Warlike directions, or, The sovldiers practice set forth for the benefit of all such as are, or will be, scholars of martiall discipline, but especially for all such officers as are not yet setled or rightly grounded in the arte of warre, by a practitioner in the same art, T.F. Fisher, Thomas, 17th cent. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A39580 of text R9303 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing F1060). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 91 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 53 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2017 A39580 Wing F1060 ESTC R9303 13743374 ocm 13743374 101681 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A39580) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 101681) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 454:3) Warlike directions, or, The sovldiers practice set forth for the benefit of all such as are, or will be, scholars of martiall discipline, but especially for all such officers as are not yet setled or rightly grounded in the arte of warre, by a practitioner in the same art, T.F. Fisher, Thomas, 17th cent. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A39580 of text R9303 in the English Short Title Catalog (Wing F1060). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread [4], 93, [7] p. : ill. Printed by Thomas Harper ..., London : 1642. Written by Thomas Fisher. Cf. Wing. Errata: p. [7] at end. Reproduction of original in Cambridge University Library. eng Military art and science -- Early works to 1800. A39580 R9303 (Wing F1060). civilwar no Warlike directions: or The sovldiers practice. Set forth for the benefit of all such as are, or will be scholars of martiall discipline. But Fisher, Thomas 1643 14914 28 0 0 0 0 0 19 C The rate of 19 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the C category of texts with between 10 and 35 defects per 10,000 words. 2006-12 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2006-12 Aptara Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2007-01 Jonathan Blaney Sampled and proofread 2007-01 Jonathan Blaney Text and markup reviewed and edited 2007-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion Warlike Directions : OR THE SOVLDIERS PRACTICE . Set forth for the benefit of all such as are , or will be Scholars of Martiall DISCIPLINE . But especially for all such Officers as are not yet setled , or rightly grounded in the Arte of WARRE . By a Practitioner in the same Art , T. F. The second EDITION , corrected and amended . LONDON , Printed by Thomas Harper , and are to be sold at his House in Little Britaine , 1643. THE PREFACE . THese indeavours of mine which I have formerly learned , and practised twenty six yeares in the Low Countries : and having divers yeares instructed and exercised the trained Bands within the County of Kent , Do I present to all such as are inclinable and willing to profit themselves in the Art of War . But especially to all Officers of the selected Bands of this Kingdome , which doe yet faile in the delivering of the right words of command . My purpose is not in this small Tract , to treat of the highest principles , or speculative part of military discipline ; but de●cend willingly to the lowest and meanest capacity : thereby to instruct by short and evident rules in the point of practise and obedience an unexperienced Souldier : and those Officers also who in a private Band are not so well and fully satisfied as they themselves desire , and the good and welfare of their Countrey necessarily requires . For whole better satisfaction & instruction , I have also drawn some small Maps : for smaller and greater bodies , as you may perceive at the end of the Booke : that what I have written may be the better conceived and fixed in their memories . Leaving all strange and forraine discourses which other painfull hands have excellently and learnedly within these few yeares set forth , and well deciphered . Applying my selfe wholly unto these moderne times . Wishing that every one that loves his King and Countries good , the furtherance of the Gospel of Jesus Christ , the safeguard of himself , and all his , being able and fitting for this service , would practise this noble Art , and to have some of those Books which have been set forth upon this subject , to meditate on them at their best leasure . For the Theoricke part is good , the Practicke better . But Theoricke and Practicke both together is best of all . He that hath neither Theoricke nor Practicke , cannot be best , better , nor good . So with my best wishes for the furtherance of the good desires of all such as love this Subject , I humbly take my leave : remembring this old Proverbe , In time of Peace provide for War : that Peace may continue in these , and all other His Majesties Dominions in our dayes , and for ever , our most mercifull God grant , Amen . Tho. Fisher . THE OFFICERS of a Company of SOULDIERS . Captaine . Lieutenant . Ensigne . Serjeants . 2. Drummers — 2. Corporals — 3. Masters of the Armes — Corporall of the Gentl. 1 Clarke of the Band . Provost . In a place of duty . Lansprezadoes — 3. Note that in Collonels Companies are more Serjants , and as many Drummes . Instructions for yong Souldiers , agreeable to that discipline which is now practised within the Netherlands , under the command of the Prince of Orange . I Will first begin with the severall beates of the Drum , becau●e every souldier is bound of necessity to learne to know and observe them ▪ for when the Commanders voyce cannot be heard vnto the whole company , the Drum denounceth and expresseth the same . The gathering of the company unto their colours : when to Troope , March , Charge , Retreat ; and such like . The beats or sounds which are to be learned , are these that follow . Instructions for the Drum. A gathering . A Troope . A March . A Battalia . A Charge . A Retreat . A Reliefe . A Battery . A Call for proclamation . The gathering is the first which is to bring the company together to their Colors , or place appointed by the superiour Commander A Troope . A troope is , that when the company is come to the place appointed , the Commander intending to keepe them close in their order , which is three foot , the readier with advanced Pikes to troope up to the Court of guard , or place appointed for watch . Likewise to charge the enemy , or receive a charge , and is as the voyce of the Commander to all , to advance their Pikes , & shoulder their muskets , if they be at any other posture . A March . A March is , if the company be at a stand or trooping , charging , or retiring , as the voyce of the Commander , to shoulder their armes , and march , if the march be beaten in a longer distance of time then is usuall ; then they must open their files and rankes to the next distance which is sixe foot , the body marching very leasurely ; out if the march be beaten swifter , then are they to close their files and rankes , and to march with a quicker pace ; so that a skilfull Commander instructing the Drummer by signes , may at his pleasure march , troope , stand , retreat , charge , in front , in reare , in right or left flanke , in front and reare , or right and left at once , or every way at one time . A Battalia . Is the uniting of devisions in battaile forme . Likewise a preparation , the enemy being in sight or at hand , giving notice to all to prepare themselves for skirmish or for battaile . A Charge Is when the body is come to push of pike , or neere at hand , joyning body to body with the enemy , that no retiring be from the place , during the charge . A Retreate It a retiring backward leysurely without disorder , either to give way to other battaliaes to relieve them , or for gayning some advantagious ground , or to draw the enemy in an Ambush , or such like , which the superior Commander may sometimes upon pollicy direct . A Reliefe Is a relieving of the watch , and dismissing of Centinels from extraordinary places in day light . A Batterie Is most used in places of worke , as in Trenches , Batteries , Halfe-moones , Horne-workes , Redouts , Sconces , Counterskarls , and such like , that those therein imployed should be diligent in that imployment . A Call Is onely to proclaime the Commanders will concerning the well ordering of the Armie , and of such military Lawes which ought to be kept , that all should give eare unto that which the Drummer either readeth or speaketh . For the beating of the March . I have thought meete for the benefit of each Drummer which is not yet perfect in the March , to prick downe the old English March newly revived in the plainest forme I could invent . Wishing that all Drummers would leave off other forms invented , either by themselves , or others herein unskilfull , that there may be an uniformitie in this Kingdome , as in all other Nations . Within the March are 9. severall lines , or ranks , which must be knowne , and distinctly beaten dividing line from line , by a certaine distance of time , deciphered in short I. and long . in r. and halfe r. Note that these 2. former letters short I. and long ‑ . stands for single strokes : the long ‑ . for the right hand stroke ; the short I. for the left hand stroke . The next two letters , the whole r. for a full ruffe , the half r. in this manner , 2. for halfe a ruffe . Where the ‑ joynes with the r. in this manner , r . the single stroke with the ruffe must be joyned together . The r , and halfe in this manner r 2 is a ruffe and halfe ruffe joyned . There is also a preparation to the March which is only to be beaten once , and no more , at the beginning of the March . The first is the preparation , the March follows . The preparation . rIIr . I●Ir . — II . II . r Ir . rrr . rrIrI . IrIr . rrrr . rr2r2 . IrIr . I have insisted somewhat long in the office of the Drummer , for that I finde a great defect in that place , and would wish a more generall reformation . Instructions for those that are ignorant in arming and disarming themselves . EAch Souldier having brought his Arms into the field , standing with them at their first order as may be observed in the following notes of the postures and motions . Then the Commander giveth the Word . Disarme , or Lay downe your Armes . First , lay downe your Musket , stepping forward one pace with your right foot , then recover your foot to its place : then receive your Match into your right hand out of the left . Next lay downe your Rest , stepping forward with your left foot , recover your foot backe againe . Take your Match into your left hand , betwixt the two lowermost fingers , as formerly : then lay downe your Match with your left foot stepping forward , on the right hand of your Rest recover your foot as before . Afterward in upright forme of body put off your Hat with your left hand , and holding it by your left side , take off your Bandiliērs with your right hand laying it downe betwixt your Musket and your Match , the charges fromward you . Afterwards retire three paces backward , that you may the more gracefully come to the stand where you were , to arme your selfe . The next word of command is . Arme , or , Take up your Armes . First , take up your Bandiliers , putting them on as you did take them off : then your Match as formerly , then your Rest ; last your Musket . Performe these directions , and all other with a gracefull and comely cariage of body . The Word of command : Foot your Armes . The Armes being laid downe , the Souldier standing three paces backe . Armed , and standing at his first order . Being armed , and standing at your first order , then follows the preparation to the Postures . The word of Command is , Prepare . Joyne your Musket with your Rest ; open your pan , blow your panne , prime your pan . Shut , Cast off , and so forward , as you may perceive by the following notes , until you have shouldered and sloped : then begins your postures . The first motion in the Postures is , Slip your Musket ; the last motion is , Give fire . Note , all the rest of the motions that follow after giving fire , until you have sloped your Musket , are dependances unto the Postures , but more especially to the first Posture . Now followeth the action of Souldiers being prepared , their Muskets being charged , as all ought to be , the enemy being not far from them , only waiting for the Word from the Commander , as you may observe in the next place . The Postures and Motions of a Musketteere , the musket being charged , first standing , then marching . 1 Hand your Armes , order your Musket , and Rest , even with your body in the ranke you stand in , which is called your first order . 2 Joyne your Musket with your Rest . 3 Poyse your Musket , and breast it . 4 Shoulder your Musket . 5 Slope your Musket . 6 Slip your Musket . 7 Poise your Musket . 8 Rest your Musket . Falling backe with your right foot observe in this and most of all your Motions , to keepe the mouth of your Musket high and strait over your Leaders right shoulder . 9 Hand your Match . 10 Blow your Match . 11 Cocke your Match . 12 Try your Match . 13 Guard your pan . 14 Blow your Coale . 15 Open your pan . 16 Present your Musket breast , or rather middle high , removing backe your left foot unto your right , then your right foot slopewaies backe , standing with a full and upright body , your left knee bending , your right elbow even with your shoulder . 17 Give fire . 18 Recover your ground with your feet . 19 Returne your Match . 20 Blow your pan . 21 Prime your pan . 22 Shut your pan . 23 Cast off your loose powder . 24 Recover your Rest . 25 Blow off your loose powder . 26 Beare about your Musket unto your left side , falling backe with your left foot : trayle your Rest between your Musket and bodie . 27 Hand your Charge , and open it . 28 Charge your Musket . 29 Draw out your skouring-sticke , and shorten it against your breast . 30 Ramme downe your Bullet . 31 Returne your sticke . 32 Recover your Musket and Rest . 33 Poyse your Musket . 34 Rest your Musket with your left foot forward againe . 35 Your saluting posture . 36 Your buriall posture . 1 Your guard posture 2 Your Order posture 3 Your sentinell posture 3. These three last are in the number of the former , but remembered because they are to be used upon severall occasions . Shoulder your Musket , and march with your Rest in your right hand . Note that the three generall postures do begin , the Musket , being charged and shouldered . The names of the 3 generall postures are these that follow . 1 Make ready , 2 Present , 3 Give fire , which are to be ●erformed in 12 Motions . If marching then gracefully with an eleven paces especially to the front . Note that all the rest of the Motions which follow after giving fire , are dependances unto the first Posture . In the first Posture are 8 Motions , in the second 3 , in the third 1 Motion . The first Posture , Make ready . 8. Motions . Slip your Musket . Poyse your Musket . Joyne yo●r Musket with your Rest . Hand your Match . Blow your Match . Cock your Match . Try your Match . Guard your pan . The second Posture , Present . 3. Motions . Blow your Coale . Open your Pan. Present breast high . The third Posture , Give fire . 1 Motion . Give fire . When you have given fire , winning or maintaining ground , recover your Rest with your right foot stepping forward . But losing ground , recover your Rest unto your foot , joyning it with your Musket falling about into your file , and ranke , making ready againe as you go . If you observe 3 paces in the presenting Posture , as some Regiments doe , then to the Front or right Flanke : begin your first Motion with your left foot stepping forward but to the Reare or left Flanke with your right foot pacing first . Note that there be many Regiments that observe but 2 paces in the presenting Posture . Note , when you give fire to the Reare , turne right about . The Postures and Motions of a Pikeman , standing and marching . 1 Hand your pike . 2 Advance your pike . 3 Lay downe your pike . 4 Take up your pike . 5 Order your pike . 6 Shoulder you pike . 7 Levill your pike . 8 Slope your pike . 9 Advance your pike . 10 Port your pike . 11 Comport your pike . 12 Cheeke your pike . 13 Trayle your pike . 14 Recover your pike . 15 Shoulder your pike . Note , when you beare your pike shouldred it must be sloped ; except you be commanded to level it . Observe when you charge at a stand , fall backe with your right foot : if marching , advance your selfe forward , your body upright , your left knee bending . 16 To the front charge 17 As you were . 18 To the right charge . 19 As you were . 20 To the left charge . 21 As you were . 22 The reare charge . 23 As you were . 24 To the front and reare charge . 25 As you were . 26 To the right and left charge . 27 As you were . 28 Every way charge square 29 As you were . 30 Quarters every way charge . 31 As you were . 32 Advance your ground and charge to either hand at discretion . Betweene every charge , march . 33 Retreate charging . 34 Your breathing posture . 35 Advance forward againe . 36 Stand , order your Pike . 37 Open order at foot . Now followes the charge against horse . 38 Close order at foot . 39 Draw your sword over your left arme , joyne it close unto your Pike . 40 To the front charge at foot . 41 To the right charge . 42 To the right charge . 43 To the right charge . 44 To the right charge . 45 Right about charge . 46 Left about charge . 47 To the right and left charge . 48 To the front and reare charge . 49 Every way charge square , or quarters at discretion . 50 Stand , sheath your sword . 51 Order your Pike . 52 Your buriall posture . Three generall postures of the Pike , in thirteen great and small motions : three standing , seven marching , three charging . The first posture . 3 Standing . 1 Lay downe your Pike . 2 Take up your Pike . 3 Order your Pike . The second posture . 7 Marching . 4 Advance your Pike . 5 Shoulder your Pike . 6 Levell your Pike . 7 Slope your Pike . 8 Comport your Pike . 9 Cheek your Pike . 10 Traile your Pike . The third posture . 3 Charging . 11 Port your Pike . 12 Charge overhand . 14 Charge at foot . All these postures and motions both of Musketteers and Pikemen in a body or Battalia great or small , may be performed without words , by signes of the Commander , and the beating of the Drumme , the Drummer observing every motion from the Commander . Now followeth the motions of Facing , Doubling , Countermarching , Wheeling , and such like , in a grose body or Battalia . Note and remember well that there are several sorts of distances to bee observ●d for severall uses , upon variety of occasions : for Marching , for Exercising , for Skirmishing , for battaile , in front , in flanke , in rear , which every Commander doth , or ought to know . Close order : Order : Open order : Double distance : double double distance : the first , one foot and an halfe : the second , three foot : the third , six foot : the fourth , twelve foot : the fifth , twenty foure foot . Now to begin wi●h that which is first put in practise , which is open order , sixe foot . Open order sixe foot square : that is , six foot , file from file , and six foot , ranke from ranke , which is the first distance that a Company is framed unto , especially for exercise . Next there is order , three foot square both in file and ranke , for exercise , or for battaile . Thirdly , there is closest , or close order , which is one foot and an halfe , file from file , and is only used for the Pikes when they come to the push ▪ There is likewise a double distance , twelve foot square , either in file or ranke , and a double double distance , twenty foure foot , which two last are practised , sometimes upon extraordinary occasions . There is likewise a marching order , three foot file from file , and sixe foot ranke from ranke , or to oppose an enemy onely in front , and an open order , sixe foot file from file : twelve foot ranke from ranke , which I leave to the discretion of the Commander . Now to make some use of part of these , I will onely at this time set down the plain and true words of command , with some few remembrances joyned to them wishing all Officers which yet faile in the right delivering of the words of command , to observe and follow these directions : for if a Commander speake them not right , as the Proverbe is , setting the cart before the horse , the souldiers although skilfull , doth act them many times wrong . The company being come to the appointed place , neither yet in file nor ranke , the Commander gives the word as followeth . Leaders , leade forth your Files , joyne them into a body , or frame a body . Note that a file is a number or sequence of men standing one behinde another at a certaine distance , as you may reade after more at large , being tenne deepe , as most nations have in use : yet they may be eight ▪ or sixe , or fewer , or more , as the occasion offereth . But before wee frame our body or battalia , Let all Souldiers observe , but especially all Officers , how a body or battalia is distinguished or named in each severall part as followeth . First , there are files and ranks , these files & rankes annexed or united together ▪ make a body or Battalia . A file is a sequence of men standing one behinde another , at a certaine distance , whose faces are directly placed one way , the backe of the former , to the face of the follower : subsisting commonly of tenne in depth , according to the moderne use of the Netherlands , but may be brought to more or fewer as I have said before . This file is distinguished into a Leader , a bringer up , and two middle men , with sixe other betweene . The first man of the file is called the Leader , the last man a bringer up ; the two that are in the middle of the file , are called by the name of middle men , which are the leaders of the halfe files , when they are to double on the other , and for other uses . A Ranke is a row , or a number of men above one , few or many stand one by another , side by side , or pouldron to pouldron , their faces being directed all one way . Of these Files and Ranks as I have set down before , being connexed together , is framed a Battalia , by these names distinguished as followeth . The front , the reare , the right flanke , or halfe rankes , the left flanke , or halfe rankes ; the right wing , the left wing . The front are the halfe files that are before , being tenne deep , the formost five Rankes . The reare are the halfe files that are behinde . The right flanke are the halfe rankes on the right hand . The left flanke , are the halfe Rankes on the left hand . The right and left wings are the devisions of Musketteers , which are on both hands of the Pikes , but especially when they are to act their owne part , being appointed to move or to skirmish , in front , flanke , or reare . Stand at your open order square : marke your directions . Silence . Note , facing any way at a stand , remove your right foot , turning upon your left toe . To the right hand . As you were . To the left hand . As you were . Right about . As you were . Left about . As you were . Note that in all doublings , if you double to the right , fall off to the left into your first place : if you double to the left , fall backe to the right . Ranks to the right hand double . As you were . Ranks to the left hand double . As you were . Files to the right hand double . As you were . Files to the left hand double . As you were . Halfe Files or middlemen to the right hand double your Front . As you were . Half files to the left hand double your front As you were . Bringers up to the right hand , double your Front . As you were . Bringers up to the left hand , double your Front . As you were . To the right hand Countermarch maintaining ground . As you were , to the left Counter . To the right hand Countermarch losing ground . As you were , to the left Counter . To the right hand Countermarch winning ground . As you were , to the left Counter . Now follows some things to be acted in a closer distance , namely , order , three foot both Files and Ranks . The Word of Command . Files close , that is , to the middle , or to the right close , or left , at discretion . Ranks close forwards . Halfe files or middle men to the right hand intire , double your Front . As you were . Halfe Files to the left hand intire , double your Front . As you were . Halfe Files to the right , and left by division , double your Front . As you were . The body , to the right hand wheele , moving on the right corner man . To the left hand wheel moving on the left corner man . To the right hand wheel , moving on the middle man , or men in Front , which are Leaders , or wheel about , at discretion . Now follow some things which are to be performed at a double distance , 12 foot ranke from ranke , or double double distance 24 foot , agreeable to the number of men that are in ranke . Ranks open to your double distance , keeping their files at their order . Ranks to the right hand by conversion . As you were . Ranks to the left hand by conversion . As you were . Ranks to the right , and left by conversion . As you were . Ranks close . These Motions which I have repeated , of Facing , Doubling , Countermarching , and Wheeling , are commonly known , and practised by the Officers and Companies in the Netherlands , and in other places where the warres are : there are not many that knoweth , or for some reasons teacheth any more . Now to satisfie those that desire to learn and understand more then common things of this subject , I have joyned with these some other , which are of great importance in time of advantage , or disadvantage , to be practised against a skilfull enemie . Therefore I will begin againe , setting downe the additions in their places . Where the word Note stands in the Margent there follows a change of that which went before . The Company being framed into a square open order as is set downe before . Not that all the Musketteers must be in one division on the right hand of the pikes a double distance from the body of pikes . The Commander standing at the head of the company before the middle file Leaders , giveth the word . If it be the Captaine , then the Lieutenant ought to be at the reare , the Ensigne at the head of the pikes , the Serjeants on both the Flanks , the Drummes even with the formost ranke , on both the Angles . Facing To the right hand . As you were . To the left hand . As you were . Right about . As you were . Left about As you were . To the right and left . As you were . To the Front and Reare . As you were . Every way square . As you were . Every way quarters . As you were . Ranks doubling . Ranks to the right hand double . As you were . Ranks to the left double . As you were . Files doubling Files to the right double . As you were . Files to the left double . As you were . Files to the right and left double . As you were . Files to the Center double . As you were . When middle men is named to double , it is the oldest used word of Command , for the Reare to double the Front , which I do now follow : because when I name halfe Files , it is to be understood that the halfe Files in the Front are to double the halfe files in the Reare . The Reare doubling the Front by Middlemen . Middlemen to the right hand double your Front . As you were . Middlemen to the left double your Front . As you were . The reare doubling the Front by Bringers up . Bringers up to the right double your front . As you were . Bringers up to the left double your front . As you were . Halfe files in the Front doubling the Reare by middlemen . Halfe Files to the right hand double the Reare . As you were . Halfe files to the left double the Reare . As you were . The Front doubling the Reare by Leaders . Leaders to the right double the Reare . As you were . Leaders to the left double the Reare . As you were . Halfe ranks doubling the flanke . Halfe ranks to the right double your flank . As you were . Halfe ranks to the left double your flank . As you were . Countermarching , maintaining , losing , and winning ground . Countermarch to the right hand , and maintaine ground Corian or moderne . As you were to the left . Countermarch to the right , & lose ground , Macedonian . As you were to the left . Countermarch to the right , and winne ground , Lacedemonian . As you were to the left . You may if need require countermarch your Leaders and bringers up into the center , or your flanks , or angles , or wings , into the center , or middest of the body , or exchange your angles , or double your wings , or flanks , by Countermarch . Now follow some things which are to be performed in the second distance , namely , order ; 3 foot . Files close , that is , to the middle , or to the right or left , at discretion . Rankes close forwards . Ranks to the right hand intire double . As you were . Ranks to the left intire double . As you were . Ranks to the right and left by division double . As you were . Files intire doubling . Files to the right hand intire double . As you were . Files to the left intire double . As you were . Files to the right and left intire double . As you were . Files advance to the right intire double . As you were . Files advance to the left intire double . As you were . Files advance to the right and left intire double . As you were . The halfe files in the rear intire doubling the halfe files in the front . Middlemen to the right intire , double your front . As you were . Middlemen to the left intire , double your front . As you were . Middlemen to the right and left , by division , double your front . As you were . The halfe files in the front intire , doubling the reare . Halfe files to the right intire , double the reare . As you were . Halfe files to the left intire , double the reare . As you were . Halfe files to the right and left by division , double the reare . As you were . The halfe rankes intire doubling the flanke . Halfe rankes to the right hand intire , double your flanke . As you were . Halfe ranks to the left intire , double your flanke . As you were . Halfe rankes by division , double your right flanke . As you were . Halfe rankes by division , double your left flank . As you were . Right flanke advance to the left intire , double your flank . As you were . Left flanke advance to the right intire , double your flank . As you were . The body wheeling . The body to the right wheele , moving on the right cornerman . To the left wheel , moving on the left corner man . Even so right or left about . To the right wheel , moving on the middle leader or leaders , or left , or about at discretion . The front or flanks wheeling into the center , or midst of the body . Front wheele into the center , then face to the Leader or Commander : if need require , wheel again the front into the center or midst of the body , then face as before : the first wheeling bringeth all the Musketteers before the body of Pikes : the second wheeling into the middest of the Pikes : the third wheeling unto the rear of the Pikes : the fourth , wheeling on the flankes , as at first they were . The use of the manner of wheelings . Suppose there were three or four files of Musketteers on each hand of the Pikes , they could deliver but six or eight shot at once in the front . This first wheeling , bringeth the Musketteers , that they may deliver twenty shot at once , being tenne deep . The second wheeling bringeth them into the midst : delivering them from the violent charge of horse , charging in the flankes , especially when their powder is spent , or upon some policy to cover the Musketteers from sight of the Enemy . In like manner the rest of the wheelings are by a skilfull Commander put in practice at convenient time , as the occasion offereth . Likewise you may wheele the front to the right and left by division , to receive the Enemy who is ready to charge both the flanks at once . Now follow some formes of doublings , which must be performed at a wider distance , six , twelve or twenty foure foot , at the discretion of the Commander . Remember alwaies the manner and form of opening and closing of files and rankes . Being in open order , the word being given , files close , without naming any hand , is thus performed : the two middle leaders close , unto the next distance , which is three foot , the rest of the files likewise close towards the middle leaders , untill they are at the distance commanded . If the word be files to the right close , then the right hand file moveth not , but standeth fast ; all the rest of the files close towards the right file , till they are at their distance appointed . If the word be files to the left close , then the left file standeth fast ; the rest of the files close towards the left hand ▪ untill they come to the distance commanded . If the word be files ▪ to the right and left close then the one halfe of the files close to the right hand file , which standeth fast , the other halfe to the left , opening in the middle of the body , leaving a space betwixt the two halfe bodies , which is done for some speciall use best knowne to the Commander . Observe that at what distance soever the company stands in , if the word be Close , not naming any order , whether files or rankes , then they must close to the next distance , being at twelve foot , they close to six foot , being at six , they close to three foot : in the same manner ; files opening , or rankes opening . Being in close order , if the words be files open , not naming any hand , then the middle leaders open one from the other unto six foot both wayes , the rest of the files on both flankes take their distance from them . If the word be , Files to the right hand open , then the left file or angle moveth not ; the next file to the left hand first taketh its distance , the rest of the files in like manner pressing upon their right hand files , till the distance commanded be obtained in opening . If the word be , Files to the left open , then the right file standeth fast , the rest of the files opening to the left hand , still pressing upon their left hand files , till they be in the distance and order commanded . Rankes closing . If the word be , Ranks close , then the first rank moveth not , namely , if they be at a stand , all the rest of the ranks close forward , till they be at the distance appointed . If need require , you may close your ranks backward , from the front to the reare , with this word of command . Ranks close backeward , then the last ranke moveth not , all the rest of the ranks go backward towards the last ranke , taking their distance , ranke by ranke , from the reare or last ranke . You may likewise open your rankes from the leaders to the reare , or from the bringers up to the front : but If the word be without any addition , as this that followeth : Rankes open . Then the first ranke moveth not , the rest of the rankes fall backe , till they have gained that distance commanded : the second ranke standeth first , the rest in like manner , one after another , till they have all performed it . If the word be , Rankes open forwards , Then all the body advanceth forward , except the last rank which standeth firme : the second to the last taketh the distance first , then the rest , till they have all performed it . Files and Rankes close . Sometimes it is convenient to close Files and Rankes both at once , then it is performed marching , being before at a wider distance , at a sodaine to give way unto horse or foot to passe , or to enter into a narrow passage , or such like . The body being at their close order , both files and rankes , and you would have them open : the word of command . Files and rankes open . Which is from the same distance that they did close , doe they open unto againe , or unto any other distance commanded both together . If they be at a stand , then the rankes open first , and then the files , and in closing , the files close first , then the ranks . If the word be Files and Rankes , close to the center . Then the halfe files and rankes , close to the middle of the depth of the Body : the halfe files in the front moving backward , the reare halfe ●iles forward , till they bee at their distance commanded . So likewise opening from the center , which may be done in the like manner , as is directed before . If the Commander have occasion to bring all the rankes into one file , or into two , the Body being at their order , three foot . The word , Ranks open to 6 foot , 12. or more , as the number are in Ranke , then Ranks to the right hand file , or by inversion As you were . Ranks to the left by inversion . As you were . Ranks to the right and left by inversion . As you were . Ranks to the right by conversion . As you were . Ranks to the left by conversion . As you were . Ranks to the right and left by conversion . As you were . Now followeth the closing of the ranks , and opening of the files : that which the Ranks performed in File , may the Files performe in Ranks . Ranks close , to your order . Files open , to 6 foot , 12 foot or more , agreeable to the depth , alwaies having in memory , that 6 foot , is named open order , 12 foot double distance , 24 foot double double distance . Files to the right hand ranke by conversion . As you were . Files to the left ranke by conversion . As you were . Files to the right and left ranke by conversion . As you were . Files close , to what distance the Commander judgeth fit or convenient . If you would , ocasion being offered , draw out your Files in depth at a passage , or such like , into one or two Files , or ranke your Files , or ranke your Ranks . The word of Command . Files to the right file on in sequence . As you were . Files to the left file on . As you were . Files to the right , and left file on . As you were . Files to the right ranke , 2. 4. 7. or more . As you were . Files to the left ranke , 3. or more . As you were . Files to the right and left Ranke , 5. 6. or more , or fewer . As you were . Ranks to the right ranke , 3 , 5. or more . As you were . Ranks to the left ranke , 2 , 4. As you were . Ranks to the right and left ranke , 3 , 5 , 6. As you were . The manner how to performe these last , and most of all those things which are written before in this Booke , which bear only the words of Command , and are not there explained , may you find after in another place unfolded , and more at large set forth for the manner of acting them . Many other things of this subject might be added , but I suppose these are sufficient for all such as are willing and inclinable to follow them , and for any understanding Officer to work on , and make triall of their further skill : wishing a happy issue unto their good endeavours . As I have said before concerning the performance of the Postures and Motions of Musketteers , and Pikemen particularly , by signes of the Commander , and the beating of the Drumme : So likewise may be performed the most of all other Motions , of Facings , Doublings , Countermarches , and Wheelings , Opening , Closing , Marching fast , or leasurely , Trooping , Charging , Retreating , and such like , by signes of the Commander , and the beating of the Drum. Here followeth some short remembrances for the acting of these particulars , concerning distance , and forme . First for facing . Facing any way by command at a stand , some teach to remove the same foot , as the hand is named ; which is a very good way , but for some respects , I follow the ancientest and knowne manner practised in most parts . Which is at a stand to remove the right foot , either when you face to the right , or left . Right about , or left about , turning upon the left toe , or heel : but the toe is the best , the Pike at the order , the Musketteer his Musket shouldered , or rested , at the discretion of the Commander . If the body be marching , then facing any way that foot which is furthest from the hand named ought first to remove , the Pikes and Muskets shouldered . The body trooping , the pikes advanced , the muskets shouldered . For all Doublings . Observe , that in all doublings , hand and foot ought to go together : although some do teach that the contrary foot to the hand which is named should first remove : but the best way is the same hand which the Commander nameth , the same foot first remove : the right hand , the right foot : the left hand , the left foot . Observe likewise , that in all movings , or doublings at a stand no above three paces , the Pike at the order , the Musket rested , or shouldered ; But if they move above 3 paces , then the Pike ought to be advanced , the Musket shouldred , ported , poised , or breasted , at discretion , the whole body moving , or any part thereof . All those which are in the rankes , or files that move must observe their Leaders , and beare their Armes as they doe : the leaders , or formost men , receiving the word or sign from the Commander . Observe , when you double to the right hand , you must returne back to your place turning to the left : If you double to the left , returne backe to the right . When rankes , middlemen , or bringersup are to double , each man in those rankes which are to move , must observe the right-hand man in that ranke they stand in , moving with him pace by pace , unto the place appointed , and so likewise backe againe unto their owne places if it bee so commanded , neither going before , nor after one another , but even altogether . Doubling of files , halfe rankes , flankes , wings , or angles , each man in the file hee standeth in , must observe his file-leader , and move even with him pace by pace , the file-leader looking downe his file , setting forth the same foot , the hand is named , the rest of his file seeing him will doe the like , although they heard not the word of command . To know by signe without words , the severall Countermarches , maintaining , losing , and winning of ground , that which followeth will instruct you . Countermarching , maintaining ground , is known by the Leaders turning upon the same foot as the hand is named , neither pacing forwards nor backwards , till he bee turned : then marches downe the file unto the rear , the Leaders observing the Commander , and all the rest of the files moving together at their distance , turning at the same place , where the Leaders turned , till the front be turned , and brought into the same place where the rear was , and the rear where the front was . Countermarching againe to the contrary hand , in the same manner bringeth every one in his first station . Losing ground is known when the Leaders step forwards one pace , and turning to the hand named , then standing still , the second Ranke with all the rest that follow passe on their leaders right hand , if the right be named , and place themselves behind their own Leaders at their distance . Winning ground is knowne when the Leaders step backwards with the right foot , if the right be named or signed by the Commander : and being two paces past the second ranke , then that second ranke likewise steppeth backe , following their Leaders at their distance , and so subsequently all the rest , winning of ground towards the enemy , who marcheth after them to charge their reare , or bringing their front in the suddennest manner to follow the Enemy retiring , or to double their owne reare in the quickest forme to receive the Enemy over winging them . In all sorts of Countermarches , they may beare their Arms , Pikes advanced or comported , if shouldered : then at the turning , they must advance , port , or charge , or arme their Pike with their right hand aloft : being turned , shoulder againe , the Muskets shouldered or brested , at discretion . There are other manner of wayes to performe these Countermarches , either for files or rankes . But these here set downe , are the playnest , and as I suppose , the best , which may suffice for this time . Note that you must not countermarch , if the Enemy be neare at hand , lest the Body be brought in disorder , and so easily overthrowne . Wheeling . When you are to wheele , if the Body be great , and stand at their open order , the best way : is to close , both Files and Rankes , especially the Files to their order : if the body be small , then double either Ranks or halfe files ; the Pikes advanced , the Muskets shouldered or breasted : the severall forms of wheeling is set down before , fol. 32. 33. The difference in the acting of Inversion and Conversion . Where you read Inversion , or Conversion , that you may the better understand the meaning of them , and how they differ , in former times there hath beene made no difference in the forme , but only in the name ; which was an errour , they differ as followeth . The Commander giving the word . Rankes to the right file , or by Inversion . Observe that the right file standeth firm , and moveth not : all the rest of each ranke turning their faces towards the right hand , move all till they become into that file that standeth still , placing themselves each man behinde his right hand man , & so become all one file . Note that all the whole ranke that moveth , must place thēselves betwixt their owne right hand man that stood still , and the next that stands after him : the first Ranke between the leader of the File that standeth , and the second in that file : the second Ranke betweene the second and third in that File , and so the rest , an even distance one from the other . If the word be Rankes to the left by inversion ; then the left file standeth fast , and moveth not , the rest of every Ranke moveth , till they be come into the left File , making one file , in the like manner as they did on the right hand . The Word . Ranks to the right and left by inversion . Then halfe the Ranks fals behinde their Sidemen to the right , and halfe to the left hand , making two files , marching with them in that forme , over Bridges , or through Woods , or narrow passages , or to deliver vollies against horse or foot , facing inward or outward , as the Commander directeth . The Word . Ranks to the right by conversion . Then the whole Ranke wheeleth towards the right hand , moving on the outmost right hand man , in that Ranke they stand in , till all the Rankes be come even with the right File , whose faces being turned to the right hand , they all become one ranke , either to give a volley against horse or foot by a River , Morase , or Wood side , and many other uses may these inverting or converting afford us when occasion is offered . Rankes to the left by conversion . Then all the Rankes wheeleth to the left hand in the same manner as they did to the right , on the outmost left hand man in their owne rank : who facing likewise to the left , become altogether one ranke , and when they have performed that which is commanded : As you were , bringeth every man in his owne first place . Rankes to the right and left by Conversion . Then halfe the Rankes wheele to the right , and halfe to the left hand : then facing right and left , are become two Ranks ; and so , as you were , when you have performed what you intended . As the Rankes are converted into one File or two , so may likewise the Files be converted into one Ranke or two , as the occasion offereth . Observing , when the Rankes are to file by conversion , or inversion , you must open your ranks to such a distance agreable to the number which are in the ranke , that they may have roome to come into the file commanded . When you would convert your Files into one ranke or two , you must close your Ranks , and open your Files to that distance as the File is in depth , they may have sufficient roome to come into the rank , and to use their Armes as they are directed . To give you some light how to performe it , because it is not commonly knowne , neither hath been practised much in former times . It is thus performed as followeth . The word of Command . Files to the right handranke , or by Conversion . The first man , or leader of the File , standeth fast , the second man in the file cometh upon the right hand of his Leader ; the third man in the file on the right hand of the second ; and so subsequently all the rest , each man on the right hand of him that did stand in the same file next before himselfe , till they be all in one ranke : performing that which they were commanded ; as you were bringeth every man to his first place . Files to the left hand ranke , or by conversion . Which is performed in the like manner as the other , the whole file coming up and placing themselves on the left hand of their Leaders making one Ranke . Files to the right and left by Conversion . The formost ranke as they did before , standeth fast : the rest of the body divideth it selfe going up , placing themselves , the right halfe ranks on the right hand of their leaders ; the left half ranks on the left hand of their leaders , leaving an open space in the midsts of the ranks , for Horse , Wagons , Ordnance , and such like to passe through . Likewise by converting one ranke at once into file , you may march by a narrow passage giving fire against the enemy rank after ranke , when the ranke alone is converted into a file either by wheeling , or falling after one another , and hath given fire , marching forward , and being by the passage ranke againe as they were . This may be performed to the right , or left , or to both , by dividing the ranke . File in sequence . The word of Command . Files to the right file , on , or in sequence . That is , to draw all your files into one file ; if the right be named , then the right file of the whole body , or of that whole division , advanceth first forward , the second file followeth the first ; be third , the second ; and all the rest in that manner , one after another . One use amongst many is to passe over a bridge , or to free themselves from great Ordnance playing at them , and the like . When they are through that passage , they draw up their Files into one even Front , making one intire body againe . Here followes another forme either for a passage , or to free themselves from danger of shot , or the like . The Word . Files ranke 2. 4. 6. or more according to the breadth of the passage , if it be to the right hand , then the right file advanceth first forward , and fall in ranke , the same number commanded , the first file being ended , the next file doth the like ; advancing forward falling in ranke after the former : the rest of the Files perform the same order till they are all rankt . If the word be to the left hand , then the left hand file first advanceth forward , ranking as it is appointed . The rest of the Files observe the like forme , till it be finished as is commanded . There is another forme out of the ranks , to rank 3. 5. 7. or more , as need requireth . The Word . Ranks to the right ranke 3. 5. 8. and the like . If there be ten in ranke , and they are commanded to ranke three , those three that stand in the first ranke on the right hand advanceth forward making the first ranke ; the next 3 in the same ranke make the second ranke ; the next 3 the third rank : the tenth man that is left in the first ranke , taketh his place first after the right hand man in the third Rank ; then the two right hand men in the second Rank advance forward , ranking with him , making the fourth rank , the rest of the ranks do the like , till they have all finished what was enjoyned . If the left be named , then the left hand man with the other two next him advance forward and make the first ranke ; and so the rest , as they did to the right , till all have done it . In the like manner what number soever is named may be performed . Note , when the Company is at the appointed place to exercise , or else to be joyned with other Companies , place all your Musketteers in one division , as I have set downe before , on the right hand of the Pikes If the Company be in number one hundred , or fewer , halfe Pikes , halfe Musketteers , then you ought to march with all your Musketteers in one division before the Pikes : the Files both of pikes and muskets being ten deep , as most Nations have in use , or in case of necessity 8 deep . When you make a stand draw up your Pikes on the left hand of the Muskets , till they be all even in front . But if the number be greater , so that you can make six files of Musketteers or more , then you may divide them . When you march halfe before the Pikes , and halfe behinde , you must at all times observe to keep the depth of the File , ten or eight at the least , if you possible may , observe that you march not at any time two in ranke , if you can any otherwise chuse : for it is no way convenient nor comely in sight : but three , or more , when you come to a stand with the first division of Musketteers , the rest of the body marcheth untill the first division of Pikes be even in front with the Musketteers that stand , then the second division of Pikes if there be so many , fronts with the former that stand , and last the reare division of Musketteers advanceth forward untill they be even in rank , and file with the former divisions . Observe that all marching companies , or battaliaes great or small , when they come to a stand or holt , order their Pikes , and rest their Muskets , standing even in File and Ranke . When the Commander gives the word March ▪ Observe that all must shoulder their armes , both Pikes and Muskets , and beare them sloped , except it be otherwise commanded . In trooping the Pikes must be advanced . In charging especially to the front , being ten or eight deep , the halfe Files in the reare must beare their Pikes ported over the heads of the formost halfe Files , as may give them no offence , either in charging or retreating . Likewise the Pikes are not so subject to be broken by the enemies shot , as when they are advanced . Observe likewise in going through any port or gate , the Pikes at the entrance ought to be ported : if it be a small gate or doore , the Musketteer is to joyn his Musket with his Rest , and enter porting his musket . — Being through the passage to beare their Arms as they did before . Now followeth the uniting of many companies together . When many Companies are brought together to be joyned into one , two , or three , or more bodies , or battaliaes . The Colonell , or eldest Captains Company , taketh the first place on the right hand of all the rest . All the Musketteers of that company are to be placed on the right hand of the body of Pikes , standing at their open order ; the division of Musketteers , a double distance from the Pikes . So likewise all the rest of the Companies in that manner , according to the degree of the Captaine . Every Company twenty foot one from the other . Then draw backe all the Musketteers , fifty foot behinde the reare of the Pikes , dividing them into Manaples , or divisions of foure files by themselves : the files at their order , three foot , and each manaple from other six foot : then joyne all your Pikes in one body , or two , or three , according to their number , or at the discretion of the Serjeant Major , or superiour command . The Files of Pikes likewise at their order , then flanke each body of Pikes with two wings of Musketteers , having divided them as you did your Pikes , for one , two , or three bodies . When all the Officers have taken their places according to their antiquity , as the Serjeant Major directeth ▪ then march either in hearse forme , or in square battalia , if there be three battaliaes . The first march , then the other two , even with one another in front , but divided one from the other , as farre distant as the length of the first battalia is , so that the left File of the second battalia which is on the right hand , must be direct after the right File of the first battalia : and the right File or Angle of the third and last battalia , direct after the left File of the first battalia : both these , second , and third battalions , if the ground will permit , sixty paces after the first battalia : when the first marches , all march , when the first stands , all stand : they must all move together ; march , wheele , or stand , by example of the first , if not directed otherwayes by the superiour Commander . Observe if there be but , one division of Musketteers on each hand of the body of Pikes , then the right wing after they have given fire in front , wheeles off to the right hand into the reare of their owne files . In the like manner , the left division of Musketteers after they have given fire , wheeles off to the left hand into the reare of their owne Files . But if the body be greater , so that there be more divisions then one of Musketteers , on each hand of the body of Pikes , then after they have given fire , must all , both those on the left hand , as well as those on the right hand , wheele off to the right , through the distances which are left open for that purpose , between the divisions into the reare . Observe when the battalia advanceth towards an enemy , being yet a Musket shot off , the two first Rankes maketh ready , advancing tenne paces before the body directed by a Serjeant , as the first Ranke presents , two Ranks more marches forward , making ready as they goe , giving fire ranke after ranke : Wheeling off to the right hand through the divisions unto the reare of their own Files , making ready againe as they goe , and subsequently all the rest . But when the Battaliaes come nearer ready to the push of pike , then the rankes give fire even with the formost ranke of pikes : and being forced to give back , then all the Musketteers maketh ready together resting their Muskets , standing with their pans guarded , giving fire ranke after rank , and suddenly with all speed falling off into the Reare . Marching from an Enemy . Observe , when you are to give fire to the Reare , two ranks after two , makes ready , giving fire even with the last rank of pikes , as soon as the rank hath given fire , it wheeleth to the right hand marching a good round pace through the divisions into the Front , placing themselves before their own Files , and so in like manner the rest . This is to be performed when the Battalia marcheth from an Enemy , the Enemy pursuing them . Now followeth the giving fire in Flanke . There are three severarall wayes to give fire in Flanke , the body marching : the first is : The body , or Batalia marching by a River side , or Moras , or Wood , or in plaine Champaine ground , either assaulted sometimes with horsemen , or with foot , if it be on both the Flanks at once . Then the outmost File on each hand , that is on both the Flanks make readie ; the Commander giveth the word , To the right , and left present ; then the outmost File on each hand turnes at 3. motions to the hand commanded , and presents , giving fire , stands fast , onely turning their faces as they were towards the Front , untill such time as the second File , who marched along with the Body , hath given fire , in the same forme as the first did . Then the first File marcheth up even with the second , both standing fast , till the third File hath given fire , and so subsequently all the rest one after another . A Serjeant must stand at the head of those files that have given fire : or if the division be great , a superior Officer takes that place , gathering up again that whole wing joyning them in equal front with the pikes The second forme to give fire in Flanke . If it be on both Flanks , the outmost File on each Flanke being ready , at the word of Command , presents . Having given fire , faces againe towards the Front , standing fast , till the leader of that File which gave fire last , be free from the marching Body , one pace behinde the bringers up , then leadeth his File a round pace up on the other side of that division of Musketteers next unto the pikes , till he be equall in Front with the rest of the Leaders , his whole File even in ranke with the rest ; in like manner all the rest of the Files must do in all points , as the first did , Remembring that as soone as the File hath given fire , presently , prepareth againe , whether he be to stand or move . The third forme of giving fire in Flanke . The outtermost File next the Enemie being commanded to make readie , keeping still along with the Body till such time as they be ready , and then at command they turne to the hand directed , according to the sight of their enemy either on the right or left Flanke , or both together , and give fire all together . When they have discharged , they stand nor still as they did the two former wayes , but speedily joyning their rests unto their Muskets , turning their faces towards the reare ; the rear-man or bringer-up being then a leader , turning short about the reare of that division of Musketteers , going a speedy pace , yet orderly next unto the pikes up unto the Front , placing himselfe with the rest of the leaders : so he that was the Leader before , is now the bringer up of the File . Observe alwayes in every forme of giving fire in Flank , that as the first presents , the next file maketh ready , keeping still along with the Body , presenting not till they be free of the File that gave fire last . Two times giving fire in this l●st forme , the first leader with every man in that File commeth in his first place againe . In this manner of giving fire two hundred Musketteers may deliver as many shot in as short a time , as three hundred any other way . I could very much inlarge my selfe in this Subject , but I hope these will content my friends for this time , who have honest hearts , and judge charitably : and because I know that there have beene many very excellent Books of military Discipline set forth within these few years in this Kingdome , namely , the Instructions for Musters and Armes by order from the Lords of his Majesties most Honourable Privy Councell , and thirteen other , written by skilfull and painfull Gentlemen Souldiers , as I have set downe in my Preface . If I had appointed me any command , with the horse-troops as I have with the foot-companies , I should likewise set downe some observations concerning the exercising and imbattailing of them . But for this , and some other reasons at this time I omit . Only remembring the Officers of the troops of Horse which are yet unskilfull , or not so skilfull as they would desire to be , to observe the forme and manner of the exercising of the Foot-Companies which will in some measure teach them their duties . For in the exercising of Horse and Foot , there is not much difference . Before I passe any further , let me remember the Ensigne bearer in few words , concerning his place and duty , and the displ●ying of the Colours . The Ensigne or Colours , is the honour and reputation of the Captaine and Souldiers : therefore the Ensigne-bearer ought not onely to be a good soldier , bould and valiant , but likewise discreet and wise in counsel , and in the absence of the Captaine and Livetenant , have the same authority the Captaine hath . Where the company is appointed to gather together , he ought to be one of the first , and to be carefull of his Colours : and at all times see that they be well guarded , and be ready to do any thing to further the service . Within these few yeares , a Supreame Commander in setting downe the duty of each Officer in his place , speaketh of the Ensigne these words following . The Ensigne shall never turne his face out of his order , start from any danger , nor forsake his Ensigne , upon paine of death . In a march , he may beare his Colours flying , rested upon his shoulder , before the head of the Pikes . And being in a batalia , his Colours somtimes advanced and breasted , flying , in the midst of the Pikes , between the halfe Files . In a troope , the Colours furld , or rold up . In presence of the Generall , or supreme Commander , hee must beare his Colours flying , and passing by him , vaile them , the point even with his knee , once and no more for that time , without any other ceremonies . But if he passe by the King or Prince , he shall likewise withall , bow somewhat one of his knees . The Souldiers ought not to forsake or leave their Colours , before they be lodged , and then with leave of the Captaine , may depart . The postures of the Colours . Note , that in those parts where the wars are , especially within the Leager , or any Army in the field , the Ensigne ought not to display his Colours , but onely to beare them flying , marching , skirmishing , or at a stand , or to vaile them as I have shewed before . But with the trayned bands in those parts , and likewise within this kingdome , the Ensigne doth use at their meetings or Musters , some more postures in displaying his Colours . The Ensigne may performe most parr of the postures and motions with the Pikes , except laying downe , cheeking , and trayling : for which two last , he may use comporting . 1 Hand your Colours . 2 Order your Colours . 3 Shoulder your Colours . 4 Advance your Colours . 5 Port your Colours . 6 Comport your Colours . 7 Charge your Colours . 8 Brest your Colours . 9 Vaile your Colours . Display your Colours . 1 The first posture from hand to hand . 2 The second , overhead , ps. with one hand 3 The third , twise over-head , ps. changing hands . 4 The round over-head , ps. 5 The backe . ps. 6 The Crosse , ps. 7 The retreating , ps. losing ground . 8 The advancing , ps. winning ground . 9 Furle , or roule up your Colours . Now followeth those small Maps which I promised in the Preface , of small and greater bodies , that such things which I have written , may be the better conceived , and fixed in the memory of all : Observe these letters following , for each Officer , standing in their right places , and for the Front , Reare , and Flankes . C Captaine . L Lievetenant . E Ensigne . S Serjeant . D Drumme . Fr. Front . Re . Reare ▪ Rf. Right flanke . Lf. Left flanke . P. Pikes . M. Musketteeres . The Captaine leading before the Front , into the field , or advancing towards the enemy . Out of the field , or skirmishing in the reare , or marching from the enemy , at the reare , at all times neerest the enemy . The Lievetenant his place is at the reare if the Captaine bee at the front , or in the front , if the Captaine be at the reare . The Ensigne before the head of the Pikes , and sometimes in a battalia between the halfe Files of Pikes . The Serjeants on the outside of the flanks , and in skirmish leading up the Rankes or Files of Musketteers to give fire . The Drums in a march , hearse form , betwixt the third and fourth Rankes . In a battalia , on the corners , flanks , and in the middest with the Colours . Observe , that in the Maps are plaine squares , Oes and small prickes . The plaine squares are the Pikes , the Oes and small pricks the musketteers ; the Oes , leaders , bringers up , and middlemen . Observe , when many companies are united or joyned together , making an intire body : the Serjeant Major directeth every Officer what part of the body he shall be at , to make good that place . The Table at the end of this Book , directeth unto all the speciall things contained in this Booke . These squares that you see on the other leafe , are 1000. divided into foure Battalions : in every Battalia you may perceive their number of figures placed at such distance as they may best second on the other if need require , with 100. horse on both the flankes , with 100. fire-locks in two parties , scouting out before , for the approch of the enemy . The P. stands for Pikes , the M. for Musketteers . On the other side of the leafe , as you may observe a greater Army divided into many Battalions with their number , in each square , with their horse on the flanks , and their forlorne hopes before ; and the distance as you may perceive from one Battalia unto the other , standing removed one from the other , in the best and surest manner for the relieving of one the other , or for any other exploit when the superiour Commander shall see fit occasion , with Ordnance and Wagons . The Table . THE Officers of a foot company page 1 The use of the Drum 2 The names of all the beats of the Drum ibid. For what use each severall found is 3. 4 , 5. Instructions how to beat the March ibid The March 6 Instruction for the unskilfull in arming and disarming , in laying downe and taking up of their Armes 7. 8. 9. 10 The preparation unto the postures 11 The postures and motions of a Musketteer , first standing , then marching , with the beginning and ending of the postures , and their names . 12. 14 The marching postures divided with some observations concerning giving of fire in front , flanke and reare ibid. 15 The postures and motions of a Pikeman , standing and marching . ibid. 16. 17 The postures of a Pike divided . The performing of all by the Drum and signes 18 The severall sorts of distances 19. 20 The words of command ought to bee right delivered . ibid. What Files and Rankes are 21 The body distinguished . ibid. 22 Of facing and doubling of Rankes , Files , halfe Files , and bringers up . 23. 24 Countermarches , halfe Files , intire doubling ibid. The body wheeling 25 Of conversion ibid. The reason why some things are repeated againe 26 Each Officers place ibid. Of facing , and Rankes and Files doubling . 27 Why halfe Files , and why middlemen are named 28 Middlemen and bringers up , doubling the front ibid. Halfe Files and leaders , doubling the reare ibid. 29 Halfe rankes doubling the flanke ibid. Countermarches , maintaining , losing and winning ground ibid. Rankes and Files intire doubling 30 Files advancing and doubling ibid. Middlemen intire doubling the front 31 Halfe Files intire doubling the Reare ibid. Halfe Ranks doubling the Flank ibid. Flank advancing intire doubling 32 The body wheeling ibid. The use of wheeling the Front into the Center . 33 Files and Ranks closing and opening 34 Rankes and Files by inversion and conversion 38 Files in sequence , and Files and Rankes ranking . 39 Such words of command as are not explained in one place , are in another unfolded . 40 In facing , what foot to remove 41 In facing , marching , standing , or trooping , how to beare their Armes . ibid. Observations in all sorts of doublings 42 All sorts of countermarches performed by signes 43 How to performe Rankes filing by inversion and conversion . 45 Files ranking by conversion 48 Files filing in sequence 50 Files ranking few or many ibid. Ranks ranking few or many 51 In what forme to march few or many 52 How to beare their Armes at speciall times . 53 The uniting of many Companies into one body . 54 How the Battalions should march 55 Musketteers giving fire in Front , Reare , or Flanks , how to fall off 56 The Authours reason why he doth not inlarge himselfe in this Subject , and the cause why he writes nothing of the exercising of the troopes of Horse 60 The office and duty of the Ensigne-bearer , and the displaying of the Colours 61 The reason why the Maps are placed at the end of the Book 64 A Table of the Maps of severall forms of Bodies small and great , Marching , Exercising , Skirmishing , and in Battell . Letters for the Officers in their places 65 A company of 100 marching 67 A company of 200 marching 68 A company exercising with all their Officers in their places 69 A body standing in batt●ll forme 70 A Battalia of 200. approching toward the enemy , giving fire in Front . 71 A Body marching from the enemy , giving fire in the Reare . 72 A Body marching , giving fire in both the Flankes 73 A second forme of a Body marching , giving fire in both the flanks 74 A third forme of a Body marching , giving fire in both flanks . 75 A Battalia giving fire in front with three files at once 76 A Battalia giving fire in front with foure files at once 77 A hollow Body for severall uses 78 A Sconce battalia , ready for all assaults of the enemy 79 A Battalia giving fire in front and reare both at once 80 Another forme of giving fire in front and reare , or on both the flankes at once 81 A Battalia marching , being prepared to receive an enemy in front , reare , right and left at one time 82 A Battalia fronting every way , prepared for battell 83 A Battalia fronting every way , giving fire under the Pikes , the Pikes charging over their heads 84 A Battalia fronting every way , each division of Pikes being on both hands flanke with Muketteers , with a diamant of Pikes in the midst 85 A very strong from of a Battalia for night or day , against horse or foot , having Muskeeteers in the front , flankes , and reare . 86 A Battalia of five companies in one body , all the Officers in their right places giving fire in front 87 A Battalia of 500. marching from the enemy , giving fire in the reare 88 Instructions for the better understanding of the two following armies 89 A small army divided into foure Battalions , with their distances each from other , as you may perceive in the figures betweene each Battalia , the number of paces , with horse on the flankes , and fire-lockes before . Of this , read more , page 89 90 A great army divided into many Battalions with their horse on the flankes , with fire-lockes , forlorne hopes , Ordnance and Wagons , as you may read more of this , page . 89 90. 91. ERRATA . IN the preparation to the march , in the first ranke of the March , if there be an r , make it an i. In the second line or ra . k , where there is no r , make the fourth i an r. Page the 10. the Ingravers error , placing the cock on the wrong side of the Musket , and the Tr●cker too high . Pag. 68. the Ingravers error , the Drummers place should bee a ranke forwarder . In the first division likewise , a rank too many . The eldest S. between the division of Pikes . FINIS . Notes, typically marginal, from the original text Notes for div A39580e-190 Note . Note . Doubling the flank . Note . Counter-March . Note . Note . Intire doubling Note . Note . Note . Note . Note . Note . Note . Wheeling . Note . Note . The use of wheeling . Note . F●les closing . Note . Files opening . Note . Note . Rank●s closing . Ranks opening . Note . Closing ●f Files ●nd ranks . Opening Files and Rankes . Note . Inversion . Note . Conversion . Note . Note . Files by conversion . Note . Sequence . Note . Files rank● Note . Ranke ▪ ranke . Most things performed by signes . Note . The maner of facing . Bearing of their Armes . Note . Note . Note . Note . Mov●ng al together . Countermarch by signes . Note . Note . Note . Note .