VVarrefare epitomized in a century, of military observations: confirming by antient principles the moderne practise of armes. By Captaine Levves Roberts. Roberts, Lewes, 1596-1640. This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A10822 of text S115978 in the English Short Title Catalog (STC 21095). Textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. This text has not been fully proofread Approx. 85 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 31 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. EarlyPrint Project Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO 2017 A10822 STC 21095 ESTC S115978 99851195 99851195 16461 This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Early English books online. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A10822) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 16461) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 935:9) VVarrefare epitomized in a century, of military observations: confirming by antient principles the moderne practise of armes. By Captaine Levves Roberts. Roberts, Lewes, 1596-1640. [8], 60 p. Printed by Richard Oulton, for Ralph Mabb, London : 1640. Variant: title has "VVarre-fare". Reproduction of the original in Harvard University. Library. eng Military art and science -- Early works to 1800. A10822 S115978 (STC 21095). civilwar no VVarrefare epitomized, in a century, of military observations: confirming by antient principles the moderne practise of armes. By Captaine L Roberts, Lewes 1640 12072 93 0 0 0 1 0 85 D The rate of 85 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the D category of texts with between 35 and 100 defects per 10,000 words. 2003-05 TCP Assigned for keying and markup 2003-05 Aptara Keyed and coded from ProQuest page images 2004-01 Emma (Leeson) Huber Sampled and proofread 2004-01 Emma (Leeson) Huber Text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-02 pfs Batch review (QC) and XML conversion VVARREFARE EPITOMIZED , In a Century , OF MILITARY OBSERVATIONS : Confirming by Antient Principles The Moderne practise of Armes . By Captaine LEVVES ROBERTS . LONDON , Printed by RICHARD OVLTON , for RALPH MABB 1640. To my worthy friends , and Brethren the Captaines of the trained Bands , Of the famous CITY of LONDON . CAPTAINE . Martin Bond . George Wawker . Marmaduke Royden . George Langham . Iohn Venn . Edward Dichfield . Thomas Covell . Edmond Forster . William Ge●re . Samuall Carlton . Tobias Massy . Randolph Mo●wareing Henry Sanders . Nicolas Beale . Robert Davis . Mathew Forster . Iohn Bradley . Rouland Wilson . Iames B●nce . WORTHY FRIENDS . MOst Certaine it is , that Warre hath bad its Originall from the very foundation of Soveraignety , a●d thence was reduced to an Art , confined within limited rules , and principles , and may ( in these our times ) be said to be either forraigne or Domestique , and that either offensive , or defensive , preserving , and upholding some Nations , and Countries , and destroying , and ru●ning others ; but still the rule , and true scope of a lust Warre amongst all Nations , is held to be a firme Peace , which as it is best obtained with the Sword in hand , so is it best confirmed , by a prevalent Victory , to compasse which many Authors have undertaken to laie downe Rules , some through Military Discipline , some through Valor and Policie , and most through bloodshedd , yet such defects are found in many of their precepts , that no positive rules can be collected thence , which in all points can make good the same , for it must be confessed , that they who frame to themselves , in their studies a modell of leadeing of an Army , to be come Victorious , find the same as full of Errors , as of Rules , when the application is made for a measure of Warre taken by booke , falleth out either too long , or too short , when it is brought into the field , to be put in practise , and somtimes such unlooked for chances , arest even the best , and most experienced Captaines ( though long acquainted with the Warres ) that their skill is not priviledged from casualties , nor their Iudgments , and knowledg ▪ from Vaniety of accidents , because a minute produ●eth that in the field which an Age hath not seene no n●r heard of before . Notwithstanding these difficulties , and uncertainties , I have indeavored for my owne recreation , to collect the most certaine of these rules of Warrefare , being such as admit of the least contradiction , and concluded the same in three Centuries , which I have termed Military Observations , and are the most materiall within the compase of a Soldiers & Captains knowledg , either before the Warre begun , or in the prosecution thereof , or after the Victory gained : the first is confirmed by the authority and aprovement of Antient authors , and serves as a ground-worke to the second , confirmed by reason , and experience , and both of these to the third , confirmed , and made good by practise , and the example of the greatest Captaines that have left their memories registred in the bookes of honour behind them to posterity ; the two latter may hereafter see the light ; if this former find a fav●rable construction in the World , and a friendly acceptance from you , to whose love in respect of our Vnited brotherly affection , and friendship , I have presumed to Dedicate the same , & that in testimony of the Obligement dew to your place from him that Intitles himselfe Your friend and Brother in Armes , L. ROBERTS Captaine . To the Readers . GENTLEMEN . MY love to Armes drew me as first to bee a practitioner thereof , in the Artillery Garden of London , and when occasions withheld me from the exercise it selfe , my mind was b●sied in perusing of such Anchors , as treated of that subject in sundry languages , which as length proved to bee so many , and so Various , and withall so differently handling the severall parts of Warre , that I found not thereby either my curiosity wholly satisfied , or yet my knowledg much bettered , whereupon I indevour'd to gaine som benefit by my labour , & somepleasure by my toil , collecting into one Epitome those quotations , which I had thus scatteringly met withall in my reading , reducing at length the ●a●e into three centuries of Military Observations ; the first confirming the moderne practise of Armes , by the authority of Antient Authors : the second confirming the same by reason , and experience , and the third , by the practise and example of sundry Commanders , and Chieftaines , the second being grounded upon the former , as the ●atter is upon both : In all which I cannot boast of ●nygreat paines taken , because they were done for delight , and to please my owne fancy , nor yet appropriate therin , anything worthy note to my selfe save the labour , because they are for the most part collections , how soever yet we see oftentimes , that therei 's a labour in recreation , and a toyle sometimes in pleasures , and that the builder is many times found to take more care , and paines , to collect , and gather his materialls , then to erect the Structure , or to beautify the whole Edifice : But whatsoever my paines , and industry was , I take it to my selfe ; and whatsoever the benefit is , or may be , I am contented to bestow vpon my friends , and amongst the rest ( if thou art one of them ) upon the incouraging me thus by afaire construction , and friendly acceptance of this first , to present thee with the two latter , and in the interim to stile my selfe Thy indebted Friend , LEWES ROBERTS Captaine . MILITARY OBSERVATIONS . Observation first : OF MILITARY ART . THe Art Military is of its selfe so Excellent , that it is fit for the knowledge of all Noble Personadges , and a quality most especially necessary for all Kings and Princes , whether they live either in peace or war , for without it their tranquillity cannot be preserved , nor their warre prosecuted , nor yet their own persons and subjects defended , for force and strength of men though valorous , sufficeth not unlesse the same be governed by Military Counsell and Martiall wisdome , Duo sunt quibus Respub : servatur , in hostes fortitudo & dom● concordia . cipiatur , ut nihil aliud quam pax quaesita videatur . Cicero &c. Let warre be so undertaken , that nought else but peace may seem to be sought for thereby . Observation XI . Of unadvised Warre . AS we have shewed unjust Warre to be unlawfull , so we will shew that temerity and unadvised warre is an Enterprise most worthy of discommendation . Omnes bellum sumunt facilè , aegerrimè definunt , net in ejusdem potestate initium & finis est . Sallust . &c. All Princes undertake a warre easily , but leave it off difficultly ; neither is the beginning and end in the power of one and the same person . Observation XII . Not to Enter into warre without cause . AS a wise Prince ought not to undertake any unlawfull invasion , so ought he not without mature deliberation enter into any warre at all , as one that is unwilling to offend others , though yet of courage enough to defend himselfe and his , Nec provoces bella , nec timeas . Plin : Neither may'st thou stirre up , neither stand in feare of warre . Observation XIII . Things required to make a VVarre . TO make a warre three things are required , 1. Money . 2. Men . 3. and Armes , and to maintaine this warre , Provision , and Counsell are needfull ; therefore the undertaking Chieftaine before he beginneth a warre , doth carefully consider not onely his forces , but the charges that doth belong thereunto , Diu apparandum est bellum , ut vincas melius , Pub : Warre is long before hand to be provided for , that so thou may'st conquer the better . Observation XIV . Bread needfull in VVarre . ABove all the provisions of warre , Care must be held , that Bread be not wanting , for without it nor victory , no nor life can bee looked for or expected . Quifr●mentum necessariumque c●mmeatum non praparat vincitur sineferro : Vigetius . He is vanquished without weapon , who prepares not bread and other necessarie provision of victuals . Observation XV . Armes needfull for VVarre to be ever in readinesse . A Prince or Chieftaine that intends warre either offensive or defensive , must have armes alwaies in readinesse , whereby is understood Harnesse , Horses , Weapons , Engins of artillery , powder and every other thing necessary for service , either of foot , or horse , and where the Princes territories are marittime , we may add hereunto shipps and shipping of all sorts , with every furniture thereto belonging both of defence and offence : these preparations make a Prince formidable , because no man dare doe or attempt against that King or people , where preparation is ever ready to revenge . Qui desiderat pacem , praeparet bellum . Caes. He that desireth peace , fore-provide's for warre . Observation XVI . Of Captaines and Souldjers . VVHen I say people , men &c. I meane a multitude of Subjects , armed and trained to defend or offend , and these by the custome of these times are of two sorts , Viz. Souldjers and Captaines , and souldiers are also of two sorts , foot-men and horsemen , the one most usefull in the Champion , and the other in mo●tan●us places , and likewise for defence , or assault of townes or grounds fortified , they are most necessary , and consequently meet for service in all places , which moved Tacitus to say , Omne in pedite Robur Iacet . &c. All the strength lyes in the footmen . Observation XVII . Of Horsemen and Footmen . FOr sudden service , the horse hath ever beene judged most meete , and the Execution of any speedy service is by them soonest performed : Neverthelesse all Captaines doe judge the actions of the footemen , most certaine of Execution , chiefly if well trained , and skilfully lead , for so Experience hath of late dayes proved , besides that , they carrie with them ever a lesse Expence , and are commonly of greater number . In universu● aestimar● plus penes pedittem roboris esse , Tacit. &c. Generally more strength is reputed to bee in the forces on foot . Observation XVIII . Souldiers not serviceable are to small purpose . BY these aforegoing observations , it is sufficiently proved that both horsemen and footemen be necessary : yet let us remember withall , that unlesse they be also serviceable , great numbers are but to small purpose . Manibusopus est bello , non multis nominibus . In warre not many names , but many hands are requisite . Observation XIX . To make Souldiers serviceable . TWo things is conceaved to make souldiers serviceable , the first consisteth in good choise , and the other in good discipline : both of them , but especially the latter , at this day little regarded . Emunt militem , non legunt . Liv. &c. They doe not carelesly take up , but purchase a souldjer . Observation XX . The Election of Souldjers . THe Election of souldiers ought ever to be out of the most honest and able number of bodies , and every campe is ever ablest , when it is composed of men knowne to one another , for thereby they are made the more confident , and their love to each other will make them adventure the one for another , but small heed is taken hereof in these dayes , for they are for the most part Purgamenta Vrbium suorum . Curtius &c. The off-scouring of their Cities . Observation XXI . The Discipline of Souldiers . IN discipline it is now a dayes seene in armies , that the Externall forme , and not the certaine substance thereof is observed , for whereas souldiers in former ages indeavoured to be vertuous and modest , so now they studie rather how to excell in Riot then in Martiall knowledge . Exercitus lingu● quam Manu promptior : praedator ● sociis , & ipse praeda hostium , Sall : The Army is nimbler in their tongue than their hand ; a robber among it 's companions , and it selfe becomes the enemies booty . Observation XXII . Stranger Souldiers what . NOw in as much as souldiers are made good by choise and Election , and that the foundation and ground of service seemeth to consist in the discretion , and judgement of those that have authority to make this Election , yet we must adde , that they must be chosen of the number of Naturall subjects , for strangers are covetous , and consequently corruptible , they are also mutenous , and not seldome time cowardly : the custome likewise is to robbe , burne ; and spoile , both friends and foes , and consume the Princes treasure . Ossa vides regum vacuis exsucta medullis . Iuvenal . &c. By this meanes I professe Kings bones behold you may cleane marrowlesse . Observation XXIII . The naturall Souldier what . NOw in the naturall souldier , few or none of these exorbitances are found , for he is faithfull and obedient , resolute in fight , loving to his country , and loyall to his Soveraigne . Gentes quae sub regibus sunt , pro Deo colunt , Curtius &c. Nations which are under King● , honour them for Gods . Observation XXIV . Naturall souldiers , two sorts . STatesmen and Politicians have noted , that Naturall souldiers are of two sortes , the first are they that are in continuall pay , and the second are they that are trained ready to serve , but doe notwithstanding attend their owne private affaires untill they be called , the first sort are necessary for all Princes . In pace decus , in bello prae●id●●● , Tacit. An ornament they are in peace , a guard in warre . Observation XXV . Levy of Souldiers . But these doe hold , that of this sort , no great numbers ought to be , partly to eschew disorders incident thereto , and partly to avoide the expences thereof , the second kind of foote souldiers , are to be trained in Shires , Townes , and Villages , as people more patient of paines , and fit for the warres , yet not so ambitiously disposed , as the citizens of Eminent Cities . Odio praesentium , & cupidine mutationis . Tacit. &c. With a loathing of the present , and a desire of cha●ge . Observation XXVI . The number of souldiers extraordinary . DIvers have left us their severall opinions touching the number of their Extraordinary souldiers , but this must be referred to the discretion and wisedome of the Prince , and Chieftaine . Bellum parare , & simul aerario parcere , Sa. To make provision for the warre , and with all to favour the treasurie . Observation XXVII . The number of ordinary souldiers . THe number of ordinary Souldiers , as well as of the extraordinary , must also bee left to the wisdome of the Prince commanding , yet some hold that the same ought to be according to the number of common people in a kingdom , not inserting the Gentlemen , for to such say they , is onely proper the service on horseback . Alas rusticis non tribu● ; in nobilitatem & in divites , haec à pauperibus onera inclines . Livins , &c. I doe not allot the wings of the army among countrie fellowes ; decline these charges from the poorer sort , and lay them upon the Nobility , and wealthy men . Observation XXVIII . Of the Country of the Souldiers . FIve certaine notes have been observed whereby the disposition of men fit to become souldiers hath beene discerned . First the Country , where they are borne , second their Age , third their Proportion of body , fourth their quality of minde , fift their faculty . Touching their Country , it is a thing apparently opened , that mo●●anous regions , or barren places , and northerne habitations , doe breed wits well disposed to the warre . Locorum asperit as hominum quoque ingenia durat . Curt. &c. The ruggednesse of their habitation doth also make the disposition of the inhabitants hardy . Observation XXVIII . of the Age of Souldiers THe age in the second place most apt for the warre , was antiently observed to be about eighteene yeares , and so the Romans used . Facilius est ad virtutem instruere novos milites quàm revocare praeteri●os , Vig. &c. It is easier to traine up fresh-water Souldiers to Discipline , then to reclaime over-growne ones . Observation XXIX . of the stature of the Souldiers . IN the third place the stature of the soldier ought to be observed : C. Marius liked best the longest bodies , Pirrhus prefered large and well proportioned men , but Vigetius seemed in his choise rather to esteeme strength then stature , . Utilius est fortes milites esse qu àm grandes . Viget . &c. It is more advantagious , that the Souldiers be strong then great . Observation XXX . of the spirit of a Souldier . IN the next place , the mind and Spirit of a Soldier , is to be considered , for that mind which is quick , nimble , bold and confident , seemeth apt for Warre : he also is of good hope that loueth honor more then Ease , or profit . In briefe : Is qui n●hil metuit , nisi turpem famam . Sall . He that is afraid of nothing but an ill name . Observation XXXI . Of the Faculty of a Souldier . IN the last place , it is to be marked in what Art or Faculty a man hath beene brought up , for it may be presumed , that Fishers , Fowlers , Cookes , &c. trained up in esseminate Arts , are unfit for Martiall indeavor , and as these men were in respect of their Trades , thought unmeet ; so in old time , Slaves , and Masterlesse-men , were repulsed from Armes , as in famous persons . Sed nunc tales sociantur armis quales domini habere fastidiunt . Vig. &c. But now a dayes such fellowes are entertained in their Armies , as they fowlely scorne to keepe in their houses . Observation XXXII . Discipline maketh Soldiers . HOw Soldiers are to be chosen , these few words which wee have spoken may suffice to demonstrate : let us now in the next place say somwhat of Discipline , for though choise findeth out Soldiers , yet it is Discipline doth make them such , and continueth them fit for service . Paucos Viros forles Natura procreat , bona institutione plures reddit industria . Vig. &c. Nature bring's forth but a few very strong-men ; Industrie by good instruction breed's up very many . Observation XXXIII . Military Discipline What . MIlitarie Discipline is a certaine severe confirmatīion of Soldiers , in their Valor and Vertue , and is seene to be performed by foure meanes , I Exercise , 2 Order , 3 Compulsion , 4 Example ; the two first of these do appertaine to Valor , the third to Vertue , and the last both to Valor , and Vertue . But first for Exercise , I say that a Soldier being chosen , ought to be informed in Armes , and used in action , the word it selfe Exercitium importeth nothing els . Exercitus dicitur quod melius fit Exercitando , Varro . It is called Exercitus , an Army , because it is made better by often exercising . Observation XXXIV . Military Order What . ORder in Martiall Discipline consisteth in dividing , disposing and placing of men , aptly at all occasions , to be commanded , as the leaders shall direct : this in it selfe requireth with the parts thereto appertaining a longer discourse , therefore I refer it to Experienced Captaines , and skillfull . Leaders , that have written thereof , as Polibius , Vigetius , Dela-Nove , and others &c. Observation XXXVI . Military Compulsion what . MIlitary Compulsion , or coertion , is that which bridleth , and governeth the manners of Soldiers , for no order can be observed a mongst them , vnlesse they be indewed with the qualities of Continency , Modesty , and Abstinency , but first Continency is chiefely to be shewed in their Diet , and moderate desires . Degenerat aè Robore ac Virtute miles assuetudine Voluptatum , Tacitus . A Souldier , by custome of Pleasures , degenerates from 's Courage , and Manlinesse . Observation XXXVI . Military Modesty what . THe modesty of a Soldier is best perceived in his words , his apparell , and his actions , for to be a Vanter or a vaine-glorious boaster , is far unfit in him that professeth honour , or Armes , but that which hath bene held true Vertu is silent , Viri militiae natifactis magni ad Verborum linguaeque certamina rudes . Tacit. &c. Men borne to Martiall Discipline , and renowned by famous exploits , are altogether unacquainted how to skirmish with words , or the tongue . Observation XXXVII . Military Apparell . THe modesty of a Soldier is also shewed in his apparell , if therein hee do not Exceed : for albeit it fitteth well the Profession of Armes , to be well Armed , and decently apparelled , yet all superfluity and Excesse , savoreth either of ignorance or Vanity ; Horridum militem esse decet , non caelato auro argentoque , sed ferro . Liv. It best beseemes a Souldier , to appeare terrible : not to be garnished with Gold and Silver , but with Steele . Observation XXXVIII . Military Abstinence . ABstinence is also fit for all Soldiers , for thereby guided , they refraine from Violence , and insolency , by which rule also they are informed to governe themselves civilly , in the place or country where they serve , and likewise in their lodgings , never taking away any thing from the owners , nor yet committing outrage , though urged thereto by great necessity ; Vivant cum provincialibus jure civili , nec insolescat animus , quise sentit armatum . Cast. Let them live with their provincialls in a civill manner ; neither let his mind grow insolent , who perceives himselfe Armed . Observation XXX . IX . Military Example what . THe last mark of Military Discipline , wee called Example : vnder which word is comprehended Reward , and Punishment , for Soldiers are rewarded , whensoever they receve for any Excellent or singular service , Honor , or Riches , and for Evill they have their due , when they tast the punishment thereunto belonging , Necessarium est acrius ille dimicet quem ad opes ac dignitates ordo militiae et imperatoris iudicium consueuit evehere . Vig. &c. T is requisite that they should stand to it more stifly , whom the course of Service in the Warres , and the respect of the Generall hath thought good to advance . Observation XL . Military Reward , and Punishment . AS gold and glory doth truely belong to the good and welldeserving Soldier , so punishment is dew to those , that be Vicious and Cowardly , for nothing is conceived so much to hold Soldiers in dew obedience , as the severity of true Martiall Discipline : Milites , imperatorempotius quàm hostem metuere debent . Vig. &c. Souldiers ought to stand in more awe of their Generall , then feare of their Enemy . Of Soldiers let these observations suffice : Wee will now speak of what quality Chieftaines , and Leaders ought to be , for upon them dependeth the welfare of whole Armies ; Militar is turba sine duce , Corpus fine spiritu , Curtius . A Band of Souldiers without a Captaine , is a Body without breath . Of a Generall . Observation XLI . Of a Chiefe , or Generall . A Chiefe or Generall in Warre , is either of his owne authority , a Chiefe , or a Generall , that doth command in the name of another ; of the first sort are Emperors , Kings , and Princes : of the second , be the Deputies , Lieutenants , Colonels , and indeed all Generall Commanders , in Warre : Now whether it be more Expedient that the Prince should command in person , or by his Deputy , divers wise-statesmen have diversly discussed , from which it may be in effect thus farr concluded , that if the Warre do onely concerne some particular part or province , then may the same be performed by a Lieutenant ; but if the whole fortune of the Prince doe thereupon depend , then is he to command in his owne Person , and not otherwise . Dubijs praeliorum exemptus , summae rerum et imperij seipsum reservat . Tacit. &c. Being free'd from the dangers of battaile , he reserves himselfe for authority and chiefe command . Observation XLII . One onely Commander , best in an Army . AS therefore it importeth the Prince by his owne presence , and somtimes by deputation , to performe this most eminent office , yet how ever occasion shall require , it ever behoveth according to the greatest , and generall opinion of Authors that but one onely Commander , ought to be in chiefe , for Plurality of Generalls , doe rarely or never worke any good effect : with this proviso and caution that to his experience , and wisdome , he have the other properties of such a Commander . In bellica praefectura major aspectus habendus peritiae , quam Virtutis aut morum . Aristot. &c. In Warlike authority , a greater consideration is to be had of the experience , than of the Vertue or condition of the Commander . Observation XIII . Qualities of a Generall . MAny are the qualities required by Authors , in a compleat Chi●taine , the principall insisted upon are five , Skill , Vertue , Providence , Authority , and Fortune . First by Skill , is meant , he should be of great knowledg , and long experience , for to make and fashion out a sufficient Captaine , neither the information of others , nor yet his owne reading , is not prevalent . Qui nor it quis Ordo agminis , quae cura explorandi , quantus Vrgendo trahendoue bello modus . Cicero . &c. Who knowe's what is the Order of a troupe , what the care , of espying , how great the measure of hast'ning or delaying the Warre . Observation XLIIII . Vertue in a Generall . BY the V●rtue of a Generall , is understood a certaine Vigor or force , both of body and mind , to exercise Souldiers , as well in feigned warre as in a reall fight with the Enemy , and therefore to say summarily , a Captaine ought to be laboriosus in negotio , fortis in periculo , industriosus in agendo , et celeris in conficiend● . Cicero . Painefull in imployment , hardy in danger , industrious in action , and swift in execution . Observation XLV . Providence in a Generall . NExt to Vertue is placed providence , to be a needfull quality , in a Generall : for being of such wisdom , they will not hazard , nor yet commit more to fortune , then necessity shall inforce : yet too true it is , the fooles , and vulgar folkes , that commend , or discommend actions according to the issue or successe , were wont to say , Cunctatio servilis , statim exequi regium est , Delay is base ; to put in present execution , is Princely . But the more advised , and provident Captaines , do think , Temeritas , praeter quam quod stulta , est etiam infaelix , Livius . That Rashnes is not onely foolish , but also infortunate . Observation XLVI . Of fortune in a Gener●ll . THough Providence be ever accounted the best meanes of good speed , yet some Captaines of that Quality , and in skill excellent , have beene in their actions , and Enterprises , vn●ucky ; when others of lesse sufficiency , by good fortune , have mervailously prevailed , as is plentifully manifested to us by Histories , in all ages ; we may therefore reasonably say with Cicero , Quodolim Maximo , Marcello , Scipioni , Mario , et caeter is magnis Imperatoribus , non solum propter v●rtutem , sed etiam propter fortunam saepius imperia mandata , atque exercitus esse commissos . Cicero . That heretofore not onely for their Valour , but also for their good Fortune , that authority was frequently imposed , and the command of the Army was committed to Maximus , Marcellus , Scipio , Marius , and other those great Generals . Observation XLVII . Of authority in a Generall . AVthority was the last thing we wished to be in a Generall , for it greatly importeth his actions , and designes ; what opinion , or conceit the Enemy may have of such a Commander , and likwise how much his friends , and confederates doe esteeme him : but the onely chiefe and principall meanes to maintaine this authority , as sundry authors have left us in their writings , is Austerity , and Terror . Dux authoritatem maximam sever●ta●e sumat , omnes culpas militares legibus vindicet , n●lli Errantium credatur ignoscere . Viget . &c. Let a Generall take upon him selfe very great authority , with gravity ; let him punish the Souldiers delinquencies according to the lawes , let him be believed to pardon no Offenders . Observation XLVIII . Of Affability , and severity in a Generall . TO conclude these Observations , collected upon the due properties , of a Generall ; experience hath proved , that such Chieftaines , as were affable , and kind to their Soldiers , became ever much loved , yet did they incurre contempt ; but on the other side , those that have commanded severely , and terribly , albeit they gained no good-will , yet were they ever best obeyed . Dux facilis inutilis . App. A favorable Generall is worth little . Observation XLIX . Good Soldiers without good Counsell , Bootlesse . AFter that a Prince hath found out , and elected his men , and framed them fitt for the Warres , whom now I terme Soldiers ; yet serve they to small or no purpose , unlesse they be imployed according to Military wisdome , of warlike counsell . Non minus est Imperatoris consilio quam Vip●rfecisse . Tacit. It is of no lesse moment to be instructed by the advise , than the valour of the Generall . Observation L. Of Counsells in Warre . COunsell in Warre , or Military Counsells , is by som wri●ers branched into two several sorts , that is , Direct Counsell , and indirect Counsell : the first extendeth it selfe to a plaine and orderly demonstration and course , for proceeding ; as to lay hold upon fitt and due occasion : for as in all other humane actions , so ( chiefly in Warre ) Occasion is of great force , and consequence . Occasio in bell● , solet amplius juvare quam Virtus . Vig. &c. Opportunity in Warre commonly help 's more than Valour . Observation LI. Constancyin Military counsells . MAny Authors have left us in writing , that occasions presented , being then taken hold of , have often bee the meanes of good successe , and that the fame of him , that knoweth when to embrace the same , hath wrought great effects : Constancy in Resolutions , determined in Counsells , is then behooffull : Therefore a Captaine ought not to give credit , nor be apt to believe the vaine Rumors , and reports of every man . Malè imperatur cum regit V●lgus duces suos . Seneca . Things are ill governed , when the foot rules the head . Observation LII . Confidence in Military counsells . AS inconstancy is to be avoided in counsels of Warre , so confidence is likewise to be eschewed ; for no man is sooner surprized , then he who feareth least : and who knowes not , but that the contempt of the Enemy , hath beene the maine cause of great discomfitures : Therefore as a Captaine that commands an Army , or a Towne , ought not to feare , so should he not contemne his Enemy . Nimia fiducia semper noxia . Emil. Too much confidence is alwaies hurtfull . Observation LIII . Good information in Military counsell . AS overmuch estimation , of our owne Vertue and Valour , is hurtfull to us , causing thereby a security in us ; so to prevent the same , it doth import every good Captaine , to be well and truely informed , not onely of his owne forces , but also of the strength , and Vertue , of his Enemy , to which is to be added , the knowledg of the scituation , of the place and Country , where he abideth , or is seated , the quality of the people , and Soldiers he commandeth , together with every other needfull circumstance , thereunto belonging ; moreover the G●neralls humor , and capacity , is not to be omitted ; together with the particular condition and Nature , of the Enemy . Impetus acres cunctatione languescunt , aut in perfidiam mutantur . Tacit. Violent resolutions languish through delay , or else are turned into treachery . Observation LIIII . Temerity to be avoyded . TEmerity in Military actions is to be avoided as most dangerous , for iudicious Captaines are not to enterprise any thing without Mature delibration , and faire opportunity , vnlesse they be thereto by necessity inforced . In rebus asperis et tenui spe , fortissima quaeque consilio tutissima sunt . Livi. &c. In dangerous matters , and slender hopes , the strongest things are safest by counsell . Observation LV . Prodigious signes , not to be neglected . SOme wise men , & those not superstitiously , but discreetly , do think and have noated to Military-men , that Prodigious Signes from Heaven , or on Earth , are not to be neglected ; neither yet , according to their opinion , are dreames to be contemned . Nam amat benignit as numinis , seu quod merentur homines , seu quod tangitur eorum affectione , his quoque rationibus prodere quae impendunt . Ami. &c. For the goodnesse of the Deity , whether because that mortalls deserve it , or els being with their afflictions , loves by these meanes , to fore-shew those things , which hang over thier heads . Observation LVI . Time to be observed . OPportunity is by a judicious Captaine , to be awaited , and fit time to be spied out , when either the Enemy is wearied , or by pretending feare , draw him into ambushes , and danger , all which advantages ? with many others , is principally gained , by observations , of time and seasons . Quia si in occasioni● momento , cujus praetervolat opportunit as cunctatu● paulum fueris , nequicquam mox omissam quierare . Liv. Because if thou shalt never so littleslacken , in the very nick of occasion , whose opportunity slips quickly away ; 't will be too late afterward to seeke for what is let passe . Observation LVII . Place to be considered . AS Time , and the observation thereof is to be laid hold on ; so likewise is place also to be well and judiciously considered , especially whether it conduce to a Captaines advantage , or to his Enemies . Amplius prodest locus saepe quàm Virtus . Viget . &c. Oft' times , the Place more advantageth , than Valour . Observation LVIII . The well ●raining of the men to be noated . DOubtlesse in a Military action , or designe , it importeth much , that the Soldiers be well trained , ordered , and prepared for the fight : for it is ever seene that the want of Art , either in Captaine or Soldier , is cause of many disadventures , and we find in a skirmish-battell , or such incounter , that many times a small supply of ther Soldiers comming opportuely , whether on Horseback , or on foote , doth seeme to the Enemy , very terrible , and much daunteth them : And in Histories , we find noted , that a sudden showt , or such conceit , hath oftentimes amazed a whole Army . Milites Vanis & inanibus , magis quàm justis formidinis causis moventur . Curtius . Souldiers are terrified , more with Vaine , and naked , then with just causes of feare . Observation LIX . Nationall Soldiers , together in battell . THe most expert Commanders , have ever found it to best end , and purpose , that in ordering of Souldiers to fight , those of one , and the same country and Nation , should be still placed & ranged together ; and have ever beene so vigilant and carefull , to foresee , that the least losse of blood may fall upō the naturall Subjects , & so handle the designe and skirmish as the chiefe slaughter may light upon the mercenary-men , and strangers . Ingens victoriae decus citra domesticum sanguinem bellanti . Tacit. In a victory , the chiefe renowne arising to the Commander , is that which is got without domestique bloodshedde . Observation LX . To be first in a readinesse , for the onsett . QUestionlesse , it is to a Commanders great advantage , that his forces should be ordered , and in a readines for the fight , before the Enemy be prepared : first , for that he may the better performe what he thinkes fittest to be done , and secondly , that● thereby his owne forces will thereof receive great courage , being readiest to assatle the Enemy , and to begin the Combate . Plus animiest inferenti periculum quàm propulsanti , Lin . &c. He certainly hath greater courage who inforceth , and rusheth violently upon a danger , than he that withstands it . Observation LXI . The Commanders disposition to fight . THe Genera●ls , or Commanders owne readines , courage , and lively disposition to fight , doth undoubtedly , greatly animate , the multitude of Soldiers , to the Battell : as a contrary countenance or the least appearance , of feare , will exceedingly amaze , and daunt , his company , and Army . N●cesse est , ad fugam parati sin● , qui ducem su●m sentuint desperare . Viget . Needs must they prepare themselves for flight , who perceive their Commanders despairing . Observation LXII . Moderate execution after Victory . SOme Captaines have held it good policie , to make the Victory famous by much blood-shed : but in the opinion of most Chieftaines , to execute the Enemy , with an extreame cruelty , is no sound policie , nor Christianlike practise : But rather to proceed with dew ●oderacy , for to such it sufficeth the Victory is theirs , and the honour thereof , dewly both his , and his Soldiers . Clausis ex desperatione cresct audac i● , et ▪ cum spei ●ibil est , sumit arm● formido . Vig. &c. Those who are incompassed , with despaire , take stomacke afresh , and feare reassume's weapons , when no hope at all remaines . Observation LXIII . To frustrate , Pilledg , and spoyle . HEreto it is to be added , that the provident Commander , be circumspect , in all his enterprizes , and every of his actions , that the common Soldier be frustrated from spoyle , and Pilledg . S●pe obstitit vince●tibus pravum interipsos certamen omissohoste , spoli● consectandi . Tacit. The pursuit of the Conquered ommitted , many times a greedy strife among themselves for the Pillage , hath not a little hindred the Conquering . Observation LXI●II . Of Indirect Counsells . OF direct Counsells , let that we have said suffice , and now speak of Indirect Counsells , commonly called by the Greek word , Stratagems , or subtill practises ; which manner of proceeding hath been in times-past , and of divers grave writers , greatly condemned . Vir ●em● mentis al●ae clanculum Velit occiderehostem . Eurip. No one of a Noble Spirit will privily kill his Enemy . Observation LXV . Stratagems without Fraude . BUt waving in these dayes , the opinion of this , and of divers other writers worthy credit ; it seemeth reasonable in these times , and in pietie allowable , that Stratagems , or subtilties , may be used in Warre ; yet with this caution , that the same be such , as may stand with fidelity , and honour : for fraud , being used contrary to contracts , or agreements , made with the Enemy , is meere trechery , to poyson him or hier a murtherer to kill him , were plaine impietie . Foederatum injuste fallere impium . Liv. &c. 'T is a wicked part , to deceive him unjustly , with whom a truce is made . Observation LXVI . To Murther an Enemy not warrantable . IN the like nature , out of the Warre covertly to murther or kill , a particular Enemy , or by secret assault , or practice ; to doe him to death , is not warrantable , either by faith or honour : yet to use all craft , cunning , or subtilty , in open Warre , is both avowable , and praiseable , and so it is thought by Christian writers . Cum justum bellum suscipitur ut aperto pugnet quis , aut exinfidijs , nihil ad justiciam interest . August . &c. When a just Warre is undertaken , it doth nothing concerne justice , whether any one do fight openly , or entrap by wiles . This is also approved by divers Authors , of great credit . Confice sive dolo seu stricto comminus ense . Plut. &c. By treachery do 't , or fight it out at sharpe . And this is also confirmed by Xenophon . Reipsa n●hil utilius in bello dolis &c. Verily there 's not any thing better in Warre , then guile . Observation LXVII . The true vse of Victory . THe end of every just Warre is peare nad having briefely shewed what is observable in Warre , and what counsells are required thereto : Let us now consider , how Victory ought to be used : to the injoying then of a victorious peace , three things are required , 1. Warines , 2. Mercy , and 3. Modestie : Because that overgreat confidence may happily impeach the end , of good successe . Res secundae , neg ligentiam creant . Liv. &c. Prosperous successe begets negligence . Observation LXVIII . Mercy in Victory . VIctory requires in the second place , to be handled mercifully ; for in their owne nature wee find all conquests , are crueell enough , and the fury and ire of insolent Soldiers doe oftentimes force the people conquered , to become desperate . Gravissims morsus irritat aenecess●tatis . Curtius . &c. The nips of provoked necessity are most int ollerable . Observation LXIX . Modesty in Victory . MOdesty , is the third thing , required in a Victory , being of it selfe , an honourable quality , in him that conquereth ; for in prosperous fortune men , but especially Commanders in Warre , doe hardly refraine , covetous , insolent , and proud actions ; yea it hath beene found , that some good , and great Captaines , have in the like cases , forgotten , what did best become them . In rebus secundis etiam egregij Duces insolescunt . Tacit. In fortunate events , even excellent Commanders , have done things most unworthy themselves . Observation LXX . Peace the end of VVarre . IF Warre should ever continue in a Kingdom , or Country , no estate , or Government could stand , therefore after Victory , followeth peace , therefore how great , or how long soever , the Warre chance to be , th'end thereof , must of necessity determine in peace : the name whereof , is not onely sweet , but also comfortable . Pax una triumphis innumeris potior . Liv. &c. One peace alone , is more worth than a multitude of Triumphs . Observation LXXI . The profit of Peace . PEace truely considered , and in it's owne nature , is not onely good , and profitable to him that is Victorious , but also to those , that are Victored . Pacem reduci Velle . Victori expedit Victo necesseest . Tacitus . It 's profitable for the Conqueres , and needfull for the Conquered , that Peace be reestablished . Observation LXXII . Of Honourable Peace . PEace is distinguished , by some , to be of divers kinds , the best of which , is that which is by them termed the good , and honourable Peace ; and untill that be offered , Armes may not be laid aside , wherein may be wished , that Tullius advice may be followed . Bellum gerendum est ; si bellum omittamus , pace nunquam fiuemur . Liv. &c. Warre is to be kept afoote ; for if that be layd downe , we are never like to enjoy peace . Observation LXXIII . Treaties of Peace . MAny things are considerable , in Treaties , of Peace : but especially , most States-men have held opinion , that first , the conditions be honourable ; for that to condescend to any base conditions , is unto a Princely mind , not onely great indignity , but also intollerable . Cum dignitate potius cadendum , quàmcum ignominia serviendum . Plutarch . &c. Better it is , to die with Honour ; then to live in disgra 〈◊〉 Observation LXXIIII . True and unfained Peace . IT is also important , that Peace obtained , should be in it's selfe , & simple , true , reall , and unfained Peace ; for all fained , and dissembled amity , is to be doubted . Pace suspectatutius est bellum . Mithrid . &c. Warre is much more safe , then a faigned Peace . Observation LXXV . Time for Treaty of Peace . THe fittest season to speake of Peace as wisemen have observed , is either when the warre beginneth , or during the time that the Enemies be of equall force , for in the continuation , of the Warre , it must at last behoove the weaker , to yeeld unto necessity , and to receive conditions of peace , from the stronger , and according to the inforcement of his wants , not vnlike the Pilos , and Ship-master , who to save himselfe , is constrained to cast the greatest part of his lading , into the Sea . Necessitatipare , quam ne Dij quidem superant . Liv. &c. Obey Necessity , which the Gods themselves could nere over-master . Observation LXXVI . Peace when to be accepted . TO conclude these observations of Peace , when then a Comander hath generously defended himselfe , and performed all things required in a magnanimious Captaine , and finding never the lesse , his force insufficient , it cannot be dishonourable to accept a Peace , wherefore laying aside hatred , the effect of revenge , and hope the effect of better successe , which are then , but two weak supporters of war fare , he may recommend both himselfe , and his estate , unto the aproved discretion , of an honourable Enemy . Victores secundae res in miserationem ex irae vertunt . Liv. Good successe turnes the Conquerers displeasure into compassion . Observation LXXVII . Gaine to Conquerers by Peace . FOrasmuch as every Peace promiseth rest , and quiet , as well to the Victorious , as to those that are Victored , we may ad thereto ; that the Prince Victorious , receiveth also thereby Honour , Profit , and Security ; for albeit , his present happinesse , may occasion a hope of greater successe , yet in respect of fortunes mutability , it shall be good and glorious to consent to Peace . Decorum Principi est , cum Victoriam prope in manibus habeat , pacem non abnuere , utsciant● mnest● , et suscipere justè bella , et finire . Liv 'T is seemely for a Prince , not to refuse Peace , even when the Victory is wel-neare in 's owne hands , that all may see , and know , how he both undertakes and layes downe Armes justly . Observation LXXVIII . Moderation in Victory . THis point also seemeth to the Victorious an houorable thing to give peace , and not to take it , whereby he likewise sheweth himselfe discreet , by using a moderation in his Victory , and no extremity in spoyling ; which course , both wise , and godly writers have commended . Pacem contemnentes , et gloriam appetentes , pacem perdunt & gloriam . Bar. Who so despise Peace , and desire Glory , thereby lose both . Observation LXXIX . Profit by Peace to the Victorious . MOreover it is ever seene , that Peace is in its selfe profitable to the Victorious , because continuall Warre breedeth wearinesse , poverty , and many other calamities , and of violent proceedings , desperation , and perill cometh . Maximè 〈◊〉 ri morsus esse solent morientium bestiarum . Seneca . The bitings of dying beasts are wont especially to prove mortall . Observation LXXX . Peace assures more then Victory . IT is out of question , but that Peace is more assured then any Victory ; for hope of the one , is in our owne power , but the other is in the hand of the Almighty ; and hereto we may add the force , and effects , of fortune , which as some write , hath power in all humane actions . In secundis rebus nibil in quenquam superbe ac violenter consulere decetnec praesenti credere fortunae , c●m quid Vesper fer at incertus sis . Seneca . In prosperity t is unseemely to give counsell , against any one disdainfully , and fiercely , not to trust too much unto a present fortune , sith thou art uncertaine , what the Evening may bring with it . Observation LXXXI . Conditions of Peace reasonable . IN a Peace granted , or received , the conditions of Peace ought to be reasonable , for no people can live contented under such a lawe , as forceth them to loath the state wherein they are . Misera pax , bello bene m●tatur . Sene. A miserable Peace , may well be turned to Warre . Observation LXXXII . Civill Warre a great Miserie . HAving handled these observations that we have collected upon forraigne Warre , which happeneth betweene one Prince , and another , and observations , gathered upon Peace , which is obtained , and reaped , by a modest Commander ? we come now to those observations collected upon Domestique , or Civill Warre , which is the greatest , and most greevous calamity , that can come to a Common-weale , for therein Subjects do take Armes , either against their Prince , or amongst themselves whereof followeth many miseries ; indeed more lamentable , then can be described . Non atas , non dignitas quenquam protegit , quo minùs stupra caedibus et caedes stupris misceantur . Tac. Nor age , nor feature can securely protect any one , or withhold Rapes to be interlac'd with slaughters , and blood with ravishing . Observation LXXXIII . Destiny first cause of Civill warre . DEstiny some hold in opinion is the first cause of Civill Warre , for GOD in his divine providence , doth fore see many yeares before that great , and mighty Empires shall be ruined . In semagna ruunt : laetis hunc numina rebus Crescendi modum . Lucan . Thus Heavens great Destiny denyes to greatest States more growth thereby . Observation LXXXIIII . Riot &c. The second cause of Civill Warre . THe second Cause is Exoesse , Riot , and dissolute life : for nothing breedeth civill fury , so soone as over great hapinesse , also pompous apparell , b●nquetting , and prodigall spending , consumeth riches , and plenty is turned to poverty , for by these meanes men may be brought to desperation . Rapacissimo cuique ac perditissimo non agriaut foenus , sed sola instrumenta Vitiorum manebunt . Tacit. Every ravenous , and dissolute fellow , hath neither fields nor their encrease , but the instruments onely of his Vices remaining . Observation LXXXV . Destiny in evitable NOw to consider how destiny might be eschew ed were in Vaine , for no wit , or wisdom of man , can find a remedy thereto , because it is the decree of GOD , and doubtlesse inevitaole . Ita fato placuit nullius rei eodem semper loco stare fortunam , Seneca . GODS , providence hath so determined , that nothing shall continue alwaies in the same place and condition . Againe , nothing is Exempt from the perill of mutation ; the Earth and Heavens , and indeed the whole world is subject thereunto . Certis cuncta temporibus nascie debent , cresecre , extingui . Sene. All things fade at their appointed times , they must take a beginning , afterward grow up , and then be dissloved . Observation LXXXVI . Remedy against Civill Warres . BUt yet some remedies may be used touching the second Causes of Civill warre , because the same proceedeth from faction , sedition , or tyranny : Now faction I call a certaine association of divers persons combined to the offenc , it proceedeth many times of privat or publique displeasure , and more oftentimes of ambition . Nemo eorum qui in Repub : versantur , quos Vincat , sed á quibus vincatur aspicit . Sene. None of those , who intermeddle thus in the commonwealth , regard so much whom he overcomes , but of whom he may be overcome . Observation LXXXVII . Offactions . FActions may be distinguished , to be of two sorts : for either they consist of many , or of a few personsi both which be dangerous , but the former more apt to take Armes ; and that party which proveth weakest , prayeth oftentimes aide of forrain forces , the other faction wherin are fewer partakers , becomonly greate presonages , of more importance , then ordinary people , and that proveth most perilous , and bloody . Nobilium factiones trahunt ad se et in partes Vniversum etiam populum . Arist. The factions of the Nobility , draw even all the Commonalty to side with one , or th'other part . Observation LXXXVIII . Factions how farre and where necessary I Confesse I have heard the opinion of some that have had the report , and esteeme of wise men alledg that factions , are necessary , yet doubtlesse that conceit cannot be well maintained unlesse it be upon confines and in such places where conspiracies is feared , which Cato in his private famely used . Semper contentiunculas aliquas , aut dissidentiam inter servos callid● serebat , suspectam habens nimiam concordiam eorum metuensque . Plut. Suspecting , and feareing their friendly agreement , craftily he gave occasion for petty quarrels , and disagreement to arise among his servants . Observation LXXXIX . Factions amongst Nobility to be suppressed . NOw factions amongst the Nobility is sometimes suppressed by forbidding of Colours or noted and knowne badges to be worne , somtimes also by inhibiting of names , and watchwords of ●●times , and this we learne was the counsell of Mecaenasto Augustus , and Aristotle thinketh it fit that lawes should be made against the factions of Noble men . Nobilium comemiones , etpartes etiam leg●bus oporte● prohibere conari . Aristo . It is very requisite that the Lawes endeavor to restraine contentions and sidings among Noble-men . Observation 90. Sedition a cause of Civil Warre . A Nother cause of civill Warre , we called sedition , which is a sudden co●●otion , or assembly , of common people against their Prince , or his Magistrates , the originall of which disorders may proceed from diven causes , but commonly we find oppress●● the prime . 〈◊〉 periculorum● vem edi●●●sa peric●la arbir●●● . Aristotle . They supposing present dangers to be the very remedy , for those mischiefes which are nere at hand . Observation 91. Feare a cause of sedition . AGaine we find , that feare may be an occasion of sedition , as well in him that hath done injury , as in him that looketh to be injuried , as being desirous to prevent it before it commeth : It may also proceed of over great mildnes in government . Non miserijs , sed liscentia tantum concitum turbarum lascivire magis plebem quàm s●vire . Liv. The insurrections of the Commons are occasion'd not so much through oppressions , whereby they grow wild , as through too much liberty , whereby they play the wantons . Observation 92. Poverty a cause of sedition . SEdition is also seene somtimes to arise of poverty , or of those Artificers , whose Arts are grown out of use , and consequently no meanes whereof they can live , as is noted in the silver s●iths , by the neglect of Dianaa's shrine and Temple , Semper in civitate , quibusopes nullae sunt , bonis invident , Vetera odere , nova expetunt , odio suar●● 〈…〉 om●ia student . Salust . Evermore in a City those who are poore envy the rich , distast the old , and desire new ; and being out of love with their owne conditions , they devise how they may alter every thing . Observation 93. Tyranny a cause of Sedition . IN the last place Sedition cometh of Tyranny , I●soleney , or mutinous disposition , of certaine Captaines , or ring leaders of the people , for albeit the multitude is apt to innovation , it doth ill stand firme untill some first mover taketh the matter in hand . Multitudo omnis , sicut mare , per seimmobilis . Liv. &c Every seditious multitude ( as 't is their condition ) is of it selfe unalterable . Observation 94. Movers of Sedition . THe movers of Sedition are many , and those of many qualities : In the first ranke I account the Ambitious , who commonly wanting other meanes to aspire , do hope by a practise of Sedition , to compasse their intended designe , in the next I reckon unthrifts , who having consumed their owne do seek by that meanes to possesse themselves of other mens : In the last I hold the Vaine , and light persons , who without cause , or reason , doe attempt innovation , themselves not knowing why , nor wherefore . Non tam praemijs periculorum , quam ipsis periculis laeti , pro certis , et olim partis , nova , ambigua , ancipitia malunt . Tacit. Not more joyfull with the booties they expect to get through these dangers they are to undergoe , but even with the very dangers , instead of those certaineties and what they are now owners of , they rather chuse to have new , ambiguous and uncertaine ones . And thus having told the causes of Sedition : I wish the remedies were in time prepared ; for , Omne malum nascens , facilè opprimitur , inveter atum fit plerunque robustius . Any mischiefe is easily oppressed in the beginning , after long continuance it growes more sturdy . Observation 95. The way to suppresse Sedition . MAny Politicians have noted there are severall waies to suppresse this Sedition , before named : The first whereof is E●oquence , and excellent perswasion , which oftentimes is seene to worke great effects amongst the multitude , chiefly then , when it proceedeth from some reverend , and grave person , for wisdom , and honoured for i●tegrity of life , for by their opinion , the Prince himselfe is not to take this office in hand , unlesse necessity doth thereto inforce him . Integra a●thoritas Principls majoribus remedijs servetur . Tacitus . Let the Princes authority be reserved entire , for greater cures . Now if perswasion cannot prevaile , then must force compell , but before such Violent proceeding , both Art , and Cunning , is to be used , either totally to apease , or at least to disunite the people , and the rather , if it apeare to the multitude , that the Prince do offer faire , and promise plausible . Verba apud populum , plurimum valent . Tacitus . Words doe most exceedingly prevaile with the multitude . And in these , or in such like Cases , it is held , by reason of state , lawfull for Princes to use craft , and the same not prevailing to wash away the infany thereof with clemeucy , for when Armes are laid downe , and every one yeeldeth , generall punishment were needles . Omnium culpa fuit , paucorum sit poena . Tacit. Though all have alike offended , yet let but a few be punished . Observation 96. The difference betwixt Kings and Tyrants . THe last and principall cause of Sedition , we named Tyranny which is a certaine Violent government exceeding the Lawes of GOD , and Nature : The difference , betweene Kings , and Tyrants , may be this : The one imployeth Armes in defence of Peace , The other useth them to terrify those of whom his cruelty hath deserved hate . Aferre , tr●tidare , rapere , fallis nominibus imperium , atque vhi solitudinem fecerint , pacem appellant Tacit. By false titles to take by violence , cruelly to murther , and enter fiercely into the authority royall ; and when they have eaused desolation , to call it Peace . In the next place , the quslity of Tyranny , is to esteeme pro●oters more then good Ministers , because those men are the scourge of infinite others , they are also protectors of imptous persons , and stand in dayly doubt of Noble , and Vertuous men . Nobilitas , opes , omissi gestique honores pro crimine , et ob Virtutes certissimum exitiu● . Tacitus . Noblenesse of birth , wealth , dignities , or formerlyundergon ; are wither now borne accompted for a crime , and death is a most certaine reward , for vertue . Moreover , Tyrants doe indeavor to suppresse the knowledg of letters and civill life , to the end all good Arts should be exiled , and barbarisme introduced . Pellunt sapientiae professores & omnes bonas artes in exilium agant . Tacit. They expell professors of wisdom , and banish all good Arts . To conclude ; these , and such like are the conditions of Tyrants ; who for the most part are either deposed , or slaine , for as Kings doe live long , and deliver these dominions to their children , and posterity , so Tyrants being hated , and feared , cannot continue in their estate . Ad generum Cereris sine caede & Vulnere pauti descendunt Reges , & siccâ morte Tyranni . Inven. Few Tyrant Kings went ever hence down to Hell , Without a Stab ; nor heard their passing Bell. Observation 97. Remedies against Tyrants . THe Remedies which politicians have prescribed against these mischiefes which proceed from the Violence of such a Prince , is either persecution , or patience : many generous spirits have used the first , perswading themselves rather to die , then indure the sight of a Tyrant : in like manner we find that the Grecians did conceive it a service thrise acceptable to murder the person of such an Impious Prince . Graecihommines Deorumhonores ●ribuebant ijs qui Tyrannos necaverunt . Cicero . The Grecians dei●●'d such as slew Tyrants . Nevertheles , in consideration of Christianity , the other course is to be taken , and Patience is fitter to incounter this mischiefe , for seeing that all Kings , as well the good , as the bad , are sent by GOD , they must be indured . Res est gravis occidere Regalem stirpem . Homer . It is a heavy thing to be guilty of a Princes death . Observation 98. Persecution of Tyrants . AGainst those that advise , the persecution of Tyrants many things are to be disputed of , for it is not only a thing perillous in its selfe to effect , but for the most part infortunate : for commonly it is noted , that present revenge is taken thereof by the succeeding Prince . Facinoris ejusultor est quisquis successerit . Tacit. The successour commonly revengeth that vile and villanous act . And the murderof Tyrants is noted to have been commonly followed with many inconveniences , as publique slaughter , and intestine Warre , with other dangerous mischiefs , and that in some nature , worse then civill Warre it selfe . Principes boni , Voto expetendi , qualescunque tollerandi . Tacitus . Good Princes are to be wished for ; & whatsoever they be , they are to be borne withall . Observation 99. Evil Princes to be indured . SOme punishment vpon mankind , such as fire , floods , & other inevitable plagues , are necessarily to be suffered , & so evill Princes in their Coveteousnes , cruelty , and other enormous vices , ought patiently to be indured , because their offices is properly to command , and to beare sway , and the Subjects to yeeld and obey . Indignadigna habenda sunt Rex quae facit . Plaut. Whatsoere unworthy things a King doth , are to be thought of otherwise . And as we see it is the use of Vulgar people to find sa●iety in the long raigne of Princes , so the ambition of greater Subjects , is ever desirous of Novelty . Praesens imperium subditis semper grave . Thucid. The present Rule is alwaies grievous . Observation C. Patience against Tyranny . TO conclude this mischiefe here in the conclusion of this warfare , we will say that the best remedy against Tyranny , is Patience , for questionles , so long as men are , so long will Vices raigne , and have their being . Ferenda Regumingenia , neque usui crebrae mutationes . Tacit. The dispositions of Kings , are to be borne withall ; nor are often changes profitable . FINIS . A Table of the Observations noted in the Precedent Tract . OF the Art Military 1 OF Military Knowledg . 2 OF Martiall Lawes . 3 Things observable in a just Warre . 4 Warres are of two sortes . 5 Defensive Warre two sortes . 6 TO assist ourfriends by Warre . 7 TO Invade our Enemies by Warre . 8 TO Invade Barbarians lawfull . 9 True causes of Invasion . 10 OF unadvised Warre . 11 Not to enter into Warre without cause . 12 Things required to make a Warre . 13 Bread needfull in Warre . 14 Armes needfull in Warres . 15 OF Captaines and Soldiers . 16 OF Horsemen and Footemen . 17 Soldiers not serviceable are to small purpose . 18 TO make Soldiers serviceable . 19 OF the Election of Soldiers . 20 OF the Discipline of Soldiers . 21 Stranger Soldiers VVhat . 22 Naturall Soldiers VVhat . 23 Naturall Soldiers two sorts . 24 OF the leavy of Soldiers . 25 The number of Soldiers Extraordinary . 26 The number of Soldiers ordinary . 27 OF the Country of Soldiers . 28 OF the Age of Soldiers . 29 OF the stature of Soldiers . 30 OF the Faculty of a Souldier . 31 Discipline maketh Soldiers . 32 M●litary Discipline what . 33 Military Order what 34 Military complusion what . 35 Military Modesty what . 36 Military apparell What . 37 Military abstinence what , 38 Military Example what . 39 Military reward and punishment . 40 OF a Chieftaine or Generall . 41 One onely Commander best in an Army . 42 Qualities of a Generall . 43 Vertue of a Generall . 44 Providence in a Generall . 45 Fortune in a Generall . 46 Authority in a Generall . 47 Affability and severity in a Generall . 48 Good Soldiers without good counsell bootlesse . 49 Of counsell in VVarre . 50 Constancy in Military Counsells . 51 Confidence in Military Counsells . 52 Good information in Military Counsells . 53 Temerity to be avoyded in Counsells . 54 Prodigious signes not to be neglected . 55 Time to be observed . 56 Place to be considered . 57 Thewell training of men to be noted . 58 Nationall Soldiers to be placed together in fight , 59 To be first in readines for Battell . 60 Disposition in the Generall to fight . 61 Moderate execution after Victory . 62 To frustrate spoyle and pilledg . 63 OF Indirect counsells 64 Stratagems without fraud . 65