
             pounds
             interest
             for
             the
             same
             at
             the
             yeares
             end
             with
             your
             principall
             :
             for
             the
             property
             of
             the
             10
             pounds
             is
             not
             till
             then
             altered
             by
             your
             agreement
             .
             Thus
             is
             it
             with
             money
             deliuered
             for
             a
             shorter
             time
             .
          
           
             In
             like
             manner
             is
             it
             for
             money
             deliuered
             out
             for
             a
             longer
             time
             ,
             as
             for
             example
             .
             One
             deliuereth
             out
             an
             100
             pound
             for
             foure
             yeares
             ,
             for
             the
             which
             at
             the
             foure
             yeares
             end
             ,
             he
             can
             receiue
             but
             140
             pound
             :
             but
             if
             he
             do
             deliuer
             out
             100
             pounds
             for
             one
             yeare
             ,
             he
             may
             at
             the
             yeares
             end
             receiue
             10
             pounds
             
             for
             interest
             ,
             and
             continue
             the
             100
             pounds
             againe
             for
             the
             second
             yeare
             by
             a
             new
             agreement
             :
             and
             then
             receiue
             another
             10
             pound
             :
             and
             so
             for
             the
             third
             and
             fourth
             yeare
             .
             Now
             whereas
             by
             reason
             of
             his
             seuerall
             agreements
             according
             to
             the
             time
             he
             hath
             altered
             the
             property
             of
             the
             interest
             mony
             and
             receiued
             10
             pounds
             the
             first
             yeare
             ,
             he
             may
             put
             out
             againe
             this
             10
             pound
             as
             his
             owne
             for
             another
             yeare
             ,
             and
             so
             haue
             interest
             thereof
             twenty
             shillings
             :
             whereby
             he
             receiueth
             11
             pound
             the
             second
             yeare
             ,
             which
             being
             put
             out
             for
             the
             third
             and
             fourth
             yeare
             ,
             will
             yeeld
             him
             accordingly
             :
             in
             like
             maner
             for
             the
             10
             pound
             receiued
             the
             second
             and
             third
             yeare
             which
             will
             yeeld
             him
             after
             the
             same
             maner
             accordingly
             .
             So
             that
             he
             shall
             haue
             aboue
             146
             pound
             being
             thus
             deliuered
             out
             ,
             the
             body
             of
             his
             sum
             still
             remaining
             whole
             ,
             and
             being
             only
             distinguished
             by
             time
             which
             maketh
             the
             difference
             .
             Againe
             let
             vs
             
             suppose
             ,
             that
             the
             100
             pound
             were
             deliuered
             out
             from
             the
             beginning
             for
             foure
             years
             ,
             to
             be
             repaied
             by
             25
             pound
             a
             yeare
             and
             the
             interest
             :
             it
             followeth
             proportionably
             that
             the
             first
             yeare
             he
             is
             to
             receiue
             27
             pound
             10
             shillings
             ,
             the
             second
             yeare
             30
             pound
             ,
             the
             third
             yeare
             32
             pound
             10
             shillings
             ,
             and
             the
             fourth
             yeare
             35
             pound
             ,
             which
             maketh
             all
             but
             125
             pound
             :
             adde
             vnto
             this
             the
             interest
             of
             25
             pound
             receiued
             ,
             in
             deduction
             of
             his
             principal
             three
             yeares
             before
             the
             time
             ,
             which
             is
             7
             pound
             10
             shillings
             ,
             and
             of
             25
             pound
             more
             in
             like
             manner
             for
             2
             yeares
             which
             is
             5
             pound
             ,
             and
             of
             25
             pound
             more
             for
             one
             yeare
             ,
             which
             is
             2
             pound
             10
             shillings
             ;
             all
             15
             pound
             :
             which
             together
             maketh
             the
             140
             poūd
             ,
             as
             aforesayd
             .
             But
             when
             monies
             are
             repayed
             in
             this
             maner
             ,
             as
             it
             were
             by
             way
             of
             anticipatiō
             ,
             then
             the
             body
             of
             your
             summe
             of
             100
             pound
             is
             deuided
             :
             and
             still
             time
             and
             vse
             or
             interest
             must
             concurre
             .
             For
             you
             may
             not
             deliuer
             out
             
             300
             pound
             for
             3
             yeares
             to
             be
             repayed
             by
             100
             pound
             yearly
             ,
             and
             receiue
             the
             first
             yeare
             130
             pound
             ,
             the
             second
             yeare
             120
             pound
             ,
             and
             the
             third
             yeare
             110
             pound
             :
             but
             you
             must
             receiue
             the
             first
             yeare
             but
             110
             pound
             ,
             the
             second
             yeare
             120
             pound
             ,
             and
             the
             third
             yeare
             130
             poūd
             ,
             because
             you
             haue
             not
             forborne
             your
             mony
             for
             any
             longer
             time
             proportionably
             ,
             according
             to
             your
             contract
             and
             agreement
             .
             And
             the
             property
             of
             the
             interest
             money
             is
             not
             altered
             effectually
             according
             to
             the
             law
             :
             for
             10
             pro
             100
             for
             one
             yeare
             is
             the
             Cubicke
             roote
             which
             doth
             increase
             &
             decrease
             both
             wayes
             proportionably
             .
             Yet
             some
             will
             say
             :
             Suppose
             that
             I
             haue
             3000
             pound
             in
             mony
             to
             deliuer
             at
             interest
             ,
             are
             not
             my
             3000
             pounds
             worth
             300
             pounds
             at
             the
             years
             end
             ?
             and
             may
             not
             I
             lawfully
             receiue
             that
             300
             pounds
             ,
             &
             any
             part
             of
             my
             principall
             ,
             &
             continue
             the
             rest
             for
             one
             other
             yeare
             ,
             and
             so
             do
             the
             like
             for
             more
             yeares
             ?
             Who
             doubteth
             
             thereof
             ?
             So
             that
             you
             do
             make
             new
             contracts
             or
             agreements
             from
             yeare
             to
             yeare
             ,
             wherby
             the
             property
             of
             the
             interest
             money
             becommeth
             effectually
             altered
             according
             to
             the
             law
             (
             as
             aforesaid
             )
             your
             mony
             from
             the
             beginning
             being
             deliuered
             out
             but
             for
             1
             yeare
             .
             But
             if
             you
             do
             deliuer
             your
             3000
             pound
             from
             the
             beginning
             by
             one
             sole
             contract
             or
             agreement
             for
             sixe
             yeares
             ,
             to
             be
             repayed
             yearely
             ,
             and
             receiue
             550
             pounds
             the
             first
             yeare
             ,
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             300
             pound
             for
             your
             interest
             and
             250
             pound
             for
             part
             of
             your
             principall
             :
             then
             do
             you
             incurre
             the
             danger
             of
             the
             Statute
             .
             For
             in
             this
             which
             is
             for
             a
             more
             summe
             and
             a
             longer
             time
             :
             there
             is
             the
             like
             reason
             ,
             as
             there
             is
             with
             a
             lesse
             summe
             and
             and
             a
             shorter
             time
             ,
             as
             by
             the
             former
             example
             of
             100
             pound
             is
             declared
             .
             And
             as
             there
             is
             more
             gaine
             ,
             when
             money
             is
             deliuered
             out
             for
             three
             moneths
             or
             lesse
             time
             ,
             and
             so
             continued
             from
             time
             to
             
             time
             within
             the
             yeare
             ,
             then
             when
             mony
             is
             deliuered
             out
             for
             one
             yeare
             :
             so
             is
             there
             more
             gaine
             when
             money
             is
             deliuered
             out
             for
             one
             yeare
             ,
             and
             continued
             by
             new
             agreements
             from
             yeare
             to
             yeare
             ;
             then
             when
             it
             is
             originally
             deliuered
             out
             for
             6
             or
             more
             yeares
             ,
             agreeing
             with
             the
             rule
             of
             
               Geometriall
               delineation
            
             ,
             and
             
               Arithmeticall
               proportion
            
             .
             Wherefore
             he
             that
             should
             say
             ,
             what
             reason
             haue
             I
             ,
             to
             put
             out
             my
             money
             for
             one
             yeare
             ,
             and
             to
             haue
             but
             10
             pro
             100
             :
             when
             I
             may
             put
             out
             the
             same
             for
             three
             moneths
             ,
             or
             a
             shorter
             time
             ,
             and
             take
             aboue
             10
             pro
             100
             ?
             speaketh
             vnaduisedly
             :
             for
             he
             must
             do
             it
             according
             to
             occasion
             .
             Reason
             also
             requireth
             ,
             that
             there
             should
             be
             difference
             betweene
             mony
             deliuered
             out
             for
             one
             yeare
             ,
             and
             money
             deliuered
             out
             for
             more
             yeares
             according
             to
             the
             Statute
             For
             he
             that
             receiueth
             his
             interest
             in
             this
             manner
             ,
             as
             aforesaid
             ,
             hath
             an
             ability
             giuen
             him
             to
             put
             out
             that
             
             interest
             money
             to
             vse
             also
             vnto
             another
             :
             whereby
             he
             hath
             interest
             vpon
             interest
             ,
             though
             not
             of
             the
             same
             party
             ,
             and
             therefore
             in
             equity
             is
             not
             to
             take
             it
             of
             two
             parties
             .
             So
             that
             euery
             man
             must
             take
             heed
             not
             to
             put
             out
             money
             for
             a
             longer
             time
             ,
             and
             for
             seuerall
             yeares
             ,
             and
             to
             reckon
             interest
             thereof
             as
             if
             he
             had
             (
             from
             the
             beginning
             )
             deliuered
             out
             his
             money
             but
             for
             one
             yeare
             :
             and
             so
             continued
             from
             yeare
             to
             yeare
             ,
             reckoning
             interest
             vpon
             interest
             ,
             as
             many
             do
             through
             a
             couetous
             desire
             in
             daunger
             of
             the
             branch
             of
             this
             Statute
             ,
             which
             must
             and
             may
             be
             most
             strongly
             and
             strictly
             construed
             against
             them
             ,
             both
             directly
             and
             indirectly
             ,
             as
             aforesayd
             .
             But
             to
             speake
             properly
             and
             effectually
             concerning
             vsury
             :
             let
             vs
             not
             only
             dispute
             
               de
               lana
               Caprina
            
             ,
             but
             seeke
             to
             qualifie
             the
             extreame
             dealings
             of
             those
             that
             do
             feede
             vpon
             the
             sweate
             and
             labour
             of
             the
             poore
             ,
             by
             taking
             
             (
             and
             that
             vpon
             pawne
             ,
             whereby
             many
             times
             their
             meanes
             of
             liuing
             are
             hindred
             )
             twelue
             pence
             for
             the
             lending
             of
             20
             shillings
             for
             one
             moneth
             ,
             which
             is
             aboue
             60
             pro
             100
             :
             nay
             whē
             the
             meere
             poore
             are
             glad
             to
             pay
             one
             peny
             for
             the
             vse
             of
             twelue
             pence
             for
             a
             weeke
             ,
             which
             is
             aboue
             400
             pro
             100
             by
             the
             yeare
             :
             a
             most
             pernicious
             and
             damnable
             dealing
             ,
             not
             to
             be
             suffered
             amongst
             Christians
             .
             For
             the
             reformation
             whereof
             ,
             if
             there
             were
             in
             some
             places
             the
             vse
             of
             a
             Lombard
             ,
             where
             they
             might
             find
             reliefe
             after
             10
             pro
             100
             ,
             especially
             in
             the
             city
             of
             London
             :
             it
             would
             proue
             a
             matter
             very
             necessary
             and
             cōmendable
             ,
             whereas
             now
             the
             poore
             artificer
             doth
             ordinarily
             pay
             (
             besides
             this
             horrible
             interest
             )
             vnder
             the
             colour
             of
             brokerige
             or
             bill
             money
             aboue
             20
             vpon
             the
             hundreth
             :
             which
             in
             small
             summes
             ,
             and
             that
             often
             borowed
             ,
             is
             not
             perceiued
             to
             amount
             to
             this
             biting
             vsury
             .
             And
             to
             
             this
             effect
             ,
             would
             such
             money
             very
             commodiously
             be
             employed
             ,
             as
             casually
             would
             be
             deliuered
             by
             Gentlemen
             and
             others
             that
             would
             purchase
             an
             annuitie
             during
             their
             life
             ,
             as
             before
             hath
             bene
             touched
             .
             Thus
             much
             concerning
             vsury
             ,
             which
             altereth
             the
             certainty
             of
             the
             price
             of
             money
             in
             effect
             .
             Now
             let
             vs
             intreate
             of
             the
             very
             substance
             of
             the
             moneys
             consisting
             of
             matter
             and
             forme
             .
             Of
             matter
             as
             in
             regard
             of
             substance
             ,
             we
             know
             that
             Princes
             haue
             their
             seuerall
             Standards
             both
             for
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             which
             by
             some
             are
             allayed
             with
             more
             copper
             (
             commonly
             called
             Allay
             )
             then
             with
             others
             :
             whereas
             the
             onely
             cause
             that
             moneys
             are
             counterfeited
             and
             falsified
             commeth
             by
             the
             commixture
             of
             the
             three
             mettals
             ,
             gold
             ,
             siluer
             ,
             and
             copper
             .
             And
             omitting
             to
             speake
             of
             many
             particular
             Standards
             of
             Princes
             ,
             hauing
             handled
             that
             matter
             heretofore
             :
             let
             vs
             note
             the
             opinion
             of
             Maister
             Bodine
             ,
             who
             
             to
             cut
             off
             all
             counterfeiters
             ,
             clippers
             ,
             washers
             ,
             cullers
             and
             falsifiers
             of
             monies
             ;
             would
             haue
             the
             mony
             so
             made
             ,
             that
             euery
             simple
             man
             should
             be
             able
             to
             know
             it
             .
             Concerning
             the
             proportion
             betweene
             the
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             it
             ought
             to
             be
             ,
             as
             it
             is
             (
             by
             his
             saying
             )
             in
             all
             countries
             12
             to
             1
             ,
             whereunto
             he
             would
             haue
             made
             the
             waight
             ,
             finenesse
             and
             valuation
             answerable
             .
             As
             for
             example
             touching
             finenesse
             ,
             if
             we
             made
             the
             monies
             of
             gold
             to
             be
             23
             carrats
             ,
             then
             the
             Standard
             for
             the
             siluer
             (
             after
             two
             carrats
             of
             gold
             for
             an
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             )
             should
             be
             11
             ounces
             ½
             fine
             ;
             and
             the
             peece
             of
             siluer
             (
             weighing
             an
             equall
             waight
             with
             the
             gold
             )
             should
             be
             valued
             to
             be
             worth
             the
             twelft
             part
             ,
             or
             the
             gold
             12
             times
             the
             value
             of
             siluer
             ,
             as
             if
             a
             French
             crowne
             (
             waighing
             as
             much
             as
             the
             Ryall
             of
             Spaine
             )
             were
             valued
             at
             sixe
             shillings
             the
             Riall
             being
             sixe
             pence
             .
             And
             the
             third
             sort
             of
             monies
             ,
             namely
             ,
             small
             
             monies
             he
             wold
             haue
             made
             of
             meere
             copper
             ,
             although
             (
             saith
             he
             )
             it
             were
             better
             (
             if
             it
             were
             possible
             and
             commodious
             )
             to
             haue
             no
             other
             money
             ,
             then
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             which
             neuer
             rusteth
             as
             copper
             doth
             :
             the
             price
             of
             copper
             being
             also
             incertaine
             and
             differing
             in
             many
             countries
             .
             During
             the
             Punicke
             warres
             ,
             one
             pound
             of
             siluer
             was
             worth
             840
             pound
             of
             copper
             :
             afterwards
             through
             the
             abundance
             of
             siluer
             it
             came
             to
             224
             pound
             of
             copper
             for
             1
             pound
             of
             siluer
             :
             &
             so
             is
             it
             taken
             diuersly
             in
             diuers
             coūtries
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             plenty
             of
             the
             one
             or
             other
             mettall
             vpon
             all
             occasions
             .
             The
             like
             shall
             we
             find
             touching
             the
             proportion
             betweene
             the
             gold
             and
             siluer
             ,
             which
             with
             vs
             in
             England
             hath
             continued
             for
             many
             yeares
             ,
             11
             of
             fine
             siluer
             to
             one
             of
             fine
             gold
             ,
             or
             11
             of
             Standard
             siluer
             to
             1
             of
             crowne
             gold
             ,
             which
             of
             late
             yeares
             was
             takē
             according
             to
             our
             Angell
             and
             Crowne
             gold
             ,
             supposing
             
             that
             other
             nations
             did
             hold
             these
             proportions
             following
             .
          
           
             The
             Low-countries
             where
             they
             reckon
             two
             Philip
             Dollors
             for
             their
             golden
             Royall
             or
             our
             Angell
             made
             11
             to
             1
             ;
             if
             the
             tolleration
             had
             not
             altered
             the
             valuation
             of
             their
             monies
             in
             effect
             ;
             the
             Royall
             being
             valued
             at
             16
             shillings
             8
             pence
             Flemish
             ,
             and
             the
             Dollor
             50
             stiuers
             .
          
           
             The
             Pistolet
             of
             Spaine
             of
             22
             Cariats
             to
             11
             Ryals
             of
             plate
             made
             11
             to
             1
             ,
             now
             but
             10
             ¾
             :
             but
             the
             ouer-valuation
             maketh
             greater
             difference
             .
          
           
             The
             French
             crowne
             to
             three
             Frankes
             is
             11
             to
             1
             ,
             when
             the
             crowne
             was
             at
             60
             sols
             ,
             which
             is
             now
             currant
             for
             64
             and
             65
             sols
             :
             besides
             that
             at
             that
             time
             gold
             was
             by
             valuation
             at
             74
             crownes
             the
             Marke
             of
             8
             ounces
             ,
             and
             siluer
             6
             crownes
             ⅓
             ,
             which
             is
             11
             13
             /
             19
             for
             one
             .
          
           
             In
             Germany
             one
             Marke
             of
             siluer
             at
             8
             ½
             Florins
             D'or
             is
             11
             ⅔
             for
             one
             .
          
           
           
             At
             Rome
             108
             Carlins
             for
             1
             pound
             of
             siluer
             and
             99
             ¼
             Duckats
             ,
             the
             gold
             is
             12
             to
             1.
             
             But
             by
             valuation
             or
             tolleration
             being
             altered
             in
             all
             places
             ,
             they
             hold
             all
             either
             12
             to
             1
             or
             more
             :
             besides
             that
             in
             most
             places
             their
             waight
             is
             inferior
             or
             lesse
             then
             ours
             .
             King
             Darius
             did
             taxe
             13
             of
             siluer
             for
             one
             of
             gold
             :
             and
             Plato
             maketh
             mention
             of
             12
             to
             1.
             
             But
             if
             we
             will
             haue
             a
             due
             consideration
             of
             the
             great
             quantity
             of
             siluer
             which
             commeth
             from
             the
             West
             Indies
             yearly
             ,
             &
             proportionably
             the
             small
             quantity
             of
             gold
             ,
             &
             that
             for
             guilding
             gold
             is
             more
             vsed
             then
             siluer
             :
             we
             should
             by
             all
             meanes
             aduance
             the
             price
             thereof
             ,
             rather
             then
             to
             abate
             it
             .
             And
             whereas
             some
             men
             naturally
             inclined
             to
             correct
             Magnificat
             ,
             seeme
             to
             find
             fault
             with
             our
             former
             writing
             for
             saying
             by
             way
             of
             interrogation
             ,
             that
             if
             a
             man
             should
             receiue
             beyond
             the
             seas
             for
             our
             gold
             after
             12
             for
             1
             ,
             we
             holding
             but
             11
             for
             1
             in
             proportion
             ,
             who
             seeth
             
             not
             an
             euident
             gaine
             of
             1
             in
             11
             ,
             if
             the
             siluer
             monies
             do
             not
             counteruaile
             the
             same
             by
             way
             of
             tolleration
             ,
             being
             receiued
             far
             aboue
             their
             value
             beyond
             the
             seas
             :
             we
             cannot
             omit
             to
             answer
             them
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             they
             may
             vnderstād
             the
             truth
             .
             Imagine
             (
             say
             they
             )
             I
             haue
             an
             ounce
             of
             gold
             here
             ,
             which
             cost
             me
             11
             ounces
             of
             siluer
             .
             Now
             if
             I
             do
             transport
             this
             ounce
             beyond
             the
             seas
             :
             there
             they
             will
             giue
             me
             12
             ounces
             of
             siluer
             in
             money
             for
             it
             .
             But
             if
             I
             do
             bring
             ouer
             againe
             that
             money
             ,
             here
             I
             shall
             haue
             but
             11
             ounces
             for
             it
             ,
             because
             there
             is
             no
             more
             siluer
             in
             substance
             in
             it
             :
             for
             the
             valuation
             thereof
             is
             made
             farre
             aboue
             the
             value
             or
             
               é
               conuerso
            
             ,
             if
             I
             bring
             ouer
             12
             ounces
             of
             their
             siluer
             monies
             ,
             I
             shall
             haue
             but
             1
             ounce
             of
             gold
             for
             it
             ,
             or
             11
             ounces
             of
             our
             siluer
             ,
             ergo
             ,
             there
             is
             no
             gaine
             .
             These
             arguments
             are
             grounded
             by
             surmise
             ,
             and
             drawne
             of
             necessity
             ,
             as
             if
             we
             must
             needs
             make
             an
             exchange
             of
             gold
             for
             siluer
             ,
             or
             siluer
             
             for
             gold
             ,
             whereas
             it
             falleth
             out
             thus
             .
          
           
             One
             bringeth
             certaine
             Commodities
             from
             beyond
             the
             seas
             into
             the
             realme
             for
             to
             be
             vented
             ;
             and
             after
             sale
             made
             ,
             he
             doth
             consider
             how
             to
             make
             returne
             with
             his
             most
             aduauntage
             :
             which
             he
             must
             either
             do
             by
             making
             employment
             vpon
             the
             Commodities
             of
             the
             land
             ,
             which
             do
             yeeld
             him
             so
             litle
             gaine
             beyond
             the
             seas
             (
             being
             sold
             generally
             too
             good
             cheape
             )
             as
             he
             will
             buy
             none
             :
             and
             then
             either
             he
             must
             carie
             away
             the
             monie
             
               in
               specie
            
             ,
             or
             deliuer
             the
             same
             here
             by
             exchaunge
             vnto
             others
             ,
             to
             be
             repayed
             beyond
             the
             seas
             .
             Now
             if
             the
             price
             of
             exchange
             be
             low
             ,
             and
             will
             yeeld
             him
             not
             so
             much
             gaine
             as
             the
             money
             will
             do
             ,
             being
             caried
             
               in
               specie
            
             ,
             their
             money
             must
             be
             transported
             ;
             for
             the
             scope
             of
             merchants
             is
             Gaine
             .
             Whereupon
             he
             doth
             consider
             ,
             that
             gold
             is
             more
             portable
             and
             better
             to
             be
             conueyed
             ,
             especially
             being
             beyond
             the
             seas
             taken
             by
             valuation
             
             to
             hold
             in
             proportion
             to
             the
             siluer
             12
             to
             1
             :
             which
             he
             enioyeth
             in
             the
             payment
             of
             the
             gold
             ,
             and
             not
             in
             receiuing
             again
             siluer
             for
             it
             :
             but
             in
             buying
             more
             Cōmodities
             to
             be
             brought
             vnto
             vs
             ,
             exchaunging
             in
             effect
             from
             time
             to
             time
             their
             Commodities
             for
             our
             gold
             ,
             as
             also
             for
             our
             siluer
             .
             A
             matter
             ,
             that
             the
             officers
             of
             the
             mint
             ought
             to
             looke
             into
             :
             for
             they
             know
             how
             to
             preuent
             it
             ,
             as
             we
             haue
             set
             downe
             in
             the
             Treatise
             of
             Exchanges
             .
          
           
             Touching
             those
             that
             would
             haue
             the
             transportation
             of
             money
             to
             bee
             made
             fellonie
             by
             the
             lawe
             ,
             as
             it
             was
             heretofore
             ,
             thereby
             to
             hinder
             the
             exportation
             ;
             they
             are
             not
             well
             aduised
             ,
             considering
             that
             such
             Statute
             lawes
             are
             neglected
             ,
             and
             that
             Informers
             do
             not
             regard
             to
             sue
             for
             the
             life
             of
             men
             ,
             but
             well
             for
             their
             goods
             vpon
             such
             penall
             Statutes
             ,
             if
             the
             money
             it selfe
             (
             hauing
             so
             great
             a
             command
             )
             cannot
             make
             way
             when
             it
             wil
             depart
             ,
             (
             a
             gaine
             
             being
             offered
             )
             which
             draweth
             more
             forcibly
             then
             the
             Adamant
             stone
             .
          
           
             To
             describe
             the
             course
             of
             the
             sea
             of
             monies
             (
             which
             like
             an
             Ocean
             deuideth
             her
             branches
             in
             all
             countries
             )
             were
             very
             difficult
             :
             but
             we
             may
             well
             obserue
             ,
             that
             the
             greatest
             part
             of
             the
             siluer
             which
             commeth
             from
             the
             West
             Indies
             ,
             is
             transported
             into
             the
             East
             Indies
             ;
             where
             diuerse
             nations
             now
             trafficking
             for
             spices
             ,
             cause
             the
             price
             therof
             to
             rise
             in
             those
             countries
             :
             who
             buying
             deare
             ,
             must
             sell
             accordingly
             ,
             or
             else
             proue
             to
             be
             small
             gainers
             ,
             as
             the
             sequell
             of
             that
             trade
             will
             manifest
             .
             Gold
             is
             chiefly
             exhausted
             in
             all
             countries
             by
             the
             trade
             of
             silkes
             ,
             which
             caused
             the
             Frenchmen
             to
             prohibite
             the
             bringing
             in
             of
             any
             into
             France
             ,
             where
             diuers
             stuffes
             of
             silke
             ,
             as
             veluets
             ,
             satin
             ,
             grograines
             ,
             and
             such
             like
             are
             made
             by
             the
             inhabitants
             .
          
           
             Touching
             the
             forme
             of
             monies
             ,
             whereunder
             wee
             comprehend
             the
             
             stampe
             or
             figure
             :
             let
             me
             commend
             vnto
             you
             the
             auncient
             making
             of
             monies
             by
             mils
             or
             engines
             .
             When
             gold
             and
             siluer
             began
             much
             to
             abound
             amongst
             the
             
               Greekes
               ,
               Latines
               ,
               Persians
            
             ,
             and
             Egyptians
             ,
             the
             vse
             whereof
             did
             cease
             ,
             vpon
             the
             declining
             of
             their
             gouernments
             :
             when
             gold
             and
             siluer
             became
             so
             scarce
             ,
             that
             monies
             were
             made
             so
             thin
             ,
             that
             with
             the
             hammer
             they
             were
             stamped
             or
             coyned
             .
             Great
             are
             the
             Commodities
             that
             would
             arise
             thereby
             to
             the
             Commonwealth
             ,
             besides
             the
             charges
             which
             Princes
             may
             saue
             ,
             and
             the
             facilitie
             and
             expedition
             in
             the
             making
             exactly
             of
             greater
             quantities
             of
             money
             ,
             fairer
             and
             rounder
             ,
             more
             certaine
             in
             waight
             ,
             and
             without
             cracke
             or
             flaw
             ,
             and
             the
             stamp
             or
             figure
             of
             longer
             continuance
             ;
             then
             that
             which
             is
             made
             with
             the
             hammer
             with
             a
             greater
             noise
             .
             By
             the
             roundnes
             and
             fairenesse
             is
             clipping
             preuented
             ,
             which
             in
             peeces
             proportionate
             ,
             and
             
             of
             a
             faire
             impression
             is
             easily
             discerned
             .
             By
             the
             certaintie
             in
             waight
             ,
             when
             peeces
             of
             one
             sort
             shall
             waigh
             one
             as
             much
             as
             the
             other
             ,
             are
             Cullers
             cut
             off
             ,
             which
             are
             vsed
             to
             cull
             out
             the
             heauie
             ones
             for
             their
             vse
             of
             melting
             or
             transportation
             ,
             and
             to
             pay
             out
             the
             light
             ones
             especially
             in
             siluer
             .
             Counterfeiters
             ,
             washers
             and
             falsifiers
             of
             money
             ,
             will
             be
             sooner
             detected
             ,
             and
             the
             false
             money
             knowne
             ,
             when
             peeces
             of
             one
             sort
             ,
             shall
             be
             of
             one
             bignesse
             and
             thicknesse
             ,
             and
             of
             one
             sound
             and
             fairnesse
             of
             stampe
             ,
             with
             their
             priuate
             marke
             for
             the
             time
             :
             the
             thicknesse
             will
             be
             seen
             ,
             the
             waight
             will
             be
             found
             ,
             and
             the
             sound
             will
             be
             heard
             by
             comparing
             one
             peece
             to
             another
             ,
             especially
             when
             the
             rednesse
             or
             colour
             of
             the
             money
             doth
             giue
             suspition
             that
             the
             same
             is
             counterfeited
             .
             For
             there
             is
             great
             difference
             in
             the
             lumpe
             of
             mettals
             of
             equall
             waight
             ,
             as
             we
             may
             partly
             perceiue
             ,
             and
             is
             exactly
             found
             by
             
             the
             last
             triall
             made
             thereof
             .
             The
             masse
             or
             lumpe
             of
             gold
             to
             the
             lumpe
             of
             siluer
             ,
             doth
             differ
             as
             much
             as
             9
             to
             5
             ,
             that
             the
             bodie
             of
             siluer
             is
             bigger
             then
             that
             of
             gold
             ,
             which
             is
             1
             ⅘
             .
             Betweene
             copper
             and
             siluer
             ,
             is
             as
             much
             difference
             ,
             as
             betweene
             11
             and
             13.
             
             Lead
             to
             siluer
             ,
             as
             from
             15
             to
             14
             :
             but
             that
             will
             not
             ioyne
             with
             any
             other
             mettall
             then
             tinne
             ,
             which
             is
             lighter
             then
             siluer
             ,
             and
             doth
             differ
             from
             it
             as
             9
             to
             13
             :
             and
             from
             the
             gold
             ,
             as
             7
             to
             18.
             
             Iron
             doth
             differ
             from
             siluer
             ,
             as
             4
             to
             3
             :
             and
             from
             the
             gold
             as
             6
             to
             9
             ,
             that
             the
             bodie
             of
             gold
             is
             lesser
             .
             Quicksiluer
             which
             is
             volatile
             ,
             commeth
             nearer
             vnto
             gold
             ,
             and
             doth
             differ
             as
             3
             to
             4
             ,
             the
             fixing
             wherof
             is
             difficult
             .
          
           
             Touching
             the
             scisell
             which
             commeth
             by
             the
             making
             of
             monies
             by
             mils
             or
             engines
             ,
             it
             is
             soone
             made
             and
             conuerted
             into
             monies
             ,
             and
             may
             be
             lessened
             by
             good
             casting
             of
             the
             mettall
             into
             plates
             proportionate
             ,
             which
             
             by
             degrees
             may
             be
             reformed
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             increase
             of
             the
             quantitie
             of
             gold
             and
             siluer
             .
             To
             which
             end
             it
             will
             not
             be
             amisse
             to
             exhort
             and
             require
             all
             Goldsmiths
             and
             others
             ,
             to
             be
             vigilant
             and
             diligent
             in
             bringing
             of
             bulliō
             into
             her
             Maiesties
             mint
             ,
             where
             they
             may
             haue
             very
             speedie
             and
             assured
             payment
             thereof
             at
             all
             appointed
             times
             .
             And
             in
             this
             place
             we
             must
             not
             forget
             ,
             that
             care
             may
             be
             had
             ,
             that
             the
             Moniers
             (
             which
             worke
             by
             the
             hammer
             )
             may
             be
             prouided
             for
             their
             lining
             ,
             or
             be
             set
             on
             worke
             by
             the
             milles
             or
             engines
             .
          
           
             Lastly
             ,
             it
             were
             very
             conuenient
             &
             commodious
             ,
             as
             also
             good
             for
             the
             poore
             to
             make
             small
             monies
             of
             copper
             ,
             as
             halfepence
             and
             farthings
             ,
             which
             might
             be
             called
             Pledges
             of
             the
             poore
             ,
             and
             would
             increase
             charitie
             towards
             them
             .
             Whereby
             also
             all
             leaden
             tokens
             (
             vsed
             in
             Tauernes
             ,
             and
             by
             such
             as
             sell
             small
             wares
             )
             would
             bee
             taken
             
             away
             ;
             and
             would
             be
             very
             commodious
             in
             so
             populous
             a
             kingdome
             ,
             being
             made
             exactly
             to
             preuent
             counterfeiting
             :
             which
             generally
             we
             do
             hold
             so
             difficult
             to
             be
             done
             ,
             as
             is
             the
             counterfeiting
             of
             the
             hand
             of
             an
             excellent
             writer
             ,
             amongst
             the
             ordinarie
             writings
             of
             most
             men
             .
             And
             the
             making
             thereof
             can
             breede
             no
             inconuenience
             in
             the
             Commonwealth
             in
             the
             prices
             of
             Commodities
             ,
             wheras
             some
             Princes
             do
             vse
             to
             coyne
             some
             monies
             for
             to
             remain
             within
             their
             dominions
             ,
             &
             some
             other
             kind
             of
             monies
             for
             to
             be
             transported
             into
             other
             countries
             ,
             reaping
             a
             great
             gaine
             by
             the
             coynage
             thereof
             .
             And
             omitting
             to
             shew
             the
             important
             causes
             and
             reasons
             which
             Princes
             haue
             ,
             to
             maintaine
             a
             standing
             treasure
             :
             we
             do
             not
             hold
             it
             impertinēt
             to
             reduce
             to
             memorie
             ,
             that
             which
             is
             recorded
             of
             the
             treasure
             of
             Princes
             in
             times
             past
             to
             awaken
             care
             in
             others
             .
          
           
             The
             greatest
             meane
             that
             the
             Romaines
             
             had
             to
             saue
             their
             state
             ,
             when
             Hanniball
             had
             almost
             brought
             them
             to
             ruine
             ,
             was
             450
             thousand
             crownes
             that
             the
             treasure
             did
             amount
             vnto
             ,
             which
             was
             gathered
             by
             the
             redemption
             of
             slaues
             ,
             and
             neuer
             touched
             vntill
             that
             time
             .
             Pope
             Iohn
             the
             22.
             left
             23
             millions
             of
             gold
             :
             Sardanapalus
             ,
             40
             millions
             of
             crownes
             :
             Cirus
             ,
             50
             millions
             :
             the
             Athenians
             ,
             60
             millions
             :
             Tiberius
             the
             Emperour
             ,
             67
             millions
             :
             Alexander
             the
             Great
             found
             in
             the
             treasurie
             of
             
               Darius
               Occhus
            
             the
             Persian
             king
             ,
             80
             millions
             .
             But
             the
             greatest
             treasure
             mentioned
             in
             the
             Scripture
             ,
             which
             king
             Dauid
             left
             ,
             was
             120
             millions
             ,
             which
             did
             exceede
             farre
             the
             treasure
             recorded
             of
             the
             Romaines
             ,
             when
             they
             flourished
             most
             vnder
             Traian
             the
             Emperour
             :
             which
             is
             74
             thousand
             talents
             ,
             being
             44
             millions
             400
             thousand
             crownes
             .
             To
             say
             nothing
             of
             the
             siluer
             and
             gold
             found
             vpon
             the
             discouerie
             of
             the
             West
             Indies
             ,
             and
             the
             ransomes
             
             which
             were
             collected
             ,
             when
             Atabalippa
             king
             of
             Peru
             gaue
             onely
             for
             his
             raunsome
             ten
             millions
             326
             thousand
             duckets
             .
             Let
             vs
             consider
             what
             great
             treasures
             Princes
             might
             haue
             now
             adaies
             ,
             when
             money
             doth
             abound
             :
             whereas
             it
             is
             reported
             ,
             that
             king
             Henry
             the
             7
             of
             England
             ,
             left
             in
             bullion
             after
             his
             decease
             ,
             53
             hundred
             thousand
             pounds
             starling
             in
             those
             daies
             ,
             when
             an
             ounce
             of
             siluer
             was
             valued
             but
             40
             pence
             .
             And
             so
             cōcluding
             for
             monies
             ,
             let
             vs
             come
             to
             the
             matter
             of
             exchaunge
             ,
             which
             is
             the
             third
             and
             last
             meane
             ,
             whereunder
             the
             trade
             is
             performed
             .
             But
             because
             my
             Treatise
             of
             The
             Canker
             of
             Englands
             Cōmonwealth
             doth
             handle
             that
             matter
             particularly
             ,
             therefore
             shall
             it
             suffice
             to
             make
             mention
             onely
             of
             the
             Contents
             thereof
             .
             As
             money
             doth
             rule
             the
             course
             of
             Commodities
             :
             so
             the
             exchaunge
             for
             monies
             with
             vs
             doth
             not
             onely
             rule
             both
             the
             course
             of
             money
             
             and
             Commodities
             ;
             but
             (
             being
             abused
             by
             the
             merchandizing
             thereof
             )
             is
             become
             predominant
             ,
             and
             doth
             ouer-rule
             the
             course
             of
             them
             both
             to
             Englands
             great
             and
             incredible
             losse
             :
             whereas
             the
             right
             exchange
             is
             most
             commendable
             ,
             necessarie
             and
             conuenient
             for
             the
             maintenance
             and
             traffick
             of
             entercourse
             betwixt
             merchant
             and
             merchant
             ,
             or
             countrie
             and
             countries
             ,
             beeing
             grounded
             vpon
             the
             waight
             ,
             finenesse
             and
             valuation
             of
             the
             money
             of
             each
             countrie
             according
             to
             value
             for
             value
             ,
             which
             accordingly
             should
             be
             kept
             at
             a
             certaintie
             ,
             as
             a
             measure
             betwixt
             vs
             and
             other
             nations
             .
             For
             we
             haue
             amply
             declared
             and
             proued
             ,
             that
             when
             the
             exchange
             doth
             fall
             or
             rise
             in
             price
             ,
             the
             same
             being
             either
             high
             or
             low
             ;
             it
             turneth
             euery
             way
             to
             the
             losse
             of
             the
             Realme
             ,
             both
             for
             the
             price
             of
             our
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             and
             the
             transportation
             of
             our
             monies
             ,
             and
             by
             aduancing
             the
             price
             of
             forraine
             
             Commodities
             ,
             causing
             an
             ouer-ballancing
             in
             nature
             before
             alleaged
             :
             which
             to
             supply
             ,
             draweth
             or
             expelleth
             our
             treasure
             .
             For
             we
             doe
             (
             in
             effect
             )
             giue
             the
             same
             to
             boote
             vnto
             other
             nations
             with
             our
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             to
             haue
             their
             Commodities
             for
             it
             .
          
           
             Some
             men
             of
             iudgement
             haue
             found
             my
             writing
             to
             be
             inuectiue
             and
             patheticall
             against
             Bankers
             ,
             wherein
             they
             are
             not
             mistaken
             .
             For
             the
             vse
             of
             Bankes
             is
             incompatible
             in
             any
             well
             ordered
             Commonwealth
             ,
             as
             time
             will
             manifest
             more
             and
             more
             daily
             .
             The
             French
             kings
             ,
             Lewis
             the
             9
             ,
             and
             Philip
             the
             Faire
             ,
             did
             with
             great
             cause
             confiscate
             the
             Bankers
             goods
             :
             and
             for
             the
             discouerie
             of
             their
             debts
             ,
             ordered
             their
             subiects
             to
             pay
             onely
             the
             principall
             money
             vnto
             their
             Treasurers
             .
             
               Philip
               de
               Valois
            
             did
             the
             like
             ,
             and
             indited
             them
             as
             couseners
             of
             the
             Common-wealth
             .
             For
             it
             was
             found
             ,
             that
             in
             a
             short
             time
             with
             24
             thousand
             pounds
             
             starling
             ,
             they
             had
             accumulated
             and
             gotten
             aboue
             2
             millions
             400
             thousand
             pounds
             .
          
           
             Others
             which
             (
             through
             enuie
             ,
             malice
             ,
             or
             other
             passions
             ,
             haue
             the
             eyes
             of
             their
             iudgment
             blinded
             )
             haue
             censured
             my
             writing
             to
             be
             Apologeticall
             for
             the
             erection
             of
             a
             Banke
             vnder
             the
             colour
             of
             the
             restauration
             of
             the
             office
             of
             the
             auncient
             Kings
             Exchanger
             :
             which
             ,
             how
             absurd
             it
             is
             ,
             let
             the
             wise
             iudge
             by
             the
             difference
             betweene
             a
             Banker
             ,
             and
             a
             generall
             Exchanger
             .
             The
             Banker
             doth
             draw
             vnto
             himselfe
             all
             the
             monies
             of
             other
             men
             ,
             making
             his
             small
             stocke
             to
             be
             infinite
             :
             and
             the
             Exchanger
             must
             with
             his
             owne
             stocke
             supply
             other
             mens
             occasions
             ;
             for
             no
             man
             is
             commaunded
             ,
             or
             by
             Pollicie
             (
             of
             course
             )
             compelled
             to
             deliuer
             money
             vnto
             him
             .
             The
             Banker
             doth
             make
             the
             price
             of
             exchanges
             with
             the
             correspondencie
             of
             others
             Bankes
             elsewhere
             ,
             at
             his
             pleasure
             or
             
             most
             aduantage
             :
             the
             Exchanger
             can
             haue
             no
             correspondencie
             with
             other
             Bankes
             ;
             for
             he
             is
             limited
             how
             to
             deale
             at
             a
             certaintie
             in
             price
             by
             exchange
             ,
             and
             therefore
             must
             haue
             his
             factors
             or
             seruants
             at
             his
             owne
             charges
             in
             the
             places
             of
             trafficke
             .
             But
             because
             it
             is
             difficult
             to
             please
             mens
             humors
             in
             the
             reformation
             of
             abuses
             ,
             which
             either
             for
             gaine
             some
             would
             haue
             to
             continue
             ,
             or
             others
             through
             ignorance
             do
             not
             vnderstand
             ;
             therefore
             is
             there
             another
             meane
             propounded
             ,
             to
             keepe
             a
             due
             course
             in
             matter
             of
             exchange
             without
             an
             Exchanger
             :
             By
             a
             Proscription
             in
             a
             paire
             of
             tables
             to
             all
             sworne
             Brokers
             ,
             how
             to
             make
             the
             price
             of
             exchanges
             for
             all
             places
             according
             to
             value
             for
             value
             .
             Which
             wold
             be
             easie
             and
             in
             effect
             
               aequum
               &
               bonum
            
             (
             as
             we
             haue
             declared
             )
             so
             as
             a
             due
             regard
             be
             had
             of
             the
             circumstances
             of
             things
             ;
             noting
             alwaies
             this
             coherence
             ,
             that
             euen
             as
             plentie
             of
             money
             maketh
             with
             
             vs
             a
             low
             exchange
             ,
             and
             the
             low
             price
             of
             exchange
             is
             the
             efficient
             cause
             of
             the
             transportation
             of
             our
             monies
             :
             that
             so
             by
             procuring
             plentie
             of
             money
             ,
             we
             do
             not
             procure
             therewithall
             the
             cause
             of
             exportation
             ,
             and
             hunt
             (
             as
             it
             were
             )
             after
             our
             owne
             shadow
             .
          
           
             Some
             others
             haue
             thought
             this
             matter
             to
             be
             in
             a
             manner
             incurable
             ,
             or
             impossible
             to
             be
             effected
             now
             adaies
             ,
             considering
             the
             great
             trade
             ;
             when
             (
             to
             speake
             truly
             )
             the
             trade
             of
             our
             Commodities
             is
             much
             decayed
             and
             :
             without
             that
             they
             can
             yeeld
             or
             giue
             any
             probable
             reason
             thereof
             ,
             but
             that
             the
             difficulties
             and
             sicknesse
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             cannot
             admit
             it
             ,
             as
             who
             should
             say
             :
             It
             is
             better
             to
             let
             a
             sicke
             bodie
             languish
             to
             death
             ,
             then
             to
             make
             him
             drinke
             an
             vnsauorie
             potion
             to
             restore
             him
             to
             health
             .
             For
             mine
             owne
             part
             ,
             I
             haue
             thought
             it
             my
             dutie
             in
             regard
             of
             profession
             ,
             to
             publish
             and
             preferre
             sincerely
             (
             according
             to
             my
             small
             
             talent
             )
             any
             thing
             which
             may
             make
             for
             the
             good
             of
             the
             Commonwealth
             ▪
             especially
             it
             being
             agreeable
             with
             the
             most
             noble
             and
             auncient
             lawes
             of
             the
             Realme
             :
             wishing
             that
             other
             men
             indued
             with
             more
             learning
             ,
             and
             adorned
             with
             excellent
             vertues
             ,
             would
             be
             alwaies
             carefull
             to
             do
             the
             like
             in
             that
             which
             concerneth
             their
             profession
             .
             And
             hereunto
             I
             haue
             bene
             the
             more
             encouraged
             ,
             for
             that
             since
             the
             publishing
             of
             my
             Treatise
             aforesaid
             ,
             and
             by
             meanes
             of
             my
             priuate
             aduice
             vnto
             diuers
             ,
             (
             without
             boasting
             or
             arrogancie
             be
             it
             spoken
             )
             there
             hath
             bene
             a
             better
             course
             taken
             ,
             by
             obseruing
             the
             nature
             of
             exchanges
             ;
             whereby
             great
             store
             of
             siluer
             bullion
             and
             some
             gold
             ,
             hath
             bene
             brought
             into
             the
             Realme
             for
             the
             generall
             benefite
             and
             good
             of
             the
             bringers
             thereof
             :
             which
             doth
             put
             me
             in
             hope
             ,
             that
             the
             like
             vigilancie
             and
             regard
             will
             be
             had
             by
             diuers
             ,
             in
             the
             sale
             of
             our
             home
             Commodities
             ,
             
             and
             the
             buying
             of
             forraine
             Commodities
             beyond
             the
             seas
             ,
             with
             a
             due
             inspection
             to
             equitie
             and
             iustice
             in
             the
             course
             of
             trafficke
             :
             which
             recommendeth
             vnto
             vs
             Prouidence
             ,
             and
             doth
             not
             altogether
             exclude
             Pollicie
             ,
             especially
             in
             respect
             of
             the
             gouernment
             of
             a
             State
             or
             kingdome
             ,
             in
             studying
             the
             way
             of
             preseruation
             and
             augmentation
             of
             the
             wealth
             thereof
             ;
             which
             cannot
             properly
             be
             done
             ,
             but
             by
             these
             meanes
             .
             For
             the
             same
             cannot
             decrease
             ,
             but
             by
             the
             transportation
             of
             our
             money
             and
             treasure
             ,
             and
             by
             selling
             our
             home
             Commodities
             too
             good
             cheape
             ,
             and
             paying
             too
             deare
             for
             the
             forraine
             Commodities
             ,
             as
             we
             haue
             noted
             before
             .
             To
             which
             end
             we
             are
             to
             cōpare
             the
             prices
             of
             things
             betwixt
             vs
             and
             other
             nations
             with
             whom
             we
             deale
             :
             and
             not
             to
             shew
             the
             causes
             of
             the
             dearth
             of
             things
             with
             Maister
             Bodine
             ,
             by
             examining
             the
             prices
             
             thereof
             within
             the
             Common-wealth
             where
             we
             do
             liue
             ,
             without
             making
             any
             application
             thereof
             for
             the
             generall
             good
             of
             the
             realm
             :
             for
             the
             conseruation
             wherof
             ,
             prayers
             and
             meanes
             are
             requisite
             at
             all
             times
             .
          
        
         
           
             Veritas
             vnita
             valet
             .