The cabinet-council containing the cheif [sic] arts of empire and mysteries of state : discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms grounded on authority, and experience : and illustrated with the choicest examples and historical observations / by the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter Raleigh ; published by John Milton, Esq.
         Cabinet-council
         Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.
      
       
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             The cabinet-council containing the cheif [sic] arts of empire and mysteries of state : discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms grounded on authority, and experience : and illustrated with the choicest examples and historical observations / by the ever-renowned knight, Sir Walter Raleigh ; published by John Milton, Esq.
             Cabinet-council
             Raleigh, Walter, Sir, 1552?-1618.
             Milton, John, 1608-1674.
          
           [9], 199 p. : port.
           
             Printed by Tho. Newcomb for Tho. Johnson ...,
             London :
             1658.
          
           
             First ed., with "To the reader" signed: John Milton. Cf. NUC pre-1956.
             Published in 1661 as: Aphorisms of state, grounded on authority and experience; in 1692 as: The arts of empire, and mysteries of state discabineted; in 1697 as: The secrets of government, and misteries of state. For other issues under different titles see: Brushfield, T.N. Bibliography of Sir Walter Raleigh, 1908, [no.] 268.
             Reproduction of original in Yale University Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Political science -- Early works to 1800.
           Monarchy -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
       A57360  R8392  (Wing R156).  civilwar no The cabinet-council: containing the cheif [sic] arts of empire, and mysteries of state; discabineted in political and polemical aphorisms, g Raleigh, Walter, Sir 1658    44499 652 0 0 0 0 0 147 F  The  rate of 147 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the F category of texts with  100 or more defects per 10,000 words. 
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               Tam
               Marti
               ,
               Quam
               Mercurio
               .
            
             
               The
               true
               and
               lively
               Portraiture
               of
               the
               Hoble.
               and
               learned
               Knight
               Sr.
               Walter
               Ralegh
               .
            
             
               Ro
               :
               Vaughan
               sculp
               :
            
          
        
      
       
       
         
           
             The
             Cabinet-Council
             :
          
           Containing
           the
           Cheif
           ARTS
           OF
           EMPIRE
           ,
           And
           MYSTERIES
           of
           STATE
           ;
           DISCABINETED
           In
           
             Political
          
           and
           
             Polemical
             Aphorisms
             ,
          
           grounded
           on
           
             Authority
             ,
          
           and
           
             Experience
             ;
          
           And
           illustrated
           with
           the
           choicest
           Examples
           and
           Historical
           Observations
           .
           By
           the
           Ever-renowned
           Knight
           ,
           Sir
           WALTER
           RALEIGH
           ,
           Published
           By
           JOHN
           MILTON
           ,
           Esq
           ;
        
         
           Quis
           Martem
           tunicâ
           tectum
           Adamantinâ
           dignè
           scripserit
           ?
        
         
           
             London
             ,
          
           Printed
           by
           
             Tho.
             Newcomb
          
           for
           
             Tho.
             Johnson
          
           at
           the
           sign
           of
           the
           Key
           in
           St.
           
           
             Pauls
          
           Churchyard
           ,
           near
           the
           West-end
           .
           1658.
           
        
      
       
       
       
         
           To
           the
           READER
           .
        
         
           HAving
           had
           the
           
             Manuscript
          
           of
           this
           
             Treatise
             ,
          
           Written
           by
           Sir
           
             Walter
             Raleigh
             ,
          
           many
           years
           in
           my
           hands
           ,
           and
           finding
           it
           lately
           by
           chance
           among
           other
           Books
           and
           Papers
           ,
           upon
           reading
           thereof
           ,
           I
           thought
           it
           a
           kinde
           of
           injury
           to
           withhold
           longer
           the
           work
           of
           so
           eminent
           an
           Author
           from
           the
           Publick
           ;
           it
           being
           both
           answerable
           in
           
           Stile
           to
           other
           Works
           of
           his
           already
           Extant
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           the
           subject
           would
           permit
           ,
           and
           given
           me
           for
           a
           true
           Copy
           by
           a
           Learned
           Man
           at
           his
           Death
           ,
           who
           had
           Collected
           several
           such
           peices
           .
        
         
           
             John
             Milton
             .
          
        
      
       
       
         
           THE
           Principal
           Contents
           .
        
         
           
             
               CHAP.
               I.
               
            
             THe
             Definition
             and
             Division
             of
             Publick
             Weals
             and
             Soveraign
             States
             ,
             according
             to
             their
             several
             Species
             or
             Kindes
             .
             
               Pag.
               1.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               2.
               
            
             Of
             Soveraign
             or
             Monarchick
             Government
             ,
             with
             its
             essential
             Marks
             ,
             and
             specifical
             Differences
             .
             
               Pag.
               2.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               3.
               
            
             Of
             Monarchies
             Seigniorile
             ,
             exemplified
             in
             the
             Turkish
             and
             West-Indian
             Empire
             .
             
               Pag.
               5.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               4.
               
            
             Of
             Monarchies
             Royal
             ,
             with
             the
             Means
             to
             maintain
             them
             .
             
               Pag.
               7.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               5.
               
            
             Of
             Monarchies
             Tyrannical
             .
             
               Pag.
               9.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               6.
               
            
             Of
             new-found
             Monarchies
             and
             
             Principalities
             ,
             with
             the
             Means
             to
             perpetuate
             them
             .
             
               Pag.
               10.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               7.
               
            
             Of
             Councils
             and
             Counsellors
             in
             general
             .
             
               Pag.
               14.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               8.
               
            
             Of
             Councils
             in
             some
             particular
             Monarchies
             ,
             Aristocraties
             and
             Democraties
             .
             
               Pag.
               15.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               9.
               
            
             Of
             Officers
             and
             Commissioners
             with
             their
             respective
             Distinctions
             .
             
               Pag.
               17.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               10.
               
            
             Of
             Magistrates
             ,
             their
             Qualifications
             and
             Elections
             .
             
               Pag.
               18.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               11.
               
            
             Observations
             intrinsically
             concerning
             every
             Publick
             State
             in
             Points
             of
             Justice
             ,
             Treasure
             ,
             and
             War
             .
             
               P.
               20.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               12.
               
            
             Extrinsick
             Observations
             ,
             shewing
             how
             to
             deal
             with
             Neighbor
             Princes
             and
             Provinces
             respectively
             ,
             how
             to
             prevent
             their
             Designs
             ,
             and
             decypher
             their
             Intendments
             .
             
               Pag.
               24.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               13.
               
            
             Observations
             confirmed
             by
             Authorities
             of
             Princes
             and
             Principalities
             ,
             charactering
             an
             excellent
             Prince
             or
             Governor
             .
             
               Pag.
               28.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               14.
               
            
             Of
             the
             Princes
             intimate
             Counsellors
             and
             Ministers
             of
             State
             ,
             
             with
             their
             several
             Requisites
             .
             
               Pag.
               32.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               15.
               
            
             The
             Art
             of
             Ruling
             ,
             or
             Mystery
             of
             Regiment
             .
             
               Pag.
               38.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               16.
               
            
             Of
             Princely
             Authority
             ;
             wherein
             it
             consists
             ,
             and
             how
             far
             to
             be
             extended
             and
             delegated
             .
             
               Pag.
               40.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               17.
               
            
             Of
             Power
             and
             Force
             ;
             and
             how
             to
             be
             raised
             and
             maintained
             .
             
               P.
               42.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               18.
               
            
             Of
             Conspiracy
             and
             Treason
             ;
             with
             the
             causes
             and
             ways
             of
             prevention
             or
             discovery
             .
             
               Pag.
               44.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               19.
               
            
             Of
             Publick
             Hate
             and
             Contempt
             ,
             with
             the
             occasions
             and
             means
             to
             redress
             and
             avoid
             it
             .
             
               Pag.
               47.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               20.
               
            
             Of
             Diffidence
             and
             Dissimulation
             in
             the
             mannage
             of
             State
             Affairs
             .
             
               Pag.
               54.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               21.
               
            
             Of
             War
             Defensive
             and
             Invasive
             ;
             with
             Instructions
             touching
             Laws
             of
             Arms
             ,
             Soldiers
             ,
             and
             Military
             Discipline
             .
             
               Pag.
               56.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               22.
               
            
             Of
             Generals
             and
             Commanders
             ,
             and
             their
             requisite
             Abilities
             in
             Martial
             enterprises
             and
             expeditions
             .
             
               Pag.
               67.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               23.
               
            
             Of
             Councils
             in
             War
             ,
             and
             Directions
             Tactick
             and
             Stratagematick
             ;
             
             with
             advice
             how
             to
             make
             an
             honorable
             Peace
             .
             
               Pag.
               71.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               24.
               
            
             Of
             Civil
             War
             ,
             with
             the
             Causes
             and
             Remedies
             thereof
             .
             
               Pag.
               80.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               25.
               
            
             A
             Collection
             of
             Political
             Observations
             (
             confirmed
             by
             Reason
             and
             Experience
             )
             advertising
             Princes
             ,
             Statesmen
             ,
             and
             private
             persons
             how
             to
             demean
             themselves
             in
             all
             Fortunes
             and
             Events
             .
             
               Pag.
               88.
               
            
          
           
             
               Chap.
               26.
               
            
             Maximes
             of
             State
             ,
             or
             Prudential
             Grounds
             and
             Polemical
             Precepts
             ,
             concerning
             all
             Estates
             ,
             and
             forms
             of
             Policy
             in
             times
             of
             Peace
             or
             War
             ,
             &c.
             confirmed
             by
             select
             Narrations
             ,
             and
             Historical
             Parallels
             .
             
               Pag.
               153.
               
            
          
        
      
    
     
       
       
         THE
         
           Cabinet
           Council
           :
        
         Containing
         the
         chief
         Arts
         of
         EMPIRE
         ,
         AND
         Mysteries
         of
         State
         .
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           I.
           
        
         
           The
           Definition
           and
           Division
           of
           Publick
           Weales
           and
           Soveraign
           States
           ,
           according
           to
           their
           several
           species
           or
           kinds
           .
        
         
           A
           Common-wealth
           is
           a
           certain
           Soveraign
           Government
           of
           many
           Families
           ,
           with
           those
           things
           that
           are
           common
           among
           them
           .
        
         
           All
           Common-wealths
           are
           either
           
             
               Monarchies
               ,
            
             
               Aristocraties
               ,
            
             
               Democraties
               .
            
          
        
         
           A
           Monarchie
           is
           that
           State
           where
           the
           Soveraignty
           
           resteth
           in
           the
           person
           of
           one
           only
           Prince
           .
        
         
           An
           Aristocratie
           ,
           is
           where
           some
           small
           part
           of
           the
           people
           have
           in
           the●
           as
           a
           body
           corporate
           ,
           the
           Soveraignty
           and
           supream
           power
           of
           the
           whole
           State
           .
        
         
           A
           Democrati●
           ,
           is
           where
           all
           the
           people
           have
           Power
           and
           Authority
           Soveraign
           .
        
         
           So
           doth
           it
           appear
           ,
           that
           the
           place
           and
           person
           where
           the
           Soveraigntie
           resteth
           ,
           doth
           cause
           the
           State
           to
           be
           either
           a
           Monarchie
           ,
           an
           Aristocratie
           ,
           or
           Popular
           Government
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           II.
           
        
         
           Of
           Soveraign
           or
           Monarchick
           Government
           ,
           with
           its
           Essential
           markes
           ,
           and
           Specifical
           differences
           .
        
         
           SOveraigntie
           is
           an
           absolute
           and
           perpetual
           power
           in
           every
           publike
           State
           and
           he
           is
           properly
           and
           only
           a
           Soveraign
           ,
           that
           acknowledgeth
           no
           Superior
           or
           Equal
           ,
           nor
           holdeth
           of
           any
           other
           Prince
           ,
           person
           or
           power
           ,
           but
           God
           and
           his
           own
           sword
           .
        
         
           The
           First
           mark
           of
           Soveraigntie
           is
           absolute
           Power
           and
           Authority
           to
           command
           all
           Subjects
           in
           general
           ,
           and
           every
           of
           them
           in
           particular
           ,
           without
           consent
           of
           any
           other
           person
           
           or
           persons
           ,
           either
           greater
           or
           inferior
           to
           himself
           .
        
         
           The
           Second
           mark
           of
           Majesty
           is
           Authority
           to
           make
           War
           ,
           and
           conclude
           Peace
           at
           his
           pleasure
           .
        
         
           The
           Third
           is
           Power
           to
           bestow
           all
           Honors
           and
           cheif
           Offices
           at
           his
           pleasure
           .
        
         
           The
           Fourth
           marke
           of
           Soveraigntie
           is
           Appellation
           .
        
         
           The
           Fifth
           mark
           and
           last
           ,
           is
           power
           to
           pardon
           all
           Subjects
           by
           rigor
           of
           Law
           or
           otherwise
           condemned
           in
           Life
           ,
           Lands
           ,
           Goods
           ,
           or
           Honors
           .
        
         
           These
           Powers
           are
           not
           to
           be
           imparted
           to
           any
           Officer
           ,
           Deputy
           or
           other
           Magistrate
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           Princes
           absence
           ,
           and
           for
           some
           urgent
           occasion
           .
        
         
           Monarchies
           are
           of
           three
           sorts
           
             
               Signioril
               ,
            
             
               Royal
               ,
            
             
               Tyrannical
               .
            
          
        
         
           The
           Diver●●tie
           of
           Monarchies
           doth
           no●
           proceed
           from
           the
           Nature
           of
           the
           State
           ,
           but
           the
           diverse
           proceedings
           of
           those
           Princes
           that
           governe
           ;
           for
           great
           difference
           there
           may
           be
           between
           the
           nature
           of
           the
           Common
           wealth
           and
           the
           Government
           thereof
           .
           That
           Prince
           that
           giveth
           the
           Magistracies
           ,
           Honors
           and
           Offices
           without
           respect
           of
           Nobility
           ,
           Riches
           or
           Vertue
           ,
           may
           be
           said
           to
           governe
           popularly
           .
           And
           that
           Monarchy
           may
           be
           said
           to
           b●
           
           governed
           Aristocratically
           ,
           when
           the
           Monarch
           imparteth
           the
           principal
           Honors
           and
           Offices
           to
           the
           Noble
           and
           Rich
           men
           only
           .
        
         
           The
           same
           difference
           there
           is
           to
           be
           found
           in
           States
           Aristocratical
           and
           Popular
           :
           for
           the
           one
           and
           the
           other
           may
           be
           both
           Signioril
           ,
           or
           Tyrannical
           .
        
         
           A
           Monarch
           Signioril
           is
           he
           who
           by
           force
           of
           Arms
           and
           just
           War
           ,
           is
           made
           owner
           of
           mens
           bodies
           and
           goods
           ,
           and
           governeth
           them
           as
           a
           Master
           of
           a
           Familie
           governeth
           base
           Servants
           and
           Slaves
           .
        
         
           A
           Monarch
           Royal
           ,
           is
           he
           whose
           Subjects
           are
           obedient
           unto
           his
           Laws
           ,
           and
           the
           Monarch
           himself
           obeyeth
           the
           Lawes
           of
           God
           and
           Nature
           ,
           suffering
           every
           Subject
           to
           enjoy
           liberty
           natural
           ,
           with
           property
           in
           Lands
           and
           Goods
           ,
           governing
           as
           a
           Father
           governeth
           his
           Children
           .
        
         
           A
           Monarch
           Tyrannical
           ,
           is
           he
           who
           without
           regard
           to
           the
           Law
           of
           God
           or
           Nature
           ,
           commandeth
           Free-men
           as
           Slaves
           ,
           and
           useth
           their
           Lands
           and
           Goods
           as
           his
           own
           .
        
      
       
       
         
           CHAP.
           III.
           
        
         
           Of
           Monarchie
           Signioril
           ,
           Exemplified
           in
           the
           Turkish
           and
           West-Indian
           Empire
           .
        
         
           ALL
           people
           subject
           to
           Princes
           ,
           are
           governed
           as
           Free-men
           by
           their
           Prince
           and
           certain
           other
           particular
           Lords
           of
           Lands
           and
           Liberties
           ;
           who
           not
           by
           the
           Princes
           Commission
           but
           by
           antient
           Lawes
           or
           Custom
           have
           Inheritance
           and
           Tenements
           ;
           or
           else
           they
           are
           by
           one
           Prince
           and
           his
           Ministers
           commanded
           ,
           which
           Ministers
           have
           not
           by
           Law
           ,
           or
           Ordinance
           ,
           any
           Authority
           or
           Interest
           of
           themselves
           ,
           but
           being
           like
           to
           the
           people
           (
           base
           men
           and
           slaves
           )
           they
           command
           only
           by
           Commission
           in
           the
           Princes
           name
           ;
           and
           the
           Authority
           of
           those
           Ministers
           doth
           cease
           at
           the
           Princes
           pleasure
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           people
           doe
           not
           acknowledg
           any
           superior
           but
           the
           Prince●
           nor
           owe
           any
           service
           to
           other
           mean
           Lords
           :
           So
           as
           all
           the
           people
           stand
           without
           propertie
           in
           Lands
           or
           Goods
           ;
           for
           example
           ,
           the
           Empire
           of
           Turky
           and
           the
           West
           Indies
           .
        
         
           The
           Provinces
           of
           this
           Monarchie
           are
           allotted
           to
           sundrie
           Magistrates
           or
           Ministers
           ,
           
           and
           they
           altered
           and
           removed
           at
           the
           Princes
           pleasure
           ;
           but
           it
           is
           otherwise
           in
           a
           Monarchie
           Royal
           ,
           because
           the
           Monarch
           is
           there
           accompanied
           with
           many
           mean
           Lords●
           And
           albeit
           those
           mean
           Lords
           are
           Subjects
           unto
           the
           Prince
           ,
           yet
           have
           they
           particular
           Tenants
           who
           may
           not
           without
           just
           cause
           be
           dispossessed
           by
           the
           Prince
           ;
           and
           those
           people
           having
           had
           dependency
           of
           their
           Lords
           and
           their
           Ancestors
           ,
           do
           ever
           beare
           unto
           them
           a
           certain
           naturall
           love
           and
           dutifull
           respect
           :
           who
           so
           therefore
           compareth
           these
           Principalities
           ,
           shall
           perceive
           ,
           that
           to
           Conquer
           a
           State
           Signioril
           there
           is
           great
           difficultie
           ;
           but
           being
           conquered
           ,
           it
           may
           easily
           be
           maintained
           for
           the
           difficultie
           to
           conquer
           such
           a
           State
           ,
           proceedeth
           from
           the
           lack
           of
           mean
           Lords
           to
           call
           in
           and
           assist
           the
           Prince
           that
           doth
           invade
           :
           who
           therefore
           desireth
           to
           subdue
           a
           Nation
           thus
           governed
           ,
           must
           of
           force
           assault
           ,
           all
           the
           people
           ,
           and
           rather
           trust
           in
           his
           own
           strength
           then
           the
           aide
           of
           the
           Country
           .
           But
           if
           he
           can
           prevaile
           ,
           then
           one
           only
           feare
           remaineth
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           Princes
           posteritie
           ,
           which
           necessarily
           must
           be
           extinguished
           ,
           because
           the
           Princes
           race
           only
           hath
           interest
           both
           in
           the
           People
           and
           Soldiers
           .
           But
           to
           enter
           a
           Monarchy
           Royal
           ,
           is
           an
           enterprise
           of
           no
           great
           difficulty
           ,
           when
           he
           that
           doth
           enter
           ,
           hath
           the
           friendship
           and
           aide
           of
           some
           
           mean
           Lords
           to
           take
           his
           part
           ,
           and
           prepar
           the
           place
           where
           he
           is
           to
           arrive
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           IIII.
           
        
         
           Of
           Monarchies
           Royal
           ,
           with
           the
           means
           to
           maintaine
           them
           .
        
         
           MOnarchies
           Royal
           ,
           are
           for
           the
           most
           part
           antient
           and
           hereditary
           ,
           and
           consequently
           easie
           to
           be
           governed
           .
           For
           it
           is
           sufficient
           for
           the
           Prince
           to
           maintain
           the
           old
           Laws
           ,
           ●and
           on
           occasion
           temporize
           with
           those
           accidents
           that
           happen●
           such
           a
           State
           cannot
           be
           taken
           from
           the
           Prince
           without
           excessive
           force
           ;
           and
           if
           it
           be
           ,
           it
           shall
           be
           soon
           recovered
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             England
          
           and
           
             France
             .
          
        
         
           But
           if
           a
           Monarchie
           newly
           conquered
           ,
           be
           annexed
           unto
           an
           old
           ,
           and
           not
           properly
           antient
           ,
           then
           is
           it
           with
           much
           more
           difficulty
           maintained
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           for
           that
           men
           naturally
           inclined
           to
           variation
           are
           easily
           induced
           ●o
           take
           arms
           against
           him
           that
           newly
           governeth
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           every
           new
           Prince
           is
           forced
           to
           exact
           aswell
           upon
           those
           Subjects
           that
           joyned
           with
           him
           as
           those
           that
           did
           resist
           him
           ,
           and
           therefore
           shall
           offend
           both
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Ireland
             annexed
             to
             the
             Crown
             of
             England
             :
             Sicilia
             and
             Naples
             to
             Spain●
             .
          
        
         
         
           The
           means
           to
           maintain
           such
           a
           Monarchie
           ;
           is●
        
         
           First
           to
           extinguish
           the
           race
           of
           him
           that
           was
           anciently
           Prince
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           to
           continue
           all
           Lawes
           and
           Customes
           in
           the
           former
           force
           ;
           for
           so
           shall
           the
           Subject
           find
           nothing
           altered
           but
           the
           Prince
           ,
           and
           therefore
           will
           soon
           rest
           contented
           :
           and
           the
           rather
           if
           that
           new
           Monarchie
           and
           the
           antient
           dominion
           of
           the
           Prince
           be
           of
           one
           Language
           :
           But
           if
           the
           people
           be
           of
           a
           contrary
           Language
           and
           humor
           ,
           then
           to
           hold
           it
           ,
           there
           needeth
           great
           industrie
           and
           fortune
           :
           in
           that
           case
           the
           best
           way
           is
           that
           the
           Prince
           should
           inhabit
           there
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           incounter
           all
           inconveniences
           proceeding
           from
           the
           Subject
           ,
           as
           to
           preserve
           the
           people
           from
           oppression
           of
           his
           own
           Ministers
           .
           Another
           way
           is
           to
           send
           thither
           certain
           Colonies
           ,
           and
           plant
           them
           in
           fit
           places
           ,
           or
           else
           to
           settle
           some
           garisons
           both
           of
           horse
           and
           foot
           ;
           but
           Colonies
           are
           less
           chargeable
           to
           the
           Prince
           :
           As
           for
           the
           people
           inhabitant
           (
           who
           must
           necessarily
           remove
           ,
           they
           being
           a
           small
           number
           and
           dispossessed
           )
           they
           cannot
           have
           power
           to
           offend
           :
           for
           in
           that
           case
           ,
           this
           Rule
           or
           Maxime
           shall
           be
           found
           true
           ,
           that
           men
           must
           be
           either
           kindly
           intreated●
           or
           with
           all
           extremity
           oppressed
           ;
           because
           of
           light
           injuries
           they
           may
           be
           revenged
           ,
           but
           of
           utter
           oppre●●ion
           they
           cannot
           .
        
         
         
           A
           Third
           way
           to
           hold
           a
           conquered
           dominion
           ,
           is
           ,
           to
           cherish
           and
           defend
           the
           neighbors
           of
           little
           power
           ,
           and
           oppress
           or
           keep
           under
           those
           that
           are
           most
           potent
           ;
           and
           above
           all
           to
           take
           order
           that
           no
           forraign
           Prince
           or
           power
           doe
           enter
           ;
           for
           it
           is
           ever
           to
           be
           looked
           for
           ,
           that
           so
           many
           of
           the
           nation
           as
           are
           discontented
           ,
           either
           for
           ambition
           or
           feare
           ,
           will
           be
           ever
           readie
           to
           bring
           in
           strangers
           ;
           and
           to
           conclude
           this
           matter
           of
           Principalitie
           annexed
           ,
           I
           say
           it
           behoveth
           every
           Prince
           possessed
           of
           such
           a
           State
           ,
           never
           to
           increase
           the
           power
           of
           any
           potent
           neighbor
           ,
           never
           to
           oppress
           those
           that
           are
           of
           small
           power
           ,
           never
           ,
           to
           permit
           any
           forraign
           potentate
           to
           enter
           ,
           but
           ever
           to
           plant
           Colonies
           and
           Garisons
           ,
           or
           else
           to
           make
           that
           dominion
           his
           cheif
           habitation
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           V.
           
        
         
           Of
           Monarchies
           Tyrannical
           .
        
         
           TYrannical
           Princes
           are
           not
           advanced
           by
           favor
           ,
           neither
           doe
           they
           trust
           unto
           Fortune
           ,
           but
           by
           degrees
           of
           Warr
           ,
           or
           else
           by
           some
           other
           indirect
           meanes
           do
           aspire
           unto
           greatness
           ;
           and
           therein
           do
           maintain
           themselves
           by
           all
           wayes
           either
           honest
           or
           dishonest
           ,
           
           without
           respect
           of
           Justice
           ,
           Conscience
           or
           Law
           either
           of
           Nations
           or
           Nature
           :
           A
           Prince
           by
           such
           impious
           means
           aspired
           ,
           and
           desiring
           to
           hold
           that
           he
           hath
           gained
           ,
           will
           take
           order
           that
           the
           Cruelties
           he
           committeth
           may
           be
           done
           roundly
           ,
           suddenly
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           at
           an
           instant
           ;
           For
           if
           they
           be
           exe●nted
           at
           leasure
           and
           by
           piece-meale
           ,
           then
           will
           the
           Princes
           fears
           continue
           long
           ,
           and
           the
           terror
           in
           Subjects
           take
           deeper
           impression
           ,
           whose
           nature
           is
           such
           that
           either
           they
           must
           be
           bound
           by
           benefits
           ,
           or
           by
           cruelty
           made
           sure
           from
           offending
           ;
           Example
           ,
           
             Dionysius
          
           and
           
             Agathocles
             .
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           VI
           .
        
         
           Of
           new
           found
           Monarchies
           and
           Principalities
           ,
           with
           the
           means
           to
           perpetuate
           them
           .
        
         
           SOme
           other
           Princes
           there
           are
           that
           from
           private
           Estate
           have
           aspired
           to
           Soveraignty
           not
           by
           unnatural
           or
           impious
           proceedings
           as
           the
           former
           ,
           but
           by
           vertue
           and
           fortune
           ,
           and
           being
           aspired
           have
           found
           no
           great
           difficulty
           to
           be
           maintained
           ;
           for
           such
           a
           Prince
           having
           no
           other
           dominion
           ,
           is
           forced
           to
           settle
           himself
           where
           he
           is
           become
           a
           Prince
           ;
           But
           here
           
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           that
           albeit
           such
           a
           man
           be
           vertuous
           ,
           yet
           wanting
           fortune
           ,
           his
           vertue
           proveth
           to
           small
           purpose
           ,
           and
           fortune
           without
           vertue
           doth
           seldome
           work
           any
           great
           effect
           .
           Howsoever
           it
           be
           ,
           a
           Prince
           being
           aspired
           ,
           both
           by
           the
           aide
           of
           the
           one
           and
           of
           the
           other
           ,
           shall
           notwithstanding
           find
           some
           difficulty
           to
           hold
           what
           he
           hath
           gotten
           :
           because
           he
           is
           forced
           to
           introduce
           new
           Lawes
           and
           new
           Orders
           of
           government
           differing
           from
           the
           old
           ,
           aswell
           for
           his
           own
           security
           ,
           as
           confirmation
           of
           the
           Government
           :
           for
           avoiding
           of
           which
           dangers
           he
           is
           to
           consider
           whether
           he
           be
           of
           himself
           able
           to
           compell
           his
           Subjects
           to
           obey
           ,
           or
           must
           pray
           in
           aide
           of
           others
           ;
           If
           he
           can
           doe
           the
           first
           ,
           he
           needeth
           not
           doubt
           ;
           but
           being
           driven
           to
           the
           other
           ,
           his
           greatness
           cannot
           long
           continue●
           for
           albeit
           a
           matter
           of
           no
           difficultie
           it
           is
           to
           perswade
           a
           people
           ,
           yet
           to
           make
           them
           constant
           ,
           is
           a
           work
           well
           neer
           impossible
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Thes●us
             ,
             Cyrus
             ,
             Romulus
             .
          
           The
           Second
           sort
           of
           new
           Princes
           are
           such
           as
           be
           aspired
           by
           favor
           or
           corruption
           ,
           or
           by
           the
           vertue
           or
           greatness
           of
           fortune
           or
           friends
           :
           A
           Prince
           by
           any
           or
           all
           these
           means
           advanced
           ,
           and
           desirous
           to
           hold
           his
           Estate●
           must
           indeavor
           by
           his
           own
           vertue
           to
           maintain
           himself
           without
           depending
           upon
           any
           other
           :
           which
           may
           be
           done
           by
           this
           means
           ;
           First
           ;
           to
           assure
           all
           enemies
           from
           offending
           .
           
           Secondly
           ,
           to
           win
           the
           love
           and
           friendship
           of
           so
           many
           neighbours
           as
           possibly
           he
           may
           .
           Thirdly
           to
           compass
           all
           designes
           tending
           to
           his
           honor
           or
           profit
           ,
           and
           bring
           them
           to
           pas●
           either
           by
           fraud
           or
           force
           :
           Fourthly
           ,
           to
           make
           himself
           honoured
           and
           followed
           of
           Captains
           and
           Soldiers
           .
           Fifthly
           ,
           to
           oppress
           all
           those
           that
           would
           or
           can
           offend
           .
           Sixthly
           to
           be
           obsequious
           &
           liberal
           to
           frinds
           ,
           magnanimous
           &
           terrible
           to
           Foes
           .
           Seventhly
           ,
           to
           c●sse
           all
           old
           and
           unfaithfull
           bands
           and
           entertain
           new
           .
           Eighthly
           ,
           to
           hold
           such
           Amitie
           with
           Kings
           and
           Princes
           ,
           as
           they
           ought
           reasonablie
           to
           favor
           him●
           or
           else
           they
           would
           offend
           ;
           easily
           they
           cannot●
           Example
           ,
           
             Giovannie
             ,
             Torrigiani
             ,
             Caesar
             Borgi●
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Third
           and
           last
           meanes
           whereby
           private
           persons
           doe
           aspire
           to
           Principalities
           ,
           is
           not
           force
           and
           violence●
           but
           meer
           good-will
           and
           favor
           of
           men
           .
           The
           cause
           or
           occasion
           thereof
           ,
           is
           only
           vertue
           ,
           or
           fortune
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           a
           certain
           fortunate
           craft
           and
           wittiness
           ;
           because
           he
           aspireth
           either
           by
           favor
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           or
           by
           favor
           of
           the
           Nobilitie
           ;
           for
           these
           contrary
           humors
           are
           in
           all
           Common wealths
           to
           be
           found
           .
           And
           the
           reason
           thereof
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           great
           men
           do
           ever
           endeavor
           to
           oppress
           the
           people
           ,
           and
           the
           people
           do
           labor
           not
           to
           be
           oppressed
           by
           them
           .
           Of
           these
           divers
           appetites
           one
           of
           these
           three
           
           ef●ects
           doe
           proceed
           ,
           
             viz.
          
           Principalitie
           ,
           ●iberty
           ,
           or
           Licencious
           life
           .
           Principality
           may
           come
           either
           by
           love
           of
           the
           multitude
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           great
           men
           :
           for
           when
           any
           of
           these
           factions
           do
           find
           it self
           oppressed
           ,
           then
           do
           they
           soon
           consent
           to
           make
           one
           a
           Prince
           ,
           hoping
           by
           his
           vertue
           and
           valor
           to
           be
           defended
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Francesco
             Sforz●
             ,
             Alessandro
             de
             Medici
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Prince
           in
           this
           ●ort
           aspired
           ,
           to
           maintain
           his
           Estate
           ,
           must
           first
           consider
           well
           by
           which
           of
           these
           factions
           aforesaid
           he
           is
           advanced
           :
           for
           if
           by
           favor
           of
           great
           men
           he
           be
           aspired
           ,
           then
           must
           he
           meet
           with
           many
           difficulties
           ;
           for
           having
           about
           him
           divers
           persons
           of
           great
           qualitie
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           were
           but
           lately
           his
           equals
           ,
           hardly
           shall
           he
           command
           them
           in
           such
           sort
           as
           it
           behoveth
           ;
           But
           if
           the
           Prince
           be
           advanced
           by
           the
           people●
           few
           or
           none
           shall
           hardly
           disobey
           him
           .
           So
           it
           appeareth
           that
           a
           Prince
           made
           by
           the
           multitude
           is
           much
           more
           secure
           then
           he
           whom
           the
           Nobilitie
           preferreth
           :
           for
           common
           people
           doe
           not
           desire
           to
           enjoy
           more
           then
           their
           own
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           defended
           from
           oppression
           ;
           but
           great
           men
           doe
           studie
           not
           only
           to
           hold
           their
           own
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           command
           and
           insult
           upon
           inferiors
           .
        
         
           
             Note
             that
             all
             Monarchies
             are
             P●incipalities
             ,
          
        
         
         
           
             But
             all
             Principalities
             are
             not
             Monarchies
             .
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           VII
           .
        
         
           Of
           Councils
           ,
           and
           Counsellors
           in
           general
           .
        
         
           A
           Senate
           or
           Council
           is
           a
           certain
           lawful
           assembly
           of
           Counsellors
           to
           give
           advice
           to
           him
           or
           them
           that
           have
           in
           the
           comon
           Weale
           Power
           Soveraign
           .
        
         
           A
           Counsellor
           is
           called
           in
           the
           Latine
           
             Senator
             ;
          
           which
           word
           signifieth
           in
           effect
           an
           old
           man
           :
           The
           
             Grecians
          
           and
           
             Romans
          
           also
           most
           commonly
           composed
           the●●
           Councils
           of
           ancient
           and
           expert
           persons
           ;
           for
           if
           they
           or
           the
           greater
           part
           of
           them
           had
           bin
           young
           men
           ,
           then
           might
           the
           Council
           have
           more
           properly
           bin
           called
           a
           Juvenate
           then
           a
           
             Senate
             .
          
        
         
           The
           chief
           and
           most
           necessary
           note
           required
           in
           a
           Counsellor
           is
           to
           have
           no
           dependance
           of
           any
           other
           Prince
           or
           Common-weale
           ;
           either
           Oath
           ,
           Homage
           ,
           Natural
           obligation
           ,
           Pention
           ,
           or
           reward
           :
           In
           this
           point
           the
           
             Venetians
          
           have
           bin
           ever
           most
           precise
           ,
           and
           for
           that
           reason
           ,
           doe
           not
           admit
           any
           Cardinal
           or
           other
           Clergieman
           to
           be
           either
           of
           or
           
           at
           their
           Councils
           ,
           therefore
           when
           the
           
             Venetian
          
           Sena●e
           is
           assembled
           ,
           the
           Usher
           being
           ready
           to
           shut
           the
           dore
           cryeth
           aloud
           ,
           
             Fuora
             Preti
             ,
          
           Depart
           Priest
           .
           ]
           Note
           also
           that
           in
           every
           state
           of
           what
           quality
           soever
           ,
           a
           secret
           or
           Cabinet-Council
           is
           mainly
           necessary
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           VIII
           .
        
         
           Of
           Councils
           in
           some
           particular
           Monarchies
           ,
           Aristocraties
           ,
           and
           Democraties
           .
        
         
           
             THe
             King
             of
             
               Spaine
               ,
            
             for
             the
             government
             of
             his
             Dominions
             hath
             seven
             Councils
             
               (
               viz
               )
            
             the
             Council
             of
             the
             
               Indies
               ,
            
             the
             Council
             of
             
               Spaine
               ,
            
             the
             Council
             of
             
               Italy
            
             and
             the
             Low
             Countries
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             War
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Orders
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Inquisition
             ,
             and
             the
             Council
             Royal.
             
          
           
             In
             
               France
            
             are
             three
             Councils
             
               (
               viz
               )
            
             the
             Council
             Privy
             ,
             the
             Council
             of
             Judges
             ,
             which
             they
             call
             Presidents
             
               et
               Conc●liers
               de
               Parlament
               ,
            
             and
             the
             great
             Council
             which
             they
             call
             
               assemblei
               d●
               troys
               estates
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Councils
             in
             Aristocraties
             .
          
           
             In
             
               V●nice
            
             beside
             the
             Senate
             and
             great
             
             Council
             are
             four
             Councils
             
               (
               viz
               )
            
             the
             Sages
             of
             the
             Sea
             ,
             the
             Sages
             of
             the
             Land
             ,
             the
             Co●ncil
             of
             Tenn
             ,
             the
             three
             presidents
             of
             Quarantia
             ,
             and
             the
             Senate
             :
             All
             which
             Councils
             do
             amount
             to
             120
             persons
             ,
             with
             the
             Magistrates
             .
          
           
             The
             great
             Council
             of
             
               Ragusa
            
             consisteth
             of
             60
             persons
             ,
             and
             hath
             another
             privie
             Council
             of
             12.
             
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Councils
             in
             Democraties
             .
          
           
             
               Genoua
            
             hath
             3
             Councils●
             the
             great
             Council
             of
             200
             ,
             the
             Senate
             which
             consisteth
             of
             60
             ,
             and
             the
             privie
             Council
             which
             hath
             26
             Counsellors
             :
             so
             it
             doth
             appear
             that
             in
             all
             Commonwealths
             ,
             be
             they
             Monarchies
             ,
             Aristocracies
             ,
             or
             Popular
             States
             ,
             The
             Council-privie
             is
             most
             necessarie
             and
             often
             used
             ;
             Also
             this
             difference
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             between
             the
             Councils
             in
             Monarchies
             ,
             and
             the
             Councils
             in
             
               Aristocracies
            
             and
             States
             Popular
             ;
             that
             is
             to
             say
             ,
             that
             all
             deliberations
             ●it
             ●o
             be
             published
             ,
             are
             in
             a
             Monarchie
             consulted
             and
             resolved
             upon
             in
             the
             Council
             privie
             ,
             and
             after
             ratified
             by
             Common
             Council
             ;
             But
             in
             Optimacies
             or
             popular
             government
             the
             Custom
             is
             contrary
             .
          
           
             Here
             also
             is
             to
             be
             noted
             that
             albeit
             the
             use
             an●
             Authorit●
             of
             ever●
             Senate
             and
             Privie
             
             Councel
             is
             most
             needful
             ,
             yet
             hath
             it
             no
             Authority
             to
             command
             but
             in
             the
             name
             of
             those
             in
             whom
             the
             Soveraignty
             resteth
             ;
             for
             if
             Councellors
             had
             power
             to
             command
             absolutely
             ,
             then
             should
             they
             be
             Soveraigns
             ,
             and
             consequently
             all
             execution
             at
             their
             pleasure
             ;
             which
             may
             not
             be
             without
             detracting
             from
             Majestie
             ,
             which
             is
             a
             thing
             so
             soveraign
             and
             sacred
             ,
             as
             no
             Citizen
             or
             Subject
             of
             what
             quality
             soever
             ,
             may
             touch
             or
             approach
             thereunto
             .
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           IX
           .
        
         
           Of
           Officers
           and
           Commissioners
           with
           their
           respective
           Distinctions
           .
        
         
           AN
           Officer
           is
           a
           person
           publick
           ,
           that
           hath
           charge
           ordinary
           and
           limited
           by
           Law
           .
        
         
           A
           Commissioner
           is
           also
           a
           person
           publick●
           but
           his
           charge
           is
           extraordinary
           and
           limited
           by
           Commission
           .
        
         
           Officers
           are
           of
           two
           ●orts
           ,
           and
           so
           be
           Commissioners
           ;
           the
           one
           hath
           power
           to
           command
           ,
           and
           are
           called
           Magistrates
           ;
           the
           other
           hath
           authority
           to
           execute
           :
           so
           the
           one
           and
           the
           other
           are
           persons
           publick
           :
           yet
           are
           not
           all
           publick
           persons
           either
           Officers
           or
           Commissioners
           .
        
         
         
           Commissioners
           are
           ordained
           to
           govern
           in
           Provinces●
           in
           Warr
           ,
           in
           Justice
           ,
           in
           disposing
           the
           Treasure
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           Function
           concerning
           the
           State
           ;
           but
           all
           Commissions
           do
           spring
           and
           proceed
           from
           the
           Soveraign
           ,
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           Commissioners
           .
           And
           here
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           that
           every
           Commission
           ceaseth
           if
           he
           that
           granted
           the
           Commission
           doth
           dye
           ,
           or
           revoke
           it
           ,
           or
           if
           the
           Commissioners
           during
           his
           Commission
           shall
           aspire
           to
           Office
           and
           Authority
           equall
           to
           his
           that
           made
           it
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           X.
           
        
         
           Of
           Magistrates
           ,
           their
           Qualifications
           and
           Elections
           .
        
         
           A
           Magistrate
           is
           an
           Officer
           having
           power
           to
           command
           in
           the
           State
           ;
           and
           albeit
           that
           every
           Magistrate
           be
           an
           Officer
           ,
           yet
           every
           Officer
           is
           not
           a
           Magistrate
           ,
           but
           they
           only
           that
           have
           power
           to
           command
           .
        
         
           Also
           in
           making
           of
           Officers
           and
           Magistrates
           in
           every
           Commonweale
           ,
           three
           things
           are
           specially
           to
           be
           observed
           
             (
             viz
             )
          
           who
           doth
           make
           them
           ,
           what
           men
           they
           are
           that
           should
           be
           made
           ,
           and
           the
           forme
           and
           manner
           how
           they
           are
           made
           .
        
         
           The
           first
           appertaineth
           to
           him
           or
           them
           in
           
           whom
           the
           Soveraigntie
           resteth
           ;
           the
           second
           also
           belongeth
           to
           Majestie
           ;
           yet
           therein
           the
           Laws
           are
           commonly
           followed
           ,
           especially
           in
           
             Aristocracies
          
           and
           States
           popular
           ;
           In
           the
           one
           the
           Magistrates
           are
           chosen
           out
           of
           the
           most
           wealthy
           or
           most
           noble
           :
           In
           the
           other
           ,
           elected
           out
           of
           the
           whole
           multitude
           .
        
         
           The
           forme
           and
           manner
           of
           choosing
           Magistrates
           in
           
             Aristocracies
          
           and
           States
           Popular
           ,
           is
           either
           by
           election
           ,
           by
           lot
           ,
           or
           by
           both
           ,
           and
           their
           Office
           is
           to
           compel
           those
           that
           doe
           not
           obey
           what
           Soveraigntie
           commandeth
           :
           for
           all
           force
           of
           Commandment
           lyeth
           in
           compulsion
           .
        
         
           Commandment
           likewise
           is
           of
           two
           sorts
           :
           the
           one
           may
           be
           called
           Soveraign
           and
           absolute
           ,
           above
           Lawes
           ,
           above
           Magistrates
           ,
           and
           above
           people
           .
           In
           Monarchies
           such
           command
           is
           proper
           to
           the
           Prince
           only
           ;
           in
           
             Aristocracies
          
           it
           resteth
           in
           the
           Nobility
           :
           and
           in
           
             Democracies
          
           the
           people
           have
           that
           power
           .
        
         
           The
           second
           Commandments
           are
           Subject
           both
           to
           Soveraignty
           and
           Law
           .
        
         
           Here
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           that
           every
           Magistrate
           may
           recall
           his
           own
           Commandement
           ,
           and
           forbid
           what
           he
           did
           Command
           ,
           yet
           cannot
           revoke
           that
           which
           he
           hath
           Judged
           .
        
         
           
             *
          
           Also
           in
           presence
           of
           the
           Soveraign
           ,
           all
           Authority
           of
           Magistrates
           ceaseth
           ;
           and
           in
           presence
           of
           great
           Magistrates
           the
           inferior
           have
           
           no
           power
           ;
           and
           Magistrates
           equall
           cannot
           doe
           any
           thing
           but
           by
           consent
           ,
           if
           his
           Colleagues
           or
           fellow-Magistrates
           be
           present
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XI
           .
        
         
           Observations
           intrinsically
           concerning
           every
           publick
           State
           in
           points
           of
           Justice
           ,
           Treasure
           ,
           and
           Warr
           .
        
         
           THe
           First
           concern
           matter
           Intrinsick
           .
        
         
           The
           Second
           touch
           matter
           Extrinsick
           .
        
         
           
             Matters
             Intrinsick
             are
             three
             .
          
           
             The
             Administration
             of
             Justice
             .
          
           
             The
             Mannaging
             of
             the
             Treasure
             .
          
           
             The
             disposing
             of
             things
             appertaining
             to
             War
             .
          
        
         
           
             Matters
             Extrinsick
             are
             also
             three
             .
          
           
             The
             skill
             how
             to
             deale
             with
             neighbours
             .
          
           
             The
             diligence
             to
             vent
             their
             designes●
          
           
             The
             way
             how
             to
             win
             so
             much
             confidence
             with
             some
             of
             them
             ,
             as
             to
             be
             made
             partaker
             of
             whatsoever
             they
             mean
             to
             enterprise
             .
          
        
         
           
             Touching
             Administratio●
             of
             Justice
             .
          
           
           
             The
             good
             and
             direct
             Administration
             of
             Justice
             ,
             is
             in
             all
             places
             a
             Principal
             part
             of
             government
             ;
             for
             seldome
             or
             never
             shall
             we
             see
             any
             people
             discontented
             and
             desirous
             of
             alteration
             ,
             where
             Justice
             is
             equally
             administred
             without
             respect
             of
             persons
             ;
             and
             in
             every
             State
             this
             consideration
             is
             required
             ,
             but
             most
             of
             all
             in
             Countries
             that
             doe
             front
             upon
             other
             Princes
             ,
             or
             were
             lately
             conquered
             :
             Hereunto
             the
             Princes
             vigilancy
             and
             the
             Magistrates
             uprightness
             are
             especially
             required
             ;
             for
             oftentimes
             the
             Prince
             is
             deceived
             ,
             and
             the
             Magistrates
             corrupted
             ;
             it
             behoveth
             also
             the
             Prince
             to
             maintain
             the
             Judges
             and
             Ministers
             of
             Justice
             in
             their
             reputation
             ,
             and
             yet
             to
             have
             a
             vigilant
             eye
             upon
             their
             proceedings
             ,
             and
             the
             rather
             if
             their
             Authority
             doe
             include
             equity
             ,
             and
             from
             their
             censure
             be
             no
             appeale
             ;
             and
             if
             their
             Office
             be
             during
             life
             ,
             and
             they
             are
             men
             born
             and
             dwelling
             in
             the
             same
             Country
             ;
             all
             these
             things
             are
             duly
             to
             be
             considered
             of
             the
             Prince
             ;
             for
             as
             to
             call
             the
             Judges
             into
             q●estion
             ,
             is
             as
             it
             were
             to
             disgrace
             the
             Judicial
             seate
             ;
             so
             to
             wink
             at
             their
             corruptions
             were
             matter
             of
             just
             discontent
             to
             the
             Subject
             ;
             in
             this
             case
             therefore
             the
             Prince
             cannot
             doe
             more
             then
             by
             his
             wisdom
             to
             make
             choise
             of
             good
             men
             ;
             and
             being
             chosen
             ,
             to
             hold
             them
             in
             good
             reputation
             so
             as
             the
             ordinary
             
             course
             of
             Justice
             may
             proceed
             ;
             for
             otherwise
             great
             disorder
             ,
             contempt
             ,
             and
             general
             confusion
             will
             ensue
             thereof
             .
             Secondly
             he
             is
             to
             keep
             his
             eye
             open
             upon
             their
             proceedings
             ;
             and
             Lastly
             to
             reserve
             unto
             himself
             a
             supream
             power
             of
             Appellation
             .
          
        
         
           
             Touching
             the
             Treasure
             .
          
           
             The
             want
             of
             money
             is
             in
             all
             States
             very
             perilous
             ,
             and
             most
             of
             all
             in
             those
             which
             are
             of
             least
             strength
             ,
             and
             doe
             confine
             upon
             Nations
             with
             whom
             they
             have
             commonly
             War
             ,
             or
             unassured
             peace
             ,
             but
             most
             perilous
             of
             all
             to
             those
             Governments
             which
             are
             remote
             from
             the
             Prince
             ,
             or
             place
             where
             they
             are
             to
             be
             relieved
             .
          
           
             
               The
               means
               to
               leavie
               Treasure
               are
               four
               .
            
             
               First
               ,
               the
               Customs
               and
               Impositions
               upon
               all
               sorts
               of
               Merchandize
               and
               Traffique
               is
               to
               be
               looked
               unto
               and
               advanced
               .
            
             
               Secondly
               ,
               the
               excessive
               eating
               of
               usury
               must
               be
               suppressed
               .
            
             
               Thirdly
               ,
               all
               super●luous
               charges
               and
               expences
               are
               to
               be
               taken
               away
               .
            
             
               Lastly
               ,
               the
               doings
               and
               accounts
               of
               Ministers
               are
               severally
               to
               be
               examined
               .
            
          
           
             Touching
             the
             matter
             of
             Custom
             and
             Impost
             ,
             
             thereof
             assuredly
             a
             great
             profit
             is
             in
             every
             State
             to
             be
             raised
             ;
             chiefly
             where
             Peace
             hath
             long
             continued
             ,
             and
             where
             the
             Country
             affordeth
             much
             plenty
             of
             Commodities
             to
             be
             carried
             out
             ,
             and
             where
             ports
             are
             to
             receive
             shipping
             .
          
           
             The
             moderating
             of
             Interest
             is
             ever
             necessary
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             in
             this
             age
             ,
             by
             reason
             that
             money
             aboundeth
             in
             
               Europe
               ;
            
             since
             the
             Trafficke
             into
             the
             Indies
             ;
             for
             such
             men
             as
             have
             money
             in
             their
             hands
             great
             plenty
             ,
             would
             in
             no
             wise
             imploy
             the
             same
             in
             Merchandize
             ,
             if
             lawful
             it
             were
             to
             receive
             the
             utmost
             usury
             ,
             being
             a
             course
             of
             most
             profit
             and
             greatest
             security
             .
          
           
             The
             taking
             away
             of
             superfluous
             expences
             is
             no
             other
             thing
             then
             a
             certain
             wise
             and
             laudable
             parsimony
             ;
             which
             the
             
               Romans
            
             and
             other
             well
             governed
             States
             did
             use
             .
             These
             expences
             consist
             in
             Fees
             ,
             Allowances
             ,
             and
             Wages
             granted
             to
             Ministers
             of
             little
             or
             no
             necessity
             ;
             also
             in
             Pensions
             ,
             Rewards
             ,
             Entertainmens
             and
             Donaries
             ,
             with
             small
             difficultie
             to
             be
             moderated
             ,
             or
             easily
             to
             be
             suppressed
             .
          
           
             
               *
            
             By
             abridging
             or
             taking
             away
             of
             these
             needless
             expences
             a
             marvelous
             profit
             will
             be
             saved
             for
             the
             Prince
             ;
             but
             if
             he
             continue
             them
             ,
             and
             by
             imposing
             upon
             the
             people
             doe
             think
             to
             increase
             his
             Treasure
             or
             Revenew
             ,
             besides
             
             the
             loss
             of
             their
             love
             ,
             he
             may
             also
             hazzard
             their
             obedience
             ,
             with
             many
             other
             inconveniences
             .
          
        
         
           
             Touching
             Warr
             .
          
           
             Whatsoever
             Prince
             or
             Common
             weale
             is
             Neighbor
             to
             any
             people
             which
             can
             ,
             will
             ,
             or
             were
             wont
             to
             offend
             ,
             it
             is
             necessary
             to
             have
             not
             only
             all
             things
             prepared
             for
             defence
             of
             his
             Person
             and
             Country
             ,
             but
             also
             to
             forecast
             and
             use
             every
             caution
             and
             other
             diligence
             :
             for
             the
             inconveniencies
             which
             happen
             to
             government
             ,
             are
             suddain
             and
             unlookt
             for
             ;
             yea
             the
             providence
             and
             provision
             required
             in
             this
             case
             ought
             to
             be
             such
             as
             the
             expences
             all
             other
             waies
             imployed
             must
             stay
             to
             supply
             the
             necessity
             of
             war
             .
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XII
           .
        
         
           Extrinsick
           observation
           ,
           shewing
           how
           to
           deale
           with
           Neighbor
           Princes
           and
           Provinces
           respectively
           ,
           how
           to
           prevent
           their
           designes
           ,
           and
           decypher
           their
           intendments
           .
        
         
           THis
           first
           point
           of
           matter
           extrinsick
           is
           of
           such
           quality
           as
           being
           well
           handled
           procureth
           great
           good
           ,
           but
           otherwise
           becometh
           
           dangerous
           ;
           for
           the
           proceeding
           must
           be
           diverse
           according
           to
           the
           diversitie
           of
           the
           ends
           which
           the
           Prince
           or
           Governor
           intendeth
           ;
           for
           if
           he
           desire
           to
           continue
           peace
           with
           his
           Neighbors
           ,
           one
           way
           is
           to
           be
           taken
           ;
           but
           otherwise
           ●e
           is
           to
           work
           that
           seeketh
           occasion
           to
           break
           ,
           and
           to
           become
           an
           Enemy
           to
           one
           or
           more
           of
           his
           Neighbors
           .
           If
           he
           do
           desire
           to
           live
           peaceably
           with
           all
           ,
           then
           he
           is
           to
           observe
           these
           Rules
           
             (
             viz.
             )
          
        
         
           First
           ,
           to
           hold
           and
           continue
           firmly
           all
           contracts
           and
           capitulations
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           to
           shew
           himself
           resolved
           neither
           to
           offer
           nor
           take
           the
           least
           touch
           of
           wrong
           or
           injury
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           with
           all
           care
           and
           favor
           to
           further
           Commerce
           and
           reciproke
           traffick
           for
           the
           profit
           of
           the
           Subject
           ,
           and
           increase
           of
           the
           Princes
           Revenue
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           covertly
           to
           win
           so
           great
           confidence
           with
           Neighbors
           ,
           as
           in
           all
           actions
           of
           unkindness
           among
           them
           he
           may
           be
           made
           Umpire
           .
        
         
           Fifthly
           ,
           to
           become
           so
           well
           bele●ved
           with
           them
           as
           he
           may
           remove
           such
           diffidences
           as
           grow
           to
           his
           own
           disadvantage
           .
        
         
           Sixthly
           ,
           not
           to
           deny
           protection
           or
           aid
           to
           them
           that
           are
           the
           weakest
           ,
           and
           cheifly
           such
           as
           do
           and
           will
           endure
           his
           fortune
           .
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           in
           Favouring
           ,
           Aiding
           ,
           and
           Protecting
           
           (
           unless
           necessity
           shall
           otherwise
           s●
           require
           )
           to
           do
           it
           moderately
           ,
           so
           as
           they
           who
           are
           to
           be
           aided
           ,
           become
           not
           Jealous
           ,
           and
           consequently
           seek
           Adherency
           elswhere
           ,
           which
           ofttimes
           hath
           opened
           way
           to
           other
           Neighbors
           that
           desire
           a
           like
           ●ccasion
           .
        
         
           
             How
             to
             prevent
             their
             designes
             .
          
           
             This
             Point
             in
             time
             of
             War
             is
             with
             great
             diligence
             to
             be
             looked
             unto
             ;
             also
             in
             time
             of
             Peace
             to
             prevent
             all
             occasions
             that
             may
             kindle
             Warr
             is
             behoveful
             ;
             for
             to
             foresee
             what
             may
             happen
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             a
             Prin●●s
             Profit
             or
             Reputation
             ,
             is
             a
             part
             of
             great
             Wisdom
             .
             The
             means
             to
             attain
             the
             Intelligence
             of
             these
             things
             are
             two
             .
          
           
             The
             First
             is
             by
             Friends
             ,
             the
             next
             by
             Espials
             ;
             the
             one
             for
             the
             most
             part
             faithfull
             ,
             the
             other
             not
             so
             assured
          
           
             These
             matters
             are
             well
             to
             be
             considered●
             for
             albeit
             the
             nature
             of
             man
             desireth
             nothing
             more
             then
             curiously
             to
             know
             the
             doings
             of
             others
             ,
             yet
             are
             those
             things
             to
             be
             handled
             with
             so
             great
             secrecy
             and
             dissimulation
             as
             the
             Princes
             intent
             be
             not
             in
             any
             wise
             suspected
             ,
             nor
             the
             Ministers
             made
             odious
             ;
             for
             these
             sometimes
             to
             win
             themselves
             reputation
             ,
             do
             devise
             causes
             of
             difference
             where
             no
             need
             is
             ,
             divining
             of
             things
             future
             
             which
             prove
             to
             the
             prejudice
             of
             their
             own
             Prince
             .
          
        
         
           
             To
             win
             Confidence
             with
             Neighbours
             .
          
           
             This
             is
             chiefly
             attained
             unto
             by
             being
             Loved
             and
             Honored
             ;
             for
             these
             things
             do
             work
             so
             many
             good
             effects
             ,
             as
             daily
             experience
             sufficeth
             without
             any
             express
             Example
             to
             prove
             them
             of
             great
             force
             .
          
           
             The
             waies
             to
             win
             Love
             and
             Trust
             ,
             is
             in
             all
             Actions
             to
             proceed
             Justly
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             to
             wink
             at
             Wrongs
             ,
             or
             set
             aside
             unnecessary
             revenges
             ;
             and
             if
             any
             thing
             be
             done
             not
             justifiable
             ,
             or
             unfit
             to
             be
             allowed
             ,
             as
             oftentimes
             it
             happneth
             ,
             there
             to
             lay
             the
             blame
             upon
             the
             Minister
             ,
             which
             must
             be
             performed
             with
             so
             great
             show
             of
             revenge
             and
             dissimulation
             by
             reproving
             and
             punishing
             the
             Minister
             ,
             as
             the
             Princes
             offended
             may
             be
             satisfied
             ,
             and
             beleive
             that
             the
             cause
             of
             unkindness
             proceeded
             from
             thence
             .
          
           
             Now
             only
             it
             resteth
             that
             somewhat
             should
             be
             said
             touching
             Provision
             ,
             to
             the
             end
             the
             people
             may
             not
             be
             drawn
             into
             despaire
             by
             Famine
             or
             extream
             Dearth
             of
             Victual
             ,
             and
             chiefly
             for
             want
             of
             Corne
             ,
             which
             is
             one
             Principal
             Consideration
             to
             be
             regarded
             ,
             according
             to
             the
             Italian
             Proverb
             ,
             
               Pane
               in
               Piazza
               ,
               Giustitia
               in
               Palazzo
               ,
               siverezza
            
             
             
               per
               tutto
               :
            
             whereunto
             I
             could
             wish
             every
             Prince
             or
             Supream
             Governor
             to
             be
             thus
             qualified
             (
             viz.
             )
             
               Facile
               de
               audienza
               :
               non
               facil●de
               credenz●
               ,
               desi●s●
               de
               spedition
               ,
               essemplare
               in
               costunii
               proprii
               ,
               &
               inquei
               de
               sua
               casa
               tale
               chevorra
               governare
               ,
               e
               non
               e●●er
               governato
               da
               altr●
               ;
               ●e
               della
               raggione
               .
            
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XIII
           .
        
         
           Observations
           confirmed
           by
           Authorities
           of
           Princes
           and
           Principalities
           ,
           Charactering
           an
           excellent
           Prince
           or
           Governor
           .
        
         
           EVery
           good
           and
           lawful
           principality
           is
           either
           elective
           or
           successive
           :
           Of
           them
           ,
           election
           seemeth
           the
           more
           ancient
           ;
           but
           succession
           in
           divers
           respects
           the
           better
           ;
           
             Minore
             discrimine
             sumitur
             Princeps
             quam
             qu●eritur
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           chief
           and
           only
           endeavor
           of
           every
           good
           Prince
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           the
           commodity
           and
           security
           of
           the
           Subjects
           ;
           as
           contrarywise
           the
           Tyrant
           seeketh
           his
           own
           private
           profit
           with
           the
           oppression
           of
           his
           people
           .
           
             Civium
             non
             servitus
             sed
             tutela
             tradita
             est
             .
             Sal.
             
          
        
         
           To
           the
           perfection
           of
           every
           good
           Prince
           ,
           two
           things
           are
           necessarily
           required
           
           
             (
             viz
             )
          
           Prudence
           and
           Vertue
           ;
           the
           one
           to
           direct
           his
           doings
           ,
           the
           other
           to
           governe
           his
           life●Rex
           
             eris●●i
             recte
             feceris
             .
             Hor.
             
          
        
         
           The
           second
           care
           which
           appertaineth
           to
           a
           good
           Prince
           ,
           is
           to
           make
           his
           Subjects
           like
           unto
           himself
           ;
           for
           thereby
           he
           is
           not
           only
           honored
           ,
           but
           they
           also
           the
           better
           governed
           ;
           
             Facile
             imperium
             in
             bonos
             .
             Plaut.
          
        
         
           Subjects
           are
           made
           good
           by
           two
           meanes
           
             (
             viz
             )
          
           by
           constraint
           of
           law
           ,
           and
           the
           Princes
           example
           ;
           for
           in
           all
           estates
           ,
           the
           people
           do
           imitate
           those
           conditions
           whereunto
           they
           see
           the
           Prince
           enclined
           ;
           
             Quiquid
             faciunt
             principes
             ,
             pr●ecipere
             videantur
             .
             Quintil.
             
          
        
         
           All
           vertues
           be
           required
           in
           a
           Prince
           ,
           but
           justice
           and
           clemencie
           are
           most
           necessary
           ;
           for
           justice
           is
           a
           habit
           of
           doing
           things
           Justly
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           himself
           as
           others
           ,
           and
           giving
           to
           every
           one
           so
           much
           as
           to
           him
           appertaineth
           ;
           This
           is
           that
           vertue
           that
           preserveth
           concord
           among
           men
           ,
           and
           whereof
           they
           be
           called
           good
           :
           
             ●us
             &
             ●equitas
             vincula
             civitatum
             :
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           
             *
          
           It
           is
           the
           quality
           of
           this
           vertue
           also
           to
           proceed
           equally
           and
           temperately
           ;
           it
           informeth
           the
           Prince
           not
           to
           surcharge
           the
           Subjects
           with
           infinite
           laws
           ;
           for
           thereof
           proceedeth
           the
           impoverishment
           of
           the
           Subjects
           and
           the
           inriching
           of
           Lawyers
           ,
           a
           kind
           ●f
           men
           which
           
           in
           ages
           more
           antient
           ,
           did
           seem
           of
           no
           necessity
           :
           
             Sine
             causidicis
             satis
             ●oelices
             olim
             fuer●
             futur●eque
             sunt
             urbes
             .
             Sal.
             
          
        
         
           The
           next
           vertue
           required
           in
           Princes
           is
           Clemency
           ,
           being
           an
           inclination
           of
           the
           mind
           to
           lenity
           and
           compassion
           ,
           yet
           tempered
           with
           severity
           and
           judgment
           ;
           this
           quality
           is
           fit
           for
           all
           great
           personages
           ,
           but
           chiefly
           Princes
           ,
           because
           their
           occasion
           to
           use
           it
           is
           most
           ;
           by
           it
           also
           the
           love
           of
           men
           is
           gained
           ;
           
             Qui
             vult
             regnare
             ,
             languida
             regnet
             manu
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           After
           Clemency
           ,
           Fidelity
           is
           expected
           in
           all
           good
           Princes
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           certain
           performance
           and
           observation
           of
           word
           and
           promise
           ;
           this
           vertue
           seemeth
           to
           accompany
           Justice
           ,
           or
           is
           as
           it
           were
           the
           same
           ,
           and
           therefore
           most
           fit
           for
           Princes
           :
           
             Sanctissimum
             generis
             humani
             ●onum
             .
             Liv.
          
        
         
           As
           Fidelity
           followeth
           Justice
           ,
           so
           doth
           Modesty
           accompany
           Clemency
           ;
           Modesty
           is
           a
           temperature
           of
           reason
           ,
           whereby
           the
           mind
           of
           man
           is
           so
           governed●
           as
           neither
           in
           action
           or
           opinion
           he
           over-deemeth
           of
           himself
           ,
           or
           any
           thing
           that
           is
           his
           ;
           a
           qualitie
           not
           common
           in
           fortunate
           folk
           ;
           and
           most
           rare
           in
           Princes
           .
           
             Super●ia
             commune
             nobilitatis
             malum
             .
             Sal.
             
          
        
         
           This
           vertue
           doth
           also
           moderate
           all
           external
           demonstration
           of
           Insolence
           ,
           Pride
           ,
           and
           
           Arrogance
           ,
           and
           therefore
           necessary
           to
           be
           ●nown
           of
           Princes
           ,
           and
           all
           others
           whom
           ●avor
           or
           Fortune
           have
           advanced
           :
           
             Impone
             ●oelicitati
             t●●e
             fr●enos
             ,
             facilius
             illam
             reges
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           But
           as
           Princes
           are
           to
           observe
           the
           bounds
           of
           Modesty
           ,
           so
           may
           they
           not
           forget
           the
           the
           Majesty
           appertaining
           to
           their
           supream
           ●onor
           ,
           being
           a
           certain
           reverend
           greatness
           due
           to
           princely
           vertue
           and
           royal
           State
           ;
           A
           grace
           and
           gravity
           no
           lesse
           beseeming
           a
           ●rince
           then
           vertue
           it self
           ;
           for
           neither
           overmuch
           familiarity
           ,
           nor
           too
           great
           austeritie
           ●ought
           to
           be
           used
           by
           Princes
           :
           
             Facilitas
             ●ntoritatem
             ,
             severitas
             amorem
             minuit
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           To
           these
           vertues
           we
           may
           apply
           Liberality
           ,
           which
           doth
           not
           only
           adorn
           ,
           but
           highly
           advance
           the
           honor
           due
           to
           Princes
           ;
           there●y
           also
           the
           good
           will
           of
           men
           is
           gained
           ;
           for
           nothing
           is
           more
           fitting
           a
           Princes
           nature
           then
           Bounty
           ,
           the
           same
           being
           accompanied
           with
           judgment
           ,
           and
           performed
           according
           to
           the
           laws
           of
           liberality
           ;
           
             Perdere
             multi
             sci●nt
             ,
             donare
             nesciunt
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           It
           seemeth
           also
           that
           Prudence
           is
           not
           only
           fit
           ,
           but
           also
           among
           other
           vertues
           necessary
           in
           a
           Prince
           ;
           for
           the
           daily
           use
           thereof
           is
           in
           all
           humane
           actions
           required
           ,
           and
           chiefly
           in
           matters
           of
           State
           and
           Government
           .
           
             Prudentia
          
           
           
             imperantis
             propria
             et
             unica
             virtus
             .
             Arist.
          
        
         
           The
           success
           of
           all
           wordly
           proceeding●
           doth
           shew
           that
           prudence
           hath
           compassed
           the
           prosperous
           event
           of
           humane
           actions
           ,
           more
           then
           force
           of
           arms
           or
           other
           power●Mens
           
             una
             sapiens
             plurium
             vincit
             manus
             .
             Eurip.
             
          
        
         
           Prudence
           is
           either
           natural
           ,
           or
           received
           from
           others
           ;
           for
           who
           so
           can
           counsel
           himself
           what
           is
           fit
           to
           be
           done
           ,
           needeth
           not
           the
           advice
           of
           others
           ;
           But
           they
           that
           want
           such
           perfection
           ,
           and
           are
           nevertheless
           capable
           ,
           and
           are
           willing
           to
           know
           what
           others
           informe
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           accompted
           wise
           enough
           :
           
             Laudatissimus
             est
             qui
             cuncta
             vid●bit
             ,
             sed
             laudandus
             est
             is
             qui
             paret
             rectè
             monenti
             .
             Hesiod
             .
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XIIII
           .
        
         
           Of
           the
           Princes
           intimate
           Counsellors
           and
           Ministers
           of
           State
           ,
           with
           their
           several
           Requisites
           .
        
         
           ALbeit
           the
           excellent
           spirit
           of
           some
           Princes
           be
           such
           as
           doth
           justly
           deserve
           the
           highest
           ●ommendation
           ;
           yet
           for
           that
           every
           course
           of
           life
           needeth
           the
           aid
           of
           men
           ,
           and
           
           the
           mind
           of
           one
           cannot
           comprehend
           the
           infinite
           care
           appertaining
           to
           publick
           affairs
           ;
           it
           behooveth
           Princes
           to
           be
           assisted
           :
           
             Magna
             negocia
             ,
             adjutoribus
             egent
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           These
           assistants
           may
           be
           properly
           divided
           into
           Counsellors
           and
           Ministers
           ;
           the
           one
           to
           advise
           ,
           the
           other
           to
           execute
           :
           without
           Counsel
           ,
           no
           Kingdom
           ,
           no
           State
           ,
           no
           private
           house
           can
           stand
           ;
           for
           ,
           experience
           hath
           proved
           that
           Common
           weals
           have
           prospered
           so
           long
           as
           good
           counsell
           did
           governe
           ,
           but
           when
           favor
           ,
           fear
           ,
           or
           voluptuosness
           entred
           ,
           those
           nations
           became
           disordered
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           end
           subject
           to
           slavery
           :
           
             Quiddam
             sacrum
             profecto
             est
             consultatio
             .
             Plato
             .
          
        
         
           Counsellors
           are
           men
           specially
           selected
           to
           give
           advice
           to
           Princes
           or
           Commonwealths
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           peace
           as
           in
           war
           :
           the
           chief
           qualities
           required
           in
           such
           men
           ,
           are
           Fidelity
           and
           Knowledg
           ;
           which
           two
           concurring
           do
           make
           them
           both
           good
           and
           wise
           ,
           and
           consequen●●y
           fit
           for
           Counsel
           ;
           
             Prudentis
             proprium
             m●nus
             rectè
             con●ulere
             .
             Arist.
          
        
         
           The
           election
           of
           Counsellors
           is
           and
           ought
           to
           be
           chiefly
           among
           men
           of
           long
           experience
           ,
           and
           grave
           years
           ;
           for
           as
           youth
           is
           fittest
           for
           action
           in
           respect
           of
           corporal
           strength
           ;
           so
           elder
           folk
           having
           felt
           the
           force
           of
           every
           fortune
           ,
           and
           observed
           the
           course
           of
           worldly
           proceedings
           do
           seem
           most
           meet
           for
           consultation
           :
           
           
             Consilia
             senum
             ,
             facta
             juvenum
             .
             Pla●●
             .
          
        
         
           Albeit
           we
           say
           that
           the
           excellency
           of
           wisdom
           should
           be
           in
           Counsellors
           ;
           yet
           do
           we
           not
           require
           so
           quick
           and
           fiery
           a
           conceipt
           as
           is
           more
           apt
           for
           innovation
           then
           orderly
           government
           .
           
             Hebet
             ●ores
             quàm
             acutiores
             meliùs
             Remp.
             a●ministrant
             .
             Thucyd.
             
          
        
         
           To
           Fidelity
           and
           Experience
           we
           wish
           that
           our
           Councellors
           should
           be
           endued
           with
           Piety
           ,
           Liberty
           ,
           Constancy
           ,
           Modesty
           ,
           and
           Silence
           ;
           for
           as
           the
           aid
           and
           assistance
           of
           God
           is
           that
           which
           governeth
           all
           good
           counsels
           ,
           so
           liberty
           of
           speech
           and
           magnanimus
           uttering
           of
           what
           is
           good
           and
           fit
           ,
           is
           necessary
           in
           Counsellors
           .
           Likewise
           to
           be
           constant
           and
           not
           to
           varie
           in
           opinion
           ,
           either
           for
           feare
           or
           favor
           ,
           is
           very
           commendable
           :
           Also
           as
           modesty
           in
           giving
           Counsel
           escheweth
           all
           offences
           ,
           and
           gaineth
           good
           will
           ;
           so
           secrecy
           is
           the
           best
           and
           most
           secure
           meanes
           to
           govern
           all
           publick
           affairs
           :
           
             Res
             magnae
             sustineri
             non
             possunt
             ab
             ●o
             qui
             tacere
             nequit
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           The
           first
           obstacle
           to
           good
           Counsel
           is
           ●ertinacy
           or
           Opiniativeness
           ,
           a
           condition
           far
           unfit
           for
           Counsellors
           ;
           yet
           some
           men
           are
           so
           far
           in
           love
           with
           their
           own
           Opiniastre
           conceipts
           as
           that
           they
           cannot
           patiently
           endure
           opposition
           .
           Secondly
           ,
           Discord
           must
           from
           Counsellors
           be
           removed
           ,
           because
           private
           offence
           
           many
           times
           impeacheth
           publick
           proceedings
           .
           Thirdly
           affection
           is
           an
           enemy
           to
           counsel
           ,
           the
           same
           being
           commonly
           accompanied
           with
           anger
           ,
           wherewith
           nothing
           can
           be
           rightly
           or
           considerately
           done
           .
           Lastly
           Avarice
           seemeth
           a
           vice
           worthy
           to
           be
           abhorred
           of
           all
           Counsellors
           because
           it
           driveth
           away
           both
           Fidelity
           and
           Honesty
           ,
           the
           principall
           pillars
           of
           all
           good
           counsell
           :
           
             Pessimum
             veri
             affectus
             et
             judicii
             venenum●
             utilitas
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           To
           good
           Counsell
           other
           impediments
           there
           are
           ,
           which
           square
           not
           with
           wisdom
           ;
           for
           all
           crafty
           and
           hazarding
           Counsells
           do
           seem
           in
           the
           beginning
           likely
           to
           succeed
           ;
           but
           afterwards
           and
           chiefly
           in
           the
           end
           do
           prove
           hard
           and
           of
           evil
           event
           .
           It
           therefore
           seemeth
           behovefull
           to
           be
           wary
           in
           resolving
           ,
           and
           bold
           in
           executing
           :
           
             Animus
             vereri
             qui
             scit
             ,
             scit
             tutò
             aggredi
             .
             Pub.
             
          
        
         
           An
           other
           let
           to
           good
           consultation
           is
           immoderate
           desire
           ,
           which
           every
           wise
           man
           must
           endeavor
           to
           restrain
           .
           
             Cupiditate
             pauca
             rectè
             fiunt
             ,
             circumspectione
             plurima
             :
             Thucyd.
             
          
        
         
           Thirdly
           haste
           ,
           is
           an
           Enemy
           to
           good
           deliberation
           ;
           for
           whoso
           greedily
           desireth
           any
           thing
           ,
           proceedeth
           rashly
           ;
           and
           rash
           proceeding
           endeth
           ever
           in
           repentance
           .
           
             Scelera
             impetu
             ,
             bona
             consilia
             morâ
             vales●unt
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
         
           
             Of
             Ministers
             of
             State
             .
          
           
             Having
             already
             spoken
             of
             Counsellors
             ,
             somwhat
             is
             to
             be
             spoken
             of
             Ministers
             ;
             I
             mean
             those
             that
             either
             publickly
             or
             privately
             serve
             the
             Prince
             in
             any
             function
             ;
             in
             choice
             of
             which
             men
             ,
             care
             must
             be
             had
             ,
             First
             that
             they
             be
             person
             honestly
             born
             ;
             for
             no
             man
             descended
             of
             base
             parentage
             may
             be
             admitted
             ,
             unless
             in
             him
             be
             found
             some
             noble
             and
             excellent
             vertue
             ;
             
               Optimus
               quisque
               Nobilismus
               .
               Plato
               .
            
          
           
             Secondly
             ,
             they
             ought
             to
             be
             of
             honest
             condition
             ,
             and
             of
             good
             ●ame
             ;
             for
             that
             common-weal
             is
             better
             and
             more
             secure
             ,
             where
             the
             Prince
             is
             not
             good
             ,
             then
             is
             that
             where
             his
             Ministers
             are
             evill
             .
             It
             seemeth
             therefore
             that
             Ministers
             should
             be
             men
             of
             good
             quality
             and
             blamelesse
             .
             
               Emitur
               sola
               virtute
               p●testas
               .
               Claud.
               
            
          
           
             Thirdly
             ,
             consideration
             is
             to
             be
             had
             of
             their
             Capacity
             and
             fitness
             for
             that
             Function
             wherein
             they
             are
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             for
             as
             some
             men
             are
             apt
             for
             learning
             ,
             so
             others
             are
             naturally
             disposed
             to
             arms
             .
             Also
             it
             is
             necessary
             that
             every
             one
             square
             with
             the
             office
             whereuntoh
             e
             is
             appointed
             ,
             in
             which
             matter
             some
             Princes
             have
             used
             great
             caution
             ;
             for
             as
             they
             little
             liked
             of
             men
             excellent
             ,
             so
             they
             utterly
             
             detested
             the
             vitious
             ;
             the
             one
             they
             doubted
             to
             trust
             in
             regard
             of
             themselves
             ,
             the
             other
             were
             thought
             a
             publick
             indignity
             to
             the
             State
             .
             VVise
             men
             have
             therefore
             resolved
             that
             those
             witts
             which
             are
             neither
             over
             haughty
             and
             singular
             ,
             nor
             they
             which
             be
             base
             or
             dull
             are
             fittest
             for
             Princes
             secrets
             and
             services
             ;
             howsoever
             we
             may
             hereof
             say
             with
             
               Tacitus
               :
               Nesci●
               quomodo
               Aulica
               hae●
               comitia
               affect
               us
               dirigit
               ,
               et
               fato
               quodam
               ac
               sorte
               nascendi
               ,
               ut
               caetera
               ,
               it
               a
               principum
               inclinatio
               in
               hos
               ,
               offensio
               in
               illos
               est
               .
               Tac.
               
            
          
           
             And
             because
             the
             course
             and
             quality
             of
             mens
             lives
             serving
             in
             Court
             ,
             is
             of
             all
             other
             the
             most
             uncertain
             and
             dangerous
             ,
             great
             heed
             and
             circumspection
             ought
             therein
             to
             be
             used
             ;
             for
             whoso
             serveth
             negligently
             forgetting
             the
             dutifull
             endeavors
             appertaining
             to
             the
             place
             ,
             seemeth
             to
             take
             a
             way
             of
             no
             good
             speed
             :
             
               Quanto
               quis
               obsequio
               promptior
               ,
               tanto
               ●onoribus
               et
               ●pibus
               extollitur
               .
               Tac.
               
            
          
           
             It
             shall
             also
             become
             such
             a
             man
             to
             look
             well
             unto
             his
             own
             profit
             and
             behave
             himself
             rather
             boldly
             then
             bashfully
             :
             
               Malus
               minister
               Regi●
               imperii
               p●dor
               .
               Sen.
               
            
          
           
             To
             be
             modest
             ,
             and
             closely
             to
             handle
             all
             actions
             ;
             is
             also
             a
             course
             well
             beseeming
             a
             Courtier
             ;
             neither
             shall
             he
             do
             well
             to
             attribute
             any
             good
             success
             to
             his
             own
             vertue
             or
             
             merit
             ,
             but
             acknowledg
             all
             to
             proceed
             from
             the
             Princes
             bounty
             and
             goodness
             ,
             by
             which
             meanes
             envy
             is
             eschewed
             ,
             and
             the
             Prince
             not
             robbed
             of
             his
             honor
             .
             
               Haec
               est
               conditio
               Regum
               ,
               casus
               tantum
               advers●s
               hominibus
               tribuant
               ,
               secundos
               virtuti
               suae
               .
               Prov.
               Emped
               .
            
          
           
             And
             to
             conclude
             these
             precepts
             summarily
             ,
             I
             say
             it
             behooveth
             a●l
             ministers
             and
             servants
             in
             Court
             to
             be
             patient
             ,
             wary
             and
             of
             few
             words
             :
             
               Fraudum
               sedes
               Aula
               .
               Sen.
               
            
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XV
           .
        
         
           The
           Art
           of
           ruling
           ,
           or
           Mystery
           of
           Regiment
           .
        
         
           TO
           governe
           ,
           is
           a
           certain
           skill
           how
           to
           command
           and
           continue
           Subjects
           in
           due
           obedience
           ,
           so
           as
           offend
           they
           ought
           not
           ,
           or
           if
           they
           will
           they
           cannot
           ;
           wherein
           two
           speciall
           things
           are
           to
           be
           considered
           
             (
             viz
             )
          
           the
           nature
           of
           Men
           ,
           and
           the
           nature
           of
           the
           State●
           but
           first
           the
           condition
           of
           the
           vulgar
           must
           be
           well
           conceived
           ;
           
             Noscenda
             natura
             vulgi
             ,
             et
             quibus
             modis
             temperanter
             hab●atur
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           disposition
           of
           divers
           men
           is
           ,
           some
           are
           apt
           to
           anger
           ,
           some
           are
           hardy
           ,
           some
           fearful
           ;
           it
           therefore
           behooveth
           the
           Prince
           to
           accommodate
           his
           government
           to
           the
           humor
           of
           
           people
           whom
           he
           governeth
           :
           
             Principis
             est
             virtus
             maxima
             nosse
             suos
             .
             Mart.
             
          
        
         
           Likewise
           the
           nature
           of
           Commonweals
           is
           mutable
           and
           subject
           to
           change
           ,
           and
           Kings
           are
           not
           only
           accompanied
           with
           fortune●
           but
           also
           followed
           with
           hate
           ,
           which
           breedeth
           a
           continuall
           diffidence
           ,
           chiefly
           towards
           those
           that
           are
           nearest
           to
           Majesty
           :
           
             Suspectus
             semper
             invisusq●e
             dominantibus
             quisquis
             proximus
             destinatur
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Moreover
           the
           vulgar
           sort
           is
           generally
           variable●
           rash
           ,
           hardy
           ,
           and
           void
           of
           judgment
           ;
           
             ex
             opinione
             multa
             ,
             ex
             veritate
             pauca
             judicat
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           To
           confirm
           a
           Government
           ,
           force
           and
           armes
           are
           of
           greatest
           necessity
           ;
           by
           force
           I
           mean
           the
           guards
           and
           armes
           which
           Princes
           use
           for
           their
           defence
           or
           ornament
           ;
           
             Miles
             in
             foro
             ,
             Miles
             in
             curia
             principem
             comitari
             debet
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           To
           this
           may
           be
           added
           fortification
           and
           strong
           buildings
           ,
           in
           these
           days
           much
           used
           by
           new
           Princes
           ,
           and
           others
           also
           to
           whom
           people
           yield
           ,
           not
           willing
           obedience
           .
           In
           ancient
           times
           Princes
           planted
           Colonies
           as
           well
           to
           suppress
           rebellion
           in
           conquered
           Countries
           ,
           as
           to
           front
           suspected
           neighbors
           :
           
             Coloniae
             vera
             sedes
             servitutis
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           government
           of
           Princes
           is
           also
           greatly
           increased
           by
           a
           vertue
           ,
           which
           I
           call
           a
           commendable
           
           affection
           in
           Subjects
           ,
           proceedi●g
           of
           love
           and
           authority
           :
           These
           effects
           do
           grow
           from
           the
           Princes
           own
           merit
           ,
           but
           their
           being
           liveth
           in
           the
           mind
           of
           the
           People
           ;
           this
           love
           is
           gained
           by
           lenity
           ,
           liberality
           ,
           and
           mercy
           ;
           yet
           is
           every
           of
           them
           to
           be
           tempered
           :
           
             Nec
             aut
             reverentiam
             terrore
             ,
             aut
             amorem
             humilitate
             captabis
             .
             Plin.
             
          
        
         
           Affection
           is
           also
           no
           way
           sooner
           won
           then
           by
           liberality
           ,
           the
           same
           being
           used
           with
           Judgment
           and
           Moderation
           .
           
             Bellorum
             sociis
             ,
             periculorum
             c●n●ortibus
             ,
             sive
             de
             te
             ben●
             ac
             fortiter
             —
             meritis
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           By
           ●ndulgence
           likewise
           and
           Princely
           affability
           the
           love
           of
           men
           is
           gained
           ;
           for
           the
           multitude
           desire
           no
           more
           then
           necessary
           food
           ,
           and
           liberty
           to
           use
           ordinary
           recreation●●Vulgo
           ,
           
             sicut
             pueris
             ,
             omne
             ludicrum
             in
             pretio
             est
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XVI
           .
        
         
           Of
           Princely
           Authority
           ;
           wherein
           it
           consists
           ,
           and
           how
           far
           to
           be
           extended
           and
           delegated
           .
        
         
           AUthority
           is
           a
           certain
           reverent
           impression
           in
           the
           minds
           of
           Subjects
           and
           others
           touching
           the
           Princes
           vertue
           and
           government
           ;
           
           it
           resteth
           chiefly
           in
           admiration
           and
           ●ear●Ingenita
           
             quibusdam
             gentibus
             ergareges
             ●uos
             veneratio
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           Authority
           consisteth
           in
           three
           things
           ;
           
             (
             viz
             )
          
           the
           form
           of
           Government
           ,
           the
           strength
           of
           the
           Kingdom●
           and
           the
           condition
           of
           the
           Prince
           ;
           for
           in
           them
           all
           reputation
           and
           ●ecurity
           resteth
           :
           
             Majest
             as
             imperii
             ,
             salut●s
             ●utela
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           Whoso
           desireth
           to
           governe
           well
           ,
           it
           behoveth
           him
           to
           use
           severity
           ,
           constancy
           ,
           and
           restraint
           ;
           for
           over
           much
           lenity
           introduceth
           contempt
           ,
           and
           certain
           hope
           of
           impunity
           ;
           the
           condition
           of
           men
           being
           such
           as
           canno●
           be
           restrained
           by
           shame
           ,
           yet
           it
           is
           to
           be
           commanded
           by
           fear
           :
           
             Salutaris
             s●veritas
             vincit
             inanem
             speciem
             clementiae
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Yet
           ought
           severity
           to
           be
           used
           with
           great
           respect
           and
           sparingly
           ,
           because
           over
           great
           terror
           breedeth
           desperation
           :
           
             Poena
             ad
             paucos
             ,
             metus
             ad
             omnes
             perveniat
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           To
           governe
           constantly
           is
           nothing
           else
           but
           to
           continue
           the
           old
           and
           antient
           laws
           in
           force
           without
           change
           or
           innovation
           unles
           exceeding
           great
           commodity
           or
           urgent
           necessity
           shall
           so
           require
           :
           for
           where
           extream
           punishments
           are
           used
           ,
           reformation
           is
           always
           needfull
           ;
           
             Nocet
             interdum
             priscus
             rigor
             &
             nimia
             severitas
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Also
           to
           restrain
           Authority
           is
           a
           matter
           of
           
           great
           necessity
           ●nd
           worthy
           a
           wise
           Prince●
           else
           he
           maketh
           others
           partakers
           of
           the
           honor
           and
           power
           to
           himself
           only
           due
           ,
           the
           same
           being
           also
           dangerous
           :
           
             Periculosum
             privati
             hominis
             nomen
             supra
             (
             immó
             &
             juxta
             )
             principes
             extolli
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           It
           seemeth
           also
           perilous
           that
           great
           Authority
           given
           to
           private
           men
           should
           be
           long●
           for
           thereby
           oftentimes
           they
           are
           made
           in●olent
           and
           apt
           to
           innovation
           :
           
             Libertatis
             sive
             principatus
             magna
             imperia
             diuturna
             sse
             n●
             sinas
             .
             Liv.
          
        
         
           Authority
           is
           also
           reinforced
           and
           enlarged
           by
           power
           ,
           without
           which
           no
           Prince
           can
           either
           take
           from
           others
           or
           defend
           his
           own
           :
           
             Parum
             tuta
             sine
             viribus
             majestas
             .
             Liv.
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XVII
           .
        
         
           Of
           Power
           and
           Force
           ;
           and
           how
           to
           be
           raised
           and
           maintained
           .
        
         
           Power
           and
           Stength
           is
           attained
           by
           these
           ●ive
           ways
           ,
           Mony
           ,
           Armes
           ,
           Counsell
           ,
           Friends
           and
           Fortune
           ;
           but
           of
           these
           the
           first
           and
           most
           '
           forcible
           is
           mony
           :
           
             Nihil
             tam
             munitum
             quod
             non
             exp●gnari
             pecuni●
             possit
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Next
           to
           mony
           armes
           are
           of
           most
           use
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           defend
           as
           to
           offend
           ;
           to
           keep
           ,
           as
           
           to
           conquer
           ;
           for
           oftentimes
           occasion
           is
           to
           be
           offered
           as
           well
           to
           take
           from
           others
           ,
           as
           to
           hold
           what
           is
           our
           own
           :
           
             Sua
             retinere
             privatae
             est
             domus
             ,
             de
             alie●is
             certare
             Regia
             laus
             est
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Also
           of
           great
           and
           necessary
           use
           is
           Counsell
           ,
           to
           devise
           how
           Arms
           ought
           to
           be
           employed
           or
           enforced
           :
           
             Arma
             concilio
             temperan●a
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Likewise
           Friends
           and
           Confederates
           do
           greatly
           increase
           the
           vertue
           of
           power
           ,
           the
           same
           being
           such
           as
           have
           both
           wit
           and
           ability
           to
           aid
           :
           
             In
             caducum
             parietem
             ne
             inclina
             :
             Adri
             .
          
        
         
           The
           last
           ,
           yet
           not
           the
           least
           part
           of
           power
           ,
           consisteth
           in
           Fortune
           ;
           whereof
           daily
           experience
           may
           be
           seen
           ;
           for
           the
           success
           of
           all
           humane
           actions
           seem
           rather
           to
           proceed
           from
           fortune
           then
           vertue
           .
           
             Omni
             ratione
             potentior
             fortuna
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           To
           these
           particularities
           concerning
           power
           ,
           we
           may
           add
           the
           qualities
           of
           the
           Prince
           ,
           which
           greatly
           grace
           his
           authority
           ;
           these
           are
           partly
           internal●
           and
           partly
           external
           ;
           by
           the
           one
           I
           mean
           the
           vertues
           of
           the
           mind
           ,
           by
           the
           other
           a
           certain
           seemly
           behavior
           and
           comly
           gesture
           of
           the
           body
           ;
           of
           the
           first
           kind
           I
           do
           suppose
           piety
           and
           providence
           to
           be
           the
           chief
           ,
           for
           piety
           maketh
           a
           Princk
           venerable
           ,
           and
           like
           unto
           God
           ;
           
             Oportet
          
           
           
             principem
             res
             divinas
             videri
             curare
             seri●
             &
             ant●
             omnia
             .
             Arist.
          
        
         
           Providence
           is
           a
           forecast
           and
           likely
           conjecture
           of
           things
           to
           come
           ,
           supposed
           to
           be
           in
           those
           Princes
           that
           in
           their
           actions
           proceed
           slowly
           and
           circumspectly
           ;
           it
           seemeth
           also
           a
           course
           of
           Princely
           discretion
           to
           be
           retired
           and
           not
           ordinarily
           to
           converse
           with
           many
           :
           
             Autoritatem
             absentiâ
             tueare
             .
             Suet.
             
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XVIII
           .
        
         
           Of
           Conspiracy
           and
           Treason
           ;
           with
           the
           Causes
           and
           ways
           of
           prevention
           or
           discovery
           .
        
         
           COnspiracy
           is
           commonly
           addressed
           to
           the
           Princes
           person
           ;
           Treasons
           are
           addressed
           again●t
           his
           Government
           ,
           Authority
           ,
           Country
           ,
           Subjects
           ,
           or
           places
           of
           strength
           .
           These
           Mischiefs
           are
           easily
           feared
           ,
           but
           hardly
           eschewed●
           for
           albeit
           open
           Enemies
           are
           openly
           encountred
           ,
           yet
           Fraud
           and
           Subtilty
           are
           secret
           foes
           ,
           and
           consequently
           not
           to
           be
           avoided
           :
           
             Occulta
             pericula
             n●que
             praevidere
             n
             q●e
             vitare
             in
             promptu
             ●st
             .
             Salust
             .
          
        
         
           The
           danger
           of
           conspiracy
           preceedeth
           of
           divers
           causes
           ,
           as
           Avarice
           ,
           Infidelity
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           Ambition
           in
           Servants
           ,
           and
           coruption
           
           in
           Soldiers
           ,
           therefore
           with
           great
           difficulty
           to
           be
           avoided
           :
           
             Vitae
             tuae
             dominus
             est
             ,
             quisquis
             suam
             contempsit
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Notwithstanding
           it
           seemeth
           that
           either
           by
           Inquisition
           ,
           Punishment
           ,
           Innocency
           ,
           or
           Destiny
           ,
           the
           evill
           affection
           of
           men
           may
           be
           oftentimes
           discovered
           :
           1.
           
           For
           whoso
           will
           curiously
           inquire
           and
           consider
           the
           actions
           and
           ordinary
           speeches
           of
           men
           (
           I
           mean
           those
           that
           be
           persons
           of
           honor
           and
           reputation
           )
           may
           oftentimes
           vent
           the
           Myne
           that
           lurketh
           in
           the
           minds
           .
           
             Quoniam
             raro
             nisi
             male
             loqunti
             male
             faciunt
             .
             Lips
             .
          
        
         
           2.
           
           Punishment
           is
           likewise
           a
           thing
           so
           terrible
           that
           the
           consideration
           thereof
           with
           the
           hope
           of
           reward
           doth
           often
           discover
           those
           dangerous
           intentions
           :
           
             Cruciaiu
             aut
             praemio
             cuncta
             pervia
             sunt
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           But
           as
           it
           is
           wisdom
           in
           Princes
           to
           give
           ear
           to
           informers
           ,
           so
           are
           they
           not
           always
           to
           be
           believed
           ;
           for
           Hope
           ,
           Envy
           ,
           Hate
           ,
           or
           some
           other
           passion
           oftentimes
           draws
           them
           to
           speak
           untruly
           .
           
             Quis
             innocens
             esse
             potest
             si
             accusare
             sufficit
             ?
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           3.
           
           The
           third
           and
           likeliest
           defence
           against
           conspiracy
           is
           the
           Princes
           own
           Innocency
           ;
           for
           never
           having
           injured
           any
           man
           ,
           it
           cannot
           be
           thought
           there
           liveth
           any
           Subject
           so
           lewde
           as
           will
           endeavor
           to
           hurt
           
           him
           .
           
             Fidelissima
             custodia
             principis
             ipsius
             in●ocentia
             .
             Pli●
             .
          
        
         
           4.
           
           The
           last
           and
           best
           bulwark
           to
           withstand
           the
           force
           of
           this
           mischief
           we
           call
           destiny
           ;
           which
           preceeding
           from
           the
           Fountain
           of
           divine
           providence
           ,
           may
           be
           truly
           called
           the
           will
           of
           God
           ;
           in
           whose
           only
           power
           it
           resteth
           to
           protect
           and
           defend
           good
           Pri●ces
           .
           
             Ille
             erit
             à
             latere
             tuo
             ,
             &
             custodiet
             pedem
             tuum
             n●
             capiaris
             .
             Salo.
             
          
        
         
           Treasons
           are
           most
           commonly
           enterprized
           by
           covetous
           persons
           ,
           who
           preferring
           private
           profit
           before
           fame
           or
           fidelity
           ,
           do
           not
           fear
           to
           enter
           into
           any
           impious
           action
           :
           To
           this
           humor
           ambitious
           men
           ,
           dissentious
           ,
           and
           all
           such
           as
           be
           desirous
           of
           Innovation
           ,
           are
           inclined
           :
           
             Pulcra
             loquentes
             iidem
             in
             pectore
             prava
             strue●tes
             .
             Hom.
             
          
        
         
           To
           these
           Offenders
           no
           punishment
           as
           equal
           to
           their
           impious
           merit
           ,
           can
           be
           devised
           ,
           being
           persons
           odious
           as
           well
           to
           friend
           as
           foes
           :
           
             Proditores
             etiam
             in
             quos
             antepo●unt
             ,
             invisi
             s●●t
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
      
       
       
         
           CHAP.
           XIX
           .
        
         
           Of
           publick
           Hate
           and
           Contempt
           ,
           with
           the
           occasions
           and
           means
           to
           redress
           and
           avoid
           it
           .
        
         
           HAving
           briefly
           touched
           the
           Vertues
           and
           Means
           whereby
           Princes
           are
           maintained
           ●n
           Authority
           and
           Honor
           ,
           let
           something
           be
           said
           of
           the
           causes
           from
           whence
           their
           ruine
           doth
           proceed
           ;
           the
           cheif
           whereof
           seemeth
           to
           be
           Hate
           and
           Contempt
           :
           Hate
           cometh
           of
           Feare
           ,
           which
           the
           more
           Common
           it
           is
           ,
           the
           more
           Dangerous●Nulla
           
             vis
             imperii
             tanta
             est
             ,
             quae
             prement●
             met●
             possit
             esse
             di●turna●
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           The
           causes
           of
           Feare
           are
           Punishments
           Impositions
           and
           Rigor
           ;
           and
           therefore
           it
           behooveth
           a
           Prince
           not
           only
           to
           shun
           them
           ,
           but
           to
           eschew
           those
           actions
           whereby
           he
           may
           reasonably
           incur
           their
           suspition
           .
           
             Sentias
             enim
             homines
             ut
             metuant
             a●t
             oderint
             ,
             ●non
             minus
             opinio●e
             &
             fama
             ,
             quam
             certa
             aliqua
             ratione
             moveri
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Yet
           Punishment●
           Imposition
           ,
           and
           Censure
           are
           in
           all
           States
           necessary
           ,
           although
           they
           shew
           and
           seem
           terrible
           ,
           and
           consequently
           breed
           a
           certain
           desperation
           in
           Subiects
           ,
           unless
           they
           be
           discreetly
           and
           modestly
           used
           ;
           
           for
           extreme
           and
           frequent
           punishments
           taste
           of
           cruelty
           ;
           great
           and
           many
           Imposts
           ●avour
           of
           Covetousness
           ;
           censure
           of
           manners
           when
           it
           exceedeth
           the
           quality
           of
           offences
           ,
           doth
           seem
           Rigor
           in
           these
           matters
           ;
           therefore
           it
           behooveth
           the
           Prince
           to
           be
           moderate
           and
           cautelous
           ,
           chiefly
           in
           Capital
           Punishment
           ,
           which
           must
           be
           confined
           within
           the
           bounds
           of
           Justice
           .
           
             Sit
             apud
             principem
             parsimonia
             etiam
             vilissimi
             sanguinis
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           But
           if
           for
           securitie
           sake
           the
           Prince
           be
           forced
           to
           punish
           ,
           let
           the
           same
           be
           done
           with
           shew
           of
           great
           sorrow
           and
           lothness
           :
           
             Tanquam
             invitus
             &
             magnocum
             tormento
             ad
             castigandum
             veniat
             .
             S●n
             .
          
        
         
           Let
           all
           punishments
           also
           be
           slowly
           executed●
           for
           they
           that
           are
           hastily
           punished
           do
           seem
           to
           have
           bin
           willingly
           condemned
           ;
           neither
           ought
           any
           Capital●
           Punishment
           to
           be
           inflicted
           but
           only
           that
           which
           is
           profitable
           to
           the
           Commonweale
           ,
           and
           for
           example
           sake
           .
           
             Non
             ●am
             ut
             ipsi
             pereant
             ,
             quam
             ut
             alios
             pereundo
             deterreant
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           In
           punishing
           also
           a
           special
           respect
           must
           be
           had
           ,
           that
           no
           shew
           of
           content
           or
           pleasure
           be
           taken
           therein
           .
           
             Formarabiei
             est
             sanguine
             &
             vulneribus
             gaudere
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Also
           in
           punishing
           equality
           must
           be
           observed
           ,
           and
           the
           nature
           of
           the
           punishment
           according
           to
           the
           Custom
           .
           
             Nec
             eisdem
             de
             causis
          
           
           
             alii
             plectantur
             ,
             alii
             ne
             appellentur
             quidem●
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           But
           in
           punishing
           publick
           offences
           wherei●
           a
           multitude
           have
           part
           ,
           the
           execution
           ought
           to
           be
           otherwise
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           at
           an
           instant
           ,
           which
           may
           haply
           seem
           terrible
           ,
           but
           in
           effect
           is
           not
           .
           
             Frequens
             vindicta
             paucorum
             odium
             reprimit
             ,
             omnium
             irritat
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Another
           meanes
           to
           satisfie
           a
           people
           offended
           is
           to
           punish
           the
           Ministers
           of
           cruelty
           ,
           and
           with
           their
           blood
           to
           wash
           away
           the
           common
           hatred
           .
           
             Piaculares
             publici
             odii
             victimae
             .
             Plin.
          
           By
           this
           King
           
             David
          
           did
           appease
           the
           
             Gibeonites
             .
          
        
         
           The
           next
           cause
           of
           discontent
           cometh
           of
           Impositions
           under
           which
           word
           is
           comprehended
           all
           levies
           of
           mony
           ,
           a
           matter
           nothing
           pleasing
           to
           people
           ,
           as
           that
           which
           they
           esteem
           equall
           to
           their
           own
           lives
           .
           
             Pecunia
             anima
             &
             sanguis
             est
             mortalibus
             .
             Plaut.
          
        
         
           First
           ,
           to
           remove
           hate
           conceived
           of
           this
           cause
           ,
           there
           is
           nothing
           better
           then
           publick
           expostulation
           of
           necessity
           :
           for
           what
           Commonwealth
           or
           Kingdom
           can
           be
           without
           Tributes
           ?
           
             Nulla
             quies
             gentium
             sine
             armis
             ,
             nec
             arma
             sine
             stipendiis
             ,
             nec
             stipendia
             sine
             Tributis
             haberi
             queunt
             ,
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           second
           remedy
           against
           Hate
           for
           impositions
           is
           to
           make
           moderate
           Levies
           and
           rare
           .
           For
           as
           
             Tiberius
          
           the
           Emperor
           was
           wont
           
           to
           say
           ,
           a
           Sheep
           should
           be
           fleeced
           not
           flead
           .
           
             Qui
             nimis
             emungit
             ,
             elicit
             sanguin●m
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           also
           to
           eschew
           the
           offence
           of
           People
           it
           behoveth
           the
           Prince
           to
           have
           a
           vigilant
           eye
           on
           Informers
           ,
           Promoters
           ,
           and
           such
           fiscal
           Ministers
           ,
           whose
           cruelty
           and
           covetous
           proceedings
           do
           oftentimes
           occasion
           great
           hate
           ;
           but
           this
           mischief
           may
           be
           ,
           though
           hardly
           ,
           encountred
           ,
           either
           by
           choosing
           honest
           Officers
           ,
           or
           (
           proving
           otherwise
           )
           not
           only
           to
           remaine
           them
           but
           to
           use
           them
           as
           spunges
           ,
           
             Exprimendi
             post
             qu●m
             biberint
             .
             Suet.
             
          
        
         
           In
           all
           impositions
           or
           Taxations
           ,
           no
           cruelty
           or
           force
           ought
           to
           be
           used
           ,
           the
           second
           cause
           to
           kindle
           hate
           :
           and
           to
           meet
           with
           that
           mischief
           ,
           nothing
           is
           better
           then
           to
           proceed
           moderately
           ,
           and
           without
           extremity
           .
           
             Ne
             Boves
             ipsos
             ,
             mox
             agros
             ,
             postremò
             corpora
             servitio
             aut
             poenae
             tradant
             ,
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           fourth
           remedy
           is
           the
           Princes
           own
           parsimony
           ,
           not
           giving
           so
           largely
           to
           private
           persons
           as
           thereby
           to
           be
           forced
           to
           take
           from
           the
           multitude
           .
           
             Magnae
             opes
             no●
             tam
             multa
             capiendo
             ,
             quam
             haud
             multa
             perdendo
             ,
             quaerunt●r
             .
             Maecaenas●
          
        
         
           The
           last
           help
           against
           hate
           is
           in
           taxation
           to
           proceed
           equally
           ,
           indifferently
           ,
           and
           without
           favor
           or
           respect
           ;
           and
           that
           the
           Assessors
           of
           Taxes
           may
           be
           elected
           of
           the
           meaner
           sort
           of
           people
           .
           
             Populus
             maximam
             fidem
             rerum
             suarum
             hab●t
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
         
           Touching
           Censure
           ,
           which
           we
           numbred
           amongst
           the
           causes
           whereof
           hate
           is
           conceived
           ,
           much
           needeth
           not
           to
           be
           spoken
           ,
           because
           the
           same
           is
           discontinued●
           or
           rather
           utterly
           forgotten
           ;
           yet
           doth
           it
           seem
           a
           thing
           necessary
           ,
           being
           a
           certain
           observation
           and
           controlement
           of
           such
           evill
           manners
           ,
           and
           disorders
           as
           were
           not
           by
           Law
           Corrigible
           ;
           these
           Officers
           were
           of
           the
           
             Romans
          
           called
           
             Magistri
             pudoris
             &
             mod●stiae
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           To
           the
           Function
           of
           Censures
           these
           two
           things
           are
           anciently
           subject
           Manners
           ,
           and
           Excess
           ;
           Under
           Manners
           I
           comprehend
           Wantonness
           ,
           Drunkenness
           ,
           Dicing
           ,
           Brawling
           ,
           Perjury
           ,
           and
           all
           such
           Lewdness
           as
           Modesty
           condemneth
           .
           These
           disorders
           were
           anciently
           punished
           by
           the
           discretion
           of
           ●ensors
           in
           all
           Ages
           and
           Sexes
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           that
           Idleness
           might
           be
           generally
           avoided
           .
           
             Vniversa
             plebs
             habeat
             neg●tia
             sua
             ,
             quibus
             àmal●
             publico
             detineatur
             .
             Salust
          
        
         
           Excess
           includeth
           Riotousness
           ,
           expence
           of
           Money
           ,
           Prodigal
           housekeeping
           ,
           Banqueting
           ,
           and
           Superfluitie
           in
           Apparrel
           ,
           which
           things
           are
           the
           mothers
           of
           many
           mischeifs
           .
           It
           also
           seemeth
           in
           some
           sort
           perillous
           to
           the
           Prince
           that
           the
           Subject
           should
           exceed
           either
           in
           Covetize
           or
           Consuming
           .
           
             Nemo
             nimis
             excedat
             ,
             sive
             amicorum
             copiâ
             ,
             sine
             opum
             .
             Arist.
          
        
         
           The
           punishment
           inflicted
           upon
           these
           sorts
           
           of
           offenders
           ,
           were
           either
           Ignom●ny
           ,
           or
           Pecuniarie
           punishments
           ,
           
             Censoris
             judicium
             d●mnato
             nihil
             affert
             nis●
             ruborem
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           first
           and
           chiefest
           meanes
           to
           remove
           these
           inconveniences
           ,
           is
           the
           Princes
           own
           example
           ,
           whose
           life
           being
           well
           censured
           ,
           easily
           reduceth
           others
           to
           order
           .
           
             ●ita
             principis
             censura
             perpetu●
             .
             Plin.
             
          
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           Those
           disorders
           may
           be
           taken
           away
           without
           danger
           ,
           if
           the
           Censures
           doe
           proceed
           by
           degrees
           and
           leasurely
           ;
           for
           the
           nature
           of
           man
           may
           not
           suddenly
           be
           altered●Vitia
           
             quaedam
             tol●it
             facilius
             princeps
             ,
             si
             eorum
             sit
             p●
             ti●n●
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           These
           are
           the
           cheifest
           rules
           whereby
           to
           eschew
           hate
           ;
           but
           impossible
           it
           is
           for
           any
           Prince
           or
           Minister
           utterly
           to
           avoid
           it
           ;
           for
           being
           himself
           good
           ,
           he
           incurreth
           the
           offence
           of
           all
           bad
           folk
           :
           if
           he
           be
           evil
           ,
           good
           men
           will
           hate
           him
           ;
           this
           danger
           therefore
           Wise
           and
           Vertuous
           Princes
           have
           little
           regarded
           :
           because
           hate
           may
           be
           gained
           as
           well
           by
           good
           as
           evil
           doing
           .
           
             Odia
             qui
             nimium
             timet
             ,
             regnare
             nescit
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           One
           other
           means
           to
           remove
           this
           error
           ,
           is
           ,
           to
           reward
           the
           good
           and
           well
           deserving
           Subjects
           ;
           for
           no
           man
           can
           think
           him
           cruell
           that
           for
           love
           to
           Vertue
           useth
           Austeritie
           :
           which
           wil
           appear
           when
           he
           bestoweth
           bountif●lly
           on
           the
           good
           .
           
             Praemio
             &
             ●oena
             Respublica
             continetur
             Solon
             .
          
        
         
         
           The
           other
           Vice
           which
           indangereth
           the
           State
           of
           Princes
           ,
           we
           call
           Contempt
           ,
           being
           a
           certain
           base
           and
           vile
           conceipt
           ,
           which
           entereth
           into
           the
           Subjects
           ,
           strangers
           or
           servants
           ,
           of
           the
           Prince
           and
           his
           Proceedings
           ;
           for
           the
           Authority
           of
           a
           King
           may
           be
           resembled
           to
           the
           powers
           of
           mans
           mind
           ,
           whereunto
           the
           hands
           ,
           the
           feet
           ,
           the
           eyes
           ,
           do
           by
           consent
           obey
           .
           
             Vires
             imperii
             in
             consensu
             obedientium
             sunt
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           The
           causes
           of
           Contempt
           do
           proceed
           chiefly
           from
           the
           form
           of
           Government
           ,
           Fortune
           ,
           or
           the
           Princes
           manners
           ;
           the
           form
           of
           Government
           becometh
           contemptible
           ,
           when
           the
           Prince
           desiring
           to
           be
           thought
           merciful
           ,
           ruleth
           rather
           pittifully
           then
           justly
           :
           which
           manner
           of
           proceeding
           taketh
           away
           all
           reverence
           in
           the
           people
           ,
           and
           in
           liew
           thereof
           entereth
           liberty
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           a
           certain
           boldness
           to
           offend
           ;
           
             Facultas
             faciendi
             quod
             cuilibet
             visum
             ,
             non
             p●test
             comprimere
             ingenitam
             si●gulis
             hominibus
             pravitatem
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Also
           to
           be
           Mutable
           ,
           Irresolute
           ,
           light
           and
           Inconsiderate
           in
           bestowing
           the
           Honors
           and
           Offices
           of
           State
           ,
           maketh
           the
           Prince
           contemptible
           ;
           
             Qui
             praesentibus
             fruitur
             ,
             nec
             in
             longi●s
             consultat●
             Arist.
          
        
         
           But
           if
           contempt
           be
           caused
           by
           Fortune
           ,
           or
           as
           may
           be
           said
           more
           reasonably
           ,
           by
           destiny
           ,
           and
           that
           those
           fri●nds
           do
           fail
           who
           ought
           in
           
           duty
           to
           defend
           the
           Prince
           and
           his
           Authority
           ,
           then
           is
           there
           small
           hope
           to
           eschew
           contempt
           .
           
             Fato
             obnoxia
             virtus
             .
             Pl●ut
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Princes
           manners
           do
           breed
           contempt
           ,
           when
           he
           yeildeth
           his
           affections
           to
           sensuality
           and
           sloth
           ,
           or
           if
           he
           incur
           the
           suspition
           of
           Simplicity
           ,
           Cowardise
           ,
           or
           any
           such
           Vice
           ,
           unworthy
           the
           Dignity
           he
           beareth●
           Common
           people
           do
           sometimes
           also
           disesteem
           the
           Prince
           for
           external
           and
           light
           causes
           ,
           as
           deformity
           of
           person
           ,
           sickness
           or
           such
           like
           .
           
             Mos
             vulgi
             est
             ,
             fortuita
             &
             externa
             ad
             culpam
             trahe●e
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XX
           .
        
         
           Of
           Diffidence
           and
           Dissimulation
           in
           the
           mannage
           of
           State
           Affairs
           .
        
         
           ALbeit
           roundness
           and
           plain
           dealing
           be
           most
           worthy
           praise
           ,
           chiefly
           in
           private
           persons
           ;
           yet
           because
           all
           men
           in
           their
           actions
           do
           not
           so
           proceed
           it
           behooveth
           Wise
           Men
           and
           Princes
           above
           others
           at
           occasions
           to
           semble
           and
           dissemble
           ;
           for
           as
           in
           all
           actions
           a
           Prince
           ought
           to
           be
           slow
           and
           advised
           ;
           so
           in
           consent
           and
           beleiving
           haste
           and
           facility
           is
           most
           dangerous
           ;
           and
           though
           credulity
           be
           rather
           an
           error
           then
           a
           fault
           ;
           
           yet
           for
           Princes
           it
           is
           both
           unfit
           and
           perilous
           .
           Wherefore
           it
           importeth
           them
           to
           be
           defended
           with
           this
           caution
           ,
           
             Nihil
             credendo
             ,
             atque
             omnia
             cav●ndo
             .
             Ci●
             .
          
        
         
           Notwithstanding
           he
           must
           not
           shew
           himself
           diffident
           or
           distrustful
           utterly
           ;
           but
           as
           I
           wish
           he
           should
           not
           over-slightly
           believe
           all
           men
           ,
           so
           ought
           he
           not
           for
           small
           causes
           distrust
           every
           man
           .
           
             Multi
             faller●
             d●cuerunt
             ,
             dum
             timent
             falli
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Dissimulation
           is
           as
           it
           were
           begotten
           by
           diffidence
           ,
           a
           quality
           in
           Princes
           of
           so
           great
           necessity
           as
           moved
           the
           Emperor
           
             Tiberi●●
          
           to
           say
           ,
           
             Nescit
             regnare
             ,
             qui
             nescit
             dissim●lare
             .
          
        
         
           The
           necessity
           of
           dissimulation
           is
           chiefly
           to
           be
           u●ed
           with
           strangers
           and
           enemies
           :
           it
           also
           sheweth
           a
           certain
           di●cretion
           in
           Magistrates
           sometimes
           to
           disguise
           with
           friends
           when
           no
           offence
           doth
           thereof
           follow
           .
           
             Do●i
             non
             sunt
             d●li
             ,
             nisi
             ast●
             colas
             .
             Plaut.
          
        
         
           This
           kind
           of
           craf●
           albeit
           in
           every
           mans
           conceipt
           not
           praisable
           ,
           is
           nevertheless
           tolerable
           ,
           and
           for
           Princes
           and
           Magistrates
           (
           the
           same
           being
           ●sed
           to
           good
           ends
           )
           very
           necessary
           .
           But
           those
           cunnings
           which
           are
           contrary
           to
           vertue
           ,
           ought
           not
           of
           honest
           men
           to
           be
           used
           :
           neither
           dare
           I
           commend
           Adulation
           and
           Corruption
           ;
           though
           they
           be
           often
           used
           in
           Court
           and
           are
           of
           some
           learned
           writers
           
           allowed
           .
           
             Decipere
             pro
             moribus
             temporum
             ,
             prudentia
             est
             .
             Plin.
             
          
        
         
           By
           great
           subtiltie
           and
           frauds
           contrary
           to
           Vertue
           and
           Piety
           ,
           I
           mean
           Perjury
           and
           Injustice
           ,
           which
           though
           all
           men
           in
           words
           detest
           ,
           yet
           in
           deeds
           are
           used
           of
           many
           ,
           perswading
           themselves
           by
           Cavillations
           and
           Sophistications
           to
           excuse
           the
           impiety
           o●
           their
           false
           Oathes
           :
           as
           it
           is
           written
           of
           
             Lysander
             ,
             Pueros
             ●●lis
             ,
             viros
             juramentis
             circumvenire
             solebat
             .
             Plut.
             
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XXI
           .
        
         
           Of
           Warr
           Defensive
           and
           Invasive
           :
           with
           Instructions
           touching
           Laws
           of
           Armes
           ,
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           Military
           Discipline
           .
        
         
           THe
           Art
           Military
           is
           of
           all
           other
           qualities
           most
           necessary
           for
           Princes
           ;
           for
           without
           it
           they
           cannot
           be
           defended
           ;
           force
           of
           men
           only
           sufficeth
           not
           ,
           unless
           the
           same
           be
           governed
           by
           Council
           ,
           and
           Martial
           Wisdom
           .
           
             Duo
             sunt
             quibus
             resp●
             servatur
             ;
             in
             hostes
             fortitudo
             ,
             &
             domi
             concordia
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Military
           knowledge
           concerneth
           Warr
           ,
           and
           every
           Warr
           is
           either
           Forreign
           or
           Domestical
           .
           Touching
           Forriegn
           it
           must
           be
           considered
           
           when
           it
           must
           be
           begun
           ,
           how
           to
           continue
           it
           ,
           and
           when
           to
           be
           ended
           ;
           to
           begin
           War
           ,
           a
           Prince
           is
           ,
           to
           take
           heed
           that
           the
           cause
           be
           just
           ,
           and
           the
           enterprise
           advisedly
           entred
           into
           .
           
             Sunt
             enim
             &
             belli
             sicut
             pacis
             jura
             ,
             j●st●que
             ea
             non
             minus
             ac
             fortiter
             gerere
             debes
             .
             Liv.
          
        
         
           The
           Laws
           of
           Arms
           are
           in
           all
           Common-weales
           to
           be
           duly
           observed
           :
           for
           to
           enter
           fight
           rashly
           and
           without
           respect
           to
           reason
           ,
           were
           beastly
           ;
           also
           to
           kill
           or
           slay
           would
           work
           no
           better
           effect
           ,
           then
           that
           all
           Nations
           should
           without
           mercy
           murder
           one
           another
           ;
           
             Barbarority
             coe●em
             coede
             ,
             &
             sanguinem
             sangnine
             expiare
             .
             Sal●
          
        
         
           No
           Warr
           therefore
           is
           to
           be
           made
           but
           such
           as
           is
           just
           .
           And
           in
           every
           just
           War
           these
           three
           things
           are
           to
           be
           looked
           into
           
             (
             viz
             )
          
           that
           the
           Author
           be
           of
           Authority
           ,
           that
           the
           cause
           be
           good
           ,
           and
           the
           end
           just
           ;
           for
           in
           all
           States
           ,
           the
           Prince
           ,
           or
           they
           in
           whom
           the
           Soveraignty
           resteth
           ,
           are
           the
           just
           Author●
           of
           Warr
           :
           others
           have
           no
           such
           Authority
           .
           
             Si
             quis
             privatim
             si●e
             public●
             s●ito
             ,
             pacem
             bellumve
             feceri●
             ,
             capitale
             esto
             .
             Plat●
             .
          
        
         
           Warrs
           are
           of
           two
           sorts
           :
           Defensive
           and
           Offensive●
           the
           one
           to
           resist
           ,
           the
           other
           to
           invade●
           against
           defence
           nothing
           can
           be
           said
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           natural
           and
           necessary
           .
           
             Est
             non
             modo
             justum
             sedetiam
             nec●ssarium
             cum
             vi
             vis
             illata
             defendi●ur
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
         
           Defensive
           Warr
           is
           of
           two
           sorts
           ,
           either
           to
           defend
           thine
           own
           ,
           or
           thy
           friends
           ;
           for
           it
           is
           reason
           that
           every
           one
           should
           keep
           securely
           that
           which
           to
           him
           appertaineth
           :
           and
           therewith
           also
           by
           Arms
           to
           defend
           the
           liberty
           of
           Country
           ,
           Parents
           ,
           and
           Friends
           .
           
             Nullum
             bellum
             à
             civitate
             suscipitur
             nisi
             aut
             pro
             fid●
             aut
             pro
             salute
             .
             C●c
             .
          
        
         
           The
           like
           reason
           leadeth
           us
           to
           assist
           and
           protect
           friends
           :
           for
           the
           common
           obligation
           of
           humane
           society
           doth
           so
           require
           .
           
             Qui
             enim
             non
             obsistit
             si
             potest
             ,
             injuriae
             ,
             tam
             est
             in
             viti●
             ,
             quam
             si
             parentes
             aut
             patriam
             ,
             aut
             socios
             deserat
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Invasion
           is
           also
           just
           and
           allowable
           ,
           but
           not
           ever
           ;
           for
           who
           so
           hath
           bin
           robbed
           ,
           or
           spoiled
           of
           his
           Lands
           ,
           or
           Goods
           ,
           may
           lawfully
           seek
           repossession
           by
           force
           :
           yet
           so●
           as
           before
           any
           force
           be
           used
           ,
           he
           first
           civilly
           seek
           restitution
           ,
           wherein
           if
           Justice
           be
           denied
           ,
           then
           is
           the
           use
           of
           Arms
           necessary
           :
           
             ●ustum
             bellum
             quib●s
             necessarium
             ;
             &
             pia
             arm●
             quibus
             nulla
             nisi
             in
             armis
             relinquitur
             spes
             .
             Liv.
          
        
         
           Likewise
           invasion
           is
           lawfull
           against
           Barbarians
           ,
           whose
           Religion
           and
           Impiety
           ought
           to
           be
           abhorred
           ,
           chiefly
           if
           they
           be
           potent
           and
           apt
           to
           offend
           ;
           for
           the
           cause
           of
           such
           Warr
           is
           compulsion
           and
           suppression
           of
           evil
           .
           
             Cui
             lioenti●
             iniquitatis
             eripitur
             ,
             utiliter
             vincitur
             .
             August
             .
          
        
         
         
           Finally
           ,
           To
           conclude
           this
           matter
           of
           in●asion
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           That
           no
           revenge
           ,
           no
           desire
           of
           ●onor
           or
           Empire
           ,
           are
           any
           lawful
           causes
           of
           ●ar
           ;
           but
           the
           intent
           thereof
           ought
           to
           be
           ●irected
           onely
           to
           def●nce
           and
           security
           :
           For
           ●ise
           men
           do
           take
           arms
           to
           win
           Peace
           ,
           and
           ●n
           hope
           of
           rest
           they
           endure
           travel
           .
           
             Ita
             bil●um
             suscipiatur
             u●
             nihil
             aliud
             quam
             pax
             ●uaesita
             vid●atur
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Having
           said
           somewhat
           against
           unjust
           ●ar
           ,
           let
           us
           speak
           of
           temerity
           and
           unad●ised
           War
           ,
           an
           enterprise
           worthy
           discom●endation
           .
           
             Omnes
             bellum
             sumunt
             facil●
             ,
             ●gerrimè
             de●inunt
             :
             n●c
             in
             ejusdem
             pot●state
             in●tium
             &
             finis
             est
             .
             Sal.
             
          
        
         
           A
           wise
           Prince
           therefore
           ought
           neither
           to
           undertake
           any
           unlawful
           invasion
           nor
           without
           sober
           and
           mature
           deliberation
           enter
           ●nto
           any
           War
           ,
           as
           he
           that
           is
           unwilling
           to
           offend
           ,
           yet
           of
           courage
           e●ough
           to
           defend
           .
           
             Nec
             pr●voces
             bellum
             ,
             nec
             timeas
             .
             Plin.
             
          
        
         
           To
           make
           War
           ,
           three
           things
           are
           required
           .
           Money
           ,
           Men
           ,
           and
           Arms
           ;
           and
           to
           maintain
           a
           War
           ,
           Provision
           and
           Council
           are
           needful
           :
           Therefore
           a
           wise
           Prince
           before
           he
           begins
           a
           War
           ,
           doth
           carefully
           consider
           what
           forces
           and
           charge
           thereunto
           belongeth
           .
           
             Diu
             ●pparandum
             est
             bellum
             ,
             ut
             vincas
             melius
             .
             Pub.
             
          
        
         
           Above
           all
           other
           Provisions
           ,
           car●
           must
           be
           
           had
           ,
           that
           Bread
           be
           not
           wanting
           ;
           for
           without
           it
           ,
           neither
           victory
           nor
           life
           can
           be
           looked
           for
           .
           
             Qui
             frumentum
             necessariumque
             commeatum
             non
             praepar●t
             ,
             vincitur
             sine
             ferro●
             Vegetius
             .
          
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           it
           behoveth
           a
           Prince
           always
           to
           have
           Arms
           in
           readiness
           ,
           I
           mean
           ,
           Harness
           ,
           Horses
           ,
           Weapons
           ,
           Artillery
           ,
           Engines
           ,
           Powder
           ,
           and
           every
           other
           thing
           necessary
           either
           for
           service
           on
           Horse
           or
           Foot
           :
           We
           may
           adde
           hereunto
           Ships
           ,
           and
           Shipping
           of
           all
           sorts
           ,
           with
           every
           furniture
           of
           offence
           or
           defence
           ;
           for
           these
           preparations
           make
           a
           Prince
           formidable
           ,
           because
           no
           man
           dare
           do
           or
           attempt
           injury
           to
           that
           King
           or
           people
           where
           preparation
           is
           ever
           ready
           to
           revenge
           .
           
             Qui
             de●iderat
             pacem
             ,
             praeparat
             bellum●
             Ca●●
             .
          
        
         
           By
           men
           we
           mean
           a
           multitude
           of
           Subjects
           armed
           ,
           trained
           to
           defend
           or
           offend
           :
           These
           are
           of
           two
           sorts
           ,
           Captains
           and
           Soldiers
           ;
           and
           Soldiers
           are
           either
           Footmen
           or
           Horsemen●
           the
           one
           of
           great
           use
           in
           the
           Champion
           ,
           the
           other
           in
           Mountainous
           places
           ;
           also
           for
           defence
           or
           assault
           of
           Towns
           or
           Grounds
           fortified
           most
           necessary
           ,
           and
           consequently
           meet
           for
           service
           in
           all
           places
           ,
           which
           moved
           
             Tacitus
          
           to
           say
           ,
           
             Omne
             in
             pedite
             robur
             ,
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           For
           sudden
           service
           ,
           Horses
           do
           seem
           most
           
           ●eet
           ,
           and
           the
           execution
           of
           any
           enterprise
           ●s
           by
           them
           most
           speedily
           performed
           :
           Ne●ertheless
           the
           actions
           of
           ●ootmen
           do
           seem
           more
           certainly
           executed
           ,
           chiefly
           if
           they
           be
           well
           armed
           ,
           and
           skilfully
           led
           ;
           for
           so
           ex●erience
           hath
           of
           late
           time
           proved
           ;
           be●ides
           ,
           ●hat
           they
           are
           of
           less
           expence
           and
           of
           greater
           ●umber
           .
           
             In
             universum
             aestimanti
             plus
             in
             ●edite
             robur●
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Having
           thus
           proved
           ,
           that
           both
           Horse
           and
           ●oot
           be
           necessary
           ;
           let
           us
           remember
           ,
           that
           ●nless
           they
           be
           serviceable●
           great
           numbers
           ●re
           to
           small
           purpose
           .
           
             Manibus
             opus
             est
             bello
             ,
             ●on
             multis
             nominibus
             ,
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           To
           make
           Soldiers
           serviceable
           ,
           consisteth
           ●n
           good
           choice
           and
           good
           Discipline
           ;
           the
           one
           at
           this
           day
           little
           regarded
           .
           
             Emunt
             mili●em
             ,
             non
             legunt
             ,
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Soldiers
           ought
           to
           be
           elected
           out
           of
           the
           most
           honest
           and
           able
           number
           of
           Bodies
           ;
           and
           every
           Company
           composed
           of
           men
           known
           one
           to
           the
           other
           ;
           for
           thereby
           they
           are
           made
           the
           more
           confident
           :
           But
           hereof
           is
           small
           heed
           taken
           ;
           for
           commonly
           they
           are
           
             Purgamenta
             urbium
             suarum
             ,
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           Touching
           Discipline
           ,
           it
           seemeth
           that
           thereof
           the
           external
           Form
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           certain
           Substance
           ,
           is
           observed
           :
           For
           as
           in
           former
           ages
           ,
           Soldiers
           endeavoured
           to
           be
           vertuous
           and
           modest
           ,
           so
           now
           they
           rather
           study
           
           to
           excel
           in
           Riot
           ,
           then
           in
           Martial
           knowledge
           .
           
             Ex●ercitus
             lingua
             quam
             manu
             promptior●
             praedator
             est
             sociis
             ,
             &
             ipse
             praeda
             hostium●
             Sal.
             
          
        
         
           For
           as
           much
           as
           Soldiers
           are
           made
           good
           by
           election
           and
           choice
           ,
           it
           seemeth
           that
           the
           foundation
           and
           ground
           of
           service
           consisteth
           in
           the
           discretion
           and
           judgment
           o●
           those
           that
           have
           authority
           to
           make
           Election
           ;
           yet
           will
           we
           adde
           ,
           that
           they
           must
           be
           chosen
           of
           natural
           Subjects●
           for
           strangers
           are
           covetous
           ,
           and
           consequently
           corruptible
           ;
           they
           are
           also
           mutinous
           and
           cowardly
           :
           Thei●
           custom
           likewise
           is
           to
           rob
           ,
           burn
           ,
           and
           spoyl
           both
           friends
           and
           foes
           ,
           and
           to
           consume
           the
           Princes
           treasure
           .
           
             Ossa
             vides
             regum
             vacui●
             ex●ucta
             medullis●
             Juven.
          
        
         
           But
           the
           Native
           Soldier
           is
           faithful
           and
           obedient●
           resolute
           in
           fight
           ,
           loving
           to
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           loyal
           to
           his
           Prince
           .
           
             Gent●●
             quae
             sub
             regibus
             s●nt
             ,
             pro
             Deo
             col●nt
             .
             Curt●
          
        
         
           Native
           Soldiers
           are
           of
           two
           sorts
           ,
           
             (
             viz.
             )
          
           They
           that
           be
           in
           continual
           pay
           ,
           and
           they
           that
           are
           trained
           ready
           to
           serve
           ,
           but
           do
           notwithstanding
           attend
           their
           own
           private
           affairs
           ,
           until
           they
           be
           called
           :
           The
           first
           are
           for
           all
           Princes
           necessary
           .
           
             In
             pace
             decus
             ,
             in
             bello
             prae●idiu●
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Of
           this
           sort
           no
           great
           number
           ought
           to
           be
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           ●schew
           disorder
           ,
           as
           also
           to
           
           save
           expences
           .
           The
           second
           kinde
           of
           foot
           Soldiers
           are
           to
           be
           levied
           in
           Villages
           ,
           as
           people
           more
           patient
           of
           pains
           ,
           and
           fit
           for
           the
           Wars
           ;
           yet
           so
           judiciously
           disposed
           as
           the
           Citizens
           .
           
             Odio
             praesentium
             &
             non
             cupidine
             mutationis
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Touching
           the
           number
           of
           these
           extraordinary
           Soldiers
           ,
           that
           must
           be
           referred
           to
           discretion
           :
           
             Bellum
             parare
             ,
             simul
             &
             aerario
             parcere
             .
          
        
         
           To
           conclude
           ,
           I
           say
           these
           numbers
           of
           ordinary
           and
           extraordinary
           foot
           ought
           to
           be
           according
           to
           the
           number
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           not
           inserting
           any
           Gentlemen
           ;
           for
           service
           on
           hors-back
           is
           to
           them
           onely
           proper
           .
           
             Alas
             rusticis
             non
             tribu●
             ;
             in
             nobilitatem
             &
             in
             divites
             haec
             à
             pauperibus
             onera
             inclines
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           The
           most
           certain
           notes
           whereby
           to
           conceive
           the
           disposition
           of
           men
           fit
           to
           become
           Soldiers
           ,
           are
           these
           five
           .
           The
           Country
           where
           they
           are
           born
           ,
           their
           age
           ,
           proportion
           of
           body
           ,
           their
           quality
           of
           minde
           ,
           and
           their
           faculty
           .
           Touching
        
         
           First
           ,
           The
           Countrey
           ,
           it
           is
           a
           thing
           apparently
           proved
           ,
           that
           Mouutainous
           Regions
           ,
           or
           barren
           places
           ,
           and
           Northern
           habitations
           do
           breed
           wits
           well
           disposed
           to
           the
           War
           .
           
             Locorum
             asperitas
             hominum
             quoque
             ingenia
             durat
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           The
           Age
           most
           apt
           for
           the
           War
           ,
           
           was
           anciently
           observed
           to
           be
           about
           eighteen
           years
           ,
           and
           so
           the
           
             Romans
          
           used
           .
           
             Facilius
             est
             ad
             virtutem
             instruere
             novos
             milites
             ,
             quàm
             revocare
             pr●eteritos
             .
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           Thirdly●
           The
           stature
           of
           a
           Soldier
           ought
           to
           be
           observed
           :
           
             Marius
          
           liked
           best
           the
           longest
           Bodies
           ;
           
             Pyrrhus
          
           preferred
           large
           and
           well
           proportioned
           men
           ;
           but
           
             Vegetius
          
           in
           his
           choice
           ,
           rather
           esteems
           strength
           then
           stature
           :
           
             ●t●lius
             est
             fo●tes
             milites
             ●sse
             quàm
             grande●
             .
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           The
           Minde
           or
           Spirit
           of
           a
           Soldier
           ought
           to
           be
           enosidered
           ;
           for
           that
           Minde
           which
           is
           quick
           ,
           nimble
           ,
           bold
           ,
           and
           con●ident
           ,
           seemeth
           apt
           for
           War
           :
           He
           is
           also
           of
           good
           hope●
           that
           loveth
           honor
           more
           then
           ease
           or
           profit
           :
           In
           brief
           ,
           
             Is
             qui
             nihil
             metuit
             nisi
             turp●m
             ●amam
             .
             Sal.
             
          
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           it
           is
           to
           be
           marked
           in
           what
           art
           or
           faculty
           a
           man
           hath
           been
           bred
           :
           for
           it
           may
           be
           presumed
           that
           Fishers
           ,
           Fowlers
           ,
           Cooks
           ,
           and
           others
           trained
           up
           in
           effeminate
           arts
           are
           unfit
           for
           Martial
           endeavor
           :
           And
           as
           these
           men
           were
           in
           respect
           of
           their
           trade
           thought
           unme●t
           so
           in
           old
           time
           ,
           slaves
           and
           masterless
           men
           were
           repulsed
           from
           arms
           ,
           as
           persons
           in●amous
           .
           
             Sed
             nunc
             tales
             sociantur
             armis
             quales
             Domini
             haber●●astidiunt
             .
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           How
           Soldiers
           ought
           to
           be
           chosen
           ,
           these
           few
           words
           we
           have
           spoken
           ,
           may
           su●fice
           .
           Let
           
           us
           therefore
           say
           somewhat
           of
           Discipline
           .
           Choice
           findeth
           out
           Soldiers
           ,
           but
           Discipline
           doth
           make
           and
           continue
           them
           fit
           for
           service
           .
           
             Paucos
             viros
             fortes
             natura
             procreat
             ,
             b●na
             institutione
             plures
             redda●
             indu●●ria
             :
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           Discipline
           is
           a
           certain
           severe
           confirmation
           
           of
           Soldiers
           in
           their
           Valor
           and
           Vertue
           ,
           and
           is
           performed
           by
           four
           means
           ,
           Exercise
           ,
           Order
           ,
           Compulsion
           ,
           and
           Example
           .
           The
           two
           first
           appertain
           to
           Valor
           ,
           the
           third
           to
           Vertue
           ,
           the
           last
           to
           both
           :
           But
           of
           Exercise
           ,
           first
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           That
           a
           Soldier
           being
           chosen
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           informed
           in
           Arms
           ,
           and
           used
           in
           Exercise
           and
           Action
           ;
           the
           word
           
             exerciti●m
          
           impor●eth
           nothing
           else
           .
           
             Exercit●●
             dic●tur
             quod
             melius
             fit
             exercitando
             .
             Varro
          
        
         
           Order
           consisteth
           in
           dividing
           ,
           disposing
           ,
           and
           placing
           of
           men
           aptly
           at
           all
           occasions
           to
           be
           commanded
           ,
           as
           the
           Leaders
           shall
           direct
           .
           This
           matter
           requireth
           a
           large
           discourse
           ,
           and
           therefore
           I
           refer
           it
           to
           skilful
           Captains
           and
           Writers
           ,
           as
           
             Polybius
             ,
             Vegetius
             ,
             De
             la
             Nonne
             ,
          
           and
           others
           .
        
         
           Compulsion
           and
           Correction
           ,
           is
           that
           which
           bridleth
           and
           governeth
           the
           manners
           of
           Soldiers
           :
           For
           no
           order
           can
           be
           observed
           amongst
           them
           ,
           unless
           they
           be
           continent
           ,
           modest
           ,
           and
           abstinent
           ;
           for
           continency
           is
           cheifly
           to
           be
           shewed
           in
           their
           diet
           ,
           and
           moderate
           
           desires
           .
           
             Degenerat
             à
             robore
             ac
             virtute
             miles
             assuetudine
             voluptatum
             .
             Tac●
          
        
         
           The
           Modesty
           of
           a
           Soldier
           is
           perceived
           by
           his
           Words
           ,
           Apparel
           ,
           and
           Actions
           :
           For
           to
           be
           a
           vaunter
           ,
           or
           vain-glorious
           boaster
           ,
           is
           far
           unfit
           in
           him
           that
           professeth
           Honor
           or
           Arms
           ,
           seeing
           true
           Vertue
           is
           silent●Viri
           
             militiae
             nati
             ,
             ●actis
             magni●
             ad
             verborum
             linguaeque
             ce●tamina
             ,
             rudes
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           Apparel
           of
           a
           Soldier
           sheweth
           modesty
           ,
           if
           therein
           he
           do
           not
           exceed
           ;
           for
           albeit
           it
           fitteth
           well
           the
           Profession
           of
           Arms
           ,
           to
           be
           well
           armed
           and
           decently
           apparelled
           ;
           yet
           all
           superfluity
           savoreth
           of
           ignorance
           or
           vanity
           .
           
             Horriaum
             militem
             esse
             decet
             ,
             non
             cae●atum
             auro
             argentoque
             sed
             ferro
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Abstinence
           is
           also
           fit
           for
           all
           Soldiers
           ;
           for
           thereby
           guided
           ,
           they
           refrain
           from
           violence
           ,
           and
           insolency
           ;
           by
           that
           rule
           also
           they
           are
           informed
           to
           govern
           themselves
           civilly
           in
           the
           Country
           where
           they
           serve
           ,
           and
           likewise
           in
           ●heir
           Lodgings
           :
           Never
           taking
           any
           thing
           from
           the
           owner
           ,
           nor
           committing
           any
           outrage
           .
           
             Vivant
             cum
             provincialibus
             ●ure
             civili●
             ne●
             insolescat
             animus
             quise
             sensit
             armatum
             .
          
        
         
           The
           last
           mark
           of
           Discipline
           we
           called
           Example
           ,
           under
           which
           word
           is
           Comprehended
           reward
           and
           punishment
           :
           For
           men
           are
           rewarded
           when●oever
           they
           receive
           for
           any
           excellent
           or
           singular
           Service
           ,
           Honor
           or
           
           Riches
           .
           And
           for
           Evil
           ,
           they
           have
           their
           due
           when
           they
           taste
           the
           punishment
           thereunto
           belonging
           .
           
             Necessarium
             est
             acrius
             ille
             dimicet
             ,
             quem
             ad
             opes
             &
             dignitates
             ordo
             militiae
             &
             imperatoris
             judicium
             c●nsuevit
             evehere
             .
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           Likewise
           as
           Gold
           and
           Glory
           belongeth
           to
           good
           and
           well
           deserving
           Soldiers
           ;
           so
           punishment
           is
           due
           to
           those
           that
           be
           vitious
           and
           cowardly●
           for
           nothing
           holdeth
           Soldiers
           in
           obedience
           so
           much
           as
           the
           severity
           of
           discipline
           .
           
             Milites
             impe●atorem
             potius
             quam
             hostem
             metuere
             debent●
             Veg.
             
          
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XXII
           .
        
         
           Of
           Generals
           and
           Commanders
           ,
           and
           their
           requisite
           Abilities
           in
           Martial
           enterprises
           and
           expeditions
           .
        
         
           OF
           Soldiers
           let
           this
           little
           suffice●
           we
           will
           now
           speak
           of
           what
           quality
           Cheiftants
           and
           leaders
           ought
           to
           be●
           for
           upon
           them
           dependeth
           the
           welfare
           of
           whole
           Armies
           .
           
             Militaris
             turba
             sine
             duce
             ,
             corpus
             sine
             sp●●itu
             .
             Curte.
             
          
        
         
           A
           ●heif
           or
           General
           in
           Warr
           ,
           is
           either
           of
           his
           own
           Authority
           cheif
           ,
           or
           a
           general
           that
           commandeth
           in
           the
           name
           of
           another
           .
           Of
           the
           
           first
           sort
           are
           Emperors
           ,
           Kings
           ,
           and
           Princes
           ;
           of
           the
           other
           ,
           be
           their
           Deputies
           ,
           Lievtenants
           ,
           Collonels
           ,
           and
           indeed
           all
           generall
           Commanders
           in
           the
           War
           :
           Now
           whether
           it
           be
           more
           expedient
           that
           the
           Prince
           should
           command
           in
           person
           or
           by
           deputy
           ,
           divers
           wise
           men
           have
           diversly
           thought
           ,
           therefore
           it
           may
           be
           be
           thus
           distinguished
           ;
           if
           the
           War
           do
           then
           only
           concern
           some
           particular
           part
           or
           Province
           ,
           then
           may
           the
           same
           be
           performed
           by
           a
           Lievtenant
           ;
           but
           if
           the
           whole
           Fortune
           of
           a
           Prince
           do
           thereupon
           depend
           ,
           then
           is
           he
           to
           command
           in
           his
           own
           person
           and
           not
           otherwise
           .
           
             Dubiis
             bellorum
             ex●mplis
             summae
             r●rum
             &
             imperi●
             seipsum
             reservat
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           It
           therefore
           importeth
           the
           Prince
           sometimes
           by
           his
           own
           presence
           ,
           sometimes
           by
           his
           deputation
           to
           performe
           that
           Office
           :
           but
           however
           occasion
           shall
           require
           ,
           it
           ever
           behoveth
           that
           one
           only
           commander
           ought
           to
           be
           ;
           (
           for
           plurality
           of
           Cheiftaines
           doth
           rarely
           or
           never
           worke
           any
           good
           effect
           )
           yet
           with
           this
           caution
           that
           he
           be
           of
           experience
           ,
           and
           wise
           .
           
             In
             b●●lica
             praefectura
             major
             asp●ctus
             habendus
             peritiae
             quam
             virtutis
             a●t
             morum●
             Arist.
          
        
         
           The
           quali●ies
           required
           in
           a
           Cheiftaine
           are
           these
           ,
           Skill
           ,
           Vertue
           ,
           Providence
           ,
           Authority
           ,
           and
           Fortune
           By
           skill
           we
           meane
           he
           should
           be
           of
           great
           knowledge
           ,
           and
           long
           experience
           
           or
           to
           make
           a
           sufficient
           Captai●e
           ;
           the
           information
           of
           others
           ,
           or
           his
           own
           reading
           is
           not
           enough
           .
           
             Qui
             ●orit
             quis
             ordo
             agminis
             ,
             quae
             cura
             exploa
             ndi
             ,
             quantus
             urgendo
             trahendove
             bello
             modus●
             Cic●
          
        
         
           Military
           vertue
           is
           a
           certain
           vigor
           or
           force
           both
           of
           body
           and
           minde
           to
           exercise
           Soldiers
           aswell
           in
           fained
           war
           as
           to
           fight
           with
           the
           Enemy
           ;
           and
           summarily
           a
           Captain
           ought
           to
           be
           
             Laboriosus
             in
             negotio
             ,
             fortis
             in
             periculo
             ,
             industrius
             in
             agendo
             ,
             celeri●
             in
             conficiendo
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Next
           to
           vertue
           we
           placed
           providence
           as
           necessary
           in
           great
           Captains
           ;
           for
           being
           of
           such
           wisdome
           they
           will
           not
           hazard
           nor
           commit
           more
           to
           fortune
           then
           necessity
           shal
           inforce
           ;
           yet
           true
           it
           is●
           fools
           and
           vulger●
           folks
           that
           commend
           or
           discommend
           actions
           according
           to
           succeess
           ,
           were
           wont
           to
           say
           :
           
             Cunctatio
             servilis
             ,
             statim
             exequi
             ,
             Regium
             est
             .
          
           But
           advised
           and
           provident
           Captains
           do
           think
           ;
           
             Temeritas
             praeterquam
             quod
             stulta
             ,
             est
             etiam
             infelix
             .
             Livi.
          
           Albeit
           providence
           be
           the
           best
           mean
           of
           good
           speed
           ;
           yet
           some
           Captains
           of
           that
           quality
           and
           in
           skill
           excelling
           ,
           have
           bin
           in
           their
           actions
           unlucky
           ;
           when
           others
           of
           less
           sufficiency
           have
           marvellously
           prevailed
           ;
           we
           may
           therefore
           reasonably
           say
           with
           ,
           
             Cic.
             
             Quod
             olim
             Maxmo
             ,
             Marcello
             ,
             Scipi●ni
             ,
             Mari●
             &
             ceteris
             m
             gnis
          
           
           
             Imperatoribus
             non
             solum
             propter
             virt●t●m
             ,
             sed
             etiam
             propter
             fortunam
             saepius
             imperia
             mandata
             ,
             atque
             excercitus
             esse
             commissos
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           we
           wished
           authority
           to
           be
           in
           Cheiftains
           ;
           for
           it
           greatly
           importeth
           what
           opinion
           or
           conceipt
           the
           Enemy
           hath
           of
           such
           a
           Governor
           ,
           and
           likewise
           how
           much
           his
           friends
           and
           confederates
           do
           esteem
           him
           :
           but
           the
           cheif
           and
           only
           means
           to
           maintain
           Authority
           ,
           is
           Austerity
           and
           Terror
           .
           
             Dux
             Authoritatem
             maximam
             ●●veritate
             sumat
             ,
             omnes
             culpas
             militares
             legibus
             vindicet
             ,
             nulli
             errantium
             credatur
             ignoscere●
             V●get
             .
          
        
         
           Also
           experience
           hath
           proved
           that
           such
           Cheiftains
           as
           were
           affable
           and
           kind
           to
           their
           Soldiers
           ,
           were
           much
           loved
           ,
           yet
           did
           they
           incur
           a
           contempt
           :
           but
           on
           the
           otherside
           those
           that
           commanded
           severely
           and
           terribly
           ,
           although
           they
           gained
           no
           good
           will●
           yet
           were
           they
           ever
           obeyed
           :
           
             Dux
             facilis
             inutilis
             .
             App.
             
          
        
      
       
       
         
           CHAP.
           XXIII
           .
        
         
           Of
           Councils
           in
           War
           ,
           and
           directions
           Tactik
           and
           Stratagematik
           :
           with
           advice
           how
           to
           make
           an
           honorable
           Peace
           .
        
         
           AFter
           men
           found
           and
           framed
           fit
           for
           the
           Warr
           ,
           to
           small
           or
           no
           purpose
           shall
           they
           ●erve
           ,
           unless
           they
           be
           imployed
           by
           wisdom
           or
           good
           Council
           .
           
             Mon
             minus
             est
             Imperator
             is
             consili●
             quam
             vi
             perficere
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Council
           in
           War
           is
           of
           two
           sorts
           ;
           direct
           Council
           and
           indirect
           ;
           the
           f●rst
           sheweth
           a
           plain
           and
           orderly
           course
           for
           ●roceeding
           ,
           as
           to
           lay
           hold
           on
           occasion
           :
           for
           as
           in
           all
           other
           human
           actions
           occasion
           is
           of
           great
           force
           ;
           
             Occasio
             in
             bello
             solet
             amplius
             juvare
             quam
             virtus
             .
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           As
           occasions
           presented
           are
           means
           of
           good
           success
           ;
           so
           fame
           worketh
           great
           effects
           in
           the
           Wars
           ;
           therefore
           it
           behooveth
           a
           Captain
           to
           be
           constant
           ,
           and
           not
           apt
           to
           beleive
           the
           vain
           rumors
           and
           reports
           of
           men
           .
           
             Mal●
             imperatur
             ,
             cum
             regit
             vulgus
             duces
             suos
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Confidence
           is
           also
           to
           be
           eschewed
           ;
           for
           no
           man
           is
           sooner
           surprised
           ,
           then
           he
           who
           ●eareth
           le●t
           :
           also
           contempt
           of
           the
           Enemy
           
           hath
           bin
           occasion
           of
           great
           discomfitures
           ,
           therefore
           as
           a
           Captain
           ought
           not
           to
           fear
           ,
           so
           should
           he
           not
           contemn
           his
           Enemy
           .
           
             Nimia
             ●●ducia
             semper
             obnoxia
             .
             Aemyl
             .
          
        
         
           As
           security
           ,
           and
           overmuch
           estimation
           of
           our
           own
           vertue
           or
           valor
           is
           hurtfull
           :
           so
           doth
           it
           import
           every
           good
           Captain
           to
           be
           well
           informed
           not
           only
           of
           his
           own
           forces
           ,
           but
           also
           of
           what
           strength
           the
           Enemy
           is
           ;
           likewise
           it
           behooveth
           him
           to
           know
           the
           situation
           of
           the
           Country
           and
           the
           quality
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           with
           every
           other
           circumstance
           .
           Moreover
           ,
           the
           Generals
           honor
           and
           capacity
           ought
           to
           be
           known
           with
           the
           condition
           and
           nature
           of
           the
           Enemy
           .
           
             Impetus
             acres
             c●nctatione
             languescunt
             ,
             aut
             in
             perfidiam
             mutantur
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Tem●●ty
           in
           War
           is
           also
           dangerous
           ;
           for
           wise
           Captains
           were
           wont
           not
           to
           enterprise
           any
           thing
           without
           deliberation
           and
           good
           opportunity
           ,
           unless
           they
           were
           thereunto
           by
           necessity
           inforced
           .
           
             In
             rebus
             asperis
             &
             tenuispe
             ,
             fortissima
             quaque
             consilia
             tutissima
             sunt
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Some
           wise
           men
           not
           superstitiously
           but
           discreetly
           do
           think
           prodigious
           signes
           from
           Heaven
           or
           on
           Earth
           are
           not
           to
           be
           neglected
           ,
           neither
           are
           dreams
           in
           time
           of
           War
           to
           be
           contemned
           .
           
             Nam
             amat
             benignitas
             numini●
             ,
             seu
             quod
             merent●r
             homine●
             ,
             seu
             quod
             tangitur
          
           
           
             ●orum
             affectione
             ,
             his
             quoque
             rationibus
             prodere
             quae
             impendent
             .
             Aemi
             .
          
        
         
           A
           wise
           Captain
           will
           also
           wait
           oportunities
           and
           spy
           out
           fit
           times
           when
           the
           Enemy
           is
           wearied
           ,
           or
           pretending
           fear
           ,
           draw
           him
           into
           danger
           ;
           which
           advantages
           with
           many
           other
           ,
           are
           gained
           chiefly
           by
           observing
           of
           time
           ;
           
             Quia
             si
             in
             occasionis
             momento
             ,
             cuj●s
             praetervolat
             o●p●rtunitas●
             cunctat●s
             paulum
             ●●eris
             ,
             nequicquam
             mox
             omissam
             querare●
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Next
           the
           observation
           of
           Time
           ,
           the
           Place
           is
           to
           be
           well
           considered
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           for
           thine
           advantage
           or
           thine
           enemies
           .
           
             Amplius
             prodest
             locus
             ●aepè
             quàm
             virtus
             .
             Veget●
          
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           It
           importeth
           much
           ,
           that
           men
           be
           well
           ordered
           ,
           trained
           ,
           and
           prepared
           for
           the
           fight
           ;
           for
           the
           want
           of
           Art
           is
           cause
           of
           many
           disadventures
           ,
           and
           many
           times
           a
           small
           supply
           of
           choice
           Soldiers
           on
           horsback
           or
           foot
           ,
           doth
           seem
           to
           the
           enemy
           very
           terrible
           :
           Likewise
           a
           sudden
           shout
           or
           conceit
           hath
           amazed
           a
           whole
           Army
           .
           
             Milites
             v●nis
             &
             inanibus
             ,
             magis
             quam
             justis
             formidinis
             causis
             moventur
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           It
           were
           to
           good
           purpose
           ,
           that
           in
           ordering
           of
           men
           for
           fight
           ,
           Soldiers
           of
           one
           Cou●try
           or
           Nations
           ,
           should
           be
           ranged
           together
           ,
           and
           above
           all
           to
           foresee
           ,
           that
           the
           least
           loss
           of
           Blood
           be
           among
           the
           Natural
           
           Subjects
           ,
           and
           so
           handle
           the
           Matter
           ,
           that
           the
           cheif
           slaughter
           light
           upon
           strangers
           and
           Mercenaries
           .
           
             Ingens
             victoriae
             dec●s
             ,
             citra
             domesticum
             sanguinem
             ●ellanti
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           Generals
           own
           courage
           and
           lively
           disposition
           to
           fight
           ,
           will
           greatly
           animate
           the
           multitude
           of
           Soldiers
           ;
           as
           a
           contrary
           countenance
           or
           appearance
           of
           Fear
           ,
           will
           exceedingly
           maze
           and
           dant
           .
           
             Necesse
             estad
             ●ugam
             p●rati
             sint
             ,
             qui
             ducem
             suum
             sentiunt
             desperare
             .
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           It
           were
           also
           for
           thy
           great
           advantage●
           that
           the
           forces
           should
           be
           ordered
           for
           the
           fight
           ,
           before
           the
           enemy
           be
           prepared
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           For
           that
           thou
           maist
           the
           better
           perform
           ,
           what
           thou
           thinkest
           fit
           to
           be
           done
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           That
           thereby
           thine
           own
           forces
           will
           thereof
           receive
           great
           courage
           ,
           being
           readiest
           to
           assail
           the
           enemy
           ,
           and
           to
           begin
           the
           fight
           .
           
             Plus
             animi
             est
             inferenti
             periculum
             ,
             quam
             propulsanti
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           After
           Victory
           it
           is
           not
           the
           best
           policy
           to
           execute
           the
           enemies
           with
           extteam
           cruelty
           ,
           but
           proceed
           moderately
           ;
           for
           it
           shall
           suffice
           the
           Victory
           is
           thine
           .
           
             ●lausis
             ex
             d●speratione
             crescit
             audacia
             ,
             &
             cum
             spei
             nihil
             est
             ,
             sumit
             arma
             f●rmid●
             .
             Veget.
             
          
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           I
           would
           advise
           that
           the
           General
           should
           be
           wary
           in
           his
           Actions
           ,
           and
           in
           every
           enterprise
           to
           frustrate
           the
           Soldiers
           from
           spoils
           and
           pil●age
           .
           
             Saepe
             obstitit
             vincentibus
          
           
           
             ●ravum
             inter
             ipsos
             certamen
             ,
             omisso
             hoste
             spolia
             consectandi
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Of
           direct
           Councils
           ,
           let
           that
           we
           have
           said
           suffice
           .
           We
           will
           now
           speak
           of
           Councils
           indirect
           ,
           commonly
           called
           by
           the
           Greek
           word
           ,
           
             Stratagems
          
           or
           
             Subtile
             practices
             :
          
           Which
           manner
           of
           proceeding
           ,
           hath
           been
           in
           times
           past
           of
           divers
           grave
           Writers
           condemned
           .
           
             Vir
             nemo
             mentis
             altae
             clanculum
             velit
             occidere
             hostem
             .
             Eurip.
             
          
        
         
           Notwithstanding
           the
           opinion
           of
           this
           ,
           and
           divers
           other
           Writers
           worthy
           credit
           ,
           it
           seemeth
           reasonable
           ,
           and
           in
           piety
           allowable
           :
           that
           Stratagems
           and
           Subtilt●es
           may
           be
           used
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           yet
           with
           such
           Caution
           as
           the
           same
           may
           stand
           with
           Fidelity
           and
           Honor
           :
           For
           Fraud
           being
           used
           contrary
           to
           Contracts
           and
           Agreements
           made
           with
           the
           enemy
           ,
           is
           meer
           Treachery
           :
           As
           to
           poyson
           him
           or
           her
           ,
           a
           murtherer
           to
           kill
           him
           ,
           were
           plain
           Impiety
           .
           
             Faederatum
             injustè
             fallere
             impium
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Also
           out
           of
           the
           War
           covertly
           to
           kill
           a
           particular
           enemy
           by
           secret
           Assault
           or
           Practice
           ,
           is
           not
           warrantable
           ,
           either
           by
           Faith
           or
           Honor
           ;
           yet
           to
           use
           all
           craft
           ,
           cunning
           ,
           and
           subtilty
           in
           open
           War
           ,
           is
           both
           allowable
           and
           praisable
           ;
           and
           so
           is
           thought
           by
           Christian
           Writers
           .
           
             Cum
             justum
             bellum
             suscipitur
             ,
             ut
             apertè
             pugnet
             quis
             aut
             ex
             insidiis
             ,
             nihil
             ad
             justitiam
             interest
             .
             Aug.
             
          
        
         
         
           The
           same
           is
           also
           approved
           by
           divers
           Authors
           of
           good
           credit
           .
           
             Confice
             ●ive
             dolo
             seu
             stricto
             cominus
             euse
             .
          
           The
           same
           is
           also
           affirmed
           by
           
             Xenophon
             ,
             Reipsa
             nihil
             utilius
             in
             bello
             dolis
             .
          
        
         
           Thus
           having
           briefly
           touched
           what
           Counsels
           are
           required
           in
           War
           ,
           let
           us
           consider
           how
           Victory
           is
           to
           be
           used
           ;
           for
           the
           end
           of
           every
           good
           War
           is
           Peace
           :
           To
           the
           enjoying
           whereof
           ,
           three
           things
           are
           required
           ,
           Wariness
           ,
           Mercy
           ,
           and
           Modesty
           ;
           because
           over-great
           confidence
           may
           happily
           impeach
           the
           end
           of
           good
           Success
           .
           
             Res
             se●und●●
             neglig●n●iam
             creant
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           I
           also
           wish
           the
           Victory
           to
           be
           handled
           mercifully
           ,
           because
           all
           Conquests
           are
           in
           their
           own
           nature
           cruel
           enough
           .
           And
           the
           Ire
           of
           insolent
           Soldiers
           ,
           forces
           the
           conquered
           to
           become
           desperate
           .
           
             Gravissime
             morsus
             irrita●ae
             necessitatis
             .
             Curt.
             
          
        
         
           To
           proceed
           Modestly
           ,
           is
           also
           an
           honorable
           quality
           in
           him
           that
           conquereth
           :
           For
           in
           prosperous
           Fortunes
           ,
           men
           do
           hardly
           refrain
           covetous
           and
           proud
           doings
           ;
           yea
           ,
           some
           good
           and
           great
           Captains
           have
           in
           like
           cases
           forgotten
           what
           did
           best
           become
           them
           .
           
             In
             rebus
             secundis
             etiam
             ●gregii
             D●ces
             insolesc●nt
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           After
           Victory
           followeth
           Peace
           :
           For
           if
           War
           did
           ever
           continue
           ,
           no
           State
           or
           Government
           
           could
           stand
           :
           Therefore
           how
           great
           ,
           or
           how
           long
           soever
           the
           War
           be
           ,
           the
           end
           must
           be
           Peace
           ;
           the
           name
           whereof
           is
           not
           onely
           sweet
           ,
           but
           also
           comfortable
           ,
           
             Pax
             una
             triumphis
             innumeris
             potior
             .
          
        
         
           Peace
           is
           not
           only
           good
           and
           profitable
           to
           him
           that
           is
           victorious
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           those
           that
           are
           victored
           .
           
             Pacem
             reduci
             velle
             victori
             ,
             expedit
             ,
             victo
             necesse
             est
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Nevertheless
           until
           good
           and
           honorable
           Peace
           be
           offered
           ,
           Arms
           may
           not
           be
           laid
           aside
           :
           Wherein
           I
           wish
           
             Tullies
          
           advice
           to
           be
           followed
           .
           
             Bellum
             gerendum
             est
             ;
             ●i
             bellum
             omitt●mus
             ,
             pace
             n●nquam
             fr●emur
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           In
           Treaty
           of
           Peace
           ,
           two
           things
           must
           be
           considered
           :
           First
           ,
           That
           the
           conditions
           be
           honorable●
           To
           condiscend
           to
           any
           base
           conditions
           ,
           is
           unto
           a
           Princely
           minde
           not
           onely
           great
           indignity
           ,
           but
           also
           intolerable
           .
           
             Cum
             dignitate
             potius
             cadendum
             ,
             quam
             cum
             ignominia
             serviendum
             Plut.
             
          
        
         
           It
           also
           importeth
           ,
           the
           Peace
           should
           be
           simple
           ,
           true
           ,
           and
           unfeigned
           ;
           for
           all
           feigned
           and
           dissembling
           Amity
           is
           to
           be
           doubted
           .
           
             Pace
             suspecta
             tutius
             est
             bellum
             .
             Mithrid
             .
          
        
         
           The
           fittest
           season
           to
           speak
           of
           Peace
           ,
           is
           either
           when
           the
           War
           beginneth
           ,
           or
           during
           the
           time
           that
           the
           enemies
           be
           of
           equal
           force
           ;
           for
           if
           the
           war
           continueth
           ,
           it
           must
           behove
           the
           weaker
           to
           yield
           to
           necessity
           :
           Not
           unlike
           
           the
           Shipmaster
           ,
           who
           to
           save
           himsel●
           doth
           cast
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           his
           loading
           into
           the
           Sea
           :
           
             Necessiiati
             pare
             ,
             quam
             ne
             dii
             quidem
             superant
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Finally
           ,
           Having
           generously
           defended
           thy self
           ,
           and
           performed
           all
           things
           required
           in
           a
           magnanimous
           Captain
           ,
           and
           finding
           nevertheless
           thy
           force
           insufficient
           ,
           it
           cannot
           be
           dishonorable
           to
           accept
           Peace
           .
           Wherefore
           laying
           aside
           Hatred
           and
           Hope
           ,
           which
           are
           but
           weak
           supporters
           ,
           thou
           maist
           recommend
           thee
           and
           thine
           to
           the
           approved
           discretion
           of
           an
           honorable
           enemy
           .
           
             Victores
             secundae
             res
             in
             miserationem
             ex
             ir●
             vertunt
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Now
           for
           as
           much
           as
           every
           Peace
           promiseth
           rest
           and
           quiet
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           the
           victorious
           as
           to
           the
           victored
           ;
           we
           may
           adde
           thereunto
           ,
           that
           the
           Prince
           victorious
           receiveth
           thereby
           Honor●
           Profit
           ,
           and
           Security
           .
           For
           although
           his
           happiness
           may
           occasion
           Hope
           o●
           greater
           success
           yet
           in
           respect
           of
           Fortunes
           mutability
           ,
           it
           shall
           be
           good
           and
           glorious
           to
           lis●en
           to
           peace
           .
           
             Decorum
             principi
             est
             cum
             victoriam
             propè
             i●
             manibus
             habeat
             ,
             p●cem
             no●
             ab●●ere●
             ut
             sciant
             omnes
             te
             &
             suscipere
             ju●●è
             bellum
             &
             finire
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           It
           seemeth
           also
           the
           more
           Honorable
           ;
           for
           who
           so
           is
           victorious
           ,
           doth
           give
           Peace
           and
           not
           take
           it
           :
           He
           also
           sheweth
           himself
           discreet
           by
           using
           a
           moderation
           in
           Victory
           ,
           
           and
           no
           extremity
           in
           spoiling
           ,
           which
           our
           wise
           and
           godly
           Writers
           have
           commended●Pacem
           
             contemnentes
             ,
             &
             gloriam
             appetentes
             ,
             ●acem
             perdunt
             &
             gloriam
             .
             Bern.
             
          
        
         
           Peace
           is
           also
           profitable
           for
           the
           victorious
           ,
           because
           continual
           War
           breedeth
           weariness
           ,
           and
           of
           violent
           proceeding
           desperation
           and
           peril
           cometh
           .
           
             Maximi
             &
             mortiferi
             morsu●
             esse
             solent
             morientium
             bestiarum
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Likewise
           Peace
           is
           more
           assured
           then
           any
           victory
           .
           Hope
           of
           the
           one
           is
           in
           thine
           own
           power
           ;
           the
           other
           in
           the
           hand
           of
           God
           :
           Adde
           thereunto
           the
           force
           of
           Fortune
           ,
           which
           hath
           great
           power
           in
           all
           humane
           actions
           .
           
             In
             rebus
             secundis
             nihil
             in
             quenquam
             superbè
             a●
             violenter
             consulere
             decet
             ,
             nec
             praesenti
             credere
             Fortunae
             ,
             cum
             quià
             v●sper
             ferat
             ,
             incertus
             sis
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Also
           conditions
           of
           Peace
           ought
           to
           be
           reasonable
           and
           freely
           bestowed
           :
           For
           no
           people
           can
           live
           contented
           under
           such
           a
           Law
           as
           forceth
           them
           to
           loath
           the
           State
           wherein
           they
           are
           .
           
             Misera
             pax
             bello
             benè
             mutatur
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
      
       
       
         
           CHAP.
           XXIIII
           .
        
         
           Of
           Civil
           War
           ,
           with
           the
           causes
           and
           Remedies
           thereof
           .
        
         
           THE
           greatest
           and
           most
           greivous
           calamity
           that
           can
           come
           to
           any
           State
           is
           Civil
           War
           ;
           for
           therein
           Subjects
           take
           arms
           against
           their
           Prince
           or
           among
           themselves
           ,
           whereof
           followeth
           a
           misery
           more
           lamentable
           then
           can
           be
           described
           .
           
             Non
             at
             as
             ,
             non
             dignitas
             quenquam
             protegit
             ,
             quo
             minus
             ●l●pra
             caedibus
             ,
             &
             caedes
             st●pris
             misceantur
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           first
           cause
           of
           Civ●l
           War
           proceedeth
           of
           destiny
           for
           God
           in
           his
           own
           divine
           providence
           foreseeth
           many
           years
           before
           ,
           that
           great
           and
           mighty
           Empires
           shall
           be
           ruined
           .
        
         
           
             In
             s●●agna
             ruunt
             :
             laetis
             hi●c
             numina
             rebus
          
           
             Cresen●●
             p●suere
             modum
             —
          
        
         
           Lucan
           .
        
         
           The
           second
           cause
           is
           ,
           excesse
           ,
           riot
           ,
           and
           dissolute
           life
           ;
           for
           nothing
           breedeth
           Civil
           Fury
           so
           soon
           as
           over
           great
           happiness
           ;
           also
           pompous
           Apparell●
           banquetting
           and
           prodigall
           spending
           consumeth
           riches
           ,
           and
           plenty
           is
           turned
           into
           poverty
           ;
           for
           by
           these
           means
           ●re
           men
           brought
           into
           desperation
           .
           
             Rapacissimo
             ●uique
             ac
             perditissim●
             ,
             non
             agri
             aut
          
           
           
             faenus
             sed
             sola
             instrumenta
             vitiorum
             manebunt
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Now
           to
           consider
           how
           destiny
           might
           be
           eschewed
           ,
           were
           in
           vain
           :
           For
           such
           a
           remedy
           no
           wit
           or
           wisdom
           can
           devise
           ;
           being
           the
           decree
           of
           God
           ,
           no
           doubt
           it
           is
           inevitable
           .
           
             Ita
             fato
             placuit
             ,
             nullius
             rei
             eodem
             semper
             loc●
             stare
             fortunam
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           There
           is
           nothing
           exempt
           from
           the
           peril
           of
           mutation
           ;
           the
           earth
           ,
           Heavens
           ,
           and
           whole
           World
           is
           thereunto
           subject
           .
           
             Certi●
             eunt
             cuncta
             temporibus
             ;
             nasci
             debent
             ,
             crescere
             ,
             extingui
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Touching
           the
           second
           causes
           of
           Civil
           War
           some
           remedies
           may
           be
           used
           ,
           because
           it
           preceedeth
           of
           Faction
           ,
           Sedition
           or
           Tyranny
           .
           I
           call
           Faction
           a
           certain
           association
           of
           divers
           persons
           combined
           to
           the
           offence
           of
           others
           .
           It
           proceedeth
           often
           of
           private
           or
           publick
           displeasure
           ,
           and
           more
           often
           of
           ambition
           .
           
             Nemo
             eorum
             qui
             in
             Rep.
             versantur
             ,
             quo●
             vincat
             ,
             sed
             a
             quibus
             vincatur
             ,
             aspicit
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           1.
           
           Factions
           are
           of
           two
           sorts
           ;
           for
           either
           they
           consist
           of
           many
           or
           of
           few
           persons
           :
           both
           be
           dangerous
           ,
           but
           the
           former
           more
           apt
           to
           take
           arms
           ;
           and
           that
           party
           which
           proveth
           weakest
           ,
           prayeth
           arms
           of
           forrain
           forces
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           The
           other
           faction
           wherein
           are
           fewer
           partakers
           ,
           be
           commonly
           great
           personages
           
           or
           men
           of
           more
           importance
           than
           ordinary
           people
           ;
           and
           that
           proveth
           most
           perillous
           and
           bloody
           .
           
             N●bilium
             factiones
             trah●nt
             adse
             ,
             &
             in
             partes
             ,
             universum
             etiam
             populum●
             Arist.
          
        
         
           Albeit
           some
           wise
           men
           have
           held
           opinion
           that
           factions
           are
           necessary
           ,
           yet
           cannot
           that
           conceipt
           be
           reasonably
           maintained
           ,
           unless
           it
           be
           upon
           confines
           and
           in
           such
           places
           where
           conspiracy
           is
           feared
           ,
           which
           
             Cato
          
           in
           hisprivate
           Family
           used
           .
           
             Semper
             contentiunculas
             aliquas
             aut
             dissensum
             inter
             servos
             callidè
             serebat
             ,
             s●●pectam
             habens
             nimiam
             c●ncordiam
             ●rum
             ,
             m●tuensque
             .
             Plut.
             
          
        
         
           Factions
           amongst
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           are
           somtimes
           suppressed
           by
           forbidding
           colors
           ,
           or
           unknown
           badges
           to
           be
           worn
           ;
           also
           to
           inhibit
           names
           or
           watch-words
           of
           mutinies
           is
           necessary
           ,
           which
           was
           
             Mecae●as
          
           counsel
           to
           
             Augustus
             ;
          
           and
           
             Aristotle
          
           thinketh
           it
           fit
           that
           Laws
           should
           be
           made
           against
           the
           Factions
           of
           Noblemen
           .
           
             Nobilium
             contentiones
             &
             part●s
             etiam
             legibus
             oportet
             prohibere
             conari
             .
             Arist.
          
        
         
           Another
           cause
           of
           civil
           war
           ,
           we
           call
           sedition
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           suddain
           commotion
           or
           assembly
           of
           common
           people
           against
           their
           Prince
           or
           his
           Magistrates
           :
           the
           Original
           of
           which
           disorders
           may
           proceed
           of
           divers
           causes
           ,
           but
           chiefly
           of
           oppression
           .
           
             Imminentium
             periculorum
             remedium
             ,
             ipsa
             peric●la
             arbitrari
             .
             Arist.
             
          
        
         
         
           Again
           ,
           Fear
           may
           be
           the
           occasion
           of
           Sedition
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           him
           that
           hath
           done
           injury
           ,
           as
           in
           him
           that
           looketh
           to
           be
           injured
           ,
           and
           is
           desirous
           to
           prevent
           it
           before
           it
           cometh
           .
           It
           may
           proceed
           also
           of
           over-great
           mildness
           in
           Government
           .
           
             Non
             ●iseriis
             sed
             licentia
             ,
             tantum
             concitum
             turbarum
             ,
             las●ivire
             magis
             plebem
             quàm
             saevire
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Sedition
           many
           times
           ariseth
           of
           Poverty
           ,
           or
           of
           the
           Artificers
           ,
           whose
           Arts
           are
           grown
           out
           of
           use
           ,
           and
           consequently
           no
           means
           whereof
           they
           can
           live
           .
           
             Semper
             in
             civitat●
             ,
             quibus
             opes
             nullae
             sunt
             ,
             bonis
             invident
             ,
             veter●
             odere
             ,
             n●va
             expetunt
             ,
             odio
             rerum
             suarum
             m●tari
             omnia
             student
             .
             Sab.
          
        
         
           Lastly
           ,
           Sedition
           cometh
           of
           Tyranny
           ,
           Insolency
           ,
           or
           Mutinous
           disposition
           of
           certain
           Captains
           ,
           Cavaliers
           ,
           or
           Ringleaders
           of
           the
           people
           for
           albeit
           the
           multitude
           is
           apt
           to
           innovation
           ,
           yet
           doth
           it
           stand
           firm
           ,
           until
           some
           first
           mover
           taketh
           the
           matter
           in
           hand
           .
           
             Multitudo
             omnis
             ,
             sicut
             mare
             ,
             per
             se
             immobilis
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
           Of
           these
           Movers
           some
           are
           Ambitious
           ,
           who
           wanting
           other
           means
           to
           aspire
           ,
           hope
           by
           practice
           of
           Sedition
           ,
           to
           compass
           their
           designs
           ;
           or
           else
           they
           are
           Unthrifts
           ,
           who
           having
           consumed
           their
           own
           ,
           seek
           by
           violence
           to
           possess
           themselves
           of
           other
           mens
           :
           Or
           else
           they
           are
           vain
           and
           light
           persons
           ,
           that
           
           without
           cause
           or
           reason
           ,
           attempt
           innovation
           ,
           themselves
           know
           not
           for
           what
           .
           
             Non
             tam
             praemiis
             periculor●m
             ,
             quàm
             ipsis
             periculis
             laeti
             ,
             pro
             certis
             &
             olim
             partis
             ,
             nova
             ,
             ambigua
             ,
             ancipitia
             malunt
             .
          
        
         
           Thus
           having
           told
           the
           causes
           of
           Sedition
           ,
           I
           wish
           the
           remedies
           were
           prepared
           .
           
             Omne
             malum
             nascens
             facilè
             opprimitur
             ,
             inveteratum
             fit
             plerumque
             robustius
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           The
           first
           way
           to
           suppress
           Sedition
           ,
           is
           Eloquence
           and
           excellent
           perswasion
           ,
           which
           oftentimes
           worketh
           great
           effects
           among
           the
           multitude
           ;
           chiefly
           when
           it
           proceedeth
           from
           some
           reverend
           and
           grave
           person
           ,
           for
           his
           wisdom
           and
           integrity
           of
           life
           honored
           :
           For
           the
           Prince
           himself
           is
           not
           to
           take
           this
           office
           in
           hand
           ,
           unless
           necessity
           so
           inforce
           :
           
             Integra
             autoritas
             principis
             majoribus
             remediis
             servetur
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           If
           perswasion
           cannot
           prevail
           ,
           then
           force
           must
           compel
           :
           But
           before
           such
           violent
           proceedings
           ,
           use
           art
           and
           cunning
           either
           to
           appease
           the
           people
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           to
           disunite
           them
           ;
           and
           rather
           if
           the
           Prince
           do
           offer
           fair
           and
           ●romise
           plausibly
           :
           
             Verba
             apud
             populum
             plurimum
             valent
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           It
           is
           lawful
           also
           in
           such
           cases
           for
           Princes
           to
           use
           subtilty
           ;
           and
           the
           same
           not
           prevailing
           ,
           to
           wash
           away
           the
           stain
           thereof
           with
           Clemency
           :
           For
           when
           Arms
           are
           laid
           down
           ,
           and
           
           every
           one
           yielded
           ,
           general
           punishment
           were
           needless
           .
           
             Omnium
             culpa
             fuit
             ,
             paucorum
             sit
             poena
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           last
           cause
           of
           Sedition
           we
           named
           Tyranny
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           certain
           violent
           Government
           ,
           exceeding
           the
           Laws
           of
           God
           and
           nature
           .
           The
           difference
           between
           Kings
           and
           Tyrants
           is
           this
           ;
           the
           one
           imployeth
           arms
           in
           defence
           of
           Peace
           ,
           the
           other
           useth
           them
           to
           terrifie
           those
           of
           whom
           his
           cruelty
           hath
           deserved
           hate
           :
           
             Auferre
             ,
             trucidare
             ,
             raper●
             ,
             falsis
             nominibus
             imperium
             ,
             atque
             ubi
             solitudinem
             fecerint
             ,
             pacem
             appellant
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           quality
           of
           Tyrants
           is
           to
           esteem
           Promooters
           more
           then
           good
           Ministers
           ,
           because
           those
           men
           are
           the
           scourge
           of
           infinite
           others
           .
           They
           are
           also
           Protectors
           of
           impious
           persons
           ,
           and
           stand
           in
           daily
           doubt
           of
           Noble
           and
           Vertuous
           Men
           .
           
             Nobilitas
             ,
             opes
             ,
             amissi
             g●stique
             honores
             ,
             pro
             crimine
             :
             Et
             ob
             virtutes
             certissimum
             exitium
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           Tyrants
           do
           also
           endeavor
           to
           suppress
           the
           knowledge
           of
           Letters
           and
           civil
           life
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           all
           good
           arts
           should
           be
           exiled
           ,
           and
           Barbarism
           introduced
           .
           
             Pellunt
             sapientiae
             prof●ssores
             ,
             &
             omnes
             ●onas
             artes
             in
             exiliu●
             ag●nt
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           These
           and
           such
           like
           ,
           be
           the
           conditions
           of
           Tyrants
           ,
           who
           for
           the
           most
           part
           are
           deposed
           and
           slain
           ;
           for
           as
           Kings
           live
           long
           and
           
           deliver
           their
           Dominions
           to
           their
           Children●
           and
           Posterity
           ;
           so
           Tyrants
           being
           feared
           and
           hated
           of
           all
           men
           ,
           cannot
           continue
           in
           their
           estate
           .
        
         
           
             Ad
             generum
             Cereris
             ●ine
             ●oede
             &
             vulnere
             pauci
          
           
             Descendunt
             reges
             &
             sicca
             ●orte
             Tyranni
             .
          
        
         
           Juven.
        
         
           The
           Remedies
           of
           these
           Mischiefs
           which
           proceed
           from
           the
           violence
           of
           such
           a
           Prince
           ,
           are
           Persecution
           or
           Patience
           .
           Many
           generous
           spirits
           have
           used
           the
           first
           ;
           perswading
           themselves
           rather
           to
           die
           ,
           then
           endure
           the
           sight
           of
           a
           Tyrant
           .
           Also
           the
           
             Grecians
          
           did
           think
           it
           a
           service
           acceptable
           to
           murther
           the
           person
           of
           such
           an
           impious
           Prince
           .
           
             Graeci
             ●omines
             deorum
             honores
             tribuebant
             iis
             qui
             Tyrannos
             necaverunt
             .
             Cic.
             
          
        
         
           Nevertheless
           ,
           in
           Christian
           consideration
           the
           other
           course
           is
           to
           be
           taken
           :
           Let
           patience
           therefore
           incounter
           this
           mischief
           ;
           for
           seeing
           all
           Kings
           ,
           as
           well
           the
           bad
           as
           the
           good
           be
           sent
           by
           God
           ,
           they
           must
           be
           indured
           .
           
             Res
             est
             gravis
             occidere
             regalem
             stirpem
             .
             Homer
             .
          
        
         
           Persecution
           is
           not
           onely
           perilous
           ,
           but
           for
           the
           most
           part
           infortunate
           :
           For
           thereof
           present
           revenge
           is
           taken
           by
           that
           Prince
           that
           succeedeth
           .
           
             Facinoris
             ●jus
             ultor
             est
             ,
             quis●uis
             successerit
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           The
           murder
           of
           Tyrants
           is
           also
           followed
           
           with
           many
           inconveniences
           worse
           then
           civil
           War
           it self
           .
           
             Principes
             boni
             ,
             votis
             expetendi
             ,
             qualescunque
             tolerandi
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           For
           as
           Fire
           ,
           Floods
           ,
           and
           other
           inevitable
           Plagues
           are
           necessarily
           to
           be
           suffered
           :
           So
           evil
           Princes
           in
           their
           covetousness
           and
           cruelty
           ought
           to
           be
           patiently
           indured
           ,
           because
           their
           office
           is
           to
           command
           ,
           and
           subjects
           must
           obey
           .
           
             Indigna
             ,
             digna
             habenda
             sunt
             ,
             Rex
             quae
             facit
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           And
           as
           it
           is
           the
           use
           of
           vulgar
           people
           to
           finde
           faults
           in
           the
           long
           raign
           of
           Princes
           ;
           so
           the
           ambition
           of
           great
           Subjects
           is
           desirous
           of
           novelty
           .
           
             Praesens
             imperium
             subditis
             semper
             grave
             .
             Thucyd.
             
          
        
         
           To
           conclude
           ,
           we
           say
           that
           the
           best
           remedy
           against
           Tyranny
           ,
           is
           Patience
           :
           For
           so
           long
           as
           men
           are
           ,
           so
           long
           will
           Vices
           be
           .
           
             Regum
             ingenia
             toleranda
             ,
             neque
             usui
             crebrae
             mutationes
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
      
       
       
         
           CHAP.
           XXV
           .
        
         
           A
           Collection
           of
           Political
           Observations
           (
           confirmed
           by
           Reason
           and
           Experience
           )
           advertising
           Princes
           ,
           Statesmen
           ,
           and
           private
           Persons
           how
           to
           demean
           themselves
           in
           all
           Fortunes
           and
           Events
           .
        
         
           TO
           the
           perfections
           of
           Men
           ,
           three
           things
           are
           necessarily
           required
           ;
           Nature
           ,
           Nurture
           ,
           and
           Use
           :
           The
           first
           giveth
           capacity
           ,
           aptness
           ,
           and
           understanding
           ;
           which
           are
           graces
           from
           above
           .
           Nurture
           ,
           is
           learning
           ,
           knowledge
           ,
           art
           ,
           or
           order
           .
           Use
           ,
           is
           practice
           ,
           experience
           ,
           and
           orde●ly
           observation
           ;
           whereof
           may
           be
           conceived
           ,
           that
           Nature
           alone
           sufficeth
           not
           ;
           nor
           can
           Nurture
           work
           any
           good
           effect
           ,
           where
           natural
           aptness
           wanteth
           ;
           and
           they
           can
           frame
           no
           perfection
           ,
           unless
           experience
           be
           also
           conjoyned
           .
           
             Nemo
             nascitur
             sapiens
             ,
             sed
             fit
             .
             Sen.
             
          
        
         
           Ambassadors
           ,
           Negotiants
           ,
           and
           generally
           all
           other
           Ministers
           of
           mean
           fortune
           ,
           in
           conversation
           with
           Princes
           and
           Superiors
           ,
           must
           use
           great
           respect
           ,
           shewing
           themselves
           rather
           ceremonious
           then
           presumptious
           ,
           and
           acknowledge
           their
           obligation
           great
           ,
           for
           the
           
           ●avor
           and
           grace
           ,
           they
           find
           in
           those
           which
           might
           command
           them
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           no
           wisdom
           ever
           to
           commend
           or
           discommend
           the
           actions
           of
           men
           by
           their
           success
           ;
           for
           oftentimes
           some
           enterprises
           attempted
           by
           good
           Counsel
           ,
           end
           unfortunately
           ;
           and
           others
           unadvisedly
           taken
           in
           hand
           ,
           have
           happy
           success
           .
           Who
           so
           then
           commendeth
           inconsiderate
           Counsels
           for
           their
           fortunate
           event
           ,
           thereby
           encourageth
           men
           to
           jar
           and
           discomfort
           the
           wiser
           sort
           to
           speak
           what
           they
           know
           ,
           and
           by
           experience
           have
           proved
           .
        
         
           In
           Actions
           publick
           and
           every
           other
           matter
           of
           great
           moment
           ,
           the
           beginning
           is
           well
           to
           be
           considered
           :
           For
           afterwards
           it
           lieth
           not
           in
           our
           power
           ,
           without
           dishonor
           to
           abandon
           what
           was
           begun
           .
        
         
           The
           time
           doth
           not
           always
           serve
           ,
           nor
           is
           apt
           occasion
           always
           offered
           to
           enterprise
           what
           we
           would
           ;
           yet
           who
           so
           doth
           expect
           every
           opportunity
           ,
           shall
           either
           attempt
           nothing
           at
           all
           ,
           or
           if
           he
           do
           ,
           the
           same
           for
           the
           most
           part
           turneth
           to
           his
           own
           disadvantage
           .
        
         
           When
           any
           resolution
           is
           taken
           ,
           either
           with
           over-great
           haste
           ,
           or
           too
           much
           affection
           ,
           seldom
           it
           receiveth
           good
           success
           :
           For
           he
           that
           doth
           the
           one
           ,
           hath
           no
           leisure
           to
           consider
           ;
           the
           other
           transporteth
           the
           minde
           so
           as
           it
           
           cannot
           conceive
           more
           then
           that
           which
           presently
           presseth
           .
        
         
           To
           these
           we
           adde
           others
           ,
           I
           mean
           some
           of
           them
           that
           have
           leisure
           ,
           and
           are
           void
           of
           affection
           ,
           yet
           for
           want
           of
           natural
           capacity
           ,
           or
           for
           continual
           negligence
           in
           their
           doings
           ,
           never
           bring
           any
           thing
           well
           to
           pass
           .
        
         
           Who
           so
           desireth
           to
           be
           beloved
           in
           a
           Commonwealth
           ,
           must
           rest
           content
           with
           that
           which
           men
           do
           give
           ,
           and
           the
           Laws
           allow
           him
           to
           take
           :
           So
           shall
           he
           neither
           incu●
           danger
           nor
           envy
           ;
           for
           indeed
           ,
           that
           which
           is
           taken
           or
           extorted
           from
           others
           ,
           and
           not
           that
           which
           is
           given
           ,
           doth
           make
           men
           hated
           .
        
         
           Arms●
           Laws
           ,
           and
           Religion
           ,
           may
           not
           in
           any
           well
           governed
           State
           be
           dis-joyned
           ;
           for
           every
           one
           of
           them
           in
           particular
           maintaineth
           them
           all
           united
           .
        
         
           In
           actions
           of
           War
           ,
           courage
           and
           conduct
           are
           of
           great
           necessity
           ;
           yet
           all
           good
           Government
           consisteth
           in
           using
           the
           Vertues
           Moral
           ;
           and
           in
           handling
           the
           matter
           of
           Martial
           Policy
           ,
           it
           is
           fit
           to
           imitate
           the
           proceedings
           of
           antient
           and
           approved
           Captains
           .
        
         
           Among
           Mortal
           Men
           ,
           there
           is
           nothing
           more
           common
           then
           to
           believe
           the
           estate
           of
           one
           man
           to
           be
           better
           then
           an
           other
           ;
           for
           hereof
           it
           cometh
           ,
           that
           every
           one
           endeavoreth
           rather
           to
           take
           from
           others
           with
           travel
           ,
           then
           to
           enjoy
           his
           own
           with
           rest
           .
        
         
         
           The
           state
           of
           Pri●ces
           is
           good●
           being
           well
           used
           ;
           so
           is
           the
           fortune
           of
           private
           men
           ,
           if
           therewith
           they
           be
           contented
           .
           The
           rich-man
           liveth
           happily
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           he
           useth
           his
           riches
           temperately
           ;
           and
           the
           poor
           man
           that
           patiently
           endureth
           his
           wants
           ,
           is
           rich
           enough
           .
        
         
           Whensoever
           a
           man
           is
           so
           dangerously
           distressed
           ,
           as
           either
           proceeding
           or
           standing
           ,
           he
           liveth
           in
           like
           peril
           ,
           then
           doth
           it
           behove
           him
           in
           any
           wise
           ,
           to
           resolve
           upon
           action
           .
           The
           reason
           is
           ,
           that
           so
           long
           as
           nothing
           is
           done
           ,
           the
           same
           accidents
           that
           caused
           his
           dangers
           ,
           do
           still
           remain
           in
           their
           former
           force
           ;
           but
           if
           he
           endeavor
           to
           enterprise
           somewhat
           ,
           either
           he
           may
           meet
           with
           means
           to
           make
           him
           secure
           ,
           or
           at
           the
           hardest
           ,
           shew
           himself
           of
           so
           great
           courage
           and
           wit
           ,
           as
           he
           dare
           and
           can
           attempt
           a
           way
           to
           do
           it
           .
        
         
           It
           seemeth
           a
           thing
           of
           great
           difficulty
           ,
           or
           rather
           impossible
           for
           any
           Prince
           or
           Magistrate
           to
           eschue
           the
           evil
           speech
           and
           bad
           report
           of
           men
           ;
           for
           if
           they
           be
           good
           and
           vertuous
           ,
           then
           they
           incur
           the
           backbiting
           of
           leud
           persons
           ;
           if
           evil
           ,
           then
           will
           all
           good
           men
           exclaim
           against
           them
           .
        
         
           All
           Commonwealths
           ought
           to
           desire
           peace
           ,
           yet
           it
           is
           necessary
           ever
           to
           be
           prepared
           for
           the
           war
           ;
           because
           peace
           disarmed
           ,
           is
           weak
           ,
           and
           without
           reputation
           :
           Therefore
           
           the
           Poets
           feign
           ,
           that
           
             Palla●
          
           the
           Goddess
           of
           Wisdom
           did
           always
           appear
           armed
           .
        
         
           Every
           Prince
           (
           well
           advised
           )
           ought
           to
           govern
           his
           Subjects
           and
           Servants
           in
           such
           sort
           ,
           that
           by
           his
           affability
           and
           vertue
           they
           may
           be
           induced
           rather
           to
           serve
           voluntarily
           ,
           then
           for
           pay
           or
           hope
           of
           preferment
           .
           For
           otherwise
           doing
           ,
           whensoever
           the
           Prince
           shall
           want
           means
           to
           pay
           ,
           the
           Subjects
           likewise
           will
           fail
           of
           good
           will
           to
           serve
           .
           But
           he
           that
           faithfully
           loveth
           ,
           doth
           neither
           in
           prosperity
           become
           arrogant
           ,
           nor
           in
           contrary
           Fortune
           retire
           ,
           or
           complain
           of
           the
           small
           favor
           he
           findeth
           :
           For
           (
           till
           death
           )
           love
           and
           life
           remain
           at
           the
           Princes
           Commandment
           .
        
         
           Where
           poor
           men
           finde
           Justice
           ,
           evil
           men
           are
           punished
           ,
           Measures
           and
           Weights
           be
           just
           ,
           Youth
           well
           nurtured
           ,
           and
           old
           folk
           free
           from
           avarice
           ,
           there
           is
           the
           Commonwealth
           good
           and
           perfect
           .
        
         
           In
           War
           between
           Neighbors
           ,
           neutrality
           is
           commendable
           ;
           for
           by
           that
           means
           we
           eschue
           many
           troubles
           and
           great
           expences
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           the
           forces
           of
           either
           side
           be
           so
           equal
           in
           strength
           ,
           as
           we
           need
           not
           to
           fear
           the
           victory
           of
           any
           :
           For
           so
           long
           their
           discord
           is
           our
           security
           ,
           and
           o●tentimes
           offereth
           us
           means
           to
           increase
           our
           own
           state
           and
           reputation
           .
        
         
           The
           cheif
           reasons
           to
           move
           War
           ,
           are
           ,
           the
           
           Justice
           of
           the
           Cause
           ,
           the
           Facillity
           of
           Success
           ,
           and
           the
           Profit
           of
           the
           victory
           .
        
         
           In
           all
           Humane
           actions
           it
           behoveth
           to
           a●commodate
           the
           Council
           of
           Men
           unto
           present
           necessity
           ,
           and
           never
           to
           expose
           security
           to
           manifest
           peril
           ,
           nor
           hope
           of
           that
           which
           without
           great
           difficulty
           or
           impossibility
           cannot
           be
           obtained
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           the
           nature
           of
           men
           having
           escaped
           one
           extream
           ,
           which
           by
           force
           they
           were
           constrained
           long
           to
           endure
           ,
           to
           run
           headlong
           into
           the
           other
           extream
           ,
           forgetting
           that
           Vertue
           doth
           always
           consist
           in
           the
           mean
           .
        
         
           The
           multitude
           is
           inclined
           to
           innovation
           ,
           and
           easily
           induced
           by
           false
           perswasion
           ,
           and
           consequently
           easily
           transported
           by
           seditious
           leaders
           .
        
         
           Men
           are
           naturally
           disposed
           to
           fear
           those
           things
           which
           threaten
           danger
           and
           terror●
           yet
           unless
           these
           perils
           by
           some
           new
           accident
           be
           daily
           revived
           ,
           that
           fear
           by
           little
           and
           little
           vanisheth
           ,
           and
           Security
           recovereth
           the
           place
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           findeth
           himself
           contemned
           ,
           or
           not
           respected
           ,
           becometh
           discontent
           ;
           which
           humor
           in
           generous
           mindes
           ,
           breedeth
           oftentimes
           adventerous
           imaginations
           ,
           whereof
           audacious
           attempts
           have
           followed
           ,
           cheifly
           in
           persons
           of
           authority
           and
           reputation
           ;
           for
           he
           that
           hopeth
           no
           good
           ,
           feareth
           no
           evil
           :
           Yet
           true
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           dangerous
           enterprises
           ,
           the
           
           the
           more
           they
           be
           thought
           upon
           ,
           the
           less
           hope
           they
           give
           of
           good
           success
           ,
           for
           which
           reason
           conspiracies
           not
           suddainly
           executed
           are
           for
           the
           most
           part
           revealed
           or
           abandoned
           .
        
         
           All
           people
           do
           naturally
           imitate
           the
           manners
           of
           their
           Prince
           ,
           and
           observing
           his
           proceedings
           resolve
           to
           hate
           or
           love
           him
           :
           But
           if
           they
           happen
           once
           to
           ha●e
           the
           Prince
           ,
           then
           his
           doings
           ,
           good
           or
           evil
           ,
           are
           afterwards
           not
           good
           ;
           but
           if
           at
           the
           beginning
           he
           gained
           the
           love
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           then
           every
           bad
           action
           is
           reputed
           a
           vertue
           :
           as
           though
           he
           could
           not
           be
           induced
           to
           do
           amiss
           without
           good
           cause
           or
           reason
           .
        
         
           Greatly
           are
           Princes
           deceived
           if
           in
           the
           election
           of
           Ministers
           they
           more
           respect
           their
           own
           particular
           affection
           ,
           then
           the
           sufficiency
           of
           the
           person
           elected
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           having
           conquered
           any
           new
           Dominion
           ,
           is
           thereby
           rather
           incombred
           then
           strengthned
           ,
           unless
           the
           same
           be
           after
           well
           governed
           ;
           and
           seldom
           is
           it
           seen
           that
           a
           principality
           by
           ill
           means
           gotten
           ,
           hath
           bin
           long
           injoyed
           .
        
         
           As
           to
           the
           perfection
           of
           the
           whole
           body
           soundness
           of
           head
           only
           sufficeth
           not
           ,
           unless
           the
           other
           members
           also
           do
           their
           office
           ;
           even
           so
           it
           is
           not
           enough
           that
           a
           Prince
           be
           faultless
           ,
           but
           it
           behooveth
           also
           that
           the
           Magistrates
           
           and
           Ministers
           should
           perform
           their
           duty
           .
        
         
           Great
           Princes
           rarely
           resist
           their
           appetites●
           as
           for
           the
           most
           part
           private
           men
           can
           :
           for
           they
           being
           alwaies
           honored
           and
           obeyed
           ,
           do
           seldom
           with
           patience
           indure
           the
           want
           of
           any
           thing
           reasonable
           ,
           as
           being
           perswaded
           that
           what
           they
           desire
           is
           just
           ,
           and
           that
           their
           Commandment
           hath
           power
           to
           remove
           all
           difficulties
           .
        
         
           All
           men
           are
           naturally
           good
           when
           no
           respect
           
           of
           profit
           or
           pleasure
           draws
           them
           to
           become
           evill
           .
           But
           this
           worlds
           corruption
           ,
           and
           our
           frailty
           is
           such
           ,
           as
           easily
           and
           often
           for
           our
           particular
           interest
           we
           incline
           to
           the
           worst
           ;
           which
           was
           the
           cause
           that
           wise
           Law-makers
           found
           out
           reward
           and
           punishment
           :
           the
           one
           to
           incite
           men
           to
           good
           ,
           the
           other
           to
           fear
           them
           from
           being
           evill
           .
        
         
           A
           Tyrant
           indeavoreth
           to
           maintain
           his
           Estate
           by
           three
           means
           .
           First
           ,
           he
           practiseth
           to
           hold
           all
           Subjects
           in
           extream
           awe
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           basely
           minded
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           they
           should
           want
           courage
           to
           take
           arms
           against
           him
           .
           Secondly
           ,
           he
           kindleth
           diffidence
           and
           discord
           among
           the
           great
           men
           ;
           thereby
           to
           remove
           occasion
           of
           conspiracy
           and
           combination
           .
           Lastly
           ,
           he
           holdeth
           them
           disarmed
           and
           idle
           ,
           so
           as
           they
           ne●ther
           know
           nor
           can
           attempt
           any
           thing
           against
           him
        
         
           To
           govern
           ,
           is
           nothing
           else
           but
           to
           hold
           
           Subjects
           in
           love
           and
           obedience
           :
           for
           in
           respect
           of
           the
           end
           ,
           they
           ought
           not
           ,
           and
           in
           regard
           of
           the
           other
           they
           cannot
           attempt
           any
           thing
           contrary
           to
           the
           governors
           will
           and
           their
           duty
           .
        
         
           The
           Laws
           and
           Ordinances
           of
           a
           Common-weale
           made
           at
           the
           beginning
           thereof
           when
           men
           were
           good
           ,
           do
           often
           prove
           unprofitable
           when
           they
           are
           become
           evill
           ;
           and
           therefore
           new
           Laws
           are
           made
           according
           to
           the
           accidents
           which
           happen
           .
        
         
           The
           discontent
           or
           disorder
           of
           people
           is
           ever
           occasioned
           by
           the
           inequality
           of
           their
           goods
           ,
           because
           the
           poorer
           sort
           would
           be
           made
           equall
           to
           the
           rich
           :
           but
           the
           offence
           that
           grows
           among
           great
           men
           is
           the
           desire
           of
           honor
           ;
           for
           they
           being
           equal
           ,
           do
           indeavor
           to
           aspire
           to
           equall
           authority
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           desireth
           by
           means
           of
           his
           Ambassador
           to
           deceive
           an
           other
           Prince
           ,
           must
           first
           abuse
           his
           own
           Ambassador
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           he
           should
           do
           and
           speak
           with
           more
           earnestness
           ,
           being
           indeed
           perswaded
           that
           the
           intent
           and
           meaning
           of
           his
           Master
           is
           simple
           which
           happily
           would
           not
           ,
           were
           he
           privy
           that
           his
           Princes
           meaning
           were
           to
           dissemble
           .
           This
           course
           is
           also
           commonly
           holden
           by
           those
           that
           by
           imployment
           of
           a
           third
           person
           would
           perswade
           any
           thing
           fained
           or
           false
           .
        
         
           For
           the
           performance
           of
           conditions
           in
           
           treaty
           of
           Peace
           or
           League
           of
           Amity
           ,
           the
           Promises
           ,
           Vowes
           ,
           and
           Oathes
           of
           Princes
           are
           of
           great
           effect
           ;
           yet
           because
           fidelity
           in
           a
           man
           is
           not
           ever
           certain
           ,
           and
           time
           doth
           daily
           offer
           occasions
           of
           variation
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           assurance
           so
           secure
           and
           good
           as
           to
           stand
           so
           prepared
           as
           the
           Enemy
           may
           want
           able
           means
           how
           to
           offend
           .
        
         
           To
           resolve
           in
           matters
           doubtfull
           ,
           or
           answer
           requests
           which
           we
           are
           not
           willing
           to
           grant
           ,
           the
           least
           offensive
           way
           is
           not
           to
           use
           direct
           denial
           ,
           but
           by
           delaies
           prolong
           the
           time
           and
           so
           in
           place
           of
           effect
           ,
           afford
           good
           expectation
           .
        
         
           The
           old
           Proverbe
           ●aith
           :
           
             Magistratus
             virum
             ostendit
             :
          
           which
           is
           no
           less
           true
           then
           ancient
           :
           for
           men
           in
           such
           fortune
           are
           occasioned
           not
           only
           to
           make
           proof
           of
           their
           sufficiency
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           discover
           their
           affections
           ;
           and
           the
           more
           their
           greatness
           is
           ,
           the
           less
           respect
           they
           have
           to
           contain
           those
           passions
           which
           are
           natural
           .
        
         
           Albeit
           great
           troubles
           and
           continual
           adversity
           seem
           insupportable
           ;
           yet
           is
           there
           nothing
           more
           dangerous
           ,
           then
           ouermuch
           prosperity
           ;
           and
           being
           pressed
           by
           new
           appetites
           ,
           they
           disturb
           their
           own
           security
           .
        
         
           In
           speaking
           of
           occurrents
           doubtfull
           ,
           it
           is
           alwaies
           wisdom
           to
           fain
           Ignorance
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           alledge
           that
           we
           beleive
           then
           not
           :
           for
           
           most
           commonly
           they
           are
           utterly
           untrue
           ,
           or
           far
           other
           then
           vulgarly
           is
           believed
           .
        
         
           The
           Actions
           of
           men
           are
           commonly
           liked
           or
           disallowed
           according
           to
           the
           bad
           or
           good
           success
           :
           attributing
           that
           to
           Council
           which
           sometimes
           is
           due
           to
           fortune
           .
        
         
           The
           multitude
           of
           men
           were
           wont
           to
           be
           more
           pleased
           with
           suddain
           then
           slow
           resolutions
           ;
           and
           many
           times
           accompt
           those
           enterprises
           generous
           ,
           which
           are
           rashly
           and
           inconsideratly
           attempted
           .
        
         
           Great
           difference
           there
           is
           between
           Subjects
           desperate
           ,
           and
           others
           which
           are
           only
           discontented
           :
           for
           the
           one
           desire
           nothing
           but
           present
           alteration
           ,
           which
           they
           indeavor
           with
           all
           hazard
           :
           the
           other
           wish
           for
           innovation
           ,
           inciting
           any
           motion
           or
           practice●
           because
           their
           intent
           is
           to
           attend
           time
           ,
           and
           that
           occasion
           may
           present
           it self
           .
        
         
           A
           benefit
           bestowed
           on
           him
           who
           thinketh
           himself
           greatly
           injured
           ,
           doth
           not
           suffice
           to
           raze
           the
           same
           out
           of
           his
           memory
           ,
           cheifly
           if
           the
           benefit
           be
           given
           at
           such
           time
           as
           no
           meer
           motion
           but
           necessity
           may
           seem
           the
           occasion
           thereof
           .
        
         
           That
           Peace
           ought
           to
           be
           desired
           which
           removeth
           suspition
           ,
           which
           assureth
           us
           from
           perill
           ,
           which
           bringeth
           quiet
           certain
           ,
           and
           acquitteth
           us
           of
           expences
           :
           But
           when
           it
           worketh
           contrary
           effects
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           called
           
           a
           dangerous
           war
           covered
           with
           the
           name
           of
           deceitfull
           trust
           ,
           not
           unlike
           a
           perilous
           poyson
           ministred
           in
           lieu
           of
           a
           wholsom
           Medicine
           .
        
         
           The
           effect
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           not
           externall
           show
           or
           seeming
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           regarded
           ;
           yet
           it
           is
           incredible
           what
           great
           grace
           is
           gained
           by
           courteous
           speech
           and
           affability
           :
           the
           reason
           whereof
           is
           as
           I
           suppose
           that
           every
           man
           beleiveth
           he
           doth
           merit
           more
           then
           indeed
           he
           is
           worthy
           ,
           and
           consequently
           holdeth
           himself
           injured
           when
           soever
           he
           findeth
           men
           not
           to
           afford
           him
           like
           estimation
           .
        
         
           Men
           ought
           in
           any
           wise
           ,
           to
           refrain
           to
           doe
           or
           say
           any
           thing
           which
           may
           offend
           ,
           for
           which
           respect
           it
           were
           great
           folly
           either
           in
           presence
           or
           absence
           to
           utter
           displeasing
           speech
           unless
           necessity
           inforceth
           .
        
         
           The
           matters
           whereof
           Councellors
           are
           cheifly
           to
           consider
           ,
           be
           five
           .
           The
           Princes
           revenue
           ,
           Peace
           and
           Warr
           ,
           Defence
           ,
           Traffick
           ,
           and
           what
           Laws
           are
           to
           be
           made
           .
        
         
           In
           giving
           Council
           divers
           things
           are
           to
           be
           observed
           ;
           but
           amongst
           them
           are
           two
           of
           most
           importance
           .
           First
           ,
           it
           behooveth
           ,
           that
           he
           who
           is
           Counselled
           should
           be
           wise
           ;
           for
           seeing
           Council
           is
           nothing
           else
           but
           a
           certain
           considerate
           discourse
           of
           things
           to
           be
           done
           or
           not
           done
           ,
           if
           he
           who
           is
           to
           take
           Council
           be
           not
           of
           discretion
           ,
           then
           will
           he
           refuse
           all
           good
           advice
           offered
           ,
           and
           rather
           ●ncline
           to
           
           that
           which
           his
           own
           fancie
           affecteth
           because
           the
           want
           of
           Judgement
           draweth
           him
           to
           take
           pleasure
           in
           vain
           things
           ;
           and
           as
           one
           incapable
           of
           what
           is
           good
           and
           true
           ,
           will
           follow
           that
           which
           is
           evil
           and
           false
           :
           so
           on
           the
           other
           side
           if
           he
           that
           giveth
           Council
           be
           not
           faithfull
           ,
           then
           will
           he
           a
           Thousand
           waies
           disguise
           and
           dissemble
           the
           truth
           ,
           and
           consequently
           miscarry
           the
           mind
           of
           him
           that
           is
           Counselled
           :
           yea
           in
           the
           end
           utterly
           abuse
           him
           .
        
         
           The
           affairs
           and
           proceedings
           of
           the
           world
           are
           so
           variable
           and
           accompanied
           with
           so
           many
           chances
           and
           changes
           ,
           as
           impossible
           it
           seemeth
           to
           judge
           what
           is
           best
           :
           therefore
           experience
           enformeth
           ,
           that
           the
           conjectures
           of
           the
           most
           wise
           prove
           vain
           and
           uncertain
           .
           I
           therefore
           mislike
           the
           Judgment
           of
           those
           men
           ,
           that
           will
           let
           slip
           opportunity
           of
           present
           good
           (
           though
           it
           be
           small
           )
           for
           feare
           of
           a
           future
           evill
           ,
           notwithstanding
           it
           be
           greater
           ,
           unless
           the
           evill
           be
           very
           near
           at
           hand
           ,
           or
           certain
           .
           For
           if
           that
           doe
           not
           follow
           which
           is
           feared
           ,
           then
           wilt
           thou
           repent
           to
           have
           omitted
           that
           which
           was
           desired
           .
        
         
           Whensoever
           a
           general
           opinion
           is
           conceived
           of
           the
           singular
           vertue
           and
           knowledge
           of
           any●man
           ,
           although
           he
           be
           indeed
           ignorant
           and
           far
           unworthy
           that
           accompt
           ,
           yet
           it
           is
           hard
           to
           remove
           such
           a
           settled
           conceipt
           :
           
           the
           reason
           is
           ,
           that
           men
           having
           at
           the
           first
           given
           credit
           to
           common
           report
           ,
           do
           make
           thereof
           so
           deep
           an
           impression
           as
           afterwards
           without
           great
           difficulty
           cannot
           be
           removed
           .
        
         
           The
           Bodies
           of
           Men
           ,
           Munition
           ,
           and
           Mony
           may
           justly
           be
           called
           the
           sinews
           of
           War
           ,
           yet
           of
           them
           the
           two
           first
           are
           more
           necessary
           ,
           for
           Men
           and
           Arms
           have
           means
           to
           find
           Mony
           and
           Meate
           :
           but
           Mony
           and
           Meate
           cannot
           so
           easily
           find
           Soldiers
           and
           swords
           .
        
         
           One
           wise
           Generall
           having
           but
           a
           Thousand
           men
           ,
           is
           more
           to
           be
           feared
           and
           esteemed
           then
           twenty
           Commanders
           of
           equall
           Authority
           :
           for
           they
           being
           commonly
           of
           divers
           humors
           ,
           or
           judging
           diversly
           ,
           do
           never
           ,
           or
           very
           rarely
           what
           is
           to
           be
           done
           ,
           and
           consequently
           lose
           much
           time
           before
           any
           resolution
           can
           be
           taken
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           of
           mean
           force
           ought
           not
           in
           any
           wise
           to
           adventure
           his
           Estate
           upon
           one
           daies
           fight
           :
           for
           if
           he
           be
           victorious
           he
           gaineth
           nothing
           but
           glory
           :
           but
           if
           he
           lose
           ,
           he
           is
           utterly
           ruined
           .
        
         
           The
           most
           part
           of
           men
           are
           delighted
           with
           Histories
           ,
           for
           the
           variety
           of
           accidents
           therein
           contained
           :
           yet
           are
           there
           few
           that
           will
           imitate
           what
           they
           read
           ,
           and
           finde
           done
           by
           others
           ;
           being
           perswaded
           that
           imitation
           is
           not
           only
           hard
           but
           impossible
           ,
           as
           though
           the
           Heavens
           and
           Men
           were
           changed
           in
           their
           
           Motion
           or
           Order
           ,
           and
           Power
           ,
           which
           they
           anciently
           had
           .
        
         
           The
           Nature
           of
           men
           is
           such
           as
           will
           not
           endevor
           any
           thing
           good
           ,
           unless
           they
           be
           forced
           thereunto
           :
           for
           where
           liberty
           aboundeth
           ,
           there
           confusion
           and
           disorder
           follow
           .
           It
           is
           therefore
           supposed
           that
           Hunger
           and
           Poverty
           make
           men
           industrious
           :
           but
           good
           Lawes
           inforce
           them
           to
           be
           honest
           ;
           for
           if
           men
           were
           of
           themselves
           good
           ,
           then
           Laws
           were
           needless
           .
        
         
           There
           are
           two
           kinds
           of
           Adulation
           :
           The
           First
           proceedeth
           from
           a
           subtil
           malice
           :
           The
           Second
           cometh
           by
           an
           ordinary
           use
           of
           conversation
           ;
           the
           one
           tendeth
           to
           profit
           and
           deceiving
           ;
           the
           other
           hath
           no
           further
           design
           then
           a
           respect
           or
           fear
           to
           offend
           .
           Whereunto
           the
           most
           honest
           are
           in
           some
           sort
           bound
           .
           Whoso
           bindeth
           himself
           to
           flattery
           ,
           doth
           thereby
           bewray
           his
           intent
           ,
           either
           to
           gain
           ,
           or
           not
           to
           lose
           that
           he
           hath
           .
           For
           the
           person
           flattered
           is
           alwaies
           superior
           to
           him
           that
           doth
           flatter
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           one
           as
           may
           in
           some
           sort
           stand
           him
           in
           stead
           .
           It
           may
           therefore
           be
           inferred
           that
           only
           men
           of
           base
           and
           miserable
           condition
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           cannot
           help
           or
           hurt
           ,
           be
           free
           from
           flatterers
           .
           And
           contrariwise
           magnanimous
           and
           fortunate
           folke
           ,
           proud
           men
           and
           such
           as
           content
           themselves
           with
           their
           present
           estate
           ,
           are
           seldom
           found
           to
           be
           flatterers
           .
        
         
         
           Every
           wise
           Prince
           doth
           presuppose
           that
           times
           of
           trouble
           may
           come
           ,
           and
           that
           all
           such
           occasions
           he
           shal
           be
           forced
           to
           use
           the
           service
           of
           men
           diversly
           qualified
           .
           His
           study
           therefore
           is
           in
           the
           mean
           time
           so
           to
           entertain
           them
           as
           when
           those
           storms
           arise
           he
           may
           rest
           assured
           to
           command
           them
           ;
           for
           whosoever
           perswades
           himself
           by
           present
           benefits
           to
           gain
           the
           good
           will
           of
           men
           ,
           when
           perills
           are
           at
           hand
           ,
           shall
           be
           deceived
           .
        
         
           In
           ancient
           times
           Princes
           and
           Governors
           were
           wont
           when
           peace
           and
           security
           were
           most
           like
           to
           continue
           ,
           to
           find
           or
           fain
           occasions
           to
           draw
           their
           Subjects
           to
           fear
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           that
           doubt
           might
           move
           them
           to
           be
           more
           carefull
           of
           their
           own
           weldoing
           ;
           for
           well
           they
           knew
           it
           a
           general
           defect
           in
           men
           to
           be
           reachless
           ,
           and
           never
           willing
           to
           use
           industry
           ;
           unless
           by
           necessity
           they
           were
           constrained
           .
        
         
           All
           Histories
           do
           shew
           ,
           and
           wise
           Polititians
           do
           hold
           it
           necessary
           ,
           that
           for
           the
           well
           governing
           of
           every
           Commonweal
           it
           behooveth
           to
           presuppose
           that
           all
           men
           are
           evil
           ,
           and
           will
           declare
           themselves
           so
           to
           be
           when
           occasion
           is
           offered
           ;
           for
           albeit
           some
           inconvenience
           doth
           lie
           hid
           for
           a
           time
           ,
           it
           proceedeth
           from
           a
           covert
           occasion
           ,
           which
           for
           want
           of
           experience
           was
           not
           found
           untill
           time
           the
           Mother
           of
           Truth
           discover
           it
           .
        
         
         
           Neutrality
           is
           always
           a
           thing
           dangerous
           and
           disallowable
           ,
           because
           it
           oftendeth
           all
           parties
           :
           He
           that
           is
           strong
           looketh
           to
           be
           assisted
           in
           his
           greatness
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           is
           weak
           not
           being
           defended
           ,
           holdeth
           himself
           offended
           :
           the
           one
           is
           not
           assured
           from
           Foes
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           holdeth
           no
           friends
           .
        
         
           Albeit
           neutrality
           procure
           present
           quiet
           and
           security
           ,
           during
           the
           troubles
           of
           others
           ;
           yet
           after
           the
           samefalleth
           out
           a
           disadvantage
           ,
           because
           it
           entertaineth
           a
           certain
           falseness
           ,
           and
           so
           in
           short
           space
           will
           be
           perceived
           ;
           not
           unlike
           those
           men
           that
           borrow
           upon
           usury
           ;
           for
           albeit
           they
           enjoy
           a
           certain
           time
           ,
           without
           trouble
           or
           charge
           ,
           yet
           the
           same
           being
           spent
           ,
           and
           the
           day
           of
           payment
           come
           ,
           they
           then
           feel
           the
           great
           danger
           which
           their
           short
           pleasure
           hath
           purchased
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           examineth
           all
           humane
           actions
           shall
           find
           that
           in
           eschewing
           one
           inconvenience
           ,
           wepresently
           incur
           another
           .
           As
           for
           example
           ,
           if
           we
           endeavor
           to
           make
           our
           dominions
           mighty
           ,
           it
           behooveth
           to
           have
           the
           same
           fully
           r●plenished
           with
           people
           ,
           and
           well
           armed
           ,
           and
           so
           being
           ,
           they
           are
           not
           easily
           governed
           .
           On
           the
           other
           side
           ,
           if
           our
           Country
           be
           not
           well
           peopled
           ,
           or
           disarmed
           ,
           then
           it
           is
           easily
           holden
           in
           obedience
           ;
           yet
           therwith
           so
           weake
           that
           it
           can
           neither
           increase
           the
           bounds
           therof
           ,
           nor
           defend
           it selfe
           .
           It
           is
           therfore
           necessary
           
           in
           all
           our
           deliberations
           to
           consider
           what
           inconvenience
           is
           least
           ,
           and
           choose
           that
           ,
           as
           the
           best
           :
           for
           to
           find
           all
           perfect
           ,
           void
           and
           secure
           of
           suspect
           or
           imperfection
           ,
           is
           impossible
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           being
           instantly
           required
           to
           take
           part
           with
           other
           Princes
           ,
           the
           one
           being
           in
           arms
           against
           the
           other
           ,
           if
           he
           deny
           both
           incureth
           suspicion
           of
           both
           ,
           and
           may
           be
           thought
           to
           have
           secret
           intelligences
           with
           one
           or
           both
           of
           them
           ;
           so
           as
           either
           of
           them
           shall
           accompt
           him
           an
           enemy
           ,
           and
           consequently
           he
           that
           proves
           victorious
           will
           be
           revenged
           ;
           and
           the
           other
           holding
           him
           suspected
           will
           not
           acknowledg
           his
           Friendship
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           the
           use
           of
           men
           to
           presume
           much
           upon
           their
           own
           merit
           ,
           and
           seeing
           the
           success
           of
           some
           others
           to
           be
           such
           as
           without
           cause
           or
           desert
           are
           aspired
           to
           dignity
           thereby
           uncouraged
           they
           promised
           to
           themselves
           the
           like
           :
           Nevertheless
           being
           entred
           into
           the
           course
           of
           their
           design
           ,
           and
           finding
           many
           crosses
           and
           impeachments
           ,
           they
           do
           not
           a
           little
           repent
           their
           over-weening
           and
           presumption
           ,
           but
           also
           many
           times
           utterly
           abandon
           their
           rash
           and
           unadvised
           enterprize
           ;
           neither
           can
           I
           think
           th●t
           the
           vertue
           or
           sufficiencie
           of
           any
           man
           without
           the
           favor
           of
           the
           heavens
           can
           advance
           him
           ;
           for
           as
           the
           Poet
           saith
           ,
           
             Ne●
             velle
             juvat
             ,
             potiúsue
             nocet
             ,
             si
             fata
             repugnant
          
        
         
         
           Whoso
           serveth
           a
           Prince
           far
           from
           his
           presence
           ,
           shall
           with
           great
           difficulty
           content
           him
           .
           For
           if
           he
           commit
           any
           error
           ,
           it
           shall
           be
           aggravated
           :
           besides
           that
           the
           instructions
           sent
           unto
           him
           cannot
           be
           particularly
           conceived
           ,
           because
           the
           State
           of
           worldly
           things
           doth
           daily
           alter
           .
           Also
           to
           serve
           alooffe
           ,
           is
           a
           thing
           full
           of
           danger
           and
           far
           from
           reward
           :
           which
           inconvenience
           may
           for
           the
           most
           part
           be
           avoided
           by
           him
           that
           attendeth
           near
           to
           his
           Princes
           person
           .
        
         
           Let
           no
           man
           that
           cometh
           to
           serve
           in
           Court
           ,
           assure
           himself
           by
           his
           wisdom
           to
           be
           advanced
           or
           eschew
           all
           encounters
           .
           Neither
           is
           he
           to
           bear
           himself
           so
           careless
           as
           to
           commit
           all
           to
           fortune
           ,
           but
           be
           perswaded
           that
           this
           wordly
           life
           is
           like
           to
           a
           voyage
           by
           Sea
           ;
           wherein
           albeit
           Art
           with
           the
           favor
           of
           the
           wind
           may
           do
           much
           ,
           yet
           can
           we
           not
           assure
           our selves
           to
           arrive
           safe
           in
           the
           Haven
           appointed
           ;
           for
           daily
           experience
           doth
           shew
           ,
           that
           some
           strange
           ships
           in
           the
           calmest
           weather
           ,
           are
           drowned
           or
           impeached
           by
           the
           way
           ,
           when
           others
           much
           weaker
           and
           disarmed
           passe
           securely
           .
        
         
           Among
           men
           worthy
           of
           commendations
           ,
           those
           have
           merited
           best
           that
           first
           planted
           true
           Religion
           :
           next
           they
           that
           framed
           Kingdoms
           and
           Commonwealths
           ;
           the
           third
           place
           is
           due
           to
           such
           as
           have
           augmented
           or
           enlarged
           
           their
           dominions
           ;
           lastly
           learned
           men
           deserve
           fame
           and
           memory
           :
           and
           as
           every
           of
           these
           are
           worthy
           of
           fame
           and
           honor
           ;
           so
           ought
           they
           to
           be
           accompted
           infamous
           that
           introduce
           Atheism
           ,
           or
           the
           subversion
           of
           kingdoms
           ,
           or
           are
           become
           enemies
           to
           Learning
           and
           Vertue
           .
        
         
           Whosoever
           taketh
           in
           hand
           to
           governe
           a
           Multitude
           either
           by
           way
           of
           liberty
           ,
           or
           principality
           ,
           and
           cannot
           assure
           himse●f
           of
           those
           persons
           that
           are
           Enemies
           to
           that
           Enterprise
           ,
           doth
           frame
           a
           State
           of
           short
           perseverance
           :
           yet
           true
           it
           is
           that
           such
           Princes
           be
           infortunate●
           as
           for
           their
           own
           security
           are
           inforced
           to
           hold
           a
           course
           extraordinary
           ,
           and
           have
           the
           multitude
           their
           enemy
           ;
           for
           he
           that
           hath
           few
           foes
           may
           with
           small
           dishonor
           be
           assured
           ;
           but
           he
           that
           is
           generally
           hated
           can
           by
           no
           means
           live
           assured
           ;
           and
           the
           more
           cruelty
           he
           useth
           ,
           the
           weaker
           his
           principality
           proveth
           .
        
         
           In
           commending
           another
           man
           great
           moderation
           is
           to
           be
           used
           ;
           for
           as
           contumely
           offendeth
           him
           against
           whom
           it
           is
           used
           ;
           so
           great
           praise
           ,
           besides
           that
           it
           is
           uttered
           with
           danger
           to
           his
           judgment
           that
           speaketh
           it
           ,
           the
           same
           doth
           oftentimes
           offend
           him
           that
           heareth
           it
           .
           For
           self
           love
           which
           commonly
           possesseth
           men
           ,
           causes
           the
           good
           or
           evil
           we
           hear
           ,
           to
           be
           measured
           with
           our
           own
           .
           And
           
           consequently
           every
           man
           that
           is
           touched
           with
           like
           deserts
           and
           defects
           ,
           doth
           grow●
           offended
           that
           his
           commendation
           is
           not
           set
           forth
           ,
           and
           feareth
           lest
           his
           imperfection
           should
           be
           discovered
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           often
           ,
           or
           rather
           ever
           seen
           ,
           that
           the
           force
           of
           Leagues
           not
           used
           in
           their
           first
           heat
           ,
           becomes
           cold
           ;
           because
           Suspition
           soon
           entereth
           ,
           which
           in
           short
           space
           will
           destroy
           whatsoever
           was
           concluded
           ,
           and
           may
           not
           without
           long
           time
           be
           rejoyned
           .
        
         
           The
           power
           of
           Ambition
           which
           possesseth
           the
           mindes
           of
           men
           ,
           is
           such
           ,
           as
           rarely
           or
           never
           suffereth
           them
           to
           rest
           :
           The
           reason
           thereof
           is
           ,
           That
           nature
           hath
           framed
           in
           them
           a
           certain
           disposition
           to
           desire
           all
           things
           ,
           but
           not
           to
           obtain
           them
           ;
           so
           as
           our
           desires
           being
           greater
           then
           our
           power
           ,
           thereof
           followeth
           discontent
           and
           evil
           satisfaction
           .
           Hereof
           also
           proceedeth
           the
           variation
           of
           Fortune
           ;
           for
           some
           men
           desiring
           to
           get
           ,
           and
           others
           fearing
           to
           lose
           that
           they
           have
           gotten
           ,
           do
           occasion
           one
           man
           to
           injure
           another
           ,
           and
           consequently
           Publick
           Wars
           do
           follow
           ;
           by
           means
           whereof
           ,
           one
           Countrey
           is
           ruined
           ,
           and
           an
           other
           inlarged
           .
        
         
           Princes
           of
           great
           power
           ,
           and
           cheifly
           those
           that
           are
           Inhabitants
           of
           the
           North
           ,
           having
           many
           Children
           ,
           were
           wont
           to
           be
           much
           inclined
           to
           the
           Wars
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           win
           unto
           
           themselves
           honor
           ,
           as
           also
           to
           get
           possessions
           for
           their
           Sons
           ;
           which
           manner
           of
           proceedings
           did
           oftentimes
           remove
           such
           disturbance
           as
           the
           plurality
           of
           Brethren
           bringeth
           .
           These
           and
           other
           reasons
           induced
           Princes
           to
           attempt
           War
           against
           those
           Kingdoms
           ,
           which
           in
           their
           opinion
           seemed
           easily
           conquered
           ,
           or
           whereunto
           they
           can
           pretend
           litle
           ;
           for
           by
           colour
           thereof
           they
           may
           the
           rather
           justifie
           their
           proceedings
           .
        
         
           When
           a
           Prince
           deferreth
           to
           answer
           an
           Ambassador
           ,
           it
           proceedeth
           from
           some
           of
           these
           respects
           ;
           either
           because
           he
           will
           take
           time
           to
           resolve
           himself
           of
           somewhat
           whereof
           he
           doubteth
           ,
           or
           that
           he
           intendeth
           covertly
           to
           deny
           that
           which
           is
           demanded
           ,
           or
           that
           he
           esteemeth
           not
           the
           Prince
           that
           doth
           demand
           ,
           or
           that
           he
           disdaineth
           the
           person
           by
           whom
           the
           demand
           is
           made
           ,
           or
           else
           that
           he
           intendeth
           to
           hear
           from
           his
           own
           Ministers
           to
           be
           better
           resolved
           :
           Wherefore
           a
           discreet
           Negotiator
           ought
           in
           such
           cases
           to
           consider
           which
           of
           these
           reasons
           move
           the
           Prince
           where
           he
           is
           employed
           ,
           to
           entertain
           him
           with
           delays
           ,
           and
           make
           his
           dispatch
           accordingly
           .
        
         
           The
           sufficiency
           of
           good
           Counsellors
           consisteth
           in
           four
           things
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           They
           ought
           to
           be
           wise
           and
           skilful
           how
           to
           handle
           their
           affairs
           ,
           directing
           all
           
           doings
           to
           publick
           commodity
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           To
           be
           just
           in
           their
           proceedings
           ,
           giving
           to
           every
           one
           that
           which
           to
           him
           appertaineth
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           To
           be
           stout
           ,
           and
           void
           both
           of
           partial
           respects
           and
           fear
           .
        
         
           And
           lastly
           ,
           To
           be
           temperate
           and
           moderate
           in
           their
           desires
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           desireth
           to
           govern
           well
           and
           securely
           ,
           it
           behoveth
           him
           to
           have
           a
           vigilant
           eye
           to
           the
           proceedings
           of
           great
           Princes
           ,
           and
           to
           consider
           seriously
           of
           their
           designs
           :
           For
           it
           is
           a
           matter
           of
           small
           difficulty
           to
           live
           in
           peace
           with
           him
           who
           desireth
           our
           amity
           ,
           and
           provideth
           for
           others
           that
           endeavor
           to
           offend
           us
           .
        
         
           The
           intelligences
           that
           Princes
           study
           to
           attain
           ,
           are
           procured
           by
           divers
           means
           :
           Some
           are
           brought
           by
           report
           ,
           some
           vented
           by
           conversation
           and
           sounding
           ,
           some
           by
           means
           of
           espials
           ;
           but
           the
           most
           sure
           and
           credible
           accurrents
           ,
           are
           those
           which
           come
           from
           Ambassadors
           ,
           cheifly
           those
           that
           either
           for
           the
           greatness
           of
           their
           Prince
           ,
           or
           their
           own
           Vertue
           ,
           be
           of
           most
           reputation
           .
           For
           those
           men
           conversing
           daily
           with
           great
           personages
           ,
           and
           pondering
           diligently
           their
           Manners
           ,
           Words
           ,
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           the
           order
           of
           each
           mans
           proceedings
           ,
           yea
           ,
           of
           the
           Prince
           himself
           ,
           may
           with
           commodity
           attain
           unto
           matters
           
           of
           importance
           sooner
           then
           they
           that
           are
           Writers
           of
           rumors
           ,
           or
           that
           take
           upon
           them
           to
           conjecture
           of
           things
           to
           come
           .
        
         
           Whensoever
           a
           people
           is
           induced
           to
           commit
           so
           great
           an
           error
           ,
           as
           to
           give
           reputation
           to
           one
           onely
           man
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           he
           should
           oppress
           all
           those
           great
           men
           whom
           they
           hate
           ,
           they
           thereby
           give
           him
           opportunity
           to
           become
           their
           Prince
           ;
           and
           so
           being
           assisted
           with
           their
           favor
           and
           aid●
           he
           may
           likewise
           extinguish
           all
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ;
           and
           they
           being
           extirpated●
           he
           will
           also
           endeavor
           to
           tyrannize
           over
           the
           people
           ,
           by
           wh●se
           help
           he
           aspired
           .
        
         
           So
           many
           as
           are
           not
           consenting
           to
           the
           Tyranny
           ,
           rest
           enemies
           to
           the
           person
           of
           the
           Tyrant
           ,
           who
           can
           by
           no
           means
           gain
           the
           love
           of
           all
           .
           For
           impossible
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           riches
           of
           any
           Tyrant
           should
           be
           so
           great
           ,
           and
           the
           Honors
           he
           can
           give
           so
           many
           as
           may
           satisfie
           all
           .
           Hereof
           it
           cometh
           ,
           that
           those
           Tyrants
           that
           are
           favored
           of
           the
           people
           ,
           and
           disfavored
           of
           the
           Nobles●
           are
           most
           secure
           ;
           because
           their
           Tyranny
           is
           supported
           with
           a
           greater
           strength
           (
           having
           the
           mul●itude
           their
           friends
           )
           then
           is
           the
           Tyrant
           whom
           the
           humor
           of
           the
           Nobles
           onely
           hath
           advanced
           .
        
         
           A
           dangerous
           thing
           it
           is
           in
           all
           Common-wealths
           by
           continual
           punishing
           ,
           to
           hold
           the
           mindes
           of
           Subjects
           in
           suspition
           ;
           for
           
           men
           ever
           fearing
           their
           ruine
           ,
           will
           (
           without
           respect
           )
           determine
           to
           save
           themselves
           ,
           and
           as
           men
           desperate
           ,
           attempt
           innovation
           .
           All
           capital
           executions
           ought
           therefore
           to
           be
           executed
           suddenly
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           at
           one
           instant●
           so
           to
           assure
           the
           mindes
           of
           men
           from
           further
           molestation●●
        
         
           The
           intent
           of
           every
           wise
           Prince
           that
           maketh
           War
           ,
           either
           by
           election
           or
           ambition
           ,
           is
           to
           gain
           and
           hold
           what
           is
           gotten
           :
           Also
           to
           use
           the
           matter
           so
           as
           thereby
           he
           may
           inrich
           himself
           ,
           and
           not
           impoverish
           his
           own
           people
           or
           Countrey
           .
        
         
           He
           that
           inlargeth
           his
           Dominions
           ,
           doth
           not
           always
           increase
           his
           power
           ;
           but
           he
           that
           increaseth
           in
           force
           as
           well
           as
           in
           Dominion
           ,
           shall
           thereby
           grow
           great
           ;
           otherwise
           he
           gaineth
           no
           more
           then
           is
           shortly
           to
           be
           lost
           ,
           and
           consequently
           he
           ruineth
           himself
           :
           For
           who
           spends
           more
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           then
           he
           gains
           by
           Victory
           ,
           loseth
           both
           labor
           and
           Cost
           .
        
         
           Every
           Prince
           and
           Commonwealth
           must
           above
           all
           things
           take
           heed
           ,
           that
           no
           necessity
           how
           great
           soever
           ,
           do
           perswade
           him
           to
           bring
           into
           his
           Dominion
           any
           Auxiliary
           Soldiers
           ;
           because
           the
           hardest
           conditions
           the
           enemy
           can
           offer
           ,
           are
           more
           easie
           then
           is
           such
           a
           resolution
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           sheweth
           his
           ruine
           at
           hand
           ,
           whensoever
           he
           beginneth
           to
           break
           the
           Laws
           
           and
           Customs
           ,
           which
           are
           antient
           ,
           and
           have
           been
           long
           time
           obeyed
           by
           the
           people
           of
           his
           Dominion
           .
        
         
           That
           Prince
           which
           careth
           to
           keep
           himself
           secure
           from
           conspiracy
           ,
           ought
           rather
           to
           fear
           those
           to
           whom
           he
           hath
           done
           over-great
           favors
           ,
           then
           them
           whom
           he
           hath
           much
           injured
           :
           For
           these
           want
           opportunities
           ,
           the
           other
           do
           not
           ;
           and
           both
           their
           desires
           are
           as
           one
           ;
           because
           the
           Appetite
           of
           commanding●
           is
           always
           as
           much
           or
           more
           then
           the
           desire
           of
           revenge
           .
        
         
           Whensoever
           a
           Prince
           discovers
           a
           conspiracy
           ,
           he
           must
           well
           consider
           the
           quality
           thereof
           ,
           measuring
           the
           force
           of
           the
           Conspirators
           with
           his
           own
           ;
           and
           finding
           them
           many
           and
           mighty
           ,
           the
           knowledge
           thereof
           is
           to
           be
           dissembled
           ,
           until
           the
           Princes
           power
           be
           prepared
           to
           oppose
           them
           ;
           otherwise
           he
           hazardeth
           his
           own
           security
           .
        
         
           It
           hath
           been
           by
           long
           experience
           found
           better
           to
           send
           one
           General
           to
           an
           Army
           ,
           though
           he
           be
           of
           mean
           sufficiency
           ,
           then
           to
           give
           the
           same
           Authority
           to
           two
           or
           more
           excellent
           personages
           with
           equal
           Commission
           .
        
         
           He
           that
           coveteth
           to
           be
           over-much
           loved
           ,
           often
           times
           becomes
           contemptible
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           endeavoreth
           to
           be
           over-much
           feared
           ,
           is
           ever
           hated
           :
           And
           to
           hold
           the
           mean
           between
           
           them
           ,
           cannot
           be
           exactly
           done
           ,
           because
           nature
           will
           not
           so
           permit
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           aspireth
           to
           any
           dignity
           ,
           must
           resolve
           himself
           to
           endure
           the
           envy
           of
           men
           ,
           and
           never
           to
           be
           moved
           for
           any
           offence
           conceived
           against
           him
           ,
           though
           they
           that
           be
           offended
           ,
           be
           his
           dear
           Friends
           :
           Neither
           shall
           he
           for
           the
           first
           affront
           or
           encounter
           ,
           relinquish
           his
           hope
           ;
           for
           he
           that
           constantly
           maketh
           head
           against
           the
           assault
           of
           Fortune
           ,
           shall
           after
           with
           facility
           arive
           where
           he
           designed
           .
        
         
           In
           giving
           Council
           to
           a
           Prince
           or
           Commonwealth
           ,
           and
           therewith
           desiring
           to
           eschue
           danger
           and
           offence
           ,
           no
           other
           mean
           is
           to
           be
           taken
           then
           that
           the
           Counsellor
           shall
           without
           passion
           or
           perswasion
           pronounce
           his
           opinion
           ,
           and
           never
           to
           affirm
           any
           thing
           as
           a
           resolution
           ,
           but
           with
           modesty
           to
           defend
           that
           he
           speaketh
           ;
           so
           as
           the
           Prince
           which
           follows
           his
           advice
           ,
           may
           seem
           to
           do
           it
           voluntarily
           ,
           and
           not
           forced
           by
           the
           importunity
           of
           him
           that
           gave
           the
           Council
           .
        
         
           A
           discreet
           Captain
           being
           in
           the
           Field
           against
           the
           enemy
           ,
           of
           whose
           vertue
           he
           hath
           had
           no
           proof
           ,
           ought
           first
           by
           light
           skirmishes
           to
           feel
           of
           what
           vertue
           he
           is●
           and
           not
           to
           enterprise
           any
           general
           adventure
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           that
           Terror
           or
           Fame
           should
           not
           daunt
           nor
           discourage
           his
           own
           Soldiers
           .
        
         
         
           Albeit
           Fraud
           be
           in
           all
           actions
           detested
           ,
           yet
           is
           the
           same
           in
           Martial
           enterprises
           commendable
           and
           glorious
           :
           For
           that
           Captain
           who
           compasseth
           his
           designs
           by
           wit
           or
           stratagem
           ,
           is
           no
           less
           commended
           then
           he
           that
           vanquisheth
           the
           Enemy
           by
           violence
           and
           Force
           .
        
         
           In
           times
           of
           extremity
           ,
           when
           resolution
           must
           be
           taken
           for
           the
           having
           or
           utter
           losse
           of
           the
           State
           ,
           then
           no
           regard
           is
           to
           be
           had
           of
           Justice
           or
           Injustice
           ,
           Mercy
           or
           Cruelty
           ,
           Honor
           or
           Ignominy
           ,
           but
           rather
           setting
           aside
           all
           respects
           ,
           that
           course
           is
           to
           be
           follow
           which
           defended
           the
           lives
           and
           liberties
           of
           men
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           desireth
           to
           know
           what
           will
           be
           hereafter
           let
           him
           think
           of
           that
           is
           past
           ;
           for
           the
           World
           hath
           ever
           bin
           in
           in
           a
           circular
           revolution
           :
           Whatsoever
           is
           now
           ,
           was
           heretofore
           and
           things
           past
           or
           present
           are
           no
           other
           then
           such
           as
           shall
           be
           again
           :
           
             redit
             orbis
             in
             orbem
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           desireth
           to
           obtain
           any
           thing
           at
           the
           hand
           of
           another
           ,
           must
           if
           it
           be
           possible
           urge
           a
           suddain
           answer
           ,
           and
           lay
           before
           him
           that
           is
           moved
           ,
           a
           necessity
           to
           resove
           presently
           ,
           giving
           him
           to
           understand
           that
           denial
           or
           delaies
           may
           breed
           a
           perilous
           and
           suddain
           indignation
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           nothing
           more
           difficult
           ,
           doubtful
           and
           dangerous
           then
           to
           attempt
           Innovation
           :
           
           for
           he
           that
           taketh
           in
           hand
           an
           enterprize
           of
           such
           quality
           ,
           maketh
           all
           those
           his
           Enemies
           which
           lived
           well
           under
           the
           old
           order
           ,
           and
           findeth
           them
           cold
           defenders
           that
           affect
           his
           novelties
           ,
           which
           coldness
           proceedeth
           chiefly
           of
           incredulity
           ;
           for
           men
           are
           not
           easily
           induced
           to
           beleeve
           a
           new
           thing
           till
           experience
           hath
           proved
           it
           to
           be
           good
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           no
           art
           nor
           other
           knowledg
           so
           seemly
           and
           necessary
           for
           a
           Prince
           as
           the
           Art
           Military
           with
           the
           ordinances
           and
           discipline
           thereof
           :
           for
           that
           is
           the
           only
           skill
           required
           in
           him
           that
           commandeth
           ,
           and
           such
           a
           vertue
           as
           doth
           not
           only
           maintain
           them
           that
           are
           born
           Princes
           ,
           but
           often
           advanceth
           private
           men
           to
           that
           dignity
           .
        
         
           The
           deep
           impressions
           which
           old
           injuries
           make
           in
           the
           minds
           of
           great
           men
           cannot
           with
           new
           benefits
           be
           razed
           out
           ;
           it
           is
           also
           to
           be
           remembred
           that
           injuries
           be
           done
           all
           together
           :
           For
           they
           offend
           the
           lesse
           ,
           and
           wil
           be
           forgotten
           the
           sooner
           ;
           but
           benefits
           should
           by
           little
           and
           little
           be
           bestowed
           ,
           ●o
           shal
           the
           memory
           of
           them
           long
           continue
           .
        
         
           A
           small
           pleasure
           or
           displeasure
           presently
           done
           ,
           doth
           move
           more
           then
           a
           great
           good
           turn
           bestowed
           in
           times
           past
           ;
           for
           the
           taste
           of
           things
           present
           doth
           make
           a
           deeper
           impression
           in
           the
           minds
           of
           men
           ,
           then
           doth
           the
           memory
           
           of
           things
           past
           ,
           or
           expectation
           of
           things
           to
           come
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           matter
           of
           small
           difficulty
           to
           sound
           the
           discont
           ntment
           of
           other
           men
           .
           For
           every
           one
           doth
           willingly
           tell
           the
           well
           and
           ill
           deserving
           of
           friends
           ,
           and
           likewise
           how
           much
           or
           how
           little
           foes
           can
           do
           ,
           if
           we
           have
           patience
           to
           hear
           ,
           which
           patience
           is
           the
           beginning
           of
           all
           good
           speed
           ;
           but
           he
           that
           delighteth
           to
           speak
           much
           ,
           and
           hear
           little
           ,
           shall
           ever
           inform
           others
           more
           then
           he
           himself
           can
           learn
           .
        
         
           Among
           other
           dangers
           which
           a
           Prince
           incurreth
           by
           being
           disarmed
           ,
           the
           greatest
           is
           ,
           that
           thereby
           he
           becometh
           contemptible
           ;
           for
           no
           comparison
           there
           is
           between
           men
           armed
           and
           them
           that
           are
           disarmed
           :
           and
           no
           reason
           there
           is
           that
           he
           that
           is
           armed
           should
           yield
           obedience
           to
           him
           that
           is
           disarmed
           ,
           neither
           is
           it
           like
           that
           a
           Prince
           disarmed
           can
           be
           secure
           from
           his
           own
           Subjects
           armed
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           ignorant
           of
           Martial
           knowledg
           ,
           among
           other
           misfortunes
           cannot
           be
           esteemed
           or
           trusted
           of
           his
           own
           Soldiers
           ;
           it
           behooveth
           him
           therefore
           as
           well
           in
           time
           of
           peace
           as
           war
           to
           exercise
           arms
           ,
           which
           may
           be
           done
           by
           two
           meanes
           ;
           the
           one
           by
           action
           of
           body
           ,
           the
           other
           by
           contemplation
           of
           mind
           .
           The
           body
           may
           be
           exercised
           in
           hunting
           ,
           hawking
           ,
           and
           such
           like
           pastimes
           ;
           
           thereby
           to
           be
           made
           apt
           to
           endure
           travel
           :
           his
           mind
           likewise
           may
           be
           informed
           by
           reading
           of
           Histories
           ,
           and
           the
           consideration
           of
           actions
           performed
           by
           excellent
           Captains
           ,
           observing
           the
           occasion
           of
           their
           victories
           or
           losses
           to
           the
           end
           he
           may
           imitate
           the
           one●
           and
           eschew
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           He
           that
           doth
           not
           as
           other
           men
           do
           ,
           but
           endeavoureth
           that
           which
           ought
           to
           be
           done
           ,
           shall
           thereby
           rather
           incur
           peril
           then
           preservation
           for
           whoso
           laboreth
           to
           be
           sincerely
           perfect
           and
           good
           ,
           shall
           necessarily
           perish
           ,
           living
           among
           men
           that
           are
           generally
           evil
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           useth
           liberality
           to
           his
           prejudice
           ,
           ought
           not
           to
           regard
           the
           infamy
           of
           Miserable
           ,
           because
           his
           parsimony
           will
           in
           time
           enable
           him
           to
           be
           liberal
           ,
           and
           so
           may
           declare
           himself
           to
           be
           ,
           having
           by
           parsimony
           increased
           his
           power
           ,
           and
           therefore
           without
           imposing
           upon
           the
           people
           ,
           may
           defend
           himself
           from
           all
           such
           as
           will
           make
           war
           ;
           so
           shall
           he
           use
           liberality
           to
           all
           them
           from
           whom
           he
           taketh
           nothing
           ,
           who
           are
           infinite
           ;
           and
           use
           miserliness
           to
           those
           only
           to
           whom
           he
           giveth
           ,
           who
           are
           but
           few
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           nothing
           that
           consumeth
           it self
           like
           to
           liberality
           ;
           for
           if
           it
           be
           long
           used
           ,
           it
           taketh
           away
           the
           meanes
           to
           continue
           it
           ,
           and
           consequently
           doth
           make
           men
           poor
           and
           
           basely
           minded
           :
           or
           else
           to
           eschew
           poverty
           they
           shall
           be
           forced
           to
           extortion
           and
           become
           odious
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           better
           to
           incur
           the
           name
           of
           covetous
           (
           which
           is
           a
           scandal
           without
           hate
           )
           then
           with
           desire
           to
           be
           accounted
           liberal
           ,
           deserve
           the
           infamie
           of
           oppression
           (
           an
           ignominy
           accompanied
           with
           hatred
           .
           )
        
         
           A
           Prince
           ought
           to
           be
           slow
           in
           believing
           ,
           and
           advised
           in
           proceeding
           ;
           he
           should
           also
           beware
           not
           to
           make
           himself
           over
           much
           feared
           ,
           but
           in
           all
           his
           actions
           shew
           great
           wisdom
           tempered
           with
           curtesie
           ;
           so
           shall
           not
           over
           much
           confidence
           induce
           him
           to
           be
           careless
           ,
           nor
           over
           much
           diffidence
           render
           him
           intolerable
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           observeth
           ,
           shall
           see
           that
           men
           offended
           ,
           less
           respect
           him
           whom
           they
           love
           ,
           then
           him
           whom
           they
           fear
           .
           For
           love
           is
           maintained
           by
           a
           certain
           reciproque
           obligation
           ,
           which
           because
           men
           are
           evill
           ,
           useth
           to
           be
           by
           every
           occasion
           of
           profit
           broken
           .
           But
           fear
           is
           continued
           by
           a
           certain
           dread
           of
           punishment
           which
           never
           faileth
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           holdeth
           in
           the
           fi●ld
           an
           Army
           wherein
           are
           great
           numbers
           of
           Soldiers
           ,
           ought
           not
           to
           care
           though
           he
           be
           accompted
           cruell
           :
           For
           without
           such
           an
           opinion
           conceived
           ,
           he
           cannot
           keep
           his
           forces
           united
           ,
           nor
           apt
           to
           attempt
           any
           enterprize
           .
        
         
         
           Men
           for
           the
           most
           ,
           do
           use
           rather
           to
           judg
           ;
           by
           their
           eyes
           ,
           then
           by
           their
           hands
           ,
           for
           every
           one
           may
           see
           ,
           but
           few
           can
           certainly
           know
           .
           Every
           one
           seeth
           what
           thou
           seemest
           to
           be
           ,
           but
           few
           can
           understand
           what
           thou
           art
           indeed
           ;
           and
           these
           few
           dare
           not
           oppose
           themselves
           to
           the
           opinion
           of
           many
           which
           have
           the
           Majesty
           of
           Estate
           to
           defend
           them
           .
           Also
           in
           the
           actions
           of
           all
           men
           ,
           and
           chiefly
           Princes
           ,
           from
           whom
           is
           no
           appellation
           ,
           the
           end
           is
           ever
           observed
           .
           
             Machiavel
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Prince
           being
           forced
           to
           use
           the
           condition
           of
           beasts
           ,
           must
           among
           them
           make
           choice
           of
           the
           Fox
           and
           the
           Lyon
           ;
           for
           the
           Lyon
           cannot
           take
           heed
           of
           snares
           ,
           and
           the
           Fox
           is
           easily
           overcome
           by
           the
           Wolves
           ,
           it
           behooveth
           him
           therefore
           to
           be
           a
           Fox
           to
           discover
           the
           snares
           ,
           and
           a
           Lyon
           to
           terrify
           the
           Wolves
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           newly
           advanced
           cannot
           observe
           those
           rules
           which
           are
           the
           cause
           that
           men
           be
           accompted
           good
           ;
           he
           being
           many
           times
           constrained
           for
           defence
           of
           his
           state
           to
           proceed
           contrary
           to
           promise
           ,
           contrary
           to
           charity
           ,
           and
           all
           vertue
           ;
           and
           consequently
           it
           behooveth
           him
           to
           have
           a
           mind
           apt
           to
           alteration
           ,
           as
           the
           wind
           and
           variation
           of
           fortune
           shall
           direct
           ;
           yet
           ought
           he
           not
           to
           abandon
           the
           good
           ,
           if
           so
           he
           can
           ,
           but
           be
           ready
           to
           use
           what
           is
           evil
           if
           so
           he
           shall
           be
           inforced
           .
        
         
         
           Every
           Prince
           ought
           to
           have
           two
           ears
           ,
           the
           one
           Intrinsick
           in
           respect
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           the
           other
           Extrinsick
           in
           respect
           of
           forraine
           Potentates
           ,
           from
           whom
           ●he
           may
           be
           defended
           with
           good
           Arms
           ,
           and
           good
           Friends
           :
           Also
           matters
           Intrinsick
           will
           ever
           stand
           well
           so
           long
           as
           all
           things
           abroad
           rest
           firm
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           is
           favored
           of
           the
           multitude
           ,
           need
           not
           to
           doubt
           conspiracy
           ;
           but
           contrariwise
           where
           the
           people
           is
           generally
           discontented
           ,
           and
           hateth
           the
           Prince
           ,
           then
           may
           he
           reasonably
           doubt
           every
           thing
           ,
           and
           every
           person
           ;
           for
           no
           man
           is
           so
           poor
           ,
           that
           wanteth
           a
           weapon
           wherewith
           to
           offend
           ,
        
         
           W●en
           any
           occasion
           is
           presented
           to
           have
           that
           thou
           desirest
           ,
           fail
           not
           to
           lay
           hold
           thereof
           :
           For
           these
           worldly
           things
           do
           vary
           ,
           and
           that
           so
           suddenly
           ,
           as
           hard
           it
           is
           to
           assure
           our selves
           of
           any
           thing
           ,
           unless
           the
           same
           be
           already
           in
           hand
           :
           On
           the
           other
           side
           if
           any
           trouble
           threaten
           thee
           ,
           defer
           it
           so
           long
           as
           thou
           maist
           ;
           for
           time
           may
           occ●sion
           some
           accident
           to
           remove
           all
           dangers
           .
        
         
           The
           Prince
           that
           doubtech
           the
           fidelity
           of
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           must
           of
           force
           build
           Fortresses
           ;
           but
           he
           that
           feareth
           forreign
           force
           more
           then
           his
           own
           people
           ,
           were
           better
           to
           leave
           them
           unbuilt
           .
           Howsoever
           it
           be
           ,
           that
           Prince
           that
           desireth
           generally
           to
           be
           respected
           and
           esteemed
           ,
           must
           perform
           some
           notable
           enterprise
           ,
           
           and
           give
           testimony
           of
           great
           Vertue
           and
           Valor
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           shall
           do
           well
           at
           all
           times
           to
           be
           counselled
           so
           as
           no
           man
           do
           presume
           to
           give
           counsel
           but
           when
           the
           Prince
           doth
           ask
           it
           .
           It
           is
           al●o
           to
           be
           noted
           ,
           that
           he
           who
           is
           not
           of
           himself
           wise
           ,
           cannot
           be
           well
           counselled
           of
           others
           ,
           unless
           happily
           he
           yield
           to
           some
           wise
           men
           the
           Government
           of
           his
           whole
           Affairs
           .
           For
           good
           counsels
           from
           whomsoever
           they
           proceed
           ,
           shall
           be
           thought
           to
           come
           from
           the
           Prince
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           wisdom
           of
           the
           Prince
           to
           proceed
           from
           the
           counsel
           of
           others
           .
        
         
           He
           that
           taketh
           delight
           to
           be
           employed
           in
           Publick
           Affairs
           ,
           must
           by
           all
           means
           endeavor
           to
           continue
           in
           such
           Services
           :
           For
           oft
           one
           business
           dependeth
           on
           another
           ,
           whereunto
           the
           
             Florentine
          
           Proverb
           may
           be
           applied
           ,
           
             Di
             cosa
             ,
             nasae
             cosa
             &
             il
             tempole
             governa
             .
          
        
         
           Some
           men
           have
           not
           onely
           desired
           ,
           but
           also
           compassed
           honor
           and
           profit
           ;
           yet
           being
           in
           possession
           of
           both
           ,
           were
           not
           therewith
           so
           satisfyed
           as
           they
           hoped
           to
           be
           ;
           which
           being
           believed
           ,
           would
           happily
           extinguish
           the
           immeasurable
           ambition
           wherewith
           many
           men
           are
           possessed
           .
        
         
           By
           experience
           I
           have
           learned
           that
           great
           folly
           it
           is
           to
           account
           that
           ours
           which
           we
           have
           not
           ,
           or
           spend
           presently
           in
           hope
           of
           future
           gain
           .
           Therefore
           Merchants
           during
           the
           adventure
           
           of
           their
           goods
           ,
           do
           not
           increase
           domesticall
           expences●
           but
           fearing
           the
           worst
           assure
           what
           is
           in
           hand
           .
        
         
           For
           such
           men
           as
           have
           gained
           unto
           themselves
           reputation
           and
           are
           accounted
           vertuous
           ,
           to
           maintain
           that
           conceipt
           and
           eschew
           envy
           ,
           there
           is
           nothing
           better
           then
           a
           life
           retired
           from
           daily
           conversation
           ,
           &
           chiefly
           of
           the
           multitude
           .
           
             Fugiat
             sapiens
             commercia
             vulgi●
          
        
         
           The
           end
           that
           moveth
           a
           Prince
           to
           make
           war
           ,
           is
           to
           enrich
           himself
           ,
           and
           impoverish
           the
           enemy
           :
           neit
           her
           is
           victory
           desired
           for
           other
           purpose
           then
           thereby
           to
           become
           the
           more
           mighty
           ,
           and
           make
           the
           enemy
           weak
           ;
           consequently
           wheresoever
           thy
           victory
           doth
           impoverish
           thee
           ,
           or
           thy
           gain
           therein
           doth
           weaken
           thee
           ,
           it
           followeth
           that
           either
           thou
           passe
           or
           undergoe
           that
           mark
           whereunto
           the
           intention
           of
           war
           was
           directed
           .
           And
           that
           Prince
           is
           by
           victory
           enriched
           ,
           that
           can
           oppress
           the
           enemies
           power
           and
           become
           Master
           of
           his
           goods
           and
           possessions
           .
           And
           that
           Prince
           is
           by
           victory
           impoverished
           when
           the
           enemy
           notwithstanding
           he
           be
           victored
           can
           still
           maintain
           himself
           ,
           and
           the
           spoyls
           and
           possessions
           are
           not
           taken
           to
           the
           use
           of
           the
           Prince
           victorious
           ,
           but
           imparted
           unto
           his
           Soldiers
           .
           For
           then
           may
           he
           be
           thought
           in
           his
           own
           loosing
           infortunate
           ,
           and
           in
           victory
           unhappy
           ;
           for
           if
           he
           be
           vanquished
           ,
           then
           
           
           
           must
           he
           indure
           the
           offence
           by
           foes
           ;
           and
           being
           victorious
           shall
           be
           forced
           to
           abide
           the
           wrong
           offered
           by
           Friends
           :
           which
           as
           they
           be
           less
           reasonable
           ,
           so
           are
           they
           also
           less
           supportable
           ;
           because
           he
           is
           still
           by
           impositions
           forced
           to
           burthen
           the
           Subjects
           ,
           whereof
           m●y
           be
           inferred
           ,
           that
           the
           Prince
           having
           in
           him
           any
           generosity
           cannot
           justly
           rejoyce
           at
           that
           victory
           which
           causeth
           the
           Subjects
           to
           lament
           .
        
         
           Who
           so
           desireth
           to
           obtain
           any
           thing
           ,
           hopeth
           to
           compass
           his
           desire
           ,
           either
           by
           intreaty
           ,
           presents
           ,
           or
           threatning
           ;
           for
           so
           shall
           he
           to
           whom
           the
           request
           is
           made
           ,
           be
           moved
           either
           with
           compassion
           ,
           profit
           ,
           or
           fear
           :
           Nevertheless
           with
           covetous
           and
           cruel
           men
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           are
           in
           their
           opinion
           mighty
           ,
           none
           of
           these
           can
           prevail
           .
           And
           consequently
           in
           vain
           do
           they
           labor
           ,
           that
           go
           about
           by
           suit
           to
           stir
           them
           to
           pity
           ,
           by
           gifts
           to
           gain
           them
           ,
           or
           by
           threats
           to
           fear
           them
           .
        
         
           Who
           so
           is
           perswaded
           that
           any
           Common-weal
           can
           continue
           disunited
           ,
           doth
           greatly
           deceive
           himself
           :
           True
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           some
           divisions
           do
           maintain
           the
           Estate
           ,
           but
           other
           do
           indamage
           the
           same
           They
           which
           do
           harm
           ,
           are
           such
           as
           with
           Sects
           and
           Pertakings
           be
           accompanied
           ;
           they
           which
           help
           without
           Sects
           and
           Pertakings
           be
           maintained
           .
           A
           wise
           Governor
           therefore
           ,
           albeit
           he
           cannot
           so
           
           exactly
           foresee
           but
           some
           enemies
           will
           arise
           in
           the
           State
           ,
           yet
           may
           he
           take
           order
           that
           no
           Factions
           may
           thereby
           grow
           .
           It
           is
           therefore
           to
           be
           noted
           ,
           that
           the
           Citizens
           of
           every
           Estate
           ,
           may
           aspire
           to
           Reputation
           ,
           either
           by
           private
           or
           publick
           means
           .
           Reputation
           by
           publick
           means
           ,
           is
           gained
           chiefly
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           either
           by
           obtaining
           victory
           in
           some
           Battel
           ,
           or
           surprising
           of
           some
           City
           ;
           or
           else
           by
           performing
           some
           Ambassage
           d●ligently
           ,
           prosperously
           :
           but
           private
           Reputation
           is
           gotten
           by
           doing
           favor
           to
           this
           or
           that
           man
           and
           protecting
           them
           from
           Magistrates
           ,
           giving
           them
           money
           ,
           advancing
           them
           unworthily
           to
           Honor
           and
           Office
           ;
           and
           by
           great
           Feasts
           ,
           entertaining
           the
           multitude
           ;
           of
           which
           manner
           of
           proceeding
           ,
           Se●●s
           ,
           Factions
           ,
           and
           Partakings
           do
           grow
           :
           And
           as
           Reputation
           thus
           gained
           is
           dangerous
           ,
           so
           the
           other
           without
           Faction
           is
           profitable
           ;
           because
           the
           same
           is
           founded
           on
           Common
           welfare
           ,
           and
           no
           private
           profit
           :
           And
           albeit
           among
           Citizens
           of
           this
           sort
           ,
           will
           oft
           arise
           great
           hate
           ,
           yet
           wanting
           followers
           for
           their
           particular
           profit
           ,
           the
           State
           shall
           not
           be
           indangered
           ,
           but
           rather
           strengthned
           ;
           for
           every
           man
           endeavoring
           to
           deserve
           well
           ,
           will
           hold
           himself
           within
           the
           bounds
           of
           Civil
           life
           ,
           and
           by
           Vertuous
           Merits
           labor
           to
           be
           advanced
           .
        
         
         
           To
           perswade
           or
           disswade
           particular
           persons
           ,
           is
           a
           ma●ter
           of
           no
           difficulty
           :
           for
           if
           words
           suffice
           not
           ,
           yet
           Authority
           will
           prevaile
           :
           but
           hard
           and
           perillous
           it
           is
           to
           remove
           a
           false
           opinion
           conceived
           by
           a
           whole
           multitude
           ,
           for
           therein
           faire
           speech
           and
           no
           compulsion
           must
           be
           used
           .
        
         
           The
           best
           means
           which
           wise
           Captains
           can
           use
           to
           make
           their
           Soldiers
           resolute
           ,
           is
           to
           take
           from
           them
           all
           hope
           ,
           which
           resolution
           may
           also
           be
           increased
           with
           the
           love
           of
           our
           Country
           and
           confidence
           in
           the
           Captain
           :
           for
           confidence
           groweth
           by
           the
           valor
           of
           men
           ,
           and
           Discipline
           in
           former
           Victories
           ,
           and
           trust
           reposed
           in
           the
           leader
           .
           The
           love
           of
           our
           Country
           is
           naturall
           ,
           but
           the
           aff●ction
           we
           bear
           to
           the
           Captain
           proceedeth
           rather
           from
           his
           vertue
           ,
           then
           the
           benefits
           he
           hath
           be●●owed●
           Necessity
           also
           may
           do
           much
           ,
           and
           chiefly
           that
           where
           no
           choise
           is
           left
           ,
           but
           either
           overcome
           by
           armes
           ,
           or
           dye
           in
           desperation
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           nothing
           of
           so
           great
           force
           to
           hold
           an
           Armie
           united
           ,
           as
           the
           reputation
           of
           the
           Captain
           ,
           which
           proceedeth
           only
           from
           his
           vertue
           ;
           for
           neither
           Dignity
           nor
           Authority
           without
           Valor
           can
           work
           that
           effect
           .
        
         
           The
           first
           care
           that
           a
           Captain
           must
           have
           ,
           is
           to
           hold
           his
           Soldiers
           well
           punished
           and
           paied
           ;
           for
           where
           payment
           faileth
           ,
           punishment
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           inflicted
           :
           and
           consequently
           
           no
           reason
           it
           is
           to
           punish
           him
           for
           robbery
           ,
           whom
           want
           of
           pay
           enforceth
           to
           shift
           ;
           but
           where
           the
           Soldier
           is
           payed
           ,
           and
           not
           punished
           (
           offending
           )
           then
           will
           he
           without
           respect
           become
           insolent
           towards
           his
           Captain●
           whereof
           insue
           Mutinies
           ,
           Discord
           ,
           and
           utter
           Ruine
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           custom
           very
           honorable
           not
           to
           promise
           more
           then
           thou
           wilt
           assuredly
           performe
           :
           yet
           true
           it
           is
           that
           whosoever
           is
           denied
           (
           though
           justly
           )
           doth
           rest
           illcontented
           ;
           for
           men
           indeed
           are
           not
           governed
           by
           reason
           :
           otherwise
           it
           is
           for
           him
           that
           promiseth
           :
           and
           so
           good
           promises
           shall
           stand
           in
           stead
           of
           performance
           ;
           besides
           that
           ,
           he
           may
           find
           excuse
           enough
           ,
           because
           the
           most
           part
           of
           men
           are
           so
           simple
           ,
           that
           faire
           words
           alone
           have
           power
           to
           abuse
           them
           ,
           cheifly
           when
           they
           proceed
           from
           a
           person
           of
           Reputation
           and
           Authority
           .
           The
           best
           way
           therefore
           is
           not
           to
           promise
           precisely
           ,
           but
           entertain
           the
           Suitors
           with
           answers
           general
           ,
           and
           full
           of
           good
           hope
           :
           yet
           not
           such
           as
           shall
           directly
           and
           absolutely
           bind
           .
        
         
           The
           greatest
           and
           most
           material
           displeasures
           that
           use
           to
           arise
           between
           the
           Nobility
           and
           People
           ,
           are
           caused
           by
           the
           diversity
           of
           humors
           ,
           the
           one
           laboring
           to
           command
           ,
           the
           other
           endevoring
           not
           to
           obey
           ;
           so
           as
           all
           troubles
           and
           disorders
           in
           every
           Commonweale
           
           do
           thereof
           receive
           nutriment
           .
        
         
           The
           City
           which
           is
           maintained
           rather
           by
           Factions
           then
           Lawes
           ,
           so
           soon
           as
           one
           Faction
           is
           become
           strong
           and
           without
           opposition
           ,
           the
           same
           of
           necessity
           must
           be
           divided
           in
           it self
           :
           for
           those
           particular
           causes
           which
           were
           at
           the
           first
           taken
           ,
           are
           not
           of
           force
           enough
           to
           maintain
           it
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           the
           nature
           of
           men
           not
           to
           indure
           any
           discom●odity
           ,
           unless
           necessity
           do
           thereunto
           enforce
           them
           :
           which
           may
           apparently
           be
           perceived
           by
           their
           habitations
           ;
           for
           as
           the
           feare
           of
           Warr
           draweth
           them
           to
           places
           of
           strength
           (
           for
           their
           defence
           )
           so
           that
           perill
           being
           past
           ,
           they
           do
           for
           the
           most
           part
           remove
           themselves
           to
           inhabit
           Countries
           of
           more
           commodity
           and
           profit
           .
        
         
           It
           may
           seem
           strange
           ,
           and
           no
           even
           measure
           (
           yet
           approved
           by
           experience
           )
           that
           where
           many
           of●end
           few
           are
           punished
           .
           Also
           petty
           errors
           are
           severely
           corrected●
           but
           great
           and
           grievous
           crimes
           be
           rewarded
           .
           In
           like
           manner
           ,
           where
           many
           receive
           wrong
           ,
           few
           seek
           revenge
           .
           For
           injuries
           universal
           ,
           are
           with
           more
           patience
           then
           particular
           offences
           endured
           .
        
         
           All
           or
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           men
           that
           have
           aspired
           to
           riches
           or
           power
           ,
           have
           attained
           thereunto
           either
           by
           force
           or
           fraud
           :
           and
           without
           they
           have
           by
           craft
           or
           cruelty
           gained
           ,
           
           to
           cover
           the
           foulness
           of
           their
           fact
           ,
           they
           call
           purchase
           as
           a
           name
           more
           honest
           .
           Howsoever
           he
           that
           for
           want
           of
           will
           or
           wit
           useth
           not
           those
           means
           ,
           must
           rest
           in
           servitude
           and
           poverty
           .
           The
           reason
           thereof
           is
           that
           as
           nature
           hath
           laid
           before
           men
           the
           chief
           of
           all
           fortunes
           ,
           so
           she
           disposes
           them
           rather
           to
           Rapine
           then
           honest
           Industrie
           ,
           and
           more
           subject
           to
           bad
           then
           good
           endeavors
           :
           hereof
           it
           cometh
           ,
           that
           one
           man
           eateth
           an
           other
           ,
           and
           he
           that
           is
           weakest
           must
           alwaies
           goe
           to
           the
           worst
           .
        
         
           Where
           necessity
           forceth
           ,
           boldness
           is
           reputed
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           in
           great
           enterprises
           perill
           is
           not
           to
           be
           made
           accompt
           of
           .
           For
           those
           attempts
           that
           begin
           with
           danger
           ,
           alwaies
           end
           with
           honor
           ,
           or
           reward
           ;
           also
           from
           one
           perill
           there
           is
           no
           way
           to
           escape
           ,
           but
           by
           entring
           into
           another
           .
        
         
           A
           wise
           man
           ought
           not
           to
           desire
           to
           inhabit
           that
           County
           where
           men
           have
           more
           Authority
           then
           Lawes
           .
           For
           indeed
           that
           Country
           deserves
           to
           be
           desired
           where
           every
           one
           may
           securely
           enjoy
           his
           own
           ;
           not
           that
           ,
           where
           with
           facility
           it
           may
           be
           taken
           away
           ;
           and
           that
           friends
           for
           feare
           to
           lose
           their
           own
           ,
           are
           inforced
           to
           forsake
           them
           .
        
         
           Some
           Magistrates
           either
           by
           over
           great
           zeale
           or
           ignorance
           take
           a
           course
           of
           Rigor
           ,
           which
           being
           for
           the
           present
           favored
           ,
           they
           
           are
           ever
           the
           more
           imployed
           ,
           as
           men
           meet
           to
           extirpate
           inconveniences
           .
        
         
           But
           thereby
           the
           Subjects
           are
           often
           drawn
           into
           desperation
           ,
           and
           consequently
           have
           recourse
           unto
           armes
           ,
           as
           their
           uttermost
           refuge
           .
           In
           this
           case
           a
           wise
           Prince
           for
           appeasing
           the
           people
           is
           forced
           to
           disallow
           his
           Ministers
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           also
           to
           inflict
           publick
           punishment
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           naturally
           suspicious
           ,
           and
           having
           about
           him
           persons
           inclined
           to
           envie
           ,
           is
           easily
           induced
           to
           mistrust
           those
           men
           that
           have
           served
           him
           with
           most
           sufficiency
           :
           which
           danger
           they
           cannot
           eschew
           ,
           because
           they
           who
           are
           worthiest
           commendation
           are
           oftentimes
           envied
           by
           such
           persons
           as
           have
           access
           unto
           the
           Prince
           .
        
         
           Who
           so
           cannot
           endure
           both
           envy
           and
           hate
           ,
           must
           re●rain
           to
           enterprise
           great
           matters
           :
           for
           great
           honors
           being
           desired
           of
           many
           ,
           it
           behooveth
           him
           that
           aspireth
           unto
           them
           ,
           to
           be
           for
           his
           dignity
           envied
           ,
           and
           for
           his
           Authority
           hated
           ;
           which
           Authority
           albeit
           the
           same
           be
           well
           used
           ,
           yet
           they
           who
           hate
           or
           envie
           (
           perswading
           themselves
           it
           might
           be
           better
           handled
           )
           indeavor
           to
           oppress
           that
           power
           ,
           as
           fearing
           it
           will
           be
           worse
           .
        
         
           Among
           other
           things
           which
           worketh
           the
           inconveniences
           of
           Commonweales
           ,
           Ambition
           
           and
           Desperation
           are
           cheif
           ;
           of
           both
           ,
           Desperation
           is
           worst
           :
           for
           Ambition
           may
           attend
           occasion
           ;
           Desperation
           will
           not
           ,
           as
           that
           cannot
           endure
           delaies
           .
           Historians
           desiring
           to
           write
           the
           actions
           of
           men
           ,
           ought
           to
           set
           down
           the
           simple
           truth
           ,
           and
           not
           say
           any
           thing
           for
           love
           or
           hatred
           :
           also
           to
           chuse
           such
           an
           opportunity
           for
           writing
           as
           it
           may
           be
           lawful
           to
           think
           what
           they
           will
           ,
           and
           write
           what
           they
           think
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           rare
           happiness
           of
           the
           time
           .
        
         
           In
           commending
           or
           disallowing
           the
           actions
           of
           men
           it
           is
           a
           course
           very
           requisite
           to
           consider
           the
           beginning
           ,
           the
           proceeding
           ,
           and
           end
           :
           so
           shall
           we
           see
           the
           reasons
           and
           causes
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           not
           their
           bare
           events
           only
           ,
           which
           for
           the
           most
           part
           are
           governed
           by
           fortune
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           matter
           of
           much
           necessity
           ,
           that
           every
           man
           ,
           and
           chiefly
           a
           Prince
           should
           in
           his
           first
           actions
           ,
           give
           some
           testimony
           of
           Vertue
           ;
           for
           falling
           at
           first
           into
           obloquie
           ,
           doe
           he
           well
           or
           ill
           ,
           all
           is
           ill
           taken
           .
        
         
           The
           Custome
           of
           the
           Common
           people
           is
           to
           judge
           rather
           by
           their
           eyes
           then
           by
           their
           eares
           :
           which
           is
           the
           cause
           they
           allow
           more
           of
           external
           shew
           then
           inward
           vertue
           :
           and
           true
           it
           is
           ,
           where
           excellency
           of
           mind
           ,
           and
           beauty
           of
           body
           concur
           ,
           the
           commendation
           due
           to
           such
           a
           person
           is
           far
           the
           greater
           .
           
           
             Gratior
             est
             pulchro
             veniens
             è
             corpore
             virtus
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Prince
           or
           great
           personage
           that
           constantly
           endureth
           adversity
           deserveth
           great
           praise
           :
           yet
           greater
           commendation
           is
           due
           to
           him
           that
           beareth
           himself
           modestly
           in
           his
           happiness
           .
           For
           miseries
           are
           oft
           born
           with
           patience
           ,
           but
           felicity
           corrupteth
           .
        
         
           To
           be
           descended
           of
           Princes
           or
           great
           Parsonages
           ,
           is
           a
           matter
           of
           meer
           fortune
           ,
           and
           so
           to
           be
           esteemed
           :
           but
           adoption
           proceedeth
           from
           the
           Judgment
           of
           men
           ;
           therefore
           seemeth
           incorrupt
           and
           seldom
           abused
           .
        
         
           It
           hath
           been
           long
           observed
           ,
           and
           is
           a
           rule
           which
           rarely
           faileth
           ,
           that
           he
           shall
           be
           ever
           suspected
           of
           the
           Prince
           in
           possession
           ,
           whom
           men
           acco●pt
           worthy
           to
           be
           a
           Prince
           in
           reversion
           .
        
         
           It
           hath
           been
           a
           use
           very
           ancient
           to
           give
           credit
           to
           Astrologers
           ,
           and
           other
           such
           persons
           who
           by
           their
           star-learning
           or
           blind
           divination
           ,
           take
           upon
           them
           to
           tell
           of
           things
           to
           come
           .
           The
           reason
           thereof
           is
           that
           the
           most
           part
           of
           men
           beleive
           that
           soonest
           which
           they
           least
           understand
           ;
           And
           if
           they
           see
           the
           event
           of
           a
           prediction
           though
           it
           hapneth
           by
           meer
           chance
           to
           fall
           out
           according
           to
           that
           was
           premised
           ,
           thereupon
           they
           settle
           so
           firme
           an
           impression
           ,
           as
           albeit
           many
           other
           faile
           ,
           yet
           the
           good
           conceipt
           of
           their
           cunning
           cannot
           be
           removed
           .
        
         
         
           Liberality
           is
           a
           vertue
           which
           gaineth
           love
           ,
           but
           much
           are
           they
           deceived
           whom
           riot
           in
           lieu
           thereof
           abuseth
           .
           To
           cast
           away
           and
           consume
           is
           soon
           learned
           ,
           but
           to
           give
           in
           good
           order
           few
           have
           the
           skill
           .
        
         
           In
           time
           of
           suddain
           mutiny
           ,
           conspiracy
           ,
           and
           offence
           of
           people
           ,
           the
           wisest
           resolution
           is
           not
           to
           oppose
           force
           to
           prevent
           fury
           ,
           but
           rather
           give
           space
           for
           the
           bad
           to
           amend
           ,
           and
           the
           good
           to
           consent
           :
           for
           treasons
           prevaile
           on
           the
           sudden
           ,
           but
           good
           Council
           gathers
           forces
           by
           leasure
           .
        
         
           Mature
           deliberation
           ought
           ever
           to
           be
           used
           ,
           but
           when
           armes
           are
           to
           determine
           ,
           speedy
           execution
           is
           the
           best
           :
           because
           no
           delay
           in
           that
           enterprise
           is
           fit
           which
           cannot
           be
           commended
           before
           it
           be
           ended
           .
        
         
           Who
           so
           is
           pleased
           to
           observe
           the
           proceedings
           of
           men
           in
           Authority
           ,
           shall
           observe
           that
           some
           of
           them
           hold
           a
           plain
           course
           without
           respect
           :
           others
           projecting
           for
           time
           to
           come
           do
           forecast
           how
           to
           hold
           their
           present
           good
           fortune
           or
           at
           least
           to
           escape
           danger
           :
           for
           they
           mistrusting
           present
           prosperity
           and
           fearing
           a
           change
           ,
           prepare
           beforehand
           some
           private
           friends
           to
           oppose
           against
           publick
           hatred
           :
           whereof
           may
           be
           inferred
           ,
           that
           no
           care
           is
           taken
           of
           innocency
           ,
           but
           every
           one
           studieth
           how
           to
           pass
           without
           punishment
           .
        
         
         
           In
           Captains
           and
           all
           Military
           Commanders
           ,
           three
           things
           are
           required
           ,
           Vertue
           ,
           Discipline
           ,
           and
           Authority
           ;
           but
           in
           private
           Soldiers
           obedience
           and
           courage
           only
           sufficeth
           ;
           for
           by
           due
           obeying
           ,
           and
           no
           curious
           scanning
           the
           leaders
           direc●ions
           are
           maintained
           ;
           and
           the
           Army
           in
           danger
           is
           alwaies
           most
           valiant
           ,
           which
           before
           the
           danger
           is
           most
           quiet
           .
           Let
           the
           Soldier
           therefore
           be
           well
           armed
           and
           valiantly
           minded
           .
           To
           advise
           and
           dsrect
           must
           be
           the
           Captains
           care
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           matter
           of
           no
           great
           moment
           ,
           yet
           alwaies
           worthy
           the
           noting
           ,
           that
           any
           exterior
           behavior
           ,
           or
           garment
           presenting
           pride
           or
           greatness
           ,
           chiefly
           in
           persons
           lately
           advanced
           ,
           though
           no
           man
           be
           thereby
           interessed
           or
           injured
           ,
           doth
           move
           in
           others
           a
           certain
           offence
           :
           for
           the
           nature
           of
           man
           is
           such
           ,
           as
           beholdeth
           the
           new
           prosperity
           of
           others
           with
           an
           envious
           eye
           ,
           and
           wisheth
           a
           moderation
           of
           fortune
           nowhere
           so
           much
           as
           in
           those
           we
           have
           known
           in
           equall
           degree
           with
           our selves
        
         
           In
           all
           enterprises
           of
           Warr
           ,
           (
           if
           present
           necessity
           doth
           not
           otherwise
           require
           )
           leisure
           and
           deliberation
           ought
           to
           be
           used
           ;
           for
           often
           it
           sufficeth
           in
           lieu
           of
           Wisdom
           ,
           ●o
           take
           the
           advantage
           of
           other
           mens
           folly
           .
        
         
           All
           men
           that
           are
           to
           consider
           of
           great
           actions
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           informed
           whether
           that
           
           which
           is
           undertaken
           be
           profitable
           for
           the
           Commonweale
           ,
           honorable
           to
           themselves
           ,
           and
           easy
           to
           be
           effected
           :
           or
           at
           least
           not
           greatly
           difficult
           .
           Also
           he
           that
           perswadeth●
           is
           to
           be
           examined
           whether
           besides
           bare
           words
           and
           Counsel
           ,
           he
           will
           joyn
           his
           own
           perill
           ;
           and
           if
           fortune
           favour
           the
           attempt
           ,
           to
           whom
           the
           principal
           glory
           shall
           redound
           .
        
         
           The
           perils
           which
           accompanie
           private
           enterprises
           ,
           are
           far
           unlike
           to
           those
           which
           he
           doth
           enter
           that
           aspireth
           to
           principality
           .
           For
           in
           private
           attempts
           a
           man
           may
           pause
           or
           proceed
           as
           he
           will
           ;
           But
           to
           him
           that
           aspires
           to
           Empire
           there
           remains
           no
           middle
           course
           ,
           but
           either
           by
           Victory
           to
           triumph●
           as
           a
           Prince
           ;
           or
           being
           vanquished
           to
           endure
           death
           as
           a
           Traytor
           .
        
         
           Let
           no
           man
           in
           his
           prosperity
           ,
           give
           much
           credit
           to
           common
           applause
           or
           service
           assured
           by
           any
           of
           whom
           in
           meaner
           fortune
           he
           hath
           had
           no
           experience
           :
           for
           the
           base
           people
           are
           learned
           in
           no
           lesson●
           only
           without
           difference
           of
           truth
           or
           falshood
           to
           flatter
           men
           in
           Authority
           ,
           and
           with
           shouts
           and
           words
           of
           great
           rejoycing
           make
           shew
           of
           great
           affection
           .
        
         
           As
           overmuch
           haste
           is
           dangerous
           ,
           so
           too
           great
           delay
           oftentimes
           proveth
           disadvantagious
           :
           for
           albeit
           consultation
           ought
           to
           
           foregoe
           action
           ,
           yet
           to
           dispute
           long
           and
           in
           the
           end
           reject
           the
           advice
           of
           either
           side
           ,
           or
           take
           a
           middle
           course
           (
           whith
           in
           cases
           of
           doubt
           and
           danger
           is
           worst
           )
           was
           ever
           accompted
           great
           discretion
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           no
           course
           more
           comely
           ,
           nor
           any
           resolution
           so
           well
           beseeming
           a
           wise
           man
           ,
           having
           made
           proof
           of
           his
           own
           vertue
           (
           and
           finding
           in
           age
           no
           fortune
           due
           to
           such
           effect
           )
           as
           to
           retire
           himself
           from
           the
           Court
           and
           company
           ;
           for
           so
           shall
           he
           shun
           the
           inconveniences
           of
           contempt
           and
           the
           discommodity
           of
           travell
           
             (
             Jucunda
             senectuti
             otia
             )
          
           yet
           true
           it
           is
           that
           whoso
           hath
           lived
           a
           Prince
           or
           governed
           as
           a
           publick
           person
           ,
           cannot
           expect
           security
           in
           a
           private
           estate
           .
        
         
           Whensoever
           danger
           draweth
           near
           ,
           and
           terror
           is
           at
           hand
           ,
           all
           men
           look
           about
           ,
           but
           none
           willingly
           adventure
           :
           For
           in
           such
           cases
           every
           man
           will
           give
           Council
           ,
           but
           few
           will
           take
           par●
           of
           the
           peril
           .
        
         
           In
           Commonwealths
           where
           Sects
           or
           Partialities
           he
           ,
           the
           Leader
           of
           any
           side
           is
           able
           to
           kindle
           Civil
           War
           ;
           yet
           is
           he
           unable
           to
           moderate
           the
           Victory
           :
           For
           to
           stir
           up
           dissentions
           and
           troubles
           ,
           the
           worst
           man
           most
           commonly
           bears
           the
           stroke
           ;
           but
           peace
           and
           quietness
           are
           not
           established
           but
           by
           men
           of
           rare
           gifts
           and
           excellent
           vertue
           .
        
         
           It
           may
           seem
           strange
           and
           contrary
           both
           to
           
           courtesie
           and
           Christian
           profession
           ,
           that
           men
           are
           far
           more
           mindful
           of
           injuries
           done
           unto
           them
           ,
           then
           of
           benefits
           received
           by
           them
           .
           The
           reason
           thereof
           is
           ,
           that
           Thankfulness
           is
           accompted
           a
           burden
           ,
           but
           Revenge
           is
           sweet
           ,
           and
           reckoned
           a
           great
           gain
           .
        
         
           Of
           reconciled
           foes
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           know
           that
           our
           harms
           were
           caused
           by
           their
           means
           ,
           we
           oft-times
           expect
           favor
           ,
           as
           perswaded
           that
           new
           friendship
           will
           repair
           the
           loss
           of
           old
           displeasure
           :
           But
           the
           matter
           doth
           seldom
           so
           fall
           out
           ;
           for
           the
           quality
           of
           mans
           nature
           is
           ever
           to
           hate
           those
           whom
           he
           hath
           hurt
           ,
           and
           love
           them
           whom
           he
           hath
           made
           beholding
           .
           
             Quos
             laeserunt
             oderunt
             .
             Tac.
             
          
        
         
           To
           common
           persons
           and
           such
           as
           are
           ignorant
           in
           matters
           of
           State
           ,
           every
           Taxation
           and
           Imposition
           seemeth
           heavy
           or
           superfluous
           ;
           yet
           the
           wiser
           sort
           know
           ,
           that
           the
           end
           of
           all
           publick
           endeavour
           is
           to
           confirm
           people
           in
           Peace
           ,
           and
           Peace
           cannot
           be
           maintained
           without
           arms
           ;
           nor
           Arms
           without
           Pay
           ,
           nor
           Pay
           without
           Impositions
           .
        
         
           As
           fortunate
           folk
           are
           envied
           ,
           so
           are
           the
           poor
           contemned
           ;
           which
           rule
           reacheth
           also
           to
           Princes
           :
           The
           one
           lives
           in
           Plenty
           with
           War
           ,
           the
           other
           in
           Poverty
           with
           Peace
           .
           For
           seldom
           is
           it
           seen
           ,
           that
           those
           people
           are
           assaulted
           where
           nothing
           is
           to
           be
           gained
           ,
           and
           whose
           base
           Beings
           afford
           no
           other
           spoils
           then
           blood
           and
           beggery
           .
        
         
         
           Wisemen
           have
           observed
           that
           in
           matter
           of
           State
           ,
           and
           the
           managing
           thereof
           ,
           three
           things
           are
           especially
           to
           be
           looked
           unto
           :
           The
           first
           is
           ,
           Occasion
           ;
           the
           second
           ,
           the
           ●ntentions
           of
           other
           Men
           ;
           the
           third
           ,
           our
           own
           Affection
           .
           For
           there
           is
           nothing
           that
           slippeth
           away
           so
           soon
           as
           Occasion
           ;
           nothing
           so
           difficult
           as
           to
           judge
           what
           an
           other
           man
           intendeth
           ;
           nor
           any
           thing
           more
           nocent
           then
           our
           own
           immoderate
           desires
           .
        
         
           It
           hath
           been
           ever
           a
           course
           observed
           by
           wise
           Princes
           ,
           but
           much
           more
           by
           
             Aristocraties
          
           and
           
             Popular
             States
             ,
          
           against
           Force
           and
           Fury
           of
           the
           multitude
           ,
           to
           defend
           themselves
           with
           Silver
           and
           Gold
           .
        
         
           How
           much
           more
           it
           importeth
           all
           Princes
           to
           lead
           a
           vertuous
           life
           ,
           and
           give
           daily
           example
           of
           Piety
           and
           Justice
           ,
           appears
           apparantly
           in
           the
           proceedings
           of
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Bishops
           ;
           who
           by
           the
           well-doing
           of
           some
           few
           of
           them
           at
           the
           first
           ,
           became
           greatly
           honored
           ;
           but
           afterwards
           they
           became
           contemptible
           :
           For
           the
           Reverence
           which
           men
           did
           bear
           to
           the
           ●anctity
           of
           their
           lives
           ●ailing
           ,
           it
           was
           impossible
           of
           so
           contrary
           Manners
           and
           Examples
           to
           look
           for
           like
           effects
           .
        
         
           The
           success
           of
           the
           War
           cheifly
           dependeth
           on
           the
           Reputation
           of
           the
           Prince
           ,
           which
           declining
           ,
           the
           vertue
           also
           of
           the
           Soldiers
           faileth
           :
           Likewise
           the
           fidelity
           of
           the
           people
           
           decayeth
           ,
           and
           their
           money
           to
           maintain
           the
           War
           ,
           ceaseth
           ;
           contrariwise
           ,
           the
           courage
           of
           the
           enemy
           is
           increased
           ,
           they
           that
           stood
           doubtful
           become
           resolved
           ,
           and
           every
           difficulty
           augmenteth
           .
        
         
           The
           Authority
           which
           Princes
           give
           ,
           is
           chiefly
           in
           respect
           of
           Wisdom
           and
           Valor
           :
           Yet
           true
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           for
           the
           most
           part
           ,
           they
           accompt
           them
           the
           wisest
           men
           that
           can
           best
           accommodate
           themselves
           to
           their
           humor
           .
        
         
           The
           greatest
           distress
           and
           difficulty
           which
           can
           come
           to
           any
           Army
           ,
           doth
           proceed
           of
           these
           causes
           :
           Want
           of
           money
           ,
           scarcity
           of
           victuals
           ,
           hatred
           of
           people
           ,
           discord
           of
           Captains
           ,
           disobedience
           of
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           their
           flying
           to
           the
           enemy
           ,
           either
           of
           necessity
           or
           freewil
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           or
           great
           Magistrate
           having
           long
           maintained
           the
           reputation
           of
           Wisdom
           and
           Vertue
           ,
           must
           take
           heed
           that
           no
           rash
           or
           dangerous
           resolution
           do
           taint
           the
           Honorable
           Fame
           of
           his
           former
           life
           :
           For
           to
           be
           t●ansported
           with
           anger
           against
           his
           own
           profit
           ,
           is
           lightness
           ;
           and
           to
           esteem
           small
           dangers
           more
           then
           great
           ,
           is
           want
           of
           judgment
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           or
           Person
           of
           great
           estate
           ,
           must
           be
           wary
           not
           to
           inure
           the
           conceit
           of
           double-dealing
           :
           For
           little
           sincerity
           and
           trust
           is
           looked
           in
           his
           actions
           ,
           of
           whom
           there
           is
           an
           opinion
           of
           craft
           and
           falshood
           conceived
           .
        
         
         
           Experience
           hath
           always
           proved
           ,
           that
           whatsoever
           the
           most
           part
           of
           men
           desire
           ,
           rarely
           cometh
           to
           pass
           :
           The
           reason
           hereof
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           effects
           of
           Humane
           actions
           commonly
           depend
           on
           the
           will
           of
           a
           few
           ;
           and
           their
           intentions
           ever
           differing
           from
           the
           greater
           number●
           the
           end
           and
           success
           cannot
           be
           other
           then
           as
           pleaseth
           the
           few
           that
           are
           to
           direct
           them
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           nothing
           more
           dangerous
           then
           to
           enterprise
           a
           War
           ,
           or
           other
           actions
           of
           importance
           upon
           popular
           perswasion
           ;
           for
           such
           expectations
           are
           vain
           ,
           and
           such
           designs
           fallible
           :
           Also
           the
           Fury
           of
           the
           multitude
           is
           great
           ,
           when
           danger
           is
           little
           or
           far
           off
           ;
           but
           perils
           growing
           great
           and
           near
           ,
           their
           courageth
           quaileth●
           as
           they
           whose
           Passions
           have
           no
           rule
           or
           measure
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           strange
           to
           see
           how
           apt
           men
           are
           to
           doubt
           displeasure
           threatned
           by
           enemies
           ,
           cheifly
           when
           they
           draw
           near
           ;
           for
           the
           people
           do
           naturally
           over-much
           fear
           dangers
           at
           hand
           ,
           and
           esteem
           less
           then
           is
           fit
           of
           things
           present
           :
           Also
           to
           make
           small
           accompt
           of
           those
           that
           are
           far
           from
           them
           ,
           because
           divers
           remedies
           may
           be
           hoped
           as
           well
           by
           time
           ,
           as
           other
           accidents
           .
        
         
           The
           offensive
           words
           or
           answers
           of
           indignation
           ,
           proceeding
           from
           great
           Princes
           ,
           ought
           never
           to
           admit
           displeasure
           into
           the
           
           mindes
           of
           them
           against
           whom
           they
           are
           spoken
           :
           For
           having
           by
           Speech
           uttered
           a
           great
           part
           of
           Choler
           ,
           the
           edge
           of
           their
           Deeds
           becomes
           the
           calmer
           ,
           and
           more
           easily
           appeased
           :
           Such
           is
           the
           condition
           of
           noble
           and
           generous
           Spirits
           .
        
         
           To
           judge
           right
           of
           other
           mens
           merit
           ,
           seems
           of
           great
           difficulty
           ;
           for
           time
           and
           tryal
           is
           thereto
           required
           ;
           also
           it
           is
           not
           easie
           to
           answer
           the
           expectation
           of
           men
           ,
           but
           oft-times
           inconsiderate
           ,
           and
           not
           measured
           in
           due
           proportion
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           part
           of
           great
           discretion
           to
           divide
           the
           seasons
           of
           Affairs
           and
           Vacations
           :
           For
           as
           it
           fitteth
           well
           a
           Prince
           or
           Person
           of
           Dignity
           in
           times
           of
           Audience
           and
           Judgment
           ,
           to
           be
           grave
           ,
           heedful
           ,
           and
           austere
           :
           So
           those
           Offices
           performed
           ,
           all
           shew
           of
           authority
           and
           sad
           looks
           ought
           to
           be
           set
           apart
           ;
           for
           by
           that
           means
           ,
           neither
           courteous
           behavior
           shall
           detract
           from
           the
           Reverence
           due
           to
           his
           place
           ,
           nor
           severity
           diminish
           the
           love
           which
           to
           his
           Behavior
           appertaineth
           .
        
         
           Magistrates
           must
           look
           into
           all
           things
           ,
           but
           not
           exact
           all
           things
           to
           rigor
           .
           Light
           faults
           may
           be
           pardoned
           ,
           but
           great
           offences
           severely
           corrected
           ;
           yet
           not
           always
           proceeding
           to
           punishing
           ,
           but
           oft
           contented
           with
           repentance
           .
           To
           be
           bitter
           in
           rebuking
           is
           also
           fit
           for
           a
           Magistrate
           ,
           shewing
           himself
           sowre
           to
           the
           
           bad
           ,
           and
           sweet
           to
           the
           good
           ;
           framing
           both
           Countenance
           and
           Condition
           according
           to
           the
           merit
           of
           men
           ;
           and
           be
           perswaded
           that
           it
           is
           more
           honest
           to
           offend
           ,
           then
           to
           hate
           .
        
         
           Soldiers
           must
           be
           encouraged
           in
           all
           Fortunes
           to
           stand
           resolved
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           be
           danted
           with
           any
           passed
           misadventure
           ;
           ever
           attending
           a
           time
           and
           opportunity
           of
           revenge
           ;
           which
           commonly
           cometh
           to
           passwhere
           mens
           mindes
           are
           united
           :
           For
           common
           danger
           must
           be
           repelled
           with
           union
           and
           concord
           .
        
         
           Among
           other
           reasons
           wherewith
           Soldiers
           are
           encouraged
           ,
           Necessity
           and
           Distress
           doth
           oft
           inforce
           them
           :
           For
           as
           men
           of
           vertue
           perform
           the
           actions
           of
           Arms
           for
           Honor
           ,
           so
           the
           coward
           must
           do
           them
           for
           his
           security
           .
        
         
           All
           Enterprises
           attempted
           by
           Arms
           ,
           are
           honorable
           ;
           but
           those
           that
           are
           done
           in
           Countreys
           remote
           ,
           are
           more
           praisable
           :
           For
           the
           less
           they
           be
           in
           knowledge
           ,
           the
           greater
           is
           the
           glory
           to
           atchieve
           them
           .
        
         
           To
           be
           truly
           and
           faithfully
           loved
           ,
           is
           a
           thing
           greatly
           to
           be
           desired
           ;
           for
           Terror
           and
           Fear
           are
           weak
           works
           of
           Affection
           :
           For
           they
           being
           taken
           away
           ,
           he
           that
           ceaseth
           to
           fear
           ,
           will
           soon
           begin
           to
           hate
           ;
           and
           as
           they
           that
           by
           force
           are
           kept
           under
           ,
           obey
           with
           ill
           will
           ;
           so
           they
           that
           govern
           without
           Line
           justly
           ,
           rule
           against
           Right
           .
        
         
           Some
           men
           either
           deserving
           to
           be
           accompted
           
           of
           excellent
           wisdom
           ,
           or
           singular
           in
           that
           skill
           whereof
           they
           make
           pro●ession
           ,
           do
           ordinarily
           love
           the
           proceedings
           of
           others
           ,
           taking
           that
           advantage
           of
           their
           ill
           success
           ;
           yet
           sure
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           Disaster
           and
           unhappy
           Event
           of
           some
           Actions
           ,
           proceed
           not
           of
           disorder
           ,
           nor
           Humane
           imperfection
           ,
           but
           from
           a
           certain
           fatal
           Fury
           ,
           which
           neither
           Council
           nor
           Constancy
           of
           Men
           can
           withstand
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           matter
           of
           much
           difficulty
           ,
           or
           rather
           impossible
           for
           any
           Prince
           to
           maintain
           the
           Law
           ,
           Civil
           or
           Military
           without
           severity
           :
           For
           where
           men
           hope
           to
           be
           easily
           pardoned
           ,
           there
           are
           they
           apt
           to
           offend
           .
           Contrarily
           where
           mens
           actions
           are
           precisely
           fitted
           ,
           there
           do
           they
           live
           in
           over
           great
           aw
           ,
           and
           Hatred
           doth
           always
           accompany
           such
           Severity
           .
           The
           best
           course
           therefore
           is
           to
           punish
           offences
           severely
           ,
           and
           reward
           vertuous
           Merits
           liberally
           ;
           so
           shall
           Fear
           be
           converted
           to
           reverend
           respect
           ,
           and
           none
           have
           cause
           to
           complain
           :
           For
           as
           it
           lies
           in
           each
           mans
           power
           to
           shun
           offending
           ,
           so
           is
           it
           in
           their
           power
           also
           to
           deserve
           well
           ,
           and
           merit
           reward
           .
        
         
           Whosoever
           after
           mature
           deliberation
           ,
           hath
           resolved
           what
           course
           to
           hold
           in
           the
           Action
           he
           hath
           in
           hand
           ,
           must
           not
           after
           repent
           or
           fear
           any
           difficulty
           :
           For
           such
           thoughts
           would
           break
           the
           vigor
           of
           the
           Minde
           ,
           and
           impeach
           the
           proceedings
           of
           that
           which
           was
           
           resolved
           .
           And
           albeit
           some
           differences
           do
           happily
           arise
           ,
           yet
           must
           he
           believe
           that
           every
           other
           course
           would
           have
           been
           accompanied
           with
           the
           same
           or
           greater
           impediments
           .
        
         
           Yong
           men
           for
           the
           warmness
           of
           their
           Blood
           ,
           and
           for
           not
           having
           before-time
           been
           deceived
           by
           Fortune
           ,
           more
           willingly
           enterprise
           Actions
           rather
           honorable
           then
           severe
           .
           But
           old
           men
           as
           well
           for
           that
           their
           heat
           is
           cooled
           ,
           as
           also
           for
           having
           attempted
           many
           things
           in
           vain
           ,
           make
           choice
           of
           Enterprises
           severe
           rather
           then
           those
           that
           are
           followed
           with
           Fame
           and
           Glory
           .
        
         
           The
           greatness
           of
           one
           Prince
           is
           nothing
           else
           but
           the
           ruine
           and
           distress
           of
           another
           :
           Likewise
           his
           strength
           is
           the
           weakness
           and
           oppression
           of
           others
           .
        
         
           Some
           Conquests
           are
           of
           such
           quality
           ,
           as
           albeit
           a
           victorious
           Captain
           merit
           triumphal
           Honor
           ;
           yet
           a
           modest
           refusal
           becomes
           his
           greater
           glory
           .
        
         
           The
           Dignity
           of
           Magistrates
           is
           not
           assured
           without
           Arms
           ;
           for
           when
           Obedience
           faileth
           ,
           no
           other
           means
           is
           left
           to
           continue
           a
           people
           united
           .
        
         
           As
           willing
           Obedience
           in
           Subjects
           is
           the
           Princes
           strength
           ,
           so
           is
           the
           same
           their
           own
           security
           :
           For
           as
           by
           the
           Princes
           Authority
           the
           people
           are
           governed
           ,
           so
           by
           their
           consent
           he
           is
           maintained
           .
        
         
         
           Three
           things
           men
           covet
           with
           immoderate
           desire
           ,
           Lands
           ,
           Riches
           ,
           and
           Honors
           ;
           but
           as
           seldom
           they
           compass
           their
           full
           content
           ,
           so
           are
           they
           for
           the
           most
           part
           to
           endure
           a
           destiny
           far
           other
           then
           they
           wished
           .
        
         
           Strange
           it
           is
           ,
           yet
           by
           experience
           proved
           true
           ,
           that
           in
           time
           of
           danger
           ,
           Fortune
           or
           (
           rather
           Destiny
           )
           so
           much
           amazeth
           the
           judgment
           of
           wise
           men
           ,
           as
           seldom
           they
           conceive
           what
           resolution
           is
           best
           to
           be
           taken
           .
        
         
           No
           great
           Free-City
           can
           long
           continue
           quiet
           ,
           unless
           the
           same
           be
           used
           to
           foreign
           assaults
           :
           For
           wanting
           foes
           without
           ,
           some
           inward
           enmity
           will
           arise
           ,
           not
           unlike
           to
           strange
           bodies
           of
           men
           ,
           which
           being
           secure
           from
           external
           injury
           ,
           are
           nevertheless
           by
           their
           own
           poise
           oppressed
           .
        
         
           As
           every
           Pilot
           of
           ordinary
           skill
           knoweth
           in
           calm
           and
           quiet
           Seas
           to
           direct
           the
           course
           of
           his
           Ship
           ;
           so
           every
           Governor
           of
           capacity
           doth
           understand
           how
           the
           affairs
           of
           State
           are
           in
           peaceable
           times
           to
           be
           handled
           :
           But
           when
           Tempests
           are
           ,
           and
           Subjects
           bent
           to
           Sedition
           ;
           the
           one
           requires
           an
           excellent
           Sailer
           ,
           the
           other
           the
           aid
           of
           some
           excellent
           Wisdom
           .
        
         
           It
           oft
           happens
           ,
           that
           publick
           Duty
           is
           opposite
           to
           private
           Friendship
           ;
           so
           as
           we
           are
           either
           forced
           to
           omit
           the
           Offices
           due
           to
           our
           Countrey
           ,
           or
           draw
           our
           dearest
           friends
           into
           danger
           :
           In
           which
           case
           we
           are
           to
           prefer
           
           publick
           respect
           ,
           before
           particular
           Obligation
           .
        
         
           The
           nature
           of
           base
           people
           is
           such
           ,
           as
           either
           they
           obey
           slavishly
           ,
           or
           command
           insolently
           :
           For
           liberty
           being
           the
           mark
           whereat
           they
           aim
           ,
           is
           by
           them
           of
           that
           quality
           ,
           neither
           moderately
           desired
           ,
           nor
           discreetly
           continued
           ;
           and
           always
           there
           are
           some
           seditious
           Leaders
           to
           be
           found
           ,
           who
           of
           disorder
           are
           inclined
           to
           kindle
           the
           ire
           and
           offence
           of
           ignorant
           people
           .
           
             Dux
             rebu●
             motis
             ,
             facile
             invenitur
             .
             Salust
             .
          
        
         
           Experience
           hath
           oft
           proved
           ,
           that
           Men
           in
           best
           Fortune
           ,
           and
           such
           as
           esteem
           themselves
           most
           secure
           ,
           even
           then
           fall
           soonest
           into
           disadventure
           ,
           because
           those
           dangers
           unfeared
           be
           as
           it
           were
           contemned
           ,
           and
           not
           regarded
           .
        
         
           To
           enter
           needless
           dangers
           ,
           was
           ever
           accounted
           Madness
           ,
           yet
           in
           times
           of
           extream
           peril
           and
           apparent
           distress
           ,
           bold
           and
           hazardous
           attempts
           are
           greatest
           security
           .
        
         
           The
           divers
           Adventures
           which
           happen
           to
           men
           ,
           may
           well
           inform
           that
           much
           better
           it
           is
           ,
           cheifly
           in
           Arms
           ,
           to
           be
           governed
           by
           Reason
           then
           by
           Fortune
           .
        
         
           A
           certain
           Peace
           is
           ever
           accounted
           better
           security
           then
           Victory
           hoped
           or
           expected
           .
           
             Melior
             tutiorqu●●●rta
             pax
             quàm
             sperata
             victoria
             .
             Livi.
             
          
        
         
         
           If
           to
           our
           Prosperity
           God
           were
           pleased
           to
           add
           the
           Grace
           of
           Wisdom
           ,
           we
           should
           thereby
           judge
           not
           onely
           of
           what
           is
           past
           ,
           but
           also
           of
           all
           that
           can
           succeed
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           Rarely
           or
           never
           can
           we
           consider
           truly
           of
           worldly
           proceedings
           ,
           unless
           first
           we
           have
           felt
           the
           deceits
           of
           Fortune
           .
           Discord
           or
           Dissention
           in
           any
           State
           or
           City
           ,
           offers
           opportunity
           to
           such
           men
           as
           are
           ambitious
           to
           work
           their
           will
           :
           For
           the
           humor
           of
           Sects
           and
           Partialities
           is
           such
           as
           the
           weaker
           Faction
           doth
           ever
           chuse
           rather
           to
           call
           for
           aid
           of
           strangers
           ,
           then
           yield
           to
           the
           Dominion
           of
           an
           adverse
           party
           .
        
         
           Ancient
           Customs
           may
           not
           violently
           and
           suddenly
           be
           taken
           away
           .
           Fortune
           which
           altereth
           all
           things
           ,
           will
           by
           little
           and
           little
           wear
           them
           out
           of
           use
           .
        
         
           To
           be
           oft
           in
           fight
           ,
           and
           converse
           much
           with
           men
           ,
           breedeth
           a
           kinde
           of
           Satiety
           :
           therefore
           it
           behoveth
           persons
           of
           great
           estate
           and
           Authority
           to
           be
           retired●
           le●t
           over-much
           familiarity
           should
           detract
           from
           the
           reverence
           due
           to
           honorable
           Estate
           .
        
         
           The
           natures
           of
           men
           not
           content
           to
           live
           according
           to
           their
           Fortune
           and
           Birth
           ,
           are
           of
           all
           others
           most
           prone
           to
           Envy
           ;
           because
           they
           hate
           the
           vertue
           and
           welfare
           of
           all
           such
           as
           are
           in
           estimation
           above
           them
           .
        
         
           Great
           heed
           is
           to
           be
           taken
           ,
           that
           no
           Citizen
           
           or
           Subject
           ,
           be
           suffered
           to
           aspire
           to
           such
           greatness
           ,
           as
           cannot
           be
           forced
           to
           obey
           the
           Laws
           ;
           and
           no
           order
           there
           is
           of
           more
           necessity
           ,
           then
           that
           every
           man
           of
           what
           quality
           soever
           ,
           may
           be
           without
           respect
           accused
           and
           judged
           .
        
         
           For
           conservation
           of
           particular
           Greatness
           and
           Dignity
           ,
           there
           is
           nothing
           more
           noble
           and
           glorious
           ,
           then
           to
           have
           felt
           the
           force
           of
           every
           Fortune
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           the
           quality
           of
           wise
           men
           onely
           ,
           to
           know
           how
           to
           use
           Prosperity
           ,
           and
           never
           to
           trust
           too
           much
           to
           the
           favors
           of
           present
           Happiness
           .
           A
           man
           well
           advised
           in
           his
           Prosperity
           ,
           beareth
           not
           himself
           towards
           others
           either
           proud
           or
           violent
           ;
           nor
           must
           he
           believe
           in
           his
           own
           present
           felicity
           ,
           for
           the
           Day
           knows
           not
           what
           the
           Night
           bringeth
           :
           He
           onely
           is
           to
           be
           reputed
           a
           man
           ,
           whose
           minde
           cannot
           be
           puft
           up
           by
           prosperity
           ,
           nor
           dejected
           by
           any
           adverse
           Fortune
           .
        
         
           Men
           of
           Cholerick
           humor
           are
           easily
           moved
           with
           insolent
           Speeches
           ,
           but
           wise
           men
           laugh
           them
           to
           scorn
           .
        
         
           The
           way
           whereby
           a
           Prince
           eschues
           the
           hate
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           is
           ,
           hot
           to
           take
           from
           them
           their
           Lands
           or
           Goods
           ;
           yet
           albeit
           the
           blood
           of
           some
           few
           be
           tainted
           ,
           unless
           the
           same
           be
           accompanied
           with
           Confiscation
           (
           which
           a
           Prince
           is
           rarely
           forced
           to
           use
           )
           it
           seldom
           causeth
           him
           to
           become
           odious
           .
        
         
         
           A
           Rule
           most
           certain
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           he
           who
           commands
           any
           thing
           unpleasing
           ,
           must
           by
           severe
           means
           cause
           it
           to
           be
           observed
           ;
           and
           who
           desireth
           to
           be
           obeyed
           ,
           must
           know
           how
           to
           command
           :
           And
           he
           onely
           knows
           how
           to
           command
           ,
           that
           doth
           compare
           his
           own
           force
           with
           those
           that
           are
           to
           obey
           ;
           wherein
           finding
           a
           proportion
           ,
           then
           he
           may
           boldly
           proceed
           ,
           otherwise
           forbear
           .
        
         
           In
           Actions
           of
           difficulty
           great
           courage
           is
           to
           be
           used
           ,
           and
           who
           so
           compasseth
           any
           thing
           by
           violence
           ,
           cannot
           maintain
           it
           by
           mildness
           ,
           nor
           command
           by
           affability
           :
           He
           therefore
           that
           is
           of
           nature
           soft
           ,
           should
           do
           best
           to
           refrain
           all
           extraordinary
           commands
           ,
           and
           in
           matters
           ordinary
           imploy
           the
           vertue
           of
           his
           milde
           spirit
           ;
           because
           ordinary
           punishments
           are
           not
           imputed
           to
           the
           Prince
           or
           his
           Magistrates
           ,
           but
           to
           the
           Laws
           and
           Ordinances
           of
           State
           .
        
         
           When
           Necessity
           presseth
           ,
           desperation
           is
           deemed
           Wisdom
           ,
           and
           generous
           mindes
           do
           not
           accompt
           of
           danger
           ,
           because
           those
           attempts
           which
           begin
           with
           peril
           ,
           do
           for
           the
           most
           part
           end
           with
           glory
           .
        
         
           He
           that
           endeavors
           to
           be
           good
           among
           many
           that
           are
           evil
           ,
           or
           will
           uphold
           that
           which
           those
           labor
           to
           pull
           down
           ,
           of
           Force
           worketh
           his
           own
           undoing
           .
           All
           Commonwealth●
           alter
           from
           order
           to
           disorder
           ,
           from
           
           disorder
           to
           order
           again
           ;
           for
           Nature
           having
           made
           all
           worldly
           things
           variable
           ,
           so
           soon
           as
           they
           have
           attained
           their
           utmost
           perfection
           and
           height
           ,
           they
           must
           descend
           ;
           so
           from
           good
           they
           fall
           back
           to
           evil
           ,
           and
           from
           evil
           they
           return
           to
           good
           .
           War
           begets
           quiet
           ,
           quiet
           idleness
           ,
           idleness
           disorder
           ,
           disorder
           ruine
           ;
           likewise
           ruine
           order
           ,
           order
           vertue
           ,
           vertue
           glory
           and
           good
           fortune
           .
        
         
           Wise
           men
           have
           observed
           ,
           that
           Arms
           were
           before
           Learning
           ,
           and
           Captains
           before
           Philosophers
           ;
           for
           good
           and
           well
           regulated
           Armies
           having
           gained
           victory
           ,
           established
           rest
           and
           security
           ,
           whereof
           the
           Study
           of
           Letters
           and
           Liberal
           Sciences
           ensued
           .
        
         
           That
           Country
           deserveth
           to
           be
           loved
           of
           all
           men
           ,
           which
           loves
           all
           men
           indifferently
           ,
           and
           not
           that
           Countrey
           which
           respecting
           the
           best
           part
           ,
           advanceth
           a
           few
           :
           No
           man
           therefore
           is
           to
           be
           blamed
           ,
           if
           for
           such
           cause
           he
           desire
           rather
           to
           abandon
           then
           embrace
           his
           Countrey
           .
        
         
           Commonwealths
           are
           Bodies
           mixt
           ,
           yet
           have
           they
           of
           Bodies
           simple
           some
           resemblance
           :
           And
           as
           in
           these
           ,
           many
           infirmities
           grow
           ,
           which
           without
           violent
           Medicines
           cannot
           be
           cured
           ;
           so
           in
           the
           other
           many
           mischiefs
           arise
           ,
           which
           a
           good
           and
           godly
           Patient
           should
           offend
           to
           leave
           uncured
           ,
           though
           therein
           be
           use
           both
           force
           and
           fire
           .
        
         
         
           Those
           Wars
           be
           most
           just
           which
           are
           most
           necessary
           ;
           and
           those
           Arms
           are
           most
           merciful
           where
           no
           hope
           of
           help
           remains
           but
           in
           them
           onely
           .
        
         
           In
           Actions
           which
           promise
           either
           publick
           glory
           ,
           or
           private
           honor
           ,
           men
           may
           be
           reasonably
           perswaded
           to
           adventure
           life
           and
           living
           ,
           because
           great
           hope
           there
           is
           to
           die
           with
           Reputation
           ,
           or
           live
           to
           recover
           that
           Peace
           which
           War
           hath
           consumed
           :
           But
           where
           men
           are
           no
           less
           oppressed
           by
           insolency
           of
           Commanders
           ,
           then
           by
           insolency
           of
           Foes
           ,
           there
           is
           the
           calamity
           doubled
           ,
           and
           of
           two
           evils
           the
           danger
           of
           War
           seemeth
           least
           ;
           for
           that
           hath
           end
           ,
           the
           other
           is
           infinite
           .
        
         
           Who
           so
           perswades
           himself
           to
           be
           no
           less
           esteemed
           in
           evil
           then
           good
           Fortune
           ,
           is
           deceived
           :
           For
           promises
           made
           ,
           during
           distress
           ,
           are
           rarely
           performed
           ,
           unless
           the
           same
           necessity
           continue
           .
        
         
           The
           intent
           of
           every
           Prince
           ,
           or
           other
           State
           that
           makes
           War
           ,
           is
           to
           inrich
           himself
           ,
           and
           impoverish
           the
           enemy
           :
           Neither
           is
           Victory
           for
           other
           occasions
           sought
           ,
           nor
           the
           possessions
           of
           the
           enemy
           to
           other
           end
           desir'd
           ,
           then
           to
           make
           themselves
           mighty
           ,
           and
           their
           enemy
           weak
           .
           It
           follows
           then
           ,
           that
           so
           oft
           as
           the
           victory
           impoverishes
           them
           ,
           or
           the
           gains
           weaken
           them
           ,
           either
           they
           pass
           or
           come
           short
           of
           that
           mark
           whereat
           the
           War
           was
           aimed
           .
        
         
         
           Ancient
           and
           wel-governed
           Common-wealths
           were
           wont
           by
           their
           Conquests
           to
           fill
           the
           Treasuries
           with
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           to
           give
           reward
           to
           Soldiers
           ,
           to
           spare
           the
           people
           from
           Tributes
           ,
           to
           make
           Triumphs
           and
           Publick
           Feasts
           :
           But
           in
           later
           times
           the
           Wars
           have
           used
           ,
           first
           ,
           to
           consume
           the
           Treasure
           ,
           and
           after
           impoverish
           the
           people
           without
           assuring
           them
           from
           their
           enemies
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           or
           State
           that
           leaves
           promises
           unperformed
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           unexpected
           impediments
           ,
           and
           for
           no
           ill
           intent
           ,
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           blamed
           :
           Neither
           are
           such
           accidents
           any
           just
           cause
           or
           colour
           why
           friends
           should
           abandon
           their
           confederates
           .
        
         
           Where
           Magistrates
           govern
           justly
           ,
           Subjects
           obey
           dutifully
           ;
           where
           private
           persons
           grow
           rich
           ,
           and
           Princes
           enlarge
           their
           Empire
           ;
           there
           is
           the
           Commonwealth
           blessed
           ,
           and
           the
           people
           fortunate
           .
        
      
       
       
         
           CHAP.
           XXVI
           .
        
         
           Maximes
           ●f
           State
           ,
           or
           Prudential
           grounds
           and
           Polemical
           Precepts
           ,
           concerning
           all
           Estates
           ,
           and
           forms
           of
           Policie
           in
           times
           of
           Peace
           or
           War
           ,
           &c.
           confirmed
           by
           select
           Narations
           ,
           and
           Historical
           Parallels
           .
        
         
           ALL
           Cities
           and
           Towns
           of
           State
           are
           b●ilded
           either
           by
           people
           dwelling
           in
           or
           about
           the
           place
           where
           they
           are
           builded
           ,
           or
           else
           they
           are
           made
           by
           strangers
           :
           Of
           the
           first
           are
           
             Athens
          
           and
           
             Venice
             ,
          
           of
           the
           other
           
             Alexandria
          
           and
           
             Florence
             .
          
        
         
           The
           fortune
           of
           every
           City
           builded
           ,
           and
           vertue
           of
           the
           builder
           ,
           appeareth
           by
           choice
           of
           the
           place
           ,
           and
           quality
           of
           Laws
           :
           for
           as
           fertile
           places
           occasion
           men
           to
           be
           slothfull
           ,
           unless
           by
           good
           laws
           they
           be
           forced
           to
           labor
           ,
           so
           barrenness
           compells
           them
           to
           industry
           ;
           which
           reason
           induceth
           wise
           men
           to
           plant
           habitations
           in
           either
           :
           Examples
           of
           the
           first
           are
           
             Ferrara
          
           and
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           of
           the
           second
           
             Ragus●
          
           and
           
             Genoa
             .
          
        
         
           All
           Laws
           whereby
           Commonwealths
           are
           governed
           were
           either
           made
           by
           some
           one
           excellent
           
           man
           ,
           and
           at
           an
           instant
           ;
           or
           else
           they
           were
           ordained
           at
           sundry
           times
           according
           to
           such
           accidents
           as
           befel
           .
           Example
           ,
           the
           laws
           of
           
             Sparta
          
           made
           at
           the
           beginning
           
             Lycurgu●
             ,
          
           the
           laws
           of
           
             Rome
          
           at
           sundry
           times
           .
        
         
           The
           government
           of
           every
           City
           in
           time
           becomes
           corrupt
           ;
           Principality
           changeth
           into
           Tyranny
           :
           the
           Optimacy
           is
           made
           the
           government
           of
           the
           people
           ;
           and
           the
           Popular
           estate
           turns
           to
           licentious
           disorder
           ;
           which
           instability
           or
           alteration
           moved
           some
           Law-makers
           to
           take
           order
           that
           in
           the
           government
           of
           their
           City
           there
           should
           be
           a
           mixture
           of
           all
           three
           ,
           and
           was
           the
           cause
           that
           t●e
           policy
           of
           
             Sparta
          
           continued
           ●00
           years
           ,
           when
           the
           popular
           State
           of
           
             Athens
          
           endured
           not
           one
           hundred
           .
           Example
           ,
           the
           laws
           of
           
             Sparta
          
           made
           by
           
             Lycurgus
             ,
          
           and
           the
           Laws
           of
           
             Athens
          
           by
           
             S●lon
             .
          
        
         
           Whoso
           taketh
           in
           hand
           to
           frame
           any
           State
           or
           government
           ,
           ought
           to
           presuppose
           that
           all
           men
           are
           evil
           ,
           and
           at
           occasions
           will
           shew
           themselves
           so
           to
           be
           .
           Example
           ,
           the
           envy
           of
           the
           people
           of
           
             Rome
          
           to
           the
           Nobles
           ,
           and
           their
           Insolency
           towards
           them
           appeared
           not
           so
           long
           as
           the
           Kings
           governd
           ;
           but
           the
           
             Tarquins
          
           being
           banished
           ,
           opportunity
           was
           thereby
           offerd
           that
           the
           malice
           of
           the
           one
           and
           the
           other
           became
           discovered
           .
        
         
           The
           divers
           honors
           of
           the
           Nobility
           and
           
           people
           ,
           the
           one
           desiring
           to
           command
           ,
           the
           other
           not
           to
           obey
           ,
           are
           the
           cause
           of
           continual
           troubles
           ,
           unless
           some
           third
           mean
           there
           be
           of
           more
           authority
           then
           either
           ,
           to
           bridle
           the
           force
           of
           both
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           Kings
           in
           
             Rom●
          
           expulsed
           ,
           forthwith
           arose
           much
           mutiny
           ,
           and
           could
           not
           be
           supprest
           till
           the
           
             Tribum
             Plebis
          
           were
           created
           ;
           whose
           authority
           wrought
           the
           same
           effect
           which
           the
           Kings
           had
           done
           .
        
         
           Some
           States
           endeavor
           to
           enlarge
           their
           dominions
           ,
           and
           some
           others
           labour
           only
           to
           maintain
           that
           estate
           they
           antiently
           possest
           .
           Example
           of
           the
           first
           was
           the
           City
           of
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           of
           the
           second
           
             Sparta
             .
          
        
         
           All
           States
           desiring
           to
           live
           at
           liberty
           ,
           think
           fit
           that
           every
           man
           should
           be
           permitted
           to
           accuse
           any
           Citizen
           that
           offendeth
           ,
           which
           manner
           of
           proceeding
           works
           two
           excellent
           effects
           :
           First
           that
           the
           people
           should
           not
           dare
           for
           fear
           of
           accusing
           to
           attempt
           ought
           against
           the
           State
           ;
           or
           if
           they
           do
           ,
           they
           shall
           be
           presently
           and
           without
           respect
           punished
           .
           Secondly
           by
           liberty
           of
           accusing
           ,
           every
           man
           hath
           meanes
           to
           utter
           the
           offence
           wherewith
           he
           can
           charge
           others
           ,
           which
           he
           could
           not
           ;
           unless
           it
           were
           lawfull
           to
           take
           such
           an
           ordinary
           course
           ,
           and
           consequently
           be
           driven
           to
           ways
           extraordinary
           ,
           particular
           revenge
           ,
           or
           callingin
           forreign
           forces
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Coriolanus
          
           
           and
           
             Appius
             ,
             Claudius
          
           at
           
             Rome
             ,
             Lucannone
          
           at
           
             Chinsi
             ,
             Francisco
             Valeri
          
           in
           
             Florence
             .
          
        
         
           A
           accusations
           are
           in
           every
           State
           necessary
           ,
           so
           slanders
           are
           dangerous
           ,
           and
           worthy
           of
           punishment
           ;
           the
           difference
           betwixt
           accusations
           and
           slanders
           ,
           is
           ,
           that
           the
           one
           is
           publickly
           performed
           before
           Magistrates
           ,
           with
           good
           proofs
           and
           Witnesses
           to
           maintain
           the
           truth
           of
           the
           accusation
           ;
           but
           slanders
           are
           as
           well
           publickly
           performed
           as
           dispersed
           in
           secret
           and
           places
           of
           repair
           without
           Witness
           and
           Justification
           ,
           so
           as
           every
           man
           may
           be
           slandered
           ,
           but
           few
           are
           orderly
           accused
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Appius
             Claudius
          
           accused
           by
           
             L.
             Virginius
             ;
             Furius
             Camillus
             ,
          
           slandered
           by
           
             Manlius
             Capitoliuus
             .
          
        
         
           The
           only
           meanes
           to
           suppress
           Slander
           is
           ,
           to
           give
           authority
           to
           some
           persons
           of
           repute
           to
           compel
           every
           slanderer
           to
           become
           an
           accuser
           ;
           and
           if
           the
           accusation
           prove
           true
           ,
           then
           to
           reward
           the
           accuser
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           not
           to
           punish
           him
           .
           Example
           
             Manlius
          
           the
           slanderer
           of
           
             Camillus
          
           for
           his
           untrue
           information
           punished
           .
        
         
           A
           rule
           most
           certain
           and
           assured
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           every
           Kingdom
           and
           State
           at
           the
           first
           well
           framed
           ,
           or
           after
           well
           informed
           ,
           doth
           take
           the
           perfection
           thereof
           from
           the
           wisdom
           of
           some
           excellent
           man
           ,
           who
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           blind
           though
           in
           a
           matter
           of
           great
           moment
           
           he
           happily
           useth
           some
           extraordinary
           violenc
           or
           proceedings
           ;
           for
           he
           that
           employeth
           force
           to
           mend
           and
           not
           to
           mar
           ,
           deserves
           commendation
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Romulus
             ,
             Lycurgus
             ,
             Cleomenes
             .
          
        
         
           There
           lives
           no
           man
           so
           simple
           or
           wise
           ,
           so
           wicked
           or
           well
           disposed
           ,
           but
           prefers
           those
           persons
           that
           are
           praisable
           ,
           before
           those
           that
           are
           blamable
           :
           notwithstanding
           for
           that
           well
           near
           all
           men
           are
           beguiled
           in
           discerning
           what
           indeed
           is
           good
           ,
           deeming
           that
           honorable
           which
           in
           truth
           is
           otherwise
           ;
           they
           suffer
           themselves
           either
           willingly
           or
           ignorantly
           to
           be
           carried
           into
           a
           course
           which
           merrits
           rather
           infamy
           then
           commendation
           .
           Example
           ,
           every
           man
           wisheth
           himself
           
             Timoleon
          
           or
           
             Agesilaus
             ,
          
           rather
           then
           
             Dionysius
          
           or
           
             Phalaris
             ;
          
           rather
           a
           
             Titus
          
           or
           
             Trajan
             ,
          
           then
           
             Caligula
          
           or
           
             Vitellius
             .
          
        
         
           Who
           reads
           Histories
           treating
           of
           great
           Actions
           shall
           perceive
           that
           good
           Princes
           indeed
           are
           more
           secure
           and
           better
           defended
           by
           the
           love
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           Fidelity
           of
           Counsellers
           ,
           then
           were
           they
           that
           entertained
           many
           Legions
           and
           Men
           of
           War
           .
           Example
           ,
           of
           all
           those
           Emperors
           which
           raigned
           after
           
             C●esar
          
           untill
           
             Maximi●us
          
           the
           greatest
           number
           were
           for
           their
           vices
           taken
           and
           slain
           ,
           only
           
             Galba
          
           and
           
             Pertinax
          
           excepted
           who
           were
           good
           Emperors
           .
        
         
         
           A
           Prince
           of
           great
           knowledge
           both
           in
           Armes
           and
           Wisdom
           so
           firmly
           setleth
           the
           foundation
           of
           Government
           ,
           as
           albeit
           his
           successor
           be
           of
           the
           less
           vertue
           ;
           yet
           may
           he
           be
           maintained
           even
           by
           the
           memory
           of
           his
           predecessor
           :
           but
           if
           it
           happen
           that
           the
           third
           Prince
           prove
           not
           more
           like
           the
           first
           then
           the
           second
           ,
           then
           all
           that
           is
           past
           goeth
           to
           ruine
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           Martial
           Valor
           of
           
             Romulus
          
           was
           the
           cause
           that
           
             Numa
          
           might
           governe
           safely
           in
           peace
           :
           which
           
             Tullus
          
           could
           not
           have
           done
           ,
           had
           he
           bin
           unlike
           to
           
             Romulus
             ;
          
           nor
           should
           
             Bajazet
          
           Emperor
           of
           
             Turky
          
           have
           enjoyed
           the
           state
           of
           his
           Father
           
             Mahomet
          
           and
           left
           the
           same
           to
           his
           posterity
           ,
           if
           
             Selim
          
           his
           son
           had
           not
           been
           more
           like
           to
           his
           Grandfather
           then
           to
           
             Bajazet
          
           his
           Father
           .
        
         
           The
           succession
           of
           two
           excellent
           Princes
           ,
           cheifly
           if
           they
           be
           of
           long
           life
           ,
           works
           wondrous
           effects
           :
           the
           like
           is
           seen
           in
           Optimacies
           or
           Popular
           States
           ,
           where
           the
           Governors
           successively
           elected
           be
           men
           of
           great
           vertue
           and
           understanding
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           first
           appeared
           in
           
             Philip
          
           of
           
             Macedon
             ,
          
           and
           
             Alexander
          
           his
           Son
           ,
           the
           second
           in
           the
           Consuls
           of
           
             Rome
             .
          
        
         
           In
           every
           State
           where
           Soldiers
           are
           not
           ,
           the
           fault
           thereof
           proceeds
           from
           the
           Governors
           .
           Wise
           Princes
           were
           therefore
           wont
           even
           in
           times
           of
           Peace
           to
           cause
           warlick
           exercises
           
           to
           be
           used
           ;
           for
           without
           them
           the
           most
           warlick
           nations
           become
           not
           only
           ignorant
           in
           Martial
           knowledge
           ,
           but
           also
           effeminate
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Pelopida●
          
           &
           
             Epa●i●ondas
             in
             Thebes
             ,
          
           and
           King
           
             Tullus
          
           in
           
             Rome
          
           as
           well
           in
           peaceable
           as
           troublesome
           times
           used
           exercise
           of
           Armes
           .
        
         
           No
           Prince
           or
           State
           well
           advised
           ,
           hazards
           his
           whole
           estate
           upon
           the
           valor
           of
           some
           few
           persons
           ,
           nor
           ought
           to
           strength
           of
           straight
           places
           where
           the
           Enemy
           is
           to
           pass
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Tully
          
           King
           of
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           &
           
             Metius
          
           King
           of
           
             Alba
             ,
          
           condiscended
           that
           three
           of
           their
           Nobility
           for
           either
           side
           chosen
           should
           enter
           Combate
           ,
           and
           that
           Nation
           which
           were
           victorious
           should
           command
           the
           other
           .
           
             Francis
          
           the
           French
           King
           going
           to
           recover
           
             Lombardy
             ,
          
           was
           by
           the
           
             Switzers
          
           attended
           into
           two
           or
           three
           places
           in
           the
           Mountains
           ,
           hoping
           there
           to
           repulse
           him
           ,
           but
           the
           King
           taking
           another
           way
           ,
           passed
           securely
           and
           prevaild
           .
        
         
           Every
           State
           well
           governed
           doth
           reward
           men
           of
           good
           merit
           ,
           and
           punish
           all
           offenders
           ;
           and
           if
           any
           person
           of
           good
           desert
           shall
           wilfully
           be
           a
           delinquent
           ,
           the
           same
           man
           ought
           notwithstanding
           his
           former
           service
           ,
           be
           punisht
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           same
           
             Horatio
          
           that
           in
           Combat
           gained
           the
           victory
           against
           the
           
             Albani
             ,
          
           having
           insolently
           slain
           his
           own
           
           sister
           ,
           was
           notwithstanding
           his
           egregiou●
           Act
           and
           the
           fresh
           memory
           thereof
           ,
           called
           into
           triall
           of
           his
           life
           ,
           and
           with
           great
           difficulty
           obtained
           pardon
           :
           and
           
             Manlius
          
           who
           had
           with
           great
           glory
           saved
           the
           Capitol
           ,
           for
           moving
           sedition
           in
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           was
           after
           from
           the
           same
           cast
           down
           headlong
           .
        
         
           Every
           wise
           man
           having
           performed
           any
           great
           service
           to
           his
           Prince
           or
           Country
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           content
           with
           such
           recompence
           as
           it
           shall
           please
           the
           Prince
           or
           Country
           to
           bestow
           :
           measuring
           the
           same
           according
           to
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           giver
           ,
           and
           not
           the
           merit
           of
           him
           that
           receiveth
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Horatius
             Cocles
          
           for
           having
           lost
           his
           hand
           in
           defence
           of
           the
           bridge
           of
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           and
           
             Mutius
             Scaevola
          
           suffering
           his
           hand
           to
           be
           burnt
           for
           his
           attempt
           to
           kill
           King
           
             Porsenna
             ,
          
           were
           rewarded
           with
           a
           small
           portion
           of
           Land
           ;
           and
           
             Manlius
          
           that
           defended
           the
           
             Capitoh
          
           from
           the
           
             Galleys
             ,
          
           had
           no
           greater
           reward
           then
           a
           little
           measure
           of
           meale
           .
        
         
           Ingratitnde
           is
           a
           vice
           so
           natural
           and
           Common
           ,
           as
           not
           only
           private
           persons
           ,
           but
           Princes
           and
           States
           also
           either
           through
           covetousnes
           or
           suspition
           are
           therewith
           infected
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Vespasian
          
           proclamed
           Emperor
           ,
           was
           chiefly
           aided
           by
           
             Antonius
             Primus
             ,
          
           and
           by
           his
           helpe
           prevailed
           against
           
             Vitellius
             ;
          
           in
           reward
           of
           which
           service
           
             Vespasian
          
           
           removed
           him
           from
           the
           command
           of
           his
           Army
           and
           gave
           that
           honor
           to
           
             Mutianus
             .
             Consalvo
             Ferranoe
          
           having
           taken
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           
             Naples
          
           from
           the
           
             French
             ,
          
           was
           first
           remov'd
           from
           his
           Command
           of
           the
           Castles
           and
           Soldiers
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           end
           brought
           into
           
             Spain
          
           where
           in
           disgrace
           he
           ended
           his
           life
           
             Collatinus
             Tarquinius
          
           who
           with
           the
           aide
           of
           
             Bru●us
          
           suppressed
           the
           
             Tarquins
          
           of
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           and
           with
           him
           
             Pub●Valerius
          
           were
           banisht
           for
           no
           other
           cause
           but
           for
           being
           of
           the
           name
           of
           
             Tarquin
             ,
          
           theother
           because
           he
           built
           a
           house
           upon
           mount
           
             Coelio
             .
          
        
         
           All
           Errors
           that
           great
           Captains
           commit
           ,
           are
           either
           wilfull
           or
           ignorant
           ,
           towards
           the
           one
           and
           the
           other
           of
           which
           offenders
           to
           use
           greater
           lenity
           then
           the
           quality
           of
           their
           offences
           deserves
           ,
           seemeth
           necessary
           :
           for
           men
           of
           honor
           suffer
           nought
           by
           the
           infamy
           which
           evill
           service
           doth
           bring
           .
           It
           is
           also
           to
           be
           considered
           that
           a
           great
           Captain
           being
           cumbred
           with
           many
           cares
           ,
           cannot
           proceed
           in
           his
           actions
           couragiously
           if
           he
           stand
           in
           daily
           doubt
           to
           be
           punisht
           for
           every
           error
           that
           hapneth
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Sergius
          
           and
           
             Vi●gi●ius
          
           were
           before
           
             Veio
             ,
          
           the
           one
           part
           of
           the
           Army
           on
           the
           one
           side
           of
           the
           City
           ,
           the
           other
           not
           far
           from
           the
           place
           .
           
             Sergius
          
           being
           assaulted
           by
           the
           
             Falisci
          
           was
           not
           aided
           by
           
             Virginius
             ,
          
           neither
           would
           he
           require
           his
           help
           ,
           such
           
           was
           the
           envy
           the
           one
           bare
           to
           the
           other
           ;
           and
           ●onsequently
           their
           offence
           is
           wilful
           and
           worthy
           of
           capital
           punishment
           .
           Likewise
           when
           
             Varro
          
           by
           his
           ignorance
           ,
           received
           an
           overthrow
           by
           
             Hannibal
          
           at
           
             Cann●
             ,
          
           he
           was
           nevertheless
           pardoned
           and
           honorably
           welcomed
           home
           by
           the
           whole
           Senate
           .
        
         
           Whensoever
           an
           inconvenience
           ariseth
           within
           or
           without
           the
           State
           ,
           it
           seems
           a
           resolution
           more
           sure
           to
           dissemble
           the
           knowing
           thereof
           ,
           then
           to
           seek
           by
           sudden
           violence
           to
           suppress
           it
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Cosmo
             de
             Medices
          
           having
           gained
           extraordinary
           reputation
           in
           
             Florence
             ,
          
           the
           Citizens
           imagined
           ,
           that
           to
           suffer
           the
           same
           to
           increase
           ,
           was
           dangerous
           ,
           and
           therefore
           they
           banished
           him
           :
           Which
           extream
           proceeding
           ,
           so
           offended
           the
           friends
           of
           
             Cosm●
             ,
          
           being
           the
           stronger
           ,
           as
           they
           forced
           the
           Citizens
           to
           revoke
           him
           ,
           and
           make
           him
           Prince
           of
           that
           City
           .
           The
           like
           hapned
           in
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           where
           
             Caesar
          
           for
           his
           vertue
           ,
           much
           admired
           and
           followed
           ,
           became
           afterwards
           to
           be
           feared●
           and
           they
           that
           feared
           ,
           not
           considering
           their
           force
           to
           be
           inferior
           to
           the
           power
           of
           
             Caesar●
          
           endeavoring
           to
           oppress
           him
           ,
           were
           the
           occasion
           of
           his
           greater
           glory
           .
        
         
           In
           every
           Republick
           ,
           an
           excessive
           Authority
           given
           to
           one
           or
           two
           persons
           for
           long
           time
           ,
           proveth
           dangerous
           ,
           cheifly
           when
           the
           
           same
           is
           not
           restrained
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           Dictatorship
           given
           to
           
             Caesar
          
           for
           life
           ,
           was
           an
           occasion
           to
           oppress
           the
           Liberties
           of
           the
           
             R●mans
             .
          
           The
           same
           effect
           was
           before
           that
           time
           like
           to
           follow
           the
           
             Decemvirat●
             ,
          
           by
           suffering
           
             Appius
             Claudiu●
          
           to
           prolong
           the
           time
           of
           his
           Dignity
           .
        
         
           The
           Ambition
           of
           Men
           is
           such
           ,
           as
           rarely
           they
           will
           obey
           when
           formerly
           they
           have
           commanded
           ;
           neither
           do
           they
           willingly
           accept
           of
           mean
           Office
           ,
           having
           before
           sate
           in
           higher
           place
           :
           Yet
           the
           Citizens
           of
           well-governed
           States
           ,
           did
           not
           refuse
           as
           well
           to
           obey
           as
           command
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           victory
           the
           
             Romans
          
           obtained
           against
           the
           
             Veienti
             ,
             Q.
             Fabius
          
           was
           slain
           ,
           having
           the
           year
           before
           been
           Consul
           :
           Nevertheless
           he
           then
           served
           in
           meaner
           place
           under
           
             C.
             Manilius
             ,
          
           and
           
             M.
             Fabius
          
           his
           own
           Brother
           then
           Consul
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           nothing
           more
           strange
           ,
           yet
           by
           experience
           proved
           true
           ,
           That
           men
           in
           adverse
           Fortune
           be
           much
           grieved
           ,
           and
           in
           prosperity
           also
           discontented
           ;
           which
           is
           the
           reason
           ,
           that
           not
           being
           forced
           to
           fight
           for
           necessity
           ,
           they
           will
           nevertheless
           contend
           for
           Ambition
           ;
           and
           that
           humor
           doth
           as
           well
           possess
           those
           that
           live
           aloft
           ,
           as
           others
           whom
           Fortune
           holdeth
           down
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           people
           of
           
             Rome
          
           having
           by
           the
           Authority
           of
           the
           
             Tribunes
          
           
           obtained
           to
           make
           themselves
           secure
           from
           oppression
           of
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           forthwith
           required
           ,
           That
           the
           Honor
           and
           Office
           of
           State
           might
           be
           also
           imparted
           unto
           them
           .
           The
           like
           Ambition
           moved
           them
           to
           have
           their
           part
           of
           Lands
           by
           force
           of
           
             Lex
             Agragia
             ,
          
           which
           was
           at
           last
           the
           overthrow
           of
           the
           
             Roman
          
           liberty
           .
        
         
           It
           seemeth
           that
           people
           displeased
           with
           some
           Innovations
           hapned
           in
           the
           State
           ,
           do
           sometime
           without
           just
           Reasons
           complain
           of
           those
           that
           govern
           :
           Not
           unlike
           to
           a
           sick
           man
           who
           deemeth
           that
           the
           Physician
           ,
           not
           the
           Fever
           ,
           is
           the
           cause
           of
           his
           grief
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           people
           of
           
             Rome
          
           were
           perswaded
           that
           the
           Ambition
           of
           Consuls
           was
           the
           cause
           of
           continual
           War
           ,
           therefore
           required
           that
           no
           more
           Consuls
           should
           be●
           yet
           were
           they
           content
           that
           certain
           
             Tribunes
          
           should
           command
           with
           like
           Authority
           ,
           so
           was
           nothing
           altered
           in
           the
           Government
           but
           the
           Governors
           title
           ,
           which
           alone
           did
           content
           them
           .
        
         
           Nothing
           can
           corrupt
           and
           alter
           the
           nature
           of
           man
           so
           much
           ,
           or
           so
           soon
           as
           the
           immoderate
           desire
           of
           Honor●
           in
           so
           much
           as
           men
           of
           honest
           mindes
           and
           vertuous
           inclinations
           are
           sometimes
           by
           Ambition
           ,
           drawn
           to
           abuse
           that
           goodness
           whereunto
           they
           are
           inclined
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Appius
             Claudius
          
           having
           lived
           long
           an
           enemy
           to
           the
           Multitude
           ,
           hoping
           by
           
           their
           aid
           to
           continue
           his
           Authority
           of
           the
           
             Decemviri
          
           in
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           became
           their
           Friend
           ,
           and
           disfavored
           the
           factions
           of
           great
           men
           .
           Likewise
           
             Q.
             Fabius
          
           a
           man
           of
           singular
           vertue
           ,
           being
           also
           called
           to
           that
           dignity
           by
           
             Appius
          
           self
           ,
           adulterated
           his
           nature
           and
           became
           like
           unto
           him
           .
        
         
           Seldom
           or
           never
           is
           any
           people
           discontented
           without
           just
           cause
           ;
           yet
           if
           happily
           they
           be
           asked
           whereof
           their
           offence
           proceedeth
           ,
           many
           times
           for
           want
           of
           some
           fit
           man
           to
           pronounce
           their
           grief
           ,
           they
           ●●and
           silent
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           at
           the
           death
           of
           
             Virginia
             ,
          
           were
           gathered
           together
           armed
           upon
           Mount
           
             Sacr●
          
           and
           being
           asked
           by
           the
           Senate
           ,
           for
           what
           cause
           they
           so
           did
           ?
           no
           answer
           was
           made
           ;
           until
           
             Virginio
          
           Father
           of
           the
           Virgin
           had
           procured
           ,
           that
           twenty
           of
           the
           Tribunes
           might
           be
           made
           to
           be
           as
           head
           of
           the
           p●ople
           ,
           and
           confer
           with
           the
           Senate
           .
        
         
           A
           great
           Folly
           or
           rather
           meer
           Madness
           it
           seemeth
           to
           desire
           any
           thing
           ,
           and
           tell
           before-hand
           that
           the
           end
           and
           purpose
           of
           the
           desire
           is
           evil
           ;
           for
           thereby
           he
           sheweth
           reason
           why
           it
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           granted
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           required
           of
           the
           Senate
           that
           
             Appius
          
           and
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           
             Decemviri
          
           should
           be
           delivered
           into
           their
           hands
           ,
           being
           determined
           to
           burn
           them
           all
           alive
           .
        
         
           The
           first
           part
           of
           their
           request
           seemed
           
           reasonable
           ,
           but
           the
           end
           thereof
           unreasonable
           .
        
         
           A
           course
           very
           dangerous
           it
           is
           in
           all
           States
           ,
           by
           continual
           accusing
           and
           punishing
           ,
           to
           hold
           the
           Subject
           in
           doubt
           and
           daily
           fear
           :
           For
           he
           that
           stands
           always
           looking
           for
           some
           trouble
           ,
           becometh
           careless
           and
           apt
           to
           attempt
           innovation
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Dec●mviri
          
           being
           opprest
           ,
           the
           Tribunes
           authorised
           in
           their
           place
           ,
           endeavored
           daily
           to
           call
           in
           question
           the
           most
           part
           of
           the
           
             Dec●mviri
             ,
          
           and
           many
           other
           Citizens
           also
           ,
           whereof
           great
           inconveniences
           arose
           ,
           and
           much
           danger
           would
           have
           ensued
           ,
           had
           not
           a
           Decree
           propounded
           by
           
             M.
             Duillius
          
           been
           made
           ,
           that
           for
           one
           year
           no
           
             Roman
          
           Citizen
           should
           be
           accused
           .
        
         
           Strange
           it
           is
           to
           see
           how
           men
           in
           seeking
           their
           own
           security
           ,
           lay
           the
           injuries
           which
           they
           fear
           u●on
           other
           men
           ;
           as
           though
           it
           were
           necessary
           ,
           either
           to
           offend
           or
           be
           offended
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           among
           themselves
           ,
           united
           and
           strong
           ,
           always
           endeavored
           to
           offend
           the
           Nobles
           ;
           and
           the
           Nobles
           likewise
           being
           perswaded
           they
           were
           strong
           ,
           labored
           to
           oppress
           the
           people
           :
           Which
           humors
           were
           the
           cause
           of
           continual
           troubles
           .
        
         
           To
           make
           estimation
           and
           choice
           of
           men
           fit
           to
           govern
           ,
           the
           best
           course
           is
           to
           consider
           
           in
           particular
           ;
           otherwise
           it
           might
           be
           imagined●
           that
           among
           the
           Multitude
           or
           meaner
           people
           ,
           they
           being
           the
           greatest
           number
           ,
           might
           be
           found
           some
           persons
           of
           more
           perfection
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           people
           of
           
             Rome
          
           desiring
           that
           the
           Consulship
           might
           be
           given
           among
           them
           as
           men
           of
           most
           merit
           ,
           did
           by
           all
           means
           endeavor
           to
           obtain
           that
           honor
           ;
           but
           being
           come
           to
           election
           ,
           and
           every
           mans
           vertue
           particularly
           considered
           ,
           there
           could
           not
           be
           among
           the
           Multitude
           onel●
           one
           found
           fit
           for
           so
           great
           a
           place
           ;
           and
           therefore
           the
           people
           themselves
           consented
           ,
           that
           the
           dignity
           should
           still
           remain
           as
           it
           was
           .
        
         
           To
           perswade
           a
           Multitude
           to
           any
           enterprise
           ,
           is
           easie
           ,
           if
           that
           which
           is
           perswaded
           ,
           doth
           promise
           either
           profit
           or
           honor
           ;
           yet
           oft
           under
           that
           external
           apparence
           li●s
           hid
           loss
           or
           disadvantage●
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           perswading
           themselves
           that
           the
           slow
           proceeding
           of
           
             F●bius
             Maximus
          
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           was
           both
           chargable
           and
           cowardly
           ,
           required●
           That
           the
           General
           of
           the
           Horse
           might
           direct
           the
           War
           ;
           which
           course
           had
           ruined
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           if
           the
           wisdom
           of
           
             Fabius
          
           had
           not
           been
           .
           Likewise
           when
           
             Hannibal
          
           had
           divers
           years
           raigned
           in
           
             Ital●
             ,
          
           one
           
             M.
             Centenius
             Penula
             ,
          
           a
           man
           of
           base
           birth
           ,
           yet
           a
           Soldier
           o●
           some
           repute
           ,
           undertook
           that
           if
           he
           with
           such
           Volunti●rs
           
           as
           would
           follow
           him
           ,
           might
           have
           authority
           to
           fight
           ,
           he
           would
           within
           few
           days
           deliver
           
             Hannibal
          
           either
           alive
           or
           dead
           :
           Which
           offer
           was
           by
           the
           Senate
           accounted
           rash
           ,
           yet
           for
           fear
           to
           offend
           the
           people
           ,
           granted
           ;
           and
           
             Penula
          
           with
           his
           Soldiers
           was
           cut
           in
           pieces
           .
        
         
           To
           appease
           a
           Mutiny
           or
           Tumult
           in
           any
           Camp
           or
           City
           ,
           there
           is
           no
           means
           more
           speedy
           or
           successful
           ,
           then
           if
           some
           person
           of
           great
           quality
           and
           respect
           ,
           present
           himself
           to
           the
           people
           ,
           and
           by
           his
           wisdom
           lay
           before
           them
           the
           damage
           of
           their
           Discords
           ,
           perswading
           them
           to
           Peace
           and
           Patience
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           faction
           of
           the
           
             ●rateschi
          
           and
           
             Arratiati
          
           in
           
             Florence
             ;
          
           the
           one
           ready
           to
           assault
           the
           other
           .
           
             Francisco
             Soderini
          
           Bishop
           of
           
             V●terra
          
           in
           his
           Episcopal
           Habit
           ,
           went
           between
           the
           parties
           and
           appeased
           them
           :
           Also
           Count
           
             Egremont
          
           by
           the
           Authority
           of
           his
           wisdom
           and
           presence
           ,
           supprest
           a
           great
           mutiny
           in
           
             Antwerp
          
           between
           the
           Martinists
           and
           Papists
           .
        
         
           A
           people
           corrupted
           ,
           do
           rarely
           or
           never
           observe
           any
           Order
           or
           Ordinance
           ,
           unless
           by
           force
           of
           some
           Princes
           power
           they
           be
           thereto
           inforced
           ;
           but
           where
           the
           Multitude
           is
           incorrupt
           and
           religious
           ,
           all
           things
           are
           done
           justly
           ,
           and
           without
           compulsion
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Camillus
          
           at
           the
           victory
           against
           the
           
             Urienti
             ,
          
           
           vowed
           that
           the
           tenth
           part
           of
           the
           pillage
           should
           be
           offered
           to
           
             Apollo
             ;
          
           but
           the
           Senate
           supposing
           that
           the
           people
           would
           not
           consent
           to
           so
           great
           a
           Contribution
           ,
           studied
           to
           dispence
           with
           that
           vow
           ,
           and
           to
           please
           
             Apollo
          
           and
           the
           people
           also
           by
           some
           other
           means
           :
           Whereat
           the
           people
           shewed
           themselves
           openly
           offended
           ,
           and
           willingly
           gave
           no
           less
           then
           the
           sum
           formerly
           decreed
           .
           When
           the
           Free-Cities
           of
           
             Germany
          
           are
           occasioned
           to
           make
           money
           for
           any
           Publick
           Service
           ,
           the
           Magistrates
           impose
           One
           or
           two
           in
           the
           hundred
           on
           every
           City
           ,
           which
           done
           ,
           every
           one
           is
           sworn
           to
           lay
           down
           so
           much
           as
           in
           his
           own
           Conscience
           he
           is
           able
           ;
           and
           he
           with
           his
           own
           hand
           ,
           no
           other
           witness
           being
           present
           ,
           casteth
           the
           money
           into
           a
           Coffer
           prepared
           for
           the
           purpose
           ;
           which
           he
           would
           not
           ,
           if
           his
           own
           Conscience
           did
           not
           inforce
           him
           .
        
         
           When
           any
           extraordinary
           occasion
           happens
           to
           a
           City
           or
           Province
           ,
           some
           prodigious
           voice
           is
           heard
           ,
           or
           some
           marvellous
           sights
           are
           seen
           .
           Before
           
             T.
             Gracchus
          
           General
           of
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Army
           was
           betraid
           by
           
             Flavius
             Lucanus
             ,
          
           the
           
             Aruspices
          
           discovered
           two
           Serpents
           eating
           the
           Entrails
           of
           the
           Beasts
           sacrified
           ;
           which
           done
           ,
           they
           vanished
           :
           which
           vision
           as
           they
           divined
           ,
           prognosticated
           the
           Generals
           death
           :
           Likewise
           
             F.
             Savanar●la
          
           foretold
           the
           coming
           of
           King
           
             Charls
          
           
           the
           Eight
           into
           
             Italy
             :
          
           And
           
             M.
             Sedigitus
          
           when
           the
           
             Galls
          
           first
           came
           towards
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           informed
           the
           Senate
           he
           heard
           a
           voice
           much
           londer
           then
           any
           mans
           ,
           crying
           aloud
           ,
           
             Galli
             veniunt
             .
          
        
         
           The
           multitude
           of
           base
           people
           is
           naturally
           audacious
           and
           apt
           to
           innovation
           ;
           yet
           unless
           they
           be
           directed
           by
           some
           persons
           of
           Reputation
           and
           Wisdom
           ,
           rarely
           do
           they
           joyn
           in
           any
           action
           of
           great
           import
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           when
           their
           City
           was
           taken
           and
           sackt
           by
           the
           
             Galls
             ,
          
           went
           to
           
             Veio
          
           with
           determination
           to
           dwell
           there
           :
           The
           Senate
           informed
           thereof
           ,
           commanded
           that
           upon
           great
           pain
           ,
           every
           Citizen
           should
           return
           to
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           whereat
           the
           people
           at
           first
           mocked
           ;
           but
           when
           every
           man
           particularly
           within
           himself
           considered
           his
           own
           peril
           ,
           all
           in
           general
           determined
           to
           obey
           the
           Magistrates
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           employment
           of
           Men
           for
           Service
           ,
           neither
           Age
           nor
           Fortune
           ought
           so
           much
           to
           be
           regarded
           as
           Vertue
           ;
           for
           yong
           men
           having
           made
           tryal
           of
           their
           valor
           ,
           soon
           become
           aged
           ,
           and
           thereby
           either
           unapt
           or
           unable
           to
           serve
           :
           Therefore
           well-governed
           Commonwealths
           ,
           preferred
           Military
           Vertue
           before
           any
           other
           respect●
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Valerius
             G●rvinus
          
           with
           others
           made
           Consul
           the
           Three
           and
           twentieth
           year
           of
           his
           age
           ,
           
           and
           
             Pompey
          
           triumphed
           in
           his
           youth
           .
        
         
           No
           wise
           or
           well
           advised
           Prince
           or
           other
           State
           will
           undertake
           without
           excessive
           Forces
           to
           invade
           the
           Dominions
           of
           any
           other
           Prince
           ,
           unless
           he
           assure
           himself
           of
           some
           Friends
           there
           to
           be
           a
           Mean
           ,
           and
           as
           it
           were
           a
           Gate
           to
           prepare
           his
           passage
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           by
           aid
           of
           the
           
             Sagu●tines
          
           entred
           
             Spain
             ,
          
           the
           
             Aetoli
          
           called
           them
           into
           
             Greece
             ,
          
           the
           
             H●diai
          
           into
           
             France
             :
          
           Likewise
           the
           
             Palaeologi
          
           incited
           the
           
             Turk
          
           to
           come
           into
           
             Thrace
             ;
          
           and
           
             Ludovicus
             Sforza
          
           occasioned
           
             Charls
          
           the
           French
           King
           to
           come
           into
           
             Italy
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Republick
           desirous
           to
           extend
           the
           bounds
           thereof
           ,
           must
           endeavor
           to
           be
           fully
           furnished
           with
           Inhabitants
           ,
           which
           may
           be
           done
           both
           by
           Love
           and
           Force
           :
           Love
           is
           gained
           by
           suffering
           strangers
           to
           inhabit
           the
           City
           securely
           ;
           and
           Force
           compels
           people
           to
           come
           thither
           ,
           when
           other
           Cities
           and
           Towns
           near
           at
           hand
           be
           demolished
           or
           defaced
           :
           And
           impossible
           it
           is
           without
           this
           order
           of
           proceeding
           ,
           to
           enlarge
           any
           City
           or
           make
           the
           same
           of
           greater
           power
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           to
           enlarge
           their
           City
           demolished
           
             Alba
             ,
          
           and
           many
           other
           Towns
           ,
           and
           therewith
           also
           entertained
           all
           strangers
           courteously
           :
           So
           as
           
             Rome
          
           grew
           to
           such
           greatness●
           that
           the
           City
           onely
           could
           arm
           Six
           
           hundred
           and
           forty
           thousand
           men
           ;
           but
           
             Sparta
          
           or
           
             Athens
          
           could
           never
           exceed
           Twenty
           thousand
           ,
           for
           that
           
             Lycurgus
          
           had
           inhibited
           the
           access
           of
           strangers
           .
        
         
           A
           Commonwealth
           that
           consumes
           more
           Treasure
           in
           the
           War
           ,
           then
           it
           profits
           in
           Victory
           ,
           seems
           to
           have
           rather
           hindred
           then
           honored
           or
           inriched
           the
           State
           .
           A
           wise
           Captain
           therefore
           in
           his
           actions
           ,
           ought
           as
           well
           to
           profit
           the
           Republick
           ,
           as
           to
           gain
           to
           himself
           glory
           .
           Example
           ,
           the
           Consuls
           of
           
             Rome
          
           did
           seldom
           desire
           Triumph
           ,
           unless
           they
           returned
           from
           the
           War
           loaden
           with
           Gold
           ,
           Silver
           ,
           and
           other
           rich
           spoils
           fit
           to
           be
           delivered
           into
           the
           Common
           Treasury
           .
        
         
           All
           Foreign
           Wars
           with
           Princes
           or
           other
           States
           taken
           in
           hand
           ,
           be
           either
           for
           Ambition
           or
           Desire
           of
           glory
           ,
           or
           else
           for
           necessity
           .
           Examples
           ,
           the
           
             Romans
          
           for
           their
           Ambition
           conquered
           many
           Nations
           ,
           with
           intent
           onely
           to
           have
           the
           obedience
           of
           the
           people
           ;
           yet
           did
           they
           suffer
           them
           to
           hold
           possession
           of
           their
           Houses
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           they
           were
           permitted
           to
           live
           onely
           with
           their
           old
           Laws
           .
           Likewise
           
             Alexander
          
           the
           Great
           endeavored
           to
           suppress
           many
           Princes
           for
           his
           glory
           ,
           but
           did
           not
           dispossess
           the
           people
           ,
           nor
           kill
           them
           .
        
         
           Otherwise
           it
           is
           where
           a
           whole
           Nation●
           inforced
           by
           Famine
           or
           Fury
           of
           War
           ,
           abandon
           
           their
           own
           dwellings
           ,
           and
           are
           forced
           to
           inhabit
           elswhere
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             G●ths
          
           and
           other
           people
           of
           the
           North
           invaded
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Empire
           ,
           and
           many
           other
           Provinces
           ,
           whereof
           their
           alteration
           of
           names
           did
           ensue
           ;
           as
           
             Illyria
          
           now
           called
           
             Slavonia
             ,
             England
          
           formerly
           named
           
             Britain
             .
          
        
         
           A
           common
           conceit
           and
           saying
           it
           is●
           That
           Money
           makes
           the
           War
           strong
           ,
           and
           is
           the
           force
           and
           sinews
           thereof
           ;
           as
           though
           he
           who
           hath
           most
           Treasure
           ,
           be
           also
           most
           mighty
           ;
           but
           experience
           hath
           apparently
           shewed
           the
           contrary
           .
           Example
           ,
           After
           the
           death
           of
           
             Alexander
             ,
          
           King
           of
           
             Macedon
             ,
          
           a
           mul●itude
           of
           
             Galls
          
           went
           into
           
             Greece
             ,
          
           and
           being
           there
           arived
           ,
           sent
           certain
           Ambassadors
           to
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           supposing
           to
           make
           them
           afraid
           of
           his
           power
           ,
           shewed
           them
           his
           treasure
           ,
           which
           wrought
           a
           contrary
           effect
           ;
           for
           the
           
             Galls
          
           before
           desirous
           of
           Peace
           ,
           resolved
           then
           to
           continue
           the
           War
           ,
           in
           hope
           to
           win
           that
           mighty
           mass
           of
           Money●
           Likewise
           
             Darius
          
           should
           have
           vanquished
           
             Alexander
             ,
          
           and
           the
           
             Greeks
          
           might
           have
           conquered
           the
           
             Romans
             ,
          
           if
           the
           richer
           Prince
           might
           ever
           by
           his
           Money
           have
           prevailed
           .
        
         
           Every
           League
           made
           with
           a
           Prince
           or
           Republick
           remote
           ,
           is
           weak
           and
           rather
           aideth
           us
           with
           Fame
           then
           Effect
           ,
           and
           consequently
           deceiveth
           all
           those
           that
           in
           such
           Amity
           repose
           
           Confidence
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Florentines
          
           being
           assaulted
           by
           the
           King
           of
           
             Naples
          
           and
           the
           Pope
           ,
           prayed
           aid
           of
           the
           French
           King
           ,
           who
           being
           far
           distant
           ,
           could
           not
           in
           time
           succor
           them
           ;
           and
           the
           
             Cedicini
          
           desiring
           aid
           of
           the
           
             Capuani
          
           against
           the
           
             Samnits
             ,
          
           a
           people
           of
           no
           force
           ,
           were
           deceived
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           whose
           people
           is
           well
           armed
           and
           trained
           ,
           shall
           do
           better
           to
           attend
           his
           enemy
           at
           home
           ,
           then
           by
           invasion
           to
           assault
           his
           Countrey
           :
           But
           such
           Princes
           whose
           Subjects
           are
           disarmed
           ,
           had
           need
           to
           hold
           the
           enemy
           aloof
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
             ,
          
           and
           in
           this
           age
           the
           
             Swisses
             ,
          
           being
           well
           armed
           ,
           may
           attend
           the
           War
           at
           home
           ;
           but
           the
           
             Carthaginians
          
           and
           
             Italians
          
           being
           not
           so
           well
           furnished
           ,
           did
           ever
           use
           to
           seek
           the
           enemy
           .
        
         
           The
           Plurality
           of
           Commanders
           in
           equal
           Authority
           ,
           is
           for
           the
           most
           part
           occasion
           of
           slow
           proceeding
           in
           the
           War
           .
           Example
           ,
           There
           was
           at
           one
           time
           in
           
             Rome
          
           created
           four
           
             Tribuni
             Militares
          
           with
           authority
           of
           Consuls
           ,
           
             viz.
             T.
             Quintu●
          
           after
           his
           Consulship
           ,
           
             Cajus
             Furius
             ,
             M.
             Posthumus
             ,
          
           and
           
             A.
             Cornelius
             Cassus
             ,
          
           amongst
           whom
           arose
           so
           much
           diversity
           and
           contrariety
           of
           opinion
           ,
           as
           nothing
           could
           be
           done
           till
           their
           authority
           ceased
           ,
           and
           
             M.
             Ae●ylius
          
           made
           Dictator
           .
        
         
           A
           Victory
           obtained
           by
           any
           great
           Captain
           
           with
           the
           Authority
           of
           his
           Princes
           Commission
           ,
           Counsel
           ,
           and
           Directions
           ,
           ought
           ever
           to
           be
           imputed
           rather
           to
           the
           wisdom
           of
           the
           Prince
           ,
           then
           the
           valor
           of
           the
           Captain
           :
           Which
           made
           the
           Emperors
           of
           
             Rome
          
           to
           permit
           no
           Captains
           (
           how
           great
           soever
           his
           victories
           were
           )
           to
           Triumph
           ,
           as
           before
           that
           time
           the
           Consuls
           had
           done
           ;
           and
           even
           in
           those
           days
           a
           modest
           refusal
           of
           Triumph
           was
           commended
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             M.
             Fulvius
          
           having
           gained
           a
           great
           victory
           against
           the
           
             Tuscans
             ,
          
           was
           both
           by
           the
           consent
           of
           the
           Senate
           and
           people
           of
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           admitted
           to
           Triumph
           ;
           but
           the
           refusal
           of
           that
           Honor
           proved
           his
           greater
           glory
           .
        
         
           All
           they
           that
           from
           private
           estate
           have
           aspired
           to
           Principality
           ,
           either
           by
           Force
           or
           Fraud
           become
           thereunto
           ,
           unless
           the
           same
           be
           given
           ,
           or
           by
           inheritance
           descended
           :
           Yet
           it
           is
           rarely
           seen
           ,
           that
           Force
           alone
           prevaileth
           ,
           but
           Fraud
           without
           Force
           oft
           times
           sufficeth
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Agathocles
          
           by
           such
           means
           became
           Prince
           of
           
             Syracusa
             ;
             John
             Galeazzo
          
           by
           abusing
           his
           Uncle
           
             Barnabas
             ,
          
           gained
           the
           Dominion
           of
           
             Lombardy
             ;
          
           and
           
             Cyrus
          
           circumvented
           
             Cyaxares
          
           his
           Mothers
           Brother
           ,
           and
           by
           that
           craft
           aspired
           to
           greatness
           .
        
         
           Sudden
           Resolutions
           are
           always
           dangerous
           ;
           and
           no
           less
           peril
           ensueth
           of
           slow
           and
           doubtful
           delays
           .
           Example
           ,
           When
           
             Hieron
          
           
           Prince
           of
           
             Syracusa
          
           died
           ,
           the
           War
           even
           then
           being
           in
           great
           heat
           between
           the
           
             Romans
          
           and
           
             Carthaginians
             ,
          
           they
           of
           
             Syracusa
          
           consulted
           ,
           whether
           it
           were
           better
           to
           follow
           the
           Fortune
           of
           
             Rome
          
           or
           
             Carthage
             .
          
           In
           which
           doubt
           ,
           they
           continued
           until
           
             Apollonides
          
           a
           chief
           Captain
           of
           
             Syracusa
          
           laid
           before
           them●
           that
           so
           long
           delay
           would
           make
           them
           hated
           both
           of
           
             Romans
          
           and
           
             Carthaginians
             .
          
           Likewise
           the
           
             Florentin●s
          
           being
           by
           
             Lewis
          
           the
           Twelfth
           required
           to
           give
           his
           Army
           passage
           towards
           
             Naples
             ,
          
           mused
           so
           long
           upon
           answer
           ,
           that
           he
           became
           their
           enemy
           ,
           and
           they
           forced
           to
           recover
           his
           favor
           full
           dearly
           .
        
         
           To
           govern
           a
           State
           is
           nothing
           else
           but
           to
           take
           such
           order
           as
           the
           Subjects
           may
           not
           ,
           or
           ought
           not
           offend
           ;
           which
           may
           be
           done
           ,
           either
           by
           removing
           from
           them
           all
           means
           to
           disobey
           ,
           or
           by
           affording
           them
           so
           great
           favors
           ,
           as
           reasonably
           they
           ought
           not
           to
           change
           their
           Fortune
           ;
           for
           the
           mean
           course
           proveth
           dangerous
           .
           Example
           ,
           the
           
             Latins
          
           being
           by
           the
           valor
           of
           
             Camillus
          
           overcome
           ,
           yeelded
           themselves
           to
           endure
           what
           punishment
           it
           pleased
           the
           
             Romans
          
           to
           inflict
           .
        
         
           An
           ingenious
           and
           magnanimous
           answer
           being
           made
           unto
           wise
           Magistrates
           ,
           doth
           oft
           obtain
           both
           Pardon
           and
           Grace
           .
           Example
           ,
           When
           the
           
             Privernates
          
           had
           rebelled
           ,
           and
           
           were
           by
           force
           constrained
           to
           return
           to
           the
           obedience
           of
           the
           
             Romans
             ,
          
           they
           sent
           certain
           of
           the
           City
           unto
           
             Rome
          
           to
           desire
           pardon
           ;
           who
           being
           brought
           before
           the
           Senate
           ,
           one
           of
           the
           Senators
           asked
           the
           
             Privernates
             ,
          
           what
           punishment
           themselves
           did
           think
           they
           had
           deserved
           :
           The
           same
           ,
           quoth
           they
           ,
           which
           men
           living
           in
           freedom
           ,
           think
           they
           are
           worthy
           of
           .
           Whereto
           the
           Consul
           thus
           replied
           ,
           
             Quid
             si
             p●enam
             remittimus
             ?
             Qualem
             nos
             pacem
             vobiscum
             habituros
             speremus
             ?
          
           The
           
             P●ivernates
          
           answered
           ,
           
             Si
             bonam
             dederitis
             ,
             &
             fidel●m
             &
             perpetuam
             :
             Si
             malam
             ,
             haud
             diuturnam
             .
          
           Which
           answer
           was
           thought
           to
           proceed
           from
           generous
           men
           ,
           and
           therefore
           they
           were
           not
           onely
           pardoned
           ,
           but
           also
           honored
           and
           received
           into
           the
           number
           of
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Citizens
           .
        
         
           All
           Castles
           ,
           Fortresses
           ,
           and
           Places
           of
           strength
           ,
           be
           made
           for
           defence
           either
           against
           the
           enemy
           or
           Subject
           :
           In
           the
           first
           case
           they
           are
           not
           necessary
           ,
           in
           the
           second
           dangerous
           .
           For
           thereby
           the
           Prince
           may
           at
           his
           pleasure
           take
           occasion
           to
           insult
           upon
           the
           Subject●
           when
           much
           more
           seemly
           he
           might
           settle
           his
           estate
           upon
           the
           love
           and
           good
           affection
           of
           Men
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           Castle
           of
           
             Millan
          
           made
           by
           Duke
           
             Francisco
             ●●orza
             ,
          
           incited
           his
           Heirs
           to
           become
           insolent
           ;
           and
           consequently
           they
           became
           odious
           ;
           which
           was
           also
           the
           caus●
           
           that
           so
           soon
           as
           that
           City
           was
           assaulted
           ,
           the
           enemy
           with
           facility
           did
           possess
           it
           .
        
         
           That
           Prince
           or
           Potentate
           which
           builds
           his
           Severity
           rather
           upon
           the
           trust
           he
           hath
           in
           Fortresses
           ,
           then
           the
           love
           of
           Men
           ,
           shall
           be
           deceived
           :
           For
           no
           place
           is
           so
           strong
           ,
           as
           can
           long
           defend
           it self
           ,
           unless
           by
           the
           love
           and
           aid
           of
           Men
           it
           be
           in
           time
           of
           necessity
           succored
           .
           Example
           ,
           Pope
           
             Julio
          
           having
           drawn
           the
           
             Bentivoli
          
           out
           of
           
             Bologna
             ,
          
           built
           there
           a
           strong
           Castle
           ;
           the
           Governor
           thereof
           robbed
           the
           people
           ,
           and
           they
           therewith
           grieved
           ,
           in
           a
           short
           time
           took
           the
           Castle
           from
           him
           .
           So
           after
           the
           revolt
           of
           
             Genoa
             ,
             Lewis
          
           the
           Twelfth
           came
           to
           the
           recovery
           thereof
           ,
           and
           builded
           there
           the
           strongest
           Fortification
           of
           
             Italy
             ,
          
           as
           well
           for
           site
           as
           the
           circumstances
           inexpugnable
           .
           Nevertheless
           the
           Citizens
           rebelled
           ,
           and
           within
           sixteen
           moneths
           the
           French
           were
           forced
           to
           yield
           the
           Castle
           and
           Government
           to
           
             Octavio
             Fragosa
             .
          
        
         
           To
           build
           Forts
           upon
           places
           of
           strength
           ,
           either
           for
           defence
           of
           our
           own
           ,
           or
           to
           hold
           that
           which
           is
           taken
           from
           others
           ,
           hath
           ever
           proved
           to
           small
           purpose
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           having
           supprest
           the
           Rebellion
           of
           the
           
             Latins
          
           and
           
             Privernates
             ;
          
           albeit
           they
           were
           people
           Warlike
           ,
           and
           lovers
           of
           Liberty
           ;
           yet
           to
           keep
           them
           Subject
           ,
           built
           there
           no
           Castles
           ,
           nor
           other
           places
           fortified
           :
           And
           the
           
           
             Lacedemonians
          
           did
           not
           onely
           forbear
           to
           fortifie
           the
           Towns
           they
           conquered
           ,
           but
           also
           left
           their
           cheif
           City
           of
           
             Sparta
          
           unwalled
           .
        
         
           The
           necessity
           or
           use
           of
           Fortification
           ,
           is
           onely
           upon
           Frontires
           or
           such
           principal
           places
           where
           Princes
           make
           their
           Habitation
           ;
           to
           the
           end
           the
           fury
           of
           sudden
           assaults
           may
           be
           staid
           ,
           and
           time
           for
           succor
           entertained
           :
           Otherwise
           ,
           example
           ,
           the
           Castle
           of
           
             Millan
          
           being
           made
           to
           hold
           the
           State
           in
           obedience
           ,
           could
           not
           so
           do
           either
           for
           the
           house
           of
           
             Sforzi
          
           or
           
             France
             .
             Guido
             Vbaldo
             ,
          
           Duke
           of
           
             Velin
             ,
          
           driven
           from
           his
           Dominion
           by
           
             Caesar
             Borgia
             ,
          
           so
           soon
           as
           he
           recovered
           his
           Countrey
           ,
           caused
           all
           the
           Forts
           to
           be
           demolished
           :
           For
           by
           experience
           he
           found
           the
           love
           of
           Men
           was
           the
           surest
           defence
           ,
           and
           that
           Fortifications
           prevailed
           no
           less
           against
           him
           then
           for
           him
           .
        
         
           The
           causes
           of
           Division
           and
           Faction
           in
           every
           Commonweal
           proceed
           most
           commonly
           of
           Idleness
           and
           Peace
           ,
           and
           that
           which
           uniteth
           ,
           is
           Fear
           and
           War
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Vejenti
          
           and
           
             Elinsci
          
           having
           intelligence
           of
           great
           contention
           between
           the
           Nobility
           and
           People
           of
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           thought
           that
           a
           fit
           opportunity
           to
           oppress
           the
           one
           and
           the
           other
           :
           But
           the
           
             Romans
          
           informed
           of
           such
           an
           intention
           ,
           appeased
           all
           Domestick
           anger
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           Valor
           of
           their
           Arms
           conducted
           by
           
           
             Gn.
             Manlius
          
           and
           
             M.
             Fabius
          
           defeated
           the
           Enemies
           Forces
           .
        
         
           The
           means
           to
           usurpe
           an
           estate
           disjoynted
           is
           first
           before
           Arms
           be
           taken
           ,
           to
           become
           as
           it
           were
           an
           Arbitrator
           or
           a
           friend
           indifferent
           ;
           and
           after
           Arms
           be
           taken
           ,
           then
           to
           send
           moderate
           aid
           to
           the
           weak
           side
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           entertain
           the
           War
           between
           the
           Factions
           ,
           as
           also
           to
           consume
           the
           strength
           both
           of
           the
           one
           ,
           and
           the
           other
           ,
           yet
           in
           no
           wise
           to
           employ
           any
           great
           forces
           ,
           for
           thereby
           either
           party
           may
           discover
           the
           intents
           to
           suppress
           them
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           City
           of
           
             Pistoia
          
           fallen
           into
           division
           ,
           the
           
             Florentines
          
           took
           occasion
           sometimes
           to
           favor
           the
           one
           ,
           and
           some
           times
           the
           other
           ,
           that
           in
           the
           end
           both
           sides
           weary
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           voluntarily
           yeilded
           to
           their
           devotion
           .
           
             Philippo
             Viscount
             ,
          
           hoping
           sundry
           times
           by
           occasion
           of
           Faction
           to
           oppress
           the
           
             Fl●rentin●●
             ,
          
           did
           often
           assault
           them
           with
           great
           forces
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           cause
           that
           they
           became
           reunited
           ;
           and
           consequently
           the
           Duke
           deceived
           of
           his
           expectation
        
         
           A
           great
           Wisdom
           it
           is
           to
           refrain
           Opprobriousand
           Injurious
           speech
           :
           for
           as
           neither
           the
           one
           nor
           the
           other
           can
           an●
           whit
           decrease
           the
           Enemies
           force
           ,
           so
           doth
           it
           move
           him
           to
           greater
           hate
           ,
           and
           more
           desire
           to
           offend
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Gabides
          
           a
           General
           of
           the
           
             Persians
          
           having
           long
           besieged
           
             Amida
             ,
          
           
           became
           weary
           ,
           and
           preparing
           to
           abandon
           the
           enterprise
           ,
           raised
           his
           Camp
           ,
           which
           they
           of
           the
           City
           beholding
           ,
           began
           to
           revile
           the
           
             Persians
             ,
          
           and
           from
           the
           Walls
           reproved
           them
           of
           Cowardise
           ;
           which
           undiscreet
           words
           so
           highly
           offended
           
             G●bides
             ,
          
           as
           thereupon
           he
           resolved
           to
           continue
           the
           siege
           ,
           and
           within
           few
           daies
           wun
           the
           City
           .
           
             Tiberi●s
             Grac●hus
          
           appointed
           Captain
           of
           certain
           bands
           of
           men
           ,
           whom
           for
           want
           of
           other
           Soldiers
           the
           
             Romans
          
           entertained
           ,
           proclamed
           in
           his
           Camp
           ,
           that
           no
           man
           upon
           pain
           of
           death
           should
           contumeliously
           call
           any
           Soldier
           slave
           ,
           either
           in
           earnest
           or
           jest
           .
           
             Nam
             fac●tiae
             asperae
             quando
             nimium
             ex
             vero
             traxere
             ,
             acrem
             sui
             memoriam
             relinquunt
             .
          
           Likewise
           
             Alexander
          
           the
           great
           having
           conquered
           well
           near
           all
           the
           East
           ,
           brought
           his
           forces
           before
           
             Tyre
             ,
          
           they
           fearing
           
             Alexanders
          
           fury
           ,
           offered
           upon
           honorable
           considerations
           to
           yeild
           him
           obedience
           ,
           only
           requiring
           ,
           that
           neither
           he
           nor
           any
           of
           his
           forces
           should
           enter
           the
           City
           ,
           which
           motion
           after
           four
           Moneths
           
             Alexander
          
           accepted
           ,
           and
           so
           signified
           by
           his
           Ambassador
           who
           arriving
           in
           
             Tyre
          
           was
           by
           the
           proud
           Citizens
           slain
           ,
           whereat
           
             Alexander
          
           grew
           into
           Choler
           and
           being
           ready
           to
           forsake
           the
           siege
           ,
           staid
           his
           forces
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           end
           sacked
           the
           City
           and
           put
           the
           people
           to
           the
           sword
           .
        
         
         
           A
           Prince
           or
           any
           other
           State
           being
           assaulted
           by
           an
           Enemy
           of
           far
           more
           puissance
           then
           himself
           ,
           ought
           not
           to
           refuse
           any
           honorahle
           compositions
           ,
           chiefly
           when
           they
           are
           offered●
           for
           no
           conditions
           can
           be
           so
           base
           ,
           but
           shall
           in
           some
           sort
           turn
           to
           the
           advantage
           and
           honor
           of
           him
           that
           accepts
           them
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Anno
          
           1512.
           certain
           
             Florentines
          
           procured
           great
           forces
           of
           
             Spaniards
          
           to
           come
           thither
           ,
           as
           well
           to
           reposess
           the
           
             Medici
          
           then
           banisht
           ,
           as
           also
           to
           sack
           the
           City
           ;
           promising
           that
           so
           soon
           as
           the
           Army
           of
           
             Spain
          
           did
           come
           into
           the
           
             Florentine
          
           dominion
           ,
           the
           faction
           of
           
             Medici
          
           would
           be
           ready
           armed
           to
           receive
           them
           .
           But
           the
           Spaniards
           being
           come
           ,
           found
           no
           forces
           at
           all
           to
           joyn
           with
           them
           ;
           and
           therefore
           wanting
           victual
           ,
           offered
           composition
           .
           The
           
             Florentines
          
           finding
           the
           Enemy
           distressed
           grew
           insolent
           and
           refused
           peace
           ,
           whereof
           followed
           the
           loss
           of
           
             Prato
             ,
          
           and
           many
           other
           inconveniencies
           .
           The
           like
           happened
           to
           them
           of
           
             Tyre
             ,
          
           as
           before
           .
        
         
           The
           denial
           or
           delay
           of
           Justice
           desired
           in
           revenge
           of
           injuries
           either
           publick
           or
           privately
           offered
           ,
           is
           a
           thing
           very
           dangerous
           to
           every
           Prince
           or
           other
           State
           ,
           for
           that
           the
           party
           injured
           doth
           oft
           by
           indirect
           meanes
           though
           with
           hazard
           of
           his
           country
           and
           himself
           seek
           satisfaction
           :
           Example
           ,
           the
           complaint
           which
           the
           
             Galli
          
           made
           against
           the
           
             Fabii
          
           
           who
           sent
           Ambassadors
           in
           favor
           of
           the
           
             Tossani
             ,
          
           not
           being
           heard
           ,
           nor
           any
           punishment
           inflicted
           upon
           them
           for
           fighting
           against
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           was
           the
           cause
           that
           the
           
             Galli
          
           were
           offended
           with
           the
           States
           ,
           whereof
           followed
           the
           sack
           of
           
             Rome
             ;
          
           and
           the
           delay
           of
           Justice
           in
           
             Philip
          
           of
           
             Macedon
             ,
          
           for
           not
           revenging
           the
           incestuous
           oppression
           of
           
             Attalus
          
           to
           
             Pausanias
             ,
          
           was
           the
           motive
           to
           murther
           that
           King
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           endeavors
           the
           alteration
           of
           any
           State
           ,
           must
           of
           necessity
           proceed
           with
           all
           severity
           ,
           and
           leave
           some
           memorable
           example
           to
           those
           that
           shall
           impunge
           the
           Ordinance
           of
           Government
           newly
           settled
           .
           Example
           ,
           when
           
             Junius
             Brutus
          
           had
           by
           his
           great
           valor
           banisht
           the
           
             Tarquins
             ,
          
           and
           sworn
           the
           People
           that
           no
           King
           should
           ever
           raign
           in
           
             Rome
             :
          
           within
           short
           time
           after
           ,
           many
           young
           Nobles
           ,
           among
           whom
           was
           
             Brutus
          
           son
           ,
           impatient
           of
           the
           equality
           of
           the
           new
           government
           ,
           conspired
           to
           recall
           the
           
             Tarquins
             ;
          
           but
           
             Brutus
          
           thereof
           informed
           ,
           caused
           his
           own
           son
           not
           only
           to
           be
           condemned
           to
           death
           ,
           but
           was
           himself
           present
           at
           the
           execution
           .
        
         
           As
           health
           and
           soundness
           of
           the
           hands
           ,
           legs
           ,
           and
           other
           outward
           members
           cannot
           continue
           life
           ,
           unless
           the
           heart
           and
           vital
           spirits
           within
           be
           strong
           and
           firm
           ;
           so
           fortifications
           and
           Frontier-defences
           do
           not
           prevail
           ,
           
           unless
           the
           whole
           Corps
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           and
           People
           be
           well
           armed
           :
           Example
           ,
           when
           the
           Emperor
           came
           into
           
             ●tal●
             ,
          
           and
           had
           with
           some
           difficulty
           past
           the
           confines
           of
           the
           
             Venetians
          
           welnear
           without
           ressistance
           ;
           his
           army
           marcht
           to
           
             Venice
             ,
          
           and
           might
           doubtless
           have
           possest
           the
           City
           ,
           had
           it
           not
           been
           defended
           with
           water
           .
           Likewise
           the
           English
           in
           their
           assault
           of
           
             France
             ,
          
           excepting
           a
           few
           encounters
           on
           the
           Frontires
           ,
           found
           no
           puissant
           resistance
           within
           the
           Realm
           .
           And
           
             Anno
          
           1513
           they
           forced
           all
           that
           State
           ,
           and
           the
           King
           himself
           to
           tremble
           ,
           as
           oft
           before
           they
           had
           done
           ;
           but
           contrariwise
           the
           Romans
           knowing
           that
           life
           lay
           in
           the
           heart
           ,
           ever
           held
           the
           body
           of
           their
           State
           strongest
           :
           for
           the
           nearer
           the
           enemy
           approacht
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           the
           better
           they
           found
           the
           Countrey
           armed
           and
           defended
           .
        
         
           The
           desire
           to
           command
           soveraignly
           is
           of
           so
           great
           force
           ,
           as
           doth
           not
           only
           work
           in
           those
           that
           are
           in
           expectation
           of
           principality
           ,
           but
           also
           in
           them
           that
           have
           no
           title
           at
           all
           .
           Example
           ,
           this
           appetite
           moved
           the
           wife
           of
           
             Ta●quinius
             Priscus
          
           contrary
           to
           all
           natural
           duty
           to
           incite
           her
           husband
           to
           murder
           her
           own
           Father
           
             Servius
             ,
          
           and
           possesse
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           as
           b●ing
           perswaded
           it
           were
           much
           more
           honorable
           to
           be
           a
           Queen
           then
           to
           be
           the
           daughter
           of
           a
           King
           .
        
         
         
           The
           violation
           of
           ancient
           Laws
           ,
           Orders
           ,
           and
           Customs
           ,
           under
           which
           people
           have
           long
           time
           lived
           ,
           is
           the
           chief
           an●
           only
           cause
           whereby
           Princes
           hazard
           their
           Estate
           and
           Royal
           Dignity
           .
           Example
           albeit
           the
           deflowring
           of
           
             Lucrece
          
           was
           the
           occasion
           ,
           yet
           was
           it
           not
           the
           cause
           that
           moved
           the
           
             ●omans
          
           to
           take
           arms
           against
           
             Tarquin
             ;
          
           for
           he
           h●ving
           before
           that
           fact
           of
           
             Sex●us
          
           his
           Son
           ,
           governed
           Tyrannically
           ,
           and
           taken
           from
           the
           Senate
           all
           Authority
           ,
           was
           become
           odious
           both
           to
           the
           Senate
           ,
           Nobility
           ,
           and
           People
           ,
           who
           finding
           themselves
           well
           governed
           ,
           never
           seek
           or
           wish
           any
           other
           liberty
           or
           alteration
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           desires
           to
           live
           secure
           from
           conspiracy
           ,
           hath
           cause
           rather
           to
           fear
           those
           on
           whom
           he
           hath
           bestowed
           over
           great
           riches
           and
           honors
           ,
           then
           those
           whom
           he
           hath
           greatly
           injured
           ;
           because
           they
           want
           meanes
           to
           offend
           ;
           the
           other
           have
           many
           opportunities
           to
           do
           it
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Perennius
          
           the
           Prime
           favorite
           of
           
             ●ommodus
          
           the
           Emperor
           conspired
           his
           death●Plantianus
           did
           the
           like
           to
           
             S●verus
             ,
          
           and
           
             S●janus
          
           to
           
             Tiberius
             ;
          
           for
           being
           advanced
           to
           so
           great
           honors
           ,
           riches
           ,
           and
           Offices
           as
           nothing
           remained
           desirable
           but
           the
           Imperial
           title
           ,
           they
           conspired
           against
           the
           persons
           of
           their
           Soveraigns
           in
           hope
           of
           the
           dignity
           ;
           but
           in
           the
           end
           they
           endured
           that
           punishment
           which
           to
           such
           disloyalty
           and
           ingratitude
           appertaineth
           .
        
         
         
           An
           Army
           which
           wants
           Experience
           ,
           albeit
           the
           Captain
           be
           expert
           ,
           is
           not
           greatly
           to
           be
           feared●
           neither
           ought
           an
           Army
           of
           well
           traind
           Soldiers
           to
           be
           much
           esteemed
           ,
           whose
           Captain
           is
           ignorant
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Caesar
          
           going
           into
           
             Africa
          
           against
           
             Afranius
          
           and
           
             Petraeus
          
           whose
           army
           was
           full
           of
           old
           Soldiers
           ,
           said
           he
           feared
           them
           little
           ,
           
             Quia
             ibat
             ad
             exercitum
             sine
             duce
             .
          
           Contrariwise
           ,
           when
           he
           went
           to
           
             P●arsalia
          
           to
           encounter
           
             Pompey
             ,
          
           he
           said
           ,
           
             Ibo
             ad
             duce●
             sine
             exercitu
             .
          
        
         
           A
           Captain-General
           commanding
           an
           Army
           ought
           rather
           to
           governe
           with
           curtesie
           and
           mildness
           ,
           then
           with
           over-much
           austerity
           and
           severity
           .
           Example
           ,
           Q.
           and
           
             Appius
             Claudius
          
           being
           Consuls
           ,
           were
           appointed
           to
           govern
           the
           War
           .
           To
           Q.
           was
           allotted
           one
           Army
           which
           served
           very
           dutifully
           ;
           but
           
             Appius
          
           commanding
           the
           other
           with
           great
           cruelty
           ,
           was
           by
           his
           Soldiers
           unwillingly
           obeyed
           .
           Nevertheless
           
             Tacitus
          
           seems
           of
           contrary
           opinion
           ,
           saying
           ,
           
             Plus
             poena
             quam
             obsequium
             val●t
             .
          
        
         
           Therefore
           to
           reconcile
           these
           different
           Conceits
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           that
           a
           General
           having
           power
           to
           command
           men
           ,
           either
           they
           are
           confederates
           or
           Subjects
           :
           If
           confederates
           or
           voluntaries
           ,
           he
           may
           not
           proceed
           to
           e●tream
           punishment
           ;
           if
           Subjects
           ,
           and
           his
           power
           absolute
           ,
           they
           may
           be
           governed
           otherwise●
           
           yet
           with
           such
           respect
           ,
           as
           the
           insolence
           of
           the
           General
           inforce
           not
           the
           Soldiers
           to
           hate
           him
           .
        
         
           Honor
           may
           sometime
           be
           got
           as
           well
           by
           the
           loss
           as
           gaining
           of
           victory
           .
           Every
           man
           knoweth
           glory
           is
           due
           to
           the
           Victor
           ,
           and
           we
           deny
           not
           the
           same
           priviledge
           to
           the
           vanquished
           ,
           being
           able
           to
           make
           proof
           that
           the
           loss
           proceeded
           not
           from
           his
           default
           .
           Neither
           is
           it
           dishonorable
           to
           violate
           those
           promises
           whereto
           the
           necessity
           or
           disadvantage
           of
           War
           inforceth
           .
           And
           forced
           promises
           which
           concern
           a
           whole
           State
           ,
           are
           not
           binding
           ,
           and
           rarely
           or
           never
           kept
           ,
           nor
           is
           the
           Breaker
           thereby
           to
           receive
           disgrace
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Posthumus
          
           the
           Consul
           having
           made
           a
           dishonorable
           peace
           with
           the
           
             Samnits
             ,
          
           was
           by
           them
           with
           his
           whole
           Army
           sent
           home
           disarmed
           .
           Being
           arived
           at
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           the
           Consul
           informed
           the
           people
           they
           were
           not
           bound
           to
           perform
           the
           base
           conditions
           he
           was
           compelled
           to
           yield
           unto
           ;
           albeit
           ,
           he
           and
           those
           few
           that
           promised
           ,
           were
           bound
           to
           perform
           them
           .
           The
           Senate
           thereupon
           concluded
           to
           send
           him
           prisoner
           to
           
             Samno
             ,
          
           where
           he
           constantly
           protested
           the
           fault
           to
           be
           onely
           his
           own
           ;
           wherefore
           the
           people
           by
           that
           peace
           incurred
           no
           dishonor
           at
           all
           :
           And
           Fortune
           so
           much
           favored
           
             Posthumus
             ,
          
           as
           the
           
             Samnites
          
           were
           content
           presently
           to
           return
           
           him
           to
           
             Rome
             ;
          
           where
           he
           became
           more
           glorious
           for
           losing
           the
           Victory
           ,
           then
           was
           
             Pontius
          
           at
           
             Samno
          
           for
           having
           won
           the
           victory
           .
        
         
           Wise
           men
           have
           long
           observed●
           that
           who
           so
           will
           know
           what
           shall
           be
           ,
           must
           consider
           what
           is
           past
           ;
           for
           all
           worldly
           things
           hold
           the
           same
           course
           they
           had
           at
           ●irst
           .
           The
           reason
           is
           ,
           that
           as
           long
           as
           men
           are
           possest
           with
           the
           same
           Passions
           with
           former
           ages
           ,
           consequently
           of
           these
           doings
           the
           same
           effects
           ensue
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Almains
          
           and
           
             French
          
           have
           ever
           bin
           noted
           for
           their
           Avarice
           ,
           Pride
           ,
           Fury
           ,
           and
           Infidelity
           ,
           and
           so
           in
           divers
           ages
           ,
           experience
           hath
           proved
           even
           to
           this
           present
           :
           For
           perfidious
           dealing
           the
           French
           have
           given
           sufficient
           proof
           ,
           not
           onely
           in
           ancient
           times
           ,
           but
           also
           in
           the
           time
           of
           
             Charls
          
           the
           Eighth
           ,
           who
           promised
           to
           render
           to
           the
           
             Florentines
          
           the
           Forts
           of
           
             Pisa●
          
           but
           having
           divers
           tim●●
           received
           money
           ,
           held
           them
           notwithstanding
           in
           possession
           .
           The
           
             Florentines
          
           found
           the
           like
           in
           the
           
             Almains●
          
           for
           in
           the
           Wars
           of
           the
           
             Visconti
             ,
          
           Dukes
           of
           
             Milan
             ,
          
           they
           prayed
           aid
           of
           the
           Emperor
           ,
           who
           promised
           them
           great
           forces
           ;
           in
           consideration
           whereof●
           he
           was
           to
           receive
           of
           the
           
             Florentines
          
           One
           hundred
           thousand
           Crowns
           in
           hand
           ,
           and
           as
           much
           more
           when
           his
           Army
           was
           arived
           in
           
             Italy
             ,
          
           both
           which
           payments
           were
           performed
           ;
           
           but
           as
           soon
           as
           the
           Emperor
           came
           to
           
             Verona
             ,
          
           he
           devised
           cavillations
           of
           unkindness
           ,
           whereupon
           he
           returned
           home
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           desirous
           to
           obtain
           any
           thing
           of
           another
           ,
           must
           if
           occasion
           so
           permit
           ,
           urge
           his
           demand
           so
           earnestly
           and
           press
           for
           so
           sudden
           and
           present
           answer
           ,
           as
           he
           who
           is
           prest
           may
           not
           have
           leisure
           to
           consider
           how
           to
           excuse
           himself
           in
           denial
           .
           Example
           ▪
           Pope
           
             Julio
          
           endeavored
           to
           drive
           out
           of
           
             Bologna
          
           all
           the
           
             Bentivoli
          
           in
           which
           action
           he
           thought
           the
           aid
           of
           the
           French
           necessary
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           
             Venetians
          
           should
           stand
           neutral
           ;
           and
           by
           divers
           messengers
           did
           sollicite
           them
           to
           that
           effect
           ;
           but
           not
           receiving
           any
           resolute
           answer
           ,
           he
           thought
           fit
           with
           those
           few
           forces
           he
           had
           to
           take
           his
           journey
           to
           
             Bol●gna
             ,
          
           whereupon
           the
           
             Venetians
          
           advertised
           him
           they
           would
           remain
           neutral
           ,
           and
           the
           French
           King
           forthwith
           sent
           him
           forces
           as
           fearing
           the
           Popes
           indignation
           ;
           likewise
           the
           
             Tuscans
          
           having
           formerly
           desired
           aid
           of
           the
           
             Samnites
          
           against
           the
           
             Romans
             ,
          
           took
           Armes
           suddenly
           and
           obtained
           their
           request
           which
           the
           
             Samintes
          
           had
           before
           denied
           .
        
         
           When
           a
           multitude
           offendeth
           ,
           all
           may
           not
           be
           punisht
           ,
           because
           they
           are
           too
           many
           :
           to
           punish
           part
           and
           leave
           the
           rest
           unpunisht
           ,
           were
           injurie
           to
           the
           sufferers
           ;
           and
           to
           those
           that
           escape
           ,
           an
           encouragement
           to
           offend
           again
           ;
           
           therefore
           to
           eschew
           all
           extremity
           ,
           mean
           courses
           have
           bin
           anciently
           used
           .
           Example
           ,
           When
           all
           the
           Wives
           of
           the
           
             Romans
          
           conspired
           to
           poyson
           their
           Husbands
           ,
           a
           convenient
           number
           of
           them
           were
           punisht
           ,
           and
           the
           rest
           suffered
           to
           pass
           ▪
           Likewise
           at
           the
           conspiracy
           of
           the
           
             Bacchanals
          
           in
           the
           time
           of
           the
           
             Macedonian
          
           War
           ,
           wherein
           many
           thousands
           Men
           and
           Women
           had
           part
           ,
           every
           tenth
           person
           only
           was
           put
           to
           death
           by
           lot
           ;
           although
           the
           offence
           were
           general
           ,
           by
           which
           manner
           of
           punishing
           ,
           he
           that
           suffered
           ,
           complaind
           on
           his
           fortune
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           escaped
           ,
           was
           put
           in
           feare
           that
           offending
           again
           ,
           the
           same
           punishment
           might
           light
           upon
           himself
           ,
           and
           therefore
           would
           no
           more
           offend
           .
        
         
           A
           Battel
           or
           great
           action
           in
           Armes
           ought
           not
           to
           be
           enterprised
           without
           special
           Commission
           or
           Command
           from
           the
           Prince
           ,
           otherwise
           the
           General
           incurs
           great
           danger
           ,
           Example
           ▪
           
             Papyrius
          
           the
           Dictator
           punisht
           the
           General
           of
           the
           horse
           in
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Army
           ,
           for
           having
           fought
           without
           his
           consent
           ,
           although
           he
           had
           in
           battaile
           slain
           20000
           Enemies
           without
           loss
           of
           200
           of
           his
           own
           ,
           and
           
             Caesar
          
           commended
           his
           Captain
           
             Silanus
          
           for
           having
           refrained
           to
           fight
           ,
           though
           with
           great
           advantage
           he
           might
           .
           Also
           Count
           
             Egmont
          
           hazarded
           the
           favor
           of
           the
           King
           his
           
           Master
           for
           giving
           battel
           to
           Marshall
           
             de
             Thermes
             ,
          
           albeit
           he
           were
           victorious
           :
           for
           upon
           the
           success
           of
           that
           action
           the
           loss
           or
           or
           safety
           of
           all
           the
           Low
           Countries
           depended
           .
        
         
           To
           govern
           without
           Council
           is
           not
           only
           dangerous
           in
           
             Aristocracies
          
           and
           Popular
           States
           ,
           but
           unto
           independent
           Princes
           an
           occas●on
           of
           utter
           ruine
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Hieron
          
           the
           first
           King
           of
           
             Sicile
          
           in
           all
           his
           proceedings
           used
           the
           advice
           of
           Counsels
           ,
           and
           lived
           fifty
           years
           prosperously
           in
           Peace
           ,
           but
           his
           grandchild
           succeding
           ,
           refusing
           all
           Counsell
           lost
           his
           Kingdom
           ,
           and
           was
           with
           all
           his
           Kinsfolk
           and
           Friends
           cruelly
           slain
           .
        
         
           In
           all
           Monarchies
           the
           Senate
           or
           privyCouncil
           is
           or
           ought
           to
           be
           composed
           of
           persons
           of
           great
           dignity
           ,
           or
           men
           of
           approved
           wisdom
           and
           understanding
           .
           Example
           ,
           In
           
             Polonia
          
           no
           man
           is
           Counsellor
           unless
           he
           be
           a
           
             Palatine
             ,
          
           a
           
             Bishop
             ,
          
           a
           
             C●st●llan
             ,
          
           a
           
             Captain
             ,
          
           or
           such
           a
           one
           as
           hath
           bin
           Ambassador
           ▪
           and
           in
           
             Turky
          
           the
           title
           of
           Counsellor
           is
           not
           given
           but
           only
           to
           the
           four
           
             Bassaes
             .
          
           the
           two
           
             Cad●lesquir●s
             ,
          
           the
           twelve
           
             Beglerbegs
             ,
          
           and
           Kings
           son
           ,
           who
           in
           his
           Fathers
           absence
           ,
           is
           as
           it
           were●
           a
           president
           of
           the
           
             Divano
          
           or
           
             Senate
             .
          
        
         
           Many
           Princes
           Ancient
           and
           Modern
           have
           used
           to
           select
           out
           of
           their
           Council
           ,
           two
           or
           
           three
           or
           four
           at
           most
           to
           whom
           only
           they
           did
           impart
           their
           affairs
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           Emperor
           
             Augustus
          
           had
           
             Maec●nas
          
           and
           
             Agrippa
             ,
             Julius
             Caesar
             ,
          
           Q
           
             ●aedius
          
           and
           
             Cor.
             Balbus
             ,
          
           whom
           he
           only
           trusted
           with
           his
           Cipher
           and
           secrets
           ,
           being
           Counsellors
           of
           the
           Cabinet
           (
           as
           we
           now
           call
           them
           .
           )
        
         
           The
           alteration
           of
           old
           Laws
           or
           introduction
           of
           new
           ,
           are
           in
           all
           States
           very
           dangerous
           ,
           notwithstanding
           any
           appearance
           of
           profit
           or
           publick
           utility
           ,
           which
           moved
           wise
           Governors
           to
           decree
           ,
           that
           ancient
           Lawes
           once
           established
           might
           never
           be
           called
           in
           question
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Athenians
          
           decreed
           that
           no
           Law
           should
           be
           propounded
           to
           the
           people
           without
           the
           consent
           of
           the
           Senate
           :
           the
           like
           use
           is
           observed
           in
           
             Venice
          
           where
           no
           Petition
           is
           prefered
           to
           the
           Senate
           but
           by
           advice
           of
           the
           Sages
           ;
           and
           among
           the
           
             Locrians
          
           the
           Custom
           was
           that
           whosoever
           presented
           any
           new
           Law
           to
           be
           confirmed
           ,
           should
           come
           with
           a
           halter
           about
           his
           Neck
           ,
           and
           be
           therewith
           hanged
           if
           his
           request
           were
           rejected
           ;
           also
           
             Lycurgus
          
           to
           prevent
           the
           alteration
           of
           his
           Lawes
           ,
           did
           sweare
           the
           people
           of
           
             Sparta
          
           to
           observe
           them
           untill
           his
           return
           ,
           and
           thereupon
           retired
           himself
           into
           voluntary
           exile
           ,
           with
           intent
           never
           to
           returne
           .
        
         
           When
           necessity
           or
           good
           reason
           moves
           Innovation
           or
           Abolition
           of
           Laws
           ,
           a
           course
           
           more
           secure
           it
           is
           to
           do
           it
           rather
           by
           degrees
           then
           suddenly
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Romans
          
           finding
           the
           Laws
           of
           the
           twelve
           Tables
           unprofitable
           ,
           suffered
           them
           to
           be
           observed
           or
           neglected
           at
           discretion
           ,
           but
           would
           not
           publickly
           suppress
           them
           for
           fear
           of
           calling
           other
           Laws
           into
           contempt
           :
           so
           did
           they
           continue
           700
           years
           ,
           and
           were
           then
           cassed
           by
           
             Ebutius
          
           the
           
             Tribune
             .
          
           But
           
             Agis
          
           King
           of
           
             Lacedemon
          
           desirous
           to
           revive
           the
           Laws
           of
           
             Lycurgus
             ,
          
           long
           discontinued
           ,
           enforced
           all
           men
           to
           bring
           in
           their
           evidence
           and
           writings
           to
           be
           cancelled
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           a
           new
           partition
           of
           Lands
           and
           Goods
           might
           be
           made
           ,
           which
           suddain
           and
           violent
           proceeding
           proved
           so
           fatal
           ,
           that
           it
           moved
           a
           dangerous
           sedition
           ,
           wherein
           he
           was
           deposed
           and
           with
           his
           Mother
           and
           Friends
           put
           to
           death
           ;
           which
           Example
           haply
           moved
           the
           
             Venetians
          
           not
           to
           attempt
           any
           thing
           against
           the
           Authority
           of
           
             Augustino
             Barberino
          
           their
           Duke
           :
           but
           after
           his
           death
           ,
           and
           before
           the
           Election
           of
           
             Lovedono
             ,
          
           the
           
             Signiory
          
           publisht
           new
           Ordinances
           detractive
           from
           the
           
             Ducal
          
           Anthority
           .
        
         
           Whoso
           hath
           won
           to
           himself
           so
           great
           Love
           and
           Affection
           ,
           as
           thereby
           to
           become
           master
           of
           the
           forces
           ,
           and
           at
           his
           pleasure
           commands
           the
           Subjects
           apt
           for
           Armes
           ,
           may
           also
           without
           right
           or
           title
           assure
           himself
           of
           the
           whole
           Estate
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Hugh
          
           
           
             Capat
          
           a
           Subject
           to
           the
           Crown
           of
           
             France
             ,
          
           being
           greatly
           honored
           by
           the
           Soldiers
           ,
           found
           means
           thereby
           to
           prevent
           Charles
           Duke
           of
           
             Lorraine
          
           of
           the
           Crown
           ,
           being
           right
           heire
           by
           descent
           from
           
             Charlemaine
             .
          
           And
           albeit
           the
           Families
           of
           the
           
             Paleologi
             ,
             Ebrami
          
           and
           
             Turcani
          
           be
           of
           the
           blood
           Royall
           and
           Right
           Heires
           to
           the
           
             Turkish
          
           Empire
           ,
           when
           the
           
             Ottaman
          
           Line
           shall
           faile
           ;
           yet
           it
           is
           like
           that
           the
           cheif
           
             Bassa
          
           having
           the
           love
           of
           the
           
             Janisaries
          
           will
           usurpe
           the
           State
           ,
           because
           the
           
             Paleologi
          
           and
           other
           Competitors
           be
           far
           from
           the
           
             Turks
          
           person
           ,
           poor
           and
           without
           means
           to
           purchase
           the
           Soldiers
           favor
           .
        
         
           A
           Commander
           General
           in
           Armes
           ,
           ought
           upon
           paine
           of
           great
           punishment
           be
           enjoyned
           ,
           not
           to
           imploy
           or
           retain
           any
           forces
           longer
           then
           the
           time
           of
           his
           Commission
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           
             Dictators
          
           of
           
             Rome
          
           were
           in
           this
           point
           so
           precise
           ,
           as
           never
           any
           of
           them
           dared
           to
           transgress
           the
           time
           prefixed
           ,
           till
           
             Caesar
          
           obtained
           that
           dignity
           should
           continue
           in
           him
           for
           life
           :
           which
           was
           the
           cause
           of
           his
           usurpation
           of
           the
           State
           .
           Also
           the
           
             Thebans
          
           commanded
           ,
           that
           if
           the
           General
           of
           their
           Army
           did
           hold
           his
           forces
           one
           day
           longer
           then
           the
           time
           prefixt
           ,
           he
           should
           thereby
           incur
           danger
           of
           death
           :
           which
           Justice
           was
           executed
           upon
           
             Epaminondas
          
           and
           
             Pelopidas
             .
          
        
         
         
           Banishment
           of
           great
           Lords
           ,
           or
           Citizens
           of
           great
           Reputation
           ,
           hath
           bin
           in
           divers
           places
           diversly
           used
           :
           for
           in
           the
           one
           ,
           they
           were
           inforced
           only
           to
           absent
           themselves
           without
           further
           infliction
           ;
           in
           the
           other
           ,
           Banishment
           was
           accompanied
           with
           Confiscation
           ,
           a
           course
           of
           great
           danger
           .
           Example
           ,
           In
           
             Argos
             ,
             Athens
             ,
             Ephesus
             ,
          
           and
           other
           Cities
           of
           
             Greece
             ,
          
           the
           Citizens
           puissant
           in
           Friends
           ,
           Vertue
           or
           Riches
           ,
           were
           many
           times
           banisht
           for
           envy
           or
           feare
           ,
           but
           never
           or
           very
           rarely
           forced
           to
           absent
           themselves
           longer
           then
           Ten
           years
           ;
           and
           that
           without
           loss
           of
           goods
           ,
           which
           was
           the
           cause
           that
           never
           any
           of
           them
           Warred
           against
           the
           Country
           :
           but
           
             Dion
          
           being
           banisht
           
             Syracusa
          
           by
           
             Dyonysius
             Junior
             ,
          
           and
           
             Coriolanus
          
           from
           
             Rome
             ,
          
           did
           make
           mighty
           Wars
           against
           their
           own
           Country
           .
           The
           like
           was
           done
           by
           the
           
             Medici
          
           in
           
             Florence
             .
          
        
         
           Honorable
           and
           Magnanimous
           men
           were
           wont
           ,
           not
           only
           to
           enterprise
           great
           Acts
           ,
           but
           also
           to
           suffer
           patiently
           al
           injuries
           which
           Foes
           or
           Fortune
           could
           expose
           them
           to
           :
           as
           resolved
           ,
           that
           no
           Calamity
           was
           so
           great
           as
           to
           make
           their
           minds
           abject
           ,
           or
           to
           forget
           the
           dignity
           appertaing
           to
           persons
           vertuous
           :
           Example
           .
           After
           the
           defeat
           of
           the
           
             R●man
          
           Army
           upon
           the
           River
           
             A●●ia
             ,
          
           the
           
             Galli
          
           persued
           the
           Victory
           even
           to
           
             Romes
          
           Walls
           :
           whither
           being
           come
           ,
           and
           finding
           the
           gates
           
           open
           ,
           without
           any
           signe
           of
           resistance
           they
           entred
           the
           Streets
           ,
           where
           all
           honorable
           Palaces
           were
           also
           unshut
           ,
           which
           caused
           the
           
             Galli
          
           greatly
           to
           doubt
           .
           Nevertheless
           looking
           into
           the
           houses
           ,
           they
           found
           in
           every
           of
           them
           a
           Senator
           set
           in
           a
           Chaire
           of
           State
           ,
           and
           in
           his
           hand
           a
           Rod
           of
           Ivory
           ;
           his
           person
           was
           also
           vested
           with
           Robes
           of
           dignity
           ,
           which
           Majestick
           spectacle
           did
           marvelously
           amate
           the
           
             Galli
          
           not
           having
           before
           that
           time
           seen
           any
           such
           Reverend
           sight
           ;
           and
           therefore
           did
           not
           only
           refrain
           to
           offer
           violence
           ,
           but
           highly
           admired
           the
           
             Roman
          
           Courage
           ,
           cheifly
           in
           that
           Fortune
           .
           Nevertheless
           at
           length
           a
           rude
           
             Gall
          
           hapned
           with
           his
           hand
           to
           touch
           the
           white
           beard
           of
           
             M.
             Papyrius
             ,
          
           whereat
           he
           taking
           great
           disdain
           struk
           him
           with
           his
           Rod
           ,
           in
           requitall
           whereof
           the
           Barbarian
           slew
           
             Papyrius
             ,
          
           and
           by
           that
           example
           all
           the
           other
           Senators
           and
           persons
           of
           dignity
           were
           also
           slain
           .
        
         
           Albeit
           the
           knowledge
           and
           study
           of
           Letters
           be
           both
           commendable
           and
           necessary
           in
           all
           well
           regulated
           States
           ;
           yet
           if
           under
           so
           honest
           pretence
           ,
           idleness
           enter
           ,
           such
           abuses
           must
           seasonably
           be
           foreseen
           and
           removed
           .
           Example
           ,
           When
           
             Diogenes
          
           and
           
             Carneades
          
           two
           excellent
           Philosophers
           ,
           were
           sent
           Ambassadors
           from
           
             Athens
          
           to
           the
           
             Romans
             ,
          
           many
           of
           the
           Nobility
           that
           before
           disposed
           
           themselves
           to
           Arms
           ,
           allured
           with
           their
           Eloquence
           and
           marvellous
           wisdom
           ,
           began
           with
           great
           admiration
           to
           follow
           them
           :
           and
           in
           lieu
           of
           Armes
           ,
           turned
           their
           endeavors
           to
           the
           studie
           of
           Letters
           ,
           which
           the
           wise
           
             Cato
          
           discerning
           ,
           procured
           the
           Senate
           to
           decree
           that
           (
           to
           eschew
           all
           inconveniences
           which
           so
           honest
           idleness
           might
           breed
           )
           no
           philosophers
           should
           from
           thenceforth
           be
           received
           into
           
             Rome
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Honor
           due
           to
           Magistrates
           was
           anciently
           much
           regarded
           ,
           and
           contrarywise
           all
           irreverent
           and
           undutifull
           behavior
           with
           great
           severity
           punisht
           .
           Example
           ,
           The
           Censors
           of
           
             Rome
          
           degraded
           a
           Citizen
           only
           for
           having
           yawned
           loud
           in
           their
           presence
           :
           and
           another
           called
           
             Vectius
          
           was
           slain
           in
           the
           field
           for
           not
           doing
           due
           reverence
           to
           a
           Tribune
           when
           he
           past
           by
           him
           It
           is
           also
           observed
           ,
           that
           the
           son
           of
           
             Fab.
             Maximus
          
           when
           he
           was
           
             Censor
             ,
          
           meeting
           his
           Father
           on
           horseback
           ,
           and
           seeing
           the
           Serjeants
           affraid
           to
           speak
           to
           him
           to
           dismount
           ,
           did
           himself
           command
           him
           so
           to
           do
           ,
           which
           Command
           the
           Father
           cheerfully
           and
           willingly
           obeyed
           ,
           saying
           ,
           Domestick
           power
           must
           give
           place
           to
           Publick
           Authority
           .
        
         
           Tyrannous
           Princes
           having
           incurred
           the
           universal
           hate
           of
           people
           ,
           found
           no
           meanes
           so
           meet
           to
           preserve
           them
           from
           Popular
           fury
           ,
           
           as
           to
           execute
           or
           deliver
           into
           their
           hands
           their
           own
           cheef
           Minions
           and
           intimate
           Counsellors
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Tiberius
          
           delivered
           to
           the
           People
           his
           favorite
           
             Seianus
             :
             Nero
             ,
             Tig●llinus
             .
             Henry
          
           King
           of
           
             Swede
          
           committed
           to
           their
           fury
           his
           best
           beloved
           servant
           
             George
             Preston
             ;
             Caracaella
          
           caused
           all
           his
           flatterers
           to
           be
           slain
           that
           had
           perswaded
           him
           to
           kill
           his
           brother●
           The
           like
           was
           done
           by
           
             Caligula
             ,
          
           whereby
           he
           escaped
           himself
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           rewards
           or
           pardons
           a
           person
           that
           kills
           another
           Prince
           ,
           albeit
           by
           that
           means
           he
           is
           aspired
           to
           Soveraignty
           ,
           shall
           thereby
           both
           incur
           great
           danger
           and
           hate
           ,
           and
           encourage
           men
           therein
           to
           attempt
           the
           like
           against
           himself
           Therefore
           wise
           Princes
           have
           not
           only
           left
           such
           services
           quite
           unrecompenced
           ,
           but
           also
           most
           severely
           punished
           them
           .
           Example
           .
           The
           Emperor
           
             Severus
          
           put
           all
           those
           to
           death
           that
           consented
           to
           the
           murder
           of
           
             Pertinax
             ;
          
           and
           
             Alexander
          
           the
           great
           executed
           him
           that
           slew
           
             Darius
             ,
          
           as
           abhorring
           that
           Subject
           that
           would
           lay
           violent
           hands
           on
           his
           Prince
           ,
           notwithstanding
           he
           were
           an
           enemy
           .
           Likewise
           
             Uitellius
          
           put
           to
           death
           all
           the
           Murderers
           and
           conspirators
           against
           
             Galba
             ;
          
           and
           
             Domitian
          
           executed
           his
           Secretary
           
             Epaphroditus
          
           for
           the
           Murder
           of
           
             Nero
             ,
          
           although
           he
           instantly
           desired
           his
           aid
           .
        
         
         
           The
           vertuous
           and
           vitious
           examples
           of
           Princes
           incite
           Subjects
           to
           imitate
           the
           same
           Qualities
           ;
           which
           rule
           never
           or
           very
           rarely
           fails
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Francis
          
           the
           First
           King
           of
           
             France
             ,
          
           and
           other
           Princes
           in
           divers
           ages
           and
           places
           ,
           had
           great
           esteem
           of
           Learned
           Men
           ;
           and
           forthwith
           all
           the
           Princes
           ,
           Nobles
           ,
           Nobility
           ,
           and
           Clergy
           ,
           disposed
           themselves
           so
           earnestly
           to
           study
           ,
           as
           before
           that
           time
           had
           not
           been
           seen
           so
           many
           and
           so
           great
           a
           number
           of
           Learned
           Men
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           Tongues
           as
           Sciences
           .
           Contrariwise
           ,
           
             Alexander
          
           the
           Great
           ,
           otherwise
           a
           Prince
           of
           great
           vertue
           ,
           by
           his
           immoderate
           use
           of
           drinking
           ,
           did
           draw
           the
           greatest
           number
           of
           his
           Court
           and
           people
           also
           to
           delight
           in
           drunkenness
           .
           The
           like
           effect
           followed
           the
           excessive
           intemperance
           of
           
             Mithridates
             ,
          
           King
           of
           
             Amasia
             .
          
        
         
           The
           last
           and
           not
           the
           least
           considerable
           ,
           is
           to
           observe
           how
           great
           effects
           Devotion
           and
           Contempt
           of
           Humane
           glory
           worketh
           in
           the
           mindes
           not
           onely
           of
           private
           persons
           ,
           but
           of
           Kings
           and
           Princes
           also
           ,
           who
           have
           oft
           abandoned
           worldly
           Profit
           ,
           Honor
           ,
           and
           Pleasure
           ,
           to
           embrace
           the
           contemplative
           retired
           life
           .
           Example
           ,
           
             Rami●us
          
           King
           of
           
             Aragon
             ,
             Verecundus
          
           King
           of
           
             Spain
             ,
             Charlemain
          
           Son
           of
           
             Carolus
             Martellus
             ,
             Matilda
          
           Queen
           of
           
             France
             ,
             Amurath
          
           K.
           of
           
             Turbay
             ,
          
           with
           many
           others
           .
           
             Imperio
             Maximus
             ,
             exemplo
             Major
             .
          
        
      
       
         FINIS
         .
      
    
     
       
         Notes, typically marginal, from the original text
         
           Notes for div A57360e-2360
           
             *
             Commissions
             determine
             in
             presence
             of
             him
             that
             granted
             them
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A57360e-2530
           
             *
             So
             
               Henry
            
             the
             4
             of
             
               France
            
             by
             puting
             his
             Courtiers
             to
             boordwages
             was
             said
             to
             make
             mony
             with
             his
             Teeth
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A57360e-3170
           
             *
             The
             author
             of
             the
             Epistle
             Dedicatory
             to
             the
             Dutchesse
             of
             
               Suffolk
               ,
            
             prefixt
             to
             Mr.
             
               Latimer
            
             sermons
             ,
             ●aith
             that
             Lawyer●
             cove●ousness
             hath
             almost
             devoured
             
               England
               .
            
          
        
         
           Notes for div A57360e-5610
           
             Discipline
             .
          
        
         
           Notes for div A57360e-8310
           
             Tam
             bené
             quam
             malé
             facta
             premunt
             .
             Mart.