A treatise of the arms and engines of vvar of fire-works, ensigns, and military instruments, both ancient and modern; with the manner they are at present used, as well in French armies, as amongst other nations. Inriched with many figures. Written originally in French by Lewis de Gaya, author of the treatise called The art of war. Translated for publick advantage.
         Gaya, Louis de.
      
       
         
           1678
        
      
       Approx. 146 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 99 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images.
       
         Text Creation Partnership,
         Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :
         2008-09 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).
         A42527
         Wing G402A
         ESTC R217414
         99829081
         99829081
         33517
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A42527)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 33517)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1986:22)
      
       
         
           
             A treatise of the arms and engines of vvar of fire-works, ensigns, and military instruments, both ancient and modern; with the manner they are at present used, as well in French armies, as amongst other nations. Inriched with many figures. Written originally in French by Lewis de Gaya, author of the treatise called The art of war. Translated for publick advantage.
             Gaya, Louis de.
          
           [16], 143, [1] p., [19] leaves of plate
           
             printed for Robert Hartford, at the sign of the Angel in Corn-hill, near the Royal Exchange,
             London :
             1678.
          
           
             Includes table of contents and a final page of advertisement.
             Reproduction of the original in the Christ Church Library, Oxford.
          
        
      
    
     
       
         Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.
         Re-processed by University of Nebraska-Lincoln and Northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. Gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors.
      
       
         EEBO-TCP is a partnership between the Universities of Michigan and Oxford and the publisher ProQuest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by ProQuest via their Early English Books Online (EEBO) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). The general aim of EEBO-TCP is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic English-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in EEBO.
         EEBO-TCP aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the Text Encoding Initiative (http://www.tei-c.org).
         The EEBO-TCP project was divided into two phases. The 25,363 texts created during Phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 January 2015. Anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source.
         Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.
         Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.
         Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.
         The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.
         Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).
         
          Keying and markup guidelines are available at the
           Text Creation Partnership web site
          .
        
      
       
         
         
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           France. -- Armée -- Early works to 1800.
           Military art and science -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
     
        2007-01 TCP
        Assigned for keying and markup
      
        2007-01 Aptara
        Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images
      
        2007-04 Robyn Anspach
        Sampled and proofread
      
        2007-04 Robyn Anspach
        Text and markup reviewed and edited
      
        2008-02 pfs
        Batch review (QC) and XML conversion
      
    
  
   
     
       
         
         
           
           Printed
           for
           Rohert
           Hanford
           at
           the
           signe
           of
           the
           Angell
           in
           Cornhill
           ▪
        
      
       
         
         
         
           
             A
             TREATISE
          
           OF
           THE
           ARMS
           and
           ENGINES
           OF
           WAR
           ,
           Of
           Fire-works
           ,
           Ensigns
           ,
           and
           Military
           Instruments
           ,
           both
           Ancient
           and
           Modern
           ;
           With
           the
           Manner
           they
           are
           at
           present
           used
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           French
           Armies
           ,
           as
           amongst
           other
           Nations
           .
        
         
           
             Inriched
             with
             many
             Figures
          
           .
        
         
           Written
           Originally
           in
           French
           by
           
             Lowis
             de
             Gaya
          
           ,
           Author
           of
           the
           Treatise
           called
           
             The
             ART
             of
             WAR
          
           .
        
         
           
             Translated
             for
             Publick
             Advantage
          
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           ,
           Printed
           for
           
             Robert
             Harford
          
           ,
           at
           the
           Sign
           of
           the
           Angel
           in
           Corn-hill
           ,
           near
           the
           
             Royal
             Exchange
          
           ;
           1678.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           To
           the
           Right
           Worshipful
           Sir
           
             JONAS
             MOORE
          
           Knight
           ,
           Surveyor
           General
           of
           His
           Majesties
           Ordnance
           and
           Armories
           .
        
         
           
             Honoured
             Sir
             ,
          
        
         
           BE
           pleased
           to
           accept
           the
           Patronage
           of
           these
           few
           Sheets
           ;
           which
           as
           they
           contain
           a
           
             Treatise
             of
             Arms
          
           ,
           &c.
           can
           no
           where
           more
           securely
           shelter
           themselves
           than
           under
           the
           Banner
           of
           Your
           Protection
           :
           For
           being
           cherished
           by
           Your
           Allowance
           ,
           the
           World
           may
           well
           imagine
           that
           there
           is
           something
           more
           than
           ordinary
           comprehended
           in
           them
           which
           may
           merit
           a
           serious
           Reading
           and
           a
           generous
           Practice
           ;
           especially
           at
           such
           a
           time
           ,
           as
           this
           ,
           for
           Warlike
           Preparation
           .
        
         
         
           I
           must
           confess
           the
           Trust
           You
           have
           ,
           deserves
           far
           Nobler
           Presents
           of
           this
           nature
           than
           what
           here
           I
           make
           .
           Nor
           am
           I
           ignorant
           how
           far
           my
           Presumption
           has
           carry'd
           me
           in
           this
           attempt
           .
           In
           excuse
           whereof
           ,
           I
           have
           onely
           ,
           with
           Your
           kind
           Permission
           to
           plead
           the
           Encouragment
           of
           Your
           continual
           Favours
           ,
           and
           Advantagions
           Obligations
           to
           a
           Young
           Beginner
           ;
           of
           which
           should
           I
           be
           once
           ingratefully
           forgetful
           ,
           when
           the
           least
           Mite
           of
           Opportunity
           offers
           ,
           I
           should
           incur
           a
           crime
           that
           would
           deprive
           me
           of
           one
           of
           the
           chiefest
           happinesses
           whereto
           I
           aspire
           ;
           which
           is
           to
           acknowledge
           my self
           Sir
        
         
           
             
               Your
               most
               Obedient
               and
               most
               Obliged
               Servant
            
             R.
             H.
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           The
           Contents
           .
        
         
           
             
               AN
               Elogy
               on
               the
               Profession
               of
               Arms
               ,
               and
               the
               Original
               of
               true
               Nobility
               .
            
             p
             1.
             
          
           
             The
             First
             Book
             .
             
               
                 CHAP.
                 I.
                 
                   Of
                   Sharp-Weapons
                
                 .
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Sword
                    
                     p.
                     9.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Shable
                       and
                       Cimeter
                    
                     ,
                     p.
                     12.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Bayonet
                       and
                       Poniard
                       ,
                       or
                       Dagger
                    
                     p.
                     13.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Espadon
                       or
                       Two-handed
                       Sword
                       ,
                    
                     p.
                     14.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 CHAP.
                 II.
                 
                   Of
                   Fire-Arms
                
                 .
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Musket
                    
                     p.
                     15.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Fusil
                       or
                       Fire-lock
                    
                     p.
                     19.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3
                     ,
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Musket
                    
                     p.
                     20.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Pistol
                    
                     p.
                     20.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Carabines
                    
                     p.
                     21.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Staff-Arms
                
                 .
                 
                   
                     Sect.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Pike
                    
                     p.
                     24
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Spoutons
                       or
                       Half-Pikes
                    
                     p.
                     26
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Partisan
                    
                     p.
                     27
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Halbard
                    
                     p.
                     28
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Sythes
                       ,
                       Forks
                       ,
                       Axes
                       ,
                       and
                       Clubs
                       or
                       Maces
                    
                     ibid.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     6.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Quarter-staff
                       ,
                       with
                       a
                       Pike
                       at
                       each
                       end
                    
                     p.
                     30
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 IV.
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Arms
                   of
                   the
                   Ancients
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Swords
                       ,
                       Shables
                       ,
                       and
                       Cutlasses
                    
                     p.
                     31.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Pike
                    
                     p.
                     33
                     .
                  
                   
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Lance
                    
                     p.
                     35
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Javelot
                       or
                       Dart
                    
                     p.
                     35
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Sling
                    
                     p.
                     38
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     6.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Bows
                       and
                       Arrows
                    
                     p.
                     39
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     7.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Cross-Bows
                    
                     .
                     p.
                     40
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 V.
                 
                   Of
                   Defensive
                   Arms.
                
                 
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     p.
                     42
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Coat
                       of
                       Mail
                    
                     p.
                     44
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Buff-Coat
                    
                     p.
                     45
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4
                     
                       Of
                       Casks
                       or
                       Head-Pieces
                    
                     p.
                     46
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Cuirasses
                    
                     p.
                     47
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     6.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Bucklers
                       and
                       Shields
                    
                     p.
                     49
                     .
                  
                
              
            
          
           
             
               
                 The
                 Second
                 Book
                 OF
                 Powder
                 and
                 Artificial
                 Fires
                 .
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 I.
                 
                   Of
                   Powder
                
                 p.
                 53.
                 
              
               
                 
                 CHAP.
                 II.
                 
                   Of
                   a
                   Mine
                
                 .
                 p.
                 56.
                 
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 III.
                 
                   Of
                   Artificial
                   Fire-Works
                
                 .
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Fuse
                    
                     p.
                     59
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Sulphur
                       Match
                    
                     p.
                     60
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       make
                       the
                       Quick
                       Match
                    
                     ibid.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       prepare
                       the
                       Matter
                       of
                       Fire-Rockets
                    
                     p.
                     61.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       charge
                       Fire-balls
                    
                     p.
                     62
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     6.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       make
                       a
                       Fire-Lance
                    
                     p.
                     62
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     7.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       make
                       Tourteaus
                       ,
                       to
                       shew
                       Light
                       or
                       Port
                       Lights
                    
                     p.
                     64
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect
                     8.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Burning
                       Fagots
                    
                     p.
                     64
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     9.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Fire-Hoops
                    
                     p.
                     65
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     10.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       charge
                       Granadoes
                    
                     p.
                     66
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     11.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       make
                       Artificial
                       Fire-works
                       that
                       burn
                       under
                       Water
                    
                     ibid.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     12.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Provision
                       for
                       Artificial
                       Fire-Works
                    
                     p.
                     67.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 CHAP.
                 IV.
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Roman
                   Fire-Works
                
                 .
                 p.
                 68.
                 
              
            
          
           
             The
             Third
             Book
             Of
             War-Engines
             .
             p.
             71.
             
             
               
                 CHAP.
                 I.
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Casting
                   and
                   Framing
                   of
                   Pieces
                   of
                   Artillery
                   .
                
                 p.
                 72.
                 
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 II.
                 
                   Of
                   a
                   Canon
                   ,
                   its
                   Carriage
                   ,
                   its
                   Vtensils
                   and
                   Service
                   .
                
                 p.
                 74.
                 
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       a
                       Canon
                    
                     p.
                     74
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Charge
                       of
                       a
                       Piece
                    
                     p.
                     76
                     .
                  
                   
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       How
                       to
                       Level
                       or
                       bring
                       a
                       Gun
                       to
                       pass
                    
                     p.
                     76.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Ammunition
                       and
                       Vtensils
                       of
                       a
                       Canon
                    
                     p.
                     77
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Carriage
                       of
                       a
                       Gun
                    
                     p.
                     79
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 III.
                 
                   Of
                   Pieces
                   of
                   Calibre
                   or
                   Size
                   .
                
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Canon
                    
                     p.
                     80
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Culverin
                    
                     p.
                     81
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Bastard
                       Canon
                    
                     p.
                     81
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Minion
                    
                     p.
                     82
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Faucon
                    
                     p.
                     82
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     6.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Fauconet
                    
                     p.
                     83
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     7.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Effect
                       and
                       Execution
                       of
                       the
                       Canon
                    
                     p.
                     84
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     8.
                     
                     
                       The
                       way
                       of
                       Nailing
                       up
                       a
                       Canon
                    
                     p.
                     85.
                     
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 CHAP.
                 IV.
                 
                   Of
                   Mortar-Pieces
                   ,
                   Arquebusses
                   a
                   Crock
                   ,
                   Bombes
                   ,
                   Bullets
                   ,
                   the
                   Carcass
                   ,
                   &c.
                
                 p.
                 86
                 .
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Stone-Guns
                    
                     p.
                     86
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Arquebuss
                       a
                       Crock
                    
                     p.
                     87
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Mortar-Pieces
                    
                     p.
                     87
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Bombes
                    
                     p.
                     88
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Carcass
                    
                     p.
                     90
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     6.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Granadoes
                    
                     p.
                     91
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     7.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Hollow
                       Bullets
                    
                     p.
                     92
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     8.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Red
                       Bullets
                    
                     p.
                     93
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     9.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Cartouches
                    
                     p.
                     93
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 CHAP
                 V.
                 
                   Of
                   Petards
                   ,
                   and
                   of
                   the
                   Way
                   how
                   they
                   are
                   to
                   be
                   used
                
                 p.
                 94
                 .
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Petards
                    
                     p.
                     94
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Arrow
                       and
                       Flying
                       Bridge
                    
                     p.
                     97.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       way
                       of
                       using
                       and
                       applying
                       a
                       Petard
                    
                     p.
                     98
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Tortoises
                    
                     p.
                     101
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 CHAP
                 VI.
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Warlike
                   Engines
                   of
                   the
                   Romans
                   .
                
                 p.
                 102
                 .
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Machines
                       or
                       Engines
                       in
                       General
                    
                     p.
                     102.
                     
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Tortoise
                       or
                       Testudo
                    
                     p.
                     103
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Ladders
                    
                     p.
                     105
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Bull-warks
                    
                     p.
                     106
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     5.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Towers
                    
                     p.
                     107
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     6.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Battering
                       Ram
                    
                     p.
                     108
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     7.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Counter-Engines
                    
                     p.
                     109
                     .
                  
                
              
            
          
           
             The
             Fourth
             Book
             Of
             Ensigns
             ,
             Trumpets
             ,
             and
             other
             Instruments
             of
             War
             ,
             p.
             111.
             
             
               
               
                 CHAP.
                 I.
                 
                   Of
                   Ensigns
                
                 p.
                 112
                 .
                 
                   
                     SEct.
                     1.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Oriflamme
                    
                     p.
                     115
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     2.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Goufanon
                    
                     p.
                     118
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     3.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Banner
                       and
                       Penon
                    
                     p.
                     118
                     .
                  
                   
                     Sect.
                     4.
                     
                     
                       Of
                       Banderolls
                       ,
                       Panonceaux
                       ,
                       and
                       Faillions
                    
                     p.
                     119
                  
                
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 II.
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Roman
                   Ensigns
                
                 ,
                 p.
                 121.
                 
              
               
                 CHAP.
                 III.
                 
                   Of
                   Trumpets
                   ,
                   Drums
                   ,
                   and
                   other
                   Instruments
                   of
                   War
                
                 ;
                 p.
                 123.
                 
              
               
                 
                 CHAP.
                 IV.
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Instruments
                   of
                   War
                   used
                   by
                   the
                   Romans
                   ,
                
                 p.
                 125
                 
                   
                     
                       A
                       Particular
                       Chapter
                       of
                       the
                       Arms
                       whic●
                       are
                       at
                       present
                       in
                       use
                       as
                       well
                       among
                       t●●
                       French
                       as
                       other
                       Nations
                    
                     p.
                     12●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Arms
                       of
                       the
                       French
                       Cavalry
                    
                     p.
                     12●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Arms
                       of
                       the
                       French
                       Infantry
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Spanish
                       Cavalry
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Spanish
                       Foot
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       English
                       Forces
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       German
                       Forces
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       Hungarian
                       Forces
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       Polonian
                       Troops
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Turkish
                       Cavalry
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Turkish
                       Infantry
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Persians
                       ,
                       Moors
                       ,
                       and
                       Arabians
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Arms
                       of
                       the
                       Ancient
                       French
                       Milit●●●
                       and
                       first
                       of
                       the
                       Infantry
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Cavalry
                    
                     p.
                     13●
                  
                   
                     
                       Of
                       the
                       Cavalry
                       under
                       Henry
                       the
                       Fourth
                       ,
                       〈◊〉
                       Lowis
                       the
                       Thirteenth
                    
                     p.
                     1●●
                  
                
              
            
          
        
      
       
         
         
           The
           Author's
           Design
           .
        
         
           IN
           the
           Profession
           of
           War
           there
           are
           Three
           things
           onely
           requisite
           ,
           
             Men
             ,
             Arms
          
           ,
           and
           Fortifications
           .
           So
           many
           able
           Men
           hath
           already
           treated
           of
           Fortifications
           ,
           that
           I
           thought
           it
           would
           be
           to
           no
           purpose
           to
           speak
           on
           that
           Subject
           ,
           unless
           I
           intended
           to
           be
           an
           Eccho
           ,
           and
           repeat
           what
           others
           have
           already
           said
           .
           I
           have
           spoken
           of
           Men
           lately
           in
           a
           Book
           ,
           which
           I
           called
           ,
           
             The
             Art
             of
             War
          
           ;
           but
           if
           I
           mistake
           not
           ,
           no
           Man
           hath
           hitherto
           treated
           of
           Arms.
           And
           therefore
           that
           these
           Three
           Parts
           may
           be
           compleat
           ,
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           publish
           this
           little
           Treatise
           ,
           wherein
           I
           shall
           explain
           as
           clearly
           ,
           and
           in
           as
           few
           words
           as
           possibly
           I
           can
           ,
           the
           use
           of
           all
           Arms
           ,
           which
           are
           at
           present
           to
           be
           found
           in
           Armies
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           of
           those
           that
           were
           heretofore
           in
           use
           among
           the
           Romans
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           AN
           ADVERTISEMENT
        
         
           FOr
           the
           better
           understanding
           of
           all
           that
           is
           said
           in
           this
           Treatise
           concerning
           Arms
           ;
           you
           must
           know
           (
           Reader
           )
           that
           the
           French
           Pound
           contains
           two
           Marks
           ,
           the
           Mark
           Eight
           Ounces
           ,
           the
           Ounce
           Eight
           Gros
           or
           Drams
           ,
           the
           Dram
           three
           Deniers
           ,
           and
           the
           Denier
           Twenty
           four
           Grains
           .
        
         
           The
           Fathom
           contains
           six
           Foot
           ,
           the
           Foot
           twelve
           Inches
           ,
           and
           the
           Inch
           twelve
           Lignes
           .
        
         
           The
           Cubit
           of
           the
           Ancients
           consisted
           of
           two
           Hands
           and
           three
           Fingers
           breadth
           .
        
         
           The
           Hand
           of
           twelve
           Fingers
           breadth
           ,
           and
           the
           Fingers
           breadth
           of
           eight
           Lignes
           .
        
         
           The
           Talent
           weighs
           Threescore
           Pounds
           ,
           the
           Roman
           Pound
           contains
           twelve
           Ounces
           ,
           the
           Ounce
           eight
           Drams
           ,
           the
           Dram
           three
           Scruples
           ,
           the
           Scruple
           six
           Siliques
           ,
           and
           the
           Silique
           one
           Grain
           .
        
         
           The
           small
           Sexterce
           weighed
           Twenty
           four
           Pounds
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           AN
           ELOGY
           ON
           
             The
             Profession
             of
             Arms
          
           ,
           AND
           THE
           ORIGINAL
           OF
           
             TRVE
             NOBILITY
          
           .
        
         
           THe
           Profession
           of
           Arms
           hath
           in
           all
           Ages
           been
           the
           most
           Honourable
           and
           Glorious
           of
           all
           Professions
           ;
           and
           no
           man
           in
           Rome
           could
           rise
           to
           the
           Civil
           Magistracy
           ,
           who
           had
           not
           served
           Ten
           years
           in
           the
           Wars
           .
           By
           Arms
           Kingdoms
           subsist
           ,
           Justice
           flourishes
           ,
           the
           Wicked
           are
           punished
           ,
           and
           the
           Proud
           humbled
           to
           their
           Duty
           ;
           and
           from
           them
           alone
           True
           Nobility
           
           derives
           its
           Original
           .
           Before
           ,
           all
           men
           were
           born
           equal
           ,
           and
           the
           difference
           of
           Estates
           and
           Offices
           ,
           made
           the
           sole
           distinction
           of
           Persons
           .
        
         
           War
           in
           Ancient
           Times
           was
           neither
           the
           Refuge
           of
           the
           Wretched
           ,
           nor
           the
           Sanctuary
           of
           the
           Banished
           ;
           and
           the
           Romans
           received
           none
           but
           Chosen
           Men
           into
           Service
           ,
           who
           were
           obliged
           to
           put
           themselves
           in
           Equipage
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           space
           of
           Twenty
           years
           serve
           at
           their
           own
           Expences
           ,
           either
           among
           the
           Horse
           or
           Foot
           ;
           and
           when
           they
           had
           fulfilled
           the
           term
           of
           their
           Service
           ,
           they
           received
           from
           the
           Common-wealth
           Rewards
           suitable
           to
           the
           merit
           of
           their
           Actions
           ,
           either
           by
           being
           promoted
           to
           the
           most
           Honourable
           Charges
           ,
           or
           being
           endowed
           with
           Lands
           and
           Inheritances
           in
           the
           Conquered
           Provinces
           ,
           where
           after
           the
           Fatigues
           of
           War
           they
           quietly
           enjoyed
           the
           Sweetness
           of
           Peace
           .
           And
           that
           the
           Natives
           of
           the
           Countrey
           might
           not
           be
           banished
           ,
           but
           means
           of
           subsisting
           afforded
           them
           ,
           they
           gave
           them
           lands
           to
           labour
           ,
           for
           payment
           of
           a
           yearly
           
           Tribute
           .
           Hence
           have
           sprung
           Tenures
           ,
           Dependancies
           ,
           Quit-Rents
           and
           Duties
           ,
           which
           Vassals
           owe
           to
           their
           Lords
           and
           Superiors
           .
        
         
           These
           new
           Masters
           made
           themselves
           at
           first
           considerable
           by
           that
           Politeness
           which
           was
           so
           natural
           to
           the
           Romans
           ,
           by
           that
           way
           of
           Living
           ,
           which
           puts
           a
           Distinction
           between
           those
           that
           have
           Carried
           Arms
           and
           such
           as
           have
           not
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           reputation
           of
           their
           brave
           Exploits
           ,
           which
           they
           had
           engraven
           on
           their
           Shields
           ,
           as
           a
           Mark
           of
           the
           Nobility
           which
           they
           had
           acquired
           by
           their
           Valour
           .
           And
           from
           thence
           we
           have
           Scutcheons
           ,
           and
           the
           Name
           of
           Esquire
           or
           Gentlemen
           .
        
         
           All
           Rewards
           were
           not
           of
           equal
           value
           ,
           and
           were
           distributed
           according
           to
           merit
           ,
           as
           I
           have
           already
           said
           .
           He
           who
           in
           an
           Assault
           first
           mounted
           the
           Wall
           of
           a
           Town
           ,
           was
           honoured
           with
           a
           Mural
           Crown
           ;
           and
           on
           him
           who
           had
           rescued
           a
           Roman
           Citizen
           ,
           was
           conferred
           a
           Civick
           Crown
           ,
           which
           was
           put
           upon
           his
           Head
           by
           the
           Persons
           
           own
           hands
           whom
           he
           had
           relieved
           from
           danger
           .
           Those
           whose
           Actions
           were
           brave
           and
           more
           commendable
           ,
           were
           likewise
           more
           highly
           rewarded
           than
           others
           ,
           and
           had
           allotted
           them
           a
           larger
           share
           of
           Lands
           .
           Such
           ,
           I
           say
           ,
           were
           of
           Chiefest
           Note
           amongst
           the
           Nobility
           ,
           as
           well
           in
           respect
           of
           their
           Wealth
           ,
           as
           in
           consideration
           of
           those
           Glorious
           Crowns
           ,
           which
           they
           carried
           on
           their
           Scutcheons
           :
           And
           from
           them
           are
           descended
           the
           Illustrious
           Families
           of
           great
           Lords
           ,
           who
           carry
           Coronets
           over
           their
           Arms
           ,
           and
           who
           in
           progress
           of
           time
           have
           changed
           their
           Ancient
           Crowns
           into
           those
           which
           they
           bear
           at
           present
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           new
           Dignities
           wherewith
           Sovereigns
           have
           been
           pleased
           to
           honour
           them
           ;
           as
           of
           Duke
           ,
           Marquess
           ,
           Earl
           ,
           Viscount
           ,
           and
           Baron
           .
           And
           though
           the
           Quality
           of
           Baron
           be
           wholly
           banished
           from
           the
           Court
           of
           France
           ,
           yet
           it
           was
           the
           first
           ,
           and
           I
           may
           say
           ,
           the
           onely
           Dignity
           that
           was
           heretofore
           in
           France
           ;
           as
           may
           be
           seen
           in
           the
           Ancient
           Chronicles
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           when
           they
           speak
           of
           Kings
           
           accompanied
           with
           the
           Chief
           Barons
           ,
           who
           were
           in
           that
           time
           ,
           what
           the
           Dukes
           and
           Peers
           of
           France
           are
           at
           present
           .
           This
           puts
           me
           in
           mind
           of
           an
           Epistle
           in
           Gaulish
           Verse
           ;
           which
           is
           yearly
           sung
           at
           High
           Mass
           in
           the
           Parish
           Church
           of
           St.
           Stephen
           of
           Rheims
           ,
           on
           the
           Twenty
           sixth
           of
           December
           ,
           the
           Feast
           day
           of
           that
           Saint
           ;
           which
           thus
           begins
           :
        
         
           
             
               Or
               ecoutez
               la
               passion
            
             
               De
               Saint
               Estienne
               le
               Baron
               ,
               &c.
               
            
          
           
             
               Now
               hearken
               to
               the
               passion
            
             
               Of
               Saint
               Stephen
               the
               Baron
               .
            
          
        
         
           The
           good
           people
           of
           past
           Ages
           would
           have
           thought
           themselves
           wanting
           in
           Respect
           and
           Veneration
           towards
           the
           Saints
           ,
           if
           they
           had
           not
           qualified
           them
           with
           the
           Name
           of
           Baron
           ;
           which
           was
           the
           Noblest
           Title
           of
           the
           great
           Lords
           of
           their
           Times
           .
           I
           thought
           fit
           to
           adduce
           this
           instance
           ,
           to
           prove
           the
           Antiquity
           of
           Baronies
           ;
           but
           that
           I
           may
           return
           to
           my
           Subject
           ,
           
           I
           affirm
           that
           Arms
           have
           not
           onely
           made
           Dukes
           ,
           Marquisses
           ,
           Earls
           ,
           and
           Gentlemen
           ;
           but
           that
           they
           have
           also
           raised
           to
           the
           Throne
           Men
           of
           a
           low
           and
           despicable
           Birth
           .
        
         
           King
           David
           was
           a
           Shepherd
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Saul
           his
           Predecessor
           .
           Antipater
           King
           of
           Macedonia
           ,
           was
           the
           Son
           of
           a
           Jugler
           ;
           Agathocles
           King
           of
           Syracusa
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           a
           Potter
           ;
           Cambyses
           King
           of
           Persia
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           a
           Beggar
           ;
           King
           Darius
           ,
           the
           Son
           of
           a
           Carter
           ;
           King
           Sibaris
           had
           been
           a
           Servant
           in
           an
           Inne
           ;
           and
           the
           Ottomans
           ,
           who
           at
           this
           day
           possess
           the
           greatest
           Empire
           in
           the
           World
           ,
           are
           descended
           from
           Grooms
           ,
           or
           Men
           that
           drove
           Camels
           .
           These
           Examples
           oblige
           us
           to
           acknowledge
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           by
           Arms
           alone
           that
           Men
           render
           themselves
           worthy
           of
           the
           most
           Glorious
           Employments
           .
           So
           likewise
           in
           that
           Profession
           is
           to
           be
           learnt
           that
           brave
           and
           gentile
           way
           of
           Demeanor
           ,
           which
           is
           found
           no
           where
           but
           among
           the
           Nobility
           and
           Gentry
           .
           There
           ,
           every
           thing
           goes
           by
           Honour
           ,
           and
           without
           any
           hopes
           of
           Lucre
           and
           
           Profit
           .
           There
           ,
           Men
           learn
           to
           be
           generous
           ,
           liberal
           and
           faithful
           .
           There
           is
           nothing
           to
           be
           found
           in
           the
           Histories
           of
           the
           greatest
           Captains
           ,
           but
           Acts
           of
           Honour
           and
           Vertue
           .
           The
           Valour
           of
           Alexander
           ,
           the
           Piety
           of
           Eneas
           ,
           the
           Prudence
           of
           Caesar
           ,
           the
           Modesty
           of
           Tiberius
           ,
           the
           Complaisance
           of
           
             Antonius
             Pius
          
           ,
           the
           Justice
           of
           
             Aulus
             Fulvius
          
           ,
           the
           Clemency
           of
           Augustus
           ,
           the
           Magnificence
           of
           
             Titus
             Vespasian
          
           ,
           the
           Chastity
           of
           
             Scipio
             Affricanus
          
           ,
           and
           the
           Integrity
           of
           
             Attilius
             Regulus
          
           ;
           are
           sufficient
           proofs
           of
           what
           I
           have
           alleadged
           .
        
         
           To
           conclude
           ,
           I
           shall
           repeat
           what
           I
           said
           in
           the
           beginning
           of
           this
           Discourse
           ,
           that
           the
           profession
           of
           Arms
           has
           been
           in
           all
           Ages
           ,
           not
           onely
           the
           most
           glorious
           and
           honourable
           of
           Professions
           ;
           but
           likewise
           that
           which
           has
           produced
           the
           greatest
           men
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           These
           Two
           Books
           newly
           published
           ,
           are
           to
           be
           sold
           by
           Robert
           Harford
           at
           his
           Shop
           at
           the
           Angel
           in
           Corn-hill
           ,
           near
           the
           Royal
           Exchange
           .
        
         
           
             THe
             Art
             of
             War
          
           ,
           and
           the
           way
           that
           is
           at
           present
           practised
           in
           France
           .
           Two
           Parts
           .
           Wherein
           the
           Duties
           and
           Functions
           of
           all
           the
           Officers
           of
           Horse
           and
           Foot
           ,
           Artillery
           and
           Provisions
           ,
           from
           the
           General
           of
           the
           Army
           to
           the
           Private
           Souldier
           ,
           are
           treated
           of
           :
           With
           the
           method
           of
           Conducting
           Armies
           ,
           Encamping
           ,
           Besieging
           ,
           and
           giving
           of
           Battel
           :
           As
           also
           an
           account
           of
           all
           Offices
           and
           Charges
           ;
           and
           the
           Names
           of
           the
           Towns
           ,
           Places
           ,
           Citadels
           ,
           Castles
           and
           Forts
           ,
           where
           the
           most
           Christian
           King
           keeps
           Garison
           ;
           with
           the
           general
           and
           particular
           terms
           of
           War.
           Written
           in
           French
           by
           
             Lovis
             de
             Gaya
          
           ,
           an
           expert
           Officer
           of
           the
           French
           Army
           ,
           and
           Dedicated
           to
           his
           most
           Christian
           Majesty
           .
           Translated
           for
           publick
           Satisfaction
           and
           Advantage
           .
           In
           8
           ●
           .
        
         
           
             The
             Military
             Duties
             of
             the
             Officers
             of
             Horse
             ,
          
           Containing
           the
           Exercise
           of
           the
           Cavalry
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           present
           Practice
           of
           the
           imes
           .
           With
           the
           Motions
           of
           Horse
           ,
           and
           the
           Functions
           of
           every
           Officer
           ,
           from
           the
           Chief
           Captain
           ,
           to
           the
           Brigadeer
           .
           Written
           in
           French
           ,
           by
           an
           Ingeneer
           in
           Ordinary
           to
           his
           most
           Christian
           Majesty
           .
           And
           Translated
           for
           publick
           Satisfaction
           and
           Advantage
           .
           In
           8
           ●
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           A
           Treatise
           of
           ARMS
           ,
           
             Of
             Engines
             ,
             Artificial
             Fires
             ,
             Ensignes
             ;
             and
             of
             all
             Military
             Instruments
             .
          
        
         
           
             The
             First
             Book
             .
          
           
             Of
             the
             ARMS
             of
             A
             SOULDIER
             .
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               I.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Sharp
                 Weapons
              
               .
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Sword.
                
                 
              
               
                 THE
                 Sword
                 ,
                 whereof
                 the
                 Invention
                 comes
                 to
                 us
                 from
                 Tubal-Cain
                 ,
                 the
                 Son
                 of
                 Lamech
                 and
                 Zilla
                 ,
                 is
                 the
                 first
                 of
                 all
                 Weapons
                 ,
                 
                 without
                 which
                 a
                 Souldier
                 should
                 never
                 appear
                 in
                 publick
                 ;
                 because
                 it
                 serves
                 him
                 for
                 Ornament
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 Defence
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 not
                 necessary
                 it
                 should
                 be
                 too
                 long
                 ,
                 for
                 it
                 becomes
                 thereby
                 cumbersome
                 in
                 a
                 Battallion
                 ;
                 especially
                 during
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 the
                 Motions
                 :
                 nor
                 must
                 it
                 be
                 too
                 short
                 neither
                 ,
                 but
                 of
                 an
                 indifferent
                 length
                 ;
                 the
                 Blade
                 must
                 be
                 good
                 ,
                 and
                 about
                 an
                 inch
                 broad
                 The
                 most
                 common
                 length
                 of
                 Blades
                 is
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 and
                 two
                 inches
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Handles
                 three
                 inches
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 .
                 All
                 Blades
                 are
                 kept
                 in
                 Scabberds
                 ,
                 made
                 of
                 Wood
                 covered
                 with
                 Cloath
                 or
                 Leather
                 ,
                 having
                 a
                 chape
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 Steel
                 ,
                 Copper
                 or
                 Silver
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Sword
                 is
                 carried
                 in
                 a
                 Shoulder
                 Belt
                 of
                 Buff
                 or
                 other
                 Leather
                 ,
                 and
                 hangs
                 down
                 from
                 the
                 right
                 Shoulder
                 upon
                 the
                 left
                 Thigh
                 ;
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 was
                 heretofore
                 in
                 use
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 report
                 of
                 Virgil.
                 
              
               
                 —
                 Humero
                 cum
                 apparuit
                 alto
                 balteus
                 .
              
               
               
                 And
                 of
                 Silvius
                 in
                 his
                 Tenth
                 Book
                 .
              
               
                 
                   
                     —
                     Tergo
                     qua
                     balteus
                     imo
                  
                   
                     Sinuatur
                     ;
                     coxaque
                     sedet
                     munimen
                     utraque
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 Nevertheless
                 we
                 find
                 by
                 the
                 words
                 of
                 the
                 Royal
                 Prophet
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Belts
                 which
                 we
                 have
                 since
                 called
                 Waste-belts
                 ,
                 are
                 more
                 ancient
                 than
                 those
                 we
                 call
                 Shoulder-belts
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 says
                 ,
                 
                   Gird
                   your
                   Sword
                   on
                   your
                   Thigh
                   ,
                
                 &c.
                 
              
               
                 When
                 a
                 man
                 would
                 stand
                 right
                 to
                 his
                 Guard
                 ,
                 he
                 ought
                 to
                 keep
                 his
                 Body
                 straight
                 ,
                 bending
                 a
                 little
                 on
                 the
                 left
                 Thigh
                 ;
                 his
                 Legs
                 not
                 too
                 far
                 asunder
                 ,
                 his
                 Feet
                 on
                 a
                 strait
                 Line
                 one
                 after
                 another
                 ,
                 the
                 Handle
                 of
                 the
                 Sword
                 off
                 of
                 the
                 Haunch
                 ,
                 the
                 point
                 just
                 opposite
                 to
                 the
                 Shoulder
                 ,
                 the
                 Arm
                 stretched
                 half
                 out
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 left
                 Hand
                 as
                 high
                 as
                 the
                 Eye
                 .
                 The
                 Enemies
                 Sword
                 may
                 be
                 put
                 by
                 the
                 line
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 by
                 a
                 little
                 motion
                 of
                 the
                 Handle
                 either
                 inward
                 or
                 outward
                 .
              
               
                 Souldiers
                 in
                 a
                 Battel
                 or
                 Attack
                 ,
                 do
                 not
                 regularly
                 alwayes
                 observe
                 this
                 
                 Method
                 ;
                 and
                 most
                 part
                 thrust
                 on
                 any
                 way
                 ,
                 without
                 troubling
                 themselves
                 much
                 with
                 the
                 Tierce
                 ,
                 Guart
                 ,
                 or
                 Feint
                 ;
                 but
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 their
                 Swords
                 to
                 attack
                 or
                 to
                 defend
                 themselves
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 small
                 talent
                 that
                 God
                 Almighty
                 has
                 given
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Figure
                   of
                   a
                   Souldier
                   on
                   his
                   Guard.
                   
                
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Shable
                   and
                   Cimeter
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Shable
                 is
                 more
                 in
                 use
                 amongst
                 the
                 Horse
                 ,
                 than
                 other
                 .
                 Bodies
                 of
                 Men
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 not
                 altogether
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 the
                 Sword
                 ;
                 but
                 to
                 make
                 amends
                 for
                 that
                 ,
                 the
                 Blade
                 is
                 twice
                 so
                 broad
                 and
                 edged
                 on
                 one
                 side
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 it
                 is
                 more
                 used
                 for
                 cutting
                 than
                 thrusting
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 usual
                 length
                 of
                 Shables
                 is
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 four
                 inches
                 ,
                 taking
                 it
                 from
                 the
                 guard
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 and
                 three
                 inches
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 button
                 of
                 the
                 Pommel
                 to
                 the
                 point
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Cimeter
                 is
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Fauchin
                 ,
                 broader
                 and
                 more
                 crooked
                 than
                 the
                 Shable
                 ;
                 used
                 more
                 by
                 the
                 Turks
                 ,
                 Persians
                 and
                 Hungarians
                 ,
                 than
                 others
                 .
              
               
                 
                   A
                   Souldier
                   on
                   his
                   Guard.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   Espadon
                   or
                   two
                   Handed
                   Sword.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   Shable
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Cimeter
                
                 
                   The
                   Bayonet
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Ponyard
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
               
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Bayonet
                   and
                   Poniard
                   ,
                   or
                   Dagger
                   .
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Bayonet
                 is
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 length
                 as
                 the
                 Poniard
                 ;
                 it
                 hath
                 neither
                 Guard
                 nor
                 Handle
                 ,
                 but
                 onely
                 a
                 Haft
                 of
                 Wood
                 Eight
                 or
                 Nine
                 Inches
                 long
                 .
                 The
                 Blade
                 is
                 Sharp-pointed
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 edged
                 ,
                 a
                 foot
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 large
                 inch
                 in
                 breadth
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Bayonet
                 is
                 very
                 useful
                 to
                 Dragoons
                 ,
                 Fufiliers
                 ,
                 and
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 that
                 are
                 often
                 commanded
                 out
                 on
                 Parties
                 ;
                 because
                 that
                 when
                 they
                 have
                 fired
                 their
                 Discharges
                 ,
                 and
                 want
                 Powder
                 and
                 Shot
                 ,
                 they
                 put
                 the
                 Haft
                 of
                 it
                 into
                 the
                 mouth
                 of
                 the
                 Barrel
                 of
                 their
                 Pieces
                 ,
                 and
                 defend
                 themselves
                 therewith
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 with
                 a
                 Partizan
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Poniard
                 or
                 Dagger
                 is
                 a
                 little
                 Sword
                 ,
                 in
                 length
                 but
                 about
                 Twelve
                 or
                 Thirteen
                 Inches
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 carried
                 at
                 the
                 Girdle
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 nor
                 long
                 ago
                 since
                 Duelists
                 fought
                 with
                 Sword
                 and
                 Dagger
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Espadon
                   or
                   Two-handed
                   Sword.
                   
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Espadon
                 is
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 a
                 Sword
                 ,
                 whose
                 Two-edged
                 Blade
                 is
                 very
                 long
                 and
                 broad
                 ,
                 and
                 whereof
                 the
                 Haft
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 dare
                 not
                 call
                 Handle
                 ,
                 because
                 it
                 is
                 a
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 long
                 ,
                 is
                 made
                 cross-wayes
                 .
                 It
                 cannot
                 be
                 used
                 but
                 with
                 both
                 Hands
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 Breach
                 or
                 behind
                 a
                 Palissadoe
                 .
              
               
                 I
                 never
                 saw
                 so
                 many
                 Espadons
                 ,
                 as
                 among
                 the
                 Hollanders
                 .
                 The
                 Ramparts
                 of
                 all
                 their
                 Towns
                 were
                 furnished
                 with
                 them
                 ,
                 each
                 distant
                 from
                 the
                 other
                 six
                 paces
                 ;
                 with
                 a
                 like
                 number
                 of
                 Clubs
                 or
                 Maces
                 :
                 and
                 indeed
                 to
                 consider
                 such
                 preparatives
                 ,
                 one
                 would
                 have
                 thought
                 their
                 designs
                 had
                 been
                 furious
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 they
                 had
                 had
                 a
                 great
                 mind
                 to
                 defend
                 themselves
                 stoutly
                 .
                 But
                 there
                 is
                 great
                 appearance
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 onely
                 placed
                 these
                 Arms
                 there
                 to
                 adorn
                 their
                 Parapets
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Swords
                   of
                   all
                   Fashions
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Swords
                   of
                   all
                   Sorts
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 
                   The
                   Explication
                   of
                   this
                   Figure
                   .
                
                 
                   A
                   ,
                   A
                   Stick-Sword
                   ,
                   called
                   by
                   the
                   Ancients
                   Sica
                   .
                
                 
                   B
                   ,
                   A
                   Sword
                   for
                   a
                   Rancounter
                   ,
                   after
                   the
                   French
                   mode
                   .
                
                 
                   C
                   ,
                   A
                   
                   Swisser's
                   Sword.
                   
                
                 
                   D
                   ,
                   A
                   Tuck
                   ,
                   or
                   long
                   Sword
                   with
                   a
                   narrow
                   Blade
                   ,
                   such
                   as
                   were
                   in
                   use
                   not
                   thirty
                   years
                   ago
                   .
                
                 
                   E
                   ,
                   A
                   Spanish
                   Sword.
                   
                
                 
                   F
                   ,
                   A
                   Braquemart
                   Fauchin
                   ,
                   or
                   short
                   Sword.
                   
                
                 
                   G
                   ,
                   A
                   Hunting
                   Cutlass
                   ,
                   with
                   a
                   Handle
                   of
                   Horn.
                   
                
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               II.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Fire-Arms
              
               .
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Musket
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 usual
                 Arms
                 of
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 are
                 not
                 onely
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 Shable
                 ,
                 Dagger
                 and
                 Bayonet
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 the
                 
                 Musket
                 ,
                 Fire-lock
                 ,
                 Mousqueton
                 ,
                 Pistol
                 ,
                 and
                 many
                 others
                 :
                 and
                 the
                 first
                 thing
                 they
                 should
                 learn
                 ,
                 is
                 to
                 make
                 the
                 right
                 use
                 of
                 such
                 as
                 their
                 Officers
                 have
                 given
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Musket
                 is
                 a
                 Weapon
                 for
                 Foot
                 ,
                 the
                 Barrel
                 of
                 which
                 is
                 three
                 foot
                 and
                 eight
                 inches
                 long
                 ,
                 mounted
                 on
                 a
                 Stock
                 of
                 four
                 foot
                 and
                 eight
                 inches
                 in
                 length
                 .
                 It
                 was
                 not
                 invented
                 till
                 long
                 after
                 the
                 Canon
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Bullet
                 of
                 Size
                 contains
                 in
                 diameter
                 eight
                 Lignes
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 (
                 every
                 Ligne
                 a
                 third
                 part
                 of
                 a
                 Barley
                 Corn
                 )
                 and
                 the
                 charge
                 of
                 Powder
                 should
                 weigh
                 half
                 an
                 Ounce
                 and
                 a
                 Dram
                 of
                 Magazin
                 Powder
                 .
              
               
                 A
                 Musket
                 carries
                 commonly
                 six
                 score
                 Fathoms
                 ,
                 and
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 re-inforced
                 ,
                 a
                 hundred
                 and
                 forty
                 ,
                 or
                 an
                 hundred
                 and
                 fifty
                 fathoms
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 half
                 of
                 this
                 distance
                 or
                 less
                 ,
                 is
                 sufficient
                 for
                 a
                 good
                 Discharge
                 ;
                 for
                 it
                 is
                 by
                 chance
                 if
                 they
                 hit
                 and
                 do
                 execution
                 at
                 the
                 full
                 distance
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Priming
                 should
                 be
                 of
                 a
                 finer
                 Powder
                 than
                 the
                 Charge
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Match
                 dry
                 and
                 hard
                 .
              
               
               
                 For
                 the
                 Musket
                 may
                 be
                 used
                 double-headed
                 Shot
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 two
                 Bullets
                 fastned
                 together
                 ,
                 by
                 a
                 little
                 piece
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 about
                 half
                 an
                 inch
                 long
                 ;
                 as
                 may
                 be
                 seen
                 by
                 the
                 Figure
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 present
                 aright
                 to
                 fire
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 Rules
                 of
                 exercising
                 of
                 Arms
                 ;
                 the
                 Butt
                 of
                 the
                 Musket
                 must
                 be
                 put
                 to
                 the
                 Breast
                 ,
                 half
                 a
                 foot
                 below
                 the
                 Chin
                 ;
                 the
                 left
                 hand
                 under
                 the
                 Stock
                 ,
                 or
                 upon
                 the
                 Scouring
                 Stick
                 ,
                 if
                 it
                 be
                 in
                 its
                 place
                 ;
                 the
                 right
                 Hand-Thumb
                 ,
                 four
                 or
                 five
                 Fingers
                 breadth
                 behind
                 the
                 Breech
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 Fingers
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Hand
                 under
                 the
                 Tricker
                 ,
                 to
                 draw
                 and
                 make
                 the
                 Cock
                 play
                 ,
                 when
                 one
                 has
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 Fire
                 :
                 The
                 Muzzel
                 of
                 the
                 Musket
                 must
                 always
                 be
                 as
                 high
                 as
                 the
                 Chest
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 of
                 the
                 Enemy
                 :
                 Skilful
                 Souldiers
                 never
                 aim
                 at
                 the
                 Head
                 ,
                 because
                 that
                 part
                 being
                 too
                 small
                 ,
                 the
                 least
                 motion
                 of
                 either
                 of
                 the
                 two
                 is
                 enough
                 to
                 make
                 the
                 Bullet
                 miss
                 ▪
                 but
                 when
                 one
                 Fires
                 at
                 the
                 Body
                 ,
                 whether
                 the
                 motion
                 make
                 the
                 Shot
                 rise
                 too
                 high
                 ,
                 or
                 fall
                 too
                 low
                 ,
                 or
                 decline
                 too
                 much
                 to
                 one
                 side
                 ,
                 the
                 execution
                 is
                 
                 always
                 good
                 ,
                 and
                 puts
                 him
                 who
                 hath
                 received
                 the
                 Shot
                 out
                 of
                 condition
                 of
                 Fighting
                 .
              
               
                 Bandeliers
                 are
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Portable
                 Magazine
                 ,
                 which
                 contains
                 all
                 the
                 Ammunition
                 necessary
                 to
                 a
                 Soulder
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 usual
                 breadth
                 of
                 their
                 Belt
                 is
                 four
                 inches
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 length
                 four
                 foot
                 .
                 All
                 Bandeliers
                 are
                 furnished
                 with
                 a
                 dozen
                 of
                 little
                 Flasks
                 ,
                 commonly
                 called
                 Charges
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 little
                 Bag
                 or
                 Purse
                 of
                 Sheeps
                 Leather
                 .
                 The
                 Flasks
                 serve
                 to
                 keep
                 the
                 Powder
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Bag
                 or
                 Purse
                 the
                 Bullets
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Horse
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 Carabin
                 or
                 Mousketon-Belts
                 ,
                 in
                 bigness
                 much
                 like
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Bandeliers
                 ,
                 but
                 without
                 any
                 Charges
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Arms
                   of
                   a
                   French
                   Souldier
                   and
                   the
                   Posture
                   of
                   a
                   Musketteer
                   ,
                   who
                   presents
                   to
                   Fire
                   .
                
                 
                   A
                   ,
                   The
                   Musket
                   .
                
                 
                   B
                   ,
                   The
                   Sword.
                   
                
                 
                   C
                   ,
                   The
                   Bandeliers
                   .
                
                 
                   D
                   ,
                   The
                   Souldiers
                   Belt.
                   
                
                 
                   E
                   ,
                   The
                   Bag
                   or
                   Purse
                   .
                
                 
                   F
                   ,
                   The
                   Flasks
                   or
                   Charges
                   .
                
                 
                   G
                   ,
                   The
                   Match
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   Musketeer
                   presenting
                   to
                   fire
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Musket
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Fire
                   Lock
                   .
                
                 
                   Double
                   headed
                   shot
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                 
                 
                   An
                   Explication
                   of
                   the
                   Parts
                   of
                   a
                   Musket
                   .
                
                 
                   1.
                   
                   The
                   Lock
                   .
                
                 
                   2.
                   
                   The
                   Pan.
                   
                
                 
                   3.
                   
                   The
                   Cock.
                   4.
                   
                   The
                   Tricker
                   .
                
                 
                   5.
                   
                   The
                   Barrel
                   .
                
                 
                   6.
                   
                   The
                   Breech
                   .
                
                 
                   7.
                   
                   The
                   Stock
                   .
                
                 
                   8.
                   
                   The
                   Butt
                   .
                
                 
                   9.
                   
                   The
                   Scouring-stick
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Fusil
                   ,
                   or
                   Fire-Lock
                   .
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Fusils
                 or
                 Fire-Locks
                 which
                 we
                 at
                 present
                 use
                 in
                 the
                 Army
                 ,
                 especially
                 amongst
                 the
                 Fusiliers
                 and
                 Granadiers
                 ,
                 are
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 size
                 ,
                 and
                 carry
                 as
                 far
                 as
                 Muskets
                 .
              
               
                 With
                 a
                 Fire-Lock
                 one
                 may
                 shoot
                 juster
                 than
                 what
                 a
                 Musket
                 ,
                 because
                 it
                 is
                 presented
                 in
                 a
                 quite
                 different
                 way
                 ;
                 that
                 is
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 the
                 Butt
                 to
                 the
                 Shoulder
                 ,
                 the
                 side
                 to
                 the
                 Cheek
                 ,
                 shutting
                 the
                 left
                 Eye
                 ,
                 and
                 aiming
                 with
                 the
                 other
                 through
                 the
                 Sight-hole
                 ,
                 which
                 answers
                 to
                 the
                 little
                 Button
                 on
                 the
                 Muzzel
                 of
                 the
                 Barrel
                 .
              
               
               
                 When
                 one
                 would
                 shoot
                 on
                 a
                 level
                 ,
                 he
                 must
                 aim
                 streight
                 at
                 the
                 Mark
                 ;
                 and
                 if
                 a
                 Man
                 shoot
                 from
                 a
                 low
                 place
                 to
                 a
                 higher
                 ,
                 he
                 is
                 to
                 take
                 his
                 aim
                 four
                 fingers
                 breadth
                 underneath
                 the
                 Mark.
                 
              
               
                 Fire-Locks
                 are
                 apter
                 to
                 mis-give
                 than
                 Muskets
                 ,
                 through
                 the
                 defect
                 of
                 the
                 Flints
                 and
                 Springs
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Mousqueton
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Mousqueton
                 is
                 not
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 the
                 Fusil
                 or
                 Fire-Lock
                 ;
                 nor
                 does
                 it
                 by
                 a
                 third
                 part
                 carry
                 so
                 far
                 ,
                 unless
                 the
                 Barrel
                 be
                 screwed
                 and
                 rifled
                 ;
                 its
                 usual
                 Charge
                 is
                 an
                 Ounce
                 of
                 Powder
                 ,
                 and
                 it
                 is
                 presented
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 a
                 Fire-Lock
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Pistol
                
                 .
              
               
                 PIstols
                 are
                 not
                 all
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 length
                 nor
                 size
                 .
                 The
                 usual
                 length
                 of
                 the
                 Barrels
                 of
                 those
                 which
                 are
                 at
                 present
                 used
                 among
                 the
                 Horse
                 is
                 a
                 Foot
                 ,
                 and
                 
                 of
                 Stock
                 and
                 all
                 a
                 Foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 ,
                 or
                 thereabouts
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Bullet
                 sized
                 for
                 the
                 Bore
                 is
                 five
                 Lignes
                 in
                 diameter
                 ,
                 the
                 Charge
                 a
                 dram
                 of
                 Powder
                 ;
                 and
                 it
                 will
                 carry
                 forty
                 paces
                 ,
                 more
                 or
                 less
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 goodness
                 of
                 the
                 Powder
                 .
              
               
                 Pistols
                 are
                 fired
                 with
                 one
                 hand
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Carabins
                
                 .
              
               
                 CArabins
                 are
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Fire-Arms
                 ,
                 which
                 take
                 their
                 Name
                 from
                 those
                 ancient
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 called
                 Carabins
                 ,
                 who
                 commonly
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 them
                 in
                 the
                 Wars
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 of
                 two
                 kinds
                 ,
                 the
                 Common
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Extraordinary
                 .
                 The
                 Common
                 are
                 those
                 which
                 were
                 used
                 by
                 the
                 Kings
                 Guards
                 not
                 long
                 ago
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 usually
                 called
                 Carabins
                 with
                 great
                 Locks
                 ;
                 which
                 differ
                 in
                 nothing
                 as
                 to
                 length
                 ,
                 size
                 ,
                 and
                 carrying
                 ,
                 from
                 Fusils
                 and
                 Mousquetons
                 ,
                 but
                 oneIy
                 that
                 they
                 had
                 Wheel-works
                 .
                 The
                 Extraordinary
                 are
                 those
                 which
                 the
                 French
                 call
                 Arquebusses
                 
                 Guttieres
                 :
                 such
                 as
                 are
                 those
                 which
                 are
                 still
                 used
                 by
                 all
                 the
                 Arquebusiers
                 ,
                 whose
                 little
                 wheel-work
                 is
                 provided
                 of
                 a
                 double
                 spring
                 for
                 facilitating
                 and
                 speeding
                 the
                 discharge
                 ;
                 and
                 whose
                 Barrel
                 being
                 thicker
                 than
                 that
                 of
                 Common
                 Carabins
                 ,
                 can
                 carry
                 blank
                 about
                 a
                 thousand
                 paces
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 proportion
                 of
                 Powder
                 as
                 is
                 necessary
                 for
                 a
                 Fusil
                 ;
                 because
                 it
                 is
                 screwed
                 and
                 rifled
                 :
                 that
                 is
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 wrought
                 and
                 crevassed
                 in
                 the
                 inside
                 from
                 the
                 Muzzel
                 to
                 the
                 Breech
                 ,
                 in
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 Screw
                 ;
                 and
                 from
                 thence
                 proceeds
                 the
                 justness
                 of
                 Arquebusses
                 .
              
               
                 All
                 Carabins
                 or
                 Arquebusses
                 have
                 wheel-works
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 those
                 of
                 great
                 as
                 small
                 Locks
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 bent
                 with
                 a
                 Spanner
                 proportionated
                 to
                 the
                 thickness
                 of
                 the
                 Axel-tree
                 of
                 the
                 Wheel
                 ;
                 upon
                 which
                 ,
                 when
                 one
                 intends
                 to
                 fire
                 ,
                 he
                 puts
                 down
                 the
                 Snaphaunce
                 ,
                 which
                 in
                 stead
                 of
                 a
                 Flint
                 ,
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 provided
                 with
                 a
                 true
                 Mine-stone
                 .
              
               
                 Heretofore
                 were
                 used
                 Arquebusses
                 ,
                 which
                 fired
                 with
                 a
                 Match
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 Muskets
                 ;
                 but
                 these
                 Arms
                 are
                 now
                 out
                 of
                 use
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 King
                 commands
                 at
                 present
                 that
                 in
                 every
                 Troop
                 of
                 his
                 Guards
                 be
                 carried
                 eight
                 rifled
                 or
                 screwed
                 Carabins
                 ,
                 with
                 Locks
                 like
                 to
                 those
                 of
                 Fusils
                 ,
                 Mousquetons
                 and
                 Pistols
                 .
              
               
                 Heretofore
                 Wheel-Locks
                 ,
                 Arquebusses
                 with
                 Match
                 Locks
                 ,
                 Choques
                 ,
                 and
                 Carabins
                 ,
                 that
                 bend
                 with
                 a
                 Spanner
                 ,
                 were
                 in
                 use
                 ;
                 and
                 strangers
                 use
                 them
                 still
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 true
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 surer
                 than
                 others
                 ,
                 but
                 they
                 are
                 far
                 more
                 cumbersome
                 .
                 All
                 sorts
                 of
                 Arms
                 may
                 be
                 charged
                 ,
                 without
                 any
                 other
                 way
                 of
                 Measuring
                 the
                 Powder
                 ,
                 than
                 by
                 the
                 following
                 Rule
                 ;
                 Put
                 the
                 Bullet
                 into
                 the
                 hollow
                 of
                 your
                 Hand
                 ,
                 and
                 pour
                 Powder
                 thereon
                 ,
                 until
                 it
                 be
                 covered
                 and
                 appear
                 no
                 more
                 .
                 This
                 is
                 the
                 natural
                 measure
                 of
                 all
                 Small
                 Fire-arms
                 .
                 I
                 saw
                 in
                 a
                 Gentlemans
                 House
                 of
                 Picardy
                 near
                 St.
                 Quentin
                 ,
                 an
                 Arquebusse
                 or
                 Wind
                 Gun
                 ,
                 that
                 was
                 charged
                 with
                 the
                 Wind
                 ,
                 whose
                 Bullet
                 at
                 thirty
                 paces
                 distance
                 pierced
                 a
                 Door
                 two
                 inches
                 thick
                 .
              
               
                 
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   French
                   Trooper
                   .
                
                 
                   A
                   ,
                   The
                   Buffe
                   Coat
                   with
                   Elk-skin-sleeves
                   .
                
                 
                   B
                   ,
                   The
                   Buffe
                   Belt.
                   
                
                 
                   C
                   ,
                   The
                   Shable
                   .
                
                 
                   D
                   ,
                   The
                   Scarffe
                   .
                
                 
                   E
                   ,
                   The
                   Carabin-belt
                   of
                   Buff.
                   
                
                 
                   F
                   ,
                   The
                   Holster
                   Pistol
                   .
                
                 
                   G
                   ,
                   The
                   Mousqueton
                   or
                   Carabin
                   .
                
                 
                   H
                   ,
                   The
                   Boots
                   .
                
                 
                   I
                   ,
                   The
                   Spurs
                   .
                
                 
                   K
                   ,
                   The
                   Spur-leathers
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             
               Of
               Staffe-Arms
               .
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Pike
                
                 .
              
               
                 THE
                 Pike
                 is
                 a
                 Weapon
                 wherewith
                 Foot
                 defend
                 themselves
                 against
                 Horse
                 in
                 an
                 open
                 Field
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   French
                   Trooper
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Musqueton
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Pistoll
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Carabine
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   Pike
                   man
                   on
                   his
                   Guard.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   Pike
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   halfe
                   Pike
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Quarter
                   Staff.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   Halbard
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Partisan
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   This
                   Figure
                   will
                   shew
                   the
                   way
                   of
                   Pikes
                   charging
                   to
                   the
                   Horse
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   Pike-man
                   of
                   the
                   Guards
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Explication
                   of
                   this
                   Figure
                   .
                
                 
                   A
                   ,
                   The
                   Helmet
                   ,
                   which
                   the
                   French
                   call
                   Pot
                   on
                   Head.
                   
                
                 
                   B
                   ,
                   The
                   Corcelet
                   .
                
                 
                   C
                   ,
                   The
                   Vambraces
                   .
                
                 
                   D
                   ,
                   The
                   Tassets
                   or
                   Thigh
                   Pieces
                   .
                
                 
                   E
                   ,
                   The
                   Sword.
                   
                
                 
                   F
                   ,
                   The
                   Pike
                   .
                
              
               
                 All
                 Pikes
                 now
                 adayes
                 are
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 length
                 ,
                 made
                 of
                 strong
                 Ashe
                 ,
                 and
                 very
                 streight
                 ;
                 about
                 fourteen
                 or
                 fifteen
                 foot
                 long
                 between
                 the
                 Head
                 and
                 the
                 Foot.
                 The
                 Head
                 is
                 four
                 inches
                 
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 broad
                 at
                 the
                 largest
                 place
                 .
                 The
                 Iron
                 Bands
                 at
                 the
                 Head
                 must
                 be
                 long
                 and
                 strong
                 ,
                 otherwayes
                 it
                 would
                 be
                 an
                 easie
                 matter
                 for
                 the
                 Horse
                 to
                 cut
                 off
                 the
                 ends
                 of
                 the
                 Pikes
                 with
                 their
                 Shables
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 French
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 Diodorus
                 ,
                 were
                 the
                 first
                 that
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 the
                 Pike
                 ;
              
               
                 Jaceunt
                 hastas
                 ,
                 quas
                 ipsi
                 lanceas
                 appellant
                 .
              
               
                 And
                 from
                 thence
                 the
                 People
                 of
                 the
                 Chief
                 Province
                 of
                 France
                 ,
                 have
                 the
                 Name
                 of
                 Picars
                 ;
                 but
                 their
                 Pikes
                 were
                 more
                 like
                 Spanish
                 Lances
                 than
                 Grecian
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 twenty
                 four
                 foot
                 long
                 between
                 the
                 Head
                 and
                 Foot.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Spontons
                   or
                   Half
                   Pikes
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Spontons
                 or
                 Half
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 are
                 made
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 Wood
                 as
                 Pikes
                 are
                 ,
                 and
                 have
                 Heads
                 alike
                 ;
                 their
                 
                 
                 
                   
                     The
                     Pensioners
                     Halbard
                     A
                  
                   
                     The
                     Hungarian
                     Partisan
                     .
                     B
                  
                   
                     The
                     Battle
                     Axe
                     D
                  
                   
                     Partisans
                     and
                     Halbards
                     according
                     to
                     the
                     Swisse
                     and
                     Antient
                     Custome
                     .
                     C
                  
                   
                     Pole
                     Axes
                     E
                  
                
                 
                 length
                 is
                 much
                 the
                 same
                 as
                 that
                 of
                 Partisans
                 ,
                 and
                 we
                 have
                 the
                 use
                 of
                 them
                 from
                 the
                 Ancients
                 ;
                 who
                 carried
                 Pikes
                 six
                 Cubits
                 long
                 ,
                 as
                 Arrianus
                 testifies
                 .
              
               
                 Hastas
                 habebant
                 senum
                 cubitorum
                 .
              
               
                 These
                 Arms
                 are
                 much
                 used
                 amongst
                 the
                 Venetians
                 and
                 the
                 Knights
                 of
                 Malta
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Partisan
                
                 .
              
               
                 A
                 Partisan
                 is
                 an
                 excellent
                 Weapon
                 in
                 a
                 Trench
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 Sally
                 ,
                 to
                 force
                 and
                 defend
                 a
                 Lodging
                 ,
                 to
                 mount
                 a
                 Breach
                 ;
                 and
                 in
                 many
                 other
                 occasions
                 ,
                 where
                 the
                 Pike
                 would
                 be
                 but
                 cumbersome
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Staffe
                 of
                 a
                 Partisan
                 is
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 bigness
                 of
                 a
                 Pike
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 seven
                 or
                 eight
                 foot
                 long
                 between
                 the
                 Head
                 and
                 Foot.
                 The
                 Iron
                 Head
                 is
                 a
                 foot
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 and
                 four
                 inches
                 broad
                 at
                 the
                 largest
                 place
                 ;
                 the
                 Exercise
                 of
                 the
                 
                 Partisan
                 differs
                 in
                 nothing
                 from
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Pike
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Halbard
                
                 .
              
               
                 THE
                 Halbard
                 is
                 likewise
                 a
                 very
                 convenient
                 Weapon
                 ,
                 especially
                 when
                 Men
                 come
                 to
                 blows
                 .
                 It
                 s
                 Staff
                 is
                 neither
                 so
                 big
                 nor
                 high
                 as
                 that
                 of
                 a
                 Partisan
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Head
                 of
                 it
                 both
                 narrower
                 and
                 shorter
                 ,
                 but
                 it
                 is
                 armed
                 with
                 little
                 Hooks
                 ,
                 which
                 serve
                 to
                 pull
                 out
                 Fagots
                 ,
                 Paniers
                 ,
                 and
                 Gabions
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 take
                 hold
                 of
                 any
                 thing
                 ,
                 when
                 one
                 mounts
                 an
                 Assault
                 or
                 Sca-Lado
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Sythes
                   ,
                   Forkes
                   ,
                   Axes
                   ,
                   and
                   Clubs
                   ,
                   or
                   Maces
                   .
                
              
               
                 
                   Clubs
                   or
                   Massues
                   .
                   A
                
                 
                   B
                
                 
                   The
                   Axe
                   .
                   C
                
                 
                   The
                   Forke
                   .
                   D
                
                 
                   Sithes
                   .
                   E
                
              
               
                 
                   —
                   Quo
                   turbine
                   cestum
                   Sauromates
                   ,
                   falcemque
                   Getes
                   .
                
                 
                   Stat.
                   11
                   Achill
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 Forks
                 are
                 the
                 same
                 with
                 the
                 common
                 Forks
                 ,
                 but
                 they
                 have
                 little
                 Hooks
                 .
              
               
                 There
                 are
                 two
                 sorts
                 of
                 Clubs
                 :
                 The
                 first
                 is
                 ,
                 as
                 it
                 were
                 the
                 Staff
                 of
                 a
                 Partisan
                 ,
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 whereof
                 there
                 is
                 a
                 Wooden
                 Ball
                 of
                 the
                 bigness
                 of
                 an
                 Eight
                 pound
                 Bullet
                 ;
                 stuck
                 full
                 of
                 Iron
                 Pikes
                 a
                 Finger
                 long
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 other
                 has
                 a
                 Boul
                 like
                 to
                 the
                 first
                 ,
                 hanging
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 the
                 Staff
                 by
                 an
                 Iron
                 Chain
                 ,
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 long
                 ;
                 and
                 is
                 used
                 as
                 a
                 Flail
                 for
                 Threshing
                 .
              
               
                 In
                 Salleys
                 ,
                 or
                 in
                 the
                 defence
                 of
                 a
                 Breach
                 ,
                 Axes
                 are
                 likewise
                 used
                 ,
                 such
                 as
                 not
                 long
                 ago
                 were
                 used
                 by
                 the
                 Regiment
                 of
                 Clerambaud
                 ,
                 or
                 Sourches
                 ,
                 
                 whose
                 Heads
                 are
                 very
                 broad
                 ,
                 an●
                 their
                 Handles
                 or
                 Staves
                 ,
                 longer
                 an●
                 stronger
                 than
                 those
                 of
                 Partisans
                 ,
                 〈◊〉
                 may
                 be
                 seen
                 in
                 the
                 Figure
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Turks
                 have
                 another
                 kind
                 o●
                 Club
                 or
                 Mace
                 of
                 Arms
                 ,
                 which
                 the●
                 carry
                 at
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 their
                 Saddle
                 to
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 in
                 a
                 Fight
                 ,
                 like
                 〈◊〉
                 that
                 which
                 the
                 Poets
                 bestow
                 on
                 Hercules
                 ,
                 called
                 by
                 the
                 Latines
                 ,
                 
                   Militaris
                   clava
                
                 .
                 Maces
                 are
                 no
                 more
                 in
                 use
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Quarter-Staff
                   with
                   a
                   Pike
                   a●
                   each
                   end
                   .
                
              
               
                 WE
                 may
                 also
                 reckon
                 among
                 Weapons
                 the
                 Staff
                 ,
                 commonly
                 called
                 the
                 Piked
                 Quarter-staff
                 ,
                 and
                 by
                 the
                 French
                 ,
                 the
                 Staff
                 with
                 two
                 ends
                 〈◊〉
                 because
                 of
                 the
                 Pikes
                 of
                 Iron
                 which
                 i●
                 has
                 at
                 each
                 end
                 :
                 It
                 is
                 made
                 of
                 a
                 very
                 strong
                 and
                 eaven
                 Wood
                 ,
                 somewhat
                 bigger
                 and
                 heavier
                 than
                 the
                 Wood
                 of
                 a
                 Pike
                 ,
                 six
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 in
                 length
                 between
                 the
                 Verrils
                 ,
                 that
                 keep
                 fast
                 the
                 two
                 pikes
                 of
                 Iron
                 stuck
                 
                 into
                 the
                 ends
                 of
                 the
                 Staff
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 in
                 length
                 four
                 inches
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 carried
                 on
                 the
                 Haunch
                 like
                 the
                 Halbard
                 ,
                 but
                 handled
                 in
                 a
                 different
                 manner
                 ,
                 because
                 a
                 man
                 may
                 stand
                 to
                 his
                 Guard
                 with
                 it
                 by
                 turning
                 and
                 flourishing
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 making
                 the
                 half
                 moulinets
                 every
                 way
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 approaches
                 make
                 use
                 either
                 of
                 the
                 point
                 thereof
                 ,
                 or
                 in
                 giving
                 a
                 down
                 right
                 blow
                 therewith
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               IV.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 Ancients
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Swords
                   ,
                   Shables
                   ,
                   and
                   Cutlasses
                   .
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Romans
                 of
                 old
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 short
                 ,
                 stiff
                 ,
                 sharp-pointed
                 ,
                 and
                 two-edged
                 Spanish
                 Blades
                 .
              
               
                 Polibius
                 says
                 ,
                 That
                 the
                 Roman
                 Souldiers
                 carried
                 their
                 Swords
                 on
                 the
                 right
                 side
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 they
                 only
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 it
                 for
                 thrusting
                 ,
                 in
                 distinction
                 
                 from
                 the
                 Gauls
                 ,
                 who
                 used
                 flat-pointed
                 two-edged
                 Swords
                 ,
                 only
                 to
                 cut
                 with
                 ▪
                 
                   Proprium
                   Gallicani
                   usus
                   pugnare
                   ,
                   coesim
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 Medes
                 ,
                 Parthians
                 ,
                 and
                 Persians
                 ,
                 used
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Cutlass
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Cinacis
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 English
                 Cimeter
                 .
                 Cateia
                 is
                 a
                 Shable
                 in
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 Sickle
                 ,
                 in
                 great
                 use
                 among
                 the
                 Germans
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Quintus
                   Curtius
                
                 makes
                 mention
                 of
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Sword
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 calls
                 Copidas
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 a
                 little
                 crooked
                 like
                 to
                 a
                 Syth
                 ,
                 wherewith
                 the
                 Ancients
                 cut
                 to
                 pieces
                 Wild
                 Beasts
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Knife
                 which
                 the
                 Latines
                 call
                 Cultrum
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Grecians
                 Machaera
                 ,
                 was
                 properly
                 the
                 Sword
                 which
                 the
                 Priests
                 used
                 in
                 their
                 Sacrifices
                 ,
                 to
                 cut
                 up
                 the
                 Victims
                 ;
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 that
                 other
                 which
                 they
                 named
                 
                   Cluna
                   culum
                
                 ,
                 because
                 therewith
                 they
                 cut
                 the
                 Buttocks
                 of
                 Beasts
                 :
                 they
                 had
                 also
                 a
                 pretty
                 long
                 Iron
                 Knife
                 with
                 an
                 Ivory
                 Haft
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 
                   Secespita
                   a
                   Secundo
                
                 .
              
               
                 Pa-tazonium
                 was
                 a
                 Shable
                 carried
                 by
                 the
                 Tribunes
                 in
                 a
                 Girdle
                 .
                 The
                 Poniard
                 
                 which
                 the
                 Latines
                 termed
                 
                   Pugio
                   a
                   Pungendo
                
                 ,
                 is
                 a
                 little
                 Sword
                 Thirteen
                 or
                 fourteen
                 inches
                 long
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 invented
                 in
                 
                   Spain
                   .
                   Pugiunculus
                
                 is
                 a
                 diminutive
                 Poniard
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Spaniards
                 and
                 Catalonians
                 use
                 still
                 to
                 this
                 day
                 .
              
               
                 Sica
                 with
                 the
                 Romans
                 ,
                 was
                 a
                 Sword
                 hid
                 in
                 a
                 Staff
                 or
                 Stick
                 ,
                 wherewith
                 Men
                 walk
                 ,
                 as
                 most
                 of
                 the
                 Peasants
                 of
                 France
                 do
                 at
                 this
                 time
                 .
                 Lingula
                 was
                 a
                 little
                 Sword
                 made
                 in
                 the
                 shape
                 of
                 a
                 Tongue
                 .
                 Spatha
                 was
                 likewise
                 a
                 Sword
                 of
                 the
                 Ancients
                 ,
                 whereof
                 
                   Julius
                   Capitolinus
                
                 speaks
                 ,
                 upon
                 occasion
                 of
                 the
                 Emperour
                 
                   Maximinus
                   ,
                   Fecit
                   &
                   spathas
                   argenteas
                   ,
                   fecit
                   &
                   aureas
                   .
                
                 Hence
                 comes
                 the
                 Italian
                 Sword
                 Spada
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Spanish
                 Espada
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Pike
                
                 .
              
               
                 THE
                 Hastarii
                 or
                 Roman
                 Pikeman
                 ,
                 had
                 Pikes
                 for
                 Arms
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 afterward
                 taken
                 from
                 them
                 and
                 given
                 to
                 the
                 Triarii
                 ,
                 instead
                 of
                 the
                 Pili
                 ,
                 
                 which
                 they
                 were
                 wont
                 to
                 carry
                 .
                 And
                 though
                 their
                 Pikes
                 were
                 not
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 those
                 of
                 the
                 Grecians
                 or
                 of
                 Souldiers
                 now
                 adays
                 ;
                 yet
                 they
                 defended
                 themselves
                 therewith
                 against
                 the
                 Horse
                 and
                 fraized
                 their
                 Cohortes
                 or
                 Companies
                 with
                 them
                 ,
                 as
                 we
                 at
                 present
                 fraize
                 our
                 Battaillions
                 :
                 
                   Quibus
                   acies
                   velut
                   vallo
                   septa
                   inhorrebat
                   .
                
              
               
                 They
                 carried
                 likewise
                 Javelins
                 ,
                 six
                 Cubits
                 long
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 not
                 armed
                 with
                 Iron
                 at
                 the
                 Head
                 ,
                 but
                 had
                 onely
                 a
                 point
                 burnt
                 and
                 hardened
                 in
                 the
                 Fire
                 ,
                 as
                 Arrianus
                 reports
                 .
                 
                   Mucro
                   autem
                   illis
                   ferrrea
                   non
                   erat
                   ,
                   sed
                   caput
                   igne
                   duratum
                   eundem
                   usum
                   dabat
                   .
                
                 These
                 Pikes
                 were
                 called
                 
                   Hastae
                   Purae
                
                 ,
                 and
                 were
                 used
                 by
                 the
                 strongest
                 Souldiers
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Germans
                 carried
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Trameae
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 very
                 short
                 and
                 narrow
                 Head
                 ;
                 but
                 so
                 fine
                 and
                 commodious
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 used
                 to
                 Fight
                 with
                 them
                 at
                 distance
                 ,
                 and
                 near
                 at
                 hand
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   Roman
                   Souldier
                   of
                   the
                   Triary
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   Slinger
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Lance.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   Sling
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Lance.
                
                 
              
               
                 THE
                 Lance
                 was
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Half-Pike
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 that
                 of
                 our
                 Standards
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 invented
                 in
                 Spain
                 ,
                 and
                 only
                 used
                 among
                 the
                 Horses
                 .
                 It
                 is
                 not
                 a
                 hundred
                 years
                 ago
                 ,
                 since
                 in
                 France
                 we
                 had
                 Troops
                 of
                 Lancers
                 .
                 Polybius
                 saith
                 ,
                 
                   That
                   these
                   Lances
                   were
                   useless
                
                 ,
                 because
                 being
                 too
                 slender
                 ,
                 they
                 broke
                 to
                 pieces
                 by
                 their
                 own
                 motion
                 before
                 they
                 could
                 do
                 execution
                 ;
                 and
                 left
                 no
                 more
                 in
                 the
                 Hand
                 but
                 a
                 short
                 Truncheon
                 ,
                 which
                 could
                 do
                 no
                 more
                 service
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Javelot
                   or
                   Dart.
                
                 
              
               
                 THe
                 Ancients
                 called
                 every
                 thing
                 that
                 may
                 be
                 thrown
                 ,
                 
                   Javelot
                   Jaculum
                   a
                   jaciendo
                
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 Dart
                 or
                 Pilum
                 was
                 the
                 Weapon
                 which
                 the
                 Romans
                 gave
                 to
                 their
                 Velites
                 or
                 Skirmishers
                 ;
                 it
                 was
                 in
                 length
                 two
                 Cubits
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 fingers
                 breadth
                 in
                 thickness
                 :
                 the
                 Head
                 of
                 it
                 was
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 a
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 but
                 so
                 thin
                 and
                 sharp-pointed
                 ,
                 that
                 being
                 once
                 thrown
                 ,
                 it
                 bowed
                 and
                 became
                 crooked
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 the
                 Enemies
                 could
                 not
                 use
                 it
                 any
                 more
                 .
              
               
                 They
                 had
                 likewise
                 other
                 Javelots
                 or
                 Darts
                 ,
                 with
                 Three
                 Feathers
                 at
                 the
                 lower
                 end
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 the
                 Arrows
                 and
                 Darts
                 which
                 the
                 Polonians
                 and
                 many
                 others
                 still
                 use
                 ,
                 especially
                 the
                 Moors
                 ,
                 who
                 call
                 them
                 Zogayes
                 .
              
               
                 Aelicles
                 was
                 the
                 Ancientest
                 of
                 Darts
                 ,
                 a
                 Cubit
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 long
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 double
                 point
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 tied
                 to
                 the
                 Wrist
                 with
                 a
                 Leather
                 Strap
                 or
                 Cord
                 ,
                 to
                 pull
                 it
                 back
                 with
                 when
                 the
                 blow
                 was
                 given
                 .
              
               
                 Aeganea
                 ,
                 was
                 a
                 very
                 light
                 Javelot
                 or
                 Dart.
                 
              
               
                 Ancyle
                 ,
                 was
                 a
                 Dart
                 which
                 gave
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 Ancilista
                 ,
                 to
                 those
                 that
                 used
                 it
                 .
              
               
                 Ansatae
                 ,
                 were
                 Darts
                 thrown
                 by
                 Handles
                 .
              
               
               
                 Dolones
                 ,
                 Were
                 Javelots
                 ,
                 which
                 had
                 their
                 name
                 from
                 the
                 Greek
                 word
                 Dolos
                 ,
                 which
                 signifies
                 hurt
                 .
              
               
                 Geum
                 ,
                 Was
                 a
                 Javelot
                 wholly
                 of
                 Iron
                 .
              
               
                 Manobarbulus
                 ,
                 Was
                 a
                 Javelot
                 or
                 Dart
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 the
                 Leaden
                 Piles
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Souldiers
                 that
                 used
                 them
                 were
                 called
                 Manobarbuli
                 .
              
               
                 Materis
                 ,
                 Was
                 a
                 Javelot
                 not
                 fully
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 a
                 Lance.
                 
              
               
                 The
                 Pile
                 was
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 half
                 Pike
                 ,
                 about
                 five
                 foot
                 long
                 .
                 The
                 Roman
                 Pile
                 was
                 but
                 three
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Head
                 barb'd
                 ,
                 like
                 a
                 Serpents
                 Tongue
                 ,
                 which
                 weighed
                 nine
                 ounces
                 .
              
               
                 Romphea
                 ,
                 Was
                 the
                 Thracian
                 Javelot
                 .
              
               
                 Runa
                 ,
                 Was
                 a
                 Javelot
                 with
                 a
                 very
                 large
                 broad
                 Head.
                 
              
               
                 Spara
                 ,
                 Was
                 a
                 very
                 little
                 Dart
                 ,
                 called
                 so
                 Aspargendo
                 .
              
               
                 Tragula
                 ,
                 Was
                 a
                 Javelot
                 or
                 Screw
                 ,
                 with
                 which
                 they
                 drew
                 towards
                 them
                 the
                 enemies
                 Buckler
                 .
              
               
                 Triphorum
                 ,
                 VVas
                 a
                 Shaft
                 three
                 Cubits
                 long
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 French
                 call
                 Materas
                 ,
                 
                 in
                 English
                 a
                 Quarel
                 ,
                 and
                 was
                 shot
                 out
                 of
                 a
                 Cross-bow
                 .
                 The
                 Ancients
                 had
                 also
                 other
                 Javelots
                 or
                 Darts
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 variously
                 named
                 according
                 to
                 their
                 different
                 Figures
                 ;
                 as
                 
                   Sibina
                   ,
                   Gesa
                   ,
                   Sigimnum
                   ,
                   Vrbina
                   ,
                   Vervina
                   ,
                   Verutum
                   ,
                
                 and
                 Venabulum
                 .
                 The
                 latter
                 was
                 used
                 by
                 Hunts-men
                 ,
                 and
                 Gesa
                 by
                 the
                 Gauls
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Sling
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Romans
                 had
                 in
                 their
                 Armies
                 Companies
                 of
                 Slingers
                 ,
                 whom
                 they
                 called
                 
                   Funditores
                   a
                   funda
                   ,
                   quod
                   ex
                   ea
                   fundantur
                   lapides
                
                 ;
                 because
                 the
                 Sling
                 served
                 to
                 cast
                 Stones
                 and
                 Bullets
                 of
                 Lead
                 ,
                 which
                 at
                 that
                 time
                 did
                 the
                 same
                 execution
                 as
                 our
                 Mukets
                 do
                 now-a-days
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Sling
                 was
                 made
                 of
                 Thread
                 ,
                 larger
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 than
                 elsewhere
                 ,
                 its
                 Figure
                 was
                 oval
                 ,
                 and
                 insensibly
                 diminished
                 ;
                 it
                 would
                 cast
                 a
                 Stone
                 or
                 Bullet
                 Six
                 hundred
                 paces
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Cross
                   bow
                   Man
                   of
                   the
                   Antients
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Quiver
                   .
                
                 
                   Bow
                   and
                   Arrows
                   .
                
                 
                   Darts
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Bows
                   and
                   Arrows
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 use
                 of
                 Bows
                 and
                 Arrows
                 is
                 not
                 in
                 all
                 places
                 abolished
                 .
                 The
                 Turks
                 retain
                 them
                 still
                 in
                 their
                 Armies
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 the
                 Affricans
                 ,
                 Americans
                 ,
                 and
                 most
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 People
                 of
                 Asia
                 ;
                 but
                 none
                 are
                 so
                 skilful
                 as
                 the
                 Tartars
                 ,
                 in
                 shooting
                 with
                 a
                 Bow
                 backwards
                 and
                 forwards
                 .
                 The
                 Wounds
                 made
                 by
                 Arrows
                 are
                 more
                 dangerous
                 and
                 harder
                 to
                 be
                 cured
                 than
                 those
                 that
                 are
                 made
                 by
                 Musket
                 Bullets
                 ,
                 because
                 their
                 Heads
                 being
                 
                 barbed
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 difficult
                 to
                 pull
                 them
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 ,
                 without
                 tearing
                 the
                 parts
                 about
                 the
                 Wound
                 ,
                 and
                 danger
                 of
                 breaking
                 the
                 Shaft
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 original
                 of
                 Bows
                 and
                 Arrows
                 is
                 uncertain
                 ,
                 some
                 attribute
                 the
                 invention
                 of
                 them
                 to
                 the
                 Candiots
                 ;
                 others
                 to
                 the
                 Scythians
                 and
                 Persians
                 :
                 but
                 there
                 is
                 no
                 doubt
                 but
                 that
                 the
                 Arabians
                 have
                 been
                 always
                 esteemed
                 the
                 most
                 skilful
                 in
                 the
                 exercise
                 of
                 the
                 Bow
                 ,
                 and
                 those
                 who
                 have
                 used
                 the
                 greatest
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Goths
                 carried
                 hardly
                 any
                 other
                 Arms
                 but
                 Bows
                 and
                 Arrows
                 ;
                 yet
                 the
                 Romans
                 had
                 no
                 Bow-men
                 in
                 their
                 Armies
                 ,
                 but
                 such
                 as
                 came
                 with
                 the
                 Auxiliary
                 Forces
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Quiver
                 was
                 a
                 little
                 Magazine
                 of
                 Arrows
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 Archers
                 carried
                 on
                 the
                 left
                 Shoulder
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Cross-bows
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   Bow
                   man
                   of
                   the
                   Roman
                   Allies
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Armature
                   of
                   a
                   Roman
                   Centurion
                   .
                
              
               
                 It
                 would
                 nevertheless
                 seem
                 (
                 according
                 to
                 Appius
                 )
                 that
                 the
                 Catapulta
                 served
                 to
                 shoot
                 both
                 Darts
                 and
                 Stones
                 ;
                 for
                 he
                 saith
                 
                   Catapultae
                   turribus
                   impositae
                   &
                   quae
                   spicula
                   milterent
                   ,
                   &
                   quae
                   saxa
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 invention
                 of
                 Cross-bows
                 came
                 from
                 the
                 Sicilians
                 ,
                 as
                 Diodorus
                 reports
                 .
                 They
                 made
                 both
                 great
                 and
                 little
                 Cross-bows
                 :
                 the
                 great
                 were
                 drawn
                 on
                 Wheels
                 ,
                 as
                 our
                 Canon
                 are
                 ,
                 and
                 threw
                 Darts
                 three
                 Cubits
                 long
                 .
                 The
                 little
                 ones
                 were
                 carried
                 by
                 Foot
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 who
                 were
                 called
                 Cross-bow-men
                 ,
                 but
                 their
                 Quarrels
                 were
                 not
                 half
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 the
                 Darts
                 of
                 the
                 other
                 ;
                 which
                 were
                 of
                 such
                 a
                 greatness
                 that
                 they
                 could
                 throw
                 Stones
                 six
                 score
                 pound
                 weight
                 .
              
               
                 There
                 were
                 an
                 other
                 kind
                 of
                 Cross-bows
                 of
                 a
                 middle
                 size
                 ,
                 that
                 were
                 carried
                 on
                 Wagons
                 ,
                 and
                 were
                 called
                 Orcubalistae
                 ,
                 and
                 Carobalistae
                 .
              
               
                 Others
                 there
                 were
                 which
                 served
                 to
                 
                 throw
                 Artificial
                 Fire
                 ,
                 and
                 Darts
                 called
                 Phalaricae
                 ,
                 or
                 Fire-brands
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 covered
                 with
                 Sulpher
                 ,
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 Tar
                 ,
                 and
                 Tow
                 dipped
                 in
                 Oyl
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Scorpion
                 was
                 likewise
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Hand-cross-bow
                 ,
                 invented
                 by
                 the
                 Grecians
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 used
                 in
                 Shooting
                 of
                 little
                 Shafts
                 ,
                 whose
                 Heads
                 were
                 extreamly
                 small
                 and
                 pointed
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               V.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Defensive
                 Arms.
              
               
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 ALL
                 Weapons
                 are
                 both
                 offensive
                 and
                 defensive
                 ,
                 because
                 with
                 the
                 same
                 one
                 may
                 both
                 attack
                 and
                 defend
                 ;
                 but
                 there
                 are
                 some
                 Arms
                 which
                 are
                 meerly
                 defensive
                 ;
                 as
                 for
                 instance
                 ,
                 The
                 Head-piece
                 ,
                 termed
                 the
                 Cask
                 or
                 Casket
                 ,
                 Morions
                 ,
                 Cuirasses
                 ,
                 Corcelets
                 ,
                 Gorgets
                 ,
                 Vambraces
                 ,
                 Tassets
                 ,
                 or
                 Thigh-pieces
                 ,
                 Knee-pieces
                 ,
                 Guard-reins
                 or
                 Rein-pieces
                 ,
                 Gantlets
                 ,
                 and
                 round
                 Targets
                 or
                 Bucklers
                 ,
                 which
                 
                 were
                 used
                 in
                 times
                 past
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 are
                 still
                 in
                 use
                 in
                 many
                 remote
                 Countries
                 ,
                 especially
                 among
                 the
                 Turks
                 and
                 Moors
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Romans
                 armed
                 part
                 of
                 their
                 Cavalry
                 Cap-a-Pie
                 ,
                 in
                 imitation
                 of
                 the
                 Grecians
                 ;
                 the
                 French
                 retained
                 the
                 same
                 Custom
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 that
                 comes
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 Gens-d'arms
                 :
                 That
                 Armour
                 was
                 onely
                 good
                 to
                 resist
                 Swords
                 ,
                 Stones
                 ,
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 Arrows
                 ,
                 and
                 Javelots
                 or
                 Darts
                 .
                 The
                 Armour
                 which
                 is
                 made
                 now-a-days
                 ,
                 is
                 proof
                 against
                 Musket
                 and
                 Pistol-shot
                 ;
                 but
                 none
                 but
                 the
                 Officers
                 carry
                 them
                 on
                 the
                 most
                 dangerous
                 occasions
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Head-pieces
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 fore
                 part
                 of
                 Cuirasses
                 ,
                 are
                 Musket-proof
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 parts
                 Pistol
                 or
                 Carabine-proof
                 ;
                 but
                 that
                 such
                 Armour
                 may
                 prove
                 good
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 needful
                 they
                 be
                 beaten
                 out
                 of
                 cold
                 Iron
                 .
              
               
                 Head
                 Armour
                 has
                 different
                 names
                 ,
                 as
                 Cask
                 or
                 Casket
                 ,
                 Helmet
                 ,
                 Head-Piece
                 ,
                 Burgonet
                 or
                 Spanish
                 Marron
                 ,
                 Salade
                 ,
                 Morion
                 ,
                 Cabasset
                 ,
                 Pot
                 ,
                 Hat
                 ,
                 and
                 Steel-bonnet
                 .
                 Of
                 all
                 these
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Armour
                 
                 some
                 have
                 Visieres
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 Musket-proof
                 :
                 others
                 are
                 plain
                 and
                 onely
                 proof
                 against
                 a
                 Cut
                 or
                 Blow
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Cuirass
                 is
                 Musket-proof
                 ,
                 and
                 heavier
                 than
                 the
                 Breast-plate
                 ,
                 the
                 Corslet
                 which
                 is
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 shape
                 as
                 the
                 Cuirass
                 ,
                 serves
                 to
                 defend
                 the
                 noble
                 parts
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Neck
                 is
                 defended
                 by
                 the
                 Gorget
                 ,
                 the
                 Arms
                 by
                 the
                 Vambraces
                 ,
                 the
                 Shoulder-pieces
                 ,
                 Fore-arm-pieces
                 ,
                 Gossets
                 ,
                 and
                 Gantlets
                 ;
                 the
                 Thighs
                 and
                 Legs
                 ,
                 by
                 Tassets
                 ,
                 Cuissots
                 or
                 Thigh-pieces
                 ,
                 Greves
                 ,
                 or
                 Shin-pieces
                 ,
                 Knee-pieces
                 ,
                 and
                 Supeters
                 or
                 Foot-pieces
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Coat
                   of
                   Mail.
                
                 
              
               
                 THE
                 Coat
                 of
                 Mail
                 ,
                 by
                 the
                 Romans
                 called
                 
                   Hamatus
                   Thorax
                
                 ,
                 was
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Steel
                 Jacket
                 ;
                 made
                 of
                 little
                 Rings
                 and
                 Links
                 of
                 Mail
                 ,
                 interwoven
                 together
                 ,
                 wherewith
                 their
                 Gend'arms
                 defended
                 themselves
                 against
                 Arrows
                 ,
                 Darts
                 and
                 Swords
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 Light
                 Horse
                 ,
                 in
                 time
                 of
                 Lovis
                 the
                 Eleventh
                 ,
                 made
                 Vambraces
                 and
                 Gantlets
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 ,
                 and
                 therewith
                 guarded
                 the
                 void
                 spaces
                 betwixt
                 their
                 Armour
                 .
              
               
                 Though
                 these
                 Jackets
                 be
                 now
                 no
                 more
                 in
                 publick
                 use
                 ,
                 yet
                 there
                 are
                 some
                 who
                 still
                 carry
                 them
                 under
                 their
                 Shirts
                 ,
                 especially
                 such
                 as
                 are
                 in
                 fear
                 of
                 Fighting
                 Duels
                 ,
                 or
                 of
                 being
                 set
                 upon
                 .
              
               
                 None
                 at
                 this
                 time
                 in
                 France
                 are
                 armed
                 Cap-a-Pie
                 ,
                 except
                 the
                 Pikes
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 Regiments
                 of
                 Guards
                 ;
                 but
                 their
                 Armour
                 is
                 onely
                 proof
                 against
                 a
                 Cut.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Buff-Coat
                
                 .
              
               
                 THough
                 to
                 speak
                 properly
                 ,
                 Buff-Coats
                 be
                 but
                 an
                 Apparel
                 of
                 Horsemen
                 ,
                 yet
                 we
                 may
                 reckon
                 them
                 among
                 their
                 defensive
                 Arms
                 ,
                 seeing
                 they
                 may
                 easily
                 resist
                 a
                 Sword
                 ,
                 if
                 they
                 be
                 made
                 of
                 a
                 good
                 Skin
                 .
              
               
                 They
                 are
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 use
                 to
                 our
                 
                 Horse
                 ,
                 that
                 these
                 hard
                 Skins
                 ,
                 whereof
                 they
                 made
                 Breast-plates
                 or
                 Stomachers
                 ,
                 were
                 to
                 the
                 Roman
                 Souldiers
                 ;
                 of
                 which
                 Varo
                 makes
                 mention
                 .
              
               
                 Buffe-Coats
                 are
                 made
                 in
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 
                   Just
                   au
                   Corps
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Close
                 Bodied
                 Coat
                 ,
                 with
                 four
                 Skirts
                 reaching
                 down
                 to
                 the
                 Knee
                 .
              
               
                 There
                 is
                 no
                 Trooper
                 in
                 the
                 French
                 Army
                 but
                 has
                 his
                 Buffe-Coat
                 ,
                 since
                 Harnass
                 has
                 been
                 laid
                 aside
                 ;
                 and
                 from
                 thence
                 comes
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 Light-Horse
                 ,
                 in
                 imitation
                 of
                 the
                 Ancient
                 Horse
                 ,
                 who
                 never
                 carried
                 Cuirass
                 ,
                 but
                 Fought
                 always
                 in
                 Light-Cloaths
                 ;
                 as
                 Polibus
                 saith
                 ,
                 
                   Antiquit
                   :
                   us
                   equites
                   loricas
                   non
                   habebant
                   ,
                   sed
                   in
                   veste
                   succincta
                   pugnabant
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Casks
                   or
                   Head-pieces
                
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Helmet
                   .
                
                 
                   Gorget
                
                 
                   Curiasse
                   .
                
                 
                   Thigh
                   peeces
                   or
                   Tasset's
                   .
                
                 
                   Vambrasse
                   .
                
                 
                   Gantelet
                   .
                
              
               
                 The
                 Generals
                 and
                 principal
                 Officers
                 ,
                 wore
                 Head-pieces
                 guilt
                 and
                 set
                 with
                 precious
                 Stones
                 ;
                 the
                 top
                 whereof
                 was
                 adorned
                 with
                 Feathers
                 and
                 rich
                 Plumaches
                 ,
                 which
                 made
                 them
                 conspicuous
                 among
                 the
                 rest
                 .
              
               
                 Cristaque
                 tegit
                 galea
                 aurea
                 rubra
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 original
                 of
                 Head-pieces
                 came
                 from
                 the
                 Lacedemonians
                 ,
                 and
                 Cares
                 was
                 the
                 first
                 that
                 beautified
                 them
                 with
                 Plumaches
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Cuirasses
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Souldiers
                 of
                 the
                 Roman
                 Militia
                 ,
                 made
                 to
                 themselves
                 at
                 first
                 Stomachers
                 or
                 Breast-plates
                 of
                 unwrought
                 Leather
                 ;
                 according
                 to
                 
                   Varro
                   de
                   corio
                   crudo
                   pectoralia
                   faciebant
                   .
                
                 They
                 had
                 them
                 afterward
                 of
                 Iron
                 or
                 
                 Brass
                 ;
                 but
                 these
                 half
                 Cuirasses
                 were
                 onely
                 invented
                 to
                 hinder
                 them
                 from
                 turning
                 their
                 Backs
                 in
                 Battel
                 .
                 The
                 Generals
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 Corslets
                 of
                 Guilt
                 Leather
                 ,
                 which
                 covered
                 them
                 on
                 all
                 sides
                 .
                 Some
                 wore
                 Coats
                 of
                 Mail
                 ,
                 
                   Loricae
                   homatae
                
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 the
                 Shirts
                 which
                 are
                 still
                 in
                 use
                 ;
                 others
                 had
                 them
                 of
                 Iron
                 or
                 Brass
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 cannot
                 better
                 compare
                 than
                 to
                 the
                 Shells
                 of
                 Fish
                 .
                 
                   Loricae
                   squammeae
                
                 ;
                 for
                 so
                 Isidorus
                 calls
                 them
                 .
                 
                   Squammea
                   est
                   lorica
                   ,
                   ex
                   laminis
                   aereis
                   vel
                   fereis
                   concatenata
                   in
                   modum
                   squammarum
                   piscis
                   .
                
              
               
                 None
                 of
                 all
                 the
                 Roman
                 Infantrie
                 ,
                 but
                 the
                 Hastarii
                 ,
                 the
                 Principes
                 and
                 Triarii
                 ;
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 Head-pieces
                 ,
                 Cuirasses
                 and
                 Bucklers
                 .
                 The
                 Velites
                 ,
                 of
                 whom
                 some
                 were
                 Slingers
                 ,
                 and
                 others
                 Archers
                 ,
                 were
                 onely
                 lightly
                 armed
                 ,
                 that
                 is
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Buckler
                 and
                 Helmet
                 of
                 Leather
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Pelta
                   .
                
                 
                   Parma
                   .
                
                 
                   A
                   Round
                   Buckler
                   or
                   Ronache
                
                 
                   Sheilds
                
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Bucklers
                   and
                   Shields
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Shields
                 and
                 Targets
                 which
                 the
                 Ancients
                 carried
                 on
                 the
                 left
                 Arm
                 to
                 defend
                 and
                 parie
                 blows
                 ,
                 in
                 imitation
                 of
                 the
                 Samnites
                 ,
                 who
                 invented
                 them
                 ,
                 were
                 convex
                 ,
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 broad
                 ,
                 and
                 four
                 foot
                 long
                 ;
                 some
                 
                 with
                 Angles
                 ,
                 and
                 others
                 of
                 an
                 Oval
                 Figure
                 ;
                 but
                 were
                 all
                 made
                 of
                 Willow
                 or
                 Fig-tree
                 strengthened
                 with
                 the
                 Nerves
                 and
                 Sinews
                 of
                 an
                 Oxe
                 ,
                 on
                 which
                 was
                 streatched
                 Linnen
                 Cloath
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 afterward
                 covered
                 with
                 a
                 Bullock
                 or
                 Calf's
                 Hide
                 :
                 the
                 top
                 ,
                 middle
                 ,
                 and
                 lower
                 part
                 were
                 guarded
                 with
                 Plates
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 to
                 resist
                 the
                 Cuts
                 of
                 Shables
                 ,
                 Stones
                 ,
                 and
                 Shafts
                 that
                 were
                 darted
                 or
                 shot
                 with
                 violence
                 .
              
               
                 Ovid
                 in
                 his
                 Metamorphosis
                 tells
                 us
                 ,
                 that
                 General
                 Ajax
                 had
                 a
                 Buckler
                 covered
                 with
                 seven
                 Skins
                 .
              
               
                 —
                 Clipei
                 dominus
                 septemplicis
                 Ajax
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Grecian
                 Pikes
                 covered
                 themselves
                 with
                 Rondaches
                 or
                 round
                 Bucklers
                 of
                 Brass
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Bow-men
                 had
                 onely
                 Bucklers
                 made
                 of
                 Osier
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Moors
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 Shields
                 of
                 the
                 height
                 of
                 their
                 Bodies
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 imbellish
                 with
                 warious
                 painting
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Bucklers
                 which
                 the
                 Ancients
                 called
                 Clipei
                 ,
                 differed
                 onely
                 from
                 the
                 Shield
                 in
                 that
                 they
                 were
                 compleatly
                 
                 round
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 the
                 French
                 have
                 given
                 them
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 Rondach
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Spaniards
                 and
                 Affricans
                 wore
                 Bucklers
                 of
                 Thongs
                 of
                 Leather
                 ,
                 interwoven
                 together
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Caetrae
                 ,
                 as
                 Lucan
                 reports
                 .
              
               
                 Illic
                 pugnaces
                 commovit
                 Iberia
                 caetras
              
               
                 The
                 Amazonians
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 a
                 Buckler
                 in
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 Cressant
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 
                   Pelta
                   .
                   Ducit
                   Amazonidum
                   lunatis
                   agmina
                   peltis
                   .
                   Virgil.
                
                 In
                 the
                 Reign
                 of
                 
                   Numa
                   Pompilius
                
                 ,
                 the
                 Romans
                 used
                 little
                 narrow
                 and
                 long
                 Shields
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 named
                 Ancylia
                 .
                 Heretofore
                 ,
                 such
                 as
                 began
                 the
                 profession
                 of
                 War
                 ,
                 carried
                 only
                 Parmis
                 ,
                 or
                 little
                 White
                 Bucklers
                 ,
                 without
                 any
                 imbellishment
                 ;
                 until
                 that
                 by
                 some
                 brave
                 action
                 they
                 had
                 signalized
                 themselves
                 ;
                 then
                 were
                 they
                 permitted
                 to
                 use
                 greater
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 adorn
                 them
                 with
                 the
                 marks
                 of
                 their
                 glorious
                 exploits
                 ;
                 from
                 thence
                 we
                 have
                 the
                 Custom
                 of
                 Arms
                 which
                 we
                 commonly
                 call
                 Scutcheons
                 or
                 Shields
                 
                 
                   a
                   Scuto
                
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 are
                 in
                 reallity
                 the
                 Shields
                 or
                 Bucklers
                 of
                 Gentlemen
                 ,
                 whereon
                 they
                 usually
                 carry
                 a
                 representation
                 of
                 the
                 brave
                 Deeds
                 of
                 their
                 Illustrious
                 Progenitours
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 whole
                 Armature
                 of
                 a
                 Roman
                 Souldier
                 weighed
                 no
                 more
                 than
                 a
                 Talent
                 .
              
            
          
           
             The
             End
             of
             the
             first
             Book
          
        
         
           
           
             The
             Second
             Book
             .
             OF
             POWDER
             AND
             Artificial
             Fires
             .
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               1.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Powder
              
               .
            
             
               WE
               have
               had
               the
               Invention
               of
               Gun-powder
               from
               China
               ,
               by
               means
               of
               the
               communication
               that
               a
               Monk
               named
               Bertoldus
               ,
               had
               with
               the
               Tartars
               ,
               in
               his
               Travels
               in
               Moscovy
               ,
               about
               the
               year
               1380.
               
               And
               therefore
               the
               Portugese
               were
               never
               so
               much
               surprized
               as
               when
               upon
               their
               accosting
               these
               unknown
               
               Countreys
               ,
               they
               saw
               a
               great
               many
               Ships
               equipped
               and
               ranked
               in
               Bataillia
               ,
               adorned
               with
               Streamers
               ,
               Penons
               ,
               and
               Ropes
               of
               several
               Colours
               of
               Silk
               ;
               but
               their
               surprize
               augmented
               when
               they
               heard
               the
               Guns
               Fire
               :
               when
               they
               expected
               no
               such
               thing
               .
               So
               that
               it
               is
               not
               true
               that
               the
               Monk
               was
               the
               first
               inventer
               of
               Gun-powder
               ;
               he
               was
               no
               more
               but
               the
               publisher
               of
               a
               Secret
               which
               he
               learnt
               from
               the
               Tartars
               ,
               and
               which
               he
               had
               better
               kept
               to
               himself
               ,
               without
               trying
               an
               experiment
               of
               it
               ,
               that
               cost
               him
               so
               dear
               ,
               and
               which
               buried
               him
               in
               the
               Furnace
               which
               he
               himself
               contrived
               .
            
             
               The
               Royal
               Prophet
               had
               reason
               to
               say
               ,
               That
               we
               fall
               commonly
               into
               the
               snares
               which
               we
               have
               laid
               for
               others
               ;
               the
               Authors
               of
               pernicious
               things
               ,
               which
               tend
               onely
               to
               the
               destruction
               of
               their
               fellow
               Creatures
               ,
               have
               always
               miserably
               perished
               by
               the
               very
               same
               things
               whereof
               they
               have
               been
               the
               Inventers
               .
               We
               have
               besides
               the
               example
               of
               that
               poor
               Monk
               ,
               the
               instance
               
               likewise
               of
               Perillus
               the
               Ingeneer
               of
               King
               Phalaris
               ,
               who
               was
               the
               first
               that
               was
               burnt
               in
               the
               Brazen
               Bull
               which
               he
               had
               made
               for
               the
               punishment
               of
               Malefactors
               .
               
                 Arantius
                 Paterculus
              
               ,
               was
               the
               first
               that
               was
               put
               into
               the
               Burning
               Horse
               which
               he
               invented
               ,
               by
               the
               order
               of
               
                 Aemilius
                 Censorinus
              
               ,
               Governour
               of
               Aegesta
               in
               Scicily
               ;
               and
               
                 Engueran-de
                 Marigny
              
               ,
               was
               the
               first
               man
               that
               was
               hanged
               in
               the
               Gibbet
               of
               Mount-faucon
               ,
               which
               he
               caused
               to
               be
               erected
               at
               the
               Gates
               of
               Paris
               .
               History
               is
               full
               of
               such
               examples
               ;
               but
               that
               I
               may
               return
               to
               my
               Subject
               ,
               there
               is
               no
               doubt
               but
               that
               Powder
               hath
               been
               a
               diabolical
               invention
               ,
               the
               effects
               whereof
               are
               no
               less
               dangerous
               than
               terrible
               ,
               and
               thunder-claps
               are
               not
               more
               to
               be
               feared
               .
               Nevertheless
               ,
               all
               that
               havock
               ,
               all
               that
               noise
               ,
               and
               all
               these
               overturnings
               ,
               are
               onely
               caused
               by
               small
               grains
               ,
               whereof
               this
               is
               the
               composition
               .
            
             
               
               
                 The
                 Composition
                 of
                 Gun-powder
                 .
              
               
                 Take
                 eight
                 parts
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 one
                 part
                 of
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 one
                 part
                 and
                 a
                 fifth
                 of
                 Char-cole
                 ;
                 pound
                 them
                 well
                 together
                 in
                 a
                 Mortar
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Wooden
                 Pestle
                 ,
                 sprinkle
                 thereon
                 excellent
                 Vinager
                 or
                 Brandy
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 reduce
                 the
                 mass
                 to
                 a
                 powder
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               II.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 a
                 Mine
              
               .
            
             
               HAving
               spoken
               of
               Powder
               ,
               I
               thought
               fit
               next
               to
               discourse
               of
               its
               effects
               ,
               and
               of
               the
               way
               how
               it
               is
               to
               be
               used
               for
               Mines
               and
               Artificial
               Fires
               .
            
             
               
                 Molet's
                 to
                 put
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 a
                 Torch
                 .
              
               
                 A
                 Fire
                 Arrow
              
               
                 A
                 Wall
                 of
                 Bustion
                 with
                 a
                 Mine
                 .
              
            
             
               When
               a
               Mine
               is
               made
               in
               a
               place
               
               where
               the
               earth
               is
               soft
               and
               yielding
               ,
               the
               Ground
               is
               to
               be
               supported
               by
               Planks
               underpropt
               with
               little
               Posts
               or
               Girders
               ,
               as
               fast
               as
               the
               Chambers
               are
               wrought
               .
            
             
               The
               Ancients
               made
               use
               of
               Mines
               or
               Subterranean
               wayes
               ,
               but
               their
               designe
               was
               very
               different
               from
               ours
               ;
               they
               made
               them
               onely
               for
               a
               passage
               to
               go
               to
               the
               Sap
               ,
               or
               to
               enter
               Towns
               ,
               when
               our
               Mines
               are
               intended
               to
               bow
               up
               and
               overturn
               the
               face
               of
               the
               Bastion
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               III.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Artifical
                 Fire-Works
              
               .
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Fuse
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Fuses
                 that
                 are
                 made
                 for
                 Petards
                 ,
                 Bombes
                 ,
                 hollow
                 Bullets
                 and
                 Granado's
                 ,
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 slow
                 ,
                 otherwayes
                 these
                 Pieces
                 would
                 do
                 their
                 effects
                 before
                 the
                 time
                 .
                 This
                 is
                 the
                 manner
                 of
                 the
                 composition
                 of
                 
                 Fuses
                 .
                 Take
                 three
                 parts
                 of
                 Powder
                 :
                 six
                 of
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 and
                 nine
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 beat
                 them
                 apart
                 into
                 a
                 subtile
                 Powder
                 ,
                 then
                 mingle
                 them
                 altogether
                 with
                 a
                 small
                 Stick
                 in
                 a
                 Platter
                 or
                 Charger
                 ,
                 pouring
                 thereon
                 by
                 degrees
                 the
                 Oyl
                 of
                 Peter
                 ,
                 until
                 all
                 be
                 made
                 into
                 a
                 Paste
                 ;
                 let
                 it
                 be
                 dried
                 in
                 the
                 shade
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Fuses
                 charged
                 therewith
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Sulphur
                   Match
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Sulphur
                 Match
                 is
                 no
                 more
                 but
                 Cotton
                 made
                 into
                 Wieks
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 first
                 steeped
                 in
                 Brandy
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 in
                 molten
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 and
                 afterward
                 dried
                 in
                 the
                 shade
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   make
                   the
                   Quick-match
                
                 .
              
               
                 TAke
                 half
                 a
                 quartern
                 of
                 Powder
                 ,
                 a
                 quartern
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 two
                 ounces
                 of
                 Brandy
                 ,
                 half
                 a
                 septier
                 or
                 the
                 fourth
                 part
                 of
                 a
                 French
                 pint
                 of
                 Vinegar
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 French
                 pint
                 of
                 Urine
                 ,
                 
                 melt
                 all
                 these
                 together
                 ,
                 and
                 when
                 they
                 are
                 dissolved
                 ,
                 put
                 therein
                 Cotton
                 drawn
                 out
                 into
                 gross
                 Threads
                 :
                 when
                 the
                 Cotton
                 has
                 drank
                 up
                 all
                 the
                 warm
                 Matter
                 ,
                 take
                 it
                 out
                 whilst
                 it
                 is
                 moist
                 ,
                 and
                 role
                 it
                 up
                 into
                 little
                 Matches
                 or
                 Cords
                 two
                 ,
                 three
                 ,
                 or
                 four
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 hand
                 upon
                 a
                 Table
                 besprinkled
                 with
                 the
                 dust
                 of
                 fine
                 Powder
                 ;
                 then
                 stretch
                 them
                 out
                 to
                 dry
                 in
                 the
                 shade
                 ;
                 and
                 keep
                 them
                 in
                 a
                 dry
                 place
                 :
                 that
                 Quick-match
                 is
                 very
                 violent
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   prepare
                   the
                   matter
                   of
                   Fire-Rockets
                   .
                
              
               
                 TAke
                 one
                 part
                 of
                 Common
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 melt
                 it
                 in
                 an
                 Earthen
                 Pot
                 ,
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 dissolved
                 put
                 thereunto
                 half
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 gross
                 Powder
                 very
                 dry
                 ,
                 three
                 fourth
                 parts
                 of
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 and
                 half
                 a
                 fourth
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 Powder
                 of
                 Char-cole
                 ;
                 mingle
                 all
                 these
                 materials
                 together
                 leisurely
                 ,
                 and
                 when
                 they
                 are
                 well
                 mingled
                 ,
                 pour
                 them
                 on
                 the
                 
                 Floor
                 ,
                 and
                 this
                 is
                 the
                 matter
                 of
                 Fire-Rockets
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   charge
                   Fire-Balls
                
                 .
              
               
                 WHen
                 one
                 has
                 a
                 mind
                 to
                 charge
                 Bombes
                 ,
                 hollow
                 Bullets
                 ,
                 Fire-pots
                 ,
                 and
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 Fire-balls
                 ;
                 let
                 him
                 take
                 one
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 matter
                 of
                 Fire-rockets
                 ,
                 one
                 part
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 the
                 eight
                 part
                 of
                 a
                 part
                 of
                 Camphire
                 ,
                 and
                 as
                 much
                 fine
                 Powdet
                 ,
                 mingled
                 therewith
                 with
                 the
                 hand
                 ,
                 and
                 put
                 all
                 into
                 a
                 hollow
                 Bullet
                 with
                 quick
                 Match
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   make
                   a
                   Fire-Lance
                
                 .
              
               
                 TAke
                 a
                 piece
                 of
                 light
                 Wood
                 three
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 or
                 four
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 bore
                 it
                 from
                 one
                 end
                 to
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 and
                 let
                 the
                 bore
                 be
                 an
                 inch
                 in
                 diameter
                 ;
                 make
                 the
                 Wood
                 very
                 smooth
                 ,
                 both
                 in
                 the
                 inside
                 and
                 out-side
                 ,
                 which
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 an
                 inch
                 thick
                 in
                 all
                 
                 parts
                 :
                 Place
                 into
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 ends
                 a
                 half
                 Pike
                 ,
                 which
                 must
                 enter
                 half
                 a
                 foot
                 into
                 the
                 Trunck
                 ,
                 and
                 be
                 very
                 well
                 fastned
                 .
                 The
                 Trunck
                 of
                 the
                 Lance
                 must
                 be
                 wooped
                 round
                 with
                 strong
                 Pack-thread
                 ,
                 well
                 waxed
                 with
                 Rosin
                 and
                 melted
                 Wax
                 to
                 defend
                 it
                 against
                 Water
                 .
                 The
                 proportion
                 of
                 the
                 mixture
                 of
                 the
                 Powders
                 is
                 twelve
                 parts
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 six
                 of
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 six
                 of
                 Canon-powder
                 ,
                 six
                 of
                 the
                 dust
                 of
                 Lead
                 ,
                 two
                 of
                 Glass
                 beaten
                 but
                 indefferently
                 small
                 ,
                 two
                 of
                 Quick-silver
                 ,
                 and
                 one
                 of
                 Salarmoniac
                 ;
                 when
                 all
                 these
                 Materials
                 have
                 been
                 beaten
                 a-part
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 mingled
                 together
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 into
                 a
                 Paste
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Oyl
                 of
                 Peter
                 rather
                 hard
                 than
                 soft
                 :
                 Put
                 afterwards
                 Hards
                 into
                 that
                 Composition
                 ,
                 and
                 incorporate
                 them
                 therewith
                 ,
                 and
                 make
                 thereof
                 Pellets
                 ,
                 or
                 small
                 Balls
                 suited
                 to
                 the
                 bigness
                 of
                 the
                 bore
                 of
                 the
                 Lance
                 ,
                 which
                 aro
                 to
                 be
                 dried
                 and
                 tied
                 up
                 with
                 fine
                 Wire
                 .
                 To
                 charge
                 the
                 Lance
                 ,
                 put
                 into
                 the
                 bottom
                 of
                 the
                 Trunck
                 a
                 charge
                 of
                 beaten
                 Powder
                 ;
                 without
                 ramming
                 it
                 ,
                 but
                 very
                 little
                 ;
                 over
                 
                 that
                 put
                 a
                 Pellet
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 little
                 of
                 the
                 Composition
                 ,
                 renew
                 that
                 until
                 the
                 Wood
                 be
                 full
                 ,
                 still
                 encreasing
                 the
                 Charges
                 of
                 the
                 Powder
                 ;
                 so
                 that
                 the
                 last
                 Lay
                 contain
                 two
                 Charges
                 .
                 Fire
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 set
                 to
                 this
                 Lance
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 quick
                 Match
                 at
                 the
                 mouth
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   make
                   Tourteaus
                   to
                   shew
                   Light
                   ,
                   or
                   Port-Lights
                   .
                
              
               
                 TAke
                 twelve
                 pounds
                 of
                 black
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 six
                 pounds
                 of
                 Suet
                 ,
                 six
                 pounds
                 of
                 Linseed
                 Oyl
                 ,
                 six
                 pounds
                 of
                 Colophonia
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 pounds
                 of
                 Turpentine
                 ,
                 in
                 which
                 steep
                 Arquebush
                 Match
                 until
                 it
                 have
                 drank
                 up
                 all
                 the
                 Matter
                 ,
                 and
                 be
                 incorporated
                 therewith
                 ,
                 then
                 make
                 it
                 in
                 Tourteaus
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 Of
                 Burning
                 Fagots
                 .
              
               
                 TAke
                 Fagots
                 and
                 rub
                 them
                 with
                 the
                 matter
                 of
                 the
                 Fire-rockets
                 ,
                 or
                 otherways
                 with
                 Turpentine
                 ,
                 or
                 steep
                 
                 them
                 if
                 you
                 please
                 in
                 melted
                 Pitch
                 ;
                 afterwards
                 put
                 Fire
                 to
                 them
                 ,
                 they
                 not
                 onely
                 give
                 light
                 in
                 the
                 Ditches
                 ,
                 but
                 serve
                 likewise
                 to
                 burn
                 the
                 Galleries
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Enemies
                 may
                 have
                 made
                 there
                 .
              
               
                 To
                 make
                 stuffed
                 Fagots
                 for
                 burning
                 the
                 Cross
                 Works
                 ,
                 take
                 Fagots
                 steeped
                 in
                 Liquid
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 and
                 stuff
                 them
                 with
                 Granadoes
                 ;
                 let
                 them
                 be
                 lighted
                 and
                 thrown
                 down
                 from
                 the
                 Ramparts
                 upon
                 the
                 Galleries
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Granadoes
                 take
                 Fire
                 instantly
                 ,
                 and
                 give
                 such
                 claps
                 on
                 all
                 hands
                 as
                 suffer
                 not
                 any
                 man
                 to
                 come
                 near
                 to
                 quench
                 the
                 Fire
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Fire-Hoops
                
                 .
              
               
                 FIre-hoops
                 are
                 very
                 proper
                 for
                 the
                 defence
                 of
                 a
                 Breach
                 ,
                 by
                 rolling
                 them
                 down
                 upon
                 the
                 Enemies
                 when
                 they
                 mount
                 the
                 Assault
                 .
                 This
                 is
                 the
                 way
                 of
                 making
                 them
                 ,
                 which
                 I
                 have
                 learnt
                 of
                 a
                 very
                 skilful
                 Artist
                 .
              
               
                 Take
                 three
                 large
                 Hoops
                 ,
                 tie
                 them
                 together
                 ,
                 furnish
                 them
                 with
                 Artificial
                 Fires
                 ,
                 and
                 with
                 a
                 dozen
                 
                 and
                 half
                 of
                 Common
                 Granadoes
                 ,
                 which
                 you
                 are
                 to
                 tie
                 to
                 the
                 in-side
                 of
                 the
                 Hoops
                 ,
                 with
                 good
                 Wire
                 ,
                 that
                 those
                 which
                 play
                 first
                 may
                 not
                 break
                 off
                 the
                 others
                 ;
                 put
                 Fire
                 to
                 the
                 Wild-fire
                 ,
                 just
                 as
                 you
                 role
                 down
                 the
                 Hoop
                 ,
                 the
                 Granadoes
                 will
                 take
                 Fire
                 of
                 themselves
                 and
                 do
                 cruel
                 execution
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 10.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   charge
                   Granadoes
                
                 .
              
               
                 TAke
                 a
                 pound
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 ten
                 ounces
                 of
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 six
                 ounces
                 of
                 fine
                 Gun-powder
                 ;
                 pound
                 them
                 together
                 ,
                 with
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 spoonfulls
                 of
                 Brandy
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 little
                 Camphire
                 ;
                 and
                 Granadoes
                 that
                 are
                 so
                 made
                 are
                 excellent
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 11.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   make
                   Artificial
                   Fire-works
                   ,
                   that
                   burn
                   under
                   Water
                   .
                
              
               
                 TAke
                 Tar
                 ,
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 Camphire
                 ,
                 Colophonia
                 ,
                 Turpentine
                 ,
                 Rosin
                 ,
                 Quick-lime
                 ,
                 Lintseed
                 Oyl
                 ,
                 of
                 each
                 a
                 pound
                 ,
                 incorporate
                 them
                 together
                 
                 with
                 a
                 French
                 pint
                 of
                 Brandy
                 ,
                 and
                 half
                 a
                 Septier
                 of
                 Aqua
                 Fortis
                 ;
                 put
                 them
                 into
                 a
                 Barrel
                 ,
                 to
                 which
                 add
                 if
                 you
                 please
                 ,
                 charged
                 Granadoes
                 ,
                 Pommels
                 of
                 Swords
                 ,
                 Pistol-Barrels
                 ,
                 charged
                 with
                 Powder
                 and
                 Shot
                 ;
                 set
                 Fire
                 to
                 all
                 at
                 the
                 Bung-hole
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 slow
                 fuse
                 ;
                 throw
                 that
                 Engine
                 upon
                 what
                 you
                 please
                 ,
                 you
                 will
                 see
                 it
                 burn
                 ,
                 even
                 under
                 water
                 ,
                 and
                 no
                 man
                 dares
                 approach
                 it
                 to
                 quench
                 the
                 Fire
                 .
                 The
                 Carcasses
                 which
                 have
                 been
                 lately
                 invented
                 produce
                 the
                 same
                 effect
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 12.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Provision
                   for
                   Artificial
                   Fire-works
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Arsenals
                 and
                 Magazines
                 of
                 Frontier
                 places
                 ,
                 should
                 not
                 onely
                 be
                 provided
                 of
                 Arms
                 and
                 necessary
                 Instruments
                 for
                 the
                 defence
                 and
                 attacking
                 of
                 Towns
                 ,
                 but
                 likewise
                 of
                 all
                 Ingredients
                 fit
                 for
                 the
                 Composition
                 of
                 Fire-works
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 Provision
                 should
                 be
                 made
                 of
                 Salt-peter
                 ,
                 Charcole
                 ,
                 
                 Camphire
                 ,
                 Sulphur
                 ,
                 Pine
                 Rosin
                 ,
                 Oyl
                 of
                 Peter
                 ,
                 Lintseed
                 Oyl
                 ,
                 Oyl
                 of
                 Aspick
                 ,
                 Tar
                 ,
                 Venice
                 Turpentine
                 ,
                 Aliquitran
                 of
                 Spain
                 ,
                 Black
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 Grecian
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 or
                 Colophonia
                 ,
                 Spanish
                 Pitch
                 ,
                 Wax
                 ,
                 Tallow
                 ,
                 Varnish
                 in
                 Grain
                 ,
                 Mastick
                 ,
                 Salarmoniac
                 ,
                 Common
                 Salt
                 ,
                 Quick-Silver
                 ,
                 Vitriol
                 ,
                 Brandy
                 ,
                 Aqua
                 Fortis
                 ,
                 Vinegar
                 ,
                 Frankincense
                 ,
                 Dust
                 of
                 Lead
                 ,
                 pounded
                 Glass
                 ,
                 of
                 all
                 sorts
                 of
                 fat
                 and
                 dry
                 Woods
                 ,
                 Hemp
                 ,
                 Ship-Pitch
                 ,
                 Burning
                 Balls
                 ,
                 Granado's-Burning
                 or
                 Fire-Hoops
                 ,
                 Lances
                 and
                 Fire-Trunks
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               IV.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Roman
                 Fire-works
              
               .
            
             
               THe
               Romans
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               We
               ,
               made
               use
               of
               Fire-works
               ,
               and
               amongst
               others
               of
               those
               they
               called
               Malleoloi
               ,
               which
               were
               Arrows
               of
               Canes
               ,
               encompassed
               with
               Pitched-Tow
               ,
               
               to
               those
               they
               put
               Fire
               ,
               and
               instantly
               threw
               them
               against
               the
               Engines
               of
               the
               Enemies
               ,
               which
               they
               quickly
               burnt
               ,
               unless
               the
               Fire
               was
               put
               out
               with
               Dust
               ,
               there
               being
               no
               other
               way
               to
               quench
               it
               ;
               and
               our
               Fire-Lances
               or
               Trunks
               do
               very
               much
               resemble
               them
               both
               in
               shape
               and
               operation
               .
               They
               were
               besides
               accustomed
               to
               fill
               Earthen
               Pots
               with
               Pitch
               ,
               Sulphur
               and
               Tow
               ,
               to
               which
               having
               set
               Fire
               ,
               they
               threw
               them
               with
               Slings
               into
               besieged
               places
               :
               The
               flame
               of
               these
               spread
               on
               all
               hands
               and
               consumed
               every
               thing
               it
               met
               with
               .
            
             
               They
               made
               use
               also
               of
               Torches
               of
               Rosin
               ,
               at
               the
               end
               whereof
               they
               had
               shard-pointed
               Iron-Heads
               ,
               like
               to
               the
               Rowels
               of
               Spurs
               ,
               which
               fastned
               in
               the
               Engines
               ,
               that
               the
               Fire
               of
               the
               Torches
               might
               the
               more
               easily
               consume
               them
               .
               
                 Infixae
                 inhaerentesque
                 Machinis
                 facile
                 eas
                 concremabant
                 .
              
            
             
             
               Besides
               the
               Fire-Works
               which
               they
               shot
               out
               of
               Cross-Bows
               ,
               they
               likewise
               threw
               upon
               those
               who
               mounted
               an
               Assault
               ,
               Boyling-hot
               Oyl
               ,
               Pitch
               ,
               Melted
               Lead
               ,
               Hot
               Water
               ,
               Godrons
               or
               Ship-Pitch
               ,
               Lighted
               Torches
               ,
               and
               several
               other
               burning
               materials
               ,
               as
               Caesar
               affirms
               .
               
                 Picem
                 re
                 liquasque
                 res
                 ,
                 quibus
                 ignis
                 excitari
                 potest
                 fundabant
                 .
              
            
          
        
         
           
           
             The
             Third
             Book
             OF
             VVar-Engines
             .
          
           
             AMongst
             War-Engines
             ,
             we
             reckon
             all
             Pieces
             that
             serve
             to
             overthrow
             and
             ruine
             the
             Enemies
             Works
             ,
             and
             facilitate
             the
             taking
             of
             their
             Places
             .
             It
             is
             my
             design
             to
             speak
             of
             every
             Piece
             particularly
             ;
             yet
             I
             have
             thought
             that
             I
             should
             not
             swerve
             much
             from
             my
             Subject
             ,
             if
             I
             began
             this
             third
             Book
             by
             a
             Chapter
             of
             the
             Casting
             and
             Framing
             of
             Pieces
             of
             Artillery
             .
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               I.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Casting
                 and
                 Framing
                 of
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Artillery
                 .
              
            
             
               IN
               casting
               of
               Pieces
               of
               Artillery
               ,
               there
               is
               commonly
               allowed
               for
               every
               hundred
               weight
               of
               fine
               Copper
               ,
               Twenty
               pound
               of
               Metal
               ;
               by
               Metal
               I
               understand
               Bell-Metal
               .
            
             
               In
               defect
               of
               this
               Metal
               the
               finest
               Tin
               is
               used
               ;
               and
               then
               for
               every
               hundred
               weight
               of
               fine
               Copper
               ,
               there
               must
               Ten
               pound
               of
               the
               best
               Tin
               be
               allowed
               ;
               or
               otherwayes
               Ten
               pound
               of
               Lattin
               ,
               and
               Eight
               of
               the
               finest
               Tin
               ;
               but
               because
               the
               Casting
               of
               Pieces
               cannot
               be
               without
               some
               loss
               ;
               for
               every
               Six
               pounds
               of
               Metal
               ,
               there
               is
               a
               pound
               allowed
               in
               over-plus
               .
            
             
               Founders
               should
               have
               a
               special
               care
               of
               the
               preparing
               and
               mixing
               of
               the
               Metals
               ,
               as
               well
               as
               of
               the
               internal
               smoothness
               and
               neatness
               of
               the
               Pieces
               ,
               and
               therefore
               they
               ought
               to
               chuse
               the
               
               most
               proper
               Materials
               ,
               and
               take
               heed
               that
               the
               Clay
               of
               the
               Moulds
               be
               good
               ,
               well
               beaten
               and
               wrought
               as
               they
               ought
               to
               be
               with
               Flocks
               and
               Hair
               ,
               that
               the
               Moulds
               and
               all
               that
               the
               Piece
               is
               cast
               upon
               ,
               be
               well
               greased
               with
               Tallow
               ,
               well
               bound
               and
               banded
               with
               Iron
               ,
               well
               baked
               and
               prepared
               ,
               well
               placed
               and
               laid
               ,
               that
               the
               Tronions
               be
               so
               exactly
               set
               ,
               that
               the
               Piece
               may
               be
               almost
               in
               an
               equal
               balance
               ,
               weighing
               as
               much
               in
               the
               Chase
               as
               in
               the
               charged
               Cilinder
               and
               Breech
               ;
               so
               that
               a
               single
               Man
               may
               easily
               either
               raise
               or
               let
               her
               down
               in
               her
               Carriage
               .
            
             
               A
               Piece
               must
               be
               alwayes
               strong
               at
               the
               place
               of
               the
               Tronions
               ,
               because
               there
               is
               the
               greatest
               stress
               ,
               and
               the
               beginning
               of
               motion
               .
            
             
               A
               Piece
               must
               be
               well
               repaired
               ,
               tryed
               ,
               and
               proved
               before
               she
               be
               mounted
               on
               her
               Carriage
               ;
               and
               care
               must
               be
               had
               that
               there
               be
               no
               Cracks
               ,
               Flaws
               ,
               Crevasses
               ,
               nor
               Honey-combs
               in
               her
               Cylender
               or
               Chace
               ,
               which
               commonly
               happens
               when
               the
               Metal
               is
               run
               too
               cold
               ,
               when
               the
               Mould
               is
               not
               well
               
               tempered
               ,
               or
               when
               the
               Tin
               is
               not
               well
               mingled
               and
               incorporated
               as
               it
               ought
               to
               be
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               II.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 a
                 Canon
                 ,
                 its
                 Carriage
                 ,
                 its
                 Vtensils
                 and
                 Service
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   a
                   Canon
                
                 .
              
               
                 THere
                 are
                 six
                 sizes
                 of
                 Artillery
                 ,
                 to
                 wit
                 ,
                 The
                 Canon
                 ,
                 the
                 Culverin
                 ,
                 the
                 Bastard
                 ,
                 the
                 Minion
                 ,
                 the
                 Faucon
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Fauconet
                 .
                 I
                 intend
                 to
                 speak
                 particularly
                 of
                 each
                 Piece
                 ,
                 and
                 to
                 explain
                 their
                 Size
                 ,
                 their
                 Range
                 ,
                 or
                 Carrying
                 ,
                 their
                 Length
                 and
                 Weight
                 ;
                 but
                 I
                 judged
                 it
                 not
                 amiss
                 first
                 to
                 give
                 a
                 representation
                 of
                 a
                 Canon
                 ,
                 and
                 its
                 Carriage
                 ,
                 with
                 an
                 explication
                 of
                 theirs
                 parts
                 both
                 internal
                 and
                 external
                 .
              
               
               
               
                 
                   
                     The
                     Coine
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     Linstock
                  
                   
                     The
                     Rammer
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     Ladle
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     Spunge
                     .
                  
                   
                     The
                     Wheele
                     .
                  
                
              
               
                 
                 
                   The
                   Explication
                   of
                   this
                   Figure
                   .
                
                 
                   AB
                   ,
                   The
                   diameter
                   of
                   the
                   Bore
                   or
                   Mouth
                   of
                   a
                   Canon
                   is
                   six
                   inches
                   and
                   two
                   lignes
                   .
                
                 
                   CD
                   ,
                   The
                   thickness
                   of
                   the
                   Sides
                   and
                   Metal
                   ,
                   two
                   inches
                   .
                
                 
                   EG
                   ,
                   The
                   thickness
                   of
                   the
                   Metal
                   at
                   the
                   Breech
                   ,
                   six
                   inches
                   .
                
                 
                   EB
                   ,
                   The
                   whole
                   Chase
                   nine
                   foot
                   long
                   ,
                   and
                   the
                   Cylinder
                   all
                   of
                   the
                   same
                   largeness
                   .
                
                 
                   RS
                   ,
                   The
                   Tronions
                   six
                   inches
                   in
                   diameter
                   .
                
                 
                   K
                   ,
                   The
                   Murrion
                   or
                   Moulding
                   of
                   the
                   Muzzel
                   .
                
                 
                   NA
                   ,
                   The
                   Chace
                   of
                   the
                   Gun
                   five
                   foot
                   and
                   a
                   half
                   long
                   .
                
                 
                   NX
                   ,
                   The
                   Chamber
                   or
                   charged
                   Cylinder
                   in
                   length
                   four
                   foot
                   and
                   a
                   half
                   and
                   three
                   lignes
                   .
                
                 
                   L
                   ,
                   The
                   Base
                   Ring
                   .
                
                 
                   EX
                   ,
                   The
                   Breech
                   .
                
                 
                   TT
                   ,
                   The
                   Cornish
                   Ring
                   .
                
                 
                   ee
                   ,
                   The
                   Re-inforce
                   Ring
                   ,
                   distant
                   from
                   the
                   Mouth
                   four
                   foot
                   and
                   a
                   half
                   ,
                   and
                   from
                   the
                   Trunions
                   half
                   a
                   foot
                   ..
                
                 
                   I
                   ,
                   The
                   Touch-hole
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Charge
                   of
                   a
                   Piece
                   .
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Powder
                 for
                 the
                 Charge
                 of
                 any
                 Piece
                 whatsoever
                 ,
                 is
                 a
                 third
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 weight
                 of
                 the
                 Bullet
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Ladle
                 of
                 each
                 Piece
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 made
                 in
                 such
                 a
                 manner
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 contain
                 exactly
                 the
                 quantity
                 of
                 Powder
                 that
                 is
                 necessary
                 for
                 the
                 Charge
                 .
                 A
                 Piece
                 that
                 has
                 just
                 fired
                 should
                 never
                 be
                 charged
                 again
                 ,
                 untill
                 it
                 be
                 first
                 cooled
                 with
                 Water
                 ,
                 which
                 does
                 as
                 well
                 as
                 Vinegar
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 heretofore
                 used
                 ,
                 and
                 which
                 is
                 at
                 present
                 thought
                 fitter
                 for
                 Sallades
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   How
                   to
                   level
                   ,
                   or
                   bring
                   a
                   Gun
                   to
                   pass
                   .
                
              
               
                 EVery
                 Piece
                 in
                 a
                 Battery
                 must
                 have
                 its
                 necessary
                 Utensils
                 ,
                 its
                 Magazine
                 ,
                 Men
                 to
                 traverse
                 and
                 serve
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Gunner
                 to
                 level
                 it
                 ,
                 guiding
                 his
                 sight
                 from
                 the
                 Breech
                 to
                 the
                 Muzzel
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 causes
                 to
                 be
                 raised
                 or
                 made
                 
                 lower
                 ,
                 according
                 as
                 he
                 judges
                 convenient
                 ,
                 by
                 advancing
                 or
                 drawing
                 back
                 the
                 Coins
                 that
                 are
                 under
                 the
                 Breech
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Ammunition
                   and
                   Vtensils
                   of
                   a
                   Canon
                   .
                
              
               
                 WHen
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Artillery
                 go
                 into
                 the
                 Field
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 always
                 attended
                 with
                 Wagons
                 which
                 carry
                 their
                 Ammunition
                 .
              
               
                 Wagons
                 drawn
                 by
                 four
                 Horses
                 carry
                 each
                 a
                 thousand
                 or
                 twelve
                 hundred
                 weight
                 ;
                 one
                 Wagon
                 carries
                 Thirty
                 three
                 Canon
                 Bullets
                 ,
                 there
                 are
                 therefore
                 required
                 six
                 Wagons
                 and
                 twenty
                 four
                 Horses
                 for
                 the
                 Carriage
                 of
                 the
                 Ammunition
                 that
                 a
                 Canon
                 may
                 spend
                 in
                 a
                 day
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 hundred
                 Bullets
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 thousand
                 four
                 hundred
                 weight
                 of
                 Powder
                 .
              
               
                 A
                 Canon
                 must
                 likewise
                 have
                 its
                 Ropes
                 and
                 Tackling
                 ,
                 a
                 Cable
                 fifteen
                 fadom
                 long
                 ,
                 four
                 inches
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 about
                 ,
                 threescore
                 ten
                 pound
                 in
                 weight
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 smaller
                 Ropes
                 and
                 Tackling
                 
                 which
                 are
                 known
                 to
                 all
                 Artists
                 ,
                 and
                 those
                 that
                 belong
                 to
                 the
                 Artillery
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Utensils
                 belonging
                 to
                 Pieces
                 ,
                 are
                 the
                 Spunge
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 long
                 Staff
                 ,
                 the
                 end
                 whereof
                 is
                 covered
                 with
                 Wooll
                 ,
                 and
                 serves
                 to
                 cool
                 the
                 Guns
                 ;
                 an
                 Iron
                 Ladle
                 to
                 put
                 the
                 powder
                 into
                 the
                 Piece
                 ,
                 the
                 Rammer
                 to
                 ram
                 down
                 the
                 Charge
                 ,
                 and
                 Leavers
                 or
                 Handspakes
                 to
                 re-place
                 the
                 Gun
                 into
                 the
                 Port-holes
                 or
                 Gaps
                 after
                 she
                 hath
                 fired
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Linkstock
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 a
                 Staff
                 of
                 the
                 length
                 of
                 a
                 Cane
                 ,
                 the
                 end
                 whereof
                 is
                 furnished
                 with
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 double
                 Musket-lock
                 ;
                 wherein
                 is
                 put
                 a
                 Match
                 lighted
                 at
                 both
                 ends
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Coins
                 or
                 Quoins
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 properly
                 great
                 Wedges
                 of
                 Wood
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 peg
                 or
                 pin
                 that
                 serves
                 them
                 for
                 an
                 handle
                 to
                 thrust
                 them
                 forward
                 or
                 pull
                 them
                 back
                 ,
                 according
                 as
                 the
                 Gunner
                 shall
                 direct
                 .
                 The
                 Figure
                 will
                 represent
                 all
                 more
                 intelligibly
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Carriage
                   of
                   a
                   Gun.
                   
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Carriage
                 of
                 a
                 Canon
                 consists
                 of
                 two
                 sides
                 ,
                 in
                 length
                 fourteen
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 ,
                 half
                 a
                 foot
                 thick
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 foot
                 and
                 eight
                 inches
                 broad
                 ,
                 the
                 Carriage
                 in
                 the
                 Timber
                 towards
                 the
                 head
                 ,
                 is
                 thirteen
                 inches
                 broad
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 eighteen
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Axel-tree
                 is
                 seven
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Wheels
                 ,
                 if
                 they
                 be
                 shod
                 ,
                 are
                 five
                 foot
                 high
                 .
              
               
                 
                   A
                   A
                   ,
                   The
                   Sides
                   of
                   the
                   Carriage
                   .
                
                 
                   B
                   B
                   ,
                   The
                   Length
                   of
                   the
                   Carriage
                   .
                
                 
                   C
                   C
                   ,
                   The
                   Body
                   of
                   the
                   Carriage
                   .
                
                 
                   D
                   ,
                   The
                   Axel-tree
                   .
                
                 
                   E
                   E
                   ,
                   The
                   Drought-Hooks
                   .
                
                 
                   F
                   F
                   ,
                   The
                   Cape-squares
                   .
                
                 
                   G
                   G
                   ,
                   The
                   Iron
                   Bands
                   at
                   the
                   end
                   of
                   the
                   Carriage
                   .
                
                 
                   H
                   H
                   ,
                   The
                   Ends
                   of
                   the
                   Axel-tree
                   .
                
                 
                   I
                   ,
                   The
                   Wheel
                   of
                   the
                   Carriage
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               III.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Calibre
                 or
                 Size
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Canon
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Canon
                 of
                 France
                 is
                 in
                 length
                 about
                 ten
                 foot
                 ,
                 its
                 Carriage
                 fourteen
                 ,
                 and
                 being
                 mounted
                 on
                 its
                 Carriage
                 nineteen
                 .
                 The
                 breadth
                 on
                 the
                 Axel-tree
                 is
                 seven
                 foot
                 ,
                 its
                 Metal
                 weighs
                 Four
                 thousand
                 eight
                 hundred
                 weight
                 ,
                 the
                 Bullet
                 thereof
                 is
                 six
                 inches
                 in
                 diameter
                 ,
                 and
                 weighs
                 thirty
                 three
                 pound
                 and
                 a
                 third
                 part
                 ;
                 it
                 carries
                 blank
                 about
                 seven
                 hundred
                 common
                 paces
                 ,
                 three
                 foot
                 a
                 pace
                 ,
                 or
                 three
                 hundred
                 and
                 fifty
                 fathom
                 .
                 The
                 same
                 piece
                 may
                 be
                 fired
                 an
                 hundred
                 times
                 in
                 one
                 day
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Bed
                 of
                 a
                 Canon
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 fifteen
                 foot
                 broad
                 ,
                 and
                 twenty
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 for
                 its
                 recoiling
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 end
                 there
                 is
                 usually
                 made
                 a
                 strong
                 Floor
                 of
                 good
                 
                 Oaken
                 Boards
                 ,
                 which
                 sloaps
                 a
                 little
                 towards
                 the
                 Parapet
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Canon
                 may
                 not
                 recoil
                 too
                 much
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 the
                 more
                 easily
                 again
                 traversed
                 into
                 its
                 place
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Culverin
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Culverin
                 is
                 a
                 foot
                 longer
                 than
                 the
                 Canon
                 ,
                 and
                 being
                 mounted
                 on
                 its
                 Carriage
                 ,
                 is
                 nineteen
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 on
                 the
                 Axel-tree
                 seven
                 foot
                 broad
                 .
                 The
                 weight
                 of
                 its
                 Metal
                 is
                 Three
                 thousand
                 seven
                 hundred
                 weight
                 ,
                 the
                 Bullet
                 of
                 it
                 is
                 four
                 inches
                 and
                 ten
                 lignes
                 in
                 diameter
                 ,
                 and
                 weighs
                 sixteen
                 pound
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 .
                 It
                 s
                 reach
                 is
                 three
                 hundred
                 and
                 fifty
                 fathom
                 ,
                 and
                 may
                 be
                 fired
                 an
                 hundred
                 times
                 a
                 day
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Bastard
                   Canon
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Bastard
                 is
                 nine
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 mounted
                 on
                 its
                 Carriage
                 sixteen
                 ,
                 and
                 on
                 the
                 Axel-tree
                 six
                 foot
                 broad
                 ;
                 it
                 weighs
                 
                 two
                 thousand
                 five
                 hundred
                 weight
                 ;
                 its
                 Bullet
                 is
                 three
                 inches
                 and
                 eight
                 lignes
                 in
                 diameter
                 ,
                 and
                 weighs
                 seven
                 pound
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 :
                 It
                 carries
                 about
                 a
                 thousand
                 paces
                 ,
                 and
                 may
                 be
                 in
                 one
                 day
                 fired
                 an
                 hundred
                 and
                 twenty
                 five
                 times
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Minion
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Minion
                 is
                 eight
                 foot
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 mounted
                 on
                 its
                 Carriage
                 sixteen
                 ,
                 and
                 six
                 foot
                 in
                 breadth
                 ;
                 the
                 Bullet
                 is
                 in
                 diameter
                 three
                 inches
                 and
                 three
                 lignes
                 ,
                 and
                 weighs
                 two
                 pounds
                 three
                 quarters
                 :
                 it
                 carries
                 not
                 so
                 far
                 as
                 the
                 Bastard
                 ,
                 but
                 may
                 be
                 fired
                 in
                 one
                 day
                 and
                 hundred
                 and
                 fifty
                 times
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Faucon
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Faucon
                 is
                 near
                 seven
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 on
                 its
                 Carriage
                 eleven
                 ,
                 and
                 five
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 broad
                 .
                 It
                 weighs
                 eight
                 hundred
                 weight
                 .
                 The
                 Bullet
                 of
                 it
                 is
                 
                 two
                 inches
                 and
                 ten
                 lignes
                 in
                 diameter
                 ,
                 and
                 weighs
                 a
                 pound
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 ;
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 fired
                 in
                 one
                 day
                 an
                 hundred
                 and
                 fourscore
                 times
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Fauconet
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Fauconet
                 is
                 near
                 five
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 mounted
                 on
                 its
                 Carriage
                 nine
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 ,
                 and
                 four
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 in
                 breadth
                 .
                 The
                 Metal
                 thereof
                 weighs
                 seven
                 hundred
                 and
                 forty
                 weight
                 .
                 It
                 s
                 Bullet
                 is
                 an
                 inch
                 and
                 ten
                 lignes
                 in
                 diameter
                 ,
                 and
                 weighs
                 three
                 quarters
                 of
                 a
                 pound
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 .
                 It
                 carries
                 two
                 hundred
                 and
                 fifty
                 fathom
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 one
                 day
                 may
                 be
                 fired
                 two
                 hundred
                 times
                 .
              
               
                 Fauconets
                 are
                 commonly
                 planted
                 in
                 low
                 places
                 ,
                 or
                 on
                 the
                 Flancks
                 of
                 Bastions
                 ,
                 for
                 scouring
                 the
                 Ditches
                 and
                 ruining
                 the
                 Galleries
                 .
                 A
                 low
                 place
                 whereon
                 are
                 two
                 Canons
                 planted
                 ,
                 is
                 commonly
                 six
                 fathom
                 square
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Effect
                   and
                   Execution
                   of
                   the
                   Canon
                   .
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Artillery
                 which
                 are
                 most
                 frequently
                 used
                 to
                 ruin
                 and
                 demolish
                 the
                 Works
                 ,
                 are
                 such
                 as
                 carry
                 Shot
                 from
                 thirty
                 to
                 forty
                 five
                 pound
                 weight
                 .
              
               
                 A
                 Canon
                 Shot
                 at
                 two
                 hundred
                 paces
                 ,
                 or
                 a
                 hundred
                 fathom
                 distance
                 ,
                 may
                 pierce
                 between
                 fifteen
                 and
                 seventeen
                 foot
                 into
                 ground
                 that
                 is
                 but
                 indifferently
                 setled
                 ,
                 ten
                 or
                 twelve
                 foot
                 into
                 ground
                 long
                 setled
                 and
                 well
                 fastened
                 ;
                 two
                 or
                 three
                 and
                 twenty
                 foot
                 into
                 sand
                 or
                 loose
                 ground
                 ;
                 and
                 a
                 Canon
                 fired
                 to
                 purpose
                 against
                 a
                 Ground-work
                 ,
                 within
                 the
                 distance
                 that
                 I
                 have
                 been
                 speaking
                 of
                 ,
                 will
                 ruin
                 more
                 than
                 can
                 be
                 repaired
                 with
                 fifty
                 Baskets
                 full
                 of
                 Earth
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 force
                 of
                 a
                 Canon
                 Shot
                 from
                 low
                 to
                 high
                 ,
                 or
                 from
                 high
                 to
                 low
                 ,
                 or
                 on
                 a
                 level
                 ,
                 is
                 equal
                 ,
                 as
                 to
                 the
                 Canon
                 ;
                 but
                 in
                 respect
                 of
                 the
                 Body
                 which
                 
                 receives
                 the
                 Shot
                 ,
                 that
                 which
                 is
                 fired
                 from
                 a
                 low
                 ground
                 to
                 a
                 higher
                 ,
                 shakes
                 and
                 over-turns
                 more
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Way
                   of
                   Nailing
                   up
                   a
                   Canon
                   .
                
              
               
                 BEsieged
                 make
                 sometimes
                 Salleys
                 out
                 to
                 Nail
                 up
                 the
                 Canon
                 ,
                 and
                 attempt
                 the
                 Batteries
                 ;
                 and
                 whilst
                 some
                 throw
                 down
                 the
                 Parapets
                 ,
                 others
                 break
                 or
                 burn
                 the
                 Carriages
                 ,
                 some
                 drive
                 in
                 a
                 Nail
                 of
                 Steel
                 which
                 is
                 hacked
                 and
                 notched
                 ,
                 and
                 break
                 it
                 in
                 the
                 Touch-holes
                 of
                 the
                 Pieces
                 ,
                 which
                 afterward
                 are
                 good
                 for
                 nothing
                 but
                 to
                 be
                 cast
                 again
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               IV.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Mortar-Pieces
                 ,
                 Arquebusses
                 a
                 Crock
                 ,
                 Bombes
                 ,
                 Bullets
                 ,
                 the
                 Carcass
                 ,
              
               &c.
               
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Stone
                   Guns
                
                 .
              
               
                 STone
                 Guns
                 are
                 for
                 most
                 part
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 much
                 of
                 the
                 shape
                 of
                 Mortar-pieces
                 that
                 shoot
                 Bombes
                 .
                 They
                 carry
                 not
                 far
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 are
                 not
                 used
                 but
                 in
                 fortified
                 places
                 ,
                 to
                 incommode
                 the
                 Besiegers
                 when
                 they
                 make
                 their
                 approaches
                 ;
                 the
                 powder
                 for
                 the
                 Charge
                 is
                 regulated
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 number
                 of
                 stones
                 and
                 pieces
                 of
                 Iron
                 that
                 are
                 put
                 into
                 them
                 ;
                 and
                 they
                 are
                 commonly
                 filled
                 up
                 to
                 the
                 Mouth
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Arquebuss
                   a
                   Crock
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Arquebuss
                 a
                 Crock
                 is
                 made
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 in
                 form
                 of
                 a
                 great
                 Musket
                 .
                 It
                 may
                 be
                 fired
                 three
                 hundred
                 times
                 a
                 day
                 ;
                 which
                 comes
                 to
                 five
                 and
                 twenty
                 shot
                 an
                 hour
                 .
                 The
                 Bullet
                 of
                 it
                 weighs
                 three
                 ounces
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Charge
                 of
                 Powder
                 an
                 ounce
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Mortar
                   Pieces
                
                 .
              
               
                 MOrtar-Pieces
                 are
                 of
                 Iron
                 or
                 of
                 Cast
                 Metal
                 ,
                 and
                 serve
                 to
                 shoot
                 Bombes
                 ,
                 they
                 are
                 not
                 so
                 long
                 as
                 Stone-Guns
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 Bore
                 is
                 wider
                 or
                 narrower
                 ,
                 according
                 to
                 the
                 bigness
                 of
                 the
                 Bombes
                 which
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 contain
                 ;
                 their
                 Carriages
                 have
                 no
                 Wheels
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 quite
                 otherwayes
                 shaped
                 than
                 those
                 of
                 a
                 Canon
                 ;
                 as
                 may
                 be
                 seen
                 in
                 the
                 Figure
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Bombes
                
                 .
              
               
                 BOmbes
                 are
                 of
                 a
                 late
                 Invention
                 ,
                 and
                 were
                 never
                 used
                 in
                 France
                 before
                 the
                 year
                 1635
                 at
                 the
                 Siege
                 of
                 Dole
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 made
                 all
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 hollow
                 ,
                 with
                 two
                 handles
                 to
                 carry
                 them
                 by
                 ;
                 but
                 they
                 are
                 not
                 all
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 size
                 ,
                 nor
                 of
                 the
                 same
                 shape
                 :
                 some
                 are
                 round
                 and
                 others
                 long
                 .
                 The
                 first
                 are
                 called
                 Bombes
                 and
                 the
                 other
                 Fire-pots
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 filled
                 with
                 Fire-works
                 and
                 Powder
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 are
                 stopped
                 with
                 a
                 Bung
                 or
                 Stopple
                 well
                 closed
                 ;
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 of
                 which
                 is
                 left
                 a
                 hole
                 to
                 apply
                 the
                 Fuse
                 to
                 .
              
               
                 When
                 Bombes
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 shot
                 ,
                 a
                 convenient
                 ground
                 is
                 chosen
                 ,
                 not
                 too
                 far
                 distant
                 from
                 the
                 place
                 which
                 is
                 intended
                 to
                 be
                 galled
                 ;
                 and
                 there
                 ,
                 a
                 Platform
                 is
                 erected
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 provided
                 with
                 Plancks
                 of
                 Timber
                 ,
                 on
                 which
                 the
                 Mortar-pieces
                 are
                 planted
                 .
              
               
                 Before
                 a
                 Bombe
                 be
                 put
                 into
                 the
                 Mortar-piece
                 ,
                 there
                 is
                 thrown
                 into
                 the
                 
                 bottom
                 of
                 it
                 a
                 Charge
                 of
                 Powder
                 proportioned
                 to
                 the
                 weight
                 of
                 the
                 Bombe
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 laid
                 above
                 the
                 Bung-hole
                 aloft
                 .
              
               
                 So
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 Mortar-piece
                 is
                 charged
                 ,
                 the
                 Artist
                 takes
                 his
                 heights
                 and
                 measures
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Bombe
                 may
                 directly
                 fall
                 into
                 the
                 place
                 that
                 he
                 intends
                 ;
                 that
                 is
                 to
                 say
                 ,
                 he
                 gives
                 less
                 or
                 more
                 elevation
                 to
                 his
                 Mortar-piece
                 ,
                 according
                 as
                 he
                 is
                 near
                 or
                 distant
                 from
                 the
                 place
                 and
                 stops
                 it
                 either
                 with
                 a
                 Coin
                 ,
                 or
                 with
                 an
                 Iron
                 Pin
                 ,
                 which
                 he
                 thrusts
                 cross
                 the
                 Carriage
                 ;
                 that
                 being
                 done
                 ,
                 he
                 sets
                 fire
                 to
                 the
                 Fuse
                 of
                 the
                 Bombe
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 to
                 the
                 Powder
                 of
                 the
                 Mortar-piece
                 ,
                 which
                 forces
                 out
                 the
                 Bombe
                 and
                 carries
                 it
                 up
                 in
                 the
                 Air
                 :
                 when
                 it
                 is
                 come
                 to
                 its
                 full
                 reach
                 ,
                 it
                 falls
                 and
                 breaks
                 in
                 a
                 thousand
                 pieces
                 .
                 The
                 shivers
                 and
                 pieces
                 of
                 it
                 break
                 and
                 bruise
                 every
                 thing
                 they
                 meet
                 with
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Fire-works
                 that
                 are
                 within
                 it
                 ,
                 set
                 fire
                 in
                 all
                 places
                 where
                 it
                 chances
                 to
                 fall
                 .
                 Nothing
                 gives
                 greater
                 terror
                 to
                 the
                 Towns-people
                 of
                 a
                 Besieged
                 Town
                 ,
                 than
                 Bombes
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 ravage
                 that
                 
                 there
                 they
                 do
                 is
                 so
                 extraordinary
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 gall
                 Men
                 ,
                 Women
                 ,
                 and
                 Children
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 know
                 not
                 where
                 to
                 be
                 in
                 safety
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Carcass
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Carcass
                 is
                 a
                 Warlike
                 Engine
                 of
                 very
                 late
                 Invention
                 ,
                 or
                 rather
                 it
                 is
                 a
                 late
                 Imitation
                 of
                 these
                 Burning
                 Barrels
                 ,
                 that
                 keep
                 fire
                 under
                 water
                 ;
                 whereof
                 I
                 have
                 spoken
                 before
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 
                   Book
                   of
                   Powder
                
                 and
                 
                   Chapter
                   of
                   Artificial
                   Fire
                   or
                   Fire-works
                   ,
                
                 and
                 which
                 takes
                 its
                 name
                 from
                 the
                 Figure
                 ,
                 because
                 it
                 is
                 made
                 of
                 two
                 hoops
                 of
                 Iron
                 two
                 inches
                 broad
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 lignes
                 thick
                 ,
                 crossed
                 oval
                 ▪
                 wayes
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 filled
                 with
                 a
                 Bag
                 of
                 Pitched
                 Canvas
                 ,
                 stuffed
                 with
                 Granadoes
                 ,
                 and
                 ends
                 of
                 Musket
                 Barrels
                 charged
                 with
                 small
                 Iron
                 shot
                 .
              
               
                 Carcasses
                 are
                 shot
                 out
                 of
                 Mortar-pieces
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 Bombes
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Fire
                 they
                 make
                 lasts
                 above
                 half
                 an
                 hour
                 ,
                 no
                 body
                 daring
                 to
                 put
                 it
                 out
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Granadoe
                
                 .
              
               
                 THere
                 are
                 Granadoes
                 of
                 all
                 sizes
                 ,
                 but
                 those
                 which
                 are
                 used
                 by
                 our
                 Granadiers
                 are
                 all
                 almost
                 alike
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 commonly
                 two
                 inches
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 and
                 two
                 lignes
                 in
                 diameter
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 charged
                 with
                 Powder
                 within
                 a
                 finger
                 of
                 the
                 Hole
                 ,
                 the
                 rest
                 is
                 filled
                 with
                 hard
                 pressed
                 Tow
                 ,
                 and
                 then
                 the
                 Hole
                 is
                 stopped
                 with
                 a
                 Bung
                 of
                 Wood
                 made
                 very
                 close
                 ;
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 whereof
                 is
                 left
                 a
                 little
                 hole
                 or
                 vent
                 ,
                 through
                 which
                 is
                 put
                 a
                 Fuse
                 or
                 Wild-fire
                 of
                 Fine
                 Powder
                 mingled
                 with
                 
                   Aqua
                   vitae
                
                 or
                 Brandy
                 .
                 Granadoes
                 are
                 thrown
                 with
                 the
                 hand
                 ,
                 and
                 must
                 not
                 be
                 held
                 long
                 after
                 they
                 are
                 fired
                 .
                 They
                 are
                 commonly
                 used
                 to
                 drive
                 Enemies
                 from
                 Trenches
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 Covered
                 Way
                 and
                 in
                 a
                 Lodging
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Granadoes
                 break
                 so
                 soon
                 as
                 the
                 Train
                 is
                 spent
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 shivers
                 and
                 pieces
                 wound
                 all
                 they
                 hit
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Hollow
                   Bullets
                
                 .
              
               
                 WE
                 have
                 at
                 present
                 long
                 and
                 hollow
                 Bullets
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 filled
                 with
                 Powder
                 ,
                 and
                 put
                 into
                 Guns
                 as
                 the
                 others
                 are
                 ;
                 all
                 the
                 difference
                 betwixt
                 them
                 is
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 work
                 a
                 double
                 effect
                 ;
                 they
                 perform
                 in
                 the
                 first
                 place
                 that
                 which
                 Plain
                 Bullets
                 might
                 do
                 ,
                 and
                 besides
                 they
                 burst
                 and
                 break
                 in
                 the
                 hole
                 that
                 they
                 have
                 made
                 ,
                 either
                 in
                 a
                 Wall
                 or
                 in
                 a
                 Ground
                 ,
                 and
                 blow
                 up
                 as
                 much
                 earth
                 or
                 as
                 many
                 stones
                 as
                 a
                 small
                 Fourneau
                 might
                 ;
                 and
                 in
                 this
                 manner
                 they
                 are
                 charged
                 :
                 When
                 these
                 Bullets
                 are
                 filled
                 with
                 Powder
                 ,
                 their
                 Vent
                 or
                 opening
                 is
                 stopped
                 with
                 a
                 Bung
                 ,
                 wherein
                 is
                 left
                 a
                 passage
                 for
                 a
                 Fuse
                 ;
                 to
                 which
                 afterward
                 is
                 put
                 a
                 Sulpher
                 Match
                 ,
                 by
                 which
                 the
                 fire
                 of
                 the
                 Gun
                 is
                 communicated
                 to
                 the
                 Train
                 of
                 the
                 hollow
                 Bullet
                 at
                 the
                 same
                 time
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 forced
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Piece
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 8.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Red
                   Bullets
                
                 .
              
               
                 OTher
                 Bullets
                 are
                 likewise
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 ,
                 which
                 the
                 French
                 call
                 
                   Red
                   Bullets
                
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 are
                 made
                 red
                 hot
                 ,
                 before
                 they
                 are
                 put
                 into
                 the
                 Canon
                 .
                 Their
                 effect
                 is
                 to
                 burn
                 what
                 they
                 meet
                 with
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 succeeds
                 not
                 alwayes
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 9.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Cartouches
                
                 .
              
               
                 CArtouches
                 may
                 be
                 called
                 Boxes
                 of
                 White
                 Lattin
                 ,
                 half
                 a
                 foot
                 deep
                 ,
                 and
                 sized
                 to
                 the
                 Bore
                 of
                 the
                 Piece
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 filled
                 with
                 great
                 Musket
                 Bullets
                 ,
                 that
                 scatter
                 as
                 they
                 come
                 out
                 and
                 spread
                 abroad
                 on
                 all
                 hands
                 .
              
               
                 Canons
                 are
                 sometimes
                 charged
                 with
                 Nails
                 ,
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Old
                 Iron
                 ,
                 and
                 Chains
                 with
                 Bullets
                 fastened
                 to
                 their
                 ends
                 .
              
               
                 Canons
                 charged
                 with
                 Cartouches
                 carry
                 not
                 so
                 far
                 ,
                 as
                 when
                 they
                 are
                 
                 charged
                 with
                 Bullets
                 ;
                 but
                 they
                 do
                 greater
                 havock
                 ,
                 especially
                 in
                 Approaches
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               V.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Petards
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 the
                 Way
                 how
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 used
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Petards
                
                 .
              
               
                 THE
                 Petard
                 is
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Fire-pot
                 ,
                 made
                 of
                 Red
                 Copper
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 tenth
                 part
                 of
                 Brass
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 filled
                 with
                 powder
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 applied
                 to
                 the
                 Gates
                 of
                 Places
                 upon
                 a
                 Surprise
                 ,
                 to
                 break
                 them
                 and
                 throw
                 them
                 back
                 ;
                 as
                 may
                 be
                 seen
                 in
                 the
                 Figure
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Petard
                 of
                 a
                 Bridge
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 twelve
                 inches
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 without
                 the
                 Breech
                 seven
                 inches
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 wide
                 ,
                 and
                 within
                 five
                 .
                 The
                 Metal
                 at
                 the
              
               
                 
                   Bombes
                   .
                
                 
                   a
                   Morter
                   Peice
                   .
                
                 
                   Hollow
                   Bullet
                   .
                
                 
                   Grenade
                   .
                
                 
                   Petard
                   .
                
                 
                   Carcasse
                   .
                
                 
                   Cartouche
                   .
                
                 
                   Chaine
                   Bullets
                   .
                
              
               
               
               
                 Breech
                 ought
                 ro
                 be
                 fifteen
                 lignes
                 thick
                 ,
                 and
                 six
                 at
                 the
                 Muzzel
                 ,
                 without
                 reckoning
                 the
                 Murrion
                 or
                 Moulding
                 ;
                 it
                 hath
                 ten
                 inches
                 in
                 Bore
                 at
                 the
                 Mouth
                 ,
                 three
                 Handles
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Fuse
                 joyning
                 to
                 the
                 Breech
                 .
                 The
                 Metal
                 of
                 it
                 weighs
                 from
                 threescore
                 to
                 threescore
                 and
                 ten
                 pound
                 weight
                 ,
                 and
                 is
                 charged
                 with
                 five
                 or
                 six
                 pound
                 of
                 Powder
                 .
              
               
                 Petards
                 of
                 Gates
                 with
                 Cross-bars
                 ,
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 nine
                 inches
                 long
                 ,
                 five
                 lignes
                 thick
                 at
                 the
                 Muzzel
                 ,
                 and
                 an
                 inch
                 at
                 the
                 Breech
                 ;
                 having
                 seven
                 inches
                 in
                 Bore
                 ,
                 six
                 without
                 the
                 Breech
                 and
                 four
                 within
                 ;
                 it
                 weighs
                 forty
                 pound
                 weight
                 ,
                 and
                 its
                 Charge
                 is
                 from
                 three
                 to
                 four
                 pound
                 of
                 Powder
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Petard
                 for
                 Gates
                 with
                 Plain
                 Bars
                 or
                 Palissadoes
                 ,
                 ought
                 to
                 be
                 seven
                 inches
                 long
                 ,
                 at
                 the
                 Muzzel
                 four
                 lignes
                 thick
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 the
                 Breech
                 nine
                 ▪
                 the
                 Mouth
                 four
                 inches
                 wide
                 ,
                 without
                 the
                 Breech
                 three
                 inches
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 ,
                 and
                 within
                 two
                 ;
                 it
                 weighs
                 about
                 fifteen
                 pound
                 weight
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 one
                 pound
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 to
                 two
                 pound
                 of
                 Powder
                 ,
                 is
                 the
                 Charge
                 of
                 it
                 .
              
               
               
                 Between
                 the
                 Petard
                 and
                 Bridge
                 is
                 put
                 a
                 Madrier
                 or
                 Plank
                 of
                 Wood
                 a
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 broad
                 ,
                 two
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 three
                 inches
                 thick
                 ;
                 when
                 the
                 Wood
                 is
                 not
                 strong
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 covered
                 with
                 Plates
                 of
                 Iron
                 laid
                 on
                 the
                 one
                 side
                 Cross-wayes
                 ,
                 and
                 on
                 the
                 other
                 in
                 length
                 .
              
               
                 Petards
                 are
                 to
                 be
                 charged
                 with
                 the
                 finest
                 Powder
                 that
                 can
                 be
                 had
                 ,
                 knocked
                 hard
                 down
                 into
                 the
                 Petard
                 ,
                 which
                 must
                 be
                 stopped
                 with
                 a
                 Woodden
                 Trencher
                 or
                 Woodden
                 Roler
                 an
                 inch
                 thick
                 ;
                 which
                 must
                 be
                 exactly
                 applied
                 ,
                 and
                 whereon
                 a
                 little
                 Waxe
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 melted
                 for
                 stopping
                 the
                 chinks
                 ,
                 and
                 hindering
                 the
                 water
                 to
                 enter
                 .
              
               
                 A
                 Petard
                 is
                 charged
                 within
                 three
                 fingers
                 of
                 the
                 Mouth
                 ,
                 the
                 rest
                 is
                 filled
                 up
                 with
                 Tow
                 pressed
                 very
                 hard
                 ;
                 afterward
                 a
                 Canvas
                 Cloth
                 is
                 put
                 before
                 the
                 Mouth
                 of
                 the
                 Petard
                 ,
                 which
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 tied
                 very
                 fast
                 with
                 a
                 cord
                 about
                 the
                 Muzzel
                 ,
                 least
                 the
                 Charge
                 drop
                 out
                 .
              
               
                 
                   a
                   Flying
                   Bridg.
                   
                
                 
                   a
                   Crow's
                   foot
                   or
                   Casting
                   Caltrop
                   .
                
                 
                   a
                   Turn
                   Pike
                   .
                
                 
                   a
                   Percullis
                   .
                
                 
                   a
                   Battering
                   Ram.
                   
                
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Arrow
                   and
                   Flying-Bridge
                
                 .
              
               
                 PEtards
                 are
                 applied
                 to
                 a
                 Bridge
                 with
                 an
                 Arrow
                 made
                 in
                 the
                 manner
                 following
                 :
              
               
                 The
                 Arrow
                 ought
                 to
                 have
                 a
                 weight
                 or
                 counterpoise
                 behind
                 ,
                 it
                 is
                 mounted
                 on
                 two
                 Wheels
                 three
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 high
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 thick
                 .
                 The
                 point
                 of
                 the
                 Arrow
                 should
                 be
                 at
                 least
                 a
                 foot
                 wide
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 may
                 contain
                 the
                 Petard
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Arrow
                 is
                 composed
                 of
                 three
                 Planks
                 twenty
                 six
                 foot
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 each
                 Plank
                 made
                 up
                 of
                 four
                 Pieces
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 fastened
                 together
                 with
                 Iron
                 Rings
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 taken
                 a
                 sunder
                 that
                 they
                 may
                 be
                 portable
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 joyned
                 again
                 with
                 an
                 Iron
                 Pin.
                 These
                 three
                 Planks
                 are
                 made
                 fast
                 together
                 by
                 Barrs
                 an
                 inch
                 thick
                 ,
                 two
                 inches
                 broad
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 foot
                 distant
                 from
                 one
                 another
                 .
                 On
                 
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Planks
                 is
                 made
                 a
                 hollow
                 Crany
                 to
                 lay
                 a
                 Train
                 in
                 ,
                 to
                 give
                 Fire
                 to
                 the
                 Petard
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Flying
                 or
                 Roling
                 Bridge
                 is
                 made
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 the
                 Arrow
                 ,
                 except
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 as
                 broad
                 at
                 one
                 end
                 as
                 at
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 and
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 covered
                 with
                 Planks
                 ;
                 as
                 may
                 be
                 seen
                 by
                 the
                 Figure
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   The
                   Way
                   of
                   Vsing
                   and
                   Applying
                   a
                   Petard
                   .
                
              
               
                 WHen
                 there
                 is
                 a
                 design
                 to
                 petard
                 a
                 Gate
                 ;
                 the
                 Scituation
                 of
                 it
                 is
                 first
                 to
                 be
                 viewed
                 ,
                 and
                 when
                 a
                 day
                 is
                 pitched
                 upon
                 for
                 the
                 execution
                 ,
                 the
                 Petards
                 ,
                 Instruments
                 and
                 necessary
                 Utensils
                 are
                 loaded
                 on
                 Mules
                 ;
                 Detachments
                 are
                 made
                 ,
                 and
                 every
                 one
                 is
                 ordered
                 what
                 to
                 do
                 ;
                 all
                 things
                 being
                 well
                 disposed
                 ,
                 they
                 march
                 out
                 in
                 good
                 order
                 about
                 the
                 evening
                 ,
                 that
                 by
                 mid-night
                 they
                 may
                 arrive
                 in
                 the
                 neighbour-hood
                 of
                 the
                 place
                 which
                 is
                 intended
                 to
                 be
                 surprized
                 .
                 The
                 Mules
                 are
                 
                 unloaded
                 half
                 a
                 quarter
                 of
                 a
                 league
                 from
                 the
                 Gate
                 ,
                 and
                 every
                 one
                 takes
                 hold
                 of
                 the
                 Tools
                 whereof
                 they
                 are
                 to
                 make
                 use
                 .
                 The
                 Petardier
                 makes
                 him
                 that
                 carries
                 the
                 Madrier
                 march
                 first
                 ;
                 afterward
                 he
                 calls
                 three
                 for
                 the
                 Petard
                 ,
                 two
                 to
                 carry
                 it
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 third
                 to
                 help
                 ,
                 if
                 need
                 be
                 .
                 If
                 the
                 Petard
                 be
                 fastened
                 to
                 the
                 Madrier
                 ,
                 the
                 four
                 ease
                 one
                 another
                 two
                 and
                 two
                 by
                 turns
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 two
                 who
                 carry
                 not
                 the
                 Petard
                 ,
                 have
                 each
                 of
                 them
                 a
                 Smiths
                 great
                 Hammer
                 :
                 after
                 them
                 the
                 Petardier
                 commands
                 two
                 others
                 to
                 march
                 ,
                 carrying
                 each
                 of
                 them
                 a
                 great
                 Hatchet
                 ;
                 then
                 another
                 with
                 a
                 Goats-foot
                 (
                 or
                 Fearn
                 )
                 another
                 with
                 a
                 dark
                 Lanthorn
                 ,
                 another
                 with
                 three
                 or
                 four
                 Pieces
                 of
                 lighted
                 Match
                 ;
                 and
                 another
                 with
                 a
                 Turrel
                 or
                 good
                 Nails
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Club
                 ,
                 so
                 that
                 every
                 Petard
                 to
                 be
                 rightly
                 served
                 ,
                 requires
                 at
                 least
                 ten
                 men
                 .
              
               
                 When
                 a
                 Petard
                 is
                 to
                 be
                 applied
                 to
                 a
                 Draw-bridge
                 ,
                 the
                 Petardier
                 makes
                 the
                 Flying-Bridge
                 march
                 first
                 ,
                 or
                 the
                 Arrow
                 with
                 seven
                 or
                 eight
                 Men
                 ,
                 as
                 well
                 to
                 carry
                 as
                 to
                 push
                 them
                 .
                 Next
                 he
                 
                 makes
                 the
                 Madrier
                 and
                 the
                 Petard
                 advance
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 order
                 as
                 I
                 have
                 said
                 before
                 ;
                 after
                 follow
                 those
                 who
                 carry
                 the
                 Ladders
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 floor
                 of
                 Planks
                 ,
                 to
                 be
                 thrown
                 upon
                 the
                 Breach
                 which
                 the
                 Petard
                 may
                 have
                 made
                 ,
                 who
                 are
                 followed
                 by
                 those
                 who
                 carry
                 the
                 Hammers
                 ,
                 Hatchets
                 ,
                 Pinsers
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Instruments
                 to
                 pull
                 out
                 the
                 Barrs
                 ,
                 and
                 cut
                 the
                 Chains
                 .
                 There
                 is
                 need
                 rather
                 of
                 too
                 many
                 Instruments
                 ,
                 than
                 that
                 any
                 one
                 should
                 be
                 wanting
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 the
                 Petardier
                 asks
                 any
                 thing
                 ,
                 he
                 that
                 carries
                 it
                 should
                 be
                 ready
                 at
                 hand
                 to
                 give
                 it
                 without
                 making
                 the
                 least
                 noise
                 .
              
               
                 All
                 things
                 being
                 thus
                 disposed
                 ,
                 the
                 Petardier
                 covers
                 himself
                 with
                 a
                 round
                 Buckler
                 ,
                 or
                 some
                 Planks
                 made
                 on
                 purpose
                 to
                 secure
                 him
                 from
                 Musket-shot
                 ,
                 or
                 Fire-works
                 that
                 may
                 be
                 thrown
                 upon
                 him
                 ;
                 he
                 applies
                 his
                 Petard
                 ,
                 commands
                 those
                 that
                 are
                 to
                 fall
                 on
                 to
                 be
                 in
                 readiness
                 ,
                 sets
                 Fire
                 to
                 the
                 Fuse
                 ,
                 and
                 with-draws
                 whilst
                 the
                 Petard
                 is
                 playing
                 ;
                 so
                 soon
                 as
                 a
                 Breach
                 is
                 made
                 ,
                 those
                 that
                 are
                 commanded
                 for
                 the
                 
                 first
                 brush
                 ,
                 enter
                 the
                 place
                 ,
                 and
                 force
                 all
                 that
                 resists
                 them
                 ;
                 they
                 who
                 are
                 to
                 back
                 them
                 ,
                 do
                 as
                 much
                 ,
                 and
                 so
                 successively
                 do
                 all
                 who
                 have
                 any
                 thing
                 to
                 put
                 in
                 execution
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Tortoises
                
                 .
              
               
                 WHen
                 a
                 Bridge
                 joyns
                 ill
                 to
                 a
                 Wall
                 ,
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 beaten
                 down
                 without
                 a
                 Petard
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Brazen
                 Tortoise
                 placed
                 between
                 the
                 Wall
                 and
                 the
                 Bridge
                 ,
                 which
                 by
                 its
                 shivers
                 and
                 pieces
                 breaks
                 it
                 .
                 This
                 is
                 the
                 way
                 of
                 making
                 it
                 :
                 Take
                 two
                 shells
                 of
                 Brass
                 five
                 inches
                 deep
                 ,
                 a
                 foot
                 wide
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 inches
                 thick
                 ;
                 place
                 the
                 one
                 upon
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 and
                 fill
                 them
                 with
                 powder
                 ,
                 putting
                 thereto
                 a
                 Fuse
                 .
              
               
                 We
                 may
                 reckon
                 among
                 our
                 Engines
                 of
                 War
                 ,
                 the
                 
                   Herses
                   ,
                   Sarrasins
                
                 ,
                 or
                 Cataracts
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Orgues
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 great
                 Pieces
                 of
                 Hanging
                 Wood
                 ,
                 and
                 are
                 let
                 fall
                 down
                 thorow
                 holes
                 ,
                 when
                 there
                 is
                 any
                 fear
                 of
                 a
                 Surprise
                 ,
                 or
                 of
                 the
                 effort
                 of
                 a
                 Petard
                 .
              
               
               
                 Turn-pikes
                 ,
                 which
                 are
                 Beam
                 stuck
                 full
                 of
                 sharp-pointed
                 Piles
                 ,
                 which
                 roles
                 upon
                 a
                 Pivot
                 to
                 stop
                 a
                 Passage
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 
                   Crow-foot
                   ,
                   or
                   Casting
                   Caltrop
                
                 ,
                 are
                 Iron
                 Pricks
                 ,
                 made
                 in
                 such
                 manner
                 ,
                 that
                 what
                 way
                 soever
                 they
                 be
                 turned
                 they
                 have
                 alwayes
                 the
                 point
                 upwards
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               VI.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Warlike
                 Engines
                 of
                 the
                 Romans
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Machines
                   or
                   Engines
                   in
                   general
                   .
                
              
               
                 WE
                 call
                 all
                 things
                 Engines
                 ,
                 whereof
                 the
                 Art
                 and
                 Contrivance
                 surpasses
                 the
                 matter
                 ,
                 
                   Materiam
                   superabat
                   opus
                
                 ,
                 says
                 Ovid.
                 From
                 thence
                 comes
                 the
                 
                 Name
                 of
                 Ingeneer
                 .
                 The
                 Ancients
                 called
                 all
                 things
                 that
                 serve
                 to
                 attaque
                 or
                 defend
                 places
                 ,
                 Warlike
                 Engines
                 ;
                 so
                 does
                 Moses
                 call
                 them
                 in
                 the
                 20th
                 Chapter
                 of
                 Deuteronomy
                 ,
                 the
                 last
                 Verse
                 .
                 
                   Onely
                   those
                   Trees
                   which
                   thou
                   knowest
                   are
                   not
                   for
                   meat
                   ,
                   those
                   shalt
                   thou
                   destroy
                   and
                   cut
                   down
                   ,
                   and
                   make
                   Forts
                   against
                   the
                   City
                   that
                   maketh
                   War
                   with
                   thee
                   ,
                   until
                   thou
                   subdue
                   it
                   .
                
                 All
                 these
                 ancient
                 Engines
                 were
                 onely
                 made
                 of
                 Wood
                 pieced
                 together
                 and
                 made
                 fast
                 with
                 Iron
                 ;
                 which
                 were
                 placed
                 upon
                 the
                 Turrets
                 and
                 Corners
                 of
                 the
                 Walls
                 ,
                 to
                 throw
                 Darts
                 and
                 Stones
                 of
                 an
                 extraordinary
                 bigness
                 :
                 Others
                 there
                 were
                 onely
                 for
                 beating
                 down
                 of
                 Walls
                 ,
                 and
                 others
                 for
                 Mounting
                 an
                 Assault
                 ,
                 and
                 for
                 a
                 Scalado
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Tortoise
                   or
                   Testudo
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Tortoise
                 of
                 the
                 Ancient
                 Gauls
                 which
                 the
                 Romans
                 used
                 ,
                 and
                 called
                 Testudo
                 ,
                 was
                 nothing
                 else
                 but
                 the
                 
                 crouding
                 together
                 of
                 many
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 who
                 covered
                 themselves
                 on
                 the
                 Head
                 and
                 Sides
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 many
                 Bucklers
                 .
                 The
                 former
                 Ranks
                 carried
                 them
                 higher
                 than
                 the
                 following
                 in
                 manner
                 of
                 the
                 Tiles
                 of
                 a
                 House
                 ;
                 that
                 so
                 whatever
                 might
                 be
                 thrown
                 upon
                 them
                 from
                 the
                 Walls
                 ,
                 might
                 not
                 stick
                 ,
                 but
                 more
                 easily
                 slide
                 to
                 the
                 ground
                 .
                 Homer
                 speaks
                 of
                 these
                 Tortoises
                 in
                 this
                 manner
                 :
              
               
                 Scutum
                 scuto
                 haeret
                 ,
                 galeae
                 galea
                 ,
                 atque
                 vir
                 viro.
                 
              
               
                 They
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 that
                 Invention
                 for
                 Scaling
                 of
                 Walls
                 ,
                 by
                 mounting
                 one
                 upon
                 another
                 ;
                 as
                 Titus
                 Liviusdescribes
                 it
                 .
                 
                   Testudine
                   parti
                   muri
                   ad
                   mota
                   ,
                   cum
                   armati
                   spuerstantes
                   subissent
                   propugnatoribus
                   ,
                   muri
                   fastigio
                   altitudinis
                   aequabantur
                   .
                   Tacitus
                
                 calls
                 that
                 Engine
                 a
                 reiterated
                 Tortoise
                 .
                 
                   Super
                   iteratum
                   testudinem
                   scandentes
                
                 .
              
               
                 They
                 not
                 only
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 these
                 Tortoises
                 in
                 attacking
                 of
                 Places
                 ,
                 but
                 also
                 in
                 Battels
                 ;
                 breaking
                 through
                 the
                 Legions
                 of
                 the
                 Enemy
                 .
              
               
               
                 All
                 these
                 Tortoises
                 were
                 not
                 in
                 this
                 manner
                 composed
                 of
                 Men
                 and
                 Bucklers
                 ;
                 they
                 had
                 besides
                 certain
                 Sheds
                 of
                 Wood
                 twenty
                 five
                 foot
                 square
                 ,
                 and
                 covered
                 with
                 a
                 Shelving
                 Roof
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Tortoises
                 ,
                 whereof
                 some
                 served
                 to
                 cover
                 the
                 Lodgings
                 ,
                 others
                 to
                 shelter
                 the
                 Workmen
                 against
                 Stones
                 and
                 Arrows
                 from
                 the
                 Town
                 ,
                 and
                 others
                 to
                 hang
                 the
                 Battering-Ram
                 ,
                 and
                 cover
                 those
                 who
                 were
                 to
                 swing
                 it
                 ;
                 these
                 were
                 called
                 
                   Testudines
                   Arictariae
                
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Ladders
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Romans
                 had
                 Ladders
                 of
                 all
                 Fashions
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 alwayes
                 two
                 foot
                 higher
                 than
                 the
                 Walls
                 they
                 intended
                 to
                 scale
                 .
                 Some
                 folded
                 ,
                 and
                 could
                 with
                 little
                 inconvenience
                 be
                 carried
                 any
                 whither
                 ;
                 these
                 were
                 called
                 
                   Scalae
                   compactiles
                
                 .
                 Others
                 were
                 called
                 
                   Reticulatae
                   aut
                   Stupeae
                
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 were
                 made
                 with
                 Cords
                 
                 provided
                 at
                 the
                 ends
                 with
                 strong
                 Hooks
                 ,
                 to
                 fasten
                 them
                 with
                 to
                 the
                 Walls
                 .
                 They
                 had
                 others
                 that
                 opened
                 and
                 shut
                 in
                 manner
                 of
                 Zizack
                 .
                 And
                 others
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 which
                 was
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 a
                 little
                 Watch-House
                 ;
                 whereinto
                 they
                 put
                 some
                 body
                 to
                 spie
                 what
                 was
                 doing
                 on
                 the
                 Ramparts
                 .
              
               
                 They
                 had
                 besides
                 another
                 kind
                 of
                 Ladder
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 termed
                 Rolling
                 Ladders
                 ;
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 which
                 were
                 Bridges
                 :
                 and
                 others
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Sambucae
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 carried
                 in
                 Boats
                 ,
                 to
                 scale
                 Walls
                 that
                 were
                 encompassed
                 with
                 Water
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Bulwarks
                
                 .
              
               
                 WHen
                 the
                 Romans
                 intended
                 to
                 attaque
                 a
                 place
                 they
                 caused
                 Bulwarks
                 to
                 be
                 raised
                 round
                 the
                 Walls
                 ,
                 which
                 were
                 in
                 height
                 twenty
                 four
                 foot
                 ,
                 and
                 in
                 breadth
                 three
                 hundred
                 ;
                 upon
                 which
                 they
                 built
                 Towers
                 of
                 VVood
                 armed
                 with
                 Iron
                 on
                 all
                 sides
                 ;
                 
                 which
                 commanded
                 the
                 Ramparts
                 ,
                 and
                 from
                 which
                 the
                 Besiegers
                 threw
                 upon
                 the
                 People
                 of
                 the
                 Town
                 Stones
                 ,
                 Darts
                 ,
                 Artificial
                 Fire
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 might
                 thereby
                 facilitate
                 the
                 approach
                 of
                 the
                 Battering
                 Rams
                 and
                 other
                 Engines
                 for
                 taking
                 of
                 Places
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 5.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Towers
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Towers
                 which
                 were
                 used
                 by
                 the
                 Romans
                 in
                 the
                 attacking
                 of
                 Places
                 ,
                 went
                 on
                 VVheels
                 ,
                 were
                 very
                 high
                 ,
                 and
                 on
                 all
                 sides
                 covered
                 with
                 Plates
                 of
                 Iron
                 ,
                 which
                 rendered
                 them
                 more
                 weighty
                 ,
                 more
                 difficult
                 to
                 be
                 overthrown
                 ,
                 and
                 less
                 obnoxious
                 to
                 the
                 danger
                 of
                 Fire
                 .
                 These
                 Towers
                 were
                 invented
                 by
                 one
                 Diades
                 a
                 Souldier
                 under
                 Alexander
                 the
                 Great
                 ;
                 they
                 had
                 also
                 other
                 Towers
                 which
                 carried
                 Bridges
                 and
                 Battering
                 Rams
                 .
                 Caesar
                 caused
                 to
                 be
                 built
                 before
                 Marseillis
                 Towers
                 of
                 Masons
                 Work
                 five
                 foot
                 
                 thick
                 ,
                 and
                 near
                 the
                 Towers
                 of
                 the
                 Enemies
                 ,
                 from
                 whence
                 he
                 might
                 incommode
                 them
                 ,
                 he
                 caused
                 moveable
                 Roofs
                 to
                 be
                 made
                 for
                 them
                 ,
                 from
                 which
                 hung
                 Skreens
                 made
                 of
                 Cables
                 or
                 other
                 Ship-ropes
                 ,
                 behind
                 which
                 the
                 Workmen
                 might
                 under
                 covert
                 labour
                 in
                 the
                 raising
                 of
                 the
                 Towers
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 6.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Battering
                   Ram.
                
                 
              
               
                 THe
                 original
                 of
                 Battering
                 Rams
                 which
                 
                   Paulus
                   Diaconus
                
                 calls
                 ,
                 
                   Exterminatorium
                   Iustrumentum
                
                 ,
                 is
                 very
                 Ancient
                 ;
                 some
                 attribute
                 the
                 invention
                 of
                 them
                 to
                 the
                 Greeks
                 ,
                 and
                 others
                 to
                 the
                 Carthaginians
                 .
                 However
                 it
                 be
                 ,
                 they
                 performed
                 in
                 those
                 days
                 what
                 our
                 Canon
                 and
                 Mines
                 do
                 at
                 present
                 ,
                 seing
                 the
                 onely
                 use
                 they
                 were
                 put
                 to
                 was
                 to
                 beat
                 down
                 the
                 Walls
                 of
                 Towns
                 which
                 they
                 intended
                 to
                 take
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Battering
                 Ram
                 was
                 made
                 of
                 a
                 large
                 Tree
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 the
                 Mast
                 of
                 a
                 Ship
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 in
                 length
                 six
                 and
                 twenty
                 
                 cubits
                 ,
                 and
                 five
                 hand
                 breadths
                 in
                 diameter
                 ,
                 and
                 within
                 six
                 cubits
                 of
                 the
                 head
                 was
                 guarded
                 with
                 Iron
                 Rings
                 ;
                 the
                 head
                 was
                 of
                 a
                 knotty
                 Wood
                 covered
                 with
                 Iron
                 ,
                 and
                 represented
                 the
                 Head
                 of
                 a
                 Ram
                 with
                 Horns
                 ,
                 and
                 therefore
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 Battering
                 Ram
                 was
                 given
                 to
                 that
                 Engine
                 .
                 The
                 Battering
                 Ram
                 hung
                 betwixt
                 great
                 Beams
                 of
                 Wood
                 ,
                 by
                 Massive
                 Iron
                 Chains
                 ,
                 and
                 required
                 a
                 hundred
                 men
                 to
                 swing
                 and
                 push
                 it
                 violently
                 against
                 the
                 Walls
                 .
                 
                   Repulsus
                   magna
                   virorum
                   manu
                
                 ;
                 says
                 Flavius
                 ,
                 The
                 shape
                 of
                 it
                 may
                 be
                 seen
                 in
                 the
                 Figure
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 7.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Counter-Engines
                
                 .
              
               
                 TO
                 hinder
                 Assaults
                 and
                 Storms
                 ,
                 the
                 besieged
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 huge
                 Stones
                 ,
                 Wheels
                 ,
                 Wagons
                 with
                 four
                 Wheels
                 filled
                 with
                 weighty
                 Matters
                 ,
                 Columns
                 ,
                 Cylinders
                 ,
                 Mill-stones
                 ,
                 Tuns
                 ,
                 and
                 Artificial
                 Fire
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 threw
                 upon
                 the
                 Besiegers
                 and
                 their
                 Engines
                 ,
                 
                 with
                 purpose
                 to
                 break
                 them
                 ,
                 or
                 to
                 reduce
                 them
                 to
                 Ashes
                 .
                 They
                 hindered
                 the
                 effects
                 of
                 the
                 Battering
                 Rams
                 ,
                 by
                 opposing
                 to
                 them
                 Packs
                 of
                 Wooll
                 ,
                 or
                 by
                 catching
                 hold
                 of
                 them
                 with
                 Snares
                 ,
                 or
                 Iron
                 Engines
                 made
                 in
                 form
                 of
                 Pinsers
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Woolves
                 ,
                 meaning
                 that
                 such
                 Woolves
                 could
                 catch
                 the
                 Ram
                 ,
                 because
                 with
                 these
                 Engines
                 they
                 drew
                 the
                 Battering
                 Rams
                 up
                 ,
                 or
                 broke
                 them
                 in
                 the
                 middle
                 .
              
            
          
           
             The
             End
             of
             the
             Third
             Book
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             The
             Fourth
             Book
             OF
             ENSIGNS
             ,
             TRUMPETS
             ,
             AND
             OTHER
             INSTRUMENTS
             OF
             WAR
             .
          
           
             IT
             may
             perhaps
             seem
             strange
             ,
             that
             I
             have
             comprehended
             in
             one
             and
             th●
             same
             Book
             ,
             and
             under
             one
             sole
             Title
             ,
             Ensings
             ,
             Trumpets
             ,
             and
             other
             Instruments
             of
             War
             ,
             considering
             the
             small
             Analogy
             they
             have
             to
             one
             another
             .
             I
             frankly
             confess
             ,
             that
             as
             to
             the
             Form
             there
             is
             none
             at
             all
             ;
             but
             as
             to
             the
             Use
             and
             Property
             ,
             I
             maintain
             there
             is
             a
             great
             deal
             .
             We
             call
             that
             a
             Sign
             whichmarks
             any
             thing
             to
             us
             ,
             
               Signum
               a
               significatione
            
             .
             Now
             Ensigns
             have
             onely
             been
             so
             called
             because
             they
             signified
             to
             Souldiers
             their
             Camps
             ,
             Marches
             ,
             their
             Fields
             of
             Batrel
             ,
             
             and
             the
             Places
             of
             their
             gathering
             together
             and
             rallying
             .
             Are
             not
             Drums
             and
             Trumpets
             the
             signs
             of
             notice
             and
             advertisement
             ?
             Do
             not
             the
             different
             Sounds
             of
             both
             the
             one
             and
             other
             signifie
             the
             different
             Commands
             which
             the
             Souldiers
             are
             to
             put
             in
             Execution
             ,
             As
             to
             take
             Arms
             ,
             come
             to
             their
             Colours
             ,
             draw
             out
             into
             the
             Field
             ,
             Charge
             ,
             Retreat
             ,
             and
             many
             other
             things
             which
             they
             understand
             by
             the
             sound
             of
             those
             Instruments
             :
             and
             therefore
             I
             thought
             it
             unnecessary
             to
             separate
             them
             from
             Colours
             ,
             Standards
             ,
             Ensignes
             and
             Guidons
             ;
             whereof
             I
             shall
             trea●
             in
             the
             following
             Chapters
             .
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               I.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Ensigns
              
               .
            
             
               THe
               Trojans
               were
               the
               first
               that
               made
               use
               of
               Ensigns
               in
               their
               Armies
               ,
               that
               they
               might
               accustom
               Young
               Souldiers
               to
               know
               their
               Companies
               ,
               and
               facilitate
               their
               
               Rallying
               ,
               when
               they
               happened
               to
               be
               in
               a
               Fight
               .
               
                 Vt
                 tyrones
                 assuescerent
                 signa
                 sequi
                 ,
                 &
                 in
                 acie
                 cognoscere
                 ordines
                 suos
                 .
              
               Says
               Livie
               .
            
             
               The
               Ancients
               in
               the
               beginning
               had
               no
               other
               Ensigns
               but
               Bundles
               of
               Hay
               which
               they
               fastened
               on
               long
               Poles
               :
               from
               whence
               comes
               the
               word
               
                 Manipule
                 ,
                 a
                 Manipulis
                 Foeni
              
               ,
               by
               the
               report
               of
               Ovid.
               
            
             
               
                 
                   Pertica
                   suspensos
                   portabat
                   longa
                   maniplos
                   ,
                
                 
                   Vnde
                   maniplaris
                   nomina
                   miles
                   habet
                   .
                
              
            
             
               But
               the
               mode
               of
               the
               Rustick
               and
               Wild
               Ancients
               lasted
               not
               long
               ,
               the
               Roman
               Custom
               came
               in
               place
               of
               it
               ;
               and
               then
               succeded
               ours
               which
               we
               at
               present
               carry
               ,
               and
               which
               are
               different
               from
               the
               former
               ;
               both
               in
               form
               and
               matter
               .
               We
               give
               them
               several
               names
               according
               to
               their
               various
               shapes
               :
               to
               wit
               ,
               Colours
               ,
               Standards
               ,
               Ensigns
               ,
               and
               Guidons
               .
            
             
               The
               Foot
               carry
               Colours
               ,
               which
               are
               of
               Taffata
               ,
               an
               Ell
               and
               a
               half
               square
               ,
               fastened
               to
               a
               half
               Pike
               eight
               or
               nine
               foot
               long
               .
            
             
             
               Every
               Regiment
               has
               a
               particular
               Colour
               to
               it self
               ,
               except
               the
               Crosses
               and
               the
               Collonels
               Colours
               ,
               which
               are
               always
               White
               ,
               because
               White
               is
               the
               Colour
               of
               France
               ,
               as
               the
               Black
               Eagles
               shew
               us
               the
               Colour
               of
               the
               Empire
               ;
               the
               Red
               that
               of
               Spain
               ,
               and
               the
               Orange
               that
               of
               Holland
               .
            
             
               The
               Horse
               carry
               Ensigns
               ,
               Guidons
               ,
               and
               Standards
               .
            
             
               The
               first
               two
               are
               for
               the
               Troops
               of
               the
               Gens-d'arms
               .
            
             
               Ensigns
               are
               above
               a
               foot
               and
               a
               half
               square
               ,
               and
               are
               made
               of
               Stuff
               embroidered
               with
               Gold
               and
               Silver
               ,
               adorned
               with
               Ciphers
               and
               Devises
               ,
               and
               fastened
               to
               a
               Lance
               eight
               or
               nine
               foot
               long
               .
            
             
               Guidons
               are
               longer
               than
               broad
               ,
               of
               a
               Stuff
               like
               to
               that
               of
               Ensigns
               ,
               divided
               in
               two
               points
               at
               the
               end
               ,
               which
               are
               made
               a
               little
               round
               ;
               their
               Lances
               are
               eight
               or
               nine
               foot
               long
               .
            
             
               Standards
               are
               for
               the
               Troops
               of
               the
               Light
               Horse
               ,
               but
               a
               foot
               and
               a
               half
               square
               ,
               and
               of
               a
               stuff
               embroidered
               ,
               furnished
               with
               the
               Arms
               and
               Devises
               
               of
               the
               Masters
               de
               Camp
               of
               the
               Regiments
               ,
               and
               their
               Lances
               a
               like
               to
               those
               of
               Ensigns
               and
               Guidons
               .
               The
               Figures
               will
               more
               easily
               give
               you
               the
               meaning
               of
               what
               I
               say
               .
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 1.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Oriflamme
                
                 .
              
               
                 THE
                 Royal
                 Banner
                 of
                 France
                 ,
                 to
                 which
                 the
                 Flames
                 of
                 Gold
                 ,
                 wherewith
                 it
                 was
                 bespangled
                 ,
                 have
                 given
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 Oriflamme
                 ,
                 was
                 properly
                 the
                 Ensign
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 which
                 never
                 came
                 out
                 of
                 the
                 Church
                 of
                 St.
                 Denis
                 ,
                 where
                 it
                 lay
                 in
                 Custody
                 ;
                 but
                 when
                 the
                 Kings
                 marched
                 out
                 to
                 the
                 Wars
                 :
                 It
                 was
                 made
                 of
                 a
                 Red
                 Stuff
                 ,
                 about
                 two
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 pointed
                 and
                 cloven
                 ,
                 like
                 the
                 Banderolle
                 or
                 Penon
                 of
                 a
                 Ship
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 fastened
                 to
                 a
                 Lance
                 ,
                 in
                 the
                 manner
                 of
                 the
                 Banners
                 of
                 the
                 Church
                 .
              
               
                 It
                 was
                 left
                 off
                 to
                 be
                 carried
                 in
                 the
                 Reign
                 of
                 Charles
                 the
                 Seventh
                 ;
                 and
                 since
                 that
                 time
                 ,
                 the
                 Oriflamme-bearer
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 Chief
                 Officers
                 
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 ,
                 has
                 remained
                 extinct
                 .
              
               
                 He
                 that
                 wrote
                 the
                 Life
                 of
                 Lowis
                 the
                 Young
                 ,
                 distinguishes
                 the
                 Royal
                 Banner
                 ,
                 from
                 the
                 Banner
                 of
                 St.
                 Denis
                 ;
                 when
                 he
                 says
                 ,
                 That
                 Geoffry
                 of
                 Ranconay
                 ,
                 
                   one
                   of
                   the
                   noblest
                   Barons
                   of
                
                 Poictou
                 ,
                 
                   carried
                   the
                   Kings
                   Banner
                   ,
                   which
                   according
                   to
                   custom
                   came
                   after
                   that
                   of
                   St.
                
                 Denis
                 ,
                 
                   which
                   was
                   commonly
                   called
                
                 Oriflamme
                 .
                 They
                 who
                 make
                 a
                 distinction
                 between
                 these
                 two
                 Banners
                 ,
                 call
                 the
                 Kings
                 
                   Oriflor
                   ,
                   Oriflour
                   ,
                   Oriflamme
                   ,
                   Karlir
                   ,
                
                 and
                 make
                 it
                 of
                 Azure
                 Taffeta
                 ,
                 spangled
                 with
                 Golden
                 Flowers
                 de
                 Luce.
                 It
                 is
                 the
                 common
                 opinion
                 that
                 it
                 was
                 presented
                 to
                 Charlemain
                 by
                 Pope
                 Leo
                 the
                 Third
                 ,
                 when
                 he
                 made
                 him
                 Protector
                 and
                 Defender
                 of
                 the
                 Church
                 of
                 Saint
                 Peter
                 .
              
               
                 
                   Guidon
                
                 
                   Enseigne
                
                 
                   Coulours
                
                 
                   Standard
                
                 
                   Gonfanon
                   or
                   Standard
                   of
                   the
                   Church
                
                 
                   Oriflame
                   ,
                   or
                   the
                   Royall
                   Banner
                   of
                   S
                   
                   t.
                   Denys
                   .
                
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 2.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Gonfanon
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 Gonfanon
                 is
                 in
                 the
                 Church
                 ,
                 what
                 the
                 Oriflamme
                 was
                 heretofore
                 in
                 France
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Office
                 of
                 great
                 Gonfanonier
                 ,
                 is
                 one
                 of
                 the
                 most
                 honourable
                 charges
                 of
                 the
                 Ecclesiastick
                 State.
                 
              
               
                 The
                 Colour
                 of
                 the
                 Gonfanon
                 is
                 Red
                 ,
                 and
                 differs
                 not
                 in
                 shape
                 from
                 the
                 Banners
                 of
                 the
                 Ancient
                 Cavalry
                 ,
                 but
                 that
                 it
                 is
                 cloven
                 into
                 three
                 ends
                 a
                 little
                 rounded
                 .
              
               
                 Most
                 Kingdoms
                 have
                 their
                 Ensigns
                 or
                 Standards
                 General
                 in
                 imitation
                 of
                 the
                 Romans
                 ,
                 who
                 had
                 the
                 Banner
                 of
                 the
                 Consul
                 ,
                 or
                 of
                 the
                 General
                 of
                 the
                 Army
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Labrum
                 ,
                 of
                 a
                 Purple
                 Coloured
                 Stuff
                 ,
                 enriched
                 with
                 Fringes
                 of
                 Gold
                 and
                 precious
                 Stones
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Sect.
                 3.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   the
                   Banner
                   and
                   Penon
                
                 .
              
               
                 THe
                 difference
                 between
                 the
                 Banner
                 and
                 Penon
                 was
                 ,
                 that
                 the
                 Banner
                 was
                 square
                 ,
                 fastened
                 to
                 a
                 Lance
                 like
                 Colours
                 and
                 Cornets
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Penon
                 had
                 a
                 long
                 Tail
                 ,
                 which
                 might
                 be
                 easily
                 made
                 a
                 Banner
                 ,
                 by
                 cutting
                 off
                 the
                 Tail.
                 From
                 these
                 Penons
                 is
                 derived
                 the
                 name
                 of
                 Penonages
                 ,
                 which
                 has
                 been
                 given
                 to
                 the
                 Companies
                 of
                 the
                 Quarters
                 of
                 the
                 City
                 of
                 Lyons
                 ,
                 whose
                 Captains
                 are
                 called
                 
                   Captains
                   Penons
                
                 .
                 In
                 England
                 the
                 Penon
                 of
                 St.
                 George
                 was
                 the
                 chief
                 Banner
                 of
                 the
                 Kingdom
                 .
              
               
                 Every
                 Lord
                 carried
                 his
                 Arms
                 in
                 his
                 Banner
                 ,
                 or
                 in
                 his
                 Penon
                 ;
                 but
                 none
                 but
                 Lords
                 Banerets
                 ,
                 were
                 suffered
                 to
                 carry
                 a
                 Banner
                 to
                 the
                 Wars
                 .
                 When
                 a
                 Lord
                 having
                 for
                 many
                 years
                 carried
                 Arms
                 ,
                 had
                 Estate
                 enough
                 to
                 entertain
                 a
                 Troop
                 of
                 Gentlemen
                 to
                 accompany
                 a
                 Banner
                 ,
                 he
                 
                 was
                 allowed
                 to
                 raise
                 a
                 Banner
                 ;
                 for
                 that
                 end
                 he
                 carried
                 at
                 the
                 first
                 Battel
                 where
                 he
                 was
                 ,
                 a
                 Penon
                 of
                 his
                 Arms
                 ,
                 and
                 presented
                 himself
                 before
                 the
                 Constable
                 ,
                 or
                 him
                 who
                 commanded
                 the
                 Army
                 for
                 the
                 Prince
                 ;
                 from
                 whom
                 he
                 asked
                 leave
                 to
                 carry
                 a
                 Banner
                 ;
                 and
                 that
                 being
                 granted
                 him
                 ,
                 he
                 took
                 the
                 Heraulds
                 at
                 Arms
                 Witnesses
                 of
                 it
                 ,
                 who
                 cut
                 off
                 the
                 Tail
                 of
                 his
                 Penon
                 ,
                 and
                 made
                 a
                 Banner
                 thereof
                 .
              
               
                 Princes
                 ,
                 Mareshals
                 ,
                 and
                 Barons
                 ,
                 had
                 their
                 Banners
                 having
                 their
                 Coats
                 of
                 Arms
                 quartered
                 on
                 them
                 ,
                 carried
                 before
                 them
                 by
                 Squires
                 ,
                 to
                 assemble
                 their
                 Men
                 about
                 them
                 in
                 day
                 of
                 Battel
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Sect.
                 4.
                 
              
               
                 
                   Of
                   Banderolles
                   ,
                   Pannonceaux
                   ,
                   and
                   Faillions
                   .
                
              
               
                 THe
                 Banderoll
                 was
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 little
                 Banner
                 ;
                 carried
                 by
                 Knights
                 in
                 Turnements
                 ,
                 with
                 which
                 they
                 made
                 the
                 sign
                 of
                 the
                 Cross
                 ,
                 when
                 they
                 
                 entered
                 the
                 Lists
                 ,
                 before
                 they
                 began
                 to
                 Fight
                 ;
                 as
                 
                   Oliver
                   de
                   la
                   March
                
                 reports
                 in
                 the
                 Eighteen
                 Chapter
                 of
                 his
                 Memoires
                 .
                 When
                 the
                 King
                 gives
                 Holy
                 Bread
                 ,
                 the
                 Swisses
                 and
                 Officers
                 that
                 serve
                 at
                 these
                 Ceremonies
                 ,
                 carry
                 these
                 Banderolls
                 with
                 the
                 Kings
                 Arms
                 quartered
                 on
                 them
                 .
              
               
                 Panronceaux
                 were
                 little
                 Pennons
                 ,
                 wherewith
                 Ships
                 ,
                 the
                 Tops
                 of
                 Towers
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Houses
                 of
                 Gentlemen
                 of
                 Quality
                 ,
                 were
                 beautified
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Faillion
                 ,
                 is
                 a
                 kind
                 of
                 Standard
                 made
                 use
                 of
                 in
                 the
                 Army
                 ,
                 for
                 assembling
                 the
                 Baggage
                 ,
                 and
                 every
                 Regiment
                 ought
                 to
                 have
                 one
                 of
                 its
                 Colour
                 ,
                 which
                 conducts
                 the
                 Baggage
                 to
                 the
                 Faillion
                 General
                 .
              
               
                 
                   S.
                   P.
                   Q.
                   R.
                   
                
                 
                   The
                   Ensigne
                   of
                   the
                   Roman
                   Horse
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Ensigne
                   of
                   the
                   Manipule
                   .
                
                 
                   The
                   Ensigne
                   of
                   the
                   Roman
                   Legion
                   .
                
              
            
          
           
             
             
               CHAP.
               II.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Roman
                 Ensigns
              
               .
            
             
               THE
               Romans
               had
               one
               kind
               of
               Ensigns
               for
               foot
               ,
               and
               another
               for
               Horse
               .
               Every
               Legion
               had
               its
               Ensign
               General
               ,
               which
               was
               the
               Roman
               Eagle
               ,
               as
               we
               have
               a
               Collonels
               Colours
               in
               every
               Regiment
               of
               foot
               ,
               which
               is
               always
               of
               White
               Taffeta
               ;
               besides
               that
               the
               Manipules
               or
               Companies
               had
               their
               particular
               Ensigns
               ,
               which
               were
               silvered
               Pikes
               ,
               at
               whose
               end
               was
               a
               little
               piece
               of
               Wood
               laid
               a
               thwart
               ,
               in
               form
               of
               a
               Cross
               ,
               with
               little
               Globes
               fastened
               down
               along
               to
               the
               Pikes
               ,
               on
               which
               was
               the
               Names
               of
               the
               Emperours
               ,
               as
               Suetonius
               reports
               .
            
             
               Artabanus
               transgressus
               Euphratem
               aquilas
               &
               Romana
               ,
               Caesarumque
               imagines
               adoravitsigna
               .
            
             
               The
               Armies
               were
               reckoned
               by
               Eagles
               ;
               
               as
               Hirtius
               says
               .
               
                 Erat
                 Pompeii
                 acies
                 tredecem
                 aquilis
                 constituta
                 .
              
               To
               intimate
               that
               the
               Army
               of
               Pompey
               was
               composed
               of
               thirteen
               Legions
               .
               We
               have
               retained
               the
               same
               way
               of
               expressing
               the
               number
               of
               the
               Horse
               ,
               which
               we
               have
               in
               our
               Armies
               ;
               for
               instance
               we
               say
               ,
               The
               King
               hath
               detached
               or
               sent
               into
               the
               Field
               ,
               two
               hundred
               Cornets
               ,
               to
               signifie
               two
               hundred
               Troops
               .
            
             
               The
               Ensigns
               of
               the
               Cavalry
               were
               of
               a
               shape
               different
               from
               those
               of
               the
               Infantry
               .
               The
               Romans
               named
               them
               Vexilla
               ,
               which
               to
               speak
               properly
               were
               little
               square
               Sails
               ,
               almost
               of
               the
               bigness
               of
               our
               Standards
               ,
               which
               were
               carried
               hanging
               at
               a
               Pike
               ,
               like
               to
               the
               Banners
               of
               our
               Churches
               .
               These
               Sails
               were
               for
               most
               part
               of
               a
               Purple
               Stuff
               embroidered
               ,
               whereon
               were
               set
               in
               Golden
               Letters
               ,
               the
               Names
               of
               their
               Emperours
               ,
               or
               of
               their
               Commanders
               .
            
             
               Aurea
               clarum
               not
               a
               nomen
               ducum
               vexillis
               praescriptum
               feriunt
               .
            
             
             
               The
               same
               is
               in
               use
               amongst
               our
               Horse
               ,
               whereof
               most
               part
               of
               the
               Masters
               de
               Camp
               cause
               their
               Arms
               or
               Devises
               to
               be
               put
               upon
               the
               Standards
               of
               the
               Troops
               of
               their
               Regiments
               .
            
             
               The
               Persians
               had
               Eagles
               for
               Ensigns
               ,
               and
               the
               Ancient
               Germans
               carried
               the
               Figures
               of
               Wild
               Beasts
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               III.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 Trumpets
                 ,
                 Drums
                 ,
                 and
                 other
                 Instruments
                 of
                 War.
                 
              
            
             
               THE
               Instruments
               of
               Military
               Symphony
               are
               not
               onely
               proper
               to
               give
               the
               Souldiers
               the
               signal
               of
               what
               they
               are
               to
               do
               ;
               but
               likewise
               to
               animate
               them
               to
               Fight
               after
               the
               manner
               of
               the
               Lacedemonians
               .
               The
               Cavalry
               make
               use
               of
               Trumpets
               and
               Kettle
               Drums
               .
            
             
               The
               Trumpet
               is
               an
               Instrument
               of
               Brass
               doubly
               crooked
               ,
               which
               Heginus
               
               says
               ,
               was
               invented
               by
               Thireime
               Son
               of
               Hercules
               .
               This
               definition
               Vegetius
               gives
               of
               it
               :
               
                 Buccina
                 quae
                 in
                 semetipso
                 aereo
                 circulo
                 reflectitur
                 .
                 Ovid
              
               in
               this
               manner
               describes
               it
               to
               us
               .
            
             
               
                 —
                 Cava
                 buccina
                 sumitur
                 illi
                 ,
              
               
                 Tortilis
                 in
                 latium
                 quae
                 turbine
                 cresct
                 ab
                 imo
                 .
              
            
             
               There
               is
               no
               Troop
               of
               our
               Gend'arms
               ,
               nor
               Light
               Horse
               ,
               which
               has
               not
               at
               least
               one
               Trumpet
               ,
               to
               sound
               to
               Boots
               and
               Saddle
               ,
               to
               the
               Standard
               ,
               to
               Horse
               ,
               the
               Charge
               ,
               the
               Challenge
               ,
               and
               the
               Retreat
               .
            
             
               Kettle-Drums
               are
               two
               Brazen
               Vessels
               ,
               round
               at
               the
               bottom
               ,
               and
               covered
               above
               with
               Goat-Skin
               ,
               which
               is
               made
               to
               sound
               by
               beating
               on
               it
               with
               Sticks
               .
            
             
               Kettle-Drums
               were
               more
               in
               use
               among
               the
               Germans
               and
               Spaniards
               ,
               than
               among
               the
               French
               ,
               who
               heretofore
               never
               carried
               any
               but
               when
               they
               won
               them
               from
               their
               Enemies
               .
               That
               Ancient
               formality
               is
               now
               out
               of
               date
               ,
               and
               the
               King
               bestows
               them
               on
               whom
               he
               thinks
               fit
               ;
               especially
               on
               the
               Troops
               of
               his
               Houshold
               .
            
             
               Drums
               ,
               Fifes
               ,
               Bagpipes
               and
               Hautbois
               ,
               
               are
               for
               Foot
               ,
               Musketeers
               ,
               Dragoons
               ,
               Fusiliers
               ,
               and
               Horse-grandaiers
               .
               Drums
               are
               made
               of
               a
               Chesnut
               Wood
               ,
               hollow
               and
               covered
               at
               both
               ends
               with
               Skins
               of
               Parchment
               ,
               which
               are
               braced
               with
               Cords
               ,
               and
               with
               Snares
               underneath
               .
               These
               Instruments
               serve
               to
               beat
               the
               Reveilly
               ,
               the
               General
               ,
               the
               Call
               ,
               the
               March
               ,
               the
               Charge
               ,
               the
               Parley
               ,
               the
               Retreat
               ,
               the
               Banks
               or
               Proclamations
               ,
               and
               all
               the
               Commands
               .
               The
               Invention
               of
               them
               is
               not
               late
               ;
               as
               may
               be
               seen
               in
               the
               following
               Chapter
               .
            
          
           
             
               CHAP.
               IV.
               
            
             
               
                 Of
                 the
                 Instruments
                 of
                 War
                 used
                 by
                 the
                 Romans
                 .
              
            
             
               THE
               Instruments
               of
               the
               Roman
               Militia
               ,
               whereof
               they
               made
               use
               to
               signifie
               all
               the
               Orders
               to
               the
               Souldiers
               ,
               were
               Trumpets
               ,
               Horns
               ,
               Cornets
               ,
               and
               Hautbois
               ,
               
               as
               well
               for
               Horse
               as
               Foot
               ;
               and
               the
               Legions
               ,
               Cohortes
               and
               Manipules
               ,
               had
               each
               their
               several
               Instruments
               .
               
                 Cohortium
                 ,
                 turmarum
                 ,
                 &
                 legionum
                 tubicines
                 simul
                 omnes
                 canere
                 jubet
              
               ;
               says
               Salust
               .
               Though
               Drums
               and
               Kettle-Drums
               were
               not
               in
               use
               among
               the
               Romans
               ,
               yet
               other
               Nations
               ,
               and
               especially
               the
               Indians
               ,
               used
               them
               .
               
                 Indi
                 tympana
                 suo
                 more
                 pulsantes
                 .
                 Curtius
                 lib.
              
               8.
               and
               
                 Suidas
                 ,
                 Tubis
                 Indi
                 non
                 utuntur
                 ,
                 sed
                 pro
                 iis
                 sunt
                 flagella
                 &
                 tympana
                 horribilem
                 quendam
                 bombum
                 emittentia
                 .
              
            
             
               The
               Parthians
               made
               use
               of
               them
               also
               ,
               but
               in
               all
               appearance
               (
               according
               to
               the
               Description
               that
               we
               have
               of
               them
               in
               Suidas
               and
               Plutarch
               )
               the
               Instruments
               of
               these
               People
               were
               rather
               Kettle-Drums
               than
               Drums
               ,
               because
               they
               were
               made
               of
               Plam-tree
               Wood
               ,
               hollow
               and
               filled
               with
               little
               Brazen
               Bells
               ,
               the
               mouth
               whereof
               was
               covered
               with
               a
               Bulls-hide
               .
               Isidorus
               defines
               the
               word
               (
               tympanum
               )
               in
               these
               terms
               :
               
                 Tympanum
                 est
                 pellis
                 vel
                 corium
                 ligno
                 ex
                 una
                 parte
                 extensum
                 .
              
               And
               
               that
               is
               the
               very
               shape
               and
               figure
               of
               our
               Kettle-Drums
               .
            
             
               He
               describes
               also
               another
               Instrument
               which
               he
               calls
               Symphony
               ,
               which
               can
               be
               nothing
               else
               but
               our
               Drums
               .
               Symphonia
               ,
               says
               he
               ,
               
                 vulgo
                 appellatur
                 lignum
                 cavum
                 ex
                 utraque
                 parte
                 pelle
                 extensa
                 ,
                 quam
                 virgulis
                 hinc
                 &
                 inde
                 musici
                 feriunt
                 .
              
               That
               Instrument
               resembles
               the
               little
               Tabers
               or
               Drums
               which
               the
               Turks
               carry
               before
               them
               ,
               and
               which
               they
               beat
               on
               both
               sides
               with
               Sticks
               .
               However
               it
               be
               ,
               there
               is
               no
               doubt
               but
               that
               the
               Invention
               of
               Drums
               is
               as
               Ancient
               as
               that
               of
               Trumpets
               :
               I
               build
               not
               onely
               on
               the
               Authority
               of
               prophane
               History
               ,
               but
               on
               the
               Testimony
               of
               the
               Royal
               Prophet
               ,
               who
               says
               ,
               
                 Let
                 them
                 praise
                 his
                 Name
                 with
                 the
                 Flute
                 ;
                 let
                 them
                 sing
                 praises
                 to
                 him
                 with
                 the
                 Timbrel
                 and
                 Harp
                 ,
                 Psal
                 .
              
               149.
               
               
                 Praise
                 him
                 Timbrel
                 and
                 Flute
                 ,
                 &c.
                 Psal
                 .
              
               150.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               A
               particular
               Chapter
               of
               the
               Arms
               which
               are
               at
               present
               in
               use
               ,
               as
               well
               among
               the
               French
               as
               other
               Nations
               .
            
             
               SInce
               Gun-powder
               hath
               been
               invented
               ,
               there
               is
               no
               People
               in
               Europe
               but
               makes
               use
               of
               Fire-Arms
               ,
               to
               which
               they
               have
               given
               several
               names
               ,
               according
               to
               their
               different
               shapes
               ,
               as
               Muskets
               ,
               Arquebusses
               with
               Match-Lock
               ,
               Arquebusses
               with
               Wheel-Lock
               ,
               Carabines
               ,
               Choques
               ,
               Pistols
               with
               Wheel-Locks
               ,
               Holster
               or
               Pocket
               Pistols
               ,
               Musketons
               ,
               and
               Fusils
               or
               Fire-locks
               ;
               as
               the
               Ancients
               changed
               the
               names
               of
               their
               Shields
               ,
               Pikes
               ,
               Swords
               ,
               and
               Darts
               ,
               according
               to
               the
               divers
               alterations
               that
               happened
               ,
               either
               in
               the
               form
               or
               matter
               :
               for
               instance
               ,
               They
               called
               A●lides
               a
               kind
               of
               Ancient
               Dart
               ,
               which
               they
               carried
               
               tied
               to
               the
               Wrist
               with
               a
               long
               Strap
               or
               Thong
               ,
               that
               thereby
               they
               might
               more
               easily
               draw
               it
               back
               when
               they
               wounded
               any
               therewith
               ;
               and
               they
               called
               Gevum
               a
               Dart
               that
               was
               intirely
               of
               Iron
               :
               Nevertheless
               these
               Arms
               were
               still
               Darts
               :
               as
               Muskets
               ,
               Musketons
               ,
               Carabins
               ,
               Choques
               ,
               and
               Fusils
               or
               Fire-locks
               ,
               are
               all
               of
               them
               kinds
               of
               Arquebusse
               of
               different
               lengths
               ;
               of
               which
               some
               fire
               with
               a
               Match
               ,
               others
               with
               a
               Flint
               ,
               and
               others
               with
               the
               Wheel
               .
               Arms
               with
               Wheels
               are
               now
               no
               in
               use
               in
               use
               in
               France
               ,
               the
               King
               hath
               not
               long
               ago
               taken
               them
               from
               the
               
                 Gardes
                 du
                 corps
              
               ,
               and
               given
               them
               Musketons
               ;
               and
               at
               present
               in
               the
               Wars
               ,
               are
               onely
               used
               the
               Musket
               ,
               Fire-lock
               ,
               Musketon
               ,
               and
               Pistol
               ;
               as
               may
               be
               seen
               in
               the
               sequel
               of
               this
               Chapter
               .
            
             
               
                 The
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 French
                 Cavalry
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Kings
                 Guards
                 
                   du
                   Corps
                
                 ,
                 the
                 Gens-d'Armes
                 ,
                 Light-Horse
                 ,
                 Cravats
                 ,
                 
                 the
                 Troops
                 of
                 Light-Horse
                 ,
                 are
                 armed
                 with
                 Shables
                 ,
                 Musketons
                 ,
                 Snap-lock
                 Pistols
                 ;
                 and
                 for
                 Instruments
                 of
                 War
                 ,
                 have
                 Trumpets
                 and
                 Kettle-Drums
                 .
                 The
                 
                   Guards
                   du
                   Corps
                
                 carry
                 Ensigns
                 ,
                 the
                 
                   Gens-d
                   '
                   Armes
                
                 Ensigns
                 and
                 Guidons
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Light-Horse
                 Standards
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Kings
                 Musketeers
                 ,
                 who
                 fight
                 sometime
                 on
                 Foot
                 ,
                 and
                 sometime
                 on
                 Horse-back
                 (
                 like
                 the
                 Dragoons
                 of
                 Alexander
                 called
                 Dimachae
                 )
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Half-Shable
                 ,
                 the
                 Bandeliers
                 ,
                 the
                 Musket
                 and
                 Pistols
                 ;
                 and
                 for
                 Instruments
                 ,
                 Drums
                 ,
                 and
                 Haut-bois
                 ,
                 with
                 an
                 Ensign
                 and
                 Guidon
                 ;
                 and
                 when
                 they
                 are
                 on
                 Foot
                 the
                 Officers
                 march
                 with
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 the
                 Pike
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Gorget
                 ;
                 the
                 Ensign
                 with
                 the
                 Colours
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Quarter-masters
                 with
                 the
                 Halbard
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Dragoons
                 who
                 fight
                 on
                 Foot
                 and
                 on
                 Horseback
                 ,
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 the
                 Fire-lock
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Bayonet
                 ;
                 for
                 Ensign
                 the
                 Standard
                 somewhat
                 larger
                 than
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Light
                 Horse
                 ,
                 and
                 for
                 Instruments
                 of
                 
                 War
                 ,
                 Drums
                 ,
                 Bag-pipes
                 ,
                 and
                 Hautbois
                 :
                 And
                 when
                 they
                 march
                 on
                 foot
                 ,
                 the
                 Officers
                 carry
                 the
                 Partisan
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Sergeants
                 the
                 Halberd
                 .
                 None
                 of
                 the
                 Cavalry
                 but
                 the
                 Officers
                 and
                 the
                 Troopers
                 of
                 the
                 Regiment
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 Cuirassiers
                 ,
                 now
                 carry
                 Cuirasses
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Horse-Granadiers
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 Houshold
                 ,
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Cimeter
                 ,
                 the
                 Battle-Axe
                 ,
                 the
                 Fire-lock
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Pouch
                 or
                 Budget
                 filled
                 with
                 Granadoes
                 ;
                 and
                 for
                 Instruments
                 Drums
                 and
                 Haut-bois
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 The
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 French
                 Infantry
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 Officers
                 of
                 Foot
                 ,
                 are
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 the
                 Pike
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Gorget
                 .
                 The
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 Sergeants
                 ,
                 the
                 Sword
                 and
                 the
                 Halberd
                 ;
                 and
                 of
                 the
                 Souldiers
                 ,
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 the
                 Bandelier
                 ,
                 the
                 Musket
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Pike
                 .
                 The
                 Instruments
                 are
                 Drums
                 ,
                 Fifes
                 ,
                 and
                 Haut-bois
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 Pikes
                 of
                 the
                 Kings
                 Guards
                 carry
                 the
                 Burgonet
                 ,
                 Corslet
                 ,
                 Vambraces
                 ,
                 and
                 Tassets
                 ,
                 or
                 Thigh
                 Pieces
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Granadiers
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Sword
                 and
                 Fire-lock
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Budget
                 stuffed
                 with
                 Granadoes
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 little
                 Battle-Axe
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Officers
                 the
                 Partisan
                 and
                 Gorget
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Fusiliers
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 the
                 Bayonet
                 ,
                 and
                 Fusil
                 or
                 Fire-lock
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Officers
                 the
                 Pike
                 and
                 Gorget
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Suissers
                 have
                 no
                 need
                 of
                 Horse
                 ,
                 because
                 they
                 live
                 in
                 a
                 hilly
                 Countrey
                 ;
                 and
                 therefore
                 they
                 make
                 onely
                 use
                 of
                 the
                 Sword
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 Branched
                 Hilt
                 ,
                 the
                 Bandeliers
                 ,
                 Musket
                 ,
                 Halbard
                 ,
                 and
                 Partisan
                 ,
                 and
                 carry
                 hardly
                 any
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 but
                 when
                 they
                 serve
                 Foreign
                 Princes
                 .
                 Their
                 Instruments
                 of
                 War
                 are
                 Drums
                 and
                 Fifes
                 ;
                 and
                 their
                 Officers
                 carry
                 the
                 Pike
                 and
                 Gorget
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Pikes
                 in
                 the
                 Suisse-guards
                 are
                 armed
                 with
                 Murrions
                 ,
                 Gorget
                 ,
                 Corslets
                 ,
                 Vambraces
                 and
                 Tassets
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Officers
                 with
                 the
                 Pike
                 ,
                 Gorget
                 ,
                 Cuirasse
                 ,
                 Tassets
                 ,
                 and
                 no
                 more
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 The
                 Spanish
                 Cavalry
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Spanish
                 Horse
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Shable
                 ,
                 Pistol
                 ,
                 and
                 Musketon
                 ,
                 or
                 Choque
                 ;
                 for
                 Ensign
                 the
                 Standard
                 ,
                 and
                 for
                 Instruments
                 ,
                 Trumpets
                 and
                 Kettle-Drums
                 .
              
               
                 They
                 have
                 also
                 some
                 Troops
                 of
                 Lancers
                 armed
                 Cap-a-pied
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 have
                 retained
                 for
                 ostentation
                 and
                 to
                 serve
                 near
                 the
                 Kings
                 Person
                 .
                 They
                 have
                 also
                 Troops
                 of
                 Dragoons
                 armed
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 ours
                 are
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 The
                 Spanish
                 Foot.
                 
              
               
                 The
                 Foot
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Hilt
                 so
                 extreamly
                 wide
                 and
                 deep
                 ,
                 that
                 it
                 might
                 very
                 well
                 serve
                 for
                 a
                 Drinking
                 Cup
                 ;
                 Bandeliers
                 which
                 are
                 none
                 of
                 the
                 largest
                 ,
                 the
                 Musket
                 as
                 heavy
                 again
                 as
                 ours
                 ,
                 and
                 of
                 a
                 bigger
                 size
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 cannot
                 fire
                 without
                 leaning
                 it
                 on
                 a
                 Rest
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Pike
                 longer
                 and
                 bigger
                 than
                 ours
                 :
                 
                 and
                 for
                 Instruments
                 ,
                 Drums
                 and
                 Fifes
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Officers
                 carry
                 no
                 Gorgets
                 ,
                 but
                 onely
                 the
                 Pike
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Sergeants
                 the
                 Halbard
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Officers
                 of
                 the
                 Regiments
                 of
                 Guards
                 ,
                 mount
                 the
                 Kings
                 Guard
                 on
                 Horse-back
                 ,
                 armed
                 cap-a-pied
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Rondache
                 or
                 Round
                 Buckler
                 on
                 the
                 Left
                 Arm.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 English
                 Forces
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 English
                 Cavalry
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 the
                 Shable
                 ,
                 Musketon
                 ,
                 or
                 Carabin
                 and
                 Pistol
                 :
                 And
                 the
                 Infantry
                 the
                 Musket
                 and
                 Pike
                 .
                 The
                 Foot
                 make
                 but
                 little
                 use
                 of
                 their
                 Swords
                 ;
                 for
                 when
                 they
                 have
                 discharged
                 ,
                 they
                 fall
                 on
                 with
                 the
                 Buts
                 of
                 their
                 Muskets
                 .
                 The
                 Officers
                 carry
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 Pike
                 ,
                 and
                 Gorget
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Serjeants
                 the
                 Halbard
                 and
                 Partisan
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 German
                 Forces
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 German
                 Horse
                 have
                 for
                 Arms
                 
                 the
                 Shable
                 ,
                 Carabine
                 ,
                 and
                 Wheel-lock
                 Pistol
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 Shable
                 hanging
                 at
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 their
                 Saddles
                 ;
                 some
                 of
                 their
                 Troopers
                 are
                 armed
                 with
                 Cuirasses
                 and
                 Head-pieces
                 .
                 The
                 Foot
                 carry
                 the
                 Sword
                 ,
                 Musket
                 ,
                 Espadon
                 ,
                 or
                 two-handed
                 Sword
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Pike
                 .
                 The
                 Officers
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 Swords
                 ,
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 and
                 Gorgets
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 of
                 Partisans
                 or
                 Half-pikes
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Hungarian
                 Forces
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Hungarians
                 ,
                 besides
                 Fire-Arms
                 ,
                 carry
                 likewise
                 Shables
                 ,
                 Battle
                 Axes
                 ,
                 Partisans
                 ,
                 Half-pikes
                 ,
                 &c.
                 
              
            
             
               
                 Polonian
                 Troops
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Polonians
                 use
                 Fire-Arms
                 ,
                 Pikes
                 ,
                 Partisans
                 ,
                 the
                 Axes
                 (
                 whereof
                 we
                 have
                 spoken
                 in
                 the
                 First
                 Chapter
                 of
                 Staff-Arms
                 ,
                 the
                 Fifth
                 Sect.
                 of
                 the
                 First
                 Book
                 )
                 and
                 Darts
                 or
                 Javelots
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Turkish
                 Cavalry
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Turkish
                 Cavalry
                 have
                 no
                 other
                 Arms
                 but
                 the
                 Damask
                 Shable
                 ,
                 and
                 some
                 of
                 them
                 carry
                 Clubs
                 or
                 Maces
                 at
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 the
                 Saddle
                 .
                 They
                 have
                 some
                 Troops
                 of
                 Lancers
                 ,
                 whom
                 they
                 call
                 Fool-hardy
                 ;
                 these
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 Shables
                 ,
                 Lances
                 and
                 Bucklers
                 :
                 their
                 Ensigns
                 are
                 small
                 Guidons
                 which
                 they
                 carry
                 tied
                 on
                 their
                 Backs
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Turkish
                 Infantry
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Infantry
                 carry
                 Shables
                 ,
                 long
                 Knives
                 at
                 their
                 Girdle
                 ,
                 great
                 Muskets
                 ,
                 Bows
                 ,
                 Arrows
                 ,
                 and
                 Darts
                 ,
                 and
                 their
                 Instruments
                 are
                 little
                 Tabors
                 or
                 Drums
                 ;
                 on
                 both
                 sides
                 of
                 which
                 they
                 beat
                 :
                 Haut-bois
                 ,
                 Bag-pipes
                 ,
                 and
                 Musical
                 Cornets
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 Persians
                 ,
                 Moors
                 ,
                 and
                 Arabians
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Persians
                 ,
                 Moors
                 ,
                 and
                 Arabians
                 ,
                 besides
                 Fire-Arms
                 ,
                 make
                 use
                 of
                 
                 Zagayes
                 ,
                 Arrows
                 and
                 Darts
                 ;
                 and
                 most
                 part
                 of
                 the
                 People
                 who
                 have
                 been
                 lately
                 discovered
                 ,
                 used
                 no
                 other
                 Arms
                 ,
                 but
                 Arrows
                 ,
                 Darts
                 ,
                 and
                 Half-Pikes
                 .
              
            
          
           
             
               Of
               the
               Arms
               of
               the
               Ancient
               French
               Militia
               .
            
             
               
                 Infantry
                 .
              
               
                 THE
                 Regiments
                 of
                 French
                 Infantry
                 were
                 divided
                 into
                 Companies
                 of
                 Arquebussiers
                 ,
                 Musketons
                 and
                 Pikes
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Companies
                 of
                 Arquebussiers
                 consisted
                 of
                 three
                 hundred
                 men
                 a
                 piece
                 ,
                 whereof
                 fifty
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 the
                 Breast-plate
                 ,
                 Murrion
                 that
                 was
                 proof
                 ,
                 with
                 Sleeves
                 of
                 Mail
                 ,
                 the
                 Sword
                 hanging
                 at
                 the
                 Girdle
                 and
                 Halbards
                 ;
                 fifty
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 Swords
                 ,
                 Muskets
                 ,
                 Bandeliers
                 ,
                 and
                 Musket
                 Rests
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 hundred
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 
                 Swords
                 ,
                 Match-lock
                 Arquebusses
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 Case
                 ,
                 such
                 as
                 Huntsmen
                 carry
                 ,
                 the
                 Charge
                 whereof
                 held
                 half
                 an
                 Ounce
                 of
                 Powder
                 .
                 The
                 Captains
                 of
                 the
                 Arquebussiers
                 ,
                 mounting
                 the
                 Guard
                 ,
                 or
                 passing
                 before
                 the
                 King
                 or
                 the
                 General
                 at
                 a
                 Muster
                 ,
                 carried
                 the
                 Arquebuss
                 ,
                 the
                 Case
                 and
                 Murrion
                 ,
                 with
                 a
                 great
                 Plume
                 of
                 Feathers
                 .
                 The
                 Pikemen
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 Swords
                 ,
                 Pikes
                 eighteen
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 Murrions
                 ,
                 Corslets
                 ,
                 Vambraces
                 ,
                 and
                 Tassets
                 ;
                 and
                 the
                 Captains
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 compleat
                 Armor
                 ,
                 a
                 Pike
                 and
                 Murrion
                 after
                 the
                 Milanese-fashion
                 ,
                 adorned
                 with
                 Feathers
                 ,
                 and
                 caused
                 their
                 Lackeys
                 carry
                 Rondaches
                 or
                 Round
                 Bucklers
                 before
                 them
                 .
                 The
                 Lieutenants
                 and
                 Ensigns
                 Arms
                 were
                 the
                 same
                 with
                 the
                 Arms
                 of
                 the
                 Captains
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Serjeants
                 carried
                 the
                 Cuirasse
                 Proof
                 ,
                 with
                 Sleeves
                 of
                 Mail
                 ,
                 the
                 Plain
                 Murrion
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Halbards
                 without
                 Swords
                 .
              
            
             
               
               
                 Cavalry
                 .
              
               
                 From
                 the
                 Reign
                 of
                 Lowis
                 the
                 Eleventh
                 ,
                 to
                 the
                 time
                 of
                 Henry
                 the
                 Second
                 ,
                 the
                 Cavalry
                 was
                 divided
                 into
                 Men
                 of
                 Arms
                 ,
                 Light
                 Horse
                 ,
                 Argolets
                 and
                 Estradiots
                 or
                 Albanian
                 Horsemen
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Men
                 of
                 Arms
                 had
                 for
                 Armature
                 the
                 Corslet
                 with
                 the
                 Breast-plate
                 ,
                 the
                 Cuirasse
                 with
                 Tassets
                 ,
                 the
                 Gorget
                 of
                 Mail
                 ,
                 Supeters
                 ,
                 whole
                 Greaves
                 ,
                 Tasses
                 ,
                 Gantlets
                 ,
                 Helmet
                 with
                 Banners
                 ,
                 Arm-pieces
                 ,
                 Gossets
                 ,
                 Poldrons
                 ,
                 all
                 guarded
                 with
                 Mail
                 in
                 the
                 void
                 spaces
                 or
                 Intervals
                 .
                 Their
                 Horses
                 were
                 barded
                 and
                 caparisoned
                 ,
                 with
                 the
                 Crannet
                 and
                 Frontstall
                 .
                 For
                 Offensive
                 Arms
                 they
                 had
                 ,
                 the
                 Sword
                 by
                 the
                 side
                 ,
                 the
                 Tuck
                 at
                 one
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 the
                 Saddle
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Battle-Axe
                 at
                 the
                 other
                 ,
                 a
                 long
                 and
                 great
                 Lance
                 in
                 hand
                 ;
                 a
                 Cassock
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 the
                 
                   Souldiers
                   Coat
                
                 ,
                 which
                 was
                 of
                 the
                 Colour
                 of
                 their
                 Ensign
                 ,
                 
                 and
                 Guidon
                 of
                 the
                 Troop
                 ,
                 and
                 bigger
                 than
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Light
                 Horse
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Light-Horse
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 Gorgets
                 ,
                 Corslet
                 with
                 Tassets
                 below
                 the
                 Knee
                 ,
                 Gantlets
                 ,
                 Arm-pieces
                 ,
                 great
                 Shoulder-pieces
                 ,
                 Head-pieces
                 ,
                 with
                 open
                 Visers
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Cassock
                 of
                 the
                 Colour
                 of
                 the
                 Standard
                 .
                 And
                 for
                 Offensive
                 Arms
                 ,
                 a
                 large
                 broad
                 Sword
                 by
                 the
                 side
                 ,
                 the
                 Battle-Axe
                 at
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 the
                 Saddle
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Lance
                 in
                 hand
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Estradiots
                 were
                 armed
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 manner
                 as
                 the
                 Light-horse
                 ,
                 and
                 and
                 instead
                 of
                 Arm-pieces
                 and
                 Gantlets
                 ,
                 had
                 Sleeves
                 and
                 Gloves
                 of
                 Mail
                 ,
                 a
                 broad
                 Sword
                 by
                 the
                 side
                 ,
                 the
                 Battle-Axe
                 at
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 the
                 Saddle
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Zagaye
                 in
                 hand
                 ,
                 which
                 they
                 called
                 Arzegaye
                 ,
                 ten
                 or
                 twelve
                 foot
                 long
                 ,
                 and
                 headed
                 with
                 Iron
                 at
                 the
                 two
                 ends
                 .
                 Their
                 Coat
                 over
                 their
                 Arms
                 was
                 short
                 ,
                 and
                 instead
                 of
                 a
                 Cornet
                 ,
                 they
                 had
                 a
                 great
                 Banderoll
                 hanging
                 at
                 the
                 end
                 of
                 a
                 Lance.
                 
              
               
                 The
                 Argolets
                 were
                 armed
                 in
                 the
                 same
                 way
                 as
                 the
                 Estradiots
                 ,
                 except
                 
                 the
                 Head
                 ;
                 which
                 they
                 covercd
                 with
                 a
                 Cabasset
                 or
                 Casket
                 ,
                 that
                 hindered
                 them
                 not
                 to
                 take
                 aim
                 :
                 Their
                 offensive
                 Arms
                 were
                 the
                 Sword
                 by
                 the
                 Side
                 ,
                 the
                 Battle-Axe
                 at
                 the
                 left
                 side
                 of
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 the
                 Saddle
                 ,
                 and
                 at
                 the
                 right
                 an
                 Arquebuss
                 two
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 long
                 ,
                 in
                 a
                 Case
                 of
                 Tanned
                 Leather
                 ,
                 over
                 their
                 Arms
                 a
                 short
                 Coat
                 ,
                 like
                 to
                 that
                 of
                 the
                 Estradiots
                 ,
                 and
                 a
                 long
                 Banderoll
                 (
                 as
                 they
                 had
                 )
                 to
                 rally
                 by
                 .
              
            
             
               
                 The
                 Cavalry
                 under
                 Henry
                 the
                 Fourth
                 ,
                 and
                 Lowis
                 the
                 Thirteenth
                 .
              
               
                 IN
                 the
                 Reigns
                 of
                 Henry
                 the
                 Fourth
                 and
                 Lowis
                 the
                 Thirteenth
                 ,
                 the
                 Cavalry
                 were
                 divided
                 into
                 Gens-d'armes
                 ,
                 Light-Horse
                 and
                 Carabins
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Gens-d'armes
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 compleat
                 Armour
                 ,
                 and
                 carried
                 Greaves
                 and
                 Knee-pieces
                 under
                 or
                 over
                 the
                 Boots
                 ,
                 the
                 Cuirasse
                 Carabin-proof
                 
                 before
                 and
                 behind
                 ;
                 and
                 instead
                 of
                 a
                 Lance
                 an
                 Escopette
                 or
                 Petronel
                 ,
                 which
                 carried
                 five
                 hundred
                 paces
                 ;
                 the
                 Holster
                 Pistols
                 charged
                 with
                 a
                 Slugg
                 of
                 Steel
                 ,
                 a
                 long
                 and
                 stiff
                 Tuck
                 without
                 an
                 edge
                 .
                 Their
                 Horses
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 the
                 Frontstall
                 and
                 Petrel
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Light-Horse
                 were
                 armed
                 with
                 compleat
                 Armour
                 ,
                 a
                 Cuirass
                 ,
                 that
                 was
                 proof
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 rest
                 but
                 slight
                 ;
                 they
                 carried
                 the
                 Pistol
                 at
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 the
                 Saddle
                 ,
                 under
                 the
                 Bridle-hand
                 ,
                 and
                 on
                 the
                 other
                 side
                 the
                 Salade
                 or
                 Head-piece
                 .
              
               
                 The
                 Carabins
                 had
                 for
                 Arms
                 a
                 Cuirass
                 voided
                 and
                 cut
                 in
                 the
                 Right
                 Shoulder
                 ,
                 that
                 they
                 might
                 the
                 better
                 present
                 and
                 take
                 aim
                 ;
                 a
                 Gantlet
                 reaching
                 the
                 Elbow
                 for
                 the
                 Bridle-hand
                 ,
                 a
                 Casket
                 on
                 Head
                 :
                 and
                 for
                 Defensive
                 Arms
                 ,
                 a
                 long
                 Sword
                 ,
                 a
                 long
                 Escopett
                 or
                 Carabin
                 ,
                 three
                 foot
                 and
                 a
                 half
                 in
                 length
                 ,
                 a
                 Pistol
                 at
                 the
                 Pommel
                 of
                 the
                 Saddle
                 ,
                 and
                 two
                 Cartouches
                 ,
                 after
                 the
                 manner
                 of
                 the
                 Reistres
                 .
              
               
               
                 The
                 Word
                 (
                 Carabin
                 )
                 comes
                 from
                 the
                 Spanish
                 Word
                 Cara
                 ▪
                 which
                 signifies
                 the
                 Visage
                 or
                 Face
                 ,
                 and
                 the
                 Latine
                 Word
                 Binus
                 ,
                 which
                 signifies
                 double
                 ;
                 as
                 if
                 one
                 should
                 say
                 ,
                 Men
                 of
                 double
                 Faces
                 ,
                 because
                 of
                 their
                 way
                 of
                 fighting
                 .
                 Sometimes
                 flying
                 ,
                 and
                 sometimes
                 facing
                 about
                 .
              
               
                 We
                 have
                 changed
                 the
                 Carabins
                 into
                 Souldiers
                 that
                 fight
                 ,
                 both
                 on
                 Foot
                 and
                 Horse
                 ,
                 whom
                 we
                 have
                 called
                 Dragoons
                 ,
                 in
                 imitation
                 of
                 the
                 Dimachae
                 of
                 Alexander
                 the
                 Great
                 ;
                 which
                 Name
                 comes
                 from
                 the
                 Greek
                 Word
                 Dimas
                 ,
                 that
                 signifies
                 terror
                 and
                 fear
                 ;
                 because
                 they
                 carried
                 Dragons
                 for
                 their
                 Ensigns
                 .
              
            
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
           Books
           Printed
           for
           Robert
           Harford
           at
           the
           sign
           of
           the
           Angel
           in
           Corn-hill
           ,
           near
           the
           Royal
           Exchange
           .
        
         
           1.
           
           
             MAre
             Clasum
          
           ,
           or
           the
           Right
           Dominion
           and
           Owner-ship
           of
           our
           Brittish
           Seas
           ,
           in
           Two
           Books
           ,
           by
           
             John
             Selden
          
           Esq
           ;
           in
           folio
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           
             A
             New
             Description
             of
             the
             Country
             of
          
           Surinam
           ,
           in
           40.
           
        
         
           3.
           
           
             The
             History
             of
             the
             Turkish
             Wars
             ,
          
           in
           
             Hungaria
             ,
             Transilvania
             ,
             Austria
             ,
             Silvesia
             ,
          
           and
           other
           Provinces
           of
           the
           German
           Empire
           ,
           from
           the
           first
           Invasion
           of
           Annirath
           the
           Se-Second
           ,
           1432
           ;
           to
           which
           is
           added
           a
           short
           Discourse
           of
           the
           State
           and
           Goverment
           of
           the
           said
           Provinces
           in
           80.
           
        
         
           4.
           
           
             The
             Sage
             Senator
          
           ,
           or
           a
           Discourse
           on
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           such
           as
           are
           called
           to
           publick
           Imployments
           for
           their
           Country
           ,
           prescribing
           a
           Method
           to
           discharge
           a
           publick
           Trust
           .
           in
           80.
           
        
         
           5.
           
           
             The
             History
             of
             Portugal
          
           ,
           Describing
           the
           said
           Country
           ,
           with
           the
           Customs
           aud
           Uses
           among
           them
           .
           in
           80.
           
        
         
           6.
           
           
             An
             Historical
             Essay
          
           ,
           Endeavouring
           a
           Probability
           that
           the
           Language
           of
           the
           Empire
           of
           China
           is
           the
           Primitive
           Language
           .
           In
           8.
           
        
         
           
             And
             also
             you
             may
             there
             have
             all
             sorts
             of
             Paper
             and
             Paper
             Books
             ,
             and
             the
             best
             Ink
             for
             Records
             ,